Glimpses of Ganweriwala, on Sarasvati River Basin -- harappa.com Decipherment of Ganweriwala seal, mint, warehouse of goldsmith guild

June 7, 2019, 6:46 am

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https://tinyurl.com/y35v6jct

Pictorial narratives: There are figurines of one-horned young bull of Ganweriwala. The one-horned young bull signifies Indus Script. 

khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa'fine gold'.कोंद kōnda ‘young bull' कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, turner'.  कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln; kō̃da कोँद 'potter's kiln' (Kashmiri) Thus, an iron turner (in smithy/forge).Rebus: Ta. kuntaṉam
interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa
setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725).Hypertexts:  భక్తుడు. maṇḍi 'kneeling position' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani) māḍa'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali). kamaḍha ‘penance’ Rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint, coiner’. బత్తుడు battuḍu. n. A worshipper rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild'; merchants

Sign 45Sign 46

bhaṭa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' baṭa 'iron' (Gujarati)

maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool, arch'  rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse'

Hieroglyph: kamadha 'penance' Rebus: kammata 'coiner, mint'

Glyph: kaṇḍo ‘stool’. Rebus; kaṇḍ ‘furnace’.

maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool, arch' rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse'

மேடை mēṭai , n. [Telugu. mēḍa] 1. Platform, raised floor; தளமுயர்ந்த இடப்பகுதி. 2. Artificial mound; செய்குன்று. (W.) 3. cf. mēṭa. Storey; terraced house or palace; மாடி. விண்ணார் நிலவுதவழ் மேடை (தாயு. பைங்கிளி. 54).మేడ (p. 1028) mēḍa mēḍa. [Tel.] n. A mansion or large house: an upper chamber, a storey, హర్మ్యము, సౌధము. मेंड (p. 390) mēṇḍa m ( H) Edge, margin, or border of a field, esp. as raised: also a ridge or raised edge more generally. (Marathi) Ta. meṭṭu mound, heap of earth; mēṭu height, eminence, hillock; muṭṭu rising ground, high ground, heap. Ma. mēṭu rising ground, hillock; māṭu hillock, raised ground; miṭṭāl rising ground, an alluvial bank; (Tiyya) maṭṭa hill. Ka. mēḍu height, rising ground, hillock; miṭṭu rising or high ground, hill; miṭṭe state of being high, rising ground, hill, mass, a large number; (Hav.) muṭṭe heap (as of straw). Tu. miṭṭè prominent, protruding; muṭṭe heap. 
Te. meṭṭa raised or high ground, hill; (K.) meṭṭu mound; miṭṭa high ground, hillock, mound; high, elevated, raised, projecting; (VPK) mēṭu, mēṭa, mēṭi stack of hay; (Inscr.) meṇṭa-cēnu dry field (cf. meṭṭu-nēla, meṭṭu-vari). Kol. (SR.) meṭṭā hill; (Kin.) meṭṭ, (Hislop) met mountain. Nk. meṭṭ hill, mountain. Ga. (S.3, LSB 20.3) meṭṭa high land. Go. (Tr. W. Ph.) maṭṭā, (Mu.) maṭṭa mountain; (M. L.) meṭāid., hill; (A. D. Ko.) meṭṭa, (Y. Ma. M.) meṭa hill; (SR.) meṭṭā hillock Konḍa meṭa id. 
Kuwi (S.) metta hill; (Isr.) meṭa sand hill.(DEDR 5058). Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.Munda)mẽṛhet iron (metal), meD 'iron' (Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)

1. kuṭila ‘bent’; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, ‘brass’ (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230) 

2. Glyph of ‘rim of jar’: kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)

3. khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati.) 

 khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus kharada खरडें daybook.

Glimpses of Ganweriwala

May 4th, 2019

The least excavated of the five large known ancient Indus cities – Mohenjo-daro and Dholavira, Harappa and Rakigarhi – is Ganweriwala, discovered in the late 1980s by Rafique Mughal. Deep in the desert, far from any towns and close to the Indian border, it has hardly ever been written about until Farzand Masih's article Ganweriwala – A new Perspective published in Walking with the Unicorn (2018). "In recent years," writes Masih, "a four-meter wide road was constructed though the middle of Ganweriwala to facilitate the movement of hunting parties from the UAE. Although this is highly unfortunate, it did provide ready-made sections across the upper portions of the mounds" (Unicorn, p. 381, Figure 2, the road is also shown as the line through Mounds A and B in Figure 1).
Some remarkable finds have been coughed up from Ganweriwala, but first: how big is it really? Mughal estimated over 80 hectares, which would make it one of the largest Indus sites. A survey ten tears later had it at about half that size, though Masih writes: "it is possible that some areas of the site are now covered by sand dunes and, perhaps, will be located during future explorations" (p. 381). In any case, Ganweriwala was much larger than the dozens of other sites measured along the old Hakra riverbed by Mughal (see Ancient Cholistan, 1997)Perhaps the most astounding discovery was four unicorn figurines (Fig. 3), the most from any Indus site (they are only also found at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Chanhu-daro). Then there is a clay tablet with a seated yogi-type figure (Fig. 4), as well as a nearly pure copper seal with boss not found elsewhere.
Ganweriwala also lies along the old Hakra riverbed that once flowed through here (the Saraswati? even if it flowed perennially as recent work seems to show till 1900 BCE). It is also roughly equidistant between Harappa, to the north on the Ravi River, and Mohenjo-daro, to the south on the Indus River, which might have made it a regional capital well downstream of Rakigarhi. Of course we will not know until it is properly excavated and some real trenches are dug deeply into the two known mounds, and the surrounding region is better explored. When that might be, no one know, the site has been untouched for thousands of years – until a sheikh got his road, and Indus archaeologists were tossed another tantalizing puzzle (we may lament the road construction, but the truth is that rapid construction throughout the subcontinent is unearthing many new sites which, sadly, are momentarily visible and then paved over and lost to scholarship for who knows how long).
The article is part of Walking with the Unicorn (2018).
Images:
1. Contour map of Ganweriwala
2. Road cut on Mound A
3. Images and line drawings of four unicorn figurines (photograph and drawing by Farzand Masih)
4. Clay tablet with yogi and three graphemes of the Indus script (photograph and drawing by Farzand Masih)

Excavations

https://www.harappa.com/blog/glimpses-ganweriwala

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Yogi Adityanath unveils 7-foot tall Ram statue in Ayodhya

June 7, 2019, 7:18 am

≫ Next: Cybersecurity, An extension of Kak protocol could be Indus Script Cipher which uses two pictogram allographs

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The seven-foot-tall statue of Lord Ram made from a single block of rosewood and purchased from Karnataka depicts Kodand Ram- one of the five forms of Lord Ram.

 Updated: Jun 07, 2019 18:57 IST

Asian News International 
Ayodhya

Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath on Friday unveiled a statue of Lord Ram at Ayodhya Shodh Sansthan here.(Twitter/ANI UP)

Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath on Friday unveiled a statue of Lord Ram at Ayodhya Shodh Sansthan here.

The seven-foot-tall statue of Lord Ram made from a single block of rosewood and purchased from Karnataka depicts Kodand Ram- one of the five forms of Lord Ram.

Adityanath visited galleries and released books and a postal cover at the Ayodhya Shodh Sansthan museum after unveiling the statue.

Also read: NDA managers reach out to Opposition ahead of inaugural Lok Sabha session

He also released a special cover on the Kodand statue of Lord Ram by the Postal department, ‘Archaeological Report of Ayodhya’, ‘Ramleela journey of the Carribean countries’ and two other books.

The Chief Minister presented the honour to sculptors, painters and writers at the museum and admitted a document titled ‘World tours of Lord Ram’ by Jitendra Kumar, principal secretary of the Culture Department.

Adityanath will also inspect the developmental works in Ayodhya during his visit.

“During his visit, the Chief Minister will inspect the developmental work in Ayodhya. He will visit Ram ki Paidi and will see the under-construction prayer place there, will also inspect the construction work at Ayodhya bus station, beautification work of Guptar Ghat etc.,” a press release had said.

https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-unveils-ram-statue-at-ayodhya-shodh-sansthan/story-1GQ6qmXguRc2iYRlI6UW1K.html

Publish Date:Sat, 25 May 2019 09:26 PM (IST)

Cybersecurity, An extension of Kak protocol could be Indus Script Cipher which uses two pictogram allographs

June 7, 2019, 5:24 pm

≫ Next: Petroglyphs of Ratnagiri, Rajapur laterite ore areas of Konkan goṭa, goṭā 'laterite, ferrite ore'.goṭī 'lump of silver', खोट [khōṭa] ‘ingot, alloy'

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An extension of Kak protocol could be Indus Script Cipher which uses two pictogram allographs, e.g. खोंड khōṇḍa 'holcus sorghum', 'young bull' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace for smelting'. This is like introducing a new symbol on American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

Kalyanaraman, Sarasvati Research Centre

Quantum Cryptography Demystified: How It Works in Plain Language

We’ve already covered the basics of quantum computing in our article on How Does Quantum Computing Work, so now it’s time to dive into one of its most publicized applications: quantum cryptography. Quantum cryptography holds both promises and threats for our current cryptographic infrastructure. The most obvious threat is quantum computers could decrypt data that’s been encrypted using many of our current systems. But it also holds the promise of secure communications channels for key distribution. Eventually, using quantum technology, it may even be possible to build entire encryption systems that are considered unbreakable.

Quantum Computing Decryption: Looming Crisis Or Another Y2K Blind Panic?

Almost all widely used encryption systems rely on keys — typically large, random, numbers that can be used to encrypt or decrypt data. Current encryption packages are most often built using either symmetric or asymmetric keys — many using asymmetric keys to transmit a shared, symmetric key for doing the actual data encryption. Both types of keys would be vulnerable to hacking using quantum computers. Symmetric systems rely on a shared secret key, and cracking the key requires about double the computing work for each additional bit. With that kind of scaling, it’s been possible to keep using larger keys as computers get more powerful. However, by implementing Grover’s algorithm, quantum computers can essentially cut the key length in half — a nearly inconceivable reduction in the amount of time required to crack a key. The good news is that now that we’re aware of the challenge, doubling the key lengths in use should be an excellent defense.

Asymmetric systems (like Public Key Infrastructure — PKI) use public/private key pairs that are mathematically generated. In the case of the widely-used RSA family of algorithms, the math is fairly complex. But it’s possible to crack if you can factor a very large number into its two prime number factors. If a key with enough bits is used, this is a nearly intractable problem for conventional computers, but quantum computers can use something called Shor’s algorithm to find the factors much more quickly. A rough estimate of the compute power needed is two qubits per bit length of the key. So a 1,024-bit key would require a quantum computer with 2,048 bits. Experts expect those to be possible within a decade, and some think sooner. Note that today 1,024-bit keys are already considered potentially unsafe, as they can be cracked given enough time on a large computer, but once a quantum computer can handle the task it will take very little time.

Much like the situation with the software migration required by Y2K, there are other encryption techniques that aren’t easily cracked with quantum computers. Examples of (non-quantum) encryption systems resistant to quantum attacks include McEliece and NTRUEncrypt. That means the problem is migrating the large number of systems and data already in place to newer ones. Also, like Y2K, it remains to be seen how real, and how widespread, the threat will be, as sufficiently large quantum computers will be expensive when they are finally available. That means they’re unlikely to get used for trying to hack information unless it’s considered extremely valuable. To run all of Shor’s algorithm, a quantum computer also needs to be paired with a powerful conventional computer, which will drive the cost of a key cracking system up even further.

Secure Communications Using Quantum Key Distribution

When you hear the term quantum cryptography, more often than not what is being referred to is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). QKD doesn’t actually encrypt user data but makes it possible for users to securely distribute keys to each other, which can then be used for subsequent encrypted communication.

Whatever encryption system is used, there is almost always some type of private information that must be kept secret. For symmetric key systems, it is shared information in the form of a key, while in asymmetric systems each node has its own secret key while sharing a matching public key. In both cases, there are vulnerabilities when initializing communication. Symmetric key systems often rely on physical sharing of keys — some financial institutions use actual couriers with portable storage devices — to bootstrap. Or they may rely on a connection secured using an asymmetric system to share the encryption key needed for subsequent use. One reason for that is asymmetric systems like Public Key don’t require sending the secret (in this case private keys) over the channel, while symmetric systems are more efficient, and often more secure, for large volumes of data once keys have been exchanged.

While QKD isn’t in widespread use, it has been in commercial use in Europe since 2007, and in the US since 2010. For high-value transactions like inter-bank communication and election result transmission, the benefits of QKD are sometimes worth the cost. Another impediment to the wider adoption of QKD is that current systems aren’t interoperable between different vendors. Fortunately, that’s starting to change. In a research effort directed at finding ways to secure the power grid, teams at Oak Ridge and Los Alamos National Laboratories have demonstrated the first successful use of QKD between different implementations. The University of Bristol has also just published research on doing something similar to help secure multi-vendor 5G wireless networks.

But What About True Quantum Cryptography?

While harder than QKD, it will eventually be possible to encrypt data using quantum computing techniques that are particularly resistant to eavesdropping and various other forms of hacking. The most popular approach currently is the Kak protocol. Essentially it’s a quantum version of the well-known double-lock algorithm, which allows two users to securely exchange data without sharing any keys.

The double-lock protocol is remarkably simple. We’ll use common convention, and assume Alice and Bob want to exchange information, without it being modified by an eavesdropper, Eve. They also want to know if anyone is successfully eavesdropping on their communication channel. To do this they trade locks in a three-step process.

In Kak’s protocol, Alice and Bob use encryption functions U_A and U_B as proxies for the physical locks of a traditional two-lock protocol.

As the first step, Alice locks her data (in the digital case, encrypts it using a secret key), and sends it to Bob. Bob, in turn, adds his lock (encrypting Alice’s already encrypted data with his own secret key), and sends it back to Alice. Alice removes her lock and sends the result back to Bob. Bob can then remove his lock, and read the original data.

This all works really nicely with physical locks and keys, but it’s a little more complex when digital encryption is involved. For the protocol to work, the encryption processes have to be commutative (because the encryptions are applied in the order Alice, Bob, but then Alice needs to be able to remove her encryption before Bob removes his). An example of one possible, and popular, encryption, is multiplying by a large number. So far, so good. But now imagine that Eve is listening. As the data goes back and forth, she will be able to see the data multiplied by Alice’s key, the data multiplied by both keys, and the data multiplied by Bob’s key. From that, she can compute the supposedly secret keys of Alice and Bob.

Subhash Kak proposed using certain quantum rotations as a way to create a version of the double-lock protocol that couldn’t be eavesdropped. The rotations he proposed could be applied in either order, but any attempt to listen in by reading out intermediate data would result in corrupted data. Other researchers have continued to evolve the protocol with features to make it even more tamper-resistant, but unlike QKD, there aren’t any commercial implementations yet. While it is going to require much more powerful quantum computers to make true quantum-based encryption a reality, researchers are getting closer.

Last fall, a team of Chinese researchers successfully used quantum-entangled photons to create and share one-time pads between a satellite and a ground station in Austria. Encryption using one-time pads is provably secure as long as the pad is not compromised, is random, is used only once, and is longer than the data being transmitted. Quantum technology helps with the first three of these, but its performance is still quite slow. Still, the team was able to encrypt, transmit, and decrypt over 2GB of data using their quantum system.

In the meantime, quantum computers can do one simple task that’s important for encryption quite well: They can generate truly random numbers. It’s unlikely ultra-expensive quantum computers will be deployed just for that purpose, but once they’re in use, it will be a useful capability.
https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/287094-quantum-cryptography

Petroglyphs of Ratnagiri, Rajapur laterite ore areas of Konkan goṭa, goṭā 'laterite, ferrite ore'.goṭī 'lump of silver', खोट [khōṭa] ‘ingot, alloy'

June 7, 2019, 11:26 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/y4wwtp96

The petroglyphs of Ratnagiri, Rajapur areas of Konkan are created on laterite rocks. 

There are indications that these petroglyphs may be precursors of the Indus Script writing system. A number of domesticated and wild animals seen on such petroglyphs are part of the iconographic repertoire in the phonetics, semantics and pragmatics of Meluhha, Indian sprachbund ‘language union’.

The Meluhha word for laterite as a wealth-accounting category is: goṭa. 

The hieroglyph is goṭa 'a round pebble, or blob'. 24 dots on a seal.

Mohenjo-daro seal. This signifies silver dhātu, 'ore' processed in a fire-altar.

Meluhha rebus readings are: goṭa, goṭā 'laterite, ferrite ore'. खोट [khōṭa] ‘ingot, wedge’; A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Marathi) khoṭ f ʻalloy' (Lahnda); goṭī 'lump of silver' (Gujarati); goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ(Kashmiri). 

The first Indian coins of Apollodotus used Indian symbols. These coins associated the elephant with the Buddhist Chaitya or arched-hill symbol, sun symbols, six-armed symbol, and a river. The bull had a Nandipada in front. The symbol at the top of the bull is only a mint mark. These symbols disappeared soon after, and only the elephant and the bull remained.

Indus Script Hypertexts on Apollodotus coin (ca.2nd-1st cent. BCE)

The legends in Greek and Kharoṣṭhī read: 

Greeklegend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ, "of Saviour King Apollodotus".
Rev: Zebu bull with Kharoshti legend 𐨨𐨱𐨪𐨗𐨯 𐨀𐨤𐨫𐨡𐨟𐨯 𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨪𐨯 (MAHARAJASA APALADATASA TRATARASA),"Saviour King Apollodotus".

The Indus Script Hypertexts in addition to the Greek and Kharoṣṭhī legends are:

1. Nandipada in front of 2. zebu, bos indicus, 3. arched-hill, 4. sun, 5 six-armed vajra, 6. elephant; and 7. a river. 

These five Indus Script Hypertexts are read rebus (or, rūpaka, metaphors in Meluhha).

1. Nandipada.  dul ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metal casting mint' PLUS dala 'leaf petal' rebus:  ḍhālako = a large metal ingot PLUS karã̄ n.' pl.wristlets, bangles' Rebus: khār 'blacksmith, iron worker'. The 'bangle' image may have a variant reading as a 'pebble, round stone' goṭā 'round pebble, stone' Rebus: goṭā ''laterite, ferrite ore''gold braid' खोट [khōṭa] ‘ingot, wedge’; A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Marathi)  khoṭ f ʻalloy' (Lahnda)

2.  poḷa 'zebu' rebus: poḷa 'magnetite ore'. 

3.  ḍāngā = hill, dry upland (B.); ḍã̄g mountain-ridge' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

4. arka 'sun' rebus; arka, eraka 'gold, copper', eraka 'molten cast'

5. Six-armed vajra: dhā̆vaḍ 'strands' rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter'. -- and relate the work of a smelter to a dotted circle which is dāya 'throw of one in dice' rebus: dhāi 'mineral ore' PLUS arā 'spokes' rebus: āra 'brass'.PLUS eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'molten cast' 

6. karba, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'

7. River: kāṇḍa 'water' rebus: kāṇḍā, khaṇḍa 'implements'.

This is an addendum to: 

Itihāsa, Prehistoric art of Ratnagiri, Rajapur areas of Konkan hints at lost Indian civilisation

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2018/10/itihasa-prehistoric-art-of-ratnagiri.html

Prehistoric art hints at lost Indian civilisation

Petroglyphs "Petroglyphs are images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found worldwide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek prefix petro-, from πέτρα petra meaning "stone", and γλύφω glýphō meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe....Some petroglyphs might be as old as 40,000 years, and petroglyph sites in Australia are estimated to date back 27,000 years. Many petroglyphs are dated to approximately the Neolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary, about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, if not earlier, such as Kamyana Mohyla. Around 7,000 to 9,000 years ago, other precursors of writing systems, such as pictographs and ideograms, began to appear. Petroglyphs were still common though, and some cultures continued using them much longer, even until contact with Western culture was made in the 19th and 20th centuries. Petroglyphs have been found in all parts of the globe except Antarctica, with highest concentrations in parts of Africa, Scandinavia, Siberia, southwestern North America, and Australia."

India

• Bhimbetka rock shelters, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, India.
• Kupgal petroglyphs on Dolerite Dyke, near Bellary, Karnataka, India.
• Kudopi, Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India.
• Hiwale, Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India.
• Barsu, Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra, India.
• Devihasol, Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra, India
• Edakkal Caves, Wayanad District, Kerala, India.
• Perumukkal, Tindivanam District, Tamil Nadu, India.
• Kollur, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu.
• Unakoti near Kailashahar in North Tripura District, Tripura, India.
• Usgalimal rock engravings, Kushavati river banks, in Goa
• Ladakh, NW Indian Himalaya.

Recently petroglyphs were found at Kollur village in Tamil Nadu. A large dolmen with four petroglyphs that portray men with trident and a wheel with spokes has been found at Kollur near Triukoilur 35 km from Villupuram. The discovery was made by K.T. Gandhirajan. This is the second instance when a dolmen with petrographs has been found in Tamil Nadu, India. In October 2018, petroglyphs were discovered in the Ratnagiri and Rajapur areas in the Konkan region of western Maharashtra. Those rock carvings which might date back to 10,000 BC, depict animals like hippopotamuses and rhinoceroses which aren't found in that region of India.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph

PETROGLYPH PARADISE Read more at: https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/history-on-the-rocks/articleshow/47348674.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/07/science/petroglyphs-rock-art-india.html

The discovery of rock carvings believed to be tens of thousands of years old in India's western state of Maharashtra has greatly excited archaeologists who believe they hold clues to a previously unknown civilisation, BBC Marathi's Mayuresh Konnur reports.The rock carvings - known as petroglyphs - have been discovered in their thousands atop hillocks in the Konkan region of western Maharashtra.Mostly discovered in the Ratnagiri and Rajapur areas, a majority of the images etched on the rocky, flat hilltops remained unnoticed for thousands of years.Most of them were hidden beneath layers of soil and mud. But a few were in the open - these were considered holy and worshipped by locals in some areas. The sheer variety of the rock carvings have stunned experts - animals, birds, human figures and geometrical designs are all depicted.The way the petroglyphs have been drawn, and their similarity to those found in other parts of the world, have led experts to believe that they were created in prehistoric times and are possibly among the oldest ever discovered. "Our first deduction from examining these petroglyphs is that they were created around 10,000BC," the director of the Maharashtra state archaeology department, Tejas Garge, told the BBC.The credit for their discovery goes to a group of explorers led by Sudhir Risbood and Manoj Marathe, who began searching for the images in earnest after observing a few in the area. Many were found in village temples and played a part in local folklore."We walked thousands of kilometres. People started sending photographs to us and we even enlisted schools in our efforts to find them. We made students ask their grandparents and other village elders if they knew about any other engravings. This provided us with a lot of valuable information," Mr Risbood told the BBC.Together they found petroglyphs in and around 52 villages in the area. But only around five villages were aware that the images even existed. Apart from actively searching for them, Mr Risbood and Mr Marathe have also played an important role in documenting the petroglyphs and lobbying authorities to get involved in studying and preserving them.Mr Garge says the images appear to have been created by a hunter-gatherer community which was not familiar with agriculture."We have not found any pictures of farming activities. But the images depict hunted animals and there's detailing of animal forms. So this man knew about animals and sea creatures. That indicates he was dependent on hunting for food." Dr Shrikant Pradhan, a researcher and art historian at Pune's Deccan College who has studied the petroglyphs closely, said that the art was clearly inspired by things observed by people at the time. "Most of the petroglyphs show familiar animals. There are images of sharks and whales as well as amphibians like turtles," Mr Garge adds. But this begs the question of why some of the petroglyphs depict animals like hippos and rhinoceroses which aren't found in this part of India. Did the people who created them migrate to India from Africa? Or were these animals once found in India? The history of India in one exhibition Cooking the world's oldest known curry Early civilisation thrived without river The state  Government has set aside a fund of 240 million rupees ($3.2m; £2.5m) to further study 400 of the identified petroglyphs. It is hoped that some of these questions will eventually be answered.

Stunning aerial shots of India's prehistoric art

Ratnagiri Petroglyph depicting

Ratnagiri Petroglyph depicting a kangaroo. Source: www.bbc.com.

https://medium.com/@vijaycrypto/12000-year-old-petroglyphs-in-india-aa109f220e4d

http://www.themetrognome.in/places/neolithic-rock-art-sites-found-in-maharashtra

Pair of fish facing opposite directions.  the Pisces constellation. Source: www.bbc.com 

 Master of Animals? 
Ratnagiri Petroglyph showing a figure lifting up a pair of tigers. Source: bbc.com.Compares with:
Mohenjo-Daro seal depicting a man grappling with two tigers. Source: harappa.com.
Mistress of Animals holding in each hand a lion by its tail. Gold plaque pendant. Kamiros, Rhodes, 720–650 BCE. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Source: www.my-favourite-planet.de
 A relief of the Master of Animals from Mesopotamia. 9th — 8th century BCE. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Source: www.my-favourite-planet.de

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45559300

Carved by a Lost Ancient Civilisation, ‘History on the Rocks’ Discovered in Ratnagiri!

“The petroglyphs… may be carved by our ancestors in the Neolithic Age, that is 7000-4000 BC. It is very hard to determine the exact period, but these petroglyphs are carved using metal tools, so that is one way of determining the period (of origin).”

by Tanvi PatelOctober 23, 2018, 3:59 pm

As a child, Sudhir Risbood would cycle past a peculiar square-shaped rock, just off the main road in Maharashtra’s Ratnagiri. The concentric circles and artistic curls on the rock made it stand out from the rest.

This rock was different, Risbood knew. But little did he know that it was a clue to a lost ancient civilisation!

Now an engineer working in Konkan, Risbood often cycles and treks in Ratnagiri and Rajapur with his friend, Manoj Marathe. Both of them are electric engineers by profession but have a deep passion for nature and history.

When they were working on a project near the coastal town of Ganpatipule, they came across a rock very similar to the peculiar one that Risbood observed as a child. It was then that it struck him–that it wasn’t by accident that these rocks were unlike the rest in the region.

They held historic importance, evidence even, about ancient cultures.

 “In 2012, we decided to see how many more sites like these we could find. We started asking around in the villages and realised that because of the new roads people didn’t walk across the flat rock surfaces any more. But some of the older people knew,” Risbood told The Hindu.

Risbood and Marathe decided to use their passion for trekking and adventure to search for more such rocks. These rocks, were in fact, petroglyphs–images that are carved on rocks as art.

In the following years, the duo unearthed 86 such “drawings” in 10 sites in the Ratnagiri district.

  Satish Lalit, who has been studying these petroglyphs in the Konkan region for over 16 years explained, “The petroglyphs… may be carved by our ancestors in the Neolithic Age, that is 7000-4000 BC. It is very hard to determine the exact period, but these petroglyphs are carved using metal tools, so that is one way of determining the period (of origin). The locals had only heard about these images; I asked so many people in these villages about them, but nobody knew the location as nobody had visited the site. They call them Pandava Chitra (pictures) and only knew from their elders that there were some such images on the hill.”

The ancient rock art that Lalit referred to was discovered in Sindhudurg district, just south of Ratnagiri.

Shrikant Pradhan is a professor at Deccan College in Pune. Along with a team of researchers, he has been studying these discoveries to put them in the context of a historical timeframe.

Speaking to The Times of India, Pradhan said, “What we can say from the data gathered till now is that these carvings are from the prehistoric to the early historic period. To prove that it might have been a part of a lost civilisation, we have to find a lot of other things, like stone tools, besides more of these sites. We can also gather that it was definitely not a farming society, but seeing the kind of curvilinear lines on the rocks, there was some advancement in thinking. The lines are abstract but they are in some form, and there is a particular pattern among a lot of them.”

Tejas Garge, Director of Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Maharashtra, added that after studying the available pieces of evidence, the research team has estimated the petroglyphs to be about 25,000 years old.

“If you consider that the records of the port towns are from about 3000 BCE, we are talking of a gap of about 20,000 years. No one knew what happened here during this period,” he said.

This places the period of the petroglyphs in the Mesolithic age (or middle stone age), which existed between the Paleothilic period (old stone age) and Neolithic period (new stone age). The Laterite soil on which they are carved, helped the researchers arrive at this.

Risbood, Marathe and other researchers involved in these projects wish to pursue more such discoveries in and around Ratnagiri so that the ancient artwork can be preserved.

As Garge says, the 86 discoveries could help further explore and determine the period to which these petroglyphs belong. However, with more discoveries and proper conservation, the petroglyphs could prove to be the ancient treasure that leads the way to a whole new chapter in history!

(Edited by Shruti Singhal)

https://www.thebetterindia.com/162769/ratnagiri-petroglyphs-history-stone-age-news/

You cannot miss the sculptures which are beautifully carved on the open and vast lateritic plateaus in Ratnagiri. These magnificent rock carvings are made in hard lateritic rock during the Pre-historic era, almost 10,000 years ago. Even though these sculptures which are made of various animals, birds, geometrical structures and ancient hieroglyphics are very mysterious, yet they are a beautiful man-made invention.

More than 280 sculptures have been found in vicinity of Ratnagiri, Rajapur, and Lanja in the Ratnagiri district. Who carved these mysterious sculptures on these plateaus? What was their purpose? What did the ancient man intend to tell us through these sculptures? Although its official information is not available today, more research is being conducted by the scientists. In many places, the size of the carvings of the elephants and tigers are as big as the actual animals. You can also see the carvings of a crocodile, tortoise, fishes, and snakes.But in all the sculptures, you get to see human carvings the most. As geometrical shapes were excavated in the square of Gawadewadi and Nivali phata, the purpose of this carving is yet undiscovered. Many of the sculptures are unfinished but most of them have been carved clearly and beautifully. Sudhir Rishbud and Dhananjay Marathe, the enthusiastic researchers of Ratnagiri, have thoroughly studied these sculptures and made a classified list of them. They have marked the similarities and differences found in the sculptures with their hard work.

https://ratnagiritourism.in/en/wonders/rock-carvings/

Source: (L) Ratnagiri Tourism (R) Sushama Katti/ Facebook.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=TdpdBLIAc3I 

Rock Carvings in Ratnagiri, Man Made Wonders

Ratnagiri Tourism

Published on Jun 24, 2018

त्रि tri-धातुः an epithet of Gaṇeśa; -तुम् 1 the triple world. -2 the aggregate of the 3 minerals or humours. (Apte lexicon)  त्रि--धातु [p= 458,3] mfn. consisting of 3 parts , triple , threefold (used like Lat. triplex to denote excessive) RV. S3Br. v , 5 , 5 , 6; m. (scil. पुरोड्/आश) N. of an oblation TS. ii , 3 , 6. 1 ( -त्व्/अ n. abstr.); n. the triple world RV.; n. the aggregate of the 3 minerals or of the 3 humours W.; m. गणे*श L.

त्रिधातुः is an epithet of Gaṇeśa. tri-dhātu 'three minerals'.This may indicate three forms of ferrite ores: magnetite, haematite, laterite which were identified in Indus Script as poḷa 'magnetite', bichi 'haematite' and goṭa, goṭā 'laterite, ferrite ore'.  khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ goṭī 'lump of silver' (Gujarati); goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ(Kashmiri). 

Kur. goṭā any seed which forms inside a fruit or shell. Malt. goṭa a seed or berry(DEDR 069) N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ (CDIAL 4271) <gOTa>(P)  {ADJ} ``^whole''.  {SX} ``^numeral ^intensive suffix''.  *Kh., Sa., Mu., Ho<goTA>,B.<goTa> `undivided'; Kh.<goThaG>(P), Sa.<goTAG>,~<gOTe'j>, Mu.<goTo>; Sad.<goT>, O., Bh.<goTa>; cf.Ju.<goTo> `piece', O.<goTa> `one'. %11811.  #11721. <goTa>(BD)  {NI} ``the ^whole''.  *@. #10971. (Munda etyma) Rebus: <gota>  {N} ``^stone''.  @3014. #10171. Note: The stone may be gota, laterite mineral ore stone. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ (Punjabi) Rebus: koṭe ‘forging (metal)(Mu.) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (G.) goṭi = silver (G.) koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati). P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ(CDIAL 4271) Rebus: goṭa 'laterite'  khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ (Punjabi) koṭe ‘forging (metal)(Mu.) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (G.) goṭi = silver (G.) koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati).

 See: 

An archaeology of R̥gveda https://tinyurl.com/yahba38c
(Silver/gold braid products of furnace) Investigated daybookFSFig. 123 (FS 85) associated with  (Freq. 11) bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'कारणिक investigating; khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus: kharada खरडें daybook. M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ rebus: P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ,H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ.*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- .Addenda: *gōṭṭa -- : also Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) 
Hieroglyph: seed, something round:
gōṭī 'round pebble'

*gōṭṭa ʻ something round ʼ. [Cf. guḍá -- 1. -- In sense ʻ fruit, kernel ʼ cert. ← Drav., cf. Tam. koṭṭai ʻ nut, kernel ʼ, Kan. goṟaṭe &c. listed DED 1722]K. goṭh f., dat. °ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H. goṭf. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, °ṭɔ m. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, °ṭilɔ m. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ.*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- .Addenda: *gōṭṭa -- : also Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Ta. koṭṭai seed of any kind not enclosed in chaff or husk, nut, stone, kernel; testicles; (RS, p. 142, items 200, 201) koṭṭāṅkacci, koṭṭācci coconut shell. Ma. koṭṭakernel of fruit, particularly of coconut, castor-oil seed; kuṟaṭṭa, kuraṭṭa kernel; kuraṇṭi stone of palmfruit. Ko. keṭ testes; scrotum. Ka. koṭṭe, goṟaṭe stone or kernel of fruit, esp. of mangoes; goṭṭa mango stone. Koḍ. koraṇḍi id. Tu. koṭṭè kernel of a nut, testicles; koṭṭañji a fruit without flesh; koṭṭayi a dried areca-nut; koraṇtu kernel or stone of fruit, cashew-nut; goṭṭu kernel of a nut as coconut, almond, castor-oil seed. Te. kuriḍī dried whole kernel of coconut. Kol. (Kin.) goṛva stone of fruit. Nk. goṛage stone of fruit. Kur. goṭā any seed which forms inside a fruit or shell. Malt. goṭa a seed or berry. / Cf. words meaning 'fruit, kernel, seed' in Turner, CDIAL, no. 4271 (so noted by Turner).(DEDR 2069) Rebus: khōṭa 'alloy ingot' (Marathi) goṭi, ‘silver, laterite’.

The petroglyphs of Ratnagiri

Jayant Sriram

OCTOBER 20, 2018 00:15 IST

A large engraving of an elephant in Ukshi village in north Ratnagiri, where a circular viewing gallery has been constructed, along with an inscription that explains the art work’s significance.   | Photo Credit: Prashant Nakwe

The recent discovery of 1,000 rock carvings on Maharashtra’s Konkan coast is expected to provide new insights into the early history of the region. Jayant Sriram reports on the archaeological significance of these petroglyphs, which are estimated to be 12,000 years old.

The colour of the setting sun matches the ferrous red of the porous laterite rock that dominates the terrain of Ratnagiri and Rajapur along Maharashtra’s Konkan coast. At a quarter past six in the evening, in the small village of Devache Gothane, when there is finally some respite from the heat, the two shades converge, casting a soft glow on the lush grass that covers the flat hilltops. The monsoon has evidently been generous to this region. A steep climb from the village ends in an endless expanse of such grass. But the sight that greets you in the middle of it, on a patch where the heat has baked the surface of the red laterite black, makes the climb worth it.

An oval ring of stones frames an image carved into the laterite. It depicts a human form — a man standing feet akimbo, arms loose by his side. The carving is about eight feet long. It’s the head that is most striking, framed by a kind of aura or halo. Something about the vastness of that meadow, the rapidly fading light, and the eerie nature of that single carving in a desolate field evokes a strange excitement. A small window into another world.

This carving is one of the over 1,000 such petroglyphs that have been discovered in and around the Ratnagiri and Rajapur districts over the last two or three years, making them one of the most significant archaeological finds of recent times. The carvings cover over 52 sites across the region. The 12 sites that The Hindu travelled to contained an incredible range of images, from basic depictions of human and animal forms to a stunning 50-ft carving of an elephant, within which a series of smaller animal and aquatic forms were drawn. From abstract patterns and fertility symbols carved rudimentarily on the rock surface to dizzyingly complex geometric reliefs cut deep into the rock, the etchings seem straight out of the movie Signs or the television series Lost. The term rock art usually brings to mind pictographs (paintings on rocks). But these are petroglyphs, and the fact that the images are carved into the flat, open rock surface gives them a scale and look that is unique.

Filling a gap in history

“These petroglyphs fill a huge gap in the history of the Konkan region,” says Tejas Garge, Director, Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Maharashtra. There is ample evidence that in the medieval age, the Konkan coast was lined with important port towns. It has been reconstructed from epigraphs and contemporaneous records that it has a history of trade and contact with Europe, and even with the Roman Empire. But there was a big void regarding what went on here in prehistoric times. Some evidence has come from the caves in the region. A team of researchers from Deccan College, Pune, discovered stone tools that were estimated to be 25,000 years old. “If you consider that the records of the port towns are from about 3,000 BCE, we are talking of a gap of about 20,000 years. No one knew what happened here during this period,” Garge says.

The working theory around these petroglyphs is that they date back to about 10,000 BCE, placing them in the Mesolithic Period, which comes between the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic period, characterised by chipped stone tools, and the New Stone Age or Neolithic period, associated with smaller, more polished tools. The basis for this reasoning are two-fold. The first is that the petroglyph style of art is associated in other archaeological sites with tools from the Mesolithic period. Second, near one petroglyph site in the village of Kasheli, about 25 km from Ratnagiri city, Garge’s team also found evidence of stone tools, along with the petroglyphs dating back to this time. More precise dating may be hindered at this point, he explains, partly because of the way in which many of these sites were discovered.

“These were accidental discoveries by amateurs. As often happens in such cases, they cleared away much of the soil around the carvings, soil that would normally have been part of the archaeological record,” he says. Accidental discovery by explorers is not uncommon in archaeology, Garge says, adding that amateurs account for about 20% of all the world’s archaeological discoveries.

The road to discovery

In 2010, Sudhir Risbood, an electrical engineer, started a campaign and an informal group called Adgalnavarche Konkan, or Unexplored Konkan. Risbood is a keen ornithologist and a passionate raconteur of Konkan history. His eyes light up when he speaks of the different kinds of beaches in the region (black sand, red sand, and white sand), and the multitude of forts and temples that have become tourist attractions. For years now, he has been building replicas of the forts of Ratnagiri, Raigad, and Sindhudurg for public display. He likes to regale students and history enthusiasts with tales of how they were built and operated.

Unexplored Konkan is a motley crew of like-minded individuals who are all into documenting nature. Manoj Marathe, like Risbood, is also an electrical engineer, but with a passion for butterflies. Surendra Thakurdesai is a geography professor with a deep interest in snakes. Along the way, they acquired a rotating cast of allies which included the Superintendent of Police and Collector of Ratnagiri district.

In 2012, Risbood came up with a plan to expand the group’s activities. Having grown up in Ratnagiri, he remembered having seen, as a school boy, a square rock relief pattern just off the road near the village of Nivali, about 17 kilometres from Ratnagiri city. “I would cycle pass it and wonder what it was,” he says. It was full of interlocking curls and concentric circles, Risbood recalls, but of course, he had no idea that he was seeing a petroglyph from an ancient culture. But he did know that the local tribal population treated it with reverence, as a legacy of their forefathers.

Years later, in the mid-2000s, while doing a project in the area around the Aryadurga temple and Ganpatipule, Risbood came across more such rock carvings. “In 2012, we decided to see how many more sites like these we could find. We started asking around in the villages, and realised that because of the new roads people didn’t walk across the flat rock surfaces any more. But some of the older people knew.”

A shepherd was the first to volunteer information. He plotted a location for them by describing a boundary wall and the shape of bushes around the petroglyph. From then on, there was no looking back. Three sites became 52, and Rajapur and the number of petroglyphs recorded grew to over a thousand. When the new director of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums (Garge) visited Ratnagiri in 2016, Risbood sought a meeting. He showed sketches of the petroglyphs to Garge and took him to some of the locations. In 2017, Garge transferred a young Archaeology Department official, Rutwij Apte, from Pune to Ratnagiri to work full time on the petroglyphs. Currently, Apte and Risbood’s crew are in charge of the project.

As much as they are involved in discovering and documenting the sites, Risbood and Apte, along with Manoj Marathe, have also started speaking to the local villagers about the importance of the sites and the need to protect them. The ring of stones around the human carving in Devache Gothane is one such attempt. In other sites, particularly where the petroglyphs fall in land that is mined for laterite stone, widely used in construction across the western coast, they have convinced the land owners to erect brick boundaries protecting the sites. Help also arrived from the Collector, Radhakrishnan B., who put a halt to mining around some sites. In the village of Ukshi in north Ratnagiri, for a large engraving of an elephant, the team worked with local authorities to construct a circular viewing gallery, complete with an inscription that explains the art work’s significance.

Decoding their significance

What do we know so far about the significance of these petroglyphs? The Ratnagiri project is yet to focus on comparative analysis. But these carvings could be contemporaneous to other petroglyph sites in India that date back to the Middle and Later Stone Age. The period in history preceding the Indus Valley Civilisation, which is dated to about 5,000 BCE, is a rich one of historical discovery, with evidence of stone tool cultures scattered across the subcontinent.

Prominent petroglyph and rock art sites in India that could be contemporary to this period are the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh, rock carvings in Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, petroglyphs from the Tindivanam and Viluppuram districts in Tamil Nadu and Unakoti in Tripura. The carvings on laterite stone are what make the petroglyphs in this region unique, as the carvings discovered in other sites around India are on granite and sandstone. More recently, petroglyphs of a similar nature, though not in the same numbers, have been discovered in Sindhudurg district, and near the banks of the Kushavati river in Goa. Both are south of Ratnagiri, hinting at a pattern of migration.

Garge is quick to point out that this is not yet evidence of a civilisation, as there is no evidence of writing, agricultural or economic activity, or of living arrangements or settlements. It’s more likely, he says, that these were nomadic tribes, with the preponderant depiction of animals and aquatic life suggesting that they were hunter-gatherer tribes. Interestingly, there are no actual scenes depicting the hunting of animals, unlike the carvings in Bhimbetka and Mirzapur. “In Maharashtra’s cultural records, there is no evidence of any art being practised until about 3,000 BCE, which is when we find the first mention of painted pots and clay figurines. That’s why these petroglyphs are a significant find for a better understanding of the history of this region and its artistic traditions,” Garge says.

It could be argued that the very content of the petroglyphs points to their relevance. For starters, some of them depict rhinoceroses and hippopotami, two species that were never thought to be prevalent in this part of India. The carvings, however, suggest that the Konkan may have once been a lot like the rainforests where these animals are typically found.

More pertinent, perhaps, is the scale of the art itself. “We have to ask what is the purpose behind all these carvings. In many of the cases, what we have are not rudimentary scratches but carvings with a great deal of detail. Some are incredible life-size depictions of large animals such as elephants and tigers,” Garge says. Most of the art from the later medieval period is religious in nature, he says, and it is quite likely that such a significant investment in art points to some form of religious belief or religious system.

An eight ft­long petroglyph in Devache Gothane village in Rajapur district, Maharashtra.   | Photo Credit: Prashant Nakwe

Many of the petroglyphs are accompanied by abstract motifs and symbols, the meaning of which is not yet known. The most intriguing of these is the motif of two legs, squatting and spread outward. The symbol is cut off at the hip and is usually deployed as a side motif to the larger, more abstract rock reliefs. “Images from later periods depict a goddess called Lajja Gauri who is similarly portrayed, squatting and with legs facing outward, though in those cases the rest of the body is also shown. We are exploring a link between the two,” Garge says.

Apte believes that some of the more complex reliefs, etched deep into the ground, may have been done using metal tools rather than stone. If his theory is proven right, then just as in sites like Bhimbetka, where art has been dated from prehistoric times right down to the medieval period, it could point to a continuous habitation of this region, across millennia, possibly by various nomadic tribes. Apte, who is now doing his PhD on these petroglyphs, is also working on a theory that the carvings get more complex as one moves from north to south, suggesting a pattern of migration in this direction over many centuries. One of the most complex petroglyphs The Hindu visited, in the village of Barsu at the southern tip of Ratnagiri, was a large image of a man standing with two tigers (etched stylistically with precise geometric shapes) flanking him on either side. The carvings in the north of Ratnagiri district are more basic depictions of animal and human forms.

Stage set for further research

The discovery of these sites marks the commencement of what is likely to be a long project. “We still need to look for more evidence of stone tools and evidence of settlements around these sites so that we can do a more accurate dating,” Apte says. So far, such evidence has been hard to come by in Ratnagiri and Rajapur, though there have been recent reports of some caves with petroglyphs being discovered in the Sindhudurg region. To discover more such petroglyph sites, Garge is also planning to deploy drones to cover areas of open laterite rock surface that are not yet accessible. Then there is the question of comparative analysis and collaboration with various universities to understand more about these sites. Maharashtra’s Archaeology Department is already in the process of putting together an academic paper detailing these findings.

For now, while the State government has set aside ₹24 crore for further research on these sites, a lot of administrative work still needs to be done if they are to be showcased as tourist attractions for the region. For a start, the sites need to be notified as archaeological heritage. Then, as Risbood explains, the State government will have to engage in a long process of land acquisition that could prove tricky.

“We have already spoken to many of the villagers in this region. Some are willing to work in partnership with the government because they realise the importance of these sites,” Risbood says. This would involve a system whereby viewing galleries are created and the villagers are able to charge a small fee and possibly sell tea and snacks. The Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation has already shown interest in developing some of these sites and incorporating them into the tourist circuit of a region that attracts a lot of travellers, drawn to it by the beaches and famous temples such as Ganpatipule.

Going forward, Risbood concedes that a more coherent narrative needs to be woven around some of the more prominent sites. Promoting tourism and the unknown wonders of the Konkan region is, of course, his passion. The heaps of documents that he has gathered for each site also include rudimentary drawings for viewing galleries and detailed plans for partnership with the villagers. That story, as also the unfolding archaeological research on these sites, is likely to be an even more exciting one.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-petroglyphs-of-ratnagiri/article25265399.ece

Rock Art of the Himalayas, Tibet and Central Asia. Photos by Rob Linrothe.

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https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=785&page=1

Pictures: Possibly 12,000 Years Old

Posted on April 9, 2019

Before there were books, before there was writing, there was art. We don’t know why that instinct welled up in early humans to make a mark, to render their world in images, but we know it did because the results endure today. In the Ratnagiri District of the Indian state of Maharashtra, I saw petroglyphs carved into the porous laterite rock beds that lie scattered among fields, in this area famous for its distinctive Alfonso mangoes.

Here is an elephant, its eye-folds delicately marked, its tusks and ears and trunk clearly defined, recognizable even after millennia of exposure to sun and wind and blowing sands:

Documenting the petroglyphs has been an entirely voluntary enterprise, led by two men, both engineers by profession, both with deep connections to the region and with driving interests in birds and butterflies respectively: Sudhir Risbood and Manoj Marathe. With the help of volunteers, they have located up to 1,500 discrete images at over 50 sites. They’re also speaking to local villagers about the importance of the sites and the need to protect them–and trying to decide what form such protection would take.

Some of the carvings are bold and representational. Here’s a monkey. 

The seashore’s pretty close, so as one might expect, there are fish.  And peacocks, and tigers, and rhinos as well, in an area far from current rhinoceros habitat. And then there is this strange figure, stylized and enigmatic:

There are other sites with prehistoric rock art elsewhere in India–the rock shelter paintings of Bhimbetka,  the carvings in the Edakkal caves in Kerala’s Wayanad, and others.  We don’t know yet how the Ratnagiri sites fit in with all those others. That is yet to be studied.

What now? What do you do when you have a treasure like this on your hands, scattered over a large area, across a patchwork of private and public lands? Marathe and Risbood both speak of a holistic  vision–of a region designated not only as a site with historical and cultural significance but also a biosphere, rich in plant, bird, and butterfly species, and home to people with real-life stakes in the place. Stewardship is only possible, they argue, when you create it from the ground up. It can’t be imposed by governmental fiat and it shouldn’t be dictated by politicians and bureaucrats who don’t understand local concerns.

As we left the last figure–who is it meant to be and what is it saying? No one knows–I felt strangely moved. When a vast work of art lies at your feet, almost too large for your eyes to take in all at once, you cannot help but think about the mind or minds that dreamed it up, and the hands that held the chipping quartz. You cannot help but wonder what meaning we should draw from this human urge to think about the world around us, to recreate it in stone.

As the documentation and protection of these sites progresses, Sudhir Risbood can be contacted via old-fashioned post at the following address:

B-09 Shri Datta Sankul
Ghanekar Alley
Subhash Road
Ratnagiri 415612
Maharashtra
India

https://umakrishnaswami.org/tag/petroglyphs/

mēḍi 'Ficus glomerata' in Indus Script Sanauli anthropomorph is rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron', mēṭi 'chief', meũ, muhāṇo 'boatman' (mintmaster) 

https://tinyurl.com/yajrxtsa

See: 

Mohanna boatpeople's song, ēlō ! ēlēlō !! he'lava he'lavo !!!. Mohenjo-daro mohana dera 'boatpeople pilgrimage', granary, great-bath, Ziggurat (Stupa) https://tinyurl.com/y9babjeh 

Anthropomorphs on the copper-lined coffin box of Sanauli. The horns hold ficus glomjerata leaf. mēḍi glomerous fig tree rebus: mēṭi 'chief', meũ, muhāṇo 'boatman' koḍ 'horns' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.Thus, the anthropomorphs signify chiefs, guild-masters of metal workshops. (Note: It is also possible to interpret the ficus leaf as loa'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh 'copper'). See decipherment of seal m0296 (embedded).

Ka. mēḍi glomerous fig tree, Ficus racemosa; opposite-leaved fig tree, F. oppositifolia. Te. mēḍi F. glomerata. Kol.(Kin.) mēṛi id. [F. glomerata Roxb. = F. racemosa Wall.] (DEDR 5090)   మేడి  mēḍi. [Tel.] n. The Glomerous Fig tree. Fiscus racemosa. అత్తి, ఉదుంబరము. మేడిపండు the fruit of this tree. One species is బ్రహ్మమేడి and another is రాతిమేడి which grows parasitically on other trees. మేడికాయపైమిసిమి outward bloom, mere show. cf. బ్రహ్మమామిడి Ficus glomerata Rox. iii. 558. బొడ్డుమామిడి. Ficus racemifera. Rox. iii. 561. Rebus:  मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'metal, iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) med 'copper' (Slavic languages)

మేటి  or మేటరి mēṭi [Tel.] n. A chief, leader, head man, lord, శ్రేష్ఠుడు, అధిపుడు. adj. Chief, excellent, noble. శ్రేష్ఠమైన. మేటిదొర a noble man, lord. Bilh. ii. 50. మెరయుచునుండెడి మేటీరంబులు మేటీరంబులు, అనగా మేటి, గొప్పలైన, ఈరంబులు, పొదలు large bushes. "తేటైనపన్నీట తీర్థంబులాడి, మేటికస్తూరిమేనెల్లబూసి." Misc. iii. 322. మేటిగా = మెండుగా. మేటిల్లు mētillu. v. n. To excel. అతిశయించు. Ta. mēṭṭi haughtiness, excellence, chief, head, land granted free of tax to the headman of a village; mēṭṭimai haughtiness; leadership, excellence. Ka. mēṭi loftiness, greatness, excellence, a big man, a chief, a head, head servant. Te.mēṭari, mēṭi chief, head, leader, lord; (prob. mēṭi < *mēl-ti [cf. 5086]; Ka. Ta. < Te.; Burrow 1969, p. 277).(DEDR 5091)

మేదర  mēdara. [Tel.] n. The basket maker caste. గంపలల్లే ఒక జాతి. మేదరది or మేదరసాని a woman of that caste. మేదరకులము the basket weaver's caste. మేదరపెట్టె a bamboo box. మేదరి or మేదరవాడు a basket maker. మేదరచాప a bamboo mat. Ta. mētaravar, mētavar a class of people who do bamboo work. Ka. mēda, mēdā̆ra, mādara man who plaits baskets, mats, etc. of bamboo splits, man of the basket-maker caste. Koḍ. me·dë man of caste who make baskets and leaf-umbrellas and play drums at ceremonies; fem. me·di. Te. mēdara, mēdari the basket-maker caste, a basket-maker; of or pertaining to the basket-maker caste. Kuwi (S.) mētri, (Isr.) mētreˀ esi matmaker. / Cf. Skt. meda- a particular mixed caste; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10320. (DEDR 5092) mēda m. ʻ a mixed caste, any one living by a degrading occupation ʼ Mn. [→ Bal. mēd ʻ boatman, fisher- man ʼ. -- Cf. Tam. metavar ʻ basket -- maker ʼ &c. DED 4178]Pk. mēa -- m., mēī -- f. ʻ member of a non -- Aryan tribe ʼ; S. meu m. ʻ fisherman ʼ (whence miāṇī f. ʻ a fishery ʼ), L. mē m.; P. meũ m., f. meuṇī ʻ boatman ʼ. -- Prob. separate from S. muhāṇo m. ʻ member of a class of Moslem boatmen ʼ, L. mohāṇā m., ˚ṇīf.: see *mr̥gahanaka -- .(CDIAL 10320)

Mohenjo-daro Seal impression. m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized tree-branch with nine leaves.

P

Hypertext: Pair of rings attached to string, pair of young bulls: dol 'likeness, picture, form' (Santali) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast iron' (Santali) dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali) dul meṛeḍ cast iron (Mundari. Santali) కమ్మరు kammaru or కమరు kammaru. [Tel.] n. A girdle. మొలనూలు. కమ్మరము kammaramu kammaramu. [Tel.] n. Smith's work, iron work. కమ్మరవాడు, కమ్మరి or కమ్మరీడు kammara-vāḍu. n. An iron-smith or blacksmith. బైటికమ్మరవాడు an itinerant blacksmith. कर्मार karmāra m. an artisan , mechanic , artificer, a blacksmith &c ऋग्-वेद RV. x , 72 , 2 AV. iii , 5 , 6 VS. Mn. iv , 215 &c (Monier-Williams)

Thus, semantics of 'metalcasting' should be used to expand the meanings of associated hypertexts of 'young bull' or 'ring' hieroglyphs.

