https://tinyurl.com/y26o6yt5
-- kundār 'Meluhha lapidaries' are creatprs pf kunda, one of the nine treasures of Kubera
Figure 1 map prepared by VN Prabhakar, showing the location of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization sites in Gujarat is instructive. It provides a framework for positing the following hypotheses in the context of archaeologically attested trade by seafaring merchants from Meluhha:
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1. The lapidaries of the civilization were kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1 , kará -- 1 ] A. kundār, B. kũdār, ˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297) See:
3.செம்மணி cem-maṇi , n. < id. +. 1. Ruby; மாணிக்கம். (பிங்.) 2. Any of the red gems, viz., patumarākam, kuruvintam, kurun-takkal, māmcakanti, pavaḷam; பதுமராகம், குருவிந்தம், குருந்தக்கல், மாம்சகந்தி, பவளம் என்ற அரதனங்களில் ஒன்று. (யாழ். அக.) 3. Red bead; சிவப்புமணி . (W .) kuruvinda m.n. ʻ ruby ʼ Suśr., n. ʻ black salt, the stone cinnabar ʼ lex.Pa. kuruvinda -- m. ʻ ruby, cinnabar (?) ʼ, ˚aka -- ʻ vermilion ʼ; Pk. kuruviṁda -- m. ʻ ruby ʼ; S. kuriṇḍru m. ʻ pumice -- stone, any preparation used in place of it for polishing ʼ; P. kuruṇḍ m. ʻ corundum stone ʼ; N. kurin ʻ a kind of stone for sharpening tools and making bullets ʼ; H. kuraṇḍ m. ʻ corundum stone, whetstone ʼ; M. kurũd m. ʻ corundum (a reddish soft stone used for mills, whetstones, etc.), red speck on white of eye ʼ; Si. kurun̆du ʻ cinnamon ʼ, kurun̆du -- gal ʻ cinnamon -- stone ʼ, kuruvilla ʻ ruby ʼ.(CDIAL 3328) tāmrá ʻ dark red, copper -- coloured ʼ VS., n. ʻ copper ʼ Kauś., tāmraka -- n. Yājñ. [Cf. tamrá -- . -- √tam ?]Pa. tamba -- ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk. l ām ʻ copper, piece of bad pine -- wood (< ʻ *red wood ʼ?); Phal. tāmba ʻ copper ʼ (→ Sh.koh. tāmbā), K. trām m. (→ Sh.gil. gur. trām m.), S. ṭrāmo m., L. trāmā, (Ju.) tarāmã̄ m., P. tāmbā m., WPah. bhad. ṭḷām n., kiũth. cāmbā, sod. cambo, jaun. tã̄bō, Ku. N. tāmo (pl. ʻ young bamboo shoots ʼ), A. tām, B. tã̄bā, tāmā, Or. tambā, Bi tã̄bā, Mth. tām, tāmā, Bhoj. tāmā, H. tām in cmpds., tã̄bā, tāmā m., G. trã̄bũ, tã̄bũ n.;M. tã̄bẽ n. ʻ copper ʼ, tã̄b f. ʻ rust, redness of sky ʼ; Ko. tāmbe n. ʻ copper ʼ; Si. tam̆ba adj. ʻ reddish ʼ, sb. ʻ copper ʼ, (SigGr) tam, tama. -- Ext. -- ira -- : Pk. taṁbira -- ʻ coppercoloured, red ʼ, L. tāmrā ʻ copper -- coloured (of pigeons) ʼ; -- with -- ḍa -- : S. ṭrāmiṛo m. ʻ a kind of cooking pot ʼ, ṭrāmiṛī ʻ sunburnt, red with anger ʼ, f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; Bhoj. tāmrā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; H. tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā ʻ coppercoloured, dark red ʼ, m. ʻ stone resembling a ruby ʼ; G. tã̄baṛ n., trã̄bṛī, tã̄bṛī f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; OM. tāṁbaḍā ʻ red ʼ.(CDIAL 5779) padmarāga m. ʻ ruby ʼ lex. [pádma -- , rāˊga -- 1 ]Pa. padumarāga -- m. ʻ ruby ʼ, Pk. paümarāya -- m., Si. piyumrā.(CDIAL 7772) māˊṇikya n. ʻ ruby ʼ Kathās. [maṇí -- 1 ?]S. māṇiku m. ʻ ruby ʼ, māṇikī f. ʻ dark part of pupil of eye ʼ; L. māṇik m. ʻ gem ʼ; P. mānak m. ʻ bead, gem ʼ; Ku.gng. &rtodtilde; ʻ jewel ʼ; A. mānik ʻ ruby ʼ; B. mānik ʻ ruby, jewel ʼ; Or. māṇika ʻ ruby ʼ, Mth. mānik; Bhoj. mānik ʻ jewel ʼ; OAw. mānika m. ʻ ruby, gem ʼ, H. mānik m.; G. māṇe k n. ʻ ruby ʼ, M. māṇīkn., māṇkī f. ʻ small ruby ʼ; Si. mäṇika ʻ jewel ʼ; -- Kal. ãdotdot; ʻ bead necklace ʼ (or maṇi -- 1 ).(CDIAL 9997)
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Necklace with gold beads and carnelian beads, Cypriot artwork with Mycenaean inspiration, ca. 1400–1200 BC. From Enkomi. British Museum
3. That Dholavira and Lothal may have been connected by a waterway through the Nal Sarovar, thus making most sites on the coastline of the islands of Gujarat to be ports of landing for seafaring merchants and establishing a maritime trade route through Rann of Kutch into the Persian Gulf; and
2. That the civilization sites of Rann of Kutch are explained because they were islands in the Arabian Sea and acted as port town linking seafaring merchants through the Persian Gulf.