Hieroglyphs which compose the hypertext on m296 are vivid and unambiguous.

Hieroglyph:Nine, ficus leaves: 1.loa 'ficus glomerata' (Santali) no = nine (B.)  on-patu = nine (Ta.)

rebus: lo 'iron' (Assamese) loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lohakāra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali);lohāra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); loha = metal, esp. copper or

bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali)

Exact number of nine ficus leaves occur together with a zebu tied to a post, on another artifact of Mehi, a site of the civilization. 

Hieroglyph: loa 'a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali)

 kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭamcoinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)

Hieroglyph: Semantic determinative of portable furnace: 

కమటము kamaṭamu kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్"హంస. ii.  కమసాలవాడు (p. 246) kamasālavāḍu Same as కంసాలి. కమసాలవాడు kamasālavāḍu kaṃsāli or కంసాలవాడు kamsāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith or silversmith. కమ్మటము  kammaṭamu Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)

koṭ = neck (Gujarati) koḍ 'horn'  koḍiyum ‘heifer’ (G.). Rebus: koṭ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) koṭe = forge (Santali) kōḍiya, kōḍe = young bull (G.)Rebus: ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tulu) Pair: 

kondh 'young bull' rebus: kũdār 'turner, brass-worker, engraver (writer)' kundaṇa 'fine gold'. Thus apair of young bulls signify the hypertext: dul kundaṇa koḍ  'metalcaster goldsmith workshop'. 

kaṛā 'ring' (Punjabi) rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः 'blacksmith, ironsmith' (Kashmiri) Pair: dul khār 'metalcaster smith'.

Hieroglyph: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा)  A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe.  Thus, the hypertext reads:  dul gōṭī khār 'silver metalcaster smith'.

Rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy-बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer.; । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. , a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl  । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -म्य&above;च&dotbelow;ू&below; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore.; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. (Kashmiri)Rebus: khara 'sharp-edged' Kannada); pure, unalloyed (Kashmiri) 

Text of the Indus Script inscription m296

1387

kana, kanac =corner (Santali); Rebus: kañcu, 'bell-metal' (Telugu) कंस mn. ( √कम् Un2. iii , 62), a vessel made of metal , drinking vessel , cup , goblet AV. x , 10 , 5 AitBr. S3Br. &c; a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal (Monier-Williams)  Ligatured glyph. arā 'spoke' rebus:  āra 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka = ?nave; erakōlu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Kannada) [Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel, nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ar ā, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Kannada) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tulu) Rebus: eraka = copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a = syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spoke of wheel  ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spoke of a wheel. See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய்நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம்brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.) kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘iron smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) Thus, Part 1 of the hypertext sequence connotes a copper, bronze, brass smelter furnace. Ayo ‘fish’; kaṇḍa‘arrow’; rebus: ayaskāṇḍa. ayas 'alloy metal' The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron,excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta. ayirai, acarai, acalai loach, sandy colour, Cobitis thermalis; ayilai a kind of fish. Ma. ayala a fish, mackerel, scomber; aila, ayila a fish; ayira a kind of small fish, loach. ayir = iron dust, any ore (Ma.) aduru = gan.iyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddha_nti Subrahman.ya’ S’astri’s new interpretationof the Amarakos’a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p. 330) DEDR 192  Ta.  ayil iron. Ma. ayir,ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru nativemetal. Tu. ajirdakarba very hard iron  अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c ; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold Naigh.; steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])(Monier-Williams) Thus, in R̥gveda, the falsifiable hypothesis is that ayas signified 'alloy metal' in the early Tin-Bronze Revolution. kole.l 'temple, smithy' (Kota); kolme ‘smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan- blacksmith (Ta.); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133)  kolme =furnace (Ka.)  kol = pan~calo_ha (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha =  a metallic alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhātu; Nānārtharatnākara. 82; Man:garāja’s Nighaṇṭu. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Telugu) Thus, Part 2 of hypertext reads: ayaskāṇḍa kole.l 'smithy/forge excellent quantity of iron' Both Part 1 an Part 2 of ypertext together:  kamsa āra kuṭhi 'bronze (bell-meta), brass smelter'; ayaskāṇḍa kole.l 'smithy/forge excellent quantity of iron (alloy metal)'

loa 'ficus glomerata' (Santali); Phonetic determinative: lo 'nine' (Santali.Bengali) rebus: lo 'iron' (Assamese)

poḷa 'zebu' rebus; poḷa 'magnetite'

mēdhi 'post to tie cattle to' rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.);med 'copper' (Slavic)

Kalibangan seal. Ficus leaf atop the summit of a mountain range.

Ficus glomerata: loa, kamat.ha = ficus glomerata (Santali); rebus: loha = iron, metal (Skt.) kamat.amu, kammat.amu = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Te.) kammat.i_d.u = a goldsmith, a silversmith (Te.) kampat.t.tam coinage coin (Ta.);kammat.t.am kammit.t.am coinage, mint (Ma.); kammat.a id.; kammat.i a coiner (Ka.)(DEDR 1236)  ḍāṅgā 'mountain' rebus: ṭhākur, dhangar 'blacksmith'.  Nepali. ḍāṅro ʻterm of contempt for a blacksmithʼ(CDIAL 5524)

Sumerian cylinder seal showing flanking goats with hooves on tree and/or mountain. Uruk period. (After Joyce Burstein in: Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown, 2002, The roots of tantra, SUNY Press, p.100)Hence, two goats + mountain glyph reads rebus: meḍ kundār 'iron turner'. Leaf on mountain: kamaṛkom 'petiole of leaf'; rebus: kampaṭṭam 'mint'. loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy). The glyphic composition is read rebus: meḍ loa kundār 'iron turner mint'. kundavum = manger, a hayrick (G.) Rebus: kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) This rebus reading may explain the hayrick glyph shown on the sodagor 'merchant, trader' seal surrounded by four animals.Two antelopes are put next to the hayrick on the platform of the seal on which the horned person is seated. mlekh 'goat' (Br.); rebus: milakku 'copper' (Pali); mleccha 'copper' (Skt.) Thus, the composition of glyphs on the platform: pair of antelopes + pair of hayricks read rebus: milakku kundār 'copper turner'. Thus the seal is a framework of glyphic compositions to describe the repertoire of a brazier-mint, 'one who works in brass or makes brass articles' and 'a mint'. Markhor:mēṇḍha2 m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- , mēṇḍa -- 4, miṇḍha -- 2, °aka -- , mēṭha -- 2, mēṇḍhra -- , mēḍhra -- 2, °aka -- m. lex. 2. *mēṇṭha- (mēṭha -- m. lex.). 3. *mējjha -- . [r -- forms (which are not attested in NIA.) are due to further sanskritization of a loan -- word prob. of Austro -- as. origin (EWA ii 682 with lit.) and perh. related to the group s.v. bhēḍra -- ]

*l

m0296 Seal impression.  Decoding of a very remarkable set of  glyphs and a 5-sign epigraph on a seal, m0296, together with a review of few other pictographs used in the writing system of Indus script. This seal virtually defines and prefaces the entire corpus of inscriptions of mleccha (cognate meluhha) artisans of smithy guild, caravan of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. The center-piece of the orthography is a stylized representation of a 'lathe' which normally is shown in front of a one-horned young bull on hundreds of seals of Indus Script Corpora. This stylized sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' is a layered rebus-metonymy to denote  'collection of implements': sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस्), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. This device of a stylized 'lathe' is ligatured with a circular grapheme enclosing 'protuberances' from which emanate a pair of 'chain-links'. These hieroglyphs are also read as rebus-metonymy layers to represent a specific form of lapidary or metalwork: goṭī 'lump of silver' (Gujarati); goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ(Kashmiri). Thus, a collection of hieroglyphs are deployed as rebus-metonymy layered encryptions, to convey a message in Meluhha (mleccha) speech form.

Hypertext: Pair of rings attached to string, pair of young bulls: dol 'likeness, picture, form' (Santali) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast iron' (Santali) dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali) dul meṛeḍ cast iron (Mundari. Santali) కమ్మరు kammaru or కమరు kammaru. [Tel.] n. A girdle. మొలనూలు. కమ్మరము kammaramu kammaramu. [Tel.] n. Smith's work, iron work. కమ్మరవాడు, కమ్మరి or కమ్మరీడు kammara-vāḍu. n. An iron-smith or blacksmith. బైటికమ్మరవాడు an itinerant blacksmith. कर्मार karmāra m. an artisan , mechanic , artificer, a blacksmith &c ऋग्-वेद RV. x , 72 , 2 AV. iii , 5 , 6 VS. Mn. iv , 215 &c (Monier-Williams)

Thus, semantics of 'metalcasting' should be used to expand the meanings of associated hypertexts of 'young bull' or 'ring' hieroglyphs.

Hieroglyphs which compose the hypertext on m296 are vivid and unambiguous.

Hieroglyph: gö̃ṭh 1 अर्गलम्, चिन्हितग्रन्थिः f. (sg. dat. gö̃ṭhi गाँ&above;ठि), a bolt, door-chain; a method of tying up a parcel with a special knot marked or sealed so that it cannot be opened by an unauthorized person. Cf. gã̄ṭh and gö̃ṭhü. -- dyunu --  m.inf. to knot, fasten; to bolt, fasten (a door) (K.Pr. 76). *gōṭṭa ʻ something round ʼ. [Cf. guḍá -- 1. -- In sense ʻ fruit, kernel ʼ cert. ← Drav., cf. Tam. koṭṭai ʻ nut, kernel ʼ, Kan. goṟaṭe &c. listed DED 1722] K. goṭh f., dat. °ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H.goṭ f. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, °ṭɔ m. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, °ṭilɔ m. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭām. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ. Rebus:  °ṭī f. ʻ lump of silver*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- .Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271).Rebus: goṭī f. ʻ lump of silver (Gujarati).

Hieroglyph: Chain links: śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah.) śr̥ṅkhala m.n. ʻ chain ʼ MārkP., °lā -- f. VarBr̥S., śr̥ṅkhalaka -- m. ʻ chain ʼ MW., ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ. [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ] Pa. saṅkhalā -- , °likā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ; Pk. saṁkala -- m.n., °lā -- , °lī -- , °liā -- , saṁkhalā -- , siṁkh°, siṁkalā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ, siṁkhala -- n. ʻ anklet ʼ; Sh. šăṅāli̯ f., (Lor.)š*lṅāli, šiṅ° ʻ chain ʼ (lw .with š -- < śr̥ -- ), K. hö̃kal f.; S. saṅgharu m. ʻ bell round animal's neck ʼ, °ra f. ʻ chain, necklace ʼ, saṅghāra f. ʻ chain, string of beads ʼ,saṅghirī f. ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ; L. saṅglī f. ʻ flock of bustard ʼ, awāṇ. saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ; P. saṅgal m. ʻ chain ʼ, ludh. suṅgal m.; WPah.bhal. śaṅgul m. ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ, śaṅgli f. ʻ chain ʼ, śiṅkhal f. ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ, (Joshi) śã̄gaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ, jaun. śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻ chain ʼ; Ku. sã̄glo ʻ doorchain ʼ, gng. śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ; N. sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ, °li ʻ small do. ʼ, A. xikali, OB. siṅkala, B. sikal, sikli, chikal, chikli, (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454, Or.sāṅk(h)uḷā, °ḷi,

śr̥ṅkhalayati.

Ku.gng. śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (< śr̥ṅkhalita -- ); Or. sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain ʼ.(CDIAL 12580, 12581)சங்கிலி¹ caṅkili, n. < šṛṅkhalaā. [M. caṅ- kala.] 1. Chain, link; தொடர். சங்கிலிபோ லீர்ப்புண்டு (சேதுபு. அகத். 12). 2. Land-measuring chain, Gunter's chain 22 yards long; அளவுச் சங்கிலி. (C. G.) 3. A superficial measure of dry land=3.64 acres; ஓர் நிலவளவு. (G. Tn. D. I, 239). 4. A chain-ornament of gold, inset with diamonds; வயிரச்சங்கிலி என்னும் அணி. சங்கிலி நுண்டொடர் (சிலப். 6, 99). 5. Hand-cuffs, fetters; விலங்கு. Rebus: sangaha, sangraha, 'catalogue, list'. saṁgraha m. ʻ collection ʼ Mn., ʻ holding together ʼ MBh. [√grah] Pa. saṅgaha -- m. ʻ collection ʼ, Pk. saṁgaha -- m.; Bi. sã̄gah ʻ building materials ʼ; Mth. sã̄gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ, Bhoj. har -- sã̄ga; H. sãgahā ʻ collection of materials (e.g. for building) ʼ; <-> Si. san̆gaha ʻ compilation ʼ ← Pa. *saṁgrahati ʻ collects ʼ see sáṁgr̥hṇāti.(CDIAL 12852).  sáṁgr̥hṇāti ʻ seizes ʼ RV. 2. *saṁgrahati. 3. saṁgrāhayati ʻ causes to be taken hold of, causes to be comprehended ʼ BhP. [√grah] 1. Pa. saṅgaṇhāti ʻ collects ʼ, Pk. saṁgiṇhaï; Or. saṅghenibā ʻ to take with, be accompanied by ʼ. 2. Pa. fut. saṅgahissati, pp. saṅgahita -- ; Pk. saṁgahaï ʻ collects, chooses, agrees to ʼ; Si. han̆ginavā ʻ to think ʼ, hän̆genavā, än̆g° ʻ to be convinced, perceive ʼ, han̆gavanavā, an̆g° ʻ to make known ʼ.

3. Or. saṅgāibā ʻ to keep ʼ.(CDIAL 12850)

Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. (Allograph) Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati)

Why nine leaves? lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (Bengali)  on-patu = nine (Ta.) [Note the count of nine ‘ficus’ leaves depicted on the epigraph.] 

lo, no ‘nine’ phonetic reinforcement of Hieroglyph: loa ‘ficus’  loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata (Santali) Rebus: lo ‘copper’ (Samskritam) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S’r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lo_haka_ra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali); lo_ha_ra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); lo_ha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.)  lo 'iron' (Assamese) loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lohakāra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali);lohāra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); loha = metal, esp. copper orbronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali).

Interlocking bodies: ca_li (IL 3872); rebus: s’a_lika (IL) village of artisans. [cf. sala_yisu  = joining of metal (Ka.)] सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together.(Marathi). Seal m0296 is a सांगड sāṅgaḍa, 'a hypertext orthograph formed of two or more components linked together'. Rebus: sangraha, sangaha 'catalogue, list' Rebus also: sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati). jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati) The mercantile agents who were jangadiyo received goods on jangad 'entrusted for approval'. sangara'trade'.

kamaḍha = ficus religiosa (Skt.); kamar.kom ‘ficus’ (Santali) rebus: kamaṭa = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Te.); kampaṭṭam = mint (Ta.) Vikalpa: Fig leaf ‘loa’; rebus: loh ‘(copper) metal’. loha-kāra ‘metalsmith’ (Sanskrit). loa ’fig leaf; Rebus: loh ‘(copper) metal’ The unique ligatures on the 'leaf' hieroglyph may be explained as a professional designation: loha-kāra 'metalsmith'; kāruvu  [Skt.] n. 'An artist, artificer. An agent'.(Telugu). 

sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' is a signifier and the signified is: सं-घात sãghāta 'caravan consignment' [an assemblage, aggregate of metalwork objects (of the turner in workshop): metals, alloys]. sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस्), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. -- karun -- करुन् । सामग्रीसंग्रहः m.inf. to collect the ab. (L.V. 17).(Kashmiri). 

Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)

kot.iyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (G.lex.) [cf. the orthography of rings on the neck of one-horned young bull]. ko_d.iya, ko_d.e = young bull; ko_d.elu = plump young bull; ko_d.e = a. male as in: ko_d.e du_d.a = bull calf; young, youthful (Te.lex.)

Glyph:  ko_t.u = horns (Ta.) ko_r (obl. ko_t-, pl. ko_hk) horn of cattle or wild animals (Go.); ko_r (pl. ko_hk), ko_r.u (pl. ko_hku) horn (Go.); kogoo a horn (Go.); ko_ju (pl. ko_ska) horn, antler (Kui)(DEDR 2200). Homonyms: kohk (Go.), gopka_ = branches (Kui), kob = branch (Ko.) gorka, gohka spear (Go.) gorka (Go)(DEDR 2126).

kod. = place where artisans work (Gujarati) kod. = a cow-pen; a cattlepen; a byre (G.lex.) gor.a = a cow-shed; a cattleshed; gor.a orak = byre (Santali.lex.) got.ho [Skt. kos.t.ha the inner part] a warehouse; an earthen 

Rebus: kõdā‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ  = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)  A. kundār, B. kũdār, ri, Or.Kundāru; H. kũderā m. ‘one who works a lathe, one who scrapes’, rī f., kũdernā ‘to scrape, plane, round on a lathe’; kundakara—m. ‘turner’ (Skt.)(CDIAL 3297). कोंदण [ kōndaṇa ] n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems.(Marathi) খোদকার [ khōdakāra ] n an engraver; a carver. খোদকারি n. engraving; carving; interference in other’s work. খোদাই [ khōdāi ] n engraving; carving. খোদাই করা v. to engrave; to carve. খোদানো v. & n. en graving; carving. খোদিত [ khōdita ] a engraved. (Bengali) खोदकाम [ khōdakāma ] n Sculpture; carved work or work for the carver. खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work. खोदणावळ [ khōdaṇāvaḷa ] f (खोदणें) The price or cost of sculpture or carving. खोदणी [ khōdaṇī ] f (Verbal of खोदणें) Digging, engraving &c. 2 fig. An exacting of money by importunity. V लाव, मांड. 3 An instrument to scoop out and cut flowers and figures from paper. 4 A goldsmith’s die. खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or –पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe. खोदाई [ khōdāī ] f (H.) Price or cost of digging or of sculpture or carving. खोदींव [ khōdīṃva ] p of खोदणें Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured. (Marathi)

A painted goblet with the 'three-branched fig tree' motif from Nausharo I D, transitional phase between the Early and Mature Harappan periods (c. 2600-2550 BCE) (After Samzun 1992: 250, fig.29.4 no.2)

Sign 327V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)

Zebu and nine leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of anancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30. 

Semantic determinative: markhor: mẽḍhā 'markhor' rebus: medhā 'yajña, dhanam'; दु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.);med 'copper' (Slavic)

mēthí m. ʻ pillar in threshing floor to which oxen are fastened, prop for supporting carriage shafts ʼ AV., °thī -- f. KātyŚr.com., mēdhī -- f. Divyāv. 2. mēṭhī -- f. PañcavBr.com., mēḍhī -- , mēṭī -- f. BhP. 1. Pa. mēdhi -- f. ʻ post to tie cattle to, pillar, part of a stūpa ʼ; Pk. mēhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, N. meh(e), miho, miyo, B. mei, Or. maï -- dāṇḍi, Bi. mẽh, mẽhā ʻ the post ʼ, (SMunger) mehā ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. meh, mehā ʻ the post ʼ, (SBhagalpur) mīhã̄ ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, (SETirhut) mẽhi bāṭi ʻ vessel with a projecting base ʼ.2. Pk. mēḍhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, mēḍhaka<-> ʻ small stick ʼ; K. mīr, mīrü f. ʻ larger hole in ground which serves as a mark in pitching walnuts ʼ (for semantic relation of ʻ post -- hole ʼ see kūpa -- 2); L. meṛhf. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ; P. mehṛ f., mehaṛ m. ʻ oxen on threshing floor, crowd ʼ; OA meṛha, mehra ʻ a circular construction, mound ʼ; Or. meṛhī, meri ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ; Bi. mẽṛ ʻ raised bank between irrigated beds ʼ, (Camparam) mẽṛhā ʻ bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. (SETirhut) mẽṛhā ʻ id. ʼ; M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ.(CDIAL 10317).

Source: Unique sign design feature of सांगड sāṅgaḍa is rebus, saṁgaha 'catalogues' of metalwork wealth on Indus Script cipher https://tinyurl.com/yazjr3mk

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2018/03/unique-sign-design-feature-of-sangada.html

Unicorn of Indus Script signifies in Meluhha rebus rendering mint of goldsmith, lapidary

June 8, 2019, 6:04 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/yxhbpldz

Component parts.Key identifier is the mer̥ha curved, crumpled horn; rebus: medhā 'yajna, dhanam'. खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull'; khōṇḍa 'sack, pannier'; koḍiyum 'rings on neck' rebus kō̃da कोँद 'kiln' See the pannier on the shoulder, rings on neck. lo 'overflow', kāṇḍa 'sacred water'.Overflowing pot is lōkhaṇḍa लोहोलोखंड 'copper tools, pots and pans'. koḍ 'young boy' is artisan is a lapidary, smith. In Telugu the word for a young bull is kōḍedūḍa కోడె kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. kṓṣṭha1 m. ʻ any one of the large viscera ʼ MBh. [Same as kṓṣṭha -- 2? Cf. *kōttha -- ]Pa. koṭṭha -- m. ʻ stomach ʼ, Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ˚ m.; L. (Shahpur) koṭhī f. ʻ heart, breast ʼ; P. koṭṭhā, koṭhā m. ʻ belly ʼ, G. koṭhɔ m., M. koṭhā m.(CDIAL 3545) Rebus: kṓṣṭha2 n. ʻ pot ʼ Kauś., ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ MBh., ʻ inner apartment ʼ lex., ˚aka -- n. ʻ treasury ʼ, ˚ikā f. ʻ pan ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. *kōttha -- , *kōtthala -- : same as prec.?]

Pa. koṭṭha -- n. ʻ monk's cell, storeroom ʼ, ˚aka<-> n. ʻ storeroom ʼ; Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ˚, koṭṭhaya -- m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ (CDIAL 3546) kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'; kundaṉa 'fine gold'.

Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ. 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ(CDIAL 5428) टांग or टांगडी ṭāṅga or ṭāṅgaḍī f (टंग S through H) A low or light term for the leg. 2 esp. टांग A stride: also the stride as a measure of land; as टांगा टा- कून शेत मोजलें. ज्याच्या टांगड्या त्याच्याच गळ्यांत घालणें To catch a man in his own trap; to involve or embarrass one with his own words. टांग बांधणें (To tie up the legs.) To obtain some secret ground of sway over. टांगें तिंबणें (A vulgar and opprobrious phrase.) To get married. 2 To bathe. टांगड्या तोडणें To tiudge; to tramp.(Marathi)

Rebus: stamped coin, mint: टंक [ ṭaṅka ] m S A stone-cutter's chisel. 2 A weight equal to four माष &c. टंकारी [ ṭakārī or ṭaṅkārī ] m (टंक) A caste or an individual of it. They are workers in stone, makers of handmills &c. ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5433, 5434). శాల ṣāla. [Skt.] n. A house, edifice; a hall, room, place. గృహము, సభ, చావడి. అశ్వశాల a stable. ఆయుధశాల an arsenal, an armoury. ముద్రాక్షరశాల a printing office. టంకశాల a mint. సాల sāla. [from Skt. శాల.] n. A house, edifice; a hall, room, place. గృహము, సభ, చ ావడి, చెరసాల a prison. టంకసాల a mint. टंकशाला ṭaṅkaśālā f (S) pop. टंकसाळ or टकसाळ f A mint टांकेकरी ṭāṅkēkarī m (टांकी & करी) One who works with a टांकी; who chisels or rechisels handmills and grinding stones.टाकसाळ or टांकसाळ ṭākasāḷa or ṭāṅkasāḷa f (टंकशाला S) A mint. टाकसाळथर ṭākasāḷathara m Worn and battered coin fit to be returned for new coinage into the mint. टाकसाळी or टांकसाळी ṭākasāḷī or ṭāṅkasāḷī a (टाकसाळ) Pertaining or relating to the mint--money, a person.टाकसाळी or टांकसाळी ṭākasāḷī or ṭāṅkasāḷī f A cess upon a mintestablishment, टाकसाळ्या ṭākasāḷyā m (टांकसाळ) The master of a mint.(Marathi)

Hence the Indus Script Hypertext message is: mint of goldsmith, lapidary.

m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. Carnelian. kanda kanka 'rim of pot' (Santali) rebus: kanda 'fire-altar'khaNDa 'implements' PLUS karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNi 'Supercargo, scribe' PLUS semantic determinant: kANDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. In the context of semantics of karNi 'supercargo', it is possible to decipher the standard device sangaDa 'lathe' rebus: jangada 'double-canoe' as a seafaring merchant vessel. The suffix -karnika signifies a 'maker'. Kāraṇika [der. fr. prec.] the meaning ought to be "one who is under a certain obligation" or "one who dispenses certain obligations." In usu˚ S ii.257 however used simply in the sense of making: arrow -- maker, fletcher (Pali). kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ]Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ; M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ.(CDIAL 3058) 

kunda 'lathe' PLUS kammatamu 'portable furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati).Rebus:  Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together' (Varahamihira) *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.(CDIAL 12845). సంగడము (p. 1279) [ saṅgaḍamu ]  A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side. రెండుతాటి. బొండులు జతగాకట్టినతెప్ప சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam, n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.) G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼsaṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ),sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.(CDIAL 12859) Cangavāra [cp. Tamil canguvaḍa a dhoney, Anglo-- Ind. ḍoni, a canoe hollowed from a log, see also doṇi] a hollow vessel, a bowl, cask M i.142; J v.186 (Pali)

Hieroglyph: खोंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda)Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali)
kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See`to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) The hieroglyph clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper. 

Hieroglyph: lo 'penis' Go<luGguj>(Z) [lUGguy']  {NB} ``male ^genitals, ^penis, ^scrotum''.(Munda etyma) loe 'penis' (Ho.) Hieroglyph: ``^penis'':So. laj(R)  ~ lij  ~ la'a'j  ~ laJ/ laj  ~ kaD`penis'.Sa. li'j `penis, esp. of small boys'.Sa. lO'j `penis'.Mu. lOe'j  ~ lOGgE'j `penis'.! lO'jHo loe

`penis'.Ku. la:j `penis'.@(C289) ``^penis'':Sa. lOj `penis'.Mu. lOj `penis'.KW lOj@(M084) <lO?Oj>(D),,<AlAj>(L)//<lAj>(DL)  {N} ``^penis''.  #43901.<ului>(P),,<uluj>(MP)  {NB} ``^penis, male organ, male^genitals''.  Cf. <kOlOb>(P),<susu>(M) `testicle'; <kuLij>(M), <kuRij>(P) `vulva'.  *Sa., MuN<lO'j>, MuH, Ho<lo'e>,So.<laj-An>, U.Tem.<lo'> ??. %33271.  #33031.So<lO?Oj>(D),,<AlAj>(L)//<lAj>(DL)  {N} ``^penis''.<lohosua>(D)  {NI} ``^dance''.  #20141. lo-khaṇḍa, penis + gaṇḍa, 4 balls; Rebus: lokhaṇḍa 'iron, metalware.'Rebus: loh 'copper, iron, metal' (Indian sprachbund, Meluhha) लोह [p= 908,3]mfn. (prob. fr. a √ रुह् for a lost √ रुध् , " to be red " ; cf. रोहि , रोहिण &c ) red , reddish , copper-coloured S3rS. MBh.made of copper S3Br. (Sch.)made of iron Kaus3.m. n. red metal , copper VS. &c Rebus: <loha>(BD)  {NI} ``^iron''.  Syn. <luaG>(D).  *@.  #20131)  laúha -- ʻ made of copper or iron ʼ Gr̥Śr., ʻ red ʼ MBh., n. ʻ iron, metal ʼ Bhaṭṭ. [lōhá -- ] Pk. lōha -- ʻ made of iron ʼ; L. lohā ʻ iron -- coloured, reddish ʼ; P. lohā ʻ reddish -- brown (of cattle) ʼ.lōhá 11158 lōhá ʻ red, copper -- coloured ʼ ŚrS., ʻ made of copper ʼ ŚBr., m.n. ʻ copper ʼ VS., ʻ iron ʼ MBh. [*rudh -- ] Pa. lōha -- m. ʻ metal, esp. copper or bronze ʼ; Pk. lōha -- m. ʻ iron ʼ, Gy. pal. li°, lihi, obl. elhás, as. loa JGLS new ser. ii 258; Wg. (Lumsden) "loa"ʻ steel ʼ; Kho.loh ʻ copper ʼ; S. lohu m. ʻ iron ʼ, L. lohā m., awāṇ. lōˋā, P. lohā m. (→ K.rām. ḍoḍ. lohā), WPah.bhad. lɔ̃u n., bhal. lòtilde; n., pāḍ. jaun. lōh, paṅ. luhā, cur. cam.lohā, Ku. luwā, N. lohu, °hā, A. lo, B. lo, no, Or. lohā, luhā, Mth. loh, Bhoj. lohā, Aw.lakh. lōh, H. loh, lohā m., G. M. loh n.; Si. loho, lō ʻ metal, ore, iron ʼ; Md.ratu -- lō ʻ copper ʼ.WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lóɔ ʻ iron ʼ, J. lohā m., Garh. loho; Md. lō ʻ metal ʼ. (CDIAL 11172).

lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, °rī -- f., °raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1]Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., °rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh° m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ.WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m. (CDIAL 11159).lōhaghaṭa 11160 *lōhaghaṭa ʻ iron pot ʼ. [lōhá -- , ghaṭa -- 1]Bi. lohrā, °rī ʻ small iron pan ʼ.*lōhaphāla -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , phāˊla -- 1]WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl m. ʻ an agricultural implement ʼ Him.I 197; -- or < †*lōhahala -- .(CDIAL 11160) lōhala ʻ made of iron ʼ W. [lōhá -- ]G. lohar, lohariyɔ m. ʻ selfwilled and unyielding man ʼ.(CDIAL 11161).*lōhaśālā ʻ smithy ʼ. [lōhá -- , śāˊlā -- ]Bi. lohsārī ʻ smithy ʼ. (CDIAL 11162).lōhahaṭṭika 11163 *lōhahaṭṭika ʻ ironmonger ʼ. [lōhá -- , haṭṭa -- ] P.ludh. lōhṭiyā m. ʻ ironmonger ʼ.†*lōhahala -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , halá -- ]WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl ʻ an agricultural instrument ʼ; rather < †*lōhaphāla -- .(CDIAL 11163).

The summer of discontent -- Kumar Chellappan. NaMo, needed NOW, National Water Grid,24x7 water for every home, every farm

June 8, 2019, 8:45 pm

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The Summer of discontent

Sunday, 09 June 2019 | Kumar Chellappan

In the season of Agni Nakshatram or the ‘star that emits fire’, all major temples in parched Tamil Nadu are reverberating with hymns as priests perform the Varuna Japa to propitiate the Gods for much-needed rain relief, writes Kumar Chellappan

Summer is at its peak in Tamil Nadu. This is the season of Agni Nakshatram (Tamil for the ‘star that emits fire’). All major temples in the State are reverberating with hymns as priests perform the Varuna Japa and Varuna Yagna to propitiate the God of rain so that the skies open up. The chief priests can be heard reciting, “Chandra prabham, pankaja sannivishtam, paasankusabheeti, varandadaanam.” The rationalist Dravidian Land, too, has resorted to pujas so that Lord Varuna may bless the State with rains. This has become a common sight in all major temples in the State, which are managed by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowment Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

There was a time not long ago when temples in rural Tamil Nadu resonated with, “Endaro mahanubhavulu, andariki vandanamulu” (There are so many mahatmas… my salutations to all) — a hymn written, composed, and sung by Saint Thyagaraja, one of the trinities of Carnatic music, who is believed to have lived in the 18th Century. There was a feeling of happiness all over the State because people were content with the basic needs of life. The villages had sufficient clean water to drink. The farms yielded big quantity of paddy, fruits, and vegetables, and there were no barren lands anywhere.

Not anymore. Over the years, most of the paddy fields in Tamil Nadu have given way to concrete jungles as farmers felt it was not wise to continue with agricultural operations. Massive industrialisation across the State led to pollution of rivers and water bodies. As people moved to urban centres in search of more comfort and conveniences, agriculture took a severe  beating. Add to this, there was acute shortage of water as the population dependent on rivers increased manifold over the decades.

Illegal construction swallowed the water bodies in urban areas. Ground water level went down as many rivers dried up. A trip from Chennai to the south or west of Tamil Nadu will take the traveller along barren lands stretching miles, which were once rivers meandering through the length and breadth of the State. The State was largely dependent on River Kaveri (Cauvery) originating from the Western Ghats in Karnataka.

Now, Tamil Nadu is in a perpetual war with all its neighbouring States — Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala — for a few TMC ft of water. The major political issue in Tamil Nadu is neither Narendra Modi nor Rahul Gandhi, it is water. Tamil Nadu is having a water war with Karnataka and the matter is being heard in the Supreme Court. Tamil Nadu is engaged in a battle royale with Kerala over the water level to be maintained in the Mullaperiyar Dam. It may sound strange but what makes the case interesting is that the Mullaperiyar Dam owned and operated by Tamil Nadu is situated in Kerala. Despite verdicts by a river water dispute tribunal and the Supreme Court, the more than a century long legal battle between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka lingers on while lawyers continue to flourish even as water remains elusive for Tamil Nadu.

There is another battle front along the Tamil Nadu-Andhra Pradesh border as both States are at war over sharing of the Palar River. Tamil Nadu has another ongoing litigation with Kerala over the sharing of Parambikulam-Aaliyar rivers. Though States are in perpetual war mode, political parties in Tamil Nadu fight more aggressively against one another over the quantum of water the State manages to get from Karnataka.

The five southern districts of Tamil Nadu are dependent on water drawn from the Mullaperiyar Dam, and River Kaveri is the lifeline of almost six districts in central Tamil Nadu. Since there are no major rivers in Tamil Nadu, the State is dependent on the neighbouring Karnataka, Andhra, and Kerala for its water requirements. The shortage of water and its repercussions can be seen from Chennai to Kanyakumari where people, especially women, walk five to ten kilometres every day to fetch one pot of water. During the election tour to the Sivaganga district, we passed through a village named Athikkadu where people were fighting over a small pot of water. Athikkadu village brought back to mind a 1981 Tamil film Thanneer..Thanneer (Water…Water).

The movie made by the legendary K Balachander, which had the all-time great star Saritha in the lead role, walked away with the National Awards for the best film as well as the best screenplay. It told the story of a drought-ridden Athipatti village in Tamil Nadu and the sufferings of its residents. When a newcomer to the village asks one of the locals for some drinking water, the villager tells him; “Thambi, don’t  ask anybody for water. You can ask them for their wives, but not water!” Thirty eight years after the movie was released, most of the villages in Tamil Nadu have turned out to be Athipatti, where womenfolk walk more than five km every day to fetch drinking water.

To check the authenticity of this statement, all one has to do is to make a trip to districts like Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli. One is greeted by people pushing handcarts carrying water pots, which they fill from water bodies five to 10 km away from their villages. As the mercury hits the roof, the chances of the sky opening up for a brief rainfall have become remote.

The film Thanneer also featured the approach of politicians and bureaucrats towards the heartrending pleas by villagers for drinking water. Callousness and indifference reign supreme even as hundreds fall victim to water-borne diseases as well as dehydration.

The irony is that all this happening even as plenty of water is being wasted into the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal by rivers in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. “Water scarcity is not a new problem haunting Tamil Nadu. It has been there since early 1900s, but the Governments of the day came with piecemeal solutions, showing scant regard to the woes of the poor,” said S Kalyanaraman, Director of the Saraswathi Research Centre, a Chennai-based think tank, who authored a seven-volume series on River Saraswathi.

Our politicians speak about the plurality of India and they exhort the people how to sustain it. Take a look at what is happening across the country and you will see how pluralism is maintained. While there is scorching summer in South India, which dries up rivers and all water bodies, the northern part of the country is fighting the flood waters of Brahmaputra. The glaciers in Himalayas melt and cause floods in all major north Indian rivers. At the same time, the people in South India are praying to the rain Gods for bestowing mercy on them.

MK Stalin, the DMK leader who declared that he would become the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu immediately after the May 23 results, is silent on the severe drinking water shortage. “He could have used his excellent rapport with the Congress President Rahul Gandhi and the Karnataka Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy to get the Kaveri water released to Tamil Nadu. But till date, the DMK leader has not said anything about it,” said Narayanan Thirupati, a Tamil Nadu BJP leader.

Kalyanaraman points out that a well-documented feasibility report prepared by the National Water Development Agency under the Union Ministry of Water Resources to link the Netravati-Hemavati rivers to augment the water resources of Kaveri river could be a solution to the water scarcity faced by Tamil Nadu. “This will prevent the wastage of water flowing from Netravati into the Arabian Sea. A series of tunnels will make the Netravati waters flow into the Hemavati river. This project should be implemented on a priority basis to save not only Tamil Nadu but Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh from the looming water shortage,” he said.

Prof PM Natarajan, a hydrologist who has studied the water scarcity in South India for long, is of the view that the surplus floodwaters in Godavari could address the water scarcity in Tamil Nadu. “Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh do not have facilities to store excess rain water. Karnataka itself discharges 1,000 TMC ft water into the sea, which alone can take care of the water requirement of Tamil Nadu. The Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Pennar river system discharges 5,000 TMC ft water every year into the sea. We should impound/transfer a portion of this water to help the States,” says Natarajan.

According to Kalyanaraman, India may be the only country in the world which faces drought and flood at the same time. “Many times, I have seen the Centre helping the North Indian States in fighting floods, and at the same time, pumping in money for drought relief work in South India,” said Kalyanaraman, who was earlier a banker with the Asian Development Bank.

The NDA Government led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee had appointed a task force under the chairmanship of Suresh Prabhu, a member of the Union Council of Ministers, to prepare a detailed project report on the interlinking of major Indian rivers. Though Prabhu submitted an excellent report to the Union Cabinet, the NDA Government was defeated in the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections. The UPA Government’s common minimum programme had promised the people that rivers in the country would be interlinked. But certain religious organisations and NGOs opposed the move and that made the UPA Government dump the Suresh Prabhu committee report. Meanwhile, Tamil Nadu saw three floods that devastated Chennai and five surrounding districts. The flood waters had to be pumped out to the sea because the metropolis did not have storage facilities. The entire flood water went waste and this is happening all over the country on a regular basis.

One of the reasons put forward by the opponents of the project to interlink the rivers is global warming. “Global warming has led to the melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. If we go ahead with the interlinking of rivers, the Brahmaputra would dry up as there won’t be any glaciers to feed the river,” claimed the NGOs.

Perhaps they have not heard about a comprehensive study on the glaciers in Himalayas done by Prof Vijay Mohan Kumar Puri, an internationally respected glaciologist based in Dharamsala. “There is sufficient water entrapped in the Gangotri glacier, which feeds River Ganga. This talk about global warming itself is nonsense. Climate never remains static and keeps changing. When the temperature rises, these pseudo experts scare us by shouting ‘global warming’. The same bunch threatens us with claims of an ice age when temperatures come down,” said Prof Puri. He said that fearmongering is good business. “If you say everything is fine, people would not take notice. But negativity gets a lot of attention,” he said.

A policy paper, ‘Economic Impact of Interlinking of Rivers Programme’, prepared by the economists and scientists of the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) in 2008 says that linking of major rivers in the country would lead to manifold increase in its economy. Besides bringing millions of hectares of dry land under farming, the country would be richer by 25,000 MW of clean and green energy, which could be generated by micro and mini hydel projects. A major chunk of transportation of goods could be carried out through inland navigation, resulting in major gains in the oil import bill of the country. The canals, that would transfer the surplus waters, would also help with forestation of the surrounding areas.

Had the UPA Government paid heed to the Suresh Prabhu committee report, the interlinking of major Indian rivers could have been completed by 2016, as per the directive of the Supreme Court delivered in 2002.

The anguish and disappointment of farmers in Tamil Nadu reached such a level that Ka Vi Kannan, a farmer leader from the Kaveri Delta, chose to write a book in English so that people in North India could understand their agony for water. River Cauvery: The Most Battl(r)ed is a book about the hopes and aspirations of the farming community. “We are not asking for charity. What we need is some help in the form of water and loans at reasonable rates of interest. People in North India should understand that Tamil Nadu villages are no different from the village Athippatti portrayed in Thanneer,” said Kannan.

If the new Government takes up the project on a war footing, the country stands to gain in many ways. Millions of jobs could be created as part of the programme. The legal battle between States for a few more drops of water would become a thing of the past. Three groups stand to lose because of the interlinking: Politicians, who would lose an issue to fight with and lead agitations; NGOs and some religious groups that survive only because of drought and poverty; and the power brokers.

A 200-m-wide national river connecting Brahmaputra/Ganga with Kaveri in the south; fully grown paddy and wheat fields across the length and breadth of the country; barges and boats filled with commodities sailing along this canal; people contented because they get clean drinking water in their houses; and hectares of newly created forests along the banks of this canal. And, of course, the villages resonating with hymns from Guru Granth Sahiband the compositions of the Holy Trinity of Carnatic music. Mr Modi, are you reading this?https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/sunday-edition/the-summer-of-discontent.html

Unicorn of Indus Script with two horns !!!

June 8, 2019, 10:50 pm

≫ Next: deren, 'animal with horn', tiria ʻanimalsʼ signify Indus Script wealth-categories for tiṟ(u) 'to exchange, barter, pay'

≪ Previous: The summer of discontent -- Kumar Chellappan. NaMo, needed NOW, National Water Grid,24x7 water for every home, every farm

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https://www.academia.edu/39474606/Unicorn_of_Indus_Script_with_two_horns

Unicorn of Indus Script with two horns !!!

An answer to those who think that the face of the 'unicorn' is that of a horse or wild-ass. Here are examples from Indus Script Corpora which show a 'unicorn' (i.e.an animal with all features such as rings on neck, pannier, geniital organ or a bovine) BUT with two horns. I suggest that the 'unicorn' is simply a YOUNG BULL,call it primigenius namadicus. There are also copper tablets which show such a two-horned 'unicorn', i.e.primigenius namadicus YOUNG BULL in front of a feeding-trough. Why look for a horse or wild-ass to explain the hypertext of a young bull?

m1656 Mohenjo-daro pectoral with ‘one-horned young bull’

deren, 'animal with horn', tiria ʻanimalsʼ signify Indus Script wealth-categories for tiṟ(u) 'to exchange, barter, pay'

June 9, 2019, 4:06 am

≫ Next: Indus Script Cipher chooses tiria, 'Meluhha animals as hieroglyphs' to design Wealth accounting classification system to document tiṟ(u) 'trade'

≪ Previous: Unicorn of Indus Script with two horns !!!

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https://tinyurl.com/yytdo9tw

  These are variant iconographic signifiers of a 'unicorn' -- with variant horn styles. One has one curved, crumpled horn; the second has two horns; the thirs has wavy horns of a ram.

Variant 1: On m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral, the tiria'animal' is ligatured with a curved, crumpled horn; the rebus reading is: mer̥ha deren khōṇḍa 'a crumpled horn of young bull' Rebus: medhā'yajna, dhanam' (from) kō̃daकोँद 'furnace, kiln' (for) tiṟ(u) 'exchange, barter, payment'.

Variant 2: On the seal,  the tiria 'animal' is ligatured with two horns; the rebus reading is: khōṇḍa 'young bull' koḍ 'horn' rebus: kō̃daकोँद 'furnace, kiln' PLUS koḍ 'workshop' (product). 

Variant 3: On the copper tablet of Mohenjo-daro, the tiria 'animal' is ligatured with the horns of a ram or markhor. The feeding trough in front of the animal: pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar'goldsmith guild, merchant'. Together, the rebus readings are: pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar'goldsmith guild merchant' PLUS khōṇḍa 'young bull' mẽḍha 'ram' rebus: kō̃daकोँद 'furnace, kiln'mẽḍh 'iron', meḍho 'helper of merchant', i.e. goldsmith guild merchant (bartering) iron from kiln, furnace. (See embedded examples of both sides of copper tablets with Indus Script inscriptions and rebus decipherments.)

The pictorial motifs also deploy many hieroglyph components such as rings on neck, pannier on shoulder, belly, thigh. All these components are also read rebus as descriptive of the wealth-categories as detailed in the monograph: 

Unicorn of Indus Script signifies in Meluhha rebus rendering mint of goldsmith, lapidary https://tinyurl.com/yxhbpldz (Annexe for ready reference).

tiṟ(u) 'to exchange, barter, pay'

Gy. pal. tir -- , pret. tirdă ʻ to pay ʼ, tirnáuăr ʻ causes to pay ʼ; L. tirṇī f. ʻ a kind of fee or tax ʼ; N. tirnu ʻ to pay back ʼ, caus. tirāunu.(CDIAL 5844) K. trinun ʻ to become or be prosperous in having many sons, grandsons, &c. ʼ (cf. tērun ʻ to gain prestige ʼ < tirátē).(CDIAL 5845) Ta. teṟu-poruḷ indemnity, tribute; tiṟai tribute; (inscr.) tiṟappu assessed lands. Ma. tiṟa tribute, taxes; an offering, an inferior feast. Ko. ter- (teṯ-) to pay (debt). To. tel- (teṯ-) to pay (fine, debt); teṟ a fine, compensation paid in buffaloes to man whose wife is taken by another. Ka. teṟu (tett-) to pay; teṟuvike paying; teṟisu, tettisu to cause to pay (as taxes, fines, etc.); teṟe, teṟage, teṟige, teṟege tribute, tax; tiṟ(u) to exchange, barter, pay, offer, present, give; teṟa price paid for a wife; teṟavu id., (PBh.) tribute, tax; teraṇṭu to make a gift of raiment to the bride and bridegroom at a wedding. Koḍ. ter- (teruv-, tett-) to pay (penalty). Tu. terigè taxes; tirmuru exchange. Te. (inscr.) teṟe a kind of tax. Go. (Pat.) terānā to repay (Voc. 1779). Kui tehpa (teht-) to repay, return, make restitution; n. restitution, repaying. (DEDR 3441)

tiria ʻanimalsʼ (OG)(CDIAL 5825) deren, 'horn', derenanko'creatures having horns'  Tiracchāna-gata 'an animal, a beast' (Pali) Tiracchāna  [for ˚gata=Sk. tiraścīna (˚gata)=tiraśca; "going horizontally," i. e. not erect. Cp. tiraccha, tiriyaŋ, tiro] an animal It 92 (tiracchānaŋ ca yoniyo for tiracchāna -- yoniyo); Vbh 339 (˚gāminī paṭipadā leading to rebirth among beasts); VvA 23 (manussatiracchāna an animal -- man, wild man, "werwolf"). -- kathā "animal talk"; wrong or childish talk in general Vin i.188; D i.7, 178; iii.54; Vism 127; expl^d at DA i.89 by anīyānikattā sagga -- mokkha -- maggānaŋ tiraccha -- bhūtā kathā; -- gata an animal, a beast Vin iv.7; S iii.152=DA i.23(Pali)

tere, 'Crumpled, wave', mer̥ha deren'crumpled horn': *tiriyak, tiryák ʻ across, obliquely ʼ ŚBr. (n. sg. of tiryáñc -- ʻ oblique ʼ AV.). [tirás]Pa. tiriyaṁ ʻ across ʼ; Pk. tiria -- ʻ slanting, crosswise ʼ; OG. tiria ʻ animals ʼ(CDIAL 5825) Ta. tiraṅku (tiraṅki-) to be wrinkled, crumpled, dry up as dead leaves, be folded in as the fingers of a closed hand, be curled up as the hair; tirakku (tirakki-) to be crumpled, shrivel, wrinkle; tiraṅkal being strivelled, wrinkled, crumpled; tirai (-v-, -nt-) to become wrinkled as the skin by age, be wrinkled, creased as a cloth, roll as waves; (-pp-, -tt-) to roll as waves; gather up, contract, close as the mouth of a sack, plait the ends of a cloth as in dressing, tuck up as one's cloth; n. wrinkle as in the skin through age, curtain as rolled up, wave, billow, ripple; tiraippu wrinkling, rolling, rippling, place screened by a curtain; tiraiyal 

wrinkling; tiraivu wrinkling as by age, rolling as of waves. Ma. tira wave, billow, curtain; tiraccal wrinkles; tirekkuka to roll as waves; tirappu rolling. To. terf- (tert-) to make a loop (of cane); tešk loop, curve of horn. Ka. tere a wave, billow, curtain, cloth for concealing oneself used by huntsmen. Koḍ. 

(Shanmugam) tere wave, dress, screen. Tu. śerè, serè a wave, billow; serasarè, serasrè curtain, screen. Te. tera screen, curtain, wave. Br. trikking to wither up, change colour, fade. / Cf. Sgh. tiraya curtain, veil (delete from Turner, CDIAL, no. 5825); (Burrow 1967, p. 41).  (DEDR 3244)

Annex

Component parts.Key identifier is the mer̥ha curved, crumpled horn; rebus: medhā 'yajna, dhanam'. खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull'; khōṇḍa 'sack, pannier'; koḍiyum 'rings on neck' rebus kō̃da कोँद 'kiln' See the pannier on the shoulder, rings on neck. lo 'overflow', kāṇḍa 'sacred water'.Overflowing pot is lōkhaṇḍa लोहोलोखंड 'copper tools, pots and pans'. koḍ 'young boy' is artisan is a lapidary, smith. In Telugu the word for a young bull is kōḍedūḍa కోడె kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. kṓṣṭha1 m. ʻ any one of the large viscera ʼ MBh. [Same as kṓṣṭha -- 2? Cf. *kōttha -- ]Pa. koṭṭha -- m. ʻ stomach ʼ, Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ˚ m.; L. (Shahpur) koṭhī f. ʻ heart, breast ʼ; P. koṭṭhā, koṭhā m. ʻ belly ʼ, G. koṭhɔ m., M. koṭhā m.(CDIAL 3545) Rebus: kṓṣṭha2 n. ʻ pot ʼ Kauś., ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ MBh., ʻ inner apartment ʼ lex., ˚aka -- n. ʻ treasury ʼ, ˚ikā f. ʻ pan ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. *kōttha -- , *kōtthala -- : same as prec.?]

Pa. koṭṭha -- n. ʻ monk's cell, storeroom ʼ, ˚aka<-> n. ʻ storeroom ʼ; Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ˚, koṭṭhaya -- m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ (CDIAL 3546) kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'; kundaṉa 'fine gold'.

Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ. 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ(CDIAL 5428) टांग or टांगडी ṭāṅga or ṭāṅgaḍī f (टंग S through H) A low or light term for the leg. 2 esp. टांग A stride: also the stride as a measure of land; as टांगा टा- कून शेत मोजलें. ज्याच्या टांगड्या त्याच्याच गळ्यांत घालणें To catch a man in his own trap; to involve or embarrass one with his own words. टांग बांधणें (To tie up the legs.) To obtain some secret ground of sway over. टांगें तिंबणें (A vulgar and opprobrious phrase.) To get married. 2 To bathe. टांगड्या तोडणें To tiudge; to tramp.(Marathi)

Rebus: stamped coin, mint: टंक [ ṭaṅka ] m S A stone-cutter's chisel. 2 A weight equal to four माष &c. टंकारी [ ṭakārī or ṭaṅkārī ] m (टंक) A caste or an individual of it. They are workers in stone, makers of handmills &c. ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5433, 5434). శాల ṣāla. [Skt.] n. A house, edifice; a hall, room, place. గృహము, సభ, చావడి. అశ్వశాల a stable. ఆయుధశాల an arsenal, an armoury. ముద్రాక్షరశాల a printing office. టంకశాల a mint. సాల sāla. [from Skt. శాల.] n. A house, edifice; a hall, room, place. గృహము, సభ, చ ావడి, చెరసాల a prison. టంకసాల a mint. टंकशाला ṭaṅkaśālā f (S) pop. टंकसाळ or टकसाळ f A mint टांकेकरी ṭāṅkēkarī m (टांकी & करी) One who works with a टांकी; who chisels or rechisels handmills and grinding stones.टाकसाळ or टांकसाळ ṭākasāḷa or ṭāṅkasāḷa f (टंकशाला S) A mint. टाकसाळथर ṭākasāḷathara m Worn and battered coin fit to be returned for new coinage into the mint. टाकसाळी or टांकसाळी ṭākasāḷī or ṭāṅkasāḷī a (टाकसाळ) Pertaining or relating to the mint--money, a person.टाकसाळी or टांकसाळी ṭākasāḷī or ṭāṅkasāḷī f A cess upon a mintestablishment, टाकसाळ्या ṭākasāḷyā m (टांकसाळ) The master of a mint.(Marathi)

Hence the Indus Script Hypertext message is: mint of goldsmith, lapidary.

m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. Carnelian. kanda kanka 'rim of pot' (Santali) rebus: kanda 'fire-altar'khaNDa 'implements' PLUS karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNi 'Supercargo, scribe' PLUS semantic determinant: kANDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. In the context of semantics of karNi 'supercargo', it is possible to decipher the standard device sangaDa 'lathe' rebus: jangada 'double-canoe' as a seafaring merchant vessel. The suffix -karnika signifies a 'maker'. Kāraṇika [der. fr. prec.] the meaning ought to be "one who is under a certain obligation" or "one who dispenses certain obligations." In usu˚ S ii.257 however used simply in the sense of making: arrow -- maker, fletcher (Pali). kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ]Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ; M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ.(CDIAL 3058) 

kunda 'lathe' PLUS kammatamu 'portable furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati).Rebus:  Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together' (Varahamihira) *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.(CDIAL 12845). సంగడము (p. 1279) [ saṅgaḍamu ]  A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side. రెండుతాటి. బొండులు జతగాకట్టినతెప్ప சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam, n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.) G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼsaṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ),sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.(CDIAL 12859) Cangavāra [cp. Tamil canguvaḍa a dhoney, Anglo-- Ind. ḍoni, a canoe hollowed from a log, see also doṇi] a hollow vessel, a bowl, cask M i.142; J v.186 (Pali)

Hieroglyph: खोंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda)Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali)
kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See`to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) The hieroglyph clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper. 

Hieroglyph: lo 'penis' Go<luGguj>(Z) [lUGguy']  {NB} ``male ^genitals, ^penis, ^scrotum''.(Munda etyma) loe 'penis' (Ho.) Hieroglyph: ``^penis'':So. laj(R)  ~ lij  ~ la'a'j  ~ laJ/ laj  ~ kaD`penis'.Sa. li'j `penis, esp. of small boys'.Sa. lO'j `penis'.Mu. lOe'j  ~ lOGgE'j `penis'.! lO'jHo loe

`penis'.Ku. la:j `penis'.@(C289) ``^penis'':Sa. lOj `penis'.Mu. lOj `penis'.KW lOj@(M084) <lO?Oj>(D),,<AlAj>(L)//<lAj>(DL)  {N} ``^penis''.  #43901.<ului>(P),,<uluj>(MP)  {NB} ``^penis, male organ, male^genitals''.  Cf. <kOlOb>(P),<susu>(M) `testicle'; <kuLij>(M), <kuRij>(P) `vulva'.  *Sa., MuN<lO'j>, MuH, Ho<lo'e>,So.<laj-An>, U.Tem.<lo'> ??. %33271.  #33031.So<lO?Oj>(D),,<AlAj>(L)//<lAj>(DL)  {N} ``^penis''.<lohosua>(D)  {NI} ``^dance''.  #20141. lo-khaṇḍa, penis + gaṇḍa, 4 balls; Rebus: lokhaṇḍa 'iron, metalware.'Rebus: loh 'copper, iron, metal' (Indian sprachbund, Meluhha) लोह [p= 908,3]mfn. (prob. fr. a √ रुह् for a lost √ रुध् , " to be red " ; cf. रोहि , रोहिण &c ) red , reddish , copper-coloured S3rS. MBh.made of copper S3Br. (Sch.)made of iron Kaus3.m. n. red metal , copper VS. &c Rebus: <loha>(BD)  {NI} ``^iron''.  Syn. <luaG>(D).  *@.  #20131)  laúha -- ʻ made of copper or iron ʼ Gr̥Śr., ʻ red ʼ MBh., n. ʻ iron, metal ʼ Bhaṭṭ. [lōhá -- ] Pk. lōha -- ʻ made of iron ʼ; L. lohā ʻ iron -- coloured, reddish ʼ; P. lohā ʻ reddish -- brown (of cattle) ʼ.lōhá 11158 lōhá ʻ red, copper -- coloured ʼ ŚrS., ʻ made of copper ʼ ŚBr., m.n. ʻ copper ʼ VS., ʻ iron ʼ MBh. [*rudh -- ] Pa. lōha -- m. ʻ metal, esp. copper or bronze ʼ; Pk. lōha -- m. ʻ iron ʼ, Gy. pal. li°, lihi, obl. elhás, as. loa JGLS new ser. ii 258; Wg. (Lumsden) "loa"ʻ steel ʼ; Kho.loh ʻ copper ʼ; S. lohu m. ʻ iron ʼ, L. lohā m., awāṇ. lōˋā, P. lohā m. (→ K.rām. ḍoḍ. lohā), WPah.bhad. lɔ̃u n., bhal. lòtilde; n., pāḍ. jaun. lōh, paṅ. luhā, cur. cam.lohā, Ku. luwā, N. lohu, °hā, A. lo, B. lo, no, Or. lohā, luhā, Mth. loh, Bhoj. lohā, Aw.lakh. lōh, H. loh, lohā m., G. M. loh n.; Si. loho, lō ʻ metal, ore, iron ʼ; Md.ratu -- lō ʻ copper ʼ.WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lóɔ ʻ iron ʼ, J. lohā m., Garh. loho; Md. lō ʻ metal ʼ. (CDIAL 11172).

lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, °rī -- f., °raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1]Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., °rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh° m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ.WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m. (CDIAL 11159).lōhaghaṭa 11160 *lōhaghaṭa ʻ iron pot ʼ. [lōhá -- , ghaṭa -- 1]Bi. lohrā, °rī ʻ small iron pan ʼ.*lōhaphāla -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , phāˊla -- 1]WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl m. ʻ an agricultural implement ʼ Him.I 197; -- or < †*lōhahala -- .(CDIAL 11160) lōhala ʻ made of iron ʼ W. [lōhá -- ]G. lohar, lohariyɔ m. ʻ selfwilled and unyielding man ʼ.(CDIAL 11161).*lōhaśālā ʻ smithy ʼ. [lōhá -- , śāˊlā -- ]Bi. lohsārī ʻ smithy ʼ. (CDIAL 11162).lōhahaṭṭika 11163 *lōhahaṭṭika ʻ ironmonger ʼ. [lōhá -- , haṭṭa -- ] P.ludh. lōhṭiyā m. ʻ ironmonger ʼ.†*lōhahala -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , halá -- ]WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl ʻ an agricultural instrument ʼ; rather < †*lōhaphāla -- .(CDIAL 11163).

Field symbol: feeding trough + short-tailed markhor :pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS  Wkh. merg f. 'ibex' (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ(Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.). Alternative rebus: करडूं karaḍū 'kid' Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'. Rebus 2: karaḍā 'daybook (accounting ledger)(Marathi); Rebus 3: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS qola 'tail' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'. 

Text B8: kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy,forge’ PLUS gaṇḍa 'four'  rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. PLUSkolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’. Thus, implements forge.

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 

'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

goṭā  ‘round pebble’ Rebus: goṭā 'gold-braid' khoṭa 'ingot, wedge' Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा)  A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. 

Field symbol: duplicated feeding trough + duplicated (antithetical bulls) PLU short-horned bulls: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Duplication is an orthographic style to signify cire perdue (lost-wax) casting.PLUS pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS barad, balad 'ox'

rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

Text B10: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol: feeding trough + one-horned young bull: kondh ‘young bull’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’.kōḍu horn (Kannada. Tulu. Tamil) खोंड [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: कोंड [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal (Marathi).

PLUS

pattar ‘trough’ rebus: pattar ‘goldsmiths’ guild’

Text B1:loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron' PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’ PLUS kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato =   claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'.

khura ‘hoof’ rebus: ċhúrɔ ‘dagger’ (WPah.)    3727 kṣurá m. ʻ razor ʼ RV., ʻ sharp barb of arrow ʼ R., ˚rī -- f. ʻ knife, dagger ʼ lex., ˚rikā -- f. Rājat. [√kṣur]
ch -- forms, esp. in sense ʻ knife ʼ, are wide -- spread outside dial. bounds: -- Sk. chū˘rī -- f. ʻ knife, dagger ʼ lex., churikā -- f. Kathās., chūr˚ lex., Pa. churikā -- f., NiDoc. kṣura; Pk. chura -- m. ʻ knife, razor, arrow ʼ, ˚rī -- , ˚riā -- f. ʻ knife ʼ; Gy. pal. číri ʻ knife, razor ʼ, arm. čhuri ʻ knife ʼ, eur. čuri f., SEeur. čhurí, Ḍ. čuri f., Kt. c̣urīˊ, c̣uī; Dm. c̣húri ʻ dagger ʼ; Kal. c̣hūˊŕi ʻ knife ʼ; Bshk. c̣hur ʻ dagger, knife ʼ, Tor. c̣hū, Phal. c̣hūr f.; Sh. (Lor.) c̣ūr ʻ small knife ʼ; S. churī f. ʻ knife with a hooked blade ʼ; L. churī f. ʻ knife ʼ, awān. churā m.; P. churā m. ʻ large knife ʼ, ˚rī f. ʻ small do. ʼ, Ku. churo, ˚rī; N. churā ʻ razor ʼ, ˚ri ʻ knife ʼ; A. suri ʻ knife ʼ, B. churi; Or. churā ʻ dagger ʼ, ˚rī ʻ knife ʼ; Bi. chūrā ʻ razor ʼ; Mth. chūr, ˚rā ʻ dagger, razor ʼ, ˚rī ʻ small knife ʼ; Bhoj. Aw. lakh. chūrā ʻ razor ʼ; H. churā m. ʻ dagger, razor ʼ, ˚rī f. ʻ knife ʼ; G. charo m. ʻ large knife ʼ, ˚rī f. ʻ small do. ʼ (Bloch LM 415 wrongly < tsáru -- : churī ← H. or M.), M. surā m., ˚rī f.; Si. siriya ʻ dagger ʼ; -- Woṭ. čir ʻ dagger ʼ ← Psht. ← IA. Buddruss Woṭ 96.
kh -- forms: Pa. khura -- m. ʻ razor ʼ; Pk. khura -- m. ʻ knife, razor ʼ; K. khūru m. ʻ razor ʼ; S. khuryo m. ʻ grass -- scraper, tip of silver at the bottom of a scabbard ʼ; WPah. bhal. khuro m. ʻ razor ʼ; Ku. khuro -- muṇḍo ʻ the shaving of heads ʼ; N. khuro ʻ head of a spear, ferrule of a stick, pin at the top or bottom of a door; A. B. khurʻ razor ʼ (whence A. khurāiba ʻ to shave ʼ), Or. khura; Bi. khūr ʻ razor ʼ, khurā, ˚rī ʻ spiked part of the blade of a chopper which fits into the handle ʼ; H. khurā m. ʻ iron nail to fix ploughshare ʼ; Si. karaya ʻ razor ʼ.
kṣaura -- ; kṣurapra -- , kṣurabhāṇḍa -- ; *prakṣurikā -- ; gōkṣura -- , trikṣura -- .
Addenda: kṣurá -- : WPah.kṭg. ċhúrɔ m. ʻ dagger ʼ, Garh. khur, churī ʻ knife ʼ, A. spel. churī AFD 216.

   3728 *kṣuraṇa ʻ scraping ʼ. [√kṣur]
Bi. mag. khurnī ʻ a kind of spade ʼ.

3729 kṣuráti ʻ cuts, scratches, digs ʼ, churáti ʻ cuts off, incises ʼ Dhātup. [√kṣur]
Pa. khurati ʻ scrapes ʼ, Pk. churaï ʻ breaks ʼ; G. chɔrvũ ʻ to dig up with a sharp spade ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍ -- : S. khurṛaṇu ʻ to scrape ʼ, khurṛi f. ʻ scrapings ʼ; -- with -- kk -- : S. khurka f. ʻ itching ʼ; L. khurkaṇ ʻ to scratch ʼ, P. khurkṇā; N. khurkanu ʻ to scrape ʼ; -- with -- cc -- : P. khurcṇā ʻ to scrape (a pot) ʼ; G. khurcā m. pl. ʻ scrapings ʼ. -- X trōṭayati: M. khurtuḍṇẽ ʻ to nip off ʼ.

   3730 kṣurapra ʻ sharp -- edged like a razor ʼ BhP., m. ʻ sharp- edged arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ sharp -- edged knife ʼ Pañcat., ʻ a sort of hoe ʼ lex. [Cf. *prakṣurikā -- . -- kṣurá+?]
Pa. khurappa -- m. ʻ arrow with a horseshoe head ʼ; Pk. khurappa -- , ˚ruppa -- m. ʻ a kind of arrow, knife for cutting grass ʼ; S. khurpo m. ʻ a pot -- scraper ʼ; P. khurpā m., ˚pī f. ʻ pot -- scraper, grubber for grass ʼ; N. khurpo ʻ sickle ʼ, ˚pi ʻ weeding knife ʼ; B. khurpā ʻ spud for grubbing up grass ʼ (X khanítra -- q.v.), Or. khurapa, ˚pā, ˚pi, ˚rupā, ˚pi;; Bi. khurpā ʻ blade of hoe ʼ, ˚pī ʻ small hoe for weeding ʼ; Mth. khurpā, ˚pī ʻ scraper ʼ; H. khurpā m. ʻ weeding knife ʼ, ˚pī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; G. kharpɔ m. ʻ scraper ʼ, ˚pī f. ʻ grubber ʼ (X kāpvũ in karpī f. ʻ weeding tool ʼ); M. khurpẽ n. ʻ curved grubbing hoe ʼ, ˚pī f. ʻ grub -- axe ʼ. -- Deriv. H. khurapnā, ˚rupnā ʻ to scrape up grass ʼ; G. kharapvũ ʻ to cut, dig, remove with a scraper ʼ; M. khurapṇẽ ʻ to grub up ʼ.

   3731 kṣurabhāṇḍa n. ʻ razor -- case ʼ Pañcat. [Cf. kṣura- dhāná -- n. ŚBr. -- kṣurá -- , bhāṇḍa -- ]
H. churã̄ṛī f. ʻ razor -- case ʼ.

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'

ranku ‘liquid measure’rebus:ranku ‘tin’

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch,   or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

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Indus Script Cipher chooses tiria, 'Meluhha animals as hieroglyphs' to design Wealth accounting classification system to document tiṟ(u) 'trade'

June 9, 2019, 6:25 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/y5slbla9

Why are animals chosen as hieroglyphs on Indus Script Cipher? The reason is provided by the phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics of Meluhha (Indian sprachbund, 'language union') expressions which signify barter trade of metalwork products. For example, hieroglyph pasara'animal' rebus pasra'smithy'; tiria 'animal' rebus: tiṟ(u) 'barter, trade'.

This is an addendum to: 

Cluster analysis of Indus writing system design principle, of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts'; Field symbols for samgaha wealth categories catalogues for accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y8p7b8q2

-- pasra'smithy' signified by Indus Script hieroglyphs pasara, paśu'animals' rebus pasāru 'shops'.
-- trade goods bartered which relate to metalwork are: pasara, paśu 'animals' rebus:pasra 'smithy', pahārā 'goldsmith's workshop', pasāru పసారు 'shop', lōhṭiyā 'Ironmonger' = lōhahaṭṭika = loha 'metal' PLUS hàṭṭi ʻshop, workshop'.
--  deren 'horned (animals)', tiria'animals', i.e. 'animals with horns' or 'animals which move sideways' is a hieroglyphic classifier of trade or bartered goods, to signify tiṟa 'an offering', tiṟ(u) 'to exchange, barter, pay'. There are cunieform texts which establish that during early bronze age, goods were traded across long distances. The choice of the animals is thus explained as a system of traded goods in Indus Script Cipher, a hieroglyphic representation in writing. 

-- mer̥ha deren'animal with crumpled horn' (as a unicorn) signifies rebus med'iron', med'copper' (Slavic) PLUS deren'horn' rebus tiṟ(u) '(for) trade, barter'; thus, a unicorn with a crumpled horn signifies an ironmonger, or shop of iron goods offered for trade.

FS 1-7                    1159 One-horned young bull (bos indicus aurochs)

FS 8-9                          5 Two-horned young bull (bos indicus aurochs)

FS 10                         54 Bos indicus, zebu

FS 11-13                    95 Short-horned bull or ox (aurochs)

FS 15-17                    14 Buffalo

FS 18-20                    55 Elephant

FS 22-23                    16 Tiger

FS 24-25                       5 Horned tiger

FS 16-28                    39 Rhinoceros

FS 29                            1 Two rhinoceroses

FS 30-38                    36 Goat-antelope, short tail

FS 39-41                    26 Ox-antelope

FS 42                         10 Hare

FS 43                           1 Hare

FS 51                         20 Fabulous animal

FS 56                           9 Fabulous animal

FS 63-67                    49 Gharial (crocodile + fish)

FS 68                         14 Fish

FS 73                           9 Entwined serpent, pillar or rings on pillar

FS 74                           4 Bird (eagle) in flight

FS 105                           3 Person grappling two tigers

FS 112 Fro m R. - a tiger; a goat: a seated personage on a pedestal; a person seated on a Iree with a tiger below.

FS 110 From R, a fabulous animal as in FS. 51; a person seated

on a tree with a tiger below; a svastika within a square border; an elephant.

FS 47

FS 48

FS 51 (Frequency in M Corpus 20) Fabulous animal with the body of a ram. horns of a

bull. trunk of an elephant. hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail.

FS 52

FS 53 FS 52, FS 53 Fabulous animal with the body of a tiger. a human head and horns of an antelope.

Cluster 6 Spearing a bovine cluster, smelter work


Slide 89 Plano convex molded tablet showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three prongs or leaves emerging from the center.

On the reverse (90),a female deity is battling two tigers and standing above an elephant. A single Indus script depicting a spoked wheel is above the head of the deity.

Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width
Harappa, Lot 4651-01
Harappa Museum, H95-2486
Meadow and Kenoyer 1997 karA 'crocodile' Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

kamaDha 'penance' (Prakritam) Rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner'

kUtI 'twigs' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'

muh 'face' Rebus: muhe 'ingot' (Santali)

One side of a molded tablet m 492 Mohenjo-daro (DK 8120, NMI 151. National Museum, Delhi. A person places his foot on the horns of a buffalo while spearing it in front of a cobra hood. FS 99 Person throwing a spear at a sho rt·ho rned bull and placing o ne foot on the head of the animal; a hooded serpe nt at L.

nAga 'snake' Rebus: nAga 'lead, tin'

Hieroglyph: kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)mēṛsa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali) 

 kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.) •kolhe (iron-smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.lex.)•kol‘to kill’ (Ta.)

(s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā id. rebus: phaḍā, paṭṭaḍa 'metals manufactory'.  Vikalpa: kulā 'hood of snake' rebus: kol 'working in iron'

Hieroglyph: rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ 

Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ  *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.
paTa 'hood of serpent' Rebus: padanu 'sharpness of weapon' (Telugu)

Hieroglyph: kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī, °dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)

Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'

Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi) Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'.

Slide 90. 

m0489A One side of a prism tablet shows: crocodile + fish glyphic above: elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, tiger looking back and up.
m1431A m1431B Crocodile+ three animal glyphs: rhinoceros, elephant, tiger
It is possible that the broken portions of set 2 (h1973B and h1974B) showed three animals in procession: tiger looking back and up + rhinoceros + tiger.
Reverse side glyphs:
eraka ‘nave of wheel’. Rebus: era ‘copper’.
Animal glyph: elephant ‘ibha’. Rebus ibbo, ‘merchant’.
Composition of glyphics: Woman with six locks of hair + one eye + thwarting + two pouncing tigers + nave with six spokes. Rebus: kola ‘woman’ + kaṇga ‘eye’ (Pego.), bhaṭa ‘six’+ dul ‘casting (metal)’ + kũdā kol (tiger jumping) + era āra (nave of wheel, six spokes), ibha (elephant). Rebus: era ‘copper’; kũdār dul kol ‘turner, casting, working in iron’; kan ‘brazier, bell-metal worker’;
The glyphic composition read rebus: copper, iron merchant with taṭu kanḍ kol bhaṭa ‘iron stone (ore) mineral ‘furnace’.
Glypg: ‘woman’: kola ‘woman’ (Nahali). Rebus kol ‘working in iron’ (Tamil)
Glyph: ‘impeding, hindering’: taṭu (Ta.) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) Ta. taṭu (-pp-, -tt) to hinder, stop, obstruct, forbid, prohibit, resist, dam, block up, partition off, curb, check, restrain, control, ward off, avert; n. hindering, checking, resisting; taṭuppu hindering, obstructing, resisting, restraint; Kur. ṭaṇḍnā to prevent, hinder, impede. Br. taḍ power to resist. (DEDR 3031)

FS 100 Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot .

FS 101 Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot. on its head: three persons standing near a tree at the centre.

FS 105 Person grappling with two tigers standing on either side of him (her?) and rearing on their hindlegs

कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi) Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'.

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith. Thus, dul kolhe,'metal casting smelter'. kola 'woman' rebus:kol 'working in iron' (Semantic determinative). baṭa 'six' (knots on hairstyle) rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.goṭa 'pellets' rebus: gota 'laterite, ferrite ore'.

The note has recorded evidence that கண்வட்டம் kaṇ-vaṭṭam 'mint' has a synonym (demonstrably, a phonetic variant in mleccha/meluhha):  khambhaṛā 'fin' (Lahnda) rebus: kammaTa 'mint' and these two expressions are combined in the Begram ivory (Plate 389) 

FS 106 Nude female figure upside down with thighs drawn apart

and a crab (?) issuing from her womb: two tigers standing face to face rearing on the ir hindlegs at L.

FS 107 Drummer and a tiger.

FS 108 Person kneeling under a kino tree facing a tiger

FS 109 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus:5) Pcrson seated on a machan on a kino tree; a tiger below looking up at him/her.

FS 111 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 3) From R.-a woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees fn their hands: a person seated on a tree wit h a tiger below: a tall jar with a lid.

Molded terracotta tablet (H2001-5075/2922-01) with a narrative scene of a man in a tree with a tiger looking back over its shoulder. The tablet, found in the Trench 54 area on the west side of Mound E, is broken, but was made with the same mold as ones found on the eastern side of Mound E and also in other parts of the site (see slide 89 for the right hand portion of the same scene). The reverse of the same molded terra cotta tablet shows a deity grappling with two tigers and standing above an elephant (see slide 90 for a clearer example from the same mold). https://www.harappa.com/indus3/185.html heraka 'spy' rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper' kuTi 'tree' rebus:kuThi 'smelter' karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' barad 'bull' rebus: baraDo 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin'.

Cluster 7 A metallurgical process narrative in four clusters -- four sides of a tablet: 

Side 1.Tiger looks back, person on tree.

Side 2 Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. 

Side 3. a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

Side 4. Bos indicus, zebu

FS 116 One side of 4-sided tablet Mohenjodaro m1431. From R. - A person holding a vessel; a woman with a plallet; a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a kino tree.

The following glyphics of m1431 prism tablet show the association between the tiger + person on tree glyphic set and crocile + 3 animal glyphic set.

Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).

kāru ‘crocodile’ (Telugu). Rebus: artisan (Marathi) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri) 

kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’. Heraka ‘spy’ Rebus: eraka ‘copper’. khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus: kõdār’turner’ (Bengali) dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

Looking back: krammara ‘look back’ Rebus: kamar ‘smith, artisan’.

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) bhástrā f. ʻ leathern bag ʼ ŚBr., ʻ bellows ʼ Kāv., bhastrikā -- f. ʻ little bag ʼ Daś. [Despite EWA ii 489, not from a √bhas ʻ blow ʼ (existence of which is very doubtful). -- Basic meaning is ʻ skin bag ʼ (cf. bakura<-> ʻ bellows ʼ ~ bākurá -- dŕ̊ti -- ʻ goat's skin ʼ), der. from bastá -- m. ʻ goat ʼ RV. (cf.bastājina -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ MaitrS. = bāstaṁ carma Mn.); with bh -- (and unexpl. -- st -- ) in Pa. bhasta -- m. ʻ goat ʼ, bhastacamma -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ. Phonet. Pa. and all NIA. (except S. with a) may be < *bhāsta -- , cf. bāsta -- above (J. C. W.)]With unexpl. retention of -- st -- : Pa. bhastā -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ (cf. vāta -- puṇṇa -- bhasta -- camma -- n. ʻ goat's skin full ofwind ʼ), biḷāra -- bhastā -- f. ʻ catskin bag ʼ, bhasta -- n. ʻ leather sack (for flour) ʼ; K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ; -- S. bathī f. ʻ quiver ʼ (< *bhathī); A. Or. bhāti ʻ bellows ʼ, Bi. bhāthī, (S of Ganges) bhã̄thī; OAw. bhāthā̆ ʻ quiver ʼ; H. bhāthā m. ʻ quiver ʼ, bhāthī f. ʻ bellows ʼ; G. bhāthɔ,bhātɔ, bhāthṛɔ m. ʻ quiver ʼ (whence bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ); M. bhātā m. ʻ leathern bag, bellows, quiver ʼ, bhātaḍ n. ʻ bellows, quiver ʼ; <-> (X bhráṣṭra -- ?) N. bhã̄ṭi ʻ bellows ʼ, H. bhāṭhī f.OA. bhāthi ʻ bellows ʼ AFD 206.(CDIAL 9424)

ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'.  Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa  'rhimpceros'   Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.  The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.

Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi  Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

Hieroglyph: heraka ‘spy’. Rebus: eraka, arka 'copper, gold'; eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion'; era ‘copper’. āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra  'brass'. Hieroglyph: हेर [ hēra ] m (हेरक S through or H) A spy, scout, explorator, an emissary to gather intelligence. 2 f Spying out or spying, surveying narrowly, exploring. (Marathi) *hērati ʻ looks for or at ʼ. 2. hēraka -- , °rika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ lex., hairika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ Hcar., ʻ thief ʼ lex. [J. Bloch FestschrWackernagel 149 ← Drav., Kuiēra ʻ to spy ʼ, Malt. ére ʻ to see ʼ, DED 765]

1. Pk. hēraï ʻ looks for or at ʼ (vihīraï ʻ watches for ʼ); K.ḍoḍ. hērūō ʻ was seen ʼ; WPah.bhad. bhal. he_rnū ʻ to look at ʼ (bhal. hirāṇū ʻ to show ʼ), pāḍ. hēraṇ, paṅ. hēṇā, cur. hērnā, Ku. herṇo, N. hernu, A. heriba, B. herā, Or. heribā (caus. herāibā), Mth. herab, OAw. heraï, H. hernā; G. hervũ ʻ to spy ʼ, M. herṇẽ. 2. Pk. hēria -- m. ʻ spy ʼ; Kal. (Leitner) "hériu"ʻ spy ʼ; G. herɔ m. ʻ spy ʼ, herũ n. ʻ spying ʼ. Addenda: *hērati: WPah.kṭg. (Wkc.) hèrnõ, kc. erno ʻ observe ʼ; Garh. hernu ʻ to look' (CDIAL 14165) Ko. er uk- (uky-) to play 'peeping tom'. Kui ēra (ēri-) to spy, scout; n. spying, scouting; pl action ērka (ērki-). ? Kuwi (S.) hēnai to scout; hēri kiyali to see; (Su. P.) hēnḍ- (hēṭ-) id. Kur. ērnā (īryas) to see, look, look at, look after, look for, wait for, examine, try; ērta'ānā to let see, show; ērānakhrnā to look at one another. Malt. ére to see, behold, observe; érye to peep, spy. Cf. 892 Kur. ēthrnā. / Cf. Skt. heraka- spy, Pkt. her- to look at or for, and many NIA verbs; Turner, CDIAL, no. 14165(DEDR 903)

Hieroglyph: ã̄gru sprout, rebus: aṅgar 'carbon element (to carburize  moltencast, molten metal), charcoal' --: aṅkurá 1. ʻ *hooked ʼ. 2. m. ʻ sprout ʼ Uṇ., ʻ tumour ʼ Suśr. [*aṅku -- : √añc]1. Gy. as. agura ʻ crooked ʼ JGLS new ser. ii 331; Ash. áklə ʻ top of shoulder ʼ, Kt. ákři ʻ upper part of arm ʼ, Wg. akřá ʻ peg ʼ, Pr. uku ʻ shoulder ʼ; A. ã̄korā ʻ crooked, bent ʼ.2. Pa. aṅkura -- m. ʻ sprout ʼ, Pk. aṁkura -- m., N. ã̄kuro (lw. with k), B. Mth. ã̄kur; Or. āṅkuribā ʻ to cut off ears of ripe rice ʼ; H. ãkurā m. ʻ sprout ʼ, M. ã̄kūr m., ã̄krī f. ʻ tender spike of a tree ʼ; Si. akura, akara ʻ sprout, tumour ʼ.*aṅkurayati, *upāṅkura -- .Addenda: aṅkurá -- . 2. Garh. ã̄gru ʻ sprout ʼ, ãgryɔṇu ʻ to sprout ʼ.(CDIAL 109) Rebus:  áṅgāra--: Niṅg. aṅgāˊr ʻ fire ʼ; Md. aguru ʻ charcoal ʼ. aṅgula-- [Cf. daśāṅgulá-- RV.](CDIAL14200) áṅgāra m. n. ʻ glowing charcoal ʼ RV., °aka -- lex. 2. *iṅgāra -- , iṅgāla -- m. Vāsav. com.1. Pa. aṅgāra -- m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, Pk. aṁgāra -- , °aya -- , aṁgāla -- , °aya -- m., Gy. eur. angár ʻ charcoal ʼ, wel. vaṅār m. (v -- from m. article), germ. yangar (y -- from yag, s.v. agní -- 1); Ash. aṅāˊ ʻ fire ʼ, Kt. aṅǻ, Gmb. aṅāˊ, Pr. anéye, Dm. aṅgar (a < ā NTS xii 130), Tir. Chilis Gau. K. nār (n < ṅ -- , not ← Psht. nār ← Ar. AO xii 184), Paš. aṅgāˊr, Shum. ã̄r (← Paš. NOGaw 59), Gaw. Kal. Kho. aṅgāˊr, Bshk. äṅgāˊr, Tor. aṅā, Mai. agār, Phal. aṅgṓr, Sh. agāˊr, ha° m.; S. aṅaru m. ʻ charcoal ʼ (a < ā as in Dm.), L. aṅgār m., P. aṅgyār, °rā m., EP. ãgeār (y or e from MIA. aggi < agní -- 1?), WPah. bhid. aṅgāˊrõ n., pl. -- ã, Ku. aṅār (ḍaṅār id. X ḍājṇo < dahyátē), N. aṅār, A. āṅgār, eṅgār, B. āṅgār, āṅrā, Or. aṅgāra; Bi. ãgarwāh ʻ man who cuts sugar -- cane into lengths for the mill ʼ (= pakwāh); OMth. aṁgāra, Mth. ãgor, H. ãgār, °rā m., G. ãgār, °rɔ m., M. ãgār m., Si. an̆gura. -- Wg. ãdotdot;ř, ã̄īˊ ʻ fire ʼ (as opp. to aṅarīˊk ʻ charcoal ʼ, see aṅgāryāˊ -- ) poss. < agní -- 1, Morgenstierne NTS xvii 226.

2. Pa. iṅghāḷa -- ʻ glowing embers (?) ʼ, Pk. iṁgāra -- , iṁgāla, °aya -- ; K. yĕngur m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, yĕnguru m. ʻ charcoal -- burner ʼ; M. ĩgaḷ, ĩgḷā m., Ko. ĩgḷo. -- Deriv. M. ĩgḷā m. ʻ a kind of large ant ʼ, ĩgḷī f. ʻ a large black deadly scorpion ʼ.aṅgāraka -- , aṅgāri -- , aṅgāryāˊ -- ; aṅgāradhānī -- , *aṅgāravarta -- , *aṅgārasthāna -- , *aṅgr̥ṣṭha -- .Addenda: áṅgāra -- : Md. an̆guru ʻ charcoal ʼ.aṅgāraka ʻ *red like embers ʼ, m. ʻ charcoal; name of various plants ʼ (aṅgārikā -- f. ʻ stalk of sugar -- cane, flower of Butea frondosa ʼ). 2. m. ʻ the planet Mars ʼ. [áṅgāra -- ]1. Pa. aṅgāraka -- ʻ red like charcoal ʼ; S. aṅārī f. ʻ smut in wheat ʼ; WPah. bhal. aṅāˊri f. ʻ a plant with red flowers ʼ.2. Pa. aṅgāraka -- m. ʻ Mars ʼ, Pk. aṁgāraya -- m.; S. aṅāro m. ʻ Tuesday ʼ.aṅgāradhānī -- , °ikā -- f. ʻ portable stove ʼ lex. [áṅgāra -- , dhāˊna -- ]Paš. aṅgarāˊn, aṅgaranīˊ ʻ fireplace  *aṅgāravarta m. ʻ fire stone ʼ. [áṅgāra -- , *varta -- 3]Ash. aṅalawaṭ (r -- r > l -- r). *aṅgārasthāna n. ʻ fireplace ʼ. [áṅgāra -- , sthāˊna -- ]Dm. aṅgarthäĩ (perh. a Dm. cmpd.). -- See *agnisthāna -- .aṅgāri f., aṅgāritā -- f. ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex. [áṅgāra -- ]H. ãgārī f.Addenda: aṅgāri -- : †*aṅgāriṣṭha -- .130a †*aṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ. [aṅgāri -- , stha -- : cf. agniṣṭhá -- ]WPah.kṭg. garṭhɔ m. ʻ charcoal ʼ; J. gārṭhā m. ʻ a small burning coal ʼ.131 aṅgāryāˊ -- , *aṅgāriyā -- , f. ʻ heap of embers ʼ. [Cf. aṅgā- rīya -- ʻ fit for making charcoal ʼ, aṅgārikā -- f., angāritā -- f. ʻ portable fireplace ʼ lex.: áṅgāra -- ]Wg. aṅarīˊk, aṅgríč ʻ charcoal ʼ; Paš. aṅgerík ʻ black charcoal ʼ, Shum. ãdotdot;gerík; Phal. aṅgerīˊ ʻ charcoal ʼ, aṅgerīˊṣi f. ʻ black charcoal ʼ; Ku. aṅāri ʻ sparks ʼ; G. ãgārī f. ʻ small hearth with embers in it ʼ.(CDIAL 125 to 131). This signifies the carbon dhatu or carbon element which enters through godhuma, 'wheat chaff smoke' into the molten metal to harden it.

m1429 Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script.

Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602
Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384
Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39

The large oxhide ingots were signified by ḍhālako a large metal ingot (Hieroglyph:  dhāḷ 'a slope'; 'inclination'  ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- .1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f.Addenda: ḍhāla -- . 2. *ḍhāllā -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f.(CDIAL 5583). 

kāraṇḍava m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ MBh. [Cf. kāraṇḍa- m. ʻ id. ʼ R., karēṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ lex.: see karaṭa -- 1]
Pa. kāraṇḍava -- m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ; Pk. kāraṁḍa -- , °ḍaga -- , °ḍava -- m. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. kānero m. ʻ a partic. kind of water bird ʼ < *kāreno.(CDIAL 3059) करढोंक or की (p. 78) karaḍhōṅka or kī m करडोक m A kind of crane or heron (Marathi)  kāraṇḍava m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ MBh. [Cf. kāraṇḍa- m. ʻ id. ʼ R., karēṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ lex.: see karaṭa -- 1]
Pa. kāraṇḍava -- m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ; Pk. kāraṁḍa -- , °ḍaga -- , °ḍava -- m. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. kānero m. ʻ a partic. kind of water bird ʼ < *kāreno.(CDIAL 3059) करढोंक or की (p. 78) karaḍhōṅka or kī m करडोक m A kind of crane or heron (Marathi) 

m1186 FS 114 From R. - a horned pe rsonage standing between the branches of a pipal trec: a low pedestal with some offerings: a horn ed personage kneeling in adoration; a ram;a row of seven robed figures in the lower register.

bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ] Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) boul, bolh, Sh. (Lor.) b*lle.(CDIAL 9195) Rebus: baghla 'dhow, cargo boat'.

FS 95

Cluster 9 Bier cluster, wheelwright category

FS 96 Person standing at the centre between a two-tiered

structure at R. and a short·horned bull standing near a trident-headed post at L.

khaḍū1 m. ʻ bier ʼ lex. 2. khaṭṭi -- m. lex. [Cf. kháṭvā -- ] 1. B. khaṛu ʻ bier ʼ.2. B. khāṭi ʻ bier ʼ, Or. khāṭa.(CDIAL 3785) Rebus: khāti 'wheelwright'. Text of inscription: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUSarā 'spoke of wheel' rebus: arā 'brass'. Hieroglyph:buffalo: rã̄go 'buffalo' Rebus: rāṅgā 'zinc alloy, spelter, pewter'. Thus, cast spelter Hieroglyph: body: mēd 'body' (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ 'iron' (Ho.) 

Cluster 15 Tortoise, turtle clusters, bronze classifiers

FS 69 Inscribed object in the shape of a tortoise.

FS 56 (Frequency in M Corpus: 9) dula 'duplicated, mirror image' rebus: dul'metal casting' PLUS

https://frontiers-of-anthropology.blogspot.in/2011/11/giant-turtle-that-bears-world-on-its.html?m=1

A giant turtle (of what was thought to be an extinct species) has been found on Pacific island in 2010 CE !!

https://www.wired.com/2010/08/last-giant-land-turtle/

कंस[p= 241,1] mn. ( √कम् Un2. iii , 62), a vessel made of metal , drinking vessel , cup , goblet AV. x , 10 , 5 AitBr. S3Br. &c; a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal

 

"Front view of Meiolania platyceps fossil 

Meiolania ("small roamer") is an extinct genus of cryptodire  

turtle from the Oligocene to Holocene, with the last relict populations at New Caledonia which survived until 2,000 years ago.

The animal was rather large, measuring 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in length, making it the second-largest known nonmarine turtle or tortoise, surpassed only by Colossochelys atlas from Asia, which lived in the Pleistocene. It lived in Australia and New Caledonia. Remains have also been found on the island of Efate in Vanuatu, associated with settlements from the Lapitaculture...When the first fossil remains (a vertebra) were found, they were originally thought to be from a large monitor lizard, similar to, but smaller than Megalania, so the genus was named accordingly. Later, when more remains were found, it was realized that the "small roamer" was actually a turtle, and not a lizard. Synonyms include Miolania and Ceratochelys."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiolania

There are examples of copper plates with the pictorial motifs of large turtles combined back to back, as a pair to signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

m1528Act

m1529Act2920

m1529Bct

m1532Act

m1532Bct

m1534Act

m1534Bct

1703 Composition: 

Two horned heads one at either end of the body. Note the dottings on the thighs which is a unique artistic feature of depicting a turtles (the legs are like those of an elephant?). The body apparently is a combination of two turtles with heads of  turtles emerging out of the shell and attached on either end of the composite body.

Copper tablet type B18, B17b. Tortoise with mirror duplicaes.

B17a, B17b, B18

Hieroglyph: two large turtles joined back to back. Thus, signifying meta casting using cire perdue (lost-wax) technique of creating mirror image metal castings from wax casts.

The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS  kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

kamaṭha crab, tortoise (Gujarati); ‘frog’ (Skt.); rebus:  kammaṭa ‘mint’ (Kannada)kampaṭṭam ‘coiner, mint’ (Tamil).கமடம், [ *kamaṭam, ] s. A turtle, a tortoise, ஆமை (Winslow Tamil lexicon) కమఠము [ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu. [Skt.] n. A tortoise.

Rebus: కమటము [ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. Allograph: कमटा or ठा [ kamaṭā or ṭhā ] m (कमठ S) A bow (esp. of bamboo or horn) (Marathi). Allograph 2: kamaḍha ‘penance’ (Pkt.)  Rebus:  Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236)

m1532b On another copper tablet, the emphasis is clearly on the turtle's shell like that of Meiolania's shell.

On copper tablet m1543, the correct identification of the animal heads will be turtle species comparable to Meiolania, a horned large turtle of New Guinea.

Hieroglyph: kassa ‘turtle’: kacchapa m. ʻ turtle, tortoise ʼ MBh. 2. *kacchabha -- . [By pop. etym. through kaccha -- for kaśyápa -- VS. J. Charpentier MO xxvi 110 suggested equivalence in MIA. of kassa -- = kaccha -- to explain creation of kacchapa -- ~ kassapa -- . But K. kochuwu, unless a loan from Ind., points to *kakṣapa -- , which would make the formation earlier.] 1. Pa. kacchapa -- m. ʻ tortoise, turtle, °pinī -- f., Pk. kacchava -- m., °vī -- f., K. kochuwu m. (see above), S. kachãũ, °chū̃ m., L. kachū̃ m., P. kacchū, kacchūkummã̄ m. (< kūrmá -- 1), N. kachuwā, A. kācha, B. kāchim, Or. kechu, °cho, kẽchu, kaï˜cha, °ca, kachima, °cima, Mth. kāchu, Bhoj. Aw. lakh. kachuā; H. kachuā, °chwā m., °uī, °wī f. ʻ tortoise, turtle ʼ, kach -- mach m. ʻ dwellers in the water ʼ (< mátsya -- ) whence kacch, kach m. ʻ turtle, tortoise ʼ, M. kāsav, kã̄s° m., Ko. kāsavu. 2. Pk. amg. kacchabha -- , °aha -- m., °bhī -- f.; Si. käsum̆bu, °ubu H. Smith JA 1950, 188; -- G. kācbɔ m., °bī f. with unexpl. retention of -- b -- and loss of aspiration in c. Addenda: kacchapa -- . 1. A. kācha (phonet. -- s -- ) ʻ tortoise ʼ AFD 217. 2. *kacchabha -- (with -- pa -- replaced by animal suffix -- bha -- ): Md. kahan̆bu ʻ tortoise -- shell ʼ.(CDIAL 2619)

Rebus: OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food.

kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- . 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109. 2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; K. kanzü f. ʻ clay or copper pot ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. kāˊṁsya -- ; -- *kaṁsāvatī -- ? Addenda: kaṁsá -- 1: A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya -- . (CDIAL 2576) It is possible that the word in Tamil for ‘gold, money’ is cognate with these etyma of Indian sprachbund: காசு³ kācu , n. prob. kāš. cf. kāca. [M. kāšu.] 1. Gold; பொன். (ஆ. நி.) 2. Necklace of gold coins; அச்சுத்தாலி. காசும் பிறப்புங் கலகலப்ப (திவ். திருப்பா. 7). 3. An ancient gold coin = 28 gr. troy; ஒரு பழைய பொன்னாணயம். (Insc.) 4. A small copper coin;சிறுசெப்புக்காசு. நெஞ்சே யுனையோர் காசா மதியேன் (தாயு. உடல்பொய். 72). 5. Coin, cash, money; ரொக்கம். எப்பேர்ப்பட்ட பல காசா யங்களும் (S.I.I. i, 89). 6. Gem, crystal bead; மணி.நாண்வழிக் காசுபோலவும் (இறை. 2, உரை, பக். 29). 7. Girdle strung with gems; மேகலாபர ணம்.பட்டுடை சூழ்ந்த காசு (சீவக. 468). 8. (Pros.) A formula of a foot of two nēr acaiveṇpā; வெண்பாவின்இறுதிச்சீர்வாய்பாட்டுள் ஒன்று. (காரிகை, செய். 7.) 9. The hollow in the centre of each row of pallāṅkuḻi; பல்லாங்குழி யாட்டத்திற் காய்கள் சேர்தற்குரிய நடுக்குழிகள்.

1)      కంచరవాడు (p. 224) kañcaravāḍu kanṭsu. n. Bell metal. కంచుకుండ a bowl or vessel or bell metal.కంచువాద్యము a cymbal made of bell metal. కంచుతీసినట్లు as... 
2) కంచము (p. 223) kañcamu kanṭsamu. [Tel.] n. A metal plate or dish. కంచుకంచము a dish made of bell metal. మా కంచములో రాయి వేసినాడు he threw a stone into our place, i.e., took away our bread, he disturbed us. మందకంచము a dish which as a rim. ఆకుకంచము a dish which has none. 

2)      ) కంసర (p. 227) kaṃsara or కంసలల kamsara. [Tel.] n. Smithery; working in gold: adj. Of the goldsmith caste. కంసలది a woman of that caste. కంసలపని the business of a gold-smith. 

3)      కంసము (p. 227) kaṃsamu kamsamu. [Skt.] n. Bell metal.కంచు. 
4) కాంస్యము (p. 265) kāṃsyamu kāmsyamu. [Skt.] n. Bell metal. కంచు. 

4)      కంసాలి (p. 227) kaṃsāli or కంసాలవాడు kamsāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith or silversmith. 

5)       కంచరవాడు (p. 224) kañcaravāḍu or కంచరి kanṭsara-vaḍu. [Tel.] n. A brazier, a coppersmith. కంచుపనిచేయువాడు. కంచరది a woman of that caste. కంచరిపురుగు kanṭsari-purugu. n. A kind of beetle called the death watch. కంచు kanṭsu. n. Bell metal. కంచుకుండ a bowl or vessel or bell metal. కంచువాద్యము a cymbal made of bell metal. కంచుతీసినట్లు as bright or dazzling as the glitter of polished metal. Sunbright.ఆమె కంచుగీచినట్లు పలికె she spoke shrilly or with a voice as clear as a bell. 

 కాంచనము (p. 265) kāñcanamu kānchanamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. కాంచనవల్లి a piece of gold wire.కాంచనాంబరము tissue, gold cloth. 

Kāñcana काञ्चन a. (-नी f.) [काञ्च्-ल्युट्] Golden, made of gold; तन्मध्ये च स्फटिकफलका काञ्चनी वासयष्टिः Me.81; काञ्चनंवलयम् Ś.6.8; Ms.5.112. -नम् 1 Gold; समलोष्टाश्मकाञ्चनः Bg. 14.24. (ग्राह्यम्) अमेध्यादपि काञ्चनम् Ms.2.239. -2 Lustre, brilliancy. -3 Property, wealth, money. (Apte).  kāñcaná ʻ golden ʼ MBh., n. ʻ gold ʼ Mn.Pa. kañcana -- n. ʻ gold ʼ, °aka -- ʻ golden ʼ; Pk. kaṁcaṇa<-> n. ʻ gold ʼ; Si. kasuna ʻ gold ʼ, kasun -- ʻ golden ʼ. (CDIAL 3013)காஞ்சனம்¹ kāñcaṉam , n. < kāñcana. Gold; பொன். (திவா.)  కాంచనము (p. 265) kāñcanamu kānchanamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. కాంచనవల్లి a piece of gold wire. కాంచనాంబరము tissue, gold cloth. 

The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa 

'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

Cluster 16 Seated person in penance, mint classifier

FS 80 (Frequency in M Corpus:3) Horned personage seated on a pedestal.

FS 81

FS 82 kamaḍha 'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'; kaṇḍo 'stool, seat' Rebus: kāṇḍa 'metalware'

Cluster 17 Archer cluster,mint classifier

FS 89 (Frequency in M Corpus: 6) Standing personage with ho rns and bovine features holding a bow in one hand and an arrow or an uncertain object in the other.

kamaṭha 'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'; 

Cluster 18 ayakara 'metalsmith' cluster, alloy metal smithy, forge classifier

FS 63

FS 64

FS 65

FS 66

FS 67 FS 63 to FS 67 Gharia1. sometimes with a fish held in its jaw and/ or surrounded by school of fish. (Frequency in M Corpus: 49) 

FS 68 Inscribed object in the shape of a fish (Frequency in M Corpus: 14) ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क);steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod.Germ. Eisen.]) 

Cluster 19 Smelter cluster, wealth-category of smelted mineral ores

  

FS 75

FS 76

FS 77 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 34) Kino tree generally within a railing or on a platform. kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' 

Cluster 20 Magnetite, ferrite ore cluster wealth-category or wealth-classification

FS 10 (Frequency in M Corpus 54) Bos indicus, zebu. Humped bull.

Hieroglyph: पोळ pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large.  पोळी (p. 305) pōḷī fig. A dewlap. पोळी पिकणें g. of s. To begin to fare sumptuously; to get into good living.  पोळा (p. 305) pōḷā m (पोळ) A festive day for cattle,--the day of new moon of श्रावण or of भाद्रपद. Bullocks are exempted from labor; variously daubed and decorated; and paraded about in worship. 

Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. To burn: पोळभाज pōḷabhāja f (पोळणें & भाजणें To burn &c.) In agriculture. A comprehensive term for the operations connected with the burning of the ground. 

Metal casting clusters (cire perdue, 'lost wax method')

FS 14

FS 127 A large device in the upper register s howing a number of

small circles in three rows with ano the r row of short vertical lines below (identified as a 'seed-drill "!). I suggest that this is an orthographic representation of a bee-hive with horns and 'notches'. पोळ  pōḷa n C (Or पोळें) A honeycomb PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' PLUS 'notches' hieroglyph:  'notch' hieroglyph:  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, pōḷa koḍ khāṇḍā 'haematite, ferrite ore workshop, metalware smelter.' (Alternative explanation of the field symbol: A large device in the upper register showing a number of small circles in three rows with another row of short vertical lines below (identified as a 'seed-drill "!)

 Sign 222 isSign 216 + notch (slanted stroke)Hieroglyph: katī 'blacksmith's goldsmith's scissors' rebus:  khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights' PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph:  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. (Marathi). Thus, khātī khāṇḍā 'wheelwright, equipment'

Sign 254 if duplicatedSign 86 (long linear stroke) koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'  dula 'two, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'  PLUS 'three horizontal strokes' kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus hypertext of Sign 254 reads: dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'

  The cluster of hypertexts in Text message of FS 127 reads: 

ayo dhakka, ayo ḍhāḷako khātī khāṇḍā 'bright metal alloy, alloymetal large ingot, wheelwright, equipment' dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'.

Modifier on Sign 72: sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati).

The inscription hypertext of FS 127 reads: pōḷa koḍ khāṇḍā 'haematite, ferrite ore workshop, metalware smelter.' PLUS ayo dhakka, ayo ḍhāḷa khātī khāṇḍā 'bright metal alloy, alloymetal ingot, wheelwright, equipment' dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'.

It is an orthographic variant of a bee-hive. Hieroglyph: पोळ  pōḷa n C (Or पोळें) A honeycomb. पोळें pōḷēṃ n C A cake-form or flat honeycomb. पोळा  pōḷā m (पोळ) The cake-form portion of a honeycomb. 3 A kindled portion flying up from a burning mass, a flake. 4 C A nest of bees or of उंबील or हुरण (species of ant) formed on trees by doubling over and gluing together leaves. 5 C A portion of the दाढ (loppings and straw strewed over ground to be turned) remaining unburned. 6 C पोकळा or the flowers of शेगवा rolled up in a plantain-leaf and broiled over the fire. An eatable amongst children. 

Cluster 21 Dhokra 'cire perdue' metal cassting artisans classifier

FS 103 Horned (female) personage with a tail and bovine legs

standing near a kino tree attacking a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs.

Dhokra kamar as a Meluhha hieroglyph: Dholavira, Mohenjo-daro seals Rebus: lost-wax casting

On both the seals (Mohenjodaro and Dholavira), a decrept woman is signified with breasts hanging down to convey the semantics 'decrepit'. The decrepit woman on both seals is ligatured to the back of a bovine (buttock). On both the seals the woman is shown with her arm upraised signifying semantics of 'striking':P. ṭhokṇā ʻ to strike ʼ; Ku. ṭhokṇo ʻ to wield ʼ; N. ṭhoknu ʻ to knock ʼ; A. ṭhūkiba ʻ to strike ʼ, B. ṭhokā, ṭhukā, Or. ṭhukibā; H. ṭhoknā ʻ to knock, make firm ʼ; G. ṭhokvũ ʻ to strike ʼ, M. ṭhokṇẽ (CDIAL 5513) The rebus rendering is a phonetic determinant: dhokra/dokra 'cire perdue, lost-wax metalcaster'.

Plate II. Chlorite artifacts referred to as 'handbags' f-g (w 24 cm, thks 4.8 cm.); h (w 19.5 cm, h 19.4 cm, thks 4 cm); j (2 28 cm; h 24 cm, thks 3 cm); k (w 18.5, h 18.3, thks 3.2) Jiroft IV. Iconography of chlorite artifacts. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jiroft-iv-iconography-of-chlorite-artifacts

An allograph to signify dhokra/dokra is a dhokra 'basket or wallet.' This hieroglyph is shown on a number of 'basket-shaped or wallet-shaped' stone sculptures from Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex. Hieroglyph: N. dhokro ʻ large jute bag ʼ, B. dhokaṛ; Or. dhokaṛa ʻ cloth bag ʼ; Bi. dhŏkrā ʻ jute bag ʼ; Mth. dhokṛā ʻ bag, vessel, receptacle ʼ; H. dhukṛīf. ʻ small bag ʼ; G. dhokṛũ n. ʻ bale of cotton ʼ; -- with -- ṭṭ -- : M. dhokṭī f. ʻ wallet ʼ; -- with -- n -- : G. dhokṇũ n. ʻ bale of cotton ʼ; -- with -- s -- : N. (Tarai) dhokse ʻ place covered with a mat to store rice in ʼ.2. L. dhohẽ (pl. dhūhī˜) m. ʻ large thatched shed ʼ.3. M. dhõgḍā m. ʻ coarse cloth ʼ, dhõgṭī f. ʻ wallet ʼ.4. L. ḍhok f. ʻ hut in the fields ʼ; Ku. ḍhwākā m. pl. ʻ gates of a city or market ʼ; N. ḍhokā (pl. of *ḍhoko) ʻ door ʼ; -- OMarw. ḍhokaro m. ʻ basket ʼ; -- N.ḍhokse ʻ place covered with a mat to store rice in, large basket ʼ.(CDIAL 6880) Rebus: dhokra ‘cire perdue’ casting metalsmith. 

The hieroglyph of dhokaṛa 'an old female with breasts hanging down' and ligatured to the ḍhōṅgā 'buttock' of a bovine is also deployed on a Mohenjo-daro seal; rebus: dhokra.dokra 'cire-perdue lost-wax metal casting artifice' PLUS dhangar'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'; thus, the hypertext signifies: cire-perdue metalcaster smith. On a Mohenjo0daro seal this is reinforced by two hieroglyphs: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'. kuṭhi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi'smelter'. On a Dholavira seal, the reinforcing hieroglyphs are a pair of crocodiles: karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting' Thus, together, metalcaster blacksmith.

Mohenodaro seal. Pict-103 Horned (female with breasts hanging down?) person with a tail and bovine legs standing near a tree fisting a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs.

Dholavira molded terracotta tablet with Meluhha hieroglyphs written on two sides. Hieroglyphs: dhokaṛa ʻdecrepit, hanging down (of breasts)' (Oriya)(CDIAL 5567). 

M. ḍhẽg n. ʻ groin ʼ, ḍhẽgā m. ʻ buttock ʼ. M. dhõgā m. ʻ buttock ʼ. (CDIAL 5585). Glyph: Br. kōnḍō on all fours, bent double. (DEDR 204a) Rebus: kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner’s lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Tiger has head turned backwards. క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు (Telugu). Rebus: krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) karmāra ‘smith, artisan’ (Skt.) kamar ‘smith’ (Santali) 

Cluster 22 dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ, dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters' cluster, Iron, steel product cluster m0304 Seal impression and other field symbol components

FS 50 Fabulous animal with features of an ox and a rhinoceros

facing the special c ult object. 

baḍhia 'a castrated boar, a hog' (Santali) বরাহ barāha 'boar' Rebus:baḍhi 'worker in wood and iron' (Santali) bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali) ...gaṇḍa 'rhinoceros'; rebus: khaṇḍ 'tools' barad, balad, ''ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy metal (copper, zinc, tin)

FS 19

FS 20 (Frequency in M Corpus: 55) Elephant. sometimes with a tTOugh in front.

FS 21

FS 27

Cluster 23 Endless knot cluster, yajña dhanam, iron category, ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ category

FS 124 (Frequency in M Corpus: 4) The 'endless knot' motif.

मेध = yajña

मेधा = धन (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क ii , 10.)

Variant of endless knot motif is twisted, plaited threads or strands of rope. FS 102 Group of persons vaulting over an uncertain bovine animal.

मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ' iron' (Munda). Rebus: medha 'yajna'., medhā'dhanam'.