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-- kundār 'Meluhha lapidaries' are creatprs pf kunda, one of the nine treasures of Kubera
Figure 1 map prepared by VN Prabhakar, showing the location of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization sites in Gujarat is instructive. It provides a framework for positing the following hypotheses in the context of archaeologically attested trade by seafaring merchants from Meluhha:
Puruṣa sūktam & Indus Script Cipher. Veneration of sādhya साध्य celestial beings, treasures, children of सोम-सद्s गण-देवता, यत्र पूर्वे साध्याः सन्ति देवाः; सायणभाष्यम्, टिप्पणी -- विकिस्रोत https://tinyurl.com/yxh4ewx6
2. The carnelian beads decorated by kundār, 'Meluhha lapidaries' are called pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼ.Pk. pottī -- f. ʻ glass ʼ; S. pūti f. ʻ glass bead ʼ, P. pot f.; N. pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ; B. pot ʻ glass bead ʼ, puti, pũti ʻ small bead ʼ; Or. puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ; H. pot m. ʻ glass bead ʼ, G. M. pot f.; -- Bi. pot ʻ jeweller's polishing stone ʼ(CDIAL 8403) "According to Pliny the Elder, sard derived its name from the city of Sardis in Lydia from which it came, and according to others, may ultimately be related to the Persian word سرد sered, meaning yellowish red...The red variety of chalcedony has been known to be used as beads since the Early Neolithic in Bulgaria. The first faceted (with constant 16+16=32 facets on each side of the bead) carnelian beads are described from the Varna Chalolithic necropolis (middle of the 5th millennium BCE). The bow drill was used to drill holes into carnelian in Mehrgarh between 4th-5th millennium BCE. Carnelian was recovered from Bronze Age Minoan layers at Knossos on Crete in a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts;[5] this use dates to approximately 1800 BC." (Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnelian Twist design on the carnelian beads signify: meḍhi'plait, twist' rebus: medhā 'yajna, dhanam'.
3.
Necklace with gold beads and carnelian beads, Cypriot artwork with Mycenaean inspiration, ca. 1400–1200 BC. From Enkomi. British Museum
3. That Dholavira and Lothal may have been connected by a waterway through the Nal Sarovar, thus making most sites on the coastline of the islands of Gujarat to be ports of landing for seafaring merchants and establishing a maritime trade route through Rann of Kutch into the Persian Gulf; and
2. That the civilization sites of Rann of Kutch are explained because they were islands in the Arabian Sea and acted as port town linking seafaring merchants through the Persian Gulf.
After Figure 1. Map showing the location of Harappan sites in Gujarat (map by the author, V.N. Prabhakar, based on Google Earth Gazetteerprepared by Randall Law) Source: Prabhakar, VN, 2018, Decorated carnelian beads from the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat), in: Dennys Frenez et al., (eds.), Walking with the Unicorn -- Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Felication Volume, Oxford, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd., pp. 475-485
https://tinyurl.com/y4fn6shc
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After Fig. 4 in Prabhakar VN opcit., Map showing the find spots of 'etched'/bleached/decorated carnelian beads (3rd millennium BCE)
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https://tinyurl.com/y4fn6shc
After Fig. 4 in Prabhakar VN opcit., Map showing the find spots of 'etched'/bleached/decorated carnelian beads (3rd millennium BCE)
After Figures 7 and 8. Prabhakar, VN opcit. Different patterns of decorated carnelian beads from Dholavira. Figure 8. Dholavira: a) Single-eyed decoratedcarnelian bead; b) Double-eyed decoratedcarnelian bead; c) Multiple double-eyeddecorated carnelian bead; d) Triple-eyeddecorated carnelian bead (photographsby Randall Law and the author, courtesy Archaeological Survey of India