FS 98 Short-ho rned bull trampling a prostrate person underneath.

meṭṭu to tread, trample, crush under foot, tread or place the foot upon (Te.); meṭṭu step (Ga.); mettunga steps (Ga.). maḍye to trample, tread (Malt.)(DEDR 5057) మెట్టు [ meṭṭu ] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అడుగుపెట్టు, నడుచు, త్రొక్కు. "మెల్ల మెల్లన మెట్టుచుదొలగి అల్లనల్లనతలుపులండకు జేరి." BD iv. 1523. To tread on, to trample on. To kick, to thrust with the foot.మెట్టిక meṭṭika. n. A step , మెట్టు, సోపానము (Telugu)

Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.)

ḍhanga = tall, long shanked; maran: ḍhangi aimai kanae = she is a big tall woman (Santali.lex.)

Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (WPah.): ḍānro = a term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.)(CDIAL 5524) ṭhākur = blacksmith (Mth.); ṭhākar = landholder (P.); ṭhakkura – Rajput, chief man of a village (Pkt.); ṭhakuri = a clan of Chetris (N.); ṭhākura – term of address to a Brahman, god, idol (Or.)(CDIAL 5488). dha~_gar., dhã̄gar = a non-Aryan tribe in the Vindhyas, digger of wells and tanks (H.); dhāngar = young servant, herdsman, name of a Santal tribe (Or.); dhangar = herdsman (H.)(CDIAL 5524).   

Cluster 24 Dance-step cluster, iron smithy/forge

FS 93 (Frequency in M Corpus:2) Three dancing figures in a row 

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'

meḍ 'to dance' (F.)[reduplicated from me-]; me id. (M.) in Remo (Munda)(Source: D. Stampe's Munda etyma) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.)

Clusterr 25 Minerals Smelter, metals furnace, clusters

FS 4

FS 25 (Frequency in M Corpus: 5) Horned tiger.

FS 54 

See: Octopus veṛhā, unicorn (young aurochs kondh), Indus Script hypertexts are professional calling cards of jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guards in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ https://tinyurl.com/y9

Cluster 26 Armoury clusters

FS 5  कुठारु kuṭhāru 'a monkey' Rebus:  कुठारु  kuṭhāru 'an armourer' (Monier-Williams) , 

FS 23 (Frequency in M Corpus 16) Tiger. generally with a trough in front.

kūṭāgāra n.m. ʻ apartment on the roof of a house ʼ R. [kūˊṭa -- 4, agāra -- ]

Pa. kūṭāgāra -- n. ʻ building with an upper storey ʼ; Pk. kūḍāgāra -- n. ʻ house shaped like a crest ʼ; Si. kuḷāra ʻ balcony, gabled house ʼ.(CDIAL 3398) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'

Cluster 27 Double-axe cluster, armourer category

FS 129 (Frequency in M Corpus: 17) Inscribed object in the shape of a double·shield or double-axe.

FS 133 Double-axe without shaft

kuṭhāra m. ʻ axe ʼ R., °raka -- m. VarBr̥S., °rī -- f. lex., °rikā -- f. Suśr. [kuṭhātaṅka -- m., °kā -- f. lex. Prob. ← Drav. and conn. with √kuṭṭ EWA i 223 with lit.]Pa. kuṭhārī -- f., Pk. kuḍhāra -- m., kuhāḍa -- m., °ḍī -- f. (for ṭh -- r ~ h -- ḍ see piṭhara -- ), S. kuhāṛo m., L. P. kuhāṛā m., °ṛī f., P. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f., WPah. bhal. kurhāṛi f., Ku. kulyāṛo, gng. kulyāṛ, B. kuṛā̆l, °li, kuṛul, Or. kuṛāla, kurāṛha, °ṛhi, kurhāṛi, kuṛāri; Bi. kulhārī ʻ large axe for squaring logs ʼ; H. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ axe ʼ, G. kuhāṛɔ m., °ṛī f., kuvāṛī f., M. kurhāḍ, °ḍī f., Si. keṇeri Hettiaratchi Indeclinables 6 (connexion, if any, with keṭeri,°ṭēriya ʻ long -- handled axe ʼ is obscure).Addenda: kuṭhāra --: WPah.kṭg. khəṛari, kəṛari f. ʻ axe ʼ.(CDIAL 3244) Rebus: kuThAru 'armourer' कुठारु [p= 289,1] an armourer L.

Cluster 28 Seafaring merchant clusters

FS 6

Cluster 29 Smithy, forge clusters

FS 7 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 1159) Unicorn, generally facing a standard device.

FS 44 Row of animals in file (a unicorn, an elephant and a

rhinoceros from R.); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at R.

Cluster30 Equipment making black-smithy/-forge

FS 42 (Frequency in M Copus:10 ) Hare facing a bush.

FS 43 (Frequency in M Copus:5) Inscribed object in the shape of a hare.

Examples of incised copper tablets (Hieroglyph-multiplex (FS 42 field symbol): hare PLUS thorn/bush):

m1491Act

m1491Bct

m1492Act

m1492Bct

m1493Bct

1706 Hare

m1494 

Pict-42

m1497Act

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/01/data-mining-techniques-decipherment-of.html

Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka ʻ hare ʼ. [ʻ longeared like a donkey ʼ: khara -- 1?]N. kharāyo ʻ hare ʼ, Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) ``^rabbit'' Sa. kulai `rabbit'.Mu. kulai`rabbit'.KW kulai @(M063)  खरगोस (p. 113) kharagōsa m ( P) A hare.  (Marathi)

Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ(CDIAL 9424)  khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru  । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji -; or । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü , a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü ; । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu -। लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü - । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu -न्यचिवु&below; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.

Hare in front of the bush: Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) PLUS kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn'; kaṇṭa1 m. ʻ thorn ʼ BhP. 2. káṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ ŚBr., ʻ anything pointed ʼ R. 1. Pa. kaṇṭa -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. pal. ḳand, Sh. koh. gur. kōṇ m., Ku. gng. kã̄ṇ, A. kāĩṭ (< nom. *kaṇṭē?), Mth. Bhoj. kã̄ṭ, OH. kã̄ṭa. 2. Pa. kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; Pk. kaṁṭaya<-> m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. eur. kanro m., SEeur. kai̦o, Dm. kãṭa, Phal. kāṇḍu, kã̄ṛo, Sh. gil. kóṇŭ m., K. konḍu m., S. kaṇḍo m., L. P. kaṇḍā m., WPah. khaś. kaṇṭā m., bhal. kaṇṭo m., jaun. kã̄ḍā, Ku. kāno; N. kã̄ṛo ʻ thorn, afterbirth ʼ (semant. cf.śalyá -- ); B. kã̄ṭā ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ, Or. kaṇṭā; Aw. lakh. H. kã̄ṭā m.; G. kã̄ṭɔ ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; M. kã̄ṭā, kāṭā m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Ko. kāṇṭo, Si. kaṭuva. kaṇṭala -- Addenda: kaṇṭa -- 1. 1. A. also kã̄iṭ; Md. kaři ʻ thorn, bone ʼ.2. káṇṭaka -- : S.kcch. kaṇḍho m. ʻ thorn ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn, mountain peak ʼ, J. kã̄ḍā m.; Garh. kã̄ḍu ʻ thorn ʼ. (CDIAL 2668) Rebus: kaNDa 'implements'. Thus, hare in front of thorn/bush signifies: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kaNDa 'implements', i.e. implements from smithy/forge.

Cluster 31 Tin smithy, forge clusters

FS 33 -FS 38 Goat-antelope with a short tail (and different types of

boms), sometimes with a trough in front. ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’ krammara ‘turn back’ rebus:kamar ‘blacksmith’.

FS 34

FS 36

FS 32

FS 37

FS 38 (Frequency in M Corpus: 36) Goat-antelope with a short tail (and different types of boms), sometimes with a trough in front.

FS 41 (Frequency in M Corpus: 26) Ox-antelope with a long tail, generally with a trough

in front .

Cluster32 Alloy metal clusters

 FS 9 (Frequency in M Corpus: 5) Bull with two long horns (otherwise resembling the
'unicorn' ), generally facing the special standard device.

FS 16

FS 17 (Frequency in M Corpus 14) Buffalo. generally with a trough in front.

FS 13 (Frequency in M Corpus: 95) Short-horned bull, generally with head lowered over a trough.

FS 29 Fabulous animal of uncertain desc ription with two heads. one at either end of the hody. (Ref. 1703)

Cluster 33 Metal equipment, product clusters

--Metalwork samgaha, 'catalogues' cluster सं-ग्रह complete enumeration or collection , sum , amount , totality (एण , " completely " , " entirely ") (याज्ञवल्क्य), catalogue, list

FS 28 (Frequency in M Corpus: 39) Rhinoceros. generally with a trough in front.

FS 31

Cluster 34 śreṇi Goldsmith Guild clusters 

FS 46

FS 57

FS 58

FS 59 

FS 60

Cluster 34a Three tigers joined, smithy village,smithy shop category

FS 61  Composite motif, three tigers joined together

.kol 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'  cāli 'interlocked' rebus śālikā 'village of artisans,shop'. Thus kolimi śālikā 'smithy village,smithy shop' 

FS 62 Composite mo tif consist ing of six heads of animals viz.thnse of unicorn . short-horned bull. antelope. tiger and of two ulher uncertain animals radiating oulwarth. from a ring. (Frequency: 62 M Corpus) Seal of a Metal guild-master. Hieroglyph: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace) are: blacksmith, turner, smelter, coppersmith, ironsmith (magnetite ore), Supercargo who is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.

m417 Glyph: ‘ladder’: H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ Rebus: Pa. sēṇi -- f. ʻ guild, division of army ʼ; Pk. sēṇi -- f. ʻ row, collection ʼ; śrḗṇi (metr. often śrayaṇi -- ) f. ʻ line, row, troop ʼ RV. The lexeme in Tamil means: Limit, boundary; எல்லை. நளியிரு முந்நீரேணி யாக (புறநா. 35, 1). Country, territory.

The glyphics are:
Semantics: ‘group of animals/quadrupeds’: paśu ‘animal’ (RV), pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.) Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali)

This guild, community of smiths and masons evolves into Harosheth Hagoyim, ‘a smithy of nations’.
It appears that the Meluhhans were in contact with many interaction areas, Dilmun and Susa (elam) in particular. There is evidence for Meluhhan settlements outside of Meluhha. It is a reasonable inference that the Meluhhans with bronze-age expertise of creating arsenical and bronze alloys and working with other metals constituted the ‘smithy of nations’, Harosheth Hagoyim.

sãgaḍ f. ʻa body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together' (Marathi). This gloss sãgaḍ as a body of written or pictorial material of hieroglyphs (voiced in Meluhha speech) can be used to create a ciphertext with elements of enhanced cyber-security encryptions. This ciphertext can be called: Hieroglyphmultiplextext. Rebus 1: sãgaḍ māṇi 'alloying adamantine glue, सं-घात caravan standard' -- vajra saṁghāṭa in archaeometallurgy, deciphered in Indus Script Corpora. Enhanced encryption cyber-security. Rebus 2: जांगड [jāṅgaḍa] ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop. जांगड [ jāṅgaḍa ] f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken.Rebud 3: sangaDa 'a cargo boat'. Rebus 4: sangaRh 'proclamation'.

śrēṇikā -- f. ʻ tent ʼ lex. and mngs. ʻ house ~ ladder ʼ in *śriṣṭa -- 2, *śrīḍhi -- . -- Words for ʻ ladder ʼ see śrití -- . -- √śri]H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ; Si. hiṇi, hiṇa, iṇi ʻ ladder, stairs ʼ (GS 84 < śrēṇi -- ).(CDIAL 12685). Woṭ. Šen ʻ roof ʼ, Bshk. Šan, Phal. Šān(AO xviii 251) Rebus: seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. Śreṇi in meaning “guild”; Vedic= row] 1. A guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). — 2. A division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. Senā and seniya). (Pali)

*śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ. [Cf. śrētr̥ -- ʻ one who has recourse to ʼ MBh. -- See śrití -- . -- √śri]Ash. ċeitr ʻ ladder ʼ (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720) *śrēṣṭrī2 ʻ line, ladder ʼ. [For mng. ʻ line ʼ conn. with √śriṣ2 cf. śrḗṇi -- ~ √śri. -- See śrití -- . -- √śriṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ̄ -- f. ʻ line, row ʼ (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. ʻ id. ʼ. -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -- , śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. ʻ a partic. progression of arithmetical figures ʼ); K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ʻ ladder ʼ.(CDIAL 12724) Rebus:  śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild ʼ, °nī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a guild, banker ʼ, seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ; N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ; Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ; M.śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi° ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12726)

This denotes a mason (artisan) guild -- seni -- of 1. brass-workers; 2. blacksmiths; 3. iron-workers; 4. copper-workers; 5. native metal workers; 6. workers in alloys.

The core is a glyphic ‘chain’ or ‘ladder’. Glyph: kaḍī a chain; a hook; a link (G.); kaḍum a bracelet, a ring (G.) Rebus: kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; kaḍiyaṇa, kaḍiyeṇa a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (G.)

The glyphics are:

1.     Glyph: ‘one-horned young bull’: kondh ‘heifer’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’.

2.     Glyph: ‘bull’: ḍhangra ‘bull’. Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’. koD 'horns' rebus: koD 'workshop'

3.     Glyph: ‘ram’: meḍh ‘ram’. Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’

^4.         Glyph: ‘antelope’: mr̤eka ‘goat’. Rebus: milakkhu ‘copper’. Vikalpa 1: meluhha ‘mleccha’ ‘copper worker’. Vikalpa 2: meṛh ‘helper of merchant’. 

Indus Script Corpora evidence points to the early working with magnetite, ferrite ore as seen by the signifier hieroglyph पोळ pōḷa, 'bos indicus, zebu'. The prologue dedication is first to this bos indicussignified by the synonym: Nanda, nandi. The word नांदी nāndī signifies prologue dedication.

पोळ (p. 305) pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. As eulogium or praise of the divine, the synonym used is: नंदी (p. 256) nandī m (S) The bull on which Mahádeva rides. A stone-bull is fixed in front of all temples to Mahádeva. The word nanda has specific meanings in the context of trade transactions. नंद (p. 256) nanda m नंदकी f (नंद was a proper name.) A clandestine or covert term, amongst dealers and brokers, for दल्लाली or the fees of brokerage. De- vised to keep the secrets of trade from the employer of the broker and the mere customer. Its vocabulary is भुरका One rupee, ढोकळा One pysa, केवली One, अवारू Two, उधानू Three, पोकू Four, मुळू Five, शेली Six, पवित्रू Seven, भंगी Eight, तेवसू or लेवनू Nine, अंगुळू Ten, एकडू Eleven, रेघी Twelve, ठेपरू Thirteen, चोपडू Fourteen, तळी Fifteen. To this last term the first four numerals successively added (the sense of addition being expressed by तान) form successively 16, 17, 18, 19, as भुरका तान तळी अवारू तान तळी, उधानू तान तळी, पोकू तान तळी. काटी stands for 20; then भुरका तान काटी, अवारू तान काटी &c. express 21, 22 &c. बिटी is 100, ढकार 1000, फाटा is An̤á, अवारू फाटे Two án̤ás, मंगी फाटे Eight án̤ás, तळी फाटे Fifteen án̤ás, दुकार One án̤á, चकार Two án̤ás, पकार Four án̤ás, टाली Half a rupee. The नंद vocabulary however has variations. Expressive of the above account the following अभंग has been composed, मुळू 5 वदनाचा उधानु 3 नेत्राचा ॥ अंगूळू 10 हातांचा स्वामी माझा ॥1॥ मुगुट जयाचा केव- ळ्या 1 आगळी कांटी 20 पवित्र तळवटी चरण ज्याचे ॥2॥ ढकार 1000 वदनाचा आला वर्णावया ॥ जिव्हा त्याच्या चिरल्या वर्णवेना ॥3॥ शेली 6 वेडावली पोकू 4 भौनावली ॥ अगुंळूमंगि 18 थकली नकळे त्यांसी ॥4॥ सद्भावें शरण आवारू 2 जोडून ॥ खेचरवीसा म्हणे स्वामी माझा ॥5॥. नंद थाकणें or ठेवणें To make (i. e. obtain) नंद or secret brokerage.

Another onnotation is a mystical figure of lines drawn on the sacred cloth held at marriages between bride and bridegroom: नंद (p. 256) nanda m (S) Red lines or figures, esp. the mystical figure called स्वस्तिक, drawn on the अंतःपट or cloth which, at marriages, is held between the bride and bridegroom. 2 Vertigo incidental to puerperal women. नंदाचा पासोडा (p. 256) nandācā pāsōḍā m नंदाचा शेला m The अंतःपट (cloth held at marriages between the bride and bridegroom) having red lines or figures drawn over it, esp. the mystical figure called स्वस्तिक which is termed नंद. नंदी nandī  (Or नंद) The lines or figures drawn with कुंकूं &c. upon the अंतःपट.

Thus, the terms nanda, nandi get associated with mystic, vikalpa signifiers as in पोळ (p. 305) pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large, as a rebus signifier of: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'.

While rendering eulogies and prayers to the divine, the oblations are signified as नांदीमुख nāndīmukha

A set of synonymous words & expressions:  नांदी (p. 259) nāndī f S Eulogium of a king or praise of a deity recited in benedictory verses at the opening of a drama &c. नांदीमुख nāndīmukha n S नांदीश्राद्ध n S Oblations to the manes offered on festal occasions. నాంది (p. 640) nāndi nāndi. [Skt.] n. A preliminary. The exordium, prelude, prologue dedication, or praise of a deity, recited in benedictory verses at the commencement of a religious ceremony or poem. నాందీ యాగము the opening rite. Anand. vi. 1. The opening benedictory verses in a drama. నాటకప్రథమాంగము, మొదలుపెట్టడము. నాందీకరుడు or నాందివాది nāndī-karuḍu. n. One who pronounces the benediction. ఆశీర్వాదముచేయువాడు.

నంది (p. 626) nandi or నందికేశ్వరుడు nandi. [Skt.] n. The name of the bull of Siva. A bull, వృషభము.

A synonym for 'bull', bos indicus, is: poḷa 'zebu' which is a definitive Indus Script hieroglyph. Rebus signifier of poḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'-- a metalwork for wealth creation by artisans of Sarasvati_Sindhu Civilization. This Indus Script hieroglyph which signifies 'zebu' or poḷa is seen on early inscriptions of Indus Script as on the paintings of Nausharo pots. The bird perched on the shoulder of the zebu painting is black drongo: pōlaḍu, 'black drongo',rebus: pōlaḍ, 'steel', The zebu is tied to a post with a rope to signify:  meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end;  mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)^Vikalpa:  Glyph: ‘zebu’: khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild, community’ (Semantic determinant of the ‘jointed animals’ glyphic composition). kūṭa joining, connexion, assembly, crowd, fellowship (DEDR 1882)  Pa. gotta ‘clan’; Pk. gotta, gōya id. (CDIAL 4279) Semantics of Pkt. lexeme gōya is concordant with Hebrew ‘goy’ in ha-goy-im (lit. the-nation-s)^. Pa. gotta -- n. ʻ clan ʼ, Pk. gotta -- , gutta -- , amg. gōya -- n.; Gau. gū ʻ house ʼ (in Kaf. and Dard. several other words for ʻ cowpen ʼ > ʻ house ʼ: gōṣṭhá -- , Pr. gūˊṭu ʻ cow ʼ; S. g̠oṭru m. ʻ parentage ʼ, L. got f. ʻ clan ʼ, P. gotar, got f.; Ku. N. got ʻ family ʼ; A. got -- nāti ʻ relatives ʼ; B. got ʻ clan ʼ; Or. gota ʻ family, relative ʼ; Bhoj. H. got m. ʻ family, clan ʼ, G. got n.; M. got ʻ clan, relatives ʼ; -- Si. gota ʻ clan, family ʼ ← Pa. (CDIAL 4279). Alternative: adar ḍangra ‘zebu or humped bull’; rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.); ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.)

6.     The sixth animal can only be guessed. Perhaps, a tiger (A reasonable inference, because the glyph ’tiger’ appears in a procession on some Indus script inscriptions. Glyph: ‘tiger?’: kol ‘tiger’.Rebus: kol ’worker in iron’. Vikalpa (alternative): perhaps, rhinoceros. gaṇḍa ‘rhinoceros’; rebus:khaṇḍ ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. Thus, the entire glyphic composition of six animals on the Mohenjodaro seal m417 is semantically a representation of a śrḗṇi, ’guild’, a khũṭ , ‘community’ of smiths and masons.

 bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' Also, baTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'.

FS 45 Hypertext, 'bulled, of copulation': saṅghāibā Rebus: jangaḍ ,'invoiced on approval basis'. samgaha, 'catalogue, list'. Vajra  saṅghāta 'metallic adamantine glue'.

Cluster 35 पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu'cluster,  magnetite ore category pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'

• Trough guild clusters
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• 
  
• 
  
• Tiger, & other wild animals in front of the trough classifies the trough as a hieroglyph: Hieroglyph: pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattharaka 'merchant' pattar ‘guild, goldsmith’.


FS 12


FS 15
FS 18


FS 22
  
FS 26
FS 30
FS 39
FS 97 Person standing at the centre pointing with his right
hand at a short- horned bull facing a trough. and with his le ft hand at the sign 15 
• 
  

FS 126 Anchor (?)

FS 130 Inscribed object in the shape of a writing tablet

A تحریر taḥrīr, s.m. (2nd) (inf. II of حر), Writing correctly, writing, description. 2. Written, dated. Pl. تحریرونه taḥrīrūnah. تحریر کیدل taḥrīr kedal, verb intrans. To be written. تحریرکول taḥrīr kawul, verb trans. To write, to describe. (Pashto)

FS 1

FS 2

FS 3 Hieroglyph: आर . v.l. for अर q.v. , a spoke MBh. i , 1498 (ed. Bomb. i , 33 , 4 reads अर).Rebus: आर n. brass BhP. x , 41 , 20 (Apte) आर--कूट 'a kind of brass' (Monier-Williams) आरः रम् [आ-ऋ-घञ्] 1 Brass; ताम्रारकोष्ठां परिखादुरा- सदाम् Bhāg.1.41.2. -2 Oxide of iron. -3 An angle, corner. -4 N. of a tree (मधुराम्रफल). . -कूटः, -टम् brass; उत्तप्तस्फुरदारकूटकपिलज्योतिर्ज्वलद्दीप्तिभिः U.5.14. किमारकूटाभरणेन श्रियः N. Hieroglyph: Ka. kuttige throat, neck, throat and neck. Te. kutika, kutuka throat; kuttika, kuttuka throat, gullet, voice, tone; gontu, gontuka throat, voice, tone. Nk. kutka throat. Pa. kunda gōlu nape of the neck. Konḍa gotika throat; (Sova dial.) kutu neck. Pe. kuta, in: kuta asponḍ hiccough. Manḍ. kuta ahponḍ id. Kuwi (Ṭ.) kuta, in: kuta ve'uri id.; (F.) kūta vē'ūri aiyali to hiccough; (S.) kūtha wiuri hicock (sic); (for ve'uri, see 5383).(DEDR 1718) 

FS 8

FS 24

FS 35

FS 40

FS 49

FS 55

FS 70

FS 79 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 3) Inscribed object in the shape of a pipal leaf.

FS 91

FS 94

FS 120

FS 121 Lozenge infixed in a dotted circle.

FS 122 

FS 123 The special standard device -- lathe & portable furnace (with dotted circles)

FS 128 Inscribed o bject in the sha pe of a heart (Dotted circles)

h101 Ivory stick. Harappa. 

Hypertext 4561: Dotted circle is an orthography composed of 'strand' (cross-section of a thread) and 'circle': dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'; dhāū, dhāv 'red stone minerals'.PLUS circle: vr̥ttá ʻ turned ʼ RV., ʻ rounded ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ completed ʼ MaitrUp., ʻ passed, elapsed (of time) ʼ KauṣUp. 3. n. ʻ conduct, matter ʼ ŚBr., ʻ livelihood ʼ Hariv. [√vr̥t1] 1. Pa. vaṭṭa -- ʻ round ʼ, n. ʻ circle ʼ; Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -- , vitta -- , vutta -- ʻ round ʼ; L. (Ju.) vaṭ m. ʻ anything twisted ʼ; Si. vaṭa ʻ round ʼ, vaṭa -- ya ʻ circle, girth (esp. of trees) ʼ; Md. va'ʻ round ʼ GS 58; -- Paš.ar. waṭṭəwīˊk, waḍḍawik ʻ kidney ʼ ( -- wĭ̄k vr̥kká -- ) IIFL iii 3, 192?(CDIAL 12069) வட்டம்¹ vaṭṭam, < Pkt. vaṭṭavṛtta. n. 1. Circle, circular form, ring-like shape; மண்ட லம். (தொல். சொல். 402, உரை.) 2. Halo round the sun or moon, a karantuṟai-kōḷ; பரிவேடம். (சிலப். 10, 102, உரை.) (சினேந். 164.) 3. Potter's wheel; குயவன் திரிகை. (பிங்.) 4. Wheel of a cart; வண்டிச்சக்கரம். (யாழ். அக.) 5. The central portion of a leaf-plate for food; உண்கல மாய்த் தைக்கும் இலையின் நடுப்பாகம். Loc. 6. cf. āvṛtti. Turn, course, as of a mantra; தடவை. விநாயகர் நாமத்தை நூற்றெட்டு வட்டஞ் செய்து (விநாயகபு. 74, 214). 7. Revolution, cycle; சுற்று. (W.) 8. Cycle of a planet; ஒரு கிரகம் வான மண்டலத்தை ஒரு முறை சுற்றிவருங் காலம். அவன் சென்று ஒரு வியாழவட்டமாயிற்று. 9. Circuit, surrounding area or region; சுற்றுப்பிரதேசம். கோயில் வட்டமெல்லாம் (சீவக. 949). 10. A revenue unit of a few villages; சில ஊர்களைக் கொண்ட பிரதேசம். Thus, dhav+vr̥ttá 'circle, rounded' Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'

Hieroglyph: goldsmith's scissors, shears: karttrī f. ʻ scissors ʼ lex. 2. *kārttrī -- (X *kārti -- ?). [> kartari -- ? -- √kr̥t1]1. Pk. kattiyā -- f. ʻ scissors, shears ʼ; Gy. gr. hung. kat f., rum. span. kača (< *katya) f. ʻ shears ʼ; P. katī f. ʻ goldsmith's or blacksmith's scissors ʼ; A. kātī ʻ scissors ʼ; H. kātī f. ʻ goldsmith's scissors ʼ, G. kāt f.2. L. kātr m.f. ʻ scissors ʼ, P. kāt f. Addenda: karttrī -- : WPah.kṭg. kəṭeurɔ m. ʻ scissors ʼ.(CDIAL 2863). Ta. katti knife, cutting instrument, razor, sword, sickle. Ma. katti knife. Ko. katy 

billhook knife; kati·r- (katrc-; < katy-tayr, katy-tarc-) to cut; kaṇkeyt, kaṇki·t sickle (for kaṇ, see 1166). To. kaṇ koty dagger-shaped knife burned with corpse (cf. 1166). Ka. katti knife, razor, sword. Koḍ. katti knife.Tu. katti, katte id. Te. katti knife, razor, sword. Go. (Ch.) katti cock's spur; (Elwin) kāti the knife attached to the cock's foot (Voc. 490). ? Cf. 1208 Kol. katk-.(DEDR 1204) Rebus 1: khātā 'labour sphere account book' Rebus 2:  käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). Hieroglyph: katī 'blacksmith's goldsmith's scissors' rebus:  khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights' 

Variant of Sign 216

Hieroglyph: Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'.(Kashmiri)

Sign 123 kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph:  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, khāṇḍā kuṭhi metalware smelter.

 

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter). dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'. m1653 Ivory plaque Hypertext 1905 bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' kuṭila 'bent' CDIAL 3230) Rebus:kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin).Thus, a bronze furnace worker.

Meluhha etyma

Gy. pal. tir -- , pret. tirdă ʻ to pay ʼ, tirnáuăr ʻ causes to pay ʼ; L. tirṇī f. ʻ a kind of fee or tax ʼ; N. tirnu ʻ to pay back ʼ, caus. tirāunu.(CDIAL 5844) K. trinun ʻ to become or be prosperous in having many sons, grandsons, &c. ʼ (cf. tērun ʻ to gain prestige ʼ < tirátē).(CDIAL 5845) Ta. teṟu-poruḷ indemnity, tribute; tiṟai tribute; (inscr.) tiṟappu assessed lands. Ma. tiṟa tribute, taxes; an offering, an inferior feast. Ko. ter- (teṯ-) to pay (debt). To. tel- (teṯ-) to pay (fine, debt); teṟ a fine, compensation paid in buffaloes to man whose wife is taken by another. Ka. teṟu (tett-) to pay; teṟuvike paying; teṟisu, tettisu to cause to pay (as taxes, fines, etc.); teṟe, teṟage, teṟige, teṟege tribute, tax; tiṟ(u) to exchange, barter, pay, offer, present, give; teṟa price paid for a wife; teṟavu id., (PBh.) tribute, tax; teraṇṭu to make a gift of raiment to the bride and bridegroom at a wedding. Koḍ. ter- (teruv-, tett-) to pay (penalty). Tu. terigè taxes; tirmuru exchange.

Te. (inscr.) teṟe a kind of tax. Go. (Pat.) terānā to repay (Voc. 1779). Kui tehpa (teht-) to repay, return, make restitution; n. restitution, repaying. (DEDR 3441)

Hieroglyphs: tiria 'animals' (Old Gujarati),i.e. creatures which move sideways with their bodies. derenanko are creatures having horns. I suggest that tiria 'animals' (Old Gujarati) is a cognate of deren'horned animals'. *tiriyak, tiryák ʻ across, obliquely ʼ ŚBr. (n. sg. of tiryáñc -- ʻ oblique ʼ AV.). [tirás] Pa. tiriyaṁ ʻ across ʼ; Pk. tiria -- ʻ slanting, crosswise ʼ; OG. tiria ʻ animals ʼ(CDIAL 5825) तिर्यक्ता क्त्वम्  signify animal nature, i.e. moving sideways. The expression is:  तिरश्चीन   tiraścīna तिरश्चीन a. [तिर्यगेव स्वार्थे ख] 1 Oblique, sideways, awr    तिर्यक्   tiryak तिर्यक् ind. Obliquely, crookedly, in a slanting or oblique direction; तिर्यगास्थाय संक्रुद्धः पक्षीशे भगवान्हरिः Rām. 7.7.41; विलोकयति तिर्यक् K. P.1; Me.51; Ku.5.74.   तिर्यक्ता क्त्वम्   tiryaktā ktvam तिर्यक्ता क्त्वम् 1 Animal nature.   तिरश्ची तिर्यञ्ची   tiraścī tiryañcī तिरश्ची तिर्यञ्ची The female of an animal.   तिरश्चीन   tiraścīna तिरश्चीन a. [तिर्यगेव स्वार्थे ख] 1 Oblique, sideways, awry; गतं तिरश्चीनमनूरुसारथेः Śi.1.2; यथा तिरश्चीनमलात- शल्यम् U.3.35. -2 Irregular. -Comp. -वंशः a bee- hive; आदित्यो देवमधु तस्य द्यौरेव तिरश्चीनवंशो$न्तरिक्षम् Ch. Up.3.1.1.tiraścá ʻ *slanting, crosswise ʼ (n. ʻ crossboard of bed- stead ʼ AV.), tiraścátā ʻ transversely ʼ RV. [Some Pk. and NIA. forms with ēfrom *tēraka -- ? -- tirás]Pa. tiraccha -- bhūta -- ʻ going wrong ʼ, tiracchāna -- m. ʻ animal (as opposed to man) ʼ; Pk. tiriccha -- , ˚chi -- , tēriccha -- ,˚chia -- ʻ slanting, crosswise ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) tr*lč dik ʻ to stand with the legs separated, to straddle ʼ; L. tirchāvã̄ ʻ oblique, slanting ʼ, P. tirchā, Ku. tircho, tercho, gng. tyarċh, N. tercho, terso, B. tirachā, terchā, Or. teracha, ˚chā; OAw. tirīche adv. ʻ crossways ʼ, lakh. tirchā ʻ crooked ʼ; H. tirchā ʻ slanting ʼ, G. tirchũ, M. tirsā, tersā; Si. haras ʻ transverse ʼ, harahaṭa ʻ athwart ʼ < *ciraccha -- H. Smith JA 1950, 187 (tiras ʻ horizontally ʼ, tirisanā ʻ animal ʼ ← Pa.). -- G. trāsũ ʻ slanting, oblique ʼ < *tarāch -- .(CDIAL 5822)tirás ʻ across ʼ RV. &rcirclemacr; Pa. tirō ʻ across, beyond ʼ. -- Ext. with various elements: Pa. tirokkha -- ʻ one who is outside or absent ʼ (< *tiraska -- with ō from tirō); Pk. tirikkha -- ʻ slanting, crosswise ʼ (with i from tiriaṁ s.v. *tiriyak); S. tirko m. ʻ reflection of the sun's rays in a glass ʼ, tirkaṇu ʻ to slip ʼ; P. tirkāuṇā ʻ to let (trousers) slip ʼ; G. tirkas ʻ oblique ʼ; M. tirkā, tirpā ʻ oblique ʼ, tirḍẽ n. ʻ board transpierced with a stick ʼ, tirḷā, tirvā ʻ squinting ʼ.(CDIAL 5823)

Ta. aṅkāṭi bazaar, bazaar street. Ma. aṅṅāṭi shop, bazaar. Ko. aŋga·ḍy id. To. ogoḏy bazaar (? < Badaga). Ka. aṅgaḍi shop, stall. Koḍ. aŋgaḍi id. Tu. aṅgaḍi id. Te. aṅgaḍi id. Kol. aŋgaḍi bazaar. Nk. aŋgāṛi id. Nk. (Ch.) aŋgāṛ market. Pa. aŋgoḍ courtyard, compound. / ? Cf. Skt. aṅgaṇa- courtyard.(DEDR 35) aṅgana n. ʻ act of walking ʼ lex., ʻ courtyard ʼ R., ˚aṇa -- n. Kālid. [√aṅg]Pa. aṅgaṇa -- n. ʻ open space before palace ʼ; Pk. aṁgaṇa -- n. ʻ courtyard ʼ, K. ã̄gun dat. -- anas m., S. aṅaṇu m., WPah. bhad. aṅgan pl. -- gnã̄ n., Ku. āṅaṇ, N. āṅan, B. āṅgan, āṅginā, Or. agaṇā, dial. āṅgan, Bi. ã̄gan, ãgnā, ẽgnā (BPL 1237), Mth. ã̄gan, Bhoj. āṅan, H. ã̄gan, ãgnā, agnā m. (X uṭhān s.v. upasthāˊna-- ), G. ã̄gaṇ, ã̄gṇũ n., M. ã̄gṇẽ n., Ko. āṅgaṇa, ˚goṇ n., Si. an̆gaṇa, an̆guṇuva. -- Deriv. L. mult. aṅgaṇī f. ʻ the grains that remain on the threshing floor after division ʼ; G. ã̄gṇiyũ n. ʻ open space about a house ʼ.Addenda: aṅgana -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) aṅgəṇ m. ʻ courtyard ʼ, Garh. ã̄gaṇ.(CDIAL 118)

prasara m. ʻ advance, extension ʼ Kālid. [√sr̥]Pk. pasara -- m. ʻ extension ʼ; Ku. pasar ʻ extension of family, lineage, family, household ʼ; M. pasar m. ʻ extension ʼ; -- N. pasar ʻ the two hands placed together to receive something, one hand so held out ʼ, H. pasar m. ʻ hollowed palm of hand ʼ: rather < prasr̥ta -- .(CDIAL 8824) 

N. pasal ʻ booth, shop ʼ; B. Or. pasarā ʻ tray of goods for sale ʼ(CDIAL 8824)

prasāra m. ʻ extension ʼ Suśr., ʻ trader's shop ʼ Nalac. [Cf. prasārayati ʻ spreads out for sale ʼ Mn. -- √sr̥]Paš. lāsar ʻ bench -- like flower beds outside the window ʼ IIFL iii 3, 113; K. pasār m. ʻ rest ʼ (semant. cf. prásarati in Ku. N. Aw.); P. puhārā m. ʻ breaking out (of fever, smallpox, &c.) ʼ; Ku. pasāro ʻ extension, bigness, extension of family or property, lineage, family, household ʼ; N. pasār ʻ extension ʼ; B. pasār ʻ extent of practice in business, popularity ʼ, Or. pasāra; H. pasārā m. ʻ stretching out, expansion ʼ (→ P. pasārā m.; S. pasāro m. ʻ expansion, crowd ʼ), G. pasār, ˚rɔ m., M. pasārā; -- K. pasôru m. ʻ petty shopkeeper ʼ; P. pahārā m. ʻ goldsmith's workshop ʼ; A. pohār ʻ small shop ʼ; -- ← Centre: S. pasārum. ʻ spices ʼ; P. pasār -- haṭṭā m. ʻ druggist's shop ʼ; -- X paṇyaśālā -- : Ku. pansārī f. ʻ grocer's shop ʼ.prasārin -- .(CDIAL 8835) prasāˊraṇa n. ʻ spreading out ʼ ŚBr. [√sr̥]Pa. pasāraṇa -- n. ʻ stretching out ʼ; Si. pasaraṇa ʻ cloth spread on ground, carpet, lacquer work, enamel ʼ.(CDIAL 8836) prásārayati ʻ stretches out, extends ʼ VS. [√sr̥]Pa. pasārēti ʻ extends ʼ, Pk. pasārēi; Gy. rum. prasar<-> ʻ to win ʼ; K. pasārun, pạsarun ʻ to beat out a metal plate thin, pare off the edges of a metal plate ʼ; Ku. pasārṇo ʻ to stretch, throw, lay flat ʼ; B. pasārā tr. ʻ to spread out ʼ; Or. pasāribā ʻ to spread out, exhibit for sale ʼ; Mth. Aw. lakh. pasārab ʻ to spread out ʼ, Bhoj. pasāral, H. pasārnā, Marw. pasārṇo, G. prasārvũ, pas˚, M. pasarṇẽ, Si. paharanavā; -- with anal. -- ss -- or ← Centre: S. pasāraṇu tr. ʻ to stretch out ʼ, P. pasārṇā.Addenda: prásārayati: Garh. pasārnu ʻ to spread ʼ.(CDIAL 8838)

పసరము  or పసలము pasaramu. [Tel.] n. A beast, an animal. గోమహిషహాతి.

పసారము  or పసారు pasāramu. [Tel.] n. A shop. అంగడి. Charms, grace, తళుకు, మినుకు. పస.

Ironmonger: *lōhahaṭṭika ʻ ironmonger ʼ. [lōhá -- , haṭṭa -- ] P.ludh. lōhṭiyā m. ʻ ironmonger ʼ.(CDIAL 11163) lōhá ʻ red, copper -- coloured ʼ ŚrS., ʻ made of copper ʼ ŚBr., m.n. ʻ copper ʼ VS., ʻ iron ʼ MBh. [*rudh -- ]Pa. lōha -- m. ʻ metal, esp. copper or bronze ʼ; Pk. lōha -- m. ʻ iron ʼ, Gy. pal. li˚, lihi, obl. elhás, as. loa JGLS new ser. ii 258; Wg. (Lumsden) "loa"ʻ steel ʼ; Kho. loh ʻ copper ʼ; S. lohu m. ʻ iron ʼ, L. lohā m., awāṇ. lōˋā, P. lohā m. (→ K.rām. ḍoḍ. lohā), WPah.bhad. lɔ̃u n., bhal. òtilde; n., pāḍ. jaun. lōh, paṅ. luhā, cur. cam. lohā, Ku. luwā, N. lohu, ˚hā, A. lo, B. lo, no, Or. lohā, luhā, Mth. loh, Bhoj. lohā, Aw.lakh. lōh, H. loh, lohā m., G. M. loh n.; Si. loho, lō ʻ metal, ore, iron ʼ; Md. ratu -- lō ʻ copper ʼ.*lōhala -- , *lōhila -- , *lōhiṣṭha -- , lōhī -- , laúha -- ; lōhakāra -- , *lōhaghaṭa -- , *lōhaśālā -- , *lōhahaṭṭika -- , *lōhōpaskara -- ; vartalōha -- .Addenda: lōhá -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lóɔ ʻ iron ʼ, J. lohā m., Garh. loho; Md. lō ʻ metal ʼ.†*lōhaphāla -- or †*lōhahala -- .(CDIAL 11158) haṭṭa m. ʻ market, fair ʼ Pañcat., haṭṭī -- f. ʻ petty market ʼ lex.

Pk. haṭṭa -- m. ʻ shop, bazar ʼ, ˚ṭī -- , ˚ṭigā -- f. ʻ little shop ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) heti (= -- ṭ -- ?) ʻ shop ʼ, Sh. hăṭí f.; K. aṭ, dat. aṭas m. ʻ market ʼ (hāṭh m. ← H.); S. haṭu m. ʻ shop ʼ, ˚ṭī f. ʻ small shop ʼ, L. haṭṭ m., ˚ṭī f.; P. haṭṭ f. ʻ shop ʼ, haṭṭā m. ʻ collection of shops ʼ; WPah.pāḍ haṭī ʻ shop ʼ, jaun. hāṭ; N. A. hāṭ ʻ market, bazar ʼ, A. hāṭī ʻ row of residential houses attached to a school or religious foundation ʼ; B. hāṭ ʻ shop, market ʼ; Or. hāṭa, haṭā ʻ market ʼ, Bi. hāṭ, Mth. hāṭ, haṭiā, Bhoj. hāṭ, OAw. hāṭa f.; H. hāṭ f. ʻ market, shop ʼ, OMarw. hāṭi f., G. hāṭ f., M. hā̆ṭ m.*haṭṭavāṇija -- ; *caturhaṭṭa -- , *lōhahaṭṭika -- .Addenda: haṭṭa -- : WPah.kṭg. hāˋṭ f., hàṭṭi f. ʻ shop, workshop ʼ, J. hāṭṭī f.; -- cmpd. OP. haṭatāri f. (+ tāḍa -- 2 ʻ bolt ʼ) ʻ closing shops in mourning or protest ʼ, P. H. haṛtāl f.(CDIAL 13944)

,  

paśú m., páśu -- n. ʻ domestic or sacrificial animal ʼ RV. m. ʻ goat ʼ lex.Pa. pasu -- , ˚uka -- m. ʻ cattle ʼ; Aś.shah. man. paśu -- , gir. kāl. dh. jau. pasu -- ʻ beast ʼ, NiDoc. paśu; Pk. pasu<-> m. ʻ animal, horned quadruped, goat, sheep ʼ, Ap. pasuva -- m.; Kt. paċə -- moč ʻ shepherd ʼ; S. paha f. ʻ goat ʼ; A. pâha ʻ animal of the deer class, any quadruped ʼ; H. pas f. ʻ buffalo -- heifer ʼ, pasū m. ʻ animal (such as goat or sheep) ʼ.paśutā -- , *paśuvant -- ; paśupāˊ -- , paśupāla -- , paśurūpá -- .Addenda: paśú -- : S.kcch. paũ f. ʻ she -- goat ʼ; WPah.poet. pɔśu m. ʻ cattle, head of cattle, animal ʼ (Him.I 117 ← H.). (CDIAL 7984)

Unicorn, Indus Script hypertext kunda-kara karaṇī is a goldsmith, smelter blacksmith, lapidary, supercargo, scribe

June 9, 2019, 11:17 pm

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-- Unicorn, Indus Script hieroglyphs read Meluhha rebus as kō̃da-khār-karaṇī'smelter blacksmith, supercargo, scribe', kunda-kara'turner, lapidary', kunda'treasure'kundaṇa'fine gold'

-- Unicorn, composite animal खोंड khōṇḍa'young bull' PLUS khara'onager' read rebus: kunda-kara'turner, lapidary', kō̃da-khār'smelter blacksmith'; kunda'one of the nine treasures of Kubera'; kundaṇa 'fine gold'; karṇī 'ear' rebus: karaṇī 'supercargo, scribe'

-- Unicorn of Indus Script is a composite animal with body of young bull, head & ear of onager, crumpled horn

Identifying hieroglyph components of unicorn, as a composite animal of Indus Script

On the pattern of ligaturing technique to create a composite animal, the 'unicorn' pictorial motif of Indus Script can be seen as a hypertext composition with distinct hieroglyphic ligatures. See Annex:Harappan chimaera analysed by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale.

On seal m008 of Mohenjo-daro, such ligatures or component hieroglyphs are idenified as: 1. one wavy, serrated, crumpled horn; 2. ear; 3. head, including face; 4. pannier; 5. the body of the animal is a young bull.

Each of these five hieroglyph components of the composition is read rebus in Meluhha:

1. mer̥ha deren'crumpled horn' rebus: meḍ'iron' (Mu.Ho.),med'copper' (Slavic) PLUS tiṟ(u)'trade, exchange, barter.'

2. karṇī 'ear' rebus: karaṇī 'supercargo, scribe' [supercargo in charge as 'a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'

3.Head of onager: khara'onager' rebus:  khār खार्'blacksmith'(Kashmiri) kāruvu 'artisan' (Telugu)

4. Pannier: khōṇḍa 'sack, pannier'khōṇḍī 'pannier sack'खोंडी (Marathi) Rebus: kunda 'nidhi'; kō̃daकोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting'  This is a semantic determinative of the body of the animal.

5. Body of the animal: खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting'; kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'Rebus:  Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725).

Thus, the body of the young bull PLUS face/head of onager is read together: khara'onager' rebus:  खोंड khōṇḍa'young bull' rebus: kō̃daकोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting'PLUS khār खार् 'blacksmith'. The expression read together rebus is: kundakara, 'turner, lapidary'.

The animal is in front of a standard device.The standard device has two hieroglyph components: 1. lathe; 2. portable furnace.

Component 1. Lathe: kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1] N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi.kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m. (CDIAL 3295). kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1] A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297).

Component 2. Portable furnace: kammatamu'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa'mint, coiner coinage'.The bottom portion, the portable furnace is: కమటము (p. 246) kamaṭamu kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచి

యొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్"హంస. ii. కమ్మటము (p. 247) kammaṭamu Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste.  Rebus:  Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.  (DEDR 1236)

Thus, together, the standard device signifies kammaṭa kunda'mint treasure'.

m008 "This unicorn seal was also discovered during the late 1927-31 excavations at Mohenjo-daro. One theory holds that the bull actually has two horns, but that these have been stylized to one because of the complexity of depicting three dimensions. However the manufacturing and design process behind seals was so sophisticated that the depiction of three dimensions might not necessarily have been a problem." -- Omar Khan https://www.harappa.com/seal/11.html Slide 46 https://slideplayer.com/slide/15162906/

khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस्त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭh^ü-ब॑ठू॒ । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkur^u -द्वकुरु॒ । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧjⁱ -ग॑जि॒ or -güj^ü -ग॑जू॒ । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höj^ü -हा॑जू॒), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūr^ü -कूरू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭ^u -क॑टु॒ । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭ^ü -क॑टू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më̆ʦ^ü 1 -म्य॑च़ू॒ । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see khāra 3), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuw^u -न्यचिवु॒ । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see khārun), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦ^añĕ -च़्ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 30). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.(Kashmiri)    S لوهار lo-hār, s.m. (5th) A blacksmith. Pl. لوهاران lo-hārān.(Pashto)1lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, ˚rī -- f., ˚raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1]Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., ˚rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh˚ m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ.

Addenda: lōhakāra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m.(CDIAL 11159)

karmāˊra m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ RV. [EWA i 176 < stem *karmar -- ~ karman -- , but perh. with ODBL 668 ← Drav. cf. Tam. karumā ʻ smith, smelter ʼ whence meaning ʻ smith ʼ was transferred also to karmakāra -- ] Pa. kammāra -- m. ʻ worker in metal ʼ; Pk. kammāra -- , ˚aya -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, A. kamār, B. kāmār; Or. kamāra ʻ blacksmith, caste of non -- Aryans, caste of fishermen ʼ; Mth. kamār ʻ blacksmith ʼ, Si. kam̆burā.*karmāraśālā -- .Addenda: karmāˊra -- : Md. kan̆buru ʻ blacksmith ʼ. *karmāraśālā ʻ smithy ʼ. [karmāˊra -- , śāˊlā -- ]Mth. kamarsārī; -- Bi. kamarsāyar?(CDIAL 2898, 2899)

Spine: khāra 2 खार (= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 1530); (in Kāshmīrī) envy, jealousy, secret hate; desire (El., YZ. 52); great sorrow (Rām. 1484, cf. khār 2).  (Kashmiri)

Ta. kāṟai gold or silver collar, necklet for women and children. Ma. kāṟa collar of gold or silver worn by Māpḷichis and fisherwomen; a kind of silver or gold neck-ring worn by boys of higher castes in Palghat. To. ka·ṟ silver bangle worn on right leg by chief men. Tu. kārè a kind of necklace or collar. Nk. (Ch.) kara silver necklace. (DEDR 1506)

   khār 3 खार् । खारी f. (sg. dat. khör^ü 1 खोरू॒, Gr.Gr. 71), an ass's load (the ḵẖarwār of Persia and India); a dry measure containing sixteen trakh of 11 19/175 lb. each, and hence equal to 177 129/175 lb. avoirdupois (L. 243). According to El., however, a trakh is about 9 1/2 lb., and a khār is hence 152 lb. (K.Pr. 5, 28, 90, 106, 118, 138, 168; W. 103; Śiv. 591, 1795). By local custom, a khār of rice, maize, and barley consists of only 15 trakhs, or 166 22/35 lb. (L. l.c.). As a measure of land, a khār represents the area which is supposed to require a khār weight of rice-seed, or exactly 4 British acres (L. l.c.). -bôr^u-बोरु॒ । खारी भारश्च m. a load (of grain, or the like) weighing one khār. khār ḍŏḍ khār खार् ड्वड् खार् । खारी सार्धखारी वा f. about one or one and a half khār(in weight). --maṭi khasüñ^ü --मटि खस॑ञू॒ । समर्पितीभवनम् f.inf. a khār weight to mount on the shoulder; met. a heavy responsibility to be imposed upon one (e.g. to find oneself responsible for the support of a large family when one is without the necessary means). --z^akhör^a --ज़्खा॑रू॒ । खारी खारीद्वयं वा f. about one or two khār (in weight). khör^ü-hond^ü खा॑रू॒-ह॑न्दु॒ । खारीपूरणयोग्यः adj. (f. -hünz^ü -ह॑न्ज़ू), of a khār; hence (of a basket, or the like) large enough to contain a khār (of grain, etc.). khör^üv-pöṭh^ü खा॑रू॒?व्-पा॑ठि॒ or -pöṭhin -पा॑ठिन् । खारीशः adv. in khārs, i.e. in a large number of khārs, in an indefinite number of khārs.(Kashmiri)

khar 1 खर् खरः m. (f. khür^ü ख॑रू॒ or khariñ खरिञ्), a donkey, an ass (L.V. 88; K.Pr. 26, 73, 104-5, 166, 174, 190, 215, 235, 262; H. iii, 8, 9; v, 7; K. 224); often used ˚--, to indicate the commonest, largest, or coarsest of the kind, like 'horse' in our 'horse-radish', 'a horse-laugh', etc.; cf. khar-bādām, bel., and kharkhasun, s.v. Towards Islāmābād the word is pronounced khaḍ (El.). -āhang -आहंग् f. an ass's bray (K.Pr. 235). -baca -बच । खरपोतः m. a baby ass, a very young ass's foal. -bādām -बादाम् । तिक्तराजादनः m. a kind of bitter almond, see El. s.v. bádám. -bôr^u -बोरु॒ । खरभारः m. an ass's load; met. a heavy load, too heavy to be comfortably carried by a man. -khāv -खाव् । तिरस्कारितः adj. c.g. an ass-eater; met. one who is universally condemned and vilified (K.Pr. 104). -khāv gaʦhun -खाव् गछ़ुन् । निन्द्यीभवनम् m.inf. become a subject of ill-repute, to get a bad name, acquire (justly or unjustly) an evil repute. -khāv karun -खाव् करुन् । निन्दापात्रीकरणम् m.inf. to give a person a bad name, to bring him into disrepute (whether deserved or not). -kan -कन् m. 'ass-eared', a hare, i.q. khargōsh, q.v. s.v. -kura -कुर । खरकिशोरः m. an ass's colt; met. a capricious troublesome child. -lĕd -ल्यद् । खरविष्ठा f. (sg. dat. -lë̆z^ü-ल्य॑ज़ू॒), ass's dung. -mĕng -म्यंग् । तृणविशेषः m. a kind of grass, said to make man garrulous and mad, when eaten unawares. -paḍur -प़डुर् । फलविशेषः m. N. of a certain fruit, a kind of pear. -palana -पलन । खरपल्ययनम् m. an ass's pack-saddle. -pūt^u -पूतु॒ m. an ass's colt (K.Pr. 104). -s^ah-स्ह् । सिंहविशेषः m. a certain animal, described as a small-sized leopard that kills only small animals, not larger than an ass. -ṭö̃c^ü -टाँ॑चू॒ । फलविशेषः f. N. of a certain fruit, a kind of wild pear (El. khar-ṭánj). -ṭö̃g टाँ॑ग् । खरशब्दः f. the bray of an ass. -trēl -त्रेल् । फलभेदो ऽल्पः f. N. of a kind of small wild apple. -ʦam -च़म् । खरचर्म f. ass's skin; met. any hard and tough skin, like that of an ass. -ʦŏth -च्वथ् । खरोपस्थः f. (sg. dat. ʦŏ̈ʦ^ü च़्व॑च़ू॒), an ass's anus; the generative organs of an ass (male or female). -ʦũ̄̈ṭh -च़ूँ॑ठ् । खरपर्दनम् f. (sg. dat. ʦũ̄̈ṭi च़ूँ॒॑टि), an ass's fart. -wôl^u -वोलु॒ । खरपालकः m. a man who, as a means of livelihood, owns asses for carrying burdens, an ass driver who owns his asses (L. 459). kharas khārun खरस् खारुन् । खरारोपणम् m.inf. to mount (a person) on an ass; met. to put (a person) to public shame, to disgrace. (Kashmiri)

m0008a  1038 Field symbol:  kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild.

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.).

kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l'smithy, forge'  Or, warehouse  kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse.

bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots.

m008 "This unicorn seal was also discovered during the late 1927-31 excavations at Mohenjo-daro. One theory holds that the bull actually has two horns, but that these have been stylized to one because of the complexity of depicting three dimensions. However the manufacturing and design process behind seals was so sophisticated that the depiction of three dimensions might not necessarily have been a problem." -- Omar Khan https://www.harappa.com/seal/11.html Slide 46 https://slideplayer.com/slide/15162906/

"First Unicorn seals. The splash of the new. Pictures of mysterious seals from Harappa had appeared in specialized journals, but no composite picture of seals had been offered to the masses until September 24, 1924. This set of seals from the Illustrated London News were the vehicle. From the very beginning, the face of the unicorn was the face of the Indus civilization, and that is probably how its rulers had intended it to be.Sir John Marshall, who published the findings wrote "The animal most often represented on the seals is the apparently single-horned beast . . .. There is a possibility, I think, that the artist intended to represent one horn behind the other. In other animals, however, the two horns are shown quite distinctly. In some respects the body of this beast, which is always a male, resembles that of an antelope of heavy build, such as the eland or oryx, and in others that of an ox. The long tuffed tail may belong to either class. The horn is sometimes smooth . . . sometimes it has transverse ridges. In the latter case, the possibility of the creature being an ox is ruled out. The long pointed ears are also characteristic of the antelope. Perhaps we have here a fabulous animal which is a composite of the ox and antelope. And yet to the casual eye there is nothing fantastic about it, as about some of the other animals represented on seals; nor does it in any way resemble the unicorn of heraldry, which is made up of different parts of a number of animals, though it must be noted that the traditional unicorn was supposed to have originated in India" [Mohenjo-daro and The Indus Civilization, Vol. II., p. 382]."https://www.harappa.com/blog/first-unicorn-seals

Source: Chapter Ten - Understanding Indus Seal-Carving Traditions: A Stylistic and Metric Approach

from Part II - South Asia and the Gulf Region By Gregg M. Jamison Edited by Marta Ameri, Colby College, Maine, Sarah Kielt Costello, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Gregg Jamison, Sarah Jarmer Scott

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108160186.013 pp 167-186 "Abstract. Inscribed steatite seals are among the most important components of Indus material assemblages. During the Integration Era of the Harappa phase (2600–1900 BCE) these objects were used to serve a variety of purposes, yet many important questions remain regarding how and where they were made, and how production would have varied within and among different settlements. This study presents a novel method for analyzing the organization of Indus seal production. By combining formal stylistic and metric analyses of various elements of inscribed steatite seals, it is possible to fingerprint groups of seals that would have been carved by different producers working throughout the Indus region. Preliminary results suggest that these techniques are useful for providing new insights into the scale and nature of variation in Indus seal-carving traditions. The methods applied in this study can be employed to analyze seals from other world regions to provide new insights into how production was organized and varied in time and space."

Unicorn seal found Kish, Iraq.

The Harappan riddle of 'unicorn'

Shubhangana Atre

Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute

Vol. 44 (1985), pp. 1-10 Published by: Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune

https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930107

Onager shown on Standard of Ur (2600 BCE) is also shown on Indus Script inscriptions. An example is the seal from Mohenjo-daro (m290)(ca. 2500 BCE) which is a documentation of metalwork wealth by smelters' guild.

DETAIL FROM THE PANEL ON THE BULL-HEADED LYRE showing an 8-stringed bovine lyre being played. At the top of the lyre, braided material is wrapped around the crossbar under the tuning sticks. The small fox-like animal facing the front of the lyre holds a sistrum, or rattle. UPM 817694. Detail of neg. 735-110

The Indus Script hypertext message of the narrative on the Ur lyre: pōḷa, 'zebu' rebus: pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore' PLUS khōṇḍa 'young bull' rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold' PLUS kolhā, 'jackal' rebus: kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS tambur 'harp' rebus: tambra 'copper' PLUS khara 'onager' rebus:  khār खार् 'blacksmith'. 

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Thus, the message is: daybook (wealth-accounting ledger) of blacksmith working with iron smelter, copper, gold, magnetite ore.

Hieroglyph: पोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus'  Rebus: पोळ pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrite ore' खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā 'to turn in a lathe' (B.) कोंद kōnda. 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. khōṇḍī 'pannier sack'खोंडी (Marathi) Rebus: kunda 'nidhi' kundaṇa 'fine gold' PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.

Hieroglyph: jackal: kolhā: krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. Pāṇ. [√kruś]Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka -- and kotthu -- , °uka -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42; -- Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, °lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m.(CDIAL 3615) Rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kolhe 'smelter'

Hieroglyph: tambura 'harp/lyre' rebus: tambra 'copper'

Hieroglyph: khara1 m. ʻ donkey ʼ KātyŚr., °rī -- f. Pāṇ.NiDoc. Pk. khara -- m., Gy. pal. ḳăr m., kắri f., arm. xari, eur. gr. kher, kfer, rum. xerú, Kt. kur, Pr. korūˊ, Dm. khar m., °ri f., Tir. kh*lr, Paš. lauṛ. khar m., khär f., Kal. urt. khār, Phal. khār m., khári f., K. khar m., khürüf., pog. kash. ḍoḍ. khar, S. kharu m., P. G. M. khar m., OM. khari f.; -- ext. Ash. kərəṭék, Shum. xareṭá; <-> L. kharkā m., °kī f. -- Kho. khairánu ʻ donkey's foal ʼ (+?).*kharapāla -- ; -- *kharabhaka -- . Addenda: khara -- 1: Bshk. Kt. kur ʻ donkey ʼ (for loss of aspiration Morgenstierne ID 334).(CDIAL 3818) Rebus: khār खार् । 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.

Thus, the symbolic ensemble is a documentation of metalwork in Indus Script Cipher.

m290 Mohenjo-daro seal. Decipherment: kola 'tiger' Rebus; kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, temple' kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattar 'guild of goldsmiths'. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'

ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) rebus:  ṭaṅka 'mint'

khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' khāra-- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ (Kashmiri)(CDIAL 9424)

kharkhara  खर््खर । अश्वादिकण्डूयनयन्त्रम् m. a curry-comb (K.Pr. 15). -- karun -- करुन् । अश्वादिकण्डूयनकरणम् m.inf. to use a curry-comb, to curry (a horse), to groom (a horse).(Kashmiri) kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati) rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) Rebus: daybook: karaḍā m The arrangement of bars or embossed lines (plain or fretted with little knobs) raised upon a तार of gold by pressing and driving it upon the ... 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book (Marathi) khār  खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Hieroglyph: khāra 2 खार (= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1 ), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 153)(Kashmiri) Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.*kaṇṭa3 ʻ backbone, podex, penis ʼ. 2. *kaṇḍa -- . 3. *karaṇḍa -- 4. (Cf. *kāṭa -- 2, *ḍākka -- 2: poss. same as káṇṭa -- 1]1. Pa. piṭṭhi -- kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ bone of the spine ʼ; Gy. eur. kanro m. ʻ penis ʼ (or < káṇṭaka -- ); Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼ; P. kaṇḍ f. ʻ back, pubes ʼ; WPah. bhal. kaṇṭ f. ʻ syphilis ʼ; N. kaṇḍo ʻ buttock, rump, anus ʼ, kaṇḍeulo ʻ small of the back ʼ; B. kã̄ṭ ʻ clitoris ʼ; Or. kaṇṭi ʻ handle of a plough ʼ; H. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Si. äṭa -- kaṭuva ʻ bone ʼ, piṭa -- k° ʻ backbone ʼ.2. Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) కరాళము karāḷamu karāḷamu. [Skt.] n. The backbone. వెన్నెముక (Telugu)

Rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy-बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer.; । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. , a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl  । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -म्य&above;च&dotbelow;ू&below; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore.; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. (Kashmiri)Rebus: khara 'sharp-edged' Kannada); pure, unalloyed (Kashmiri) khára2 ʻ hard, sharp, pungent ʼ MBh., ʻ solid ʼ Pān., ʻ hot (of wind) ʼ Suśr. [Cf. karkara -- 1, karkaśá -- , kakkhaṭa -- ]Pa. Pk. khara -- ʻ hard, rough, cruel, sharp ʼ; K. khoru ʻ pure, genuine ʼ, S. kharo, L. P. kharā (P. also ʻ good of weather ʼ); WPah. bhad. kharo ʻ good ʼ, paṅ. cur. cam. kharā ʻ good, clean ʼ; Ku. kharo ʻ honest ʼ; N. kharo ʻ real, keen ʼ; A. khar ʻ quick, nimble ʼ, m. ʻ dry weather ʼ, kharā ʻ dry, infertile ʼ, khariba ʻ to become dry ʼ; B. kharā ʻ hot, dry ʼ, vb. ʻ to overparch ʼ; Or. kharā ʻ sunshine ʼ; OAw. khara ʻ sharp, notched ʼ; H. kharā ʻ sharp, pure, good ʼ; G. khar ʻ sharp, hot ʼ, °rũ ʻ real, good, well parched or baked, well learnt ʼ; M. khar ʻ sharp, biting, thick (of consistency) ʼ, °rā ʻ pure, good, firm ʼ; Ko. kharo ʻ true ʼ; Si. kara -- räs ʻ hot -- rayed, i.e. sun ʼ. -- Ext. Pk. kharaḍia -- ʻ rough ʼ; Or. kharaṛā ʻ slightly parched ʼ. <-> X kṣārá -- 1: Or. khārā ʻ very sharp, pure, true ʼ. <-> X paruṣá -- 1: Bshk. khärúṣ ʻ rough, rugged ʼ; Si. karahu ʻ hard ʼ.kharapattrā -- , kharayaṣṭikā -- , *kharasrōtas -- .Addenda: khara -- 2: WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khɔ́rɔ ʻ great, good, excessive ʼ; J. kharā ʻ good, well ʼ; OMarw. kharaü ʻ extreme ʼ.(CDIAL 3819)

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.

Rebus: Ta. karaṭu roughness, unevenness, churlish temper; karaṭṭu rugged, uneven, unpolished; karaṇ uneven surface in vegetables and fruits, scar; karu prong, barb, spike; karumai, karil severity, cruelty; karukkuteeth of a saw or sickle, jagged edge of palmyra leaf-stalk, sharpness. Ma. karaṭu what is rough or uneven; kaṟu rough; kaṟuppu roughness; karuma sharpness of sword; karukku teeth of a saw or file, thorns of a palmyra branch, irregular surface; karukarukka to be harsh, sharp, rough, irritating; karikku edge of teeth; kari-muḷ hard thorn; projecting parts of the skin of custard-apples, jack-fruits, etc.; kari-maṭal rind of jack-fruits. Ko. karp keenness or harshness (of wind); ? kako·ṭ hoe with sharp, broad blade (for -ko·ṭ, see 2064). Ka. karaḍu that is rough, uneven, unpolished, hard, or waste, useless, or wicked; kaṟaku, karku, kakku, gaṟaku, garaku, garku, garasu a jag, notch, dent, toothed part of a file or saw, rough part of a millstone, irregular surface, sharpness. Tu. karaḍů, karaḍu rough, coarse, worn out; wastage, loss, wear; kargōṭa hardness, hard-heartedness; hard, hard-hearted; garu 

rough; garime severity, strictness; gargāsů asaw. Te. kara sharp; karagasamu a saw; karakasa roughness; karusu rough, harsh; harsh words; kaṟaku, kaṟuku harshness, roughness, sharpness; rough, harsh, sharp; gari hardness, stiffness, sharpness; (B.) karaṭi stubborn, brutish, villainous; kakku a notch or dent, toothed part of a saw, file, or sickle, roughness of a millstone. Go. (Ma.) karkara sharp (Voc. 543). Kur. karcnā to be tough, (Hahn) be hardened. ? Cf. 1260 Ka. garasu. / Cf. Skt. karaṭa- a low, unruly, difficult person; karkara- hard, firm; karkaśa- rough, harsh, hard; krakaca-, karapattra-saw; khara- hard, harsh, rough, sharp-edged; kharu- harsh, cruel; Pali kakaca- saw; khara- rough; saw; Pkt. karakaya- saw; Apabhraṃśa (Jasaharacariu) karaḍa- hard. Cf. esp. Turner, CDIAL, no. 2819. Cf. also Skt. karavāla- sword (for second element, cf. 5376 Ta. vāḷ).(DEDR 1265)

See: 

235 Harappa Indus Script tablets deciphered: भरत 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' ready as supercargo & for turners, from 1. smithy, 2. cast metal, 3. implements furnaces (workshops) http://tinyurl.com/h45ex2j

Dwaraka. Turbinella pyrum, s'ankha seal with   सांगड [sāṅgaḍa] 'a body formed with combination of parts of animals' Rebus: sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati). Rebus: sangar 'fortification'; jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati)  The mercantile agents who were jangadiyo received goods on jangad 'entrusted for approval'. An ancient Near East accounting system was jangaḍ. The system of jangaḍ simply meant 'goods on approval' with the agent -- like the Meluhhan merchant-agents or brokers living in settlements in ancient near East -- merely responsible for showing the goods to the intended buyers. సంగడము (p. 1272) saṅgaḍamu sangaḍamu. [from Skt. సంగతమ్.] n. Dumb-bells, సాముచేయువారు తిప్పేలోడు. Help, assistance, aid, సహాయము. Friendship, ౛త, స్నేహము. Meeting, చేరిక. Nearness, సమీపము. A retinue, పరిచారము. Service, సేవ. An army, సేన. "అనవుడు వాడునగుచు నీవిక్రమంబునకు నా వెరపు సంగడంబుగాదె." M. VII. iv. 59. "ఉ అంచెలుగట్టి కాలి తొడుసైచనననీవుగదమ్మప్రోదిరా, యంచలివేటి సంగడములయ్యెను." Swa. v. 72. Trouble, annoyance, ౛ం౛ాటము, సంకటము. సంగడమువాడు sangaḍamu-vāḍu. n. A friend or companion. చెలికాడు, నేస్తకాడు. సంగడి sangaḍi. n. A couple, pair, ౛ంట ౛త, ౛ోడు. Friendship, స్నేహము. A friend, a fellow, a playmate, నేస్తకాడు. A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side.

The animal heads ligatured are:

1. markhor: Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́ l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) mẽḍha ‘antelope,markhor’; rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) 

2. barad, balad 'ox' Rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).

3. khōṇḍa 'young bull' Rebus: kunda 'nidhi'; kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting' 

Annex

Harappan chimaera analysed by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale

Above: Harappan chimaera and its hypertextual components. 

Harappan chimera and its hypertextual components. The 'expression' summarizes the syntax of Harappan chimeras within round brackets, creatures with body parts used in their correct  anatomic position (tiger, unicorn, markhor goat, elephant, zebu, and human); within square brackets, creatures with body parts used to symbolize other anatomic elements (cobra snake for tail and human arm for elephant proboscis); the elephant icon as exonent out of the square brackets symbolizes the overall elephantine contour of the chimeras; out of brackes, scorpion indicates the animal automatically perceived joining the lineate horns, the human face, and the arm-like trunk of Harappan chimeras. (After Fig. 6 in: Harappan chimaeras as 'symbolic hypertexts'. Some thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization (Dennys Frenez & Massimo Vidale, 2012) A paper by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale on composite Indus creatures and their meaning: Harappa Chimaeras as 'Symbolic Hypertexts'. Some Thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization at http://a.harappa.com/content/harappan-chimaeras

Mirror: https://www.scribd.com/doc/270086643/Harappan-chimaeras-as-symbolic-hypertexts-Some-thoughts-on-Plato-Chimaera-and-the-Indus-Civilization-Dennys-Frenez-Massimo-Vidale-2012

Largest Ever Treasure Trove of Iron Age Weapons Retrieved in Oman -- Theodoros Karasavvas

June 10, 2019, 12:09 am

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27 JANUARY, 2018 - 02:00 THEODOROS KARASAVVAS

Largest Ever Treasure Trove of Iron Age Weapons Retrieved in Oman

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Reports of archaeological finds from Oman, a middle-eastern country on the Arabian Peninsula, are rarely in the news. But this week, archaeologists in Oman have reported the unearthing of the largest haul of Iron Age weapons in the country’s history. The many precious artifacts have been discovered at Al Madhmar area of Adam province.

Largest Treasure Trove in Region’s History

More than 3,000 arrowheads – as well as bronze snake models and other artifacts – in what is considered by experts as the largest treasure trove in Arabian Peninsula’s history, have been unearthed from Mudhmar site in Adam, Oman. The current excavation is part of the exploration that launched back in 2007 by French archaeological mission in coordination with the Ministry of Heritage and Culture (MHC). Speaking to Muscat Daily , a unnamed senior ministry official stated, “This is the largest collection of weapons from any historical site in Oman. The bronze snakes hint at the ritual or social practices at the time.”

The magnificent haul of bronze weapons from Iron Age II (900-600 BC) excavated from the site, sheds new light on weaponry during the Iron Age in the eastern Arabian Peninsula and about social practices at the time.

Bronze snake models hint at the social practices of the time. (Image: Oman Ministry of Heritage and Culture )

Weapons Used in the Iron Age

Arising in central Asia during the second millennium BC, the Iron Age saw culture after culture make the leap from bronze to iron-based technologies. Between 1200 and 550 BC, the Iron Age overtook Near Eastern cultures. From there, it moved to Europe, coming to an end sometime around 43 AD, the year Rome invaded Britain. A number of important advancements came about as a result of the Iron Age, but among the most significant was weaponry.

The use of chariots was widespread at the height of the Near East Iron Age. The Hittites and Canaanites employed them, as did the Greeks and Egyptians. The chariot's primary purpose was transport on the battlefield. It was only during the later classical era that chariots were modified for racing. In battle, a heavily armored warrior could not be expected to move very quickly or mount and ride on horseback. The development of the two-horse chariot solved this problem. Now a driver could rapidly convey him to the battlefield and then retrieve him afterwards.

Hittite Archer and Chariot - Late Hittite sculpture on orthostat. The Hittites were renowned charioteers. They developed a new chariot design, which had lighter wheels, with less spokes. The Battle of Kadesh in 1299 BC is likely to have been the largest chariot battle ever fought, involving some five thousand chariots. ( CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

If Iron Age warriors had difficulty moving about the battlefield, it is easy to see why. In the Near East, they wore armor made from bronze, iron, or a combination of both. Fashioned like a tunic, the armor might hang as low as the knees and extend all the way to the wrists. Their shields were cumbersome, too. In fact, they had to be carried into battle by a special corps of shield bearers.

Swords of the late Bronze Age tended to be sickle-shaped. But as iron was introduced, the curve of the blade became less pronounced. These swords were more like large daggers and were usually hung in sheaths across the chest or back. They did not hang from the belt the way later swords would.

Mudhmar East’s Excavation

Mudhmar East consists of two buildings and many other additional facilities. It is positioned at the foot of Jebel Mudhmar, near one of the widest valleys in Oman. With a length of 15m (49 ft), the larger of the two buildings is located on the slope of Jebel Mudhmar and is constructed of cut sandstone blocks and earthen bricks. Inside this building, archaeologists noticed a small ritual complex, where the precious haul of bronze weapons was hosted for centuries. “Dating from Iron Age II (900-600 BC), these objects appear to have fallen off furniture or shelves. Alternatively, they may have hung on the walls of the room,” the French archaeological mission mentioned in a statement according to Muscat Daily .

3D model of the main building at Mudhmar East, Oman (the room where many weapons were found is in the middle of the building on the left). (Image Credit: © Raphael Hautefort / Mission archéologique française en Oman central )

During the 2016 excavation, the French mission discovered two exceptional collections of objects. The first one consisted of two small quivers entirely made of bronze, including the six arrows contained in each of them. “Given their size (35cm), these were small-scale models imitating the original objects made of perishable materials (leather), which are not usually found in archaeological excavations. The fact that they are made of metal implies that they were non-functional. Quivers of these kind have never been found in the Arabian Peninsula, and are extremely rare elsewhere,” the leading archaeologist noted in a paper .

Left: Two quivers made of copper/bronze found at Mudhmar East. Right: Non-utilitarian bow, entirely made of copper/bronze. (Image Credit: © Guillaume Gernez / Mission archéologique française en Oman central ).

The second group consisted of metal weapons, which were mostly non-utilitarian, given their somewhat reduced size, material and unfinished state. In total, archaeologists unearthed five battle axes, five daggers with crescent-shaped pommels (characteristic of Iron Age II), nearly fifty arrowheads and five complete bows. The size of the bows and the material used indicates that they were copies of bows created of perishable materials as wood and tendons.

“Objects of these type have never been found before: Bows made of metal were totally unknown in the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East until now,” the French archaeological mission mentioned in the study according to Muscat Daily , pinpointing the immense archaeological and cultural value of the find for the region’s history.

In the excavations that have followed, thousands more arrowheads and countless other objects have been unearthed. The search for more treasures from this unique site continues.

Top image: Around 3000 arrowheads were found amongst the hoard. (Image: Oman Ministry of Heritage and Culture )

By Theodoros Karasavvas

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/largest-ever-treasure-trove-iron-age-weapons-retrieved-oman-009500?fbclid=IwAR2HFkHtaerpPUtLDx5pOWfo8Wvkue6NNAxOgHKuAhvm2xVWCAA1Myshgkk

Millennia-old artefacts found at Oman archaeological site

February 5, 2018 | 9:15 PM

 

by Times News Service

Finds.Willayat of Denk.

https://timesofoman.com/article/127562?fbclid=IwAR0AEe4gYG6sYAfo4Sa0v_jWTmlu5s4bUTtK

Muscat: Beads, arrowheads and vessels with distinctive markings were discovered in the Wilayat of Dhank, the Ministry of Heritage and Culture said.

All the finds date back to anywhere from the third to the first millennium BC.

In a statement the Ministry said: “The Ministry of Heritage and Culture recently completed excavation work at the Shakur site in the Wilayat of Dhank, in cooperation with a US mission from the University of Temple headed by Dr. Kimberly William.”

Talking about the discoveries, the Ministry said, “Several archaeological finds were discovered including beads, arrowheads and trade stamps. The most prominent finds this season were vessels made of chloride with distinctive engravings inside. It also has some text that likely belonged to the Andalusian civilisation. Future studies will reveal more information about this text and the importance of this archeological and commercial site.”




Fins.Willayat of Denk.62KesfXvW0MdNz-1Mz4sax4

kār-kunda کار کنده 'manager, scribe' directs 'wealth-accounting ledgers of blacksmiths' of Indus Script Corpora

June 10, 2019, 4:00 am

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https://tinyurl.com/y27nz4b8

In view of the unique expression attested in Pashto dialect, and reading two earlier monographs together, the following conclusions are drawn from a review of Indus Script Corpora which now exceed 8000 inscriptions:

1. Most frequent Indus Script expression signifies, 'wealth-accounting ledger of blacksmith,scribe';

2. most frequent hypertext ' 'unicorn' signifies the blacksmith's professional title: کار کنده kār-kunda, 'manager scribe'.

 کار کنده kār-kunda shown on Harappa h179 tablet. His head-dress is kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit)  which signifies Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) कूदी  f. a bunch of twigs , bunch (v.l. कूट्/ई) AV. v , 19 , 12 Kaus3.ccord. to Kaus3. , Sch. = बदरी, "Christ's thorn".(Monier-Williams)The bunch of twigs = ku_di_, ku_t.i_ (Skt.lex.) ku_di_ (also written as ku_t.i_ in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kaus’ika Su_tra (Bloomsfield’s ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk,98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badari_, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).[Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned, standing person].

This is an addendum to:

1. खर-अंशुः 'Soma, metaphor of wealth, of sun's rays'. Meluhha Indus Script Citragupta 'pictographic cipher' expressions 1) lohakaraṇika 'metal engraver', 2) khār karṇī kharaḍā 'blacksmith, supercargo, engraver, daybook (of metalwork)'. https://tinyurl.com/y37svtye

2.Unicorn, Indus Script hypertext kunda-kara karaṇī is a goldsmith, smelter blacksmith, lapidary, supercargo, scribe https://tinyurl.com/y5wneaqr

 کار کنده kār-kunda  'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto) This Pashto expression finds mention on two distinct categories of Indus Script Corpora:

2.The most frequent expression of Indus Script Corpora is a text composed of three signs:

This expression occurs on h1997A tablet.

From r. to l.:

1. Hieroglyph: khāra 2 खार 'backbone, spine' rebus: khār  खार् । 'blacksmith'

2. Hieroglyph: karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karṇī, supercargo' 

3. khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) Thus, together, the message reads: khār karṇī karaḍā 'blacksmith, scribe, daybook' or 'wealth-accounting ledger of blacksmith,scribe'.

1. On the hypertext signified by the 'one-horned young bull'. It has been noted that the 'unicorn' is an Indus Script hypertext signifying kunda-kara karaṇī. This has to be modified to signify  کار کنده kār-kunda karaṇī 'manager goldsmith,smelter blacksmith,lapidary, supercargo,scribe (cf. the monograph at https://tinyurl.com/y5wneaqr)

This monograph reconstructs two ancient Meluhha (Indian sprachbund, 'language union') expressions which signify wealth-accounting for a nation by merchant-/artisan-guilds of Sarasvati Civilization. Cognates of the word khār has two meanings: 1. blacksmith; 2. खर-अंशुः the sun. अंशुः is a synonym of Soma and is cognate with ancu.'iron' (Tocharian). The processing of Soma or अंशुः is the central, sacred metaphor of R̥gveda.
m1656 Pectoral. Gold Pendant. Harappa. National Museum, New Delhi

Sun's rays arka 'sun, rays of sun' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'moltencast'.
Orthography of the young bull clearly shows sun’s rays on the belly of the bovine.

अंशु m. a filament (especially of the सोम plant); a kind of सोम libation (शतपथ-ब्राह्मण); a ray , sunbeam; end of a thread , a minute particle; a point, end (Monier-Williams); aṃśuḥ अंशुः [अंश्-मृग˚ कु.] 1 A ray, beam of light; चण्ड˚, घर्मं˚ hot-rayed the sun; सूर्यांशुभिर्भिन्नमिवारविन्दम् Ku.1.32; Iustre, brilliance चण्डांशुकिरणाभाश्च हाराः Rām.5.9.48; Śi.1.9. रत्न˚, नख˚ &c. -2 A point or end. -3 A small or minute particle. - 4 End of a thread. -5 A filament, especially of the Soma plant (Ved.) -6 Garment; decoration. -7 N. of a sage or of a prince. -8 Speed, velocity (वेग). -9 Fine thread -Comp. -उदकम् dew-water. -जालम् a collection of rays, a blaze or halo of light. -धरः -पतिः -भृत्-बाणः -भर्तृ-स्वामिन् the sun, (bearer or lord of rays). -पट्टम् a kind of silken cloth (अंशुना सूक्ष्मसूत्रेणयुक्तं पट्टम्); सश्रीफलैरंशुपट्टम् Y. 1.186; श्रीफलैरंशुपट्टानां Ms.5.12. -माला a garland of light, halo. -मालिन् m. [अंशवो मालेव, ततः अस्त्यर्थे इनि] 1 the sun (wreathed with, surrounded by, rays). -2 the number twelve. -हस्तः [अंशुः हस्त इव यस्य] the sun (who draws up water from the earth by means of his 1 hands in the form of rays)(Apte).

अंशुः, पुं, (अंशयति इति अंश विभाजने । मृग-ष्वादित्वात् कुः ।) किरणः ॥ प्रभा ॥ इति मेदि-नी ॥ वेशः ॥ इति धरणी ॥ सूत्रादिसूक्ष्मांशः ।इति हेमचन्द्रः ॥ लेशः ॥ सूर्य्यः ॥ इति विश्वः ॥(ऋषिविशेषः । लतावयवः । सोमलतावयवः ।भागः ।) https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः

अंशु पु० अंश--मृग० कु । किरणे सूत्रे सूक्ष्मांशे प्रकाशेप्रभायां वेगे च “अंशवोऽत्र पतिता रवेः किमु”? इत्युद्भटः“सूर्य्यांशुभिर्भिन्नमिवारविन्दमिति” कुमा० । तत्र स्वपर-प्रकाशकस्य तेजःपदार्थस्य समन्तात् प्रसृतः स्पर्शयोग्यःकिञ्चिन्निविडः सूक्ष्मांशविशेषः किरणः, स च प्रायशःसूर्य्यस्य, तस्य तेजसा प्रदीप्तचन्द्रादेश्च । तदपेक्षया अल्प-स्थानप्रसारी किञ्चिद्विरलः स्पर्शायोग्यः तेजःसूक्ष्मांशःप्रभा, सा च रत्नादिवस्तुनः । चन्द्रादेस्तु अन्यापेक्षयाऽधिक-प्रसृतत्वात् किरणसम्भवः अतएव तत्र शीतांशुः सितकिरणइत्यादिप्रयोगः । स्पर्शयोग्यः तेजःपदार्थस्य किरणादपिनिविडः सूक्ष्मांशः आतपः, किरणापेक्षया अतिविरल-प्रसारी स्पर्शायोग्यः परप्रकाशसाधनमतिसूक्ष्मांशविशेषःआलोकः । प्रभायाम् आलोके वा न र्शोऽनुभूयते ।तत्र अंशुशब्दस्य किरणवाचित्वे सहस्रांशुः उष्णांशुःशीतांशुरित्यादयः । प्रभापरत्वे रत्नांशुः नखांशुरित्या-दयः । अजस्रमाश्रावितवल्लकीगुणक्षतोज्ज्वलाङ्गुष्ठनखांशु-भिन्नयेति” “द्विजावलीबालनिशाकरांशुभिरिति” चमाघः । सूत्रांशपरत्वे अंशुकं पट्टांशुकं चीना-शुकमित्यादयः । प्रकाशपरत्वे उपांशु उपहृतप्रकाश-त्वाच्चास्य गुप्तत्वं प्रतीयते तच्चार्थिकम् । सूक्ष्मविभागपरत्वेप्रांशुः प्रोन्नतावयवत्वा च्चास्य दीर्घत्वं प्रतीयते तच्चा-र्थिकम् इति । https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम्

This is an addendum to:
1. Uniquely ligatured ficus hieroglyph signifies lohakāra 'coppersmith, ironsmith' (Pali) lohakaraṇika 'metal engraver' https://tinyurl.com/y3sdsz7g 

2. Citragupta, accountant, kāyastha 'merchant-guilds' on sculptues signify Indus Script hypertexts, signifiers of wealth-accounting https://tinyurl.com/y3dwju97

Sign 327V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata(Santali) 

Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lohakāra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali); lohāra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); loha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha luṭi = iron utensils and implements (Santali)

Analogous to the reading of the expression of Sign 327 as

lohakaraṇika 'metal engraver', it is possible to interpret the most frequently used Indus Script expression as khār karṇī kharaḍā 'blacksmith, supercargo, engraver,daybook (of metalwork)'. 

Etymology of Khar from Sanskrit "Svar", meaning Sun, which changes in northwestern Indian languages to "Khar". खर  khara खर a. [opp. मृदु, श्लक्ष्ण, द्रव) 1 

Hard, rough, solid-Comp. खर-अंशुः, -करः, -रश्मिः the sun (Apte). खर--मयूख = खरा* ंशु "hot-rayed" , the sun (धूर्तनर्तक)(Monier-Williams)

 Sign 48 and variants One reading is barado 'spine' rebus: bharata 'alloy metal oc copper, pewter, tin'. It also signifies khār खार् 'spine'.  کار کنده kār-kunda ' 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto)  kuṇḍa n. ʻ clump ʼ e.g. darbha-- kuṇḍa-- Pāṇ.(CDIAL 3236). kundār turner (A.)(CDIAL 3295). : kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Vikalpa: kūdī, kūṭī 'bunch of twigs' (Skt.) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln; blacksmith and engraver-lapidary setting or infixing gems. (Kashmiri) kundana ‘fine gold’ (Kannada). कुन्द [p= 291,2] one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यक Gal. ) L. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh.  (Pashto)    P کار kār, s.m. (2nd) Business, action, affair, work, labor, profession, operation. Pl. کارونه kārūnah. (E.) کار آرموده .چار kār āzmūdah. adj. Experienced, practised, veteran. کار و بار kār-o-bār, s.m. (2nd) Business, affair. Pl. کار و بارونه kār-o-bārūnah. کار خانه kār- ḵẖānaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A manufactory, a dock- yard, an arsenal, a workshop. Pl. يْ ey. کاردیده kār-dīdah, adj. Experienced, tried, veteran. کار روائي kār-rawā-ī, s.f. (3rd) Carrying on a business, management, performance. Pl. ئِي aʿī. کار زار kār-zār, s.m. (2nd) Battle, conflict. Pl. کار زارونه kār-zārūnah. کار ساز kār-sāz, adj. Adroit, clever; (Fem.) کار سازه kār-sāzaʿh. کار ساري kār-sāzī, s.f. (3rd) Cleverness, adroitness. Pl. ئِي aʿī. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. کار کول kār kawul, verb trans. To work, to labor, to trade. په کار راتلل pah kār rā-tʿlal or راغلل rāg̠ẖ-lal, verb intrans. To be fit, to come into use, to be of use, to be proper or useful. په کار راوړل pah kār rā-wʿṟṟal, verb trans. To bring to use, to make use of, to expend. په کار دي pah kār daey, It is useful. په کار نه دي pah kār nah daey, It is useless. P کارستان kār-istān, s.m. (2nd) A place of work, a manufactory, an arsenal. Pl. کارستانونه kār-istānūnah.(Pashto) Khar or Khor is the Persian word Khordad, which means "Given by Sun". The Skt. expressions  ˚सूदनः the sun. -मणिः the sun. -मध्यम् the central point of the sky, the zenith are cognate with khar 'sun'. खर m. a quadrangular mound of earth for receiving the sacrificial vessels (शतपथ-ब्राह्मण v , 1 , 2 , 15); (?) m. xiv (आश्वलायन-श्रौत-सूत्र, कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र)

Hieroglyph: G. khũṭṛɔ m. ʻ entire bull used for agriculture but not for breeding ʼ, (Kathiawar) khũṭ m. ʻ Brahmani bull ʼ.(CDIAL 3899) Rebus: कारकुन   kārakuna m ( P A factor, agent, or business-man.) A clerk, scribe, writer. सवा हात लेखणीचा का0 A term of ironical commendation for a clerk.

Hieroglyph 1: khāra 2 खार (= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 1530)(Kashmiri)   A خار ḵẖār, s.m. (2nd) A thorn, a thistle, a bramble. 2. A spike, a splinter. Pl. خارونه ḵẖārūnah. خار دار ḵẖār-dār, adj. Thorny, barbed, troublesome. خار ګیري ḵẖār-gīrī, s.f. (3rd) A fence, a temporary defence made of thorns. Pl. ئِي aʿī. See اغزن(Pashto)

Hieroglyph 2: खार   khāra 'squirrel'; खारी   khārī f (Usually खार) A squirrel. (Kashmiri) 

See: Guild-master’s Indus Script Inscription (m304) deciphered. Hypertext khāra, šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'squirrel’ is plaintext khār 'blacksmith'śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master' (Aitareya Brāhmaṇa) 

https://tinyurl.com/y9ug5h9y

Longest inscription m0314 of Indus Script Corpora is catalogue of a guild-master. The guild master is signified by Indus Script hypertext 'squirrel' hieroglyph 'khāra, šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄' Rebus: plaintext: khār 'blacksmith' śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master' (Aitareya Brāhmaṇa).

  The guild-master signs off on the inscription by affixing his hieroglyph: 

palm squirrel,Sciurus palmarum'

Rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस्त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭh^ü -ब॑ठू॒ । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkur^u -द्वकुरु॒ । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧjⁱ -ग॑जि॒ or -güj^ü -ग॑जू॒ । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höj^ü-हा॑जू॒), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūr^ü -कूरू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭ^u -क॑टु॒ । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭ^ü -क॑टू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më̆ʦ^ü 1 -म्य॑च़ू॒ । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see khāra 3), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuw^u-न्यचिवु॒ । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see khārun), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦ^añĕ -च़्ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 30). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. khār 2 खार् or khwār ख्वार् । दरिद्रीभूतः adj. c.g. poor, distressed, become poor, reduced to poverty; deserted, abandoned, friendless, wretched (Śiv. 421, Rām. 1697); abject, vile, base, contemptible (cf. khārakhas) (K.Pr. 247); ruined, desolate (El.); ruined, destroyed, spoiled (K.Pr. 248, Rām. 1380-1); distraught, full of anxiety or sorrow (Rām. 1623). --gōmot^u --गोम॑तु॒ । दारिद्र्यमापन्नः perf. part. (f. -gömüʦ^ü -गा॑म॑च़ू॒), become poor; become contemptible, despised, despicable (YZ. 486); become distressed, become full of anxiety or sorrow, distraught (Rām. 1463, 1665); etc., as ab. --karun --करुन् । दुःखितीकरणम् m.inf. to reduce a person to distress or poverty (e.g. by unkindness, by robbing him, or by seducing him to profligacy) (Rām. 1386, 1481); to make despised, bring to contempt (YZ. 37, 568); to ruin, destroy (Rām. 1380). --ta kharāba --त खराब । अतिदुर्गतः adj. c.g. reduced to the greatest straits, greatly distressed (by loss of livelihood); reduced to distress (by disease), etc. (Kashmiri)

svar स्वर् ind. 1 Heaven, paradise; as in स्वर्लोक, स्वर्वेश्या, स्वर्भानुः, &c.; त्वं कर्मणां मङ्गलमङ्गलानां कर्तुः स्म लोकं तनुषे स्वः परं वा Bhāg.4.6.45. -2 The heaven of Indra and the temporary abode of the virtuous after death. -3 The sky, ether. -4 The space above the sun or between the sun and the polar star. -5 The third of the three Vyāhṛitis, pronounced by every Brāhmaṇa in his daily prayers; see व्याहृति. -6 Radiance, splendour. -7 Water. ind. (used in nom., acc., gen., or loc. case); स्वलंकृतैर्भ- वनवरैविभूषितां पुरंदरः स्वरिव यथामरावतीम् Rām.7.11.5; साधोरपि स्वः खलु गामिताधो गमी स तु स्वर्गमितः प्रयाणे N.6. 99 (herein abl. case, स्वर् = स्वर्गात्). -Comp. -अतिक्रमः reaching Vaikuṇṭha (beyond heaven). -आपगा, -गङ्गा 1 the celestial Ganges. -2 the galaxy or milky way. -इङ्गणः a strong wind. -गत a. dead. -गतिः f., -गमनम् 1 going to heaven, future felicity. -2 death. -गिरिः Sumeru. -जित् m. a kind of sacrifice; यजेत वाश्वमेधेन स्वर्जिता गोसवेन वा Ms.11.74. -तरुः (स्वस्तरुः) a tree of paradise. -दृश् m. 1 an epithet of Indra. -2 of Agni. -3 of Soma. -धुनी, -नदी (forming स्वर्णदी) the celestial Ganges; सद्यः पुनन्त्युपस्पृष्टाः स्वर्धुन्यापोनुसेवया Bhāg.1.1.15. -भानवः a kind of precious stone. -भानुः Name of Rāhu; तुल्ये$पराधे स्वर्भानुर्भानुमन्तं चिरेण यत् । हिमांशुमाशु ग्रसते तन्म्रदिम्नः स्फुटं फलम् Ś.i.2.49. ˚सूदनः the sun. -मणिः the sun. -मध्यम् the central point of the sky, the zenith. -यात a. dead. -यातृ a. dying. -यानम् dying, death. -योषित a celestial woman, apsaras. -लोकः the celestial world, heaven. -वधूः f. a celestial damsel, an apsaras. -वापी the Ganges. -वारवामभ्रू (see -वधू above); स्वर्वारवामभ्रुवः नृत्यं चक्रुः Cholachampū p.22, Verse 51. -वेश्या 'a courtezan of heaven', acelestial nymph, an apsaras. -वैद्य m. du. an epithet of the two Aśvins. -षा 1 an epithet of Soma. -2 of the thunderbolt of Indra. -सिन्धु = स्वर्गङ्गा q. v. (Apte)
sanskritdictionary.com/svar/35038/4

See: The most frequent Indus Script hypertext expression is khār karṇī kharaḍā 'blacksmith, supercargo, daybook (of metalwork)' 

https://tinyurl.com/ycgtthuz

The most frequently used Indus Script hypertext expression in Indus Script corpora consists of three unique hieroglyph: 1. khār 'backbone'; 2. karṇaka, 'rim-of-jar' 3. kharaḍā, 'currycomb'. 

This triplet of hieroglyphs in Indus Script hypertext signifies wealth-accounting ledger of blacksmith's metalwork products: 

1. khār  खार् 'blacksmith', 

2. karṇī, scribe/supercargo (a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale), [Note: kul-- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ(Marathi)]

3. (scribed in) karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger of khār  खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

खरडा  kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. (Marathi) See: karuma sharpness of sword (Tamil)(DEDR 1265) karumā, 'blaksmith' (Tamil);karmāra 'blacksmith' (R̥gveda)

At the outset, it should be noted that many of these Indus Script expressions are unique to Harappa where tablets (inclduing sealings as tablets) are used to record works in process for subsequent compilation of shipment info. of metalwork catalogues on seals. 

Decipherment of variants of the most-frequently used expression (shown on venn diagram) relate to yields from three types of furnaces: 1. smithy, 2. cast metal, 3. implements. The outputs from the furnaces are meant for 1. supercargo (consignments to be shipped by seafaring merchants, helmsmen) and 2. for further work by kharādī turners and for entry in daybook of the scribe: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.

Seal published by Omananda Saraswati. In Pl. 275: Omananda Saraswati 1975. Ancient Seals of Haryana (in Hindi). Rohtak.

This pictorial motif gets normalized in Indus writing system as a hieroglyph sign.

Harappa. Prism tablet. H94-2177/4999-01: Molded faience tablet, Period 3B/3C. Rebus reading:

Two 'ingot' hieroglyphs: dul ḍ̠aḇ 'cast ingot'

'Backbone' hieroglyph:karaṁḍa ʻbackboneʼ Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'

'crocodile' hieroglyph: kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) Rebus: kāruvu 'artisan' (Telugu) khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

'two' hieroglyph + 'rimless pot' hieroglyph: dula 'two' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' + baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: baTa 'furnace'. Thus metal-casting furnace.

Rebus reading of incised Kalibangan potsherd: ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron, metal' PLUS karaṁḍa ʻbackboneʼ Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' PLUS kanka, karṇaka ‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karṇaka ‘accountscribe’. 

 kārṇī  m. ʻsuper cargo of a ship ʼ(Marathi) 

Incised potsherd from Kalibangan. The overriding of the signs shows that the direction of writing was from right to left.

Map showing Khao Sam Kaeo on the east coast and the complex of Phu Khao Thong/Bang Kluai Nok on the west coast [Drawing by the Thai-French archaeological mission].in: "The development of coastal polities in the Upper Thai-Malay Peninsula" by Berenice Bellina et al (2014) in:  Before Siam: Essays in Art and Archaeology. (pp. 69-89). River Books http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1456831/  Mirror: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263620585_The_Development_of_Coastal_Polities_in_the_Upper_Thai-Malay_Peninsula_in_the_Late_First_Millennium_BCE 

https://www.academia.edu/5625561/The_Development_of_Coastal_Polities_in_the_Upper_Thai-Malay_Peninsula

Apart from etched beads which echo Sarasvati Civilization lapidary work, there are 1) ornaments found in Khao Sam Kaeo which signify Indus Script hieroglyphs and 2) potsherd with Indus Script epigraph found in Phu Khao Thong. Indus Script hieroglyphs on the Khao Sam Kaeo ornaments are:

Source: Dr. Berenice Bellina of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, excavations conducted by the Thai Fine Arts at Phu Khao Thong in Thailand in 2007.

The Phu Khao Thong potsherd inscription has hieroglyphs which read rebus: karaṇḍa'backbone' rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' PLUS mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end. Thus the inscription reads: karaḍa mũhe 'hard metal alloy ingot'.

Slide 33. Early Harappan zebu figurine with incised spots from Harappa.

Decipherment of the Harappa figurine on Slide 33:
 पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' Rebus: magnetite, citizen.(See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/zebu-archaeometallurgy-legacy-of-india.html )
 mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali)
 खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi)
The figurine signifies ingots of  पोळ [pōḷa], ‘magnetite’. This is a metalwork catalogue message in Indus Script Corpora.

 

Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ, 'lathe'  Rebus: sãgaṛh , 'fortification' Rebus: jangad 'invoicing on approval basis'

Hieroglyph: kõdā 'young bull calf' Rebus: kõdā 'turner-joiner' (forge);kundana 'fine gold'

eraka 'nave of wheel' Rebus: eraka 'molten cast, copper' arā 'spokes' rebus: āra 'brass'

sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'

karaṇḍa 'backbone' rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' 

aḍar 'harrow' Rebus: aduru 'native metal'

bhaṭa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

karṇaka, 'rim of jar' Rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.

This high-frequency of the expression is highlighted by the venn diagram presented by Nisha Yadav using a limited set of 235 Harappa tablets from the Corpora (Mahadevan concordance):

Yadav, Nisha, 2013, Sensitivity of Indus Script to type of object, SCRIPTA, Vol. 5 (Sept. 2013), pp. 67-103

From r. to l.:

1. Hieroglyph: khāra 2 खार 'backbone, spine' rebus: khār  खार् । 'blacksmith'

2. Hieroglyph: karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karṇī, supercargo' 

3. khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati)

Thus, the Indus Script hypertext signifies: 1. blacksmith, 2. supercargo (a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.), 3. wealth-accounting ledger 

Onager shown on Standard of Ur (2600 BCE) is also shown on Indus Script inscriptions. An example is the seal from Mohenjo-daro (m290)(ca. 2500 BCE) which is a documentation of metalwork wealth by smelters' guild.

DETAIL FROM THE PANEL ON THE BULL-HEADED LYRE showing an 8-stringed bovine lyre being played. At the top of the lyre, braided material is wrapped around the crossbar under the tuning sticks. The small fox-like animal facing the front of the lyre holds a sistrum, or rattle. UPM 817694. Detail of neg. 735-110

The Indus Script hypertext message of the narrative on the Ur lyre: pōḷa, 'zebu' rebus: pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore' PLUS khōṇḍa 'young bull' rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold' PLUS kolhā, 'jackal' rebus: kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS tambur 'harp' rebus: tambra 'copper' PLUS khara 'onager' rebus:  khār खार् 'blacksmith'. 

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Thus, the message is: daybook (wealth-accounting ledger) of blacksmith working with iron smelter, copper, gold, magnetite ore.

Hieroglyph: पोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus'  Rebus: पोळ pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrite ore' खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā 'to turn in a lathe' (B.) कोंद kōnda. 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. khōṇḍī 'pannier sack'खोंडी (Marathi) Rebus: kunda 'nidhi' kundaṇa 'fine gold' PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.

Hieroglyph: jackal: kolhā: krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. Pāṇ. [√kruś]Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka -- and kotthu -- , °uka -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42; -- Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, °lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m.(CDIAL 3615) Rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kolhe 'smelter'

Hieroglyph: tambura 'harp/lyre' rebus: tambra 'copper'

Hieroglyph: khara1 m. ʻ donkey ʼ KātyŚr., °rī -- f. Pāṇ.NiDoc. Pk. khara -- m., Gy. pal. ḳăr m., kắri f., arm. xari, eur. gr. kher, kfer, rum. xerú, Kt. kur, Pr. korūˊ, Dm. khar m., °ri f., Tir. kh*lr, Paš. lauṛ. khar m., khär f., Kal. urt. khār, Phal. khār m., khári f., K. khar m., khürüf., pog. kash. ḍoḍ. khar, S. kharu m., P. G. M. khar m., OM. khari f.; -- ext. Ash. kərəṭék, Shum. xareṭá; <-> L. kharkā m., °kī f. -- Kho. khairánu ʻ donkey's foal ʼ (+?).*kharapāla -- ; -- *kharabhaka -- . Addenda: khara -- 1: Bshk. Kt. kur ʻ donkey ʼ (for loss of aspiration Morgenstierne ID 334).(CDIAL 3818) Rebus: khār खार् । 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.

Thus, the symbolic ensemble is a documentation of metalwork in Indus Script Cipher.

m290 Mohenjo-daro seal. Decipherment: kola 'tiger' Rebus; kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, temple' kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattar 'guild of goldsmiths'. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'

ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) rebus:  ṭaṅka 'mint'

khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' khāra-- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ (Kashmiri)(CDIAL 9424)

kharkhara  खर््खर । अश्वादिकण्डूयनयन्त्रम् m. a curry-comb (K.Pr. 15). -- karun -- करुन् । अश्वादिकण्डूयनकरणम् m.inf. to use a curry-comb, to curry (a horse), to groom (a horse).(Kashmiri) kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati) rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) Rebus: daybook: karaḍā m The arrangement of bars or embossed lines (plain or fretted with little knobs) raised upon a तार of gold by pressing and driving it upon the ... 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book (Marathi) khār  खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Hieroglyph: khāra 2 खार (= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1 ), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 153)(Kashmiri) Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.*kaṇṭa3 ʻ backbone, podex, penis ʼ. 2. *kaṇḍa -- . 3. *karaṇḍa -- 4. (Cf. *kāṭa -- 2, *ḍākka -- 2: poss. same as káṇṭa -- 1]1. Pa. piṭṭhi -- kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ bone of the spine ʼ; Gy. eur. kanro m. ʻ penis ʼ (or < káṇṭaka -- ); Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼ; P. kaṇḍ f. ʻ back, pubes ʼ; WPah. bhal. kaṇṭ f. ʻ syphilis ʼ; N. kaṇḍo ʻ buttock, rump, anus ʼ, kaṇḍeulo ʻ small of the back ʼ; B. kã̄ṭ ʻ clitoris ʼ; Or. kaṇṭi ʻ handle of a plough ʼ; H. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Si. äṭa -- kaṭuva ʻ bone ʼ, piṭa -- k° ʻ backbone ʼ.2. Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) కరాళము karāḷamu karāḷamu. [Skt.] n. The backbone. వెన్నెముక (Telugu)

Rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy-बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer.; । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. , a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl  । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -म्य&above;च&dotbelow;ू&below; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore.; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. (Kashmiri)Rebus: khara 'sharp-edged' Kannada); pure, unalloyed (Kashmiri) khára2 ʻ hard, sharp, pungent ʼ MBh., ʻ solid ʼ Pān., ʻ hot (of wind) ʼ Suśr. [Cf. karkara -- 1, karkaśá -- , kakkhaṭa -- ]Pa. Pk. khara -- ʻ hard, rough, cruel, sharp ʼ; K. khoru ʻ pure, genuine ʼ, S. kharo, L. P. kharā (P. also ʻ good of weather ʼ); WPah. bhad. kharo ʻ good ʼ, paṅ. cur. cam. kharā ʻ good, clean ʼ; Ku. kharo ʻ honest ʼ; N. kharo ʻ real, keen ʼ; A. khar ʻ quick, nimble ʼ, m. ʻ dry weather ʼ, kharā ʻ dry, infertile ʼ, khariba ʻ to become dry ʼ; B. kharā ʻ hot, dry ʼ, vb. ʻ to overparch ʼ; Or. kharā ʻ sunshine ʼ; OAw. khara ʻ sharp, notched ʼ; H. kharā ʻ sharp, pure, good ʼ; G. khar ʻ sharp, hot ʼ, °rũ ʻ real, good, well parched or baked, well learnt ʼ; M. khar ʻ sharp, biting, thick (of consistency) ʼ, °rā ʻ pure, good, firm ʼ; Ko. kharo ʻ true ʼ; Si. kara -- räs ʻ hot -- rayed, i.e. sun ʼ. -- Ext. Pk. kharaḍia -- ʻ rough ʼ; Or. kharaṛā ʻ slightly parched ʼ. <-> X kṣārá -- 1: Or. khārā ʻ very sharp, pure, true ʼ. <-> X paruṣá -- 1: Bshk. khärúṣ ʻ rough, rugged ʼ; Si. karahu ʻ hard ʼ.
kharapattrā -- , kharayaṣṭikā -- , *kharasrōtas -- .Addenda: khara -- 2: WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khɔ́rɔ ʻ great, good, excessive ʼ; J. kharā ʻ good, well ʼ; OMarw. kharaü ʻ extreme ʼ.(CDIAL 3819)

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.

Rebus: Ta. karaṭu roughness, unevenness, churlish temper; karaṭṭu rugged, uneven, unpolished; karaṇ uneven surface in vegetables and fruits, scar; karu prong, barb, spike; karumai, karil severity, cruelty; karukkuteeth of a saw or sickle, jagged edge of palmyra leaf-stalk, sharpness. Ma. karaṭu what is rough or uneven; kaṟu rough; kaṟuppu roughness; karuma sharpness of sword; karukku teeth of a saw or file, thorns of a palmyra branch, irregular surface; karukarukka to be harsh, sharp, rough, irritating; karikku edge of teeth; kari-muḷ hard thorn; projecting parts of the skin of custard-apples, jack-fruits, etc.; kari-maṭal rind of jack-fruits. Ko. karp keenness or harshness (of wind); ? kako·ṭ hoe with sharp, broad blade (for -ko·ṭ, see 2064). Ka. karaḍu that is rough, uneven, unpolished, hard, or waste, useless, or wicked; kaṟaku, karku, kakku, gaṟaku, garaku, garku, garasu a jag, notch, dent, toothed part of a file or saw, rough part of a millstone, irregular surface, sharpness. Tu. karaḍů, karaḍu rough, coarse, worn out; wastage, loss, wear; kargōṭa hardness, hard-heartedness; hard, hard-hearted; garu rough; garime severity, strictness; gargāsů a saw. Te. kara sharp; karagasamu a saw; karakasa roughness; karusu rough, harsh; harsh words; kaṟaku, kaṟuku harshness, roughness, sharpness; rough, harsh, sharp; gari hardness, stiffness, sharpness; (B.) karaṭi stubborn, brutish, villainous; kakku a notch or dent, toothed part of a saw, file, or sickle, roughness of a millstone. Go. (Ma.) karkara sharp (Voc. 543). Kur. karcnā to be tough, (Hahn) be hardened. ? Cf. 1260 Ka. garasu. / Cf. Skt. karaṭa- a low, unruly, difficult person; karkara- hard, firm; karkaśa- rough, harsh, hard; krakaca-, karapattra-saw; khara- hard, harsh, rough, sharp-edged; kharu- harsh, cruel; Pali kakaca- saw; khara- rough; saw; Pkt. karakaya- saw; Apabhraṃśa (Jasaharacariu) karaḍa- hard. Cf. esp. Turner, CDIAL, no. 2819. Cf. also Skt. karavāla- sword (for second element, cf. 5376 Ta. vāḷ).(DEDR 1265)

See: 

235 Harappa Indus Script tablets deciphered: भरत 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' ready as supercargo & for turners, from 1. smithy, 2. cast metal, 3. implements furnaces (workshops) http://tinyurl.com/h45ex2j 

The venn diagram shows the associate expressions of hypertexts:

baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'cast metal' Thus, cast metal furnace (Frequency of occurrence: 74)

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'  PLUS kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy'. Thus smithy furnace (Frequency of occurrence: 111)

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS gaNDa 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. Thus implements furnace (Frequency of occurrence: 50)

Faience tablet (H2001-5082/2920-02) made from two colors of faience was found eroding from the Trench 54 South workshop area. Identical tablets made from two colors of faience were recovered in Area J, at the south end of Mound AB, in the excavations of Vats during the 1930s. gaNDa 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'.

Pict-90 Text 4305

4305 Pict-90: Standing person with horns and bovine features holding a staff or mace on his shoulder.  

Hieroglyph: ḍhangar 'bull' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' (Maithili) damgar, tamkāru 'merchant' (Akkadian). 

bhaṭa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karṇī, supercargo' Thus, the three-sided Harappa tablet signifies blacksmith, merchant, supercargo (handling products from) furnace workshop.

Stone seal. h179. National Museum, India. Carved seal. Scan 27418 Tongues of flame decorate the flaming pillar, further signified by two 'star' hieroglyphs on either side of the bottom of the flaming arch.

Front

khār 'blacksmith' emerges out of the tree or flaming pillar (skambha) identified by the 'star' hieroglyph'. The wristlets he wears and headdress signify that he is khār working with kuṭhi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace'. He is a smith engaged in smelting.

Hieroglyph:मेढा [ mēḍhā ] 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Thus, signifying a cast iron smelter.
Santali glosses.

Hieroglyph: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'
Hieroglyph: head-dress:  kūdī, kūṭī bunch of twigs (Sanskrit)  kuṭhi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace' (Santali) (Phonetic determinative of skambha, 'flaming pillar', rebus:kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'). Skambha, flamiung pillar is the enquiry in Atharva veda Skambha Sukta (AV X.7,8)

Huntington Archive Scan 27419. 

Location: Mohenjo Daro, Larkana Dt., Sind, Pakistan Site: Mohenjo Daro Monument/Object: seal, relief sculpture Current Location: National Museum, New Delhi, India Subject: figure, in ceremonial headdress, in tree or flaming pillar Photo Depicts: reverse Period: Harappa/Indus Civilization (Pakistan)

Reverse Text message: 

Hieroglyphs: backbone + four short strokes  

Signs 47, 48: Four ribs of backbone: gaṇḍa ‘four’ Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’.  Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻbone shaped like a bambooʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.( (CDIAL 2670) rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'. Alternative: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) + rebus: bharat kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’, furnace for mixed alloy called bharat(copper, zinc, tin alloy).

bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ bhaṭa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace', thus reinforcing the smelting process in the fire-altars. Smelters might have used bhaThi 'bellows'. bhástrā f. ʻ leathern bag ʼ ŚBr., ʻ bellows ʼ Kāv., bhastrikā -- f. ʻ little bag ʼ Daś. [Despite EWA ii 489, not from a √bhas ʻ blow ʼ (existence of which is very doubtful). -- Basic meaning is ʻ skin bag ʼ (cf. bakura<-> ʻ bellows ʼ ~ bākurá -- dŕ̊ti -- ʻ goat's skin ʼ), der. from bastá -- m. ʻ goat ʼ RV. (cf.bastājina -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ MaitrS. = bāstaṁ carma Mn.); with bh -- (and unexpl. -- st -- ) in Pa. bhasta -- m. ʻ goat ʼ, bhastacamma -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ. Phonet. Pa. and all NIA. (except S. with a) may be < *bhāsta -- , cf. bāsta -- above (J. C. W.)]With unexpl. retention of -- st -- : Pa. bhastā -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ (cf. vāta -- puṇṇa -- bhasta -- camma -- n. ʻ goat's skin full ofwind ʼ), biḷāra -- bhastā -- f. ʻ catskin bag ʼ, bhasta -- n. ʻ leather sack (for flour) ʼ; K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ; -- S. bathī f. ʻ quiver ʼ (< *bhathī); A. Or. bhāti ʻ bellows ʼ, Bi. bhāthī, (S of Ganges) bhã̄thī; OAw. bhāthā̆ ʻ quiver ʼ; H. bhāthā m. ʻ quiver ʼ, bhāthī f. ʻ bellows ʼ; G. bhāthɔ,bhātɔ, bhāthṛɔ m. ʻ quiver ʼ (whence bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ); M. bhātā m. ʻ leathern bag, bellows, quiver ʼ, bhātaḍ n. ʻ bellows, quiver ʼ; <-> (X bhráṣṭra -- ?) N. bhã̄ṭi ʻ bellows ʼ, H. bhāṭhī f.Addenda: bhástrā -- : OA. bhāthi ʻ bellows ʼ .(CDIAL 9424) bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj]

Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭhm., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ.*bhraṣṭrāgāra ʻ grain parching house ʼ. [bhráṣṭra -- , agāra -- ]P. bhaṭhiār, °ālā m. ʻ grainparcher's shop ʼ.(CDIAL 9656, 9658)

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali) Rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo' karṇīka 'helmsman, merchantman, scribe, account'. 

Copper tablet (H2000-4498/9889-01) with raised script found in Trench 43 of Harappa. The raised script has apparently been achieved during casting in a mould. Over 8 such tablets have been found in Harappa from circular platforms (which are clearly meant for artisans working in metal smithy/forge work).

Harappa tablets showing a pair of 'ingots' flanking 'backbone' hieroglyph

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS hieroglyph: oval (lozenge) shape: 

mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, the message of the Indus Script hypertext with three hieroglyphs is: cast metal ingot of karaḍa 'hard alloy'. करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)  kharādī ' turner, a person who fashions or shapes objects on a lathe' (Gujarati)

Alternative reading of ingot: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati).

Persian gulf seal. mr̤eka, melh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu, mleccha-mukha 'copper' eraka 'raisedhand' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper'

karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं ) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] 'hard alloy' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus copper metal casters.

Unicorn, Indus Script hypertext kunda-kara karaṇī is a goldsmith, smelter blacksmith, lapidary, supercargo, scribe 

https://tinyurl.com/y5wneaqr

-- Unicorn, Indus Script hieroglyphs read Meluhha rebus as kō̃da-khār-karaṇī'smelter blacksmith, supercargo, scribe', kunda-kara'turner, lapidary', kunda'treasure'kundaṇa'fine gold'

-- Unicorn, composite animal खोंड khōṇḍa'young bull' PLUS khara'onager' read rebus: kunda-kara'turner, lapidary', kō̃da-khār'smelter blacksmith'; kunda'one of the nine treasures of Kubera'; kundaṇa 'fine gold'; karṇī 'ear' rebus: karaṇī 'supercargo, scribe'

-- Unicorn of Indus Script is a composite animal with body of young bull, head & ear of onager, crumpled horn

Identifying hieroglyph components of unicorn, as a composite animal of Indus Script

On the pattern of ligaturing technique to create a composite animal, the 'unicorn' pictorial motif of Indus Script can be seen as a hypertext composition with distinct hieroglyphic ligatures. See Annex:Harappan chimaera analysed by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale.

On seal m008 of Mohenjo-daro, such ligatures or component hieroglyphs are idenified as: 1. one wavy, serrated, crumpled horn; 2. ear; 3. head, including face; 4. pannier; 5. the body of the animal is a young bull.

Each of these five hieroglyph components of the composition is read rebus in Meluhha:

1. mer̥ha deren'crumpled horn' rebus: meḍ'iron' (Mu.Ho.),med'copper' (Slavic) PLUS tiṟ(u) 'trade, exchange, barter.'

2. karṇī 'ear' rebus: karaṇī 'supercargo, scribe' [supercargo in charge as 'a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'

3.Head of onager: khara'onager' rebus:  khār खार् 'blacksmith'(Kashmiri) kāruvu 'artisan' (Telugu)

4. Pannier: khōṇḍa 'sack, pannier'khōṇḍī 'pannier sack'खोंडी (Marathi) Rebus: kunda 'nidhi'; kō̃daकोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting'  This is a semantic determinative of the body of the animal.

5. Body of the animal: खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting'; kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'Rebus:  Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725).

Thus, the body of the young bull PLUS face/head of onager is read together: khara'onager' rebus:  खोंड khōṇḍa'young bull' rebus: kō̃daकोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting'PLUS khār खार् 'blacksmith'. The expression read together rebus is: kundakara, 'turner, lapidary'.

The animal is in front of a standard device.The standard device has two hieroglyph components: 1. lathe; 2. portable furnace.

Component 1. Lathe: kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1] N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi.kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m. (CDIAL 3295). kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1] A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297).

Component 2. Portable furnace: kammatamu'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa'mint, coiner coinage'.The bottom portion, the portable furnace is: కమటము (p. 246) kamaṭamu kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచి

యొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్"హంస. ii. కమ్మటము (p. 247) kammaṭamu Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste.  Rebus:  Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.  (DEDR 1236)

Thus, together, the standard device signifies kammaṭa kunda 'mint treasure'.

m008 "This unicorn seal was also discovered during the late 1927-31 excavations at Mohenjo-daro. One theory holds that the bull actually has two horns, but that these have been stylized to one because of the complexity of depicting three dimensions. However the manufacturing and design process behind seals was so sophisticated that the depiction of three dimensions might not necessarily have been a problem." -- Omar Khan https://www.harappa.com/seal/11.html Slide 46 https://slideplayer.com/slide/15162906/

khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस्त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭh^ü-ब॑ठू॒ । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkur^u -द्वकुरु॒ । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧjⁱ -ग॑जि॒ or -güj^ü -ग॑जू॒ । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höj^ü -हा॑जू॒), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūr^ü -कूरू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭ^u -क॑टु॒ । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭ^ü -क॑टू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më̆ʦ^ü 1 -म्य॑च़ू॒ । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see khāra 3), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuw^u -न्यचिवु॒ । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see khārun), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦ^añĕ -च़्ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 30). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.(Kashmiri)    S لوهار lo-hār, s.m. (5th) A blacksmith. Pl. لوهاران lo-hārān.(Pashto)1lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, ˚rī -- f., ˚raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1]Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., ˚rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh˚ m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ.

Addenda: lōhakāra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m.(CDIAL 11159)

karmāˊra m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ RV. [EWA i 176 < stem *karmar -- ~ karman -- , but perh. with ODBL 668 ← Drav. cf. Tam. karumā ʻ smith, smelter ʼ whence meaning ʻ smith ʼ was transferred also to karmakāra -- ] Pa. kammāra -- m. ʻ worker in metal ʼ; Pk. kammāra -- , ˚aya -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, A. kamār, B. kāmār; Or. kamāra ʻ blacksmith, caste of non -- Aryans, caste of fishermen ʼ; Mth. kamār ʻ blacksmith ʼ, Si. kam̆burā.*karmāraśālā -- .Addenda: karmāˊra -- : Md. kan̆buru ʻ blacksmith ʼ. *karmāraśālā ʻ smithy ʼ. [karmāˊra -- , śāˊlā -- ]Mth. kamarsārī; -- Bi. kamarsāyar?(CDIAL 2898, 2899)

Spine: khāra 2 खार (= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 1530); (in Kāshmīrī) envy, jealousy, secret hate; desire (El., YZ. 52); great sorrow (Rām. 1484, cf. khār 2).  (Kashmiri)

Ta. kāṟai gold or silver collar, necklet for women and children. Ma. kāṟa collar of gold or silver worn by Māpḷichis and fisherwomen; a kind of silver or gold neck-ring worn by boys of higher castes in Palghat. To. ka·ṟ silver bangle worn on right leg by chief men. Tu. kārè a kind of necklace or collar. Nk. (Ch.) kara silver necklace. (DEDR 1506)

   khār 3 खार् । खारी f. (sg. dat. khör^ü 1 खोरू॒, Gr.Gr. 71), an ass's load (the ḵẖarwār of Persia and India); a dry measure containing sixteen trakh of 11 19/175 lb. each, and hence equal to 177 129/175 lb. avoirdupois (L. 243). According to El., however, a trakh is about 9 1/2 lb., and a khār is hence 152 lb. (K.Pr. 5, 28, 90, 106, 118, 138, 168; W. 103; Śiv. 591, 1795). By local custom, a khār of rice, maize, and barley consists of only 15 trakhs, or 166 22/35 lb. (L. l.c.). As a measure of land, a khār represents the area which is supposed to require a khār weight of rice-seed, or exactly 4 British acres (L. l.c.). -bôr^u-बोरु॒ । खारी भारश्च m. a load (of grain, or the like) weighing one khār. khār ḍŏḍ khār खार् ड्वड् खार् । खारी सार्धखारी वा f. about one or one and a half khār(in weight). --maṭi khasüñ^ü --मटि खस॑ञू॒ । समर्पितीभवनम् f.inf. a khār weight to mount on the shoulder; met. a heavy responsibility to be imposed upon one (e.g. to find oneself responsible for the support of a large family when one is without the necessary means). --z^akhör^a --ज़्खा॑रू॒ । खारी खारीद्वयं वा f. about one or two khār (in weight). khör^ü-hond^ü खा॑रू॒-ह॑न्दु॒ । खारीपूरणयोग्यः adj. (f. -hünz^ü -ह॑न्ज़ू), of a khār; hence (of a basket, or the like) large enough to contain a khār (of grain, etc.). khör^üv-pöṭh^ü खा॑रू॒?व्-पा॑ठि॒ or -pöṭhin -पा॑ठिन् । खारीशः adv. in khārs, i.e. in a large number of khārs, in an indefinite number of khārs.(Kashmiri)

khar 1 खर् खरः m. (f. khür^ü ख॑रू॒ or khariñ खरिञ्), a donkey, an ass (L.V. 88; K.Pr. 26, 73, 104-5, 166, 174, 190, 215, 235, 262; H. iii, 8, 9; v, 7; K. 224); often used ˚--, to indicate the commonest, largest, or coarsest of the kind, like 'horse' in our 'horse-radish', 'a horse-laugh', etc.; cf. khar-bādām, bel., and kharkhasun, s.v. Towards Islāmābād the word is pronounced khaḍ (El.). -āhang -आहंग् f. an ass's bray (K.Pr. 235). -baca -बच । खरपोतः m. a baby ass, a very young ass's foal. -bādām -बादाम् । तिक्तराजादनः m. a kind of bitter almond, see El. s.v. bádám. -bôr^u -बोरु॒ । खरभारः m. an ass's load; met. a heavy load, too heavy to be comfortably carried by a man. -khāv -खाव् । तिरस्कारितः adj. c.g. an ass-eater; met. one who is universally condemned and vilified (K.Pr. 104). -khāv gaʦhun -खाव् गछ़ुन् । निन्द्यीभवनम् m.inf. become a subject of ill-repute, to get a bad name, acquire (justly or unjustly) an evil repute. -khāv karun -खाव् करुन् । निन्दापात्रीकरणम् m.inf. to give a person a bad name, to bring him into disrepute (whether deserved or not). -kan -कन् m. 'ass-eared', a hare, i.q. khargōsh, q.v. s.v. -kura -कुर । खरकिशोरः m. an ass's colt; met. a capricious troublesome child. -lĕd -ल्यद् । खरविष्ठा f. (sg. dat. -lë̆z^ü-ल्य॑ज़ू॒), ass's dung. -mĕng -म्यंग् । तृणविशेषः m. a kind of grass, said to make man garrulous and mad, when eaten unawares. -paḍur -प़डुर् । फलविशेषः m. N. of a certain fruit, a kind of pear. -palana -पलन । खरपल्ययनम् m. an ass's pack-saddle. -pūt^u -पूतु॒ m. an ass's colt (K.Pr. 104). -s^ah-स्ह् । सिंहविशेषः m. a certain animal, described as a small-sized leopard that kills only small animals, not larger than an ass. -ṭö̃c^ü -टाँ॑चू॒ । फलविशेषः f. N. of a certain fruit, a kind of wild pear (El. khar-ṭánj). -ṭö̃g टाँ॑ग् । खरशब्दः f. the bray of an ass. -trēl -त्रेल् । फलभेदो ऽल्पः f. N. of a kind of small wild apple. -ʦam -च़म् । खरचर्म f. ass's skin; met. any hard and tough skin, like that of an ass. -ʦŏth -च्वथ् । खरोपस्थः f. (sg. dat. ʦŏ̈ʦ^ü च़्व॑च़ू॒), an ass's anus; the generative organs of an ass (male or female). -ʦũ̄̈ṭh -च़ूँ॑ठ् । खरपर्दनम् f. (sg. dat. ʦũ̄̈ṭi च़ूँ॒॑टि), an ass's fart. -wôl^u -वोलु॒ । खरपालकः m. a man who, as a means of livelihood, owns asses for carrying burdens, an ass driver who owns his asses (L. 459). kharas khārun खरस् खारुन् । खरारोपणम् m.inf. to mount (a person) on an ass; met. to put (a person) to public shame, to disgrace. (Kashmiri)

m0008a  1038 Field symbol:  kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’.sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild.

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.).

kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l'smithy, forge'  Or, warehouse  kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse.

bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots.

m008 "This unicorn seal was also discovered during the late 1927-31 excavations at Mohenjo-daro. One theory holds that the bull actually has two horns, but that these have been stylized to one because of the complexity of depicting three dimensions. However the manufacturing and design process behind seals was so sophisticated that the depiction of three dimensions might not necessarily have been a problem." -- Omar Khan https://www.harappa.com/seal/11.html Slide 46 https://slideplayer.com/slide/15162906/

"First Unicorn seals. The splash of the new. Pictures of mysterious seals from Harappa had appeared in specialized journals, but no composite picture of seals had been offered to the masses until September 24, 1924. This set of seals from the Illustrated London News were the vehicle. From the very beginning, the face of the unicorn was the face of the Indus civilization, and that is probably how its rulers had intended it to be.Sir John Marshall, who published the findings wrote "The animal most often represented on the seals is the apparently single-horned beast . . .. There is a possibility, I think, that the artist intended to represent one horn behind the other. In other animals, however, the two horns are shown quite distinctly. In some respects the body of this beast, which is always a male, resembles that of an antelope of heavy build, such as the eland or oryx, and in others that of an ox. The long tuffed tail may belong to either class. The horn is sometimes smooth . . . sometimes it has transverse ridges. In the latter case, the possibility of the creature being an ox is ruled out. The long pointed ears are also characteristic of the antelope. Perhaps we have here a fabulous animal which is a composite of the ox and antelope. And yet to the casual eye there is nothing fantastic about it, as about some of the other animals represented on seals; nor does it in any way resemble the unicorn of heraldry, which is made up of different parts of a number of animals, though it must be noted that the traditional unicorn was supposed to have originated in India" [Mohenjo-daro and The Indus Civilization, Vol. II., p. 382]."https://www.harappa.com/blog/first-unicorn-seals

Source: Chapter Ten - Understanding Indus Seal-Carving Traditions: A Stylistic and Metric Approach

from Part II - South Asia and the Gulf Region By Gregg M. Jamison Edited by Marta Ameri, Colby College, Maine, Sarah Kielt Costello, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Gregg Jamison, Sarah Jarmer Scott

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108160186.013 pp 167-186 "Abstract. Inscribed steatite seals are among the most important components of Indus material assemblages. During the Integration Era of the Harappa phase (2600–1900 BCE) these objects were used to serve a variety of purposes, yet many important questions remain regarding how and where they were made, and how production would have varied within and among different settlements. This study presents a novel method for analyzing the organization of Indus seal production. By combining formal stylistic and metric analyses of various elements of inscribed steatite seals, it is possible to fingerprint groups of seals that would have been carved by different producers working throughout the Indus region. Preliminary results suggest that these techniques are useful for providing new insights into the scale and nature of variation in Indus seal-carving traditions. The methods applied in this study can be employed to analyze seals from other world regions to provide new insights into how production was organized and varied in time and space."

Unicorn seal found Kish, Iraq.

The Harappan riddle of 'unicorn'

Shubhangana Atre

Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute

Vol. 44 (1985), pp. 1-10 Published by: Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune

https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930107

Onager shown on Standard of Ur (2600 BCE) is also shown on Indus Script inscriptions. An example is the seal from Mohenjo-daro (m290)(ca. 2500 BCE) which is a documentation of metalwork wealth by smelters' guild.

DETAIL FROM THE PANEL ON THE BULL-HEADED LYRE showing an 8-stringed bovine lyre being played. At the top of the lyre, braided material is wrapped around the crossbar under the tuning sticks. The small fox-like animal facing the front of the lyre holds a sistrum, or rattle. UPM 817694. Detail of neg. 735-110

The Indus Script hypertext message of the narrative on the Ur lyre: pōḷa, 'zebu' rebus: pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore' PLUS khōṇḍa 'young bull' rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold' PLUS kolhā, 'jackal' rebus: kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS tambur 'harp' rebus: tambra 'copper' PLUS khara 'onager' rebus:  khār खार् 'blacksmith'. 

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Thus, the message is: daybook (wealth-accounting ledger) of blacksmith working with iron smelter, copper, gold, magnetite ore.

Hieroglyph: पोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus'  Rebus: पोळ pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrite ore' खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā 'to turn in a lathe' (B.) कोंद kōnda. 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. khōṇḍī 'pannier sack'खोंडी (Marathi) Rebus: kunda 'nidhi' kundaṇa 'fine gold' PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.

Hieroglyph: jackal: kolhā: krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. Pāṇ. [√kruś]Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka -- and kotthu -- , °uka -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42; -- Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, °lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m.(CDIAL 3615) Rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kolhe 'smelter'

Hieroglyph: tambura 'harp/lyre' rebus: tambra 'copper'

Hieroglyph: khara1 m. ʻ donkey ʼ KātyŚr., °rī -- f. Pāṇ.NiDoc. Pk. khara -- m., Gy. pal. ḳăr m., kắri f., arm. xari, eur. gr. kher, kfer, rum. xerú, Kt. kur, Pr. korūˊ, Dm. khar m., °ri f., Tir. kh*lr, Paš. lauṛ. khar m., khär f., Kal. urt. khār, Phal. khār m., khári f., K. khar m., khürüf., pog. kash. ḍoḍ. khar, S. kharu m., P. G. M. khar m., OM. khari f.; -- ext. Ash. kərəṭék, Shum. xareṭá; <-> L. kharkā m., °kī f. -- Kho. khairánu ʻ donkey's foal ʼ (+?).*kharapāla -- ; -- *kharabhaka -- . Addenda: khara -- 1: Bshk. Kt. kur ʻ donkey ʼ (for loss of aspiration Morgenstierne ID 334).(CDIAL 3818) Rebus: khār खार् । 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.

Thus, the symbolic ensemble is a documentation of metalwork in Indus Script Cipher.

m290 Mohenjo-daro seal. Decipherment: kola 'tiger' Rebus; kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, temple' kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattar 'guild of goldsmiths'. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'

ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) rebus:  ṭaṅka 'mint'

khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' khāra-- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ (Kashmiri)(CDIAL 9424)

kharkhara  खर््खर । अश्वादिकण्डूयनयन्त्रम् m. a curry-comb (K.Pr. 15). -- karun -- करुन् । अश्वादिकण्डूयनकरणम् m.inf. to use a curry-comb, to curry (a horse), to groom (a horse).(Kashmiri) kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati) rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) Rebus: daybook: karaḍā m The arrangement of bars or embossed lines (plain or fretted with little knobs) raised upon a तार of gold by pressing and driving it upon the ... 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book (Marathi) khār  खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Hieroglyph: khāra 2 खार (= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1 ), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 153)(Kashmiri) Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.*kaṇṭa3 ʻ backbone, podex, penis ʼ. 2. *kaṇḍa -- . 3. *karaṇḍa -- 4. (Cf. *kāṭa -- 2, *ḍākka -- 2: poss. same as káṇṭa -- 1]1. Pa. piṭṭhi -- kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ bone of the spine ʼ; Gy. eur. kanro m. ʻ penis ʼ (or < káṇṭaka -- ); Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼ; P. kaṇḍ f. ʻ back, pubes ʼ; WPah. bhal. kaṇṭ f. ʻ syphilis ʼ; N. kaṇḍo ʻ buttock, rump, anus ʼ, kaṇḍeulo ʻ small of the back ʼ; B. kã̄ṭ ʻ clitoris ʼ; Or. kaṇṭi ʻ handle of a plough ʼ; H. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Si. äṭa -- kaṭuva ʻ bone ʼ, piṭa -- k° ʻ backbone ʼ.2. Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) కరాళము karāḷamu karāḷamu. [Skt.] n. The backbone. వెన్నెముక (Telugu)

Rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy-बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer.; । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. , a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl  । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -म्य&above;च&dotbelow;ू&below; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore.; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. (Kashmiri)Rebus: khara 'sharp-edged' Kannada); pure, unalloyed (Kashmiri) khára2 ʻ hard, sharp, pungent ʼ MBh., ʻ solid ʼ Pān., ʻ hot (of wind) ʼ Suśr. [Cf. karkara -- 1, karkaśá -- , kakkhaṭa -- ]Pa. Pk. khara -- ʻ hard, rough, cruel, sharp ʼ; K. khoru ʻ pure, genuine ʼ, S. kharo, L. P. kharā (P. also ʻ good of weather ʼ); WPah. bhad. kharo ʻ good ʼ, paṅ. cur. cam. kharā ʻ good, clean ʼ; Ku. kharo ʻ honest ʼ; N. kharo ʻ real, keen ʼ; A. khar ʻ quick, nimble ʼ, m. ʻ dry weather ʼ, kharā ʻ dry, infertile ʼ, khariba ʻ to become dry ʼ; B. kharā ʻ hot, dry ʼ, vb. ʻ to overparch ʼ; Or. kharā ʻ sunshine ʼ; OAw. khara ʻ sharp, notched ʼ; H. kharā ʻ sharp, pure, good ʼ; G. khar ʻ sharp, hot ʼ, °rũ ʻ real, good, well parched or baked, well learnt ʼ; M. khar ʻ sharp, biting, thick (of consistency) ʼ, °rā ʻ pure, good, firm ʼ; Ko. kharo ʻ true ʼ; Si. kara -- räs ʻ hot -- rayed, i.e. sun ʼ. -- Ext. Pk. kharaḍia -- ʻ rough ʼ; Or. kharaṛā ʻ slightly parched ʼ. <-> X kṣārá -- 1: Or. khārā ʻ very sharp, pure, true ʼ. <-> X paruṣá -- 1: Bshk. khärúṣ ʻ rough, rugged ʼ; Si. karahu ʻ hard ʼ.kharapattrā -- , kharayaṣṭikā -- , *kharasrōtas -- .Addenda: khara -- 2: WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khɔ́rɔ ʻ great, good, excessive ʼ; J. kharā ʻ good, well ʼ; OMarw. kharaü ʻ extreme ʼ.(CDIAL 3819)

Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.

Rebus: Ta. karaṭu roughness, unevenness, churlish temper; karaṭṭu rugged, uneven, unpolished; karaṇ uneven surface in vegetables and fruits, scar; karu prong, barb, spike; karumai, karil severity, cruelty; karukkuteeth of a saw or sickle, jagged edge of palmyra leaf-stalk, sharpness. Ma. karaṭu what is rough or uneven; kaṟu rough; kaṟuppu roughness; karuma sharpness of sword; karukku teeth of a saw or file, thorns of a palmyra branch, irregular surface; karukarukka to be harsh, sharp, rough, irritating; karikku edge of teeth; kari-muḷ hard thorn; projecting parts of the skin of custard-apples, jack-fruits, etc.; kari-maṭal rind of jack-fruits. Ko. karp keenness or harshness (of wind); ? kako·ṭ hoe with sharp, broad blade (for -ko·ṭ, see 2064). Ka. karaḍu that is rough, uneven, unpolished, hard, or waste, useless, or wicked; kaṟaku, karku, kakku, gaṟaku, garaku, garku, garasu a jag, notch, dent, toothed part of a file or saw, rough part of a millstone, irregular surface, sharpness. Tu. karaḍů, karaḍu rough, coarse, worn out; wastage, loss, wear; kargōṭa hardness, hard-heartedness; hard, hard-hearted; garu 

rough; garime severity, strictness; gargāsů asaw. Te. kara sharp; karagasamu a saw; karakasa roughness; karusu rough, harsh; harsh words; kaṟaku, kaṟuku harshness, roughness, sharpness; rough, harsh, sharp; gari hardness, stiffness, sharpness; (B.) karaṭi stubborn, brutish, villainous; kakku a notch or dent, toothed part of a saw, file, or sickle, roughness of a millstone. Go. (Ma.) karkara sharp (Voc. 543). Kur. karcnā to be tough, (Hahn) be hardened. ? Cf. 1260 Ka. garasu. / Cf. Skt. karaṭa- a low, unruly, difficult person; karkara- hard, firm; karkaśa- rough, harsh, hard; krakaca-, karapattra-saw; khara- hard, harsh, rough, sharp-edged; kharu- harsh, cruel; Pali kakaca- saw; khara- rough; saw; Pkt. karakaya- saw; Apabhraṃśa (Jasaharacariu) karaḍa- hard. Cf. esp. Turner, CDIAL, no. 2819. Cf. also Skt. karavāla- sword (for second element, cf. 5376 Ta. vāḷ).(DEDR 1265)

See: 

235 Harappa Indus Script tablets deciphered: भरत 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' ready as supercargo & for turners, from 1. smithy, 2. cast metal, 3. implements furnaces (workshops) http://tinyurl.com/h45ex2j

Dwaraka. Turbinella pyrum, s'ankha seal with   सांगड [sāṅgaḍa] 'a body formed with combination of parts of animals' Rebus: sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati). Rebus: sangar 'fortification'; jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati)  The mercantile agents who were jangadiyo received goods on jangad 'entrusted for approval'. An ancient Near East accounting system was jangaḍ. The system of jangaḍ simply meant 'goods on approval' with the agent -- like the Meluhhan merchant-agents or brokers living in settlements in ancient near East -- merely responsible for showing the goods to the intended buyers. సంగడము (p. 1272) saṅgaḍamu sangaḍamu. [from Skt. సంగతమ్.] n. Dumb-bells, సాముచేయువారు తిప్పేలోడు. Help, assistance, aid, సహాయము. Friendship, ౛త, స్నేహము. Meeting, చేరిక. Nearness, సమీపము. A retinue, పరిచారము. Service, సేవ. An army, సేన. "అనవుడు వాడునగుచు నీవిక్రమంబునకు నా వెరపు సంగడంబుగాదె." M. VII. iv. 59. "ఉ అంచెలుగట్టి కాలి తొడుసైచనననీవుగదమ్మప్రోదిరా, యంచలివేటి సంగడములయ్యెను." Swa. v. 72. Trouble, annoyance, ౛ం౛ాటము, సంకటము. సంగడమువాడు sangaḍamu-vāḍu. n. A friend or companion. చెలికాడు, నేస్తకాడు. సంగడి sangaḍi. n. A couple, pair, ౛ంట ౛త, ౛ోడు. Friendship, స్నేహము. A friend, a fellow, a playmate, నేస్తకాడు. A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side.

The animal heads ligatured are:

1. markhor: Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́ l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) mẽḍha ‘antelope,markhor’; rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) 

2. barad, balad 'ox' Rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).

3. khōṇḍa 'young bull' Rebus: kunda 'nidhi'; kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting' 

Annex

Harappan chimaera analysed by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale

Above: Harappan chimaera and its hypertextual components. 

Harappan chimera and its hypertextual components. The 'expression' summarizes the syntax of Harappan chimeras within round brackets, creatures with body parts used in their correct  anatomic position (tiger, unicorn, markhor goat, elephant, zebu, and human); within square brackets, creatures with body parts used to symbolize other anatomic elements (cobra snake for tail and human arm for elephant proboscis); the elephant icon as exonent out of the square brackets symbolizes the overall elephantine contour of the chimeras; out of brackes, scorpion indicates the animal automatically perceived joining the lineate horns, the human face, and the arm-like trunk of Harappan chimeras. (After Fig. 6 in: Harappan chimaeras as 'symbolic hypertexts'. Some thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization (Dennys Frenez & Massimo Vidale, 2012) A paper by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale on composite Indus creatures and their meaning: Harappa Chimaeras as 'Symbolic Hypertexts'. Some Thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization at http://a.harappa.com/content/harappan-chimaeras

Mirror: https://www.scribd.com/doc/270086643/Harappan-chimaeras-as-symbolic-hypertexts-Some-thoughts-on-Plato-Chimaera-and-the-Indus-Civilization-Dennys-Frenez-Massimo-Vidale-2012

khara 'onager' rebus khār 'blacksmith' plays the large bull-headed lyre of Ur, c. 2600 BCE. Indus Script hypertext deciphered

June 10, 2019, 10:57 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/y6zvg9st

The 'unicorn' of the bull-headed lyre of Ur (ca. 2600 BCE) is: खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull (Marathi) Rebus: kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Vikalpa: kūdī, kūṭī 'bunch of twigs' (Skt.) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kō̃da कोँद।कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln; blacksmith and engraver-lapidary setting or infixing gems. (Kashmiri) kundana ‘fine gold’ (Kannada). कुन्द [p= 291,2] one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यक Gal. ) L. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh.  (Pashto)    P کار kār, s.m. (2nd) Business, action, affair, work, labor, profession, operation. Pl. کارونه kārūnah. (E.)

On Indus Script, the ‘unicorn’ is also read rebus as:  kār-kundaکار کنده 'manager, scribe'. 

This is an addendum to:
1. The most frequent Indus Script hypertext expression is khār karṇī kharaḍā 'blacksmith, supercargo, daybook (of metalwork)' 

https://tinyurl.com/ycgtthuz 

2. kār-kunda کار کنده 'manager, scribe' directs 'wealth-accounting ledgers of blacksmiths' of Indus Script Corpora https://tinyurl.com/y27nz4b8

FIG. 1. DETAIL FROM THE PANEL ON THE BULL-HEADED LYRE showing an 8-stringed bovine lyre being played. At the top of the lyre, braided material is wrapped around the crossbar under the tuning sticks. The small fox-like animal facing the front of the lyre holds a sistrum, or rattle. UPM 817694. Detail of neg. 735-110. 

FIG. 4. THE LARGE BULL-HEADED LYRE, with its long strings, would have sounded something like a bass viol. UPM B 17694, H. 165 cm (reconstructed). Neg. T4-281

Inlay panel from the soundbox of lyre.from Ur, c. 2600 B.C.E Gold, lapis lazuli, shell and bitumen

tambura 'lyre' Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper' Alternative: khara 'onager', kora 'harp' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'

barad, barat 'bull' Rebus: bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'

kola 'tiger, jackal' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'

bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'hematite, ferrite ore'.

Hieroglyph: tambura ‘harp’; rebus: tambra ‘copper’ (Pkt.) 

Hieroglyph: tambura 'lyre, harp', rebus:  tambra 'copper', tāmbarā 

'coppersmith' (Oriya)

On harp-playing onager on the lyre it is noted by Brent A. Strawn & Joel M. LeMon, that an onager as harp-player. On the hieroglyphs, deployed a one-horned young bull is also shown in the presence of a jackal. कोला (p. 105) kōlā m (Commonly कोल्हा) A jackal. For compounds see under कोल्हे.  कोल्हा (p. 105) kōlhā m A jackal, Canis aureus. Linn. कोल्ही (p. 105) kōlhī A she-jackal.कोल्हें (p. 105) kōlhēṃ n A jackal. Without reference to sex. Pr. अडलें कोल्हें मंगळ गाय Even the yelling jackal can sing pleasantly when he is in distress. कोल्हें लागलें Applied to a practical joke. कोल्हेभूंक (p. 105) kōlhēbhūṅka or -भोंक f (कोल्हा & भुंकणें To bark.) The yelling of jackals. 2 Early dawn; peep of day.  rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kole.l 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'temple'.

In the bottom register, a scorpion-man is shown. bici 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'.

Inlay panel from the soundbox of lyre.from Ur, c. 2600 B.C.E Gold, lapis lazuli, shell and bitumen

tambura 'lyre' Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper' Alternative: khara 'onager', kora 'harp' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'

barad, barat 'bull' Rebus: bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'

kola 'tiger, jackal' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'

bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'hematite, ferrite ore'.

A number of lute or harp string instruments are attested in Bronze Age. Typically, the categories are: kora, domra, yār̤. 

Hence, a hypothesis is that the onager called khara 'onager' was read rebus -- by the artists who composed the Standard of Ur -- as kora 'harp' (iconography and khār 'blacksmith' (Indus Script hypertext).

Onager shown on Standard of Ur (2600 BCE) is also shown on Indus Script inscriptions. An example is the seal from Mohenjo-daro (m290)(ca. 2500 BCE) which is a documentation of metalwork wealth by smelters' guild.

Thus, the symbolic ensemble is a documentation of metalwork in Indus Script Cipher. 

The following image sources from Plates XXXIII and XXXIV are cited by Brent A. Strawn & Joel M LeMon, following the iconographic analytical method given academic respectability by the work of Othmar Keel. 

Plate XXXIV. Fig. 1

Brent A. Strawn & Joel M LeMon, opcit. analyse the following pictorials for the symbolism signified.

On Figures 14, 15, and 16, onagers are signified as harp-players, performing in presence of a lion. The Indus Script hypertext readings: arye 'lion' rebus: ara 'brass' khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' A phonetic determinative: kora 'harp'. 

On harp-playing onager on the lyre it is noted by Brent A. Strawn & Joel M. LeMon, that an onager as harp-player. On the hieroglyphs, deployed a one-horned young bull is also shown in the presence of a jackal. कोला (p. 105) kōlā m (Commonly कोल्हा) A jackal. For compounds see under कोल्हे.  कोल्हा (p. 105) kōlhā m A jackal, Canis aureus. Linn. कोल्ही (p. 105) kōlhī A she-jackal.कोल्हें (p. 105) kōlhēṃ n A jackal. Without reference to sex. Pr. अडलें कोल्हें मंगळ गाय Even the yelling jackal can sing pleasantly when he is in distress. कोल्हें लागलें Applied to a practical joke. कोल्हेभूंक (p. 105) kōlhēbhūṅka or -भोंक f (कोल्हा & भुंकणें To bark.) The yelling of jackals. 2 Early dawn; peep of day.  rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kole.l 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'temple'.

In the bottom register, a scorpion-man is shown. bici 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'.

Inlay panel from the soundbox of lyre.from Ur, c. 2600 B.C.E Gold, lapis lazuli, shell and bitumen

tambura 'lyre' Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper' Alternative: khara 'onager', kora 'harp' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'

barad, barat 'bull' Rebus: bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'

kola 'tiger, jackal' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'

bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'hematite, ferrite ore'.

A number of lute or harp string instruments are attested in Bronze Age. Typically, the categories are: kora, domra, yār̤. 

Hence, a hypothesis is that the onager called khara 'onager' was read rebus -- by the artists who composed the Standard of Ur -- as kora 'harp' (iconography and khār 'blacksmith' (Indus Script hypertext).

Onager shown on Standard of Ur (2600 BCE) is also shown on Indus Script inscriptions. An example is the seal from Mohenjo-daro (m290)(ca. 2500 BCE) which is a documentation of metalwork wealth by smelters' guild.

Plate XXXIII

Red lead: gāndhārḥ गान्धारः 1 The third of the seven primary notes of the Indian Gamut; (commonly denoted by ग in musical notation). -2 Red lead. -3 N. of a country between India and Persia, the modern Kandahāra. -5 A native or a ruler of that country. -रम् Gum myrrh (Apte) 

Singer: gāndharva गान्धर्व a. (-र्वी f.) [गन्धर्वस्येदम्-अण्] Relating to the Gandharvas. -र्वः 1 A singer, celestial chorister; Rām.7.94.6. -2 One of the eight forms of marriage; गान्धर्वः समयान्मिथः Y.1.61; (for explanation, see गन्धर्व- विवाह); cf. अग्निर्गान्धर्वी पथ्यामृतस्या Rv.1.8.6. -3 A subordinate Veda treating of music attached to the Sāmaveda; see उपवेद. -4 A horse. -र्वम् The art of the Gandharvas; i. e. music, singing; कापि वेला चारुदत्तस्य गान्धर्व श्रोतुं गतस्य Mk.3; अये गान्धर्वध्वनिरिव श्रूयते Avimārakam 3; Ks.12.28. -र्वी 1 Speech. -2 An epithet of Durgā. -Comp. -कला, -विद्या, -शिक्षा, -शास्त्रम् song, music; यद्गन्धर्वकलासु कौशलम् Gīt.12.28; Ks.12.27. -चित्त a. one whose mind is possessed by a Gandharva. -वेदः the Veda of music (considered as an appendix to Sāmaveda and ascribed to Bharata). -शाला a music saloon, concert-hall; तत्र गान्धर्वशालायां वत्सराज उवास सः Ks.12.31.

Guardian of Soma: गन्धर्व  m. N. of a people (named together with the गान्धारs) R. vii , 100 , 10 f. and 101 , 2 ff. and 11 VarBr2S. xiv , 31; m. a गन्धर्व [though in later times the गन्धर्वs are regarded as a class , yet in RV. rarely more than one is mentioned ; he is designated as the heavenly गन्धर्व (दिव्य्/अ ग्° RV. ix , 86 , 36 and x , 139 , 5), and is also called विश्वा-वसु ( RV. x , 85 , 21 and 22 ; 139 , 4 and 5) and वायु-केश (in pl. RV. iii , 38 , 6) ; his habitation is the sky , or the region of the air and the heavenly waters ( RV. i , 22 , 14 ; viii , 77 , 5 ; ix , 85 , 12 ; 86 , 36 ; x , 10 , 4 AV. ii , 2 , 3) ; his especial duty is to guard the heavenly सोम ( RV. ix , 83 , 4 and 85 , 12) , which the gods obtain through his intervention ( RV. AV. vii , 73 , 3 ; cf. RV. i , 22 , 14) ; it is obtained for the human race by इन्द्र , who conquers the गन्धर्व and takes it by force ( RV. viii , 1 , 11 and 77 , 5) ; the heavenly गन्धर्व is supposed to be a good physician , because the सोमis considered as the best medicine ; possibly , however , the word सोम originally denoted not the beverage so called , but the moon , and the heavenly गन्धर्व may have been the genius or tutelary deity of the moon ; in one passage ( RV. ix , 86 , 36) the heavenly गन्धर्व and the सोम are identified ; he is also regarded as one of the genii who regulate the course of the Sun's horses (i , 163 , 2 ; x , 177 , 2 ; cf. 135 , 5) ; he knows and makes known the secrets of heaven and divine truths generally (x , 139 , 5 and 6 AV. ii , 1 , 2 ; xx , 128 , 3 VS. xi , 1 ; xxxii , 9) ; he is the parent of the first pair of human beings , यमand यमी ( RV. x , 10 , 4) , and has a peculiar mystical power over women and a right to possess them ( RV. x , 85 , 21 and 22 ; 40 and 41) ; for this reason he is invoked in marriage ceremonies ( AV. xiv , 2 , 35 and 36) ; ecstatic states of mind and possession by evil spirits are supposed to be derived from the heavenly गन्धर्व (cf. -गृहीत , -ग्रह) ; the गन्धर्वs as a class have the same characteristic features as the one गन्धर्व ; they live in the sky ( RV. AV. S3Br. xiv) , guard the सोम ( RV. ix , 113 , 3 S3Br. iii AitBr. i , 27), are governed by वरुण (just as the अप्सरसs are governed by सोम) S3Br. xiii A1s3vS3r. x , 7 , 3, know the best medicines ( AV. viii , 7 , 23 VS. xii , 98), regulate the course of the asterisms ( AV. xiii , 1 , 23 BhP. iv , 29 , 21 ; hence twenty-seven are mentioned VS. ix , 7), follow after women and are desirous of intercourse with them ( AV. S3Br. iii) ; as soon as a girl becomes marriageable , she belongs to सोम , the गन्धर्वs , and अग्नि ( Gr2ihya1s. ii , 19 f. Pan5cat. Sus3r. ) ; the wives of the गन्धर्वs are the अप्सरसs (cf. गन्धर्वा*प्सर्/अस्) , and like them the गन्धर्वs are invoked in gambling with dice ( AV. vii , 109 , 5) ; they are also feared as evil beings together with the राक्षसs , किमीदिन्s , पिशाचs , &c , amulets being worn as a protection against them ( AV. Sus3r. ) ; they are said to have revealed the वेदs to वाच् ( S3Br. iii ; cf. Pa1rGr2. ii , 12 , 2), and are called the preceptors of the ऋषिs ( S3Br. xi) ; पुरूरवस्is called among them (ib.) ; in epic poetry the गन्धर्वs are the celestial musicians or heavenly singers (cf. RV. x , 177 , 2) who form the orchestra at the banquets of the gods , and they belong together with the अप्सरसs to इन्द्र's heaven , sharing also in his battles ( Ya1jn5. i , 71 MBh. Hariv. &c ; cf. RTL. p.238) ; in the more systematic mythology the गन्धर्वs constitute one of the classes into which the higher creation is divided (i.e. gods , manes , गन्धर्वs AV. xi , 5 , 2; or gods , असुरs , गन्धर्वs , men TS. vii , 8 , 25 , 2 ; cf. S3Br. x ; or gods , men , गन्धर्वs , अप्सरसs , सर्पs , and manes AitBr. iii , 31 , 5 ; for other enumerations cf. Nir. iii , 8 Mn. i , 37 [ RTL. p.237] & iii , 196;vii , 23 ; xii , 47 Nal. &c ) ; divine and human गन्धर्वs are distinguished ( TUp. ii , 8 ; the divine or देव-गन्धर्वs are enumerated MBh. i , 2550 ff. and 4810 ff.) ; another passage names 11 classes of गन्धर्वs ( TA1r. i , 9 , 3) ; the chief or leader of the गन्धर्वs is named चित्र-रथ ( Bhag. x , 26) ; they are called the creatures of प्रजापति ( Mn. i , 37) or of ब्रह्मा ( Hariv. 11793) or of कश्यप (11850) or of the मुनिs ( MBh. i , 2550 Hariv. 11553) or of प्राधा ( MBh. i , 2556) or of अरिष्टा ( Hariv. 234VP. i , 21) or of वाच् ( PadmaP. ) ; with जैनs the गन्धर्वs constitute one of the eight classes of the व्यन्तरs].

Hieroglyph: tantiburra, tambura 'lyre, harp, string musical instrument' rebus: tambra 'copper'. Tamba (nt.) [Sk. tāmra, orig. adj.=dark coloured, leaden; cp. Sk. adj. taŋsra id., to tama] copper ("the dark metal"); usually in combinations, signifying colour of or made of (cp. loha bronze), e. g. lākhātamba (adj.) Th 2, 440 (colour of an ox); ˚akkhin Vv 323 (timira˚) Sdhp 286; ˚nakhin J vi.290; ˚nettā (f.) ibid.; ˚bhājana DhA i.395; ˚mattika DhA iv.106; ˚vammika DhA iii.208; ˚loha PvA 95 (=loha).(Pali)  tāmrá ʻ dark red, copper -- coloured ʼ VS., n. ʻ copper ʼ Kauś., tāmraka -- n. Yājñ. [Cf. tamrá -- . -- √tam?]Pa. tamba -- ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk. lām ʻ copper, piece of bad pine -- wood (< ʻ *red wood ʼ?); Phal. tāmba ʻ copper ʼ (→ Sh.koh. tāmbā), K. trām m. (→ Sh.gil. gur. trām m.), S. ṭrāmo m., L. trāmā, (Ju.) tarāmã̄ m., P. tāmbā m., WPah. bhad. ṭḷām n., kiũth. cāmbā, sod. cambo, jaun. tã̄bō, Ku. N. tāmo (pl. ʻ young bamboo shoots ʼ), A. tām, B. tã̄bā, tāmā, Or. tambā, Bi tã̄bā, Mth. tām, tāmā, Bhoj. tāmā, H. tām in cmpds., tã̄bā, tāmā m., G. trã̄bũ, tã̄bũ n.;M. tã̄bẽ n. ʻ copper ʼ, tã̄b f. ʻ rust, redness of sky ʼ; Ko. tāmbe n. ʻ copper ʼ; Si. tam̆ba adj. ʻ reddish ʼ, sb. ʻ copper ʼ, (SigGr) tam, tama. -- Ext. -- ira -- : Pk. taṁbira -- ʻ coppercoloured, red ʼ, L. tāmrā ʻ copper -- coloured (of pigeons) ʼ; -- with -- ḍa -- : S. ṭrāmiṛo m. ʻ a kind of cooking pot ʼ, ṭrāmiṛī ʻ sunburnt, red with anger ʼ, f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; Bhoj. tāmrā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; H. tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā ʻ coppercoloured, dark red ʼ, m. ʻ stone resembling a ruby ʼ; G. tã̄baṛ n., trã̄bṛī, tã̄bṛī f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; OM. tāṁbaḍā ʻ red ʼ. -- X trápu -- q.v. tāmrika -- ; tāmrakāra -- , tāmrakuṭṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭaka -- , tāmracūḍa -- , *tāmradhāka -- , tāmrapaṭṭa -- , tāmrapattra -- , tāmrapātra -- , *tāmrabhāṇḍa -- , tāmravarṇa -- , tāmrākṣa -- .Addenda: tāmrá -- [< IE. *tomró -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65] S.kcch. trāmo, tām(b)o m. ʻ copper ʼ, trāmbhyo m. ʻ an old copper coin ʼ; WPah.kc. cambo m. ʻ copper ʼ, J. cāmbā m., kṭg. (kc.) tambɔ m. (← P. or H. Him.I 89), Garh. tāmu, tã̄bu.tāmrakāra m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ lex. [tāmrá -- , kāra -- 1]Or. tāmbarā ʻ id. ʼ.tāmrakuṭṭa m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ R. [tāmrá -- , kuṭṭa -- ] N. tamauṭe, tamoṭe ʻ id. ʼ.Addenda: tāmrakuṭṭa -- : Garh. ṭamoṭu ʻ coppersmith ʼ; Ko. tāmṭi.

tāraká -- 1 see tārā -- Add2.*tāmraghaṭa ʻ copper pot ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 1]

Bi. tamheṛī ʻ round copper vessel ʼ; -- tamheṛā ʻ brassfounder ʼ der. *tamheṛ ʻ copper pot ʼ or < next?

 *tāmraghaṭaka ʻ copper -- worker ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 2]Bi. tamheṛā ʻ brass -- founder ʼ or der. fr. *tamheṛ see prec. tāmracūḍa ʻ red -- crested ʼ MBh., m. ʻ cock ʼ Suśr. [tāmrá -- , cūˊḍa -- 1]Pa. tambacūḷa -- m. ʻ cock ʼ, Pk. taṁbacūla -- m.; -- Si. tam̆basiluvā ʻ cock ʼ (EGS 61) either a later cmpd. (as in Pk.) or ← Pa. *tāmradhāka ʻ copper receptacle ʼ. [tāmrá -- , dhāká -- ]

Bi. tamahā ʻ drinking vessel made of a red alloy ʼ.

 tāmrapaṭṭa m. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ Yājñ. [Cf. tāmrapattra -- . -- tāmrá -- , paṭṭa -- 1]
M. tã̄boṭī f. ʻ piece of copper of shape and size of a brick ʼ.

tāmrapattra n. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrapaṭṭa -- . -- tāmrá -- , páttra -- ]
Ku.gng. tamoti ʻ copper plate ʼ.

tāmrapātra n. ʻ copper vessel ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , pāˊtra -- ]
Ku.gng. tamoi ʻ copper vessel for water ʼ.

*tāmrabhāṇḍa ʻ copper vessel ʼ. [tāmrá -- , bhāṇḍa -- 1]
Bhoj. tāmaṛā, tāmṛā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; G. tarbhāṇũ n. ʻ copper dish used in religious ceremonies ʼ (< *taramhã̄ḍũ).

 tāmravarṇa ʻ copper -- coloured ʼ TĀr. [tāmrá -- , várṇa -- 1]
Si. tam̆bavan ʻ copper -- coloured, dark red ʼ (EGS 61) prob. a Si. cmpd.

 tāmrākṣa ʻ red -- eyed ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , ákṣi -- ]
Pa. tambakkhin -- ; P. tamak f. ʻ anger ʼ; Bhoj. tamakhal ʻ to be angry ʼ; H. tamaknā ʻ to become red in the face, be angry ʼ.

tāmrika ʻ coppery ʼ Mn. [tāmrá -- ]
Pk. taṁbiya -- n. ʻ an article of an ascetic's equipment (a copper vessel?) ʼ; L. trāmī f. ʻ large open vessel for kneading bread ʼ, poṭh. trāmbī f. ʻ brass plate for kneading on ʼ; Ku.gng. tāmi ʻ copper plate ʼ; A. tāmi ʻ copper vessel used in worship ʼ; B. tāmī, tamiyā ʻ large brass vessel for cooking pulses at marriages and other ceremonies ʼ; H. tambiyā m. ʻ copper or brass vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 5779 to 5792).

The rationale for reading the lyre hypertext in Meluhha rebus renderings is provided by the following seal m290 which shows a 'onager' as a sign on the Indus Script inscription:

m290 Mohenjo-daro seal. Decipherment: kola 'tiger' Rebus; kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, temple' kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattar 'guild of goldsmiths'. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'

ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) rebus:  ṭaṅka 'mint'

khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' khāra-- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ (Kashmiri)(CDIAL 9424)

What facets uniteSarasvati Civilization? Looking beneath the Veneer (CA Petrie et al, 2017)

June 11, 2019, 2:09 am

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What facets unite the 2000+ archaeological sites out of 2600+ sites of the civilization? These can be summarized as: 

1. Navigable waterway of Sarasvati River;

2. Common language;

3. Common Writing system called Indus Script; the decipherment indicates meticulous documentation of wealth-accounting ledgers by guilds of artisans and seafaring merchants;  

4.Industrial scale organization of production of bronze age products traded along an Ancient maritime Tin Route between Hanoi (Vietnam) and Haifa (Israel);

5. Creating the shared wealth of a nation through guilds.

Cameron A. Petrie et al., 2017, Looking beneath the Veneer Thoughts about Environmental and Cultural Diversity in the Indus Civilization in: Dennys Frenez et al (eds.), Walking with the Unicorn, Archaeopress, pp. 453-474

http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/download.asp?id={6C756317-801A-450B-8B51-CCF1AAD2D119}

 

Artisans khara 'onager' rebus khār ‘blacksmith’, khōṇḍa 'young bull' rebus kunda 'lapidary, turner', Indus Script hypertexts

June 11, 2019, 8:53 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/y32mo62e

 --Together, کار کنده kār-kundaʿh 'director of metalwork manufactories' of ancient India and Sumer

Erwin Neumayer presents compelling evidence of animal-drawn chariots on chalcolithic rock art of many sites from ancient India (samples appended).

-- khara, 'Onager' together with khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf'  are Indus Script hieroglyphic signifiers khār'blacksmith' PLUS kunda'turner, lapidary'; thus, together کار کنده kār-kundaʿh 'director of metalwork manufactories'. 

-- tã̄bṛā 'carnelian', tanbura 'harp, lyre' rebus tambra 'copper', rathī रथी 'leader', ratha, 'chariot', khara, 'onagers', rebus کار kār 'professional'کار کنده kār-kundaʿh 'director', khār 'blacksmith' of Indian and Sumerian art

-- Carnelian, tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā 'stone resembling māṇikya, a ruby' from Gujarat found in Ancient Near East sites, 3rd m.BCE

--   څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. rebus:  څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) (P چرخ). 2. A wheeled-carriage, a gun-carriage, a cart. Pl. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖūnah. 

-- Daimabad ratha, 'chariot', khara, 'onagers' of Sumerian chariot, ca. 2600 BCE

-- रथ्य n. carriage equipments (trappings , a wheel &c ) RV. La1t2y. rathin रथिन् A warrior who fights from a chariot; आत्मानं रथिनं विद्धि शरीरं रथमेव तु । बुद्धिं तु सारथिं विद्धि मनः प्रग्रहमेव च ॥ Kaṭha Up.1.3.3; R.7.37 rathī रथी Ved. 1 Riding in a chariot. -2 Furnished with a carriage. -3 A coachman. -4 A guide, leader.

-- khara खर  -रः 1 An ass, Ms.2.21; 4.115,12,8.37; Y.2.16. -2 A mule.-यानम् a donkey-cart; Ms.11.21. -शब्दः 1 the braying of an ass. -शाला a stable for asses. khara1 m. ʻ donkey ʼ KātyŚr., ˚rī -- f. Pāṇ.NiDoc. Pk. khara -- m., Gy. pal. ḳăr m., kắri f., arm. xari, eur. gr. kher, kfer, rum. xerú, Kt. kur, Pr. korūˊ, Dm. khar m., ˚ri f., Tir. kh*lr, Paš. lauṛ. khar m., khär f., Kal. urt. khār, Phal. khār m., khári f., K. khar m., khürü f., pog. kash. ḍoḍ. khar, S. kharu m., P. G. M. khar m., OM. khari f.; -- ext. Ash. kərəṭék, Shum. xareṭá; <-> L. kharkā m., ˚kī f. -- Kho. khairánu ʻ donkey's foal ʼ (+?).*kharapāla -- ; -- *kharabhaka -- .Addenda: khara -- 1: Bshk. Kt. kur ʻ donkey ʼ (for loss of aspiration Morgenstierne ID 334).(CDIAL 3818) Rebus: khara 'quick and nimble' (A.); WPah. bhad. kharo ʻ good ʼ, paṅ. cur. cam. kharā ʻ good, clean ʼ; Ku. kharo ʻ honest ʼ; N. kharo ʻ real, keen ʼ(CDIAL 3819) Semantic expansions:    P کار kār, s.m. (2nd) Business, action, affair, work, labor, profession, operation. Pl. کارونه kārūnah. (E.) کار آرموده .چار kār āzmūdah. adj. Experienced, practised, veteran. کار و بار kār-o-bār, s.m. (2nd) Business, affair. Pl. کار و بارونه kār-o-bārūnah. کار خانه kār- ḵẖānaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A manufactory, a dock- yard, an arsenal, a workshop. Pl. يْ ey. کاردیده kār-dīdah, adj. Experienced, tried, veteran. کار روائي kār-rawā-ī, s.f. (3rd) Carrying on a business, management, performance. Pl. ئِي aʿī. کار زار kār-zār, s.m. (2nd) Battle, conflict. Pl. کار زارونه kār-zārūnah. کار ساز kār-sāz, adj. Adroit, clever; (Fem.) کار سازه kār-sāzaʿh. کار ساري kār-sāzī, s.f. (3rd) Cleverness, adroitness. Pl. ئِي aʿī. کار کند kār-kund(corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. کار کول kār kawul, verb trans. To work, to labor, to trade.(Pashto) khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)  खारवी   khāravī m A caste or an individual of it. They are employed in ships and boats along the coast, in tiling houses, in plantation-business &c.खारसंध   khārasandha m (खार & सांधा) Metallic cement, solder.खारसळई   khārasaḷī f The stone upon which खार is levigated in preparing खारसंध or metallic cement.

Model of a two-wheeled Sumerian chariot, with chariot rein post and rings. The model of the chariot shows the image of a god on its interior.panel.It is from a later period (Neo-sumerian,ca 2000 BCE)

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/240801911300016177/

"Chariots figure prominently in the Rigveda, evidencing their presence in India in the 2nd millennium BCE. Notably, the Rigveda differentiates between the Ratha (chariot) and the Anas (often translated as "cart").^[2] Rigvedic chariots are described as made of the wood of Salmali (RV 10.85.20), Khadira and Simsapa (RV 3.53.19) trees. While the number of wheels varies, chariot measurements for each configuration are found in the Shulba Sutras.Chariots also feature prominently in later texts, including the other Vedas, the Puranas and the great Hindu epics (Ramayana andMahabharata). Indeed, most of the deities in the Hindu pantheon are portrayed as riding them. Among Rigvedic deities, notablyUshas (the dawn) rides in a chariot, as well as Agni in his function as a messenger between gods and men. In RV 6.61.13, the Sarasvati river is described as being wide and speedy, like a (Rigvedic) chariot." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratha

The style of the chariot box of Harappa (with an X on the siges) compares with the war chariot of Sumer.

Daimabad. Charioteer.

Daimabad chariot drawn by two zebu, charioteer.

 Bronze chariot boxes. Harappa. Chanhudaro. Copper model of a passenger box on a cart, Chanhudaro, ca. 2,000 BCE. Source for Picture 27.2 of Harappa copper model: Figure 35 from Excavations at Harappa by MS Vats, 1940. “Two types of two-wheeled carts are represented. The first one has curved platform with holes for uprights (Mohenjo-daro, Chanhu-daro). The second one has a seat placed over the axle (bronze model from Chanhu-daro)(Mackay, 1951: 97, pl. xxi:13; ; xix:1; Piggott 1970: 200-202; Allchins 1973: fig.30). (loc.cit. Elena Efimovna Kuz’mina, 2007, The origin of the Indo-Iranians, BRILL., p.336).” रथ m. ( √4. ऋ) " goer " , a chariot , car , esp. a two-wheeled war-chariot (lighter and swifter than the अनस् q.v.) , any vehicle or equipage or carriage (applied also to the vehicles of the gods) , waggon , cart RV. &c (ifc.f(आ).)(Monier-Williams) rátha m. ʻ chariot, cart ʼ RV. Pa. ratha -- , °aka -- m., Pk. OG. raha -- (Pk. m.n.); Si. riya ʻ waggon, carriage ʼ; -- ext. -- ḍ -- : L. rēhṛā m. ʻ handcart ʼ; P. rehṛā, rihṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ cart ʼ; H. rahṛū,rẽhṛū m. ʻ light open cart with one seat ʼ; -- with -- l -- : P. rahilā m., °lī f. ʻ cart ʼ.(CDIAL 10602)
A conversation between a grammarian and a charioteer

"Indo-Aryan languages have a long history of transmission, not only in the form of literary works and treatises dealing with logical, philosophical, and ritual matters but also in phonetic, phonological, and grammatical descriptions. The languages are divisible into three major stages: Old-, Middle- and New- (or Modern-) Indo-Aryan. The first is represented by an enormously rich literature stretching over millennia, including Vedic texts and later literary works of various genres. In addition, we are privileged to have knowledge of the details of Old Indo-Aryan of different eras and areas through extraordinarily perceptive descriptions of phonetics and phonology relative to traditions of Vedic recitation in prAtizAkhya works and PANini's ASTAdhyAyI, the brilliant set of rules describing the language current at around the fifth century BCE, with important dialectical observations and contrasts drawn between the then current speech and earlier Vedic usage. Moreover, observations by YAska (possibly antedating PANini) and Patanjali (second century BCE) inform us about some dialect features of Old Indo-Aryan in early times...Speakers of Sanskrit were aware from early on not only of differences between their current language and Vedic but also of areal differences at a given time. Well known examples stem from YAska and Patanjali, who speak of usages proper to the Kamboja, SaurASTra, the east and midlands, as well as of Arya speakers. It is noteworthy that zav is said to occur in Kamboja, a northwestern people whom in his commentary on Nirukta 2.2 Durga refers to as Mleccha (Bhadkamkar 1918: 166.5-6: gatyartho dhAtuh kambojeSv eva bhASyate mleccheSu prakRtyA prayujyata AkhyAtapadabhAvena): zyav, zav, ziyav 'go' are used in Avestan and Old Persian...Patanjali refers to the use of hamm 'go' in SauRASTra. Another feature of the speech of this area is noted in the metrical version of the PANinIyazikSA, which says that nasalized vowels as in arAm 'spokes' of RV 8.77.3b (khe arAm iva khedayA'(...pushed...down) like spokes in the wheel navel with an instrument for pressing together') are pronounced in the manner that a woman from SauRAStra pronounces takram 'buttermilk': takraM, with a fully nasalized final vosel (PS 26: yathA saurASTrikA nArI takrAm ity abhibhASate evam rangAh prayoktavyA khe arAM iva khedayA). Patanjali is well aware of the r/l alternation in particular lexical terms...Old Indo-Aryan was of course dialectically differentiated (See Emeneau 1966). The earliest distribution of dialect areas would have to stem from Vedic times, and the texts, right back to the Rgveda, show evidence of dialect differences, reflected, for example, in the use of forms of the type dakSi and dhakSi 'burn' (Cardona 1991)...There is a large variety of PrAkrits, traditionally named after regions and their inhabitants: MAhArASTrI, zaurasenI and so on. Thus, Bharata mentions (NZ 17.48: mAgadhy avantijA prAcyA zauraseny ardhamAgadhI bAhlikA dAkSiNatyA ca sapta bhASAh prakIrtitA) seven languages as being well known: MAgadhI, the language of Avanti, the language of the east, ZaurasenI, ArdhamAgadhI, BAhlIkA, and the language of the south. Theoreticians of poetics and grammarians of PrAkrits also enumerate and characterize different PrAkrits, among wich MAhArAStrI is given the highest status...The closest thing we have comparable to a dialect map of Middle Indo-Aryan is represented by Azoka's inscriptions of the third century BCE. As has been recognizedd (See Bloch 1950: 43-5, Azokan/PAli section 1.2), the major rock edicts show that east, nortwest and west constitute three major dialect areas...Arya has various meanings centering about the notion of noble, venerable, honorable, but this term was explicitly used with reference to a particular group of people, characterized by the way they spoke...Patanjali uses the phrases AryA bhASante 'Aryas say' and AryAh prayunjate 'Aryas use'. In the comparable passage of his Nirukta, YAska (Nir. 2.2 [161.11-13]) says zavatir gatikarmA kambojeSv eva bhASyate...vikAram asyAryeSu bhASante zava it 'zav meaning 'go' is used only in Kamboja...in the Arya community one uses a derivate (vikAram 'modification) zava 'corpse''. Here, YAska uses the locative plural AryeSu parallel to kambojeSu, both terms referring to communities in which particular usages prevail...The Indian subcontinent has long been home to speakers of languages belonging to different language failies, principally Indo-European (Indo-Aryan), Dravidian, and Austro-Asiatic (Munda). It is to be expected that speakers of these languages who were in contact with each other should have been subject to possible influence of other languages on their own. Scholars have long been aware of and remarked on the changes which the language reflected in the earliest Vedic underwent over time, gradually becoming more and more 'Indianized', so that one can speak of an Indian linguistic area (Emeneau 1956, 1971, 1974, 1980, Kuiper 1967). Scholars have also differed concerning the degree of influence exerted by Munda or Dravidian languages on Indo-Aryan at different stages and the manner in which such influence was made felt. It is proper to emphasize from the outset that Old Indo-Aryan should be viewed as encompassing a variety of regional and social dialects spoken natively, developing historically in the way any living language does, and whose speakers interacted in a society where diglossia and polyglossia were the norm. Sanskrit speakers show an awareness of these facts. Thus, it is not only historically true that early Vedic root aorists of the type akar, agan were gradually replaced by forms of the types akArSU, agamat but also that YAska and Patanjali were aware of such changes and brought the fact out in their paraphrases; see Mehendale 1968: 15-33. PANini accounted for major features of Vedic which differed from his current language. In addition, such early native speakers of Sanskrit give us evidence of attitudes towards different varieties of speech which should be taken into consideration...Patanjali recounts the dialogue: A certain grammarian (kazcid vaiyAkaraNah) says to a chariot driver, ko 'sya rathasya pravetA 'Who is the driver of this car?' The driver answers, AyuSmann aham prAjitA 'Sir, I am the driver', upon which the grammarian accuses him of using an incorrect speech form (apazabda). The driver retorts that the grammarian knows what should obtain by rule (prAptijnah) but not what is desired (iSTijnah): this term is desirable (iSyata etad rUpam), Patanjali doubtless reflects a historical change in the language between PANini's time and area and his. At the same time, he is clearly willing to countenance that usage could include terms which a strict grammarian might consider improper. And he puts this in terms of a contrast between a grammarian and a charioteer. Another famous MaHAbhASya passage concerns sages (RSi-) who were characterized by the way they pronounced the phrases yad vA nah and tad vA nah: yar vA nah, tar vA nah. Although these sages spoke with such vernacular features, they did not do so during ritual acts...On the contrary, both accepted forms and those considered incorrect served equally to convey meanings, and what distinguished corrrect speech was that one gaind merit from such usage accompanied by a knowledge of its grammatical formation. One must recognize also that the standard speech could include elements which originally were not part of the Sanskrit norm. Moreover, Zabara remarks (on JS 1.3.5.10 [II.151]) that although authoity (pramANam) is granted to a learned elite (ziSTAh whose behaviour is authoritative with respect to what cannot be known directly (yat tu ziSTAcArah pramANam iti tat pratyakSAnavagate 'rthe) and who are experts (abhiyuktAh) as concerns the meanings of terms, nevertheless Mlecchas are more expert as concernss the care and binding of birds (yat tv abhiyuktAh zabdArtheSu ziSTA iti tatrocyate: abhiyuktatarAh pakSiNAm poSaNe bandhan ca mlecchAh). Consequently, when it comes to terms like pika- 'cuckcoo', which Aryas do not use in any meaning but which Mlecchas do (ZBh. 1.3.5.10 [II.149]: atha yAN chamdAn AryA na kasmimzcid artha Acaranti mlecchAs tu kasmimzcit prayunjate yathA pika...), authority is granted to Mleccha usage...There is thus evidence to show that before the second century BCE and possibly before PANini's time Mlecchas who inhabited areas outside the bounds of AryAvartta could be absorbed into the prevalent social system and that terms from speech areas such as that of the Kambojas could be treated as Indo-Aryan...Arya brAhmaNas normally were not supposed to engage in discourse with Mlecchas, but they had to do so on occasion. In brief, the picture is that of a society in which an Arya group considered itself the carrier of a higher culture and strived to keep this culture and the language associated with it but at the same time had necessarily to interact with groups like Mlecchas, whose language and customs were considered lesser. The result of such interaction, both with other Indo-Aryans who spoke dalects with Middle Indo-Aryan features and with non-Indo-Aryans, was that Sanskrit was effected through adoption of lexical terms and grammatical features...There is no cogent reason to consider that such changes due to contact had not been carried out gradually over generations for a long time before. Modern views. Although scholars generally agree that Old Indo-Aryan was indeed affected by 'autochthonous' languages and that there is indeed a South Asia linguistic area (see, e.g., Emeneau 1956, 1980, Kuiper 1967, Masica 1976), there are disagreements concerning the possible degree to which such effects should be seen in early Vedic and whether the features at issue could reflect also developments from Indo-European sources. In addition to the extent and sources of lexical borrowings, the main points of contention concern four features commonly considered characteristic of a South Asian linguistic area: (1) a contrast between retroflex and dental consonants, (2) the use of quotative particle (Skt. iti), (3) the use of absolutives (Skt. -tvA, ya), (4) the general unmarked word subject-object-verb...As to what non-Indo-Aryan languages are concerned, obvious candidates are Dravidian and Munda languages. The number of such borrowings into early Indo-Aryan has been the topic of ongoing debate...It has also to be admitted that the archaeological evidence available does not serve to confirm Indo-Aryan migrations into the subcontinent. Moreover, there is no textual evidence in the early literary traditions unambiguously showing a trace of such migration...In an email message kindly conveyed to me by S. Kalyanaraman (11 April 1999)...BaudhAyanazrautasUtra passage...this text cannot serve to document an Indo-Aryan migration into the main part of the subcontinent... " (Dhanesh Jain, George Cardona (eds.), 2003, The Indo-Aryan languages, Routledge, pp.6-7,17-21, 26-28, 31-37)

Terracotta spokes painted on wheels and axle. ca. 2500 BCE. Bhirrana. On the specimens found at Kalibangan and Rakhigarhi, the spokes of the wheel are shown by painted lines radiating from the central hub to the periphery, and in the case of specimens from Banawali these are executed in low relief.

Elamite chariot ca 2500 BCE drawn by four onagers with primitive and painful harnessing. 

Wagon drawn by bulls Metropolitan Museum Period: Early Bronze Age II-III Date: ca. 2700–2000 B.C. Geography: Anatolia Medium: Copper Dimensions: 3.31 x 2.99 x 8.86 in. 

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/240801911299404249/

"A copper statue of a chariot being pulled by four donkeys. It depicts an early form of the wheel, which Sumerians made by pressing two pieces of wood together. The statue is 2.75 inches tall, dates to about 2700 B.C.E., and was found at Tell Agrab in Iraq." http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread568221/pg1
https://hurst-ancienthistory-kis.wikispaces.com/Guide+to+Placard+Images

Bronze chariot model with a flat shield, circa 2500 BC. See a profile view and hi-res picture.

Assyrian four-wheel chariot. This picture illustrates how the side panel flairs into the curves at the top of the shield. http://sumerianshakespeare.com/84201.html

Ancient Sumerian wheel and axle. The Sumerians are one of the progenitor peoples of civilization with inventions such as the wheel-axle. Pan-Turk activists claim that the ancient Sumerians spoke a dialect of Turkish and that they were Turks. Linguistic and archaeological studies by international scholarship fails to verify pan-Turkist claims. 

http://kavehfarrokh.com/pan-turanism/new-book-pan-turkism-iran-and-azarbaijan/

A clay war chariot is a toy from ancient Greece.

http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-126721/A-clay-war-chariot-is-a-toy-from-ancient-Greece

A mythical chariot to carry the sun across the sky. Gold leaf on bronze, ca. 1500 BCE.

KING TUT: Painted chest, from the Tomb of Tutankhamen, Thebes, Egypt, ca. 1333-1323 BCE. Wood, approx. 1' 8 long. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. 

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/484137028662842380/

King Tutankhamun's Chariot and Shields

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/478718635367167958/

Etruscan chariot. 530 BCE Met Museum.

"Additional proof that some chariots had this configuration is found on a cylinder seal. The chariot in the lower register has an angled-front and a wide panel on the side of the shield."

"Eannatum.  His chariot on the Vulture Stele is like the chariots on the Standard of Ur, with the same angled front and the crossed diagonals on the shield. The chariot is drawn in the same unusual manner, with the front on the side and the side on the front. His chariot also has the same peaked panel as the king's chariot. "

"A fragment of a chariot from a Gudea stele commemorating the building of a temple for the war god Ningirsu. The front of the chariot is decorated with the figures of two gods. Above the double-curve top (like on the chariots of the Standard of Ur) is a battle ensign featuring Anzud, the lion-headed eagle, grasping two lions with his claws."

See treaded tires on a ceremonial chariot from the period of Gudea.

Source: 

http://sumerianshakespeare.com/84201.html

Sumerian chariot drawn by two onagers
"Peace," detail of Standard of Ur, showing lyrist and possibly a singer.


Standard of Ur. Royal cemetery. Ur-Pabilsag, a king who died around 2550 BCE. British Museum. shell, limestone, lapis lazuli, bitumen. c. 2600 BCE. 121201Reg number:1928,1010.3 "The present form of the artifact is a reconstruction, presenting a best guess of its original appearance. It has been interpreted as a hollow wooden box measuring 21.59 centimetres (8.50 in) wide by 49.53 centimetres (19.50 in) long, inlaid with a mosaic of shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli. The box has an irregular shape with end pieces in the shape of truncated triangles, making it wider at the bottom than at the top, along the lines of a Toblerone bar." (Zettler, Richard L.; Horne, Lee; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly. Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur, pp. 45-47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 1998. )

Hieroglyph of onager, Ur lyre, ca. 2600 BCE: Harp, tantiburra, tambur, BAN.TUR (Sumerian) is an Indus Script hypertext. tanbura 'harp' rebus: tambra 'copper'. 

While फड phaḍa is a metals manufactory of the bronze age, it is reasonable to identify metalwork in the context of pictorial narratives displaying harps or lyres and also lapidaries involved in drilling and working with stone beads like carnelian beads. One such example of फड phaḍa is provided by the narratives on lyre of Ur discussed in the context of rebus reading of a manager of metal workers called  کار کند kār-kund adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager (of kundār, 'turners' or copper/metalworkers' and lapidary guild working with tāmra 'copper' and  tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā 'stone resembling māṇikya, a ruby (which could be carnelian)'. 

DETAIL FROM THE PANEL ON THE BULL-HEADED LYRE showing an 8-stringed bovine lyre being played. At the top of the lyre, braided material is wrapped around the crossbar under the tuning sticks. The small fox-like animal facing the front of the lyre holds a sistrum, or rattle. UPM 817694. Detail of neg. 735-110. ca. 2600 BCE.

khara 'onager' rebus khār 'blacksmith' plays the large bull-headed lyre of Ur, c. 2600 BCE. Indus Script hypertext deciphered https://tinyurl.com/y6zvg9st 

khara 'onager', kora 'harp' rebus: khār’ blacksmith’ kola 'tiger, jackal' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' The 'unicorn' of the bull-headed lyre of Ur (ca. 2600 BCE) is: खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull (Marathi) Rebus: kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Vikalpa: kūdī, kūṭī 'bunch of twigs' (Skt.) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln; blacksmith and engraver-lapidary setting or infixing gems. (Kashmiri) kundana

 ‘fine gold’ (Kannada). Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725) कुन्द [p= 291,2] one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यक Gal. ) L. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh.  (Pashto)    P کار kār, s.m. (2nd) Business, action, affair, work, labor, profession, operation. Pl. کارونه kārūnah. (E.)

.

The lyre narrative shows khara 'onager' as a harp-player and as a singer or choirmaster.

नाचण्याचा फड, गाण्याचा फड are natch house and a singing shop or merriment shop. The word फड   phaḍa expresses freely Gymnasium or arena, circus, club-room, debating-room, house or room or stand for idlers, newsmongers, gossips, scamps &c. फड   phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room: also, in an ill-sense, as खेळण्या- चा फड A gambling-house, नाचण्याचा फड A nachhouse, गाण्याचा or ख्यालीखुशालीचा फड A singingshop or merriment shop. The word expresses freely Gymnasium or arena, circus, club-room, debating-room, house or room or stand for idlers, newsmongers, gossips, scamps &c. 2 The spot to which field-produce is brought, that the crop may be ascertained and the tax fixed; the depot at which the Government-revenue in kind is delivered; a place in general where goods in quantity are exposed for inspection or sale. 3 Any office or place of extensive business or work,--as a factory, manufactory, arsenal, dock-yard, printing-office &c.

I do not know if Sign 311 also signified tanbura 'harp' rebus: tambra 'copper'; tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā 'stone resembling māṇikya, a ruby'

Sign 311 Indus Script Sign List (Mahadevan)  tantrīˊ f. ʻ string of a lute ʼ ŚāṅkhŚr. [tántra -- ]

तन्ति f. ( Pa1n2. 6-4 , 39 Ka1s3. on iii , 3 , 174 and vii , 2 , 9) a cord , line , string (esp. a long line to which a series of calves are fastened by smaller cords) RV. vi , 24 , 4 BhP. Sch. on S3Br. xiii and Ka1tyS3r. xx (ifc.) Rebus: a weaver.

Pa. tanti -- f. ʻ lute ʼ, Pk. taṁtī -- f.; OAw. tāṁti ʻ string of a musical instrument ʼ, H. tant f.; Si. täta ʻ string of a lute ʼ.(CDIAL 5667)

Ta. taṇṭu lute. Ma. taṇṭi a musical instrument. (DEDR 3057)

See: Indus Script Meluha hyper texts process meaning from sensory information of Urukean harp and ḍangur ‘bullock’ https://tinyurl.com/ybpcac89

Hieroglyph: kora 'harp' rebus: koraga 'musician' (Tulu) khār 'blacksmith

Addenda: tāmrá -- [< IE. *tomró -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65]S.kcch. trāmo, tām(b)o m. ʻ copper ʼ, trāmbhyo m. ʻ an old copper coin ʼ; WPah.kc. cambo m. ʻ copper ʼ, J. cāmbā m., kṭg. (kc.) tambɔ m. (← P. or H. Him.I 89), Garh. tāmu, tã̄bu.(CDIAL 5779)    5780 tāmrakāra m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ lex. [tāmrá -- , kāra -- 1]Or. tāmbarā ʻ id. ʼ.   5781 tāmrakuṭṭa m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ R. [tāmrá -- , kuṭṭa -- ]N. tamauṭe, tamoṭe ʻ id. ʼ.Addenda: tāmrakuṭṭa -- : Garh. ṭamoṭu ʻ coppersmith ʼ; Ko. tāmṭi.   5782 *tāmraghaṭa ʻ copper pot ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 1]Bi. tamheṛī ʻ round copper vessel ʼ; -- tamheṛā ʻ brassfounder ʼ der. *tamheṛ ʻ copper pot ʼ or < next?   5783 *tāmraghaṭaka ʻ copper -- worker ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 2]Bi. tamheṛā ʻ brass -- founder ʼ or der. fr. *tamheṛ see prec.5784 tāmracūḍa ʻ red -- crested ʼ MBh., m. ʻ cock ʼ Suśr. [tāmrá -- , cūˊḍa -- 1]Pa. tambacūḷa -- m. ʻ cock ʼ, Pk. taṁbacūla -- m.; -- Si. tam̆basiluvā ʻ cock ʼ (EGS 61) either a later cmpd. (as in Pk.) or ← Pa.   5785 *tāmradhāka ʻ copper receptacle ʼ. [tāmrá -- , dhāká -- ]Bi. tamahā ʻ drinking vessel made of a red alloy ʼ.   5786 tāmrapaṭṭa m. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ Yājñ. [Cf. tāmrapattra -- . -- tāmrá -- , paṭṭa -- 1]M. tã̄boṭī f. ʻ piece of copper of shape and size of a brick ʼ.   5787 tāmrapattra n. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrapaṭṭa -- . -- tāmrá -- , páttra -- ]Ku.gng. tamoti ʻ copper plate ʼ.   5788 tāmrapātra n. ʻ copper vessel ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , pāˊtra -- ]Ku.gng. tamoi ʻ copper vessel for water ʼ.   5789 *tāmrabhāṇḍa ʻ copper vessel ʼ. [tāmrá -- , bhāṇḍa -- 1]Bhoj. tāmaṛā, tāmṛā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; G. tarbhāṇũ n. ʻ copper dish used in religious ceremonies ʼ (< taramhã̄ḍũ).   5790 tāmravarṇa ʻ copper -- coloured ʼ TĀr. [tāmrá -- , várṇa -- 1]Si. tam̆bavan ʻ copper -- coloured, dark red ʼ (EGS 61) prob. a Si. cmpd.   5791 tāmrākṣa ʻ red -- eyed ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , ákṣi -- ]Pa. tambakkhin -- ; P. tamak f. ʻ anger ʼ; Bhoj. tamakhal ʻ to be angry ʼ; H. tamaknā ʻ to become red in the face, be angry ʼ.   5792 tāmrika ʻ coppery ʼ Mn. [tāmrá -- ]Pk. taṁbiya -- n. ʻ an article of an ascetic's equipment (a copper vessel?) ʼ; L. trāmī f. ʻ large open vessel for kneading bread ʼ, poṭh. trāmbī f. ʻ brass plate for kneading on ʼ; Ku.gng. tāmi ʻ copper plate ʼ; A. tāmi ʻ copper vessel used in worship ʼ; B. tāmī, tamiyā ʻ large brass vessel for cooking pulses at marriages and other ceremonies ʼ; H. tambiyā m. ʻ copper or brass vessel ʼ

After Figures 9 and 10 in: Lorenz Rahmstorf, 2015, The Aegean before and after c. 2200 BC between Europe and Asia: trade as a prime mover of cultural change

https://www.academia.edu/18193778/The_Aegean_before_and_after_c._2200_BC_between_Europe_and_Asia_trade_as_a_prime_mover_of_cultural_change?fbclid=IwAR179x12bS2DUHVp3MI2zomSnI4lvHb7yWAlbmMiMTlLMz2cDgtah0pMCl0

An elongated carnelian bead from Bogazköy-Hattusa, province of Çorum (Turkey) (cf. Fig. 1o), typologically datable to 26oo–19oo BCE, clearly shows a drilling pattern that implies a manufacture in the Indus Valley or by Indus craftsmen living in Mesopotamia (G. Ludvik/M. Pieniążek/J. M. Kenoyer, Stonebead-making technology and beads fromHattuša: A preliminary report. In: A. Schach-ner, Die Ausgrabungen in Bog˘azköy-H˘attuša2o13. Arch. Anz. 2o4,1, 147–153. Fig. 83).

Necklace or belt, Mohenjo-daro

Carnelian and copper/bronze necklace or belt. With 42 long bicone carnelian beads, 72 spherical bronze beads, 6 bronze spacer beads, 2 half moon shaped bronze terminals, 2 hollow cylindrical bronze terminals. Hoard No. 2, DK Area, Room 1, House 1, Trench E.

Material: carnelian, bronze
Dimensions: carnelian beads range from 8.22 cm to 12.4 cm length, 0.9 cm max dia.; bronze beads c. .86 cm length, .85 cm dia.; bronze spacer beads 0.2 cm length, 0.63 cm width, 6.2 cm height; bronze moon shaped terminal 3.9 cm length, 0.8 cm thickness, 6.1 cm height; bronze hollow terminal, 2.39 cm length, 1.0 cm max dia.
Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-daro Museum, MM1435
Marshall 1931: 520, pl. CLI, B 10 https://www.harappa.com/slide/necklace-or-belt-mohenjo-daro

Carnelian beads with etched white lines

This carnelian bead has been artificially colored with white lines and circles using a special bleaching technique developed by the ancient Harappans.

https://www.harappa.com/indus3/200.html

karṇika, 'Meluhha merchants' and kundār 'Meluhha lapidaries' trading in माणिक्य, tã̄bṛā, 'carnelian red gem' pottī 'beads' https://tinyurl.com/y26o6yt5

-- kundār 'Meluhha lapidaries' are creatprs pf kunda, one of the nine treasures of Kubera

Figure 1 map prepared by VN Prabhakar, showing the location of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization sites in Gujarat is instructive. It provides a framework for positing the following hypotheses in the context of archaeologically attested trade by seafaring merchants from Meluhha:

1. The lapidaries of the civilization were kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1] A. kundār, B. kũdār, ˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297) See: 

Puruṣa sūktam & Indus Script Cipher. Veneration of sādhya साध्य celestial beings, treasures, children of सोम-सद्s गण-देवता, यत्र पूर्वे साध्याः सन्ति देवाः; सायणभाष्यम्, टिप्पणी -- विकिस्रोत https://tinyurl.com/yxh4ewx6

2. The carnelian beads decorated by kundār, 'Meluhha lapidaries' are called pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼ.Pk. pottī -- f. ʻ glass ʼ; S. pūti f. ʻ glass bead ʼ, P. pot f.; N. pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ; B. pot ʻ glass bead ʼ, puti, pũti ʻ small bead ʼ; Or. puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ; H. pot m. ʻ glass bead ʼ, G. M. pot f.; -- Bi. pot ʻ jeweller's polishing stone ʼ(CDIAL 8403) "According to Pliny the Elder, sard derived its name from the city of Sardis in Lydia from which it came, and according to others, may ultimately be related to the Persian word سرد sered, meaning yellowish red...The red variety of chalcedony has been known to be used as beads since the Early Neolithic in Bulgaria. The first faceted (with constant 16+16=32 facets on each side of the bead) carnelian beads are described from the Varna Chalolithic necropolis (middle of the 5th millennium BCE). The bow drill was used to drill holes into carnelian in Mehrgarh between 4th-5th millennium BCE. Carnelian was recovered from Bronze Age Minoan layers at Knossos on Crete in a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts;^[5] this use dates to approximately 1800 BC." (Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sard" Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnelian Twist design on the carnelian beads signify: meḍhi'plait, twist' rebus: medhā 'yajna, dhanam'.

3. செம்மணி cem-maṇi, n. < id. +. 1. Ruby; மாணிக்கம். (பிங்.) 2. Any of the red gems, viz., patumarākam, kuruvintam, kurun-takkal, māmcakanti, pavaḷam; பதுமராகம், குருவிந்தம், குருந்தக்கல், மாம்சகந்தி, பவளம் என்ற அரதனங்களில் ஒன்று. (யாழ். அக.) 3. Red bead; சிவப்புமணி. (W.) kuruvinda m.n. ʻ ruby ʼ Suśr., n. ʻ black salt, the stone cinnabar ʼ lex.Pa. kuruvinda -- m. ʻ ruby, cinnabar (?) ʼ, ˚aka -- ʻ vermilion ʼ; Pk. kuruviṁda -- m. ʻ ruby ʼ; S. kuriṇḍru m. ʻ pumice -- stone, any preparation used in place of it for polishing ʼ; P. kuruṇḍ m. ʻ corundum stone ʼ; N. kurin ʻ a kind of stone for sharpening tools and making bullets ʼ; H. kuraṇḍ m. ʻ corundum stone, whetstone ʼ; M. kurũd m. ʻ corundum (a reddish soft stone used for mills, whetstones, etc.), red speck on white of eye ʼ; Si. kurun̆du ʻ cinnamon ʼ, kurun̆du -- gal ʻ cinnamon -- stone ʼ, kuruvilla ʻ ruby ʼ.(CDIAL 3328) tāmrá ʻ dark red, copper -- coloured ʼ VS., n. ʻ copper ʼ Kauś., tāmraka -- n. Yājñ. [Cf. tamrá -- . -- √tam?]Pa. tamba -- ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk. lām ʻ copper, piece of bad pine -- wood (< ʻ *red wood ʼ?); Phal. tāmba ʻ copper ʼ (→ Sh.koh. tāmbā), K. trām m. (→ Sh.gil. gur. trām m.), S. ṭrāmo m., L. trāmā, (Ju.) tarāmã̄ m., P. tāmbā m., WPah. bhad. ṭḷām n., kiũth. cāmbā, sod. cambo, jaun. tã̄bō, Ku. N. tāmo (pl. ʻ young bamboo shoots ʼ), A. tām, B. tã̄bā, tāmā, Or. tambā, Bi tã̄bā, Mth. tām, tāmā, Bhoj. tāmā, H. tām in cmpds., tã̄bā, tāmā m., G. trã̄bũ, tã̄bũ n.;M. tã̄bẽ n. ʻ copper ʼ, tã̄b f. ʻ rust, redness of sky ʼ; Ko. tāmbe n. ʻ copper ʼ; Si. tam̆ba adj. ʻ reddish ʼ, sb. ʻ copper ʼ, (SigGr) tam, tama. -- Ext. -- ira -- : Pk. taṁbira -- ʻ coppercoloured, red ʼ, L. tāmrā ʻ copper -- coloured (of pigeons) ʼ; -- with -- ḍa -- : S. ṭrāmiṛo m. ʻ a kind of cooking pot ʼ, ṭrāmiṛī ʻ sunburnt, red with anger ʼ, f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; Bhoj. tāmrā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; H. tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā ʻ coppercoloured, dark red ʼ, m. ʻ stone resembling a ruby ʼ; G. tã̄baṛ n., trã̄bṛī, tã̄bṛī f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; OM. tāṁbaḍā ʻ red ʼ.(CDIAL 5779) padmarāga m. ʻ ruby ʼ lex. [pádma -- , rāˊga -- 1]Pa. padumarāga -- m. ʻ ruby ʼ, Pk. paümarāya -- m., Si. piyumrā.(CDIAL 7772) māˊṇikya n. ʻ ruby ʼ Kathās. [maṇí -- 1?]S. māṇiku m. ʻ ruby ʼ, māṇikī f. ʻ dark part of pupil of eye ʼ; L. māṇik m. ʻ gem ʼ; P. mānak m. ʻ bead, gem ʼ; Ku.gng. &rtodtilde; ʻ jewel ʼ; A. mānik ʻ ruby ʼ; B. mānik ʻ ruby, jewel ʼ; Or. māṇika ʻ ruby ʼ, Mth. mānik; Bhoj. mānik ʻ jewel ʼ; OAw. mānika m. ʻ ruby, gem ʼ, H. mānik m.; G. māṇek n. ʻ ruby ʼ, M. māṇīkn., māṇkī f. ʻ small ruby ʼ; Si. mäṇika ʻ jewel ʼ; -- Kal. mäṇikã; ʻ bead necklace ʼ (or maṇi -- 1).(CDIAL 9997)

Necklace with gold beads and carnelian beads, Cypriot artwork with Mycenaean inspiration, ca. 1400–1200 BC. From Enkomi. British Museum

3. That Dholavira and Lothal may have been connected by a waterway through the Nal Sarovar, thus making most sites on the coastline of the islands of Gujarat to be ports of landing for seafaring merchants and establishing a maritime trade route through Rann of Kutch into the Persian Gulf; and
2. That the civilization sites of Rann of Kutch are explained because they were islands in the Arabian Sea and acted as port town linking seafaring merchants through the Persian Gulf.

After Figure 1. Map showing the location of Harappan sites in Gujarat (map by the author, V.N. Prabhakar, based on Google Earth Gazetteerprepared by Randall Law) Source: Prabhakar, VN, 2018, Decorated carnelian beads from the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat), in: Dennys Frenez et al., (eds.), Walking with the Unicorn -- Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Felication Volume, Oxford, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd., pp. 475-485
https://tinyurl.com/y4fn6shc

After Fig. 4 in Prabhakar VN opcit., Map showing the find spots of 'etched'/bleached/decorated carnelian beads (3rd millennium BCE)

After Figures 7 and 8. Prabhakar, VN opcit. Different patterns of decorated carnelian beads from Dholavira. Figure 8. Dholavira: a) Single-eyed decoratedcarnelian bead; b) Double-eyed decoratedcarnelian bead; c) Multiple double-eyeddecorated carnelian bead; d) Triple-eyeddecorated carnelian bead (photographsby Randall Law and the author, courtesy Archaeological Survey of India.

Oman Indus Script Inscriptions evidence dhā̆vaḍ 'Meluhha smelters', maritime Meluhha metals trade, 4th m. BCE 

http://tinyurl.com/y3gmhfcs

This monograph deciphers the Indus Script inscriptions discovered in Oman Peninsula as wealth-accounting,metalwork catalogues indicating maritime trade of metal artifacts by Meluhha merchants and artisans.

Thanks to Dennys Frenez for making available Indus Script Inscriptions and providing archaeological evidence for trade between Meluhha (Sarasvati Civilization) and Oman.

Oman 1 artifact: dotted circles on softstone bowl deciphered: dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ)

 Cross-section view of a strand (say, through a bead), ‘dotted circle’: धातु ‘strand, element’ rebus: ‘primary element of the earth, mineral, metal’  dhātu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ(whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773)

Oman1

(After Fig.35.1 in Dennys Frenez, 2018;  Umm-an. Nar type softstone bowl found at Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan (after Tosi 1991)

Oman2

(After Fig. 35.2 Dennys Frenez, 2018; Indu black slipped jars: (a) entire vessel from Harappa (courtesy Indus Civilization Exhibition, Tokyo/Nagoya); (b) fragment with Indus signs scratched from Building H, Room 18 (Priod II) Ras Al-Jinz RJ-2 (photograph by D. Frenez, courtesy Oman National Museum))

Oman3

After Fig. 35.4 Dennys Frenez, 2018

Oman4

(After Fig.35.7 Dennys Frenez 2018. Indus style copper axes from (a Tell Abraq; (b) Umm an-Nar, (c) Ras Al Jinz, RJ2, (d) Jebel Buhais BSH67, and (3) Al Moyassar 4 (Potts 1999: Fig. 36; Frifelt 1995: fig.276; Cleuziou and Tosi 2000;fig. 12.7; Jasim 2003: fig.6; Weisgerher 1980: fig. 5.11), and (f) Indus tanged spearhead from Khor Bani Bu Ali SWY-3 (Mery and Marquis 1998: fig.7).

Oman5

(AfterFig. 35.8.  Dennyss Frenez 2018. Indus drills in ernestite from Dholavira, Gujarat (photography by RW Law, courtesy Archaeological Survey of India).

Oman6

(After Fig. 35.9 Dennys Frenez 2018. Indus long and very long biconical beads in carnelian from (a) Salut ST1 (photograph by D.Frenez, courtesy Italian Mission to Oman), and (b) Bat Tomb 155 (photography by P. Koch, courtesy Ministry of Heritage and Culture of Oman).

Oman7

After Fig. 35.10 Dennys Frenez 2018.Indus bleached crnelian beads from (a) Bat Burial Pit 0025 (after Thornton et al. 2016: fig. 1.3, courtesy German Archaeological Mission to Bal), (b) Bat Tomb 401 (courtey German Archaeological Mission to Bat), (c) Bat Tower 1156 (photograph by A. Mortimer, courtesy Bal Archaeological Project), and (d) BidBid (photograph by D. Frenez and JM Kenoyer)..

Further reading

• Allchin, B. 1979. "The agate and carnelian industry of Western India and Pakistan". – In: South Asian Archaeology 1975. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 91–105.
• Beck, H. C. 1933. "Etched carnelian beads". – The Antiquaries Journal, 13, 4, 384–398.
• Bellina, B. 2003. "Beads, social change and interaction between India and South-east Asia". – Antiquity, 77, 296, 285–297.
• Brunet, O. 2009. "Bronze and Iron Age carnelian bead production in the UAE and Armenia: new perspectives". – Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 39, 57–68.
• Carter, A. K., L. Dussubieux. 2016. "Geologic provenience analysis of agate and carnelian beads using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): A case study from Iron Age Cambodia and Thailand". – J. Archeol. Sci.: Reports, 6, 321–331.
• Cornaline de l'Inde. Des pratiques techniques de Cambay aux techno-systèmes de l'Indus (Ed. J.-C. Roux). 2000. Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 558 pp.
• Glover, I. 2001. "Cornaline de l'Inde. Des pratiques techniques de Cambay aux techno-systèmes de l'Indus (sous la direction de V. Roux). – Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, 88, 376–381.
• Inizan, M.-L. 1999. "La cornaline de l’Indus à la Mésopotamie, production et circulation: la voie du Golfe au IIIe millénaire". – In: Cornaline et pierres précieuses. De Sumer à l'Islam (Ed. by F. Tallon), Musée du Louvre, Paris, 127–140.
• Insoll, T., D. A. Polya, K. Bhan, D. Irving, K. Jarvis. 2004. "Towards an understanding of the carnelian bead trade from Western India to sub-Saharan Africa: the application of UV-LA-ICP-MS to carnelian from Gujarat, India, and West Africa". – J. Archaeol. Sci., 31, 8, 1161–1173.
• Kostov, R. I.; Pelevina, O. (2008). "Complex faceted and other carnelian beads from the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis: archaeogemmological analysis". Proceedings of the International Conference "Geology and Archaeomineralogy". Sofia, 29–30 October 2008. Sofia: Publishing House "St. Ivan Rilski": 67–72.
• Mackay, E. 1933. "Decorated carnelian beads". – Man, 33, Sept., 143–146.
• Theunissen, R. 2007. "The agate and carnelian ornaments". – In: The Excavations of Noen U-Loke and Non Muang Kao (Eds. C. Higham, A. Kijngam, S. Talbot). The Thai Fine Arts Department, Bangkok, 359–377.Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnelian

Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of India

Erwin Neumayer

In this article Erwin Neumayer studies the rock paintings from sites in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan to investigate the role and types of the chariot. Based on writing and other artefacts (such as the copper hoard) he offers a date between 1800-1200 BC for these paintings, however whether these dates relate to the paintings remains unconfirmed. Within the realm of symbolism, he posits that these chariots could be read as vehicles of the Gods and Heroes, and the animals as fantastical creatures and chimeras.
Of course the wheel persists as one of the most enduring of ancient motifs, represented later in the Buddhist chakra and Gandhi's spinning wheel.
Within the Harappan civilization, there are numerous depictions of wheels on seals, as well as clay figurines in the shape of bullock carts and wheeled animals. Mark Kenoyer has discussed these in detail in Wheeled Vehicles of the Indus Valley Civilization of Pakistan and India published previously on Harappa.com.
Erwin Neumayer writes, "It so happens we are dealing with a very elusive object: We have cities as big as the late Bronze Age allowed, alas without horses, but carts and wheels in miniature, wheeled toys and marks of wheels on city roads, with cattle as draught animals alone. All we got from then is a number of toy carts made of clay and one a miniature bronze chariot from Daimabad, the find from an outlaying area of the Harappan Culture Region deep down in the Deccan. It is only this chariot which gives away enough on technological details to understand that the war chariot was known, but the draught animals are still long legged oxen. But there we also see a yoke fit for the neck of horses rather then cattle, and loops at the yoke serving as reign-sorters fit to guide crossed reign trains- a necessity for a fast moving chariot." [Foreword, pp. 1-2.]
Our book review of Neumayer's Preshitoric Rock Art of India(Oxford, 2008).
Photo credit: http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/india/central_india/characteristics_in...
https://www.harappa.com/content/chariots-chalcolithic-rock-art-india

Prehistoric Rock Paintings and Ancient Indus Motifs

July 14th, 2016

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One of the least explored avenues in ancient Indus research, one which would so clearly reinforce the available evidence for the long, deep local roots of Indus civilization stretching back deep into the Stone Age (25,000-30,000 years back), when "primitive" tribes painted their stories on rock faces all over India. "India is one of the regions in the world where Stone Age paintings have survived in great numbers and in astonishingly well-reserved state," writes Erwin Neumayer, author of Prehistoric Rock Art of India (p. ix) and other books on this enormous and little understood subject.
Neumayer is one of the most unique scholars of ancient Indian history, one who has spent thousands of hours carefully reading and transcribing drawings made by our ancestors in rock cliffs, deep caves and exposed stone surfaces from the Karakorams to Bhopal, from the southern Deccan to Nepal. Alone he has saved and preserved thousands of images as a personal crusade, much like the leading Indian discoverers of these drawings like V.S. Wakankar, to whom Neumayer's book is dedicated, and other greats in the field whose life works contribute to the record in Prehistoric Rock Art of India.
It's hard to look at these images and not think that there are deep similarities with ancient Indus iconography. The intricate design patterns of Mesolithic art (10,000-5,000 BCE) mesmerize; there is the figure with the bow and arrow; the side profile nature of animal depictions, especially bovines carried through to seals; a hunter spearing a buffalo; bangled women; the ubiquitous use of red oxide paint. It does not seem irrational to suppose a continuity between Neolithic, Mesolithic and later Indus iconography, a continuity from which nearly all traces have been lost to archaeology and science. Except for these rock paintings, that is.
"Depictions of bulls with decorated horns constitute a prominent feature of Chalcolithic rock art [from around 2500 BCE, the Indus period]. The humped bull obviously held a pivotal position in religious symbolism. It is likely that the bull symbolized a deity, which is at times expressed in a symbolic dualism between a hero and a bull. This symbolism is also seen on Indus valley seals and in paintings on Chalcolithic pottery from the early Neolithic cultures of western South Asia" writes Neumayer (p. 194, C002, Figures 1. and 2. below).
Then there is, in Neumayer's words "the ithyphallic Hero surrounded by - or confronting - animals, a recurring mythologem in Chalcolithic art." (3.)
There is even a "Deity of the 'Pashupatinath-type' with a wide out-loading horn-crown from which emanate plant-sprouts." (4.)
Then there are multi-level narrative pieces like this one: "The composition has several thematic and directional orientations. The centre of the composition seems to be made up by the man driving two yoked cattle. The man sports frizzy hair and decorations on his middle. The cattle move towards one other man who also drives two yoked cattle. Around these groups are several cattle with prominent humps. Below this are deer and other smaller wild animals. Two hunters with a bow and arrow held ready are moving towards this group. Below the ploughman is a large wild buffalo and below this is a file of monkeys preceded by a dog (?), a peacock, a boar and several antelopes (?), all moving against the direction of the ploughman. (p. 202, C047)"
This is the first of a series of posts in the coming months which will look in more detail at some of the possible similarities between Indus iconography and prehistoric rock art (ca. 25000 BCE-2500 BCE)
Illustrations are all from Erwin Neumayer's Prehistoric Rock Art of India (2013).
1. Humped bull with lyre-shaped horns led by an axe-wielding man. Nearby a man is struck down by another man with an axe. Chibbar Nulla, Chalocolithic, Length of animal 20 cm. (C002)
2. Depictions of bulls with decorated horns constitute a prominent feature of Chalcolithic rock art. The humped bull obviously held a pivotal position in religious symbolism. It is likely that the bull symbolized a deity, which is at times expressed in a symbolic dualism between a hero and a bull. This symbolism is also seen on Indus valley seals and in paintings on Chalcolithic pottery from the early Neolithic cultures of western South Asia. Naldeh, Chalcolithic, Length 40 cm, Bull [all 4 paintings]. C015-C018
3. The ithyphallic Hero surrounded by - or confronting - animals. Satkunda, Chalcolithic, Height of the person 25 cm. C035.
4. Deity of the 'Pashupatinath-type' with a wide out-loading horn-crown from which emanate plant-sprouts. In his right hand he holds a staff with upwards directed prongs and a serrated scythe (?). From the deity's phallus emanates a line that encircles animals and smaller deities. This picture was found under a rocky ledge which forms a waterfall during the rains. A heavy encrustation covers the pictures. Bundi, Mahadeo Pani, Chalcolithic, Height 50 cm. C022.
5. A pair of yoked humped cattle. Raisen-Ramchaja, Raisen, Chalcolithic, Red, length of bovid ca. 20 cm. C047.

https://www.harappa.com/blog/prehistoric-rock-paintings-and-ancient-indus-motifs-0

Pola festival. Animals on wheels
Daimabad, bronze animals on wheels

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Conclusive proof from Kharaputta-Jātaka and Kanmer seal for khara as equus hemionus which draws a royal chariot; rebus khār 'blacksmith'

June 12, 2019, 3:39 am

≫ Next: Design principles of pictographic Indus Script, gleaned from 'unicorn', 'rim-of-jar'

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https://tinyurl.com/y3xa9vmu

At the outset, this is a tribute to Asko Parpola and Juha Janhunen who hve identified some signs of the Indus Script Corpora as equus hemionus. I had read some of these signs as ranku'antelope'; a correction is warranted in view of the identification of equus hemionus. Some of these signs have to read as khara, equus hemionus on rebus: khār'blacksmith'The reading of this unique animal is read in this monograph as an Indus Script hypertext: 

khara, equus hemionus on Indus Script rebus: khār'blacksmith'

After Figure 15 in (Asko Parpola and Juha Janhunen, 2011, opcit., p.70) An Indus seal stamp (a) and its impression (b), with the wild ass as its heraldic motif, excavated at Kanmer, Kutch,Gujarat, in 2009 (photos by (a)Indus Project of RIHN, (b)Jeewan Singh Kharakwal) Decipherment of Kanmer seal:

खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kāˊṇḍa'arrow' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' . Thus, the notch is a semantic determinant of the 'arrow' hieroglyph and both signs together signify metal implements.

Pictorial motif:khara 'onager or equus heminonus' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'. Thus the inscription conveys the message: metal equipment (made by) blacksmith.

 Hieroglyph: joint of stalk, arrow: kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV., ʻ arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ cluster, heap ʼ (in tr̥ṇa -- kāṇḍa -- Pāṇ. Kāś.). [Poss. connexion with gaṇḍa -- 2 makes prob. non -- Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < kr̥ntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ ʻ joint of bamboo or sugarcane ʼ EWA i 197] Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m.n. ʻ knot of bough, bough, stick ʼ; Ash. kaṇ ʻ arrow ʼ, Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ, kŕãdotdot;, Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, kuṛ. kō̃, dar. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ torch ʼ; Shum. kō̃ṛ, kō̃ ʻ arrow ʼ, Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Kho. kan ʻ tree, large bush ʼ; Bshk. kāˋ'n ʻ arrow ʼ, Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ Ḍ. kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales. kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ (kān m. ʻ arrow ʼ ← Sh.?); S. kānu m. ʻ arrow ʼ, °no m. ʻ reed ʼ, °nī f. ʻ topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ʼ; L. kānã̄ m. ʻ stalk of the reed Sara ʼ, °nī˜ f. ʻ pen, small spear ʼ; P. kānnā m. ʻ the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp ʼ, kānī f. ʻ arrow ʼ; WPah. bhal. kān n. ʻ arrow ʼ, jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, °ṛo ʻ rafter ʼ; A. kã̄r ʻ arrow ʼ; B. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, °ṛā ʻ oil vessel made of bamboo joint, needle of bamboo for netting ʼ, kẽṛiyā ʻ wooden or earthen vessel for oil &c. ʼ; Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻ stalk, arrow ʼ; Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ wooden milkpail ʼ; Bhoj. kaṇḍā ʻ reeds ʼ; H. kã̄ṛī f. ʻ rafter, yoke ʼ, kaṇḍā m. ʻ reed, bush ʼ (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow ʼ, °ḍũ n. ʻ wrist ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ʼ; M. kã̄ḍ n. ʻ trunk, stem ʼ, °ḍẽ n. ʻ joint, knot, stem, straw ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, &c.) ʼ; Si. kaḍaya ʻ arrow ʼ. -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba ʻ to shoot with an arrow ʼ.(CDIAL 3023) Rebus: kaṇḍa 'equipment, metalware'.

After Figure 12 in (Asko Parpola and Juha Janhunen, 2011, opcit., p.68) Naturalistic variants of the Indus script sign 46 (in the sign list of Parpola 1994: 70-78) (from CISI 1-3/1). This is comparable to Signs 182 to 184 (including variants) of Mahadevan ASI 1977 Signlist Concordance.

The tail of the animal (Fig. 12 a to n) signifies: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy' PLUS xoli 'tail' rebus:kol 'working in iron'.Thus, iron smithy, forge.

The ears of the animal:karṇī 'ears' rebus: karaṇī 'supercargo, representative of the merchant responsible for the cargo'.

The stripes on body and neck on these images may be a scribe's style of identifying these body parts are semantic signifiers; for e.g.the rings on neck are read: kotiyum 'rings on neck' rebus: kod 'workshop';  G. koṭhɔ m., belly M. koṭhā m.(CDIAL 3545) rebus: kṓṣṭha2 n. ʻ pot ʼ Kauś., ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ MBh., ʻ inner apartment ʼ lex., ˚aka -- n. ʻ treasury ʼ, ˚ikā f. ʻ pan ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. *kōttha -- , *kōtthala -- : same as prec.?]

Pa. koṭṭha -- n. ʻ monk's cell, storeroom ʼ, ˚aka<-> n. ʻ storeroom ʼ; Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ˚, koṭṭhaya -- m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ;WPah.kṭg. kóṭṭhi f. ʻ house, quarters, temple treasury, name of a partic. temple ʼ, J. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, koṭhī f. ʻ granary, bungalow ʼ; Garh. koṭhu ʻ house surrounded by a wall ʼ; Md. koḍi ʻ frame ʼ, <-> koři ʻ cage ʼ (X kōṭṭa -- ). -- with ext.: OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. koṭari ʻ room ʼ.(CDIAL 3546).

After Figure 13 (Asko Parpola and Juha Janhunen, 2011, opcit., p.69) Schematic variants of the Indus script sign 46 (in the sign list of Parpola 1994: 70-78) (from CISI 1-2)."...the ass and the rhinoceros. These two animals are associated with each other also in the copper tablets of Mohenjodaro. Identical inscription on the obverse links the Indus sign depicting the wild ass on the reverse of the tablets M-516 (see Figure 13 c-d) and M-517 with the rhinoceros illustrated on the reverse of the tablet M-1481." (ibid.) 

Kanmer, three identical tokens.

Reverse side of a clay "token" from Kanmer, Kutch, with incised signs depicting (from right to left) 'wild ass' and 'ladder' (photo by Indus Project of RIHN).

khara 'equus hemionus' rebus:khār 'blacksmith

śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace). Thus, guild-master of the guild of blacksmiths. 

Three seal impressions of Kanmer are used on a string to constitute a set. The seal impressions are composed of the inscription:

 PLUS  These two hieroglyphs read from r. to l.: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus kharada खरडें daybook PLUS karṇaka कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus kanahār 'helmsman'. Thus, the message is: khareḍo koḍ karṇaka rebus: khareḍo 'daybook' (of) koḍ 'workshop' (of) kanahār 'helmsman'. Together, the inscription message is: daybook of workshop of helmsman. Three such seal impressions on three tokens of Kanmer constitute the consolidated cargo to be compiled on a seal message.

khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharada 
खरडें daybook 

 Sign 38 is a hypertext composed of kharada 

खरडें daybook PLUS  kanahār 'helmsman'. Thus, helmsman's daybook.

Variants of Sign 176

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati). 

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: kanahār'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account''supercargo'. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'; meṛed 'iron' rebus: meḍh 'merchant' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; 2. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karṇi 'supercargo'  Indicative that the merchant is seafaring metalsmith. karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman ʼ.(CDIAL 2836) Decipherment: कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic). Thus the body hieroglyph signifies mē̃d कर्णक karṇi 'an iron helmsman seafaring, supercargo merchant.'

khoṇḍ, kõda 'young bull-calf' खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) ‘Pannier’  glyph: खोंडी [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा, to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’. कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) 

Kanmer

Kanmer: Ancient Village or Settlement in India

Source:Kharakwal, JS, YS Rawat and Toshiki Osada, Excavations at Kanmer: A Harappan site in Kachchh, Gujarat, Puratattva, Number 39, 2009

koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ'workshop' PLUS meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' hieroglyph: karNaka 'legs spread' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' (responsible for products of brazier's workshop). Three seal impressions of Kanmer relate to three braziers whose products are entrusted to the Supercargo in charge of the shipment.

Khirsara1a tablet

Decipherment:Hypertext of Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUSSign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

khara 'equus hemionus' rebus:khār 'blacksmith [Alternative: ranku ‘antelope’; rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali)]

śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace). [Alternative: panǰā́r ‘ladder, stairs’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 7760) Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali)]

Thus, guild-master of the guild of blacksmiths. 

badhi ‘to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature’ (Santali) batā bamboo slips (Kur.); bate = thin slips of bamboo (Malt.)(DEDR 3917). Rebus: baḍhi = worker in wood and metal (Santali) baṛae = blacksmith (Ash.)

kolmo ‘three’ (Mu.); rebus: kolimi ‘smithy’ (Te.)

khaṇḍ ‘division’; rebus: kaṇḍ ‘furnace’ (Santali) khaḍā ‘circumscribe’ (M.); Rebs: khaḍā ‘nodule (ore), stone’ (M.)

bharna = the name given to the woof by weavers; otor bharna = warp and weft (Santali.lex.) bharna = the woof, cross-thread in weaving (Santali); bharni_ (H.) (Santali.Boding.lex.) Rebus: bhoron = a mixture of brass and bell metal (Santali.lex.) bharan = to spread or bring out from a kiln (P.lex.) bha_ran. = to bring out from a kiln (G.)  ba_ran.iyo = one whose profession it is to sift ashes or dust in a goldsmith’s workshop (G.lex.) bharant (lit. bearing) is used in the plural in Pan~cavim.s’a Bra_hman.a (18.10.8). Sa_yan.a interprets this as ‘the warrior caste’ (bharata_m – bharan.am kurvata_m ks.atriya_n.a_m). *Weber notes this as a reference to the Bharata-s. (Indische Studien, 10.28.n.2)

kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.lex.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘iron smelter furnace’ (Santali)

Hieroglyph ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' 

meḍhi 'plait' meḍ 'iron'; daürā 'rope' Rebus dhāvḍā 'smelter'

See A11 and B5 in figure.

Field symbol: short-tailed caprid kid: ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: khara 'equus hemionus'rebus:khār'blacksmith' or ranku ‘tin’ + xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', 

kol 'working in iron' 

Text A11: Glyph ‘mountain’: మెట్ట [ meṭṭa ] or మిట్ట meṭṭa. [Tel.] n. Rising ground, high lying land, uplands. A hill, a rock. ఉన్నతభూమి, మెరక, పర్వతము, దిబ్బ. மேடு mēṭu , n. [T. meṭṭa, M. K. mēḍu.] 1. Height; உயரம். (பிங்.) 2. Eminence, little hill, hillock, ridge, rising ground; சிறுதிடர். (பிங்.) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

gaṇḍá4 m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ lex., ˚aka -- m. lex. 2. *ga- yaṇḍa -- . [Prob. of same non -- Aryan origin as khaḍgá -- 1: cf. gaṇōtsāha-- m. lex. as a Sanskritized form ← Mu. PMWS 138]1. Pa. gaṇḍaka -- m., Pk. gaṁḍaya -- m., A. gãr, Or. gaṇḍā. 2. K. gö̃ḍ m., S. geṇḍo m. (lw. with g -- ), P. gaĩḍā m., ˚ḍī f., N. gaĩṛo, H. gaĩṛā m., G. gẽḍɔ m., ˚ḍī f., M. gẽḍā m. Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 4. 2. *gayaṇḍa -- : WPah.kṭg. geṇḍɔ mirg m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ, Md. genḍā ← H.(CDIAL 4000) rebus: kaṇḍa .'fire-altar','equpment' 

Field symbol: feeding trough + rhinoceros:pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS :  kāṇṭā'rhinoceros. Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Gujarati)

Text B5: మెట్ట [ meṭṭa ] or మిట్ట meṭṭa. [Tel.] n. Rising ground, high lying land, uplands. A hill, a rock. ఉన్నతభూమి, మెరక, పర్వతము, దిబ్బ. மேடு mēṭu , n. [T. meṭṭa, M. K. mēḍu.] 1. Height; உயரம். (பிங்.) 2. Eminence, little hill, hillock, ridge, rising ground; சிறுதிடர். 

(பிங்.) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 

'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

  m0517

The person with upraised arm and bovine legs and tail is a blacksmith: eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: 'moltencast' + dhangar 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'. Some details at  http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2018/04/orthographic-hypertext-devices-eg-tiger.html

The tree behind the Fig. 103, composite image (zebu+decrepit woman+horns) is the wealth accounting ledger classifier. I think it signifies a smelter.

FS Fig. 103 Tiger with horns, leaps and looks back kolhe kō̃da कोँद kamar koḍ 'smelter kiln blacksmith, artisan’s workshop'.The hieroglyph of dhokaṛa 'an old female with breasts hanging down' and ligatured to the ḍhōṅgā 'buttock' of a bovine is also deployed on this Mohenjo-daro seal (FS Fig. 103); rebus: dhokra.dokra 'cire-perdue lost-wax metal casting artifice' PLUS dhangar'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'; thus, the hypertext signifies: cire-perdue metalcaster smith. On a Mohenjo0daro seal this is reinforced by two hieroglyphs: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter (worker)'. kuṭhi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. Tiger's paws: panja 'feline paws' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace' kũdā 'jumping' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace' (Kashmiri) koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. 

Hieroglyph: Tiger looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) 

Reading of Text 1357 on Mohenjo-daro seal: gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' khoṭa 'ingot, wedge'. ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; rebus: dhatu 'mineral (ore)' xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

Mohenodaro seal. Pict-103 Horned (female with breasts hanging down?) person with a tail and bovine legs standing near a tree fisting a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs.

Sign 183. ranku 'antelope' + koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' rebus: + Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali).  Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567). Thus, ranku koḍ  'tin workshop'.

In addition to the reading ranku 'antelope', the reading khara'equus hemionus' rebus: khār 'bloacksmith' is also semantically valid.

“The mammal sign of M-290 (no. 46 in the sign list published in Parpola 1994: 70-78, Figure 5.1) occurs nine times in Mohenjo-daro and nine times in Harappa (all occurrences in Harappa are moulded duplicates of one and the same text: H-1934, H-1935, H-2024, H-2026 to H-2031 in CISI 3:1). The more realistic renderings of this animal are shown in Figure 12 (a-n) comprising 14 photographs of the sign, in five original seal stamps and their modern impressions, and in three of the moulded tablets from Harappa. From these illustrations it can be seen that the animal has relatively high legs, an upheld relatively long neck and a relatively big head with large upwards or sideways pointing ears but no horns, and an upright tail ending in a tuft. The same characteristics are found in the less realistic,simplified variants of the sign illustrated in Figure13 (a-i)23. Comparing these characteristics with  several books of South Asian animals I had come to the conclusion that the animal is most likely to be the Asiatic wild ass. The tail of this animal ends in a tuft, but it was not held in an upright position in any of the pictures accessible to me.”(Asko Parpola and Juha Janhunen, 2011, opcit., pp.69-70).

Encyclopedia Judaica:

ONAGER (Heb. פֶּרֶא, Wild Ass; Job 39:5, also עָרוֹד). Two sub-species of the wild ass, the Equus hemionus hemihippus, the Syrian onager, and the Equus hemionus onager, the Arabian onager, existed in the Syrian desert up to the present century. The onager is described as loving freedom (Jer. 2:24) and fearless (Job 39:5–8). Its habitat is in waste places (Isa. 32:44 and Job 39:6), and Ishmael who was to dwell in the desert is called a wild ass of a man (Gen. 16:12). It appears that from time to time efforts were made to domesticate the wild ass. An ancient Sumerian picture shows it harnessed to a wagon, and the Tosefta (Kil. 5:5) forbids the yoking of an ass with an onager. It was sometimes employed for turning millstones (Av. Zar. 16b). It would appear that the wild ass flourished in the talmudic period, and its flesh was used to feed animals in the arena (Men. 103b). In Babylon fields were fenced in to prevent the onagers from doing damage (BB 36a).

---

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Y. Aharoni, Torat ha-Ḥai, 1 (1923), 99–101; Lewysohn, Zool, 143; J. Feliks, Animal World of the Bible (1962), 29–30. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Feliks, Ha-Ẓome'aḥ, 264.

[Jehuda Feliks] https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/onager

After Fig. 3 in: Rita Dolce, 2014, Equids as Luxury Gifts at the Centre of Interregional Economic Dynamics in the Archaic Urban Cultures of the Ancient Near East, in: Syria, Archeologie Art et Histoire, 91, 2014.

After Fig. 4 ibid. Ukresh Ishar-beli seal impression (Note: I suggest that the signifiers of onager and buffalo are indicative of the nature of wealth these animals represent in Indus Script Cipher. The onager is: khara 'onager' rebus: khar 'blacksmith' ranga 'buffalo' rebus: ranga 'pewter'.10567 *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.  10562 raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL)

https://journals.openedition.org/syria/2664?lang=en 

Rein ring decorated with bull figurine. "This harness fitting would have been attached to the shaft of a chariot. The reins of the draught animals went through the two rings, which prevented them from tangling and facilitated the charioteer's task. Rein rings of this sort are rare; only about twenty pieces are known. Some were found in the tombs of warriors buried with their chariots in the royal cemeteries of Ur and Kish. The most refined pieces are decorated with animal figurines." Cuivre W. 10.4 cm; H. 28.3 cmAO 31534.Louvre. c. 2650-2600 BCE. https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/rein-ring-decorated-bull-figurine

Equus heminous run at 48 to 51 km./hr. speed.

The wild half-ass or onager (equus hemionus) is called kulan in Central Asia.

Sumerian AN.ŚE, AN.ŚU 'ass', anse-edin-na 'ass of the desert' is often equated with an onager. Further investigations in pragmatics are warranted to see the link between AN.ŚU 'ass' and ancu 'iron' (Tocharian) which is cognate amśu 'Soma'.

The Tibetan wild ass is kiang.

Greek hēmí-onos, literally 'half-ass' denotes 'mule', i.e., the sterile hybrid of ass x horse. The Greek word for 'wild ass' is ónagros.

Persian onagers.

Mongolian Kulan.Gobi desert  Also called the chigetai, dziggetai orsimply khulan, Mongolian: Хулан 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_wild_ass#/media/File:Mongolie_h%C3%A9mione.jpg

Male and female Mongolian wild ass (photo from Denzau and Denzau 1999: 131)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wild_ass#/media/File:Asiatic_Wild_Ass.jpeg

Equus hemionus khur or Baluchi wild-ass. called ghudkhur (Gujarati) or ghor-khur a semantic expression combingghōṭa'horse' PLUS khara 'ass'. An example of such an expression in a dialect is: Persian, 'wild ass, onager' is called also gōr-

χar.  "Middle and New Persian χar has cognates in Younger Avestan χara-, Khotanese Saka khara,

Sogdian (Buddhist) γr-, (Manichean, Christian) χr-, and practically all Neo-Iranian languages.."

(cf. Parpola, Asko, and Juha Janhunen, 2011, opcit., p.79)

Ossetic χarag, χarag, Munji χara-, Tajik, Baluchi, Pashto, Yaghnobi χar, Parachi khȫr, Sanglichi χor, χōr, Yigdha χoro, Ishkashmi, Yazghulami χůr, Wakhi χur, Kurdish ker, (Gurānī) har, Sariqoli čer, šer, Bartangi šor, Roshani šur, Rushani, Khufi šōr, (fem.) šār (cf. Horn 1893: 104 no. 473; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 409). Gypsy (Palestinian) ḳar m. ḳari f., (Armenian) χari, (Greek) kher, (Rumanian) χeru, Kati kur, Prasun korū, Ashkun kɘrɘṭek, Shumashti χareṭa, Khowar khairanu  'donkey's foal'), Bashkarik kur, Dameli khar m., khari f., Tirahi khar, Pashai (Laurowani) khar m., khar f., Kalasha (Urtsun) khār, Phalura khār m., khari, Kashmiri khar m.,khuru f., Sindhi kharu m., Lahnda kharkām., kharkīf., Panjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Hindi khar m. Old Marathi khari f. (Turner 1966 and 1985: no. 3818; McGregor 1993: 230a; a detailed analysis of the Nuristani and Dardic data in Fussman 1972 I: 60-62).

khara1 m. ʻ donkey ʼ KātyŚr., ˚rī -- f. Pāṇ.NiDoc. Pk. khara -- m., Gy. pal. ḳăr m., kắri f., arm. xari, eur. gr. kher, kfer, rum. xerú, Kt. kur, Pr. korūˊ, Dm. khar m., ˚ri f., Tir. kh*lr, Paš. lauṛ. khar m., khär f., Kal. urt. khār, Phal. khār m., khári f., K. khar m., khürü f., pog. kash. ḍoḍ. khar, S. kharu m., P. G. M. khar m., OM. khari f.; -- ext. Ash. kərəṭék, Shum. xareṭá; <-> L. kharkā m., ˚kī f. -- Kho. khairánu ʻ donkey's foal ʼ (+?).*kharapāla -- ; -- *kharabhaka -- .Addenda: khara -- 1: Bshk. Kt. kur ʻ donkey ʼ (CDIAL 3818) Ta. kar̤utai ass. Ma. kar̤uta id.

 Ko. kaṛt id.; kaḷd a term of abuse. To. katy ass. Ka. kar̤te,katte. Koḍ. katte. Tu. katte. Te. gāḍida.

 Kol. ga·ḍdi. Nk. gāṛdi.Pa. gade, (S.) garad. Go. (G. Ko.) gāṛdi (Voc. 1073). Kuwi (Su.) gāṛde. / Cf. Skt. gardabha-; Turner, CDIAL, no. 4054.(DEDR 1364) gardabhá m. ʻ ass ʼ RV., ˚bhīˊ -- f. AV., ˚bhaka -- m. ʻ any- one resembling an ass ʼ Kāś. [√gard]Pa. gaddabha -- , gadrabha -- m., ˚bhī -- f., Pk. gaddaha -- , ˚aya -- , gaḍḍaha -- m., gaddabhī -- f., Gy. as. ghádar JGLS new ser. ii 255 (< gadrabha -- ?), Wg. gadāˊ, Niṅg. gadə́, Woṭ. gadāˊ m., ˚daī f., Gaw. gadāˊ m., ˚deṛi f., Kho. gordóg (< gardabhaka -- ; → Kal. gardɔkh as the Kalashas have no donkeys, G. Morgenstierne FestskrBroch 150), Bshk. g*ldāˊ m., ˚dḗī f., Tor. godhṓ m., gedhḗi f., Mai. ghadā, Sv. gadaṛṓ, S. gaḍahu m., L. gaḍḍãh m., ˚ḍẽh f., (Ju.) gaḍ̠ -- hã̄ m., ˚hī f. ʻ ass, blockhead ʼ; P. gadhā m., ˚dhī f., WPah. pāḍ. cur. cam. Ku. gadhā, N. gadoho m., ˚dahi f., A. gādh m., ˚dhī f., B. gādhā m., ˚dhīf., Or. gadha m., ˚dhuṇī f. ʻ ass ʼ, gadhā ʻ blockhead ʼ; Bi. Mth. Bhoj. H. gadahā m., ˚hī f., OG. ghaddaü m., G. gaddhɔ m., ˚dhī f., M. gāḍhav m., ˚ḍhvī f. (lw. gadhḍā m.), Ko. gāḍhū, Si. gäḍum̆buvā (gadubuvā ← Pa.).Addenda: gardabhá -- : S.kcch. gaḍoṛī f. ʻ she -- ass ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) gáddhɔ m. ʻ donkey ʼ, Garh. gardhā, gadṛu, A. gādha (CDIAL 4054) ghōṭa m. ʻ horse ʼ ĀpŚr., ˚ṭī -- f. Aśvad., ˚ṭaka -- m. Pañ- cat., ˚ṭikā -- f. lex. [Non -- Aryan, prob. Drav., origin EWA i 361 with lit.]Pa. ghōṭaka -- m. ʻ poor horse ʼ; Pk. ghōḍa -- , ˚ḍaya -- m., ˚ḍī -- f. ʻ horse ʼ, Gy. as (Baluči) gura, pers. gôrá, pal. gṓri f., arm. khori ʻ horse ʼ, eur. khuro m., ˚rī f. ʻ foal ʼ, boh. pol. khuro ʻ stallion ʼ; Ash. gọ̄́ṛu m. ʻ horse ʼ, gọ̈̄räˊ f., Wg. gọ̄́ṛa, Pr. irí, Dm. gọŕɔ m., guŕi f., Paš. gōṛāˊ, Niṅg. guṛə́, Shum. gṓṛo, Woṭ. gōṛm., gēṛ f., Gaw. guṛɔ́ m., guṛīˊ f., Kal. urt. ghɔ́̄ŕ*l, Bshk. gór m., gēr f., Tor. ghō m., ghəē f. (aspirate maintained to distinguish from gō ʻ bull ʼ J. Bloch BSL xxx 82), Mai. ghå m., ghwī f., Chil. Gau. gho, Sv. ghuṛo m., g'uṛia f., Phal. ghūṛu m., ˚ṛi f., Sh. *gōu (→ Ḍ. gōwá), K. guru m., ˚rü f., (Islamābād) guḍü, rām. pog. ghōṛŭ, kash. ghuṛŭ, ḍoḍ. ghōṛō, S. ghoṛo m., ˚ṛī f., L. P. ghoṛā m., ˚ṛī f., in cmpds. ghoṛ -- , WPah. ghoṛo m., ˚ṛī f., ˚ṛu n. ʻ foal ʼ, Ku. ghoṛo, A. ghõrā, in cmpds. ghõr -- , B. ghõṛā m., ghũṛi f. (whence Chittagong ghunni ODBL 695), Or. ghoṛā, ˚ṛī, Bi. ghor, ˚rā, OAw. ghora, H. ghoṛ, ghoṛā m., ṛī f. (→ N. Bhoj. ghoṛā, N. ˚ṛi, Bhoj. ˚ṛī), Marw. ghoṛo m., G. ghoṛɔ m., ˚ṛī f., ˚ṛũ n. ʻ poor horse ʼ, M. ghoḍā m., ˚ḍī f., Ko. ghoḍo.

*ghōṭakarūpa -- , *ghōṭāgāra -- .Addenda: ghōṭa -- : S.kcch. ghoṛo m. ʻ horse ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ghòṛɔ, m. ʻ horse ʼ, kṭg. ghòṛu m. ʻ small horse, colt ʼ, Garh. ghoṛū m. ʻ horse ʼ, Brj. ghoṛo, ghoro m., ghoṛī, ghorī f.(CDIAL 4516)

https://www.123rf.com/photo_54664264_indian-wild-ass-or-baluchi-wild-ass-equus-hemionus-khur-also-called-the-ghudkhur-in-the-local-gujara.html

Persepolis.Bottom row shows an Indian bringing in the trophy or gift to the king of a khara 'wild ass'. rebus: khār'blacksmith'. The person carrying water bags is kuṭi'water carrier' rebus: kuṭhi'smelter.

Kharaputta-Jātaka (no. 386) speaks of 'sons of an ass' (kharaputta- in stanza 80) from Sindh as

yoked to the chariot of a king in ancient India.(Jātaka no. 386 p. 278 rājā c'eva ratheyuttasindhavā...

eko ratheyuttasindhavo...). The word of equus hemionus used to pull a royal chariot is thus khara 'wild ass'. The expression khara-gardabha-, is attested in  Matsya-Purāṇa and 20th book of the Paippalāda-Saṃhitā of Atharvaveda (20,39,2). gōr signifies equus hemionus in Baloch and Urdu.    غیره g̠ẖʿyaraʿh, s.f. (3rd) The wild ass or onager. Pl. يْ ey. (Pashto)  

khara is attested in Niya documents of Sinkiang, Nuristani languages of Afghanistan,

and the Dardic Neo-Indo-Aryan languages of North Pakistan and Kashmir and Akkadian (at Mari in Syria) has a cognate ḫārum, ajarum 'donkey stallion' (cf. Mayrhofer 1992 I: 447)..

 I suggest that these are phonetic variants of khara which is the ancient Meluhha form of 3rd m. BCE to signify equus hemionus.

Map showing the historical and current distribution of the Asiatic wild ass (after Feh et al. 2002: 63, Figure 5.1)

The equid kunga written BAR.AN in pre-Sargonic texts is a cross between an onager and a donkey.  Kungas drew ceremonial and war chariots or wheeled vehicles.
https://www.persee.fr/doc/mom_1955-4982_2008_act_49_1_2721 (Jill A Weber, 2008, Elite equids: redefining equid burials of the mid- to late 3rd millennium BCE from Umm el-Marra, Syria, in: MOM Éditions  Année 2008  49  pp. 499-519).

Kenneth C Way, 2010, Assessing Sacred Asss: Bronze Age Donkey burials in the Near East  “This study provides the most comprehensive archaeological survey of deliberate donkey burials in the ancient Near East. It comprises the updated results from a chapter of my doctoral dissertation — The Ceremonial and Symbolic Significance of Donkeys in the Biblical World (Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, 2006). First, donkey burials from sites in Egypt, Israel-Palestine, Syria, and Iraq are summarized in a brief historical overview that spans the entire 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Second, the donkey burials are interpreted under the rubric of five ceremonial contexts — those associated with human graves, those unrelated to human graves, those situated beneath walls, those situated in a fill covering a temple complex, and finally, those situated in a special tomb beside a temple. This study demonstrates that the donkey held a special status in the ceremonial practices of the ancient Near East.”

https://www.academia.edu/29514509/Assessing_Sacred_Asses_Bronze_Age_Donkey_Burials_in_the_Near_East_2010_ 

  "...there was a special relationship between humans and equids in this region (from Egypt to Mesopotmia)." This comment of Francesco Alhaique et al 2015, relates to the discussion on the burial of 3rd m.BCE, of what appears to be an Equus Hemionus (Onager).

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284028299_A_Sumerian_equid_burial_from_Abu_Tbeirah_Southern_Iraq  

https://www.academia.edu/18499730/A_Sumerian_equid_burial_from_Abu_Tbeirah_Southern_Iraq_POSTER

Alhaique, Francesca & Romano, Licia & Gabbianelli, Federica & Valentini, Alessio & D'Agostino, Franco. (2015). A Sumerian equid burial from Abu Tbeirah (Southern Iraq).Conference: 8° Convegno Nazionale AIAZ -- Associazione Italiana Archeo Zoologia.

Parpola, Asko, and Juha Janhunen, 2011. On the Asiatic wild asses and their vernacular names. Pp. 59-124 in: Toshiki Osada and Hitoshi Endo (eds.), Linguistics, archaeology and the human past: Occasional paper 12. Kyoto: Indus Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. 

https://www.academia.edu/18863544/Parpola_Asko_and_Juha_Janhunen_2011._On_the_Asiatic_wild_asses_and_their_vernacular_names._Pp._59-124_in_Toshiki_Osada_and_Hitoshi_Endo_eds._Linguistics_archaeology_and_the_human_past_Occasional_paper_12._Kyoto_Indus_Project_Research_Institute_for_Humanity_and_Nature

Design principles of pictographic Indus Script, gleaned from 'unicorn', 'rim-of-jar'

June 12, 2019, 6:12 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/yya6g9gf

This is an addendum to: Overflowing pot of m1656 pectoral and on Ibni Sharrum cylinder seal signifies Indus Script hypertext lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware' https://tinyurl.com/y6psctdw

Design principles of pictographic Indus Script.

1. A composite animal is created with a combination of hieroglyphs. For e.g., 'unicorn' is made up of: a. young bull; b. rings on neck; c. pannier' d. head of onager e. one crumpled, S-curved horn.

m1656 pectoral The body of the young bull has the pictograph signified on the body. Arka flipped vertically and signified on the body of the young bull on pectoral, as shown below. The young bull signifies Hieroglyph: kõda 'young bull-calf'.  Rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold'; kār-kund 'manager'. 

The overflowing pot atop the one-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext. The rebus reading in Meluhha of the overflowing pot is: 

lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware' (Marathi) The expression is composed of two words: '(pot etc.) to overflow' and 'water'. The rebus readings are:

1. (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi)

காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண்டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi).  

Thus, the overflowing pot is a hypertext to signify metal tools, pots and pans of copper, made by .the young bull kār-kunda 'manager' who works as an artisan with the metallurgical competence of 'lapidary, goldsmith, turner' in mint.

Overflowing pot is an abiding metaphor on Ibni Sharrum cylinder seal and many other Ancient Near East artifacts.

2. 'unicorn' is normally shown in front of a standard device which is composed of hieroglyphs: a. lathe (top part) with a sharp gimlet; b. portable furnace (bottom part); c.dottedcircles on the bottom part; d. smoke emanates from the surface of the portable furnace; d. both parts held together with a flagstaff, for carrying on processions.

Mari procession shows a curious flagstaff to carry a 'unicorn' banner; the flagstaff is a cob of holcus sorghum, khoṇḍa as a semanic determinative of the 'unicorn' animal which is a young bull called khoṇḍa. This remarkable Mari frieze proves the underlying language of the hieroglyphs to be Meluhha, Indian sprachbund, 'language union'. The sprachbund is characterised by many variant phonetic forms.

3. Composite animal normalised as a sign is ligatured with a short tail with three prongs. kolom'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS xoli'tail' rebus: kol'working in iron', kolhe 'smelter'

Sign 184 variants (Mahadevan ASI 1977 Concordance sign list)

The Meluhha language signifiers are: kār kunda'adroit, clever, experienced, director, manager'. The 'unicorn' is a lapidary, turner, smelter, khār 'metalsmith' who creates kunda 'wealth', one of the nine treasures of Kubera.

Hieroglyph 'rim-of-jar' signifies rebus karaṇika 'scribe', karaṇī 'supercargo'.

The 'lid' is a ligature to Sign 342.

Hieroglyph ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'.

Herring bone (or, ladder?) Indus Script kuttu rebus kōḍa 'workshop' of khara 'equus hemionus' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'

June 12, 2019, 9:23 pm

≫ Next: Copper tablet Indus Script inscriptions with hare hieroglyph proclaim khār kaṇṭho 'blacksmith implements town'

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https://tinyurl.com/y4bmewg6

This is an addendum to:

1. Conclusive proof from Kharaputta-Jātaka and Kanmer seal for khara as equus hemionus which draws a royal chariot; rebus khār 'blacksmith' https://tinyurl.com/y3xa9vmu

2. Design principles of pictographic Indus Script, gleaned from 'unicorn', 'rim-of-jar' https://tinyurl.com/yya6g9gf

Herringbone pattern.

This could be seen as an extension of fish-fins which are read rebus: khambhaṛā'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' .

Sign 177

On Kanmer seal impressions and on Khirsara tablet, this Sign 177 has been read as 'ladder'. Maybe, this has an alternative reading: குத்தா kuttā, குத்துவா 

kuttuvā, n. A herring, golden, glossed with purple, Pellona brachysoma; கடல்மீன்வகை Rebus: kōḍa'workshop'. 

Reverse side of a clay "token" from Kanmer, Kutch, with incised signs depicting (from right to left) 'wild ass' and 'ladder' (photo by Indus Project of RIHN).

khara 'equus hemionus' rebus:khār 'blacksmith

śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace). Thus, guild-master of the guild of blacksmiths. 

Kanmer seal impression as a token has two signs on the obverse which are repeated as a two-sign sequence on Khirsara tablet. 

Khirsara tablet two-sign sequence. The sequence is read rebus: 

khara 'equus hemionus' rebus:khār 'blacksmith' PLUS kuttuvā 'herring bone' rebus: kōḍa 'workshop'. Thus, together, blacksmith workshop. The same reading may relate to the obverse of Kanmer seal impression 'token'. (Many dialectical variant phonetic forms of kuttuvā 'herring bone' include: kuṭṭa, kuṭṭai 'knotty log, handcuffs', khoḍ ʻ trunk or stump of a tree ʼ, ˚ḍā m. ʻ stocks for criminals ʼ. Hence, the rebus reading kōḍa'workshop, place of work of artisans' is realised.

Three identical seal impressions of Kanmer are used on a string to constitute a set. The seal impressions are composed of the inscription:

 PLUS  These two hieroglyphs read from r. to l.: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus kharada खरडें daybook PLUS karṇaka कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus kanahār 'helmsman'. Thus, the message is: khareḍo koḍ karṇaka rebus: khareḍo 'daybook' (of) koḍ 'workshop' (of) kanahār 'helmsman'. Together, the inscription message is: daybook of workshop of helmsman. Three such seal impressions on three tokens of Kanmer constitute the consolidated cargo to be compiled on a seal message.

khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharada 
खरडें daybook 

 Sign 38 is a hypertext composed of kharada 

खरडें daybook PLUS  kanahār 'helmsman'. Thus, helmsman's daybook.

Variants of Sign 176

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati). 

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: kanahār'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account''supercargo'. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'; meṛed 'iron' rebus: meḍh 'merchant' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; 2. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karṇi 'supercargo'  Indicative that the merchant is seafaring metalsmith. karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman ʼ.(CDIAL 2836) Decipherment: कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic). Thus the body hieroglyph signifies mē̃d कर्णक karṇi 'an iron helmsman seafaring, supercargo merchant.'
khoṇḍ, kõda 'young bull-calf' खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) ‘Pannier’  glyph: खोंडी [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा, to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’. कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) 

Khirsara1a tablet

Decipherment:Hypertext of Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUSSign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

khara 'equus hemionus' rebus:khār 'blacksmith [Alternative: ranku ‘antelope’; rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali)]

Sign 177 (Mahadevan ASI 1977 COncordance Signlist)

śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace). [Alternative: panǰā́r ‘ladder, stairs’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 7760) Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali)]

Thus, guild-master of the guild of blacksmiths. 

badhi ‘to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature’ (Santali) batā bamboo slips (Kur.); bate = thin slips of bamboo (Malt.)(DEDR 3917). Rebus: baḍhi = worker in wood and metal (Santali) baṛae = blacksmith (Ash.)

kolmo ‘three’ (Mu.); rebus: kolimi ‘smithy’ (Te.)

khaṇḍ ‘division’; rebus: kaṇḍ ‘furnace’ (Santali) khaḍā ‘circumscribe’ (M.); Rebs: khaḍā ‘nodule (ore), stone’ (M.)

bharna = the name given to the woof by weavers; otor bharna = warp and weft (Santali.lex.) bharna = the woof, cross-thread in weaving (Santali); bharni_ (H.) (Santali.Boding.lex.) Rebus: bhoron = a mixture of brass and bell metal (Santali.lex.) bharan = to spread or bring out from a kiln (P.lex.) bha_ran. = to bring out from a kiln (G.)  ba_ran.iyo = one whose profession it is to sift ashes or dust in a goldsmith’s workshop (G.lex.) bharant (lit. bearing) is used in the plural in Pan~cavim.s’a Bra_hman.a (18.10.8). Sa_yan.a interprets this as ‘the warrior caste’ (bharata_m – bharan.am kurvata_m ks.atriya_n.a_m). *Weber notes this as a reference to the Bharata-s. (Indische Studien, 10.28.n.2)

kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.lex.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘iron smelter furnace’ (Santali)

Hieroglyph ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' 

meḍhi 'plait' meḍ 'iron'; daürā 'rope' Rebus dhāvḍā 'smelter'

kṣōḍa m. ʻ post to which an elephant is fastened ʼ lex. [Poss. conn. with *khuṭṭa -- 1 with kh -- sanskritized as kṣ -- ]Pk. khōḍa -- m. ʻ boundary post ʼ, ˚ḍī -- f. ʻ big piece of wood, wooden bolt ʼ, taṁtukkhōḍī -- f. ʻ peg in a loom ʼ; N. khoriyo ʻ land on which trees have been cut and burnt and crops sown ʼ (< ʻ *having stumps ʼ?); H. khoṛ m. ʻ piece of wood ʼ, ˚ṛā m. ʻ stocks, handcuffs ʼ, khoṛkā m. ʻ stump of a tree ʼ; G. khoṛ n. ʻ large block of wood ʼ; M. khoḍ n. ʻ trunk or stump of a tree ʼ, ˚ḍā m. ʻ stocks for criminals ʼ.(CDIAL 3748) *khuṭṭa1 ʻ peg, post ʼ. 2. *khuṇṭa -- 1. [Same as *khuṭṭa -- 2? -- See also kṣōḍa -- .]1. Ku. khuṭī ʻ peg ʼ; N. khuṭnu ʻ to stitch ʼ (der. *khuṭ ʻ pin ʼ as khilnu from khil s.v. khīˊla -- ); Mth. khuṭā ʻ peg, post ʼ; H. khūṭā m. ʻ peg, stump ʼ; Marw. khuṭī f. ʻ peg ʼ; M. khuṭā m. ʻ post ʼ.2. Pk. khuṁṭa -- , khoṁṭaya -- m. ʻ peg, post ʼ; Dm. kuṇḍa ʻ peg for fastening yoke to plough -- pole ʼ; L. khū̃ḍī f. ʻ drum -- stick ʼ; P. khuṇḍ, ˚ḍā m. ʻ peg, stump ʼ; WPah. rudh. khuṇḍ ʻ tethering peg or post ʼ; A. khũṭā ʻ post ʼ, ˚ṭi ʻ peg ʼ; B. khũṭā, ˚ṭi ʻ wooden post, stake, pin, wedge ʼ; Or. khuṇṭa, ˚ṭā ʻ pillar, post ʼ; Bi. (with -- ḍa -- ) khũṭrā, ˚rī ʻ posts about one foot high rising from body of cart ʼ; H. khū̃ṭā m. ʻ stump, log ʼ, ˚ṭī f. ʻ small peg ʼ (→ P. khū̃ṭā m., ˚ṭī f. ʻ stake, peg ʼ); G. khū̃ṭ f. ʻ landmark ʼ, khũṭɔ m., ˚ṭī f. ʻ peg ʼ, ˚ṭũ n. ʻ stump ʼ, ˚ṭiyũ n. ʻ upright support in frame of wagon ʼ, khū̃ṭṛũ n. ʻ half -- burnt piece of fuel ʼ; M. khũṭ m. ʻ stump of tree, pile in river, grume on teat ʼ (semant. cf. kīla -- 1 s.v. *khila -- 2), khũṭā m. ʻ stake ʼ, ˚ṭī f. ʻ wooden pin ʼ, khũṭaḷṇẽ ʻ to dibble ʼ.Addenda: *khuṭṭa -- 1. 2. *khuṇṭa -- 1: WPah.kṭg. khv́ndɔ ʻ pole for fencing or piling grass round ʼ (Him.I 35 nd poss. wrong for ṇḍ); J. khuṇḍā m. ʻ peg to fasten cattle to ʼ.(CDIAL 3893)

Ta. kuṭṭai, kuṭṭai-maram stocks; kaikkuṭṭai handcuffs. To. kuṭy, koy-kuṭy id.(DEDRF 1674) Ma. kuṭṭa a knotty log. Ko. guṭḷ stake to which animal is tied, any large wooden peg. To. kuṭy a stump. Ka. (Coorg) kuṭṭustem of a tree which remains after cutting it. Koḍ. kuṭṭe log. Tu. kuṭṭi stake, peg, stump. Go. (Mu.) kuṭṭa, guṭṭa, (G. Ma.) guṭṭa, (Ko.) guṭa stump of tree; (S.) kuṭṭa id., stubble; (FH.) kuta jowari stubble (Voc. 731). Pe. kuṭa stump of tree. Kui gūṭa, (K.) guṭa id. Kuwi (Su.) guṭṭu (pl. guṭka) id., stubble of paddy; (Isr.) kuḍuli log. / The items here, those in DBIA 104 (add: Go. [SR.] guṭṭam, [M.] guṭṭa, [L.] guṭā peg [Voc. 1112]), and those in Turner, CDIAL, no. 3893 *khuṭṭa-, *khuṇṭa- and no. 3748 kṣōḍa-, exhibit considerable convergence and present many problems of immediate relationship. (DEDR 1676)  Ka. (Hav.) kutta straight up. Tu. (B-K.) kutta vertical, steep, straight.(DEDR 1716) குத்தா kuttā, n. A herring. See குத்துவா.குத்தாங்கல் kuttāṅ-kal, n. < குத்து- + ஆம் +. Stone or brick laid upright on edge; செங்குத்தாக வைக்குங் கல் அல்லது செங்கல்.குத்துக்கல் kuttu-k-kal, n. < id. +. 1. Stone standing on edge; செங்குத்தான கல். 2. Bricks placed on edge, as in arching, terracing; செங்குத்தாகவைத்துக்கட்டுஞ் செங்கல். 3. Stone marking the depth of water in a tank; ஏரிநீரின் ஆழத்தைக்காட்டும் அளவுகல்.குத்துவா kuttuvā, n. A herring, golden, glossed with purple, Pellona brachysoma; கடல்மீன்வகை. குத்துவாமீன் kuttuvā-mīṉ, n. < குத்துவா +. See குத்துவா.

Copper tablet Indus Script inscriptions with hare hieroglyph proclaim khār kaṇṭho 'blacksmith implements town'

June 13, 2019, 2:52 am

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https://tinyurl.com/y5jd39m2

The thorny bush in front of the hare is a semantic determinative, khār 4 खार् a thorn, The decipherment of the copper tablets with the 'hare' hieroglyph in front of 'thorn' hieroglyph signifies khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Hieroglyph: hare: kharā'hare' rebus: khār'blacksmith'Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka ʻ hare ʼ. [ʻ longeared like a donkey ʼ: khara -- 1?] N. kharāyo ʻ hare ʼ, Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) ``^rabbit'' Sa. kulai `rabbit'.Mu. kulai`rabbit'. KW kulai @(M063) खरगोस (p. 113) kharagōsa m ( P) A hare. (Marathi)

Hieroglyph: thorn: khāra 2 खार 📷(= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 1530)(Kashmiri) A خار ḵẖār, s.m. (2nd) A thorn, a thistle, a bramble. 2. A spike, a splinter. Pl. خارونه ḵẖārūnah. خار دار ḵẖār-dār, adj. Thorny, barbed, troublesome. خار ګیري ḵẖār-gīrī, s.f. (3rd) A fence, a temporary defence made of thorns. Pl. ئِي aʿī. See اغزن(Pashto)

Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

See: Hare khāra 'blacksmith' Indus Script hypertexts implements town, bright alloy metal, ingot furnace, tin smithy, forge, smelter

https://tinyurl.com/ycft5nhz

This is an addendum to 

Cobra hood, tree, thorn, trough, adorant, spy hypertexts of Indus Script signify phaḍa, paṭṭaḍa 'metals manufactory', kuṭhi'smelter', eraka 'moltencast' catalogues 

https://tinyurl.com/yd5psfo9 wherein the hare + thorny bush is read rebus: kaṇḍho 'thorn' rebus: kaṇṭho, kaṭrā market town. Together with hare: kharā 'hare' rebus: khār 'blacksmith', the reading of hypertext is: khār kantho 'blacksmith market town'.

It is also possible to read the hypertext on the following copper tablets as: Thorny bush: kaṇḍiru ʻ, kã̄ṭī, kāˊṇḍ rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, hare + thorny bush is read a hypertext: khāra 

'blacksmith' + khaṇḍa 'implements' + 

kantho 'market town', i.e. blacksmith implements town.

کنديَ kandaey, s.m. (1st) A division, a district, a parish, a ward, a quarter of a town or city. Pl. يِ ī. (S کهنڐه‍).(Pashto) cf.Bundelkhand 'mountain region' (Madhya Pradesh, India) Thus, 

khār khaṇḍa means 'blacksmith quarter of a town'.

Thorny bushExamples of incised copper tablets (Hieroglyph-multiplex: hare PLUS thorn/bush):

m1491Act

m1491Bct

m1492Act

m1492Bct

m1493Bct

1706 Hare

pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus:pasra 'smithy, forge' (Santali) kūṭī kūdī, 'a stalk/twig, sprout (or tree branch)' kūdī, kūṭī bunch of twigs (Sanskrit) + Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace‘ (Santali) Thus, pasra kuṭhi 'smithy, smelter'

Sign 183. ranku 'antelope' + koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' rebus: + Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali).  Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567). Thus, ranku koḍ  'tin workshop'.

 Sign 407 is inclined stroke infixed + Sign 403. Sign 403 is a duplication of  dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS  Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'. Inclined stroke is a semantic determinant to signify ingot: ḍhāḷ = a slope; the inclination of a plane (G.) Rebus: : ḍhāḷako = a large metal ingot (G.). Thus, the Sign 407 hypertext reads: dul mũhã̄ ḍhāḷako  metal casting large ingot.

 Sign 89 kolomo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

 Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali).PLUSSign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed ofSign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'.

The reading of incription on 'hare' copper plate is with the following hypertexts to signify metalwork catalogue of a blacksmith:

khāra 'blacksmith' + khaṇḍa 'implements' + 

kantho 'market town', i.e. blacksmith implements town.+

ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'

mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

kolami 'smithy, forge'

dul mũhã̄ ḍhāḷako  metal casting large ingot. + pasra kuṭhi 'smithy, smelter'

ranku koḍ  'tin workshop'

pasra kuṭhi 'smithy, smelter'

m1494 

Pict-42

m1497Act

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/01/data-mining-techniques-decipherment-of.html

Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka ʻ hare ʼ. [ʻ longeared like a donkey ʼ: khara -- 1?]N. kharāyo ʻ hare ʼ, Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) ``^rabbit'' Sa. kulai `rabbit'.Mu. kulai`rabbit'.
KW kulai @(M063)  खरगोस (p. 113) kharagōsa m ( P) A hare.  (Marathi)

Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) 

Thorny bush: kaṇḍiru ʻ, kã̄ṭī, kāˊṇḍ: kaṇṭin ʻ *thorny ʼ (ʻ name of various plants ʼ). [kaṇṭa -- 1]Pk. kaṁṭiya -- ʻ thorny ʼ; S. kaṇḍī f. ʻ thorn bush ʼ; N. kã̄ṛe ʻ thorny ʼ; A. kã̄ṭi ʻ point of an oxgoad ʼ, kã̄iṭīyā ʻ thorny ʼ; H. kã̄ṭī f. ʻ thorn bush ʼ; G. kã̄ṭī f. ʻ a kind of fish ʼ; M. kã̄ṭī, kāṭī f. ʻ thorn bush ʼ. -- Ext. with -- la -- : S. kaṇḍiru ʻ thorny, bony ʼ; -- with -- lla -- : Gy. pal. ḳăndīˊla ʻ prickly pear ʼ; H. kãṭīlā, kaṭ° ʻ thorny ʼ.(CDIAL 2679)kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV,  ʻ cluster, heap ʼ (in tr̥ṇa -- kāṇḍa -- Pāṇ. Kāś.). [Poss. connexion with gaṇḍa -- 2makes prob. non -- Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < kr̥ntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ ʻ joint of bamboo or sugarcane ʼ EWA i 197]Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m.n. ʻ knot of bough, bough, stick ʼ; Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Kho. kan ʻ tree, large bush ʼ; kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ, °no m. ʻ reed ʼ, °nī f. ʻ topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ʼ; L. kānã̄ m. ʻ stalk of the reed Sara ʼ, °nī˜ f. ʻ pen, small spear ʼ; P. kānnā m. ʻ the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp ʼ,  Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ wooden milkpail ʼ; Bhoj. kaṇḍā ʻ reeds ʼ; H. kaṇḍā m. ʻ reed, bush ʼ (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow S.kcch. kāṇḍī f. ʻ lucifer match ʼ? (CDIAL 3023)Gaw. khaṇḍa ʻ hill pasture H. khaṇḍar ʻ broken ʼ, m. ʻ hole, pit ʼ, khãṛar ʻ dilapidated ʼ, m. ʻ broken ground, chasm, hole ʼ (see also *khaṇḍaghara -- ).As ʻ hill, mountain pass ʼ (< ʻ *rock ʼ < ʻ piece ʼ or < ʻ *pass ʼ < ʻ gap ʼ and perh. X skandhá -- : cf. IIFL i 265, iii 3, 104, AO xviii 240): Gaw. khaṇḍa ʻ hill pasture ʼ (see ab.); Bshk. khan m. ʻ hill ʼ, Tor. khān, (Grierson) khaṇḍ, Mai. khān, Chil. Gau. kān, Phal. khã̄ṇ; Sh. koh. khŭṇ m., gur. khonn, pales. khōṇə, jij. khɔ̈̄ṇ ʻ mountain ʼ, gil. (Lor.) kh*ln m. ʻ mountain pass ʼ.ʼ(CDIAL 3792)

Rebus:  khaṇḍa ‘implements’

Stone stele with image of bull-shaped moon god, 11th cent. BCE found in Bethsaida, Golan Heights

June 13, 2019, 6:18 am

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Bull Man Stele. Basalt. H. 115 cm; W. 59 cm; D. 31 cm. Iron Age II, 9th-8th century BCE. et-Tell (ancient Bethsaida), Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority: IAA 1997-3451/980

Figure 8. Stele from the gate area of Bethsaida from (Keel 1998, fig. 107). Note the bull head and horns that form a crescent moon."Closest to Ammon is the stele from Bethsaida (Figure 8) that combines weather god, bull, and lunar symbolism in one figure (Bernett and Keel 1998; Ornan 2001)." https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/153/htm

Basalt Stele decorated with a bull’s head from Bethsaida, 8th c. BCE. (photo courtesy of Israel Museum)

https://www.timesofisrael.com/sites-vie-to-be-seen-as-christianitys-lost-city-of-bethsaida/

3,000 year old city gates of 'Aramaic kingdom' found in Golan Heights

Zachary Keyser
Jerusalem Post
Sat, 08 Jun 2019 09:59 UTC

© Stephen G. Rosenberg
Bethsaida 88 248.

A city gate from the time of King David was discovered after 32 years of excavation in the ancient city of Bethsaida in the Golan Heights' Jordan Park, opening up a world of new possibilities, opinions and theories about the ancient landscape of the Land of Israel.

According to Professor Rami Arav of the University of Nebraska, chief archaeologist overseeing the excavations, told the Jerusalem Post that the gate and further findings found within the ancient city give the notion that it was possible that Solomon and David might not have been the sole kings of the Israelite kingdom at their respective times, but instead chieftains of large tribes of Israelites. Read More Related

The previously uncovered gate found in the area last year was cautiously identified to be a part of the biblical city of Zer, a name used during the First Temple period. However, the newly found gate dates back to the time and rule of King David, which is purportedly from the 11th to 10th centuries BCE.

"There are not many gates from capital cities in this country from this period," said Arav. "Bethsaida was the name of the city during the Second Temple period, but during the First Temple period it was the city of Zer." Arav cited Joshua 19:35, which says: "The fortified towns were Ziddim, Zer, Hammath, Rakkath, Kinneret."

The excavation and research, sponsored by the Hebrew Union College of Jerusalem, has brought together archaeologists from all over the world to help.

Findings presented by the researchers point to the possibility that Bethsaida was not an Israelite kingdom but instead an Aramaic one. Within the city limits of Bethsaida, there was a stone stele bearing the image of their bull-shaped moon god, which dates back to the 11th century BCE. This monument is one of seven other similar tombstones found from the ancient world, from southern Turkey to Egypt. Two have been found in Bethsaida alone. 

Some of these monuments have been found in cities dating to later periods, such as the 9th-8th century BCE.

The rare stone stele dating back to the kingdom of Geshur was unearthed in the archaeological excavation.

THE KINGDOM of Geshur is mentioned in the Bible as having co-existed alongside the Kingdom of David. It was eventually annexed by King Hazael, who ruled what is today modern Syria. The biblical kingdom of Geshur existed in parts of what is now the Golan Heights.

Although the area of the Golan Heights is not thought to be an Israelite kingdom, the archaeologists on the dig presume that Jerusalem and David's capital in Bethsaida were actually quite similar to one another.

Seven kingdoms are believed to have ruled the ancient Land of Israel. However, according to Arav, the researchers know little about the archaeology of these capitals since they have been destroyed and rebuilt many times over.

Arav said that these types of excavations are difficult in places like Jerusalem, because researchers need to get permission from landowners as well as the government to excavate these sites. In addition, other ancient cities, such as Damascus, have been destroyed and rebuilt multiple times in the past, making it difficult to connect inferences in what actually happened there during these time periods. Bethsaida is an almost untouched archaeological heaven for getting the real story about what happened during the times of the Hebrew Bible and the Second Temple period.

"Bethsaida is a unique example of a capital city from the 11th-8th century BCE that is available for archaeological research, as there has been no disturbance to this site," said Arav.

Excavations will continue on site as archaeologists attempt to discover everything dating from the 11th century BCE to the period of Roman rule following the end of the Common Era.

SINCE 1987, Arav has been spearheading the excavation efforts. Last year, archaeologists uncovered the entrance gate to the biblical city of Zer during excavations carried out in the Golan Heights over a two-week period in July, the Golan Regional Council said in a statement at the time.

A group of 20 archaeologists from all over the world, together with Arav, conducted excavations in two different areas of Bethsaida. The ancient fishing village is mentioned several times in the New Testament as a city where Jesus lived.

Archaeologists said the size, wealth and impressive fortifications indicate that Zer was a major city.

Arav began carrying out excavations of et-Tell on behalf of the University of Nebraska nearly 30 years ago. In these excavations, he identified the ancient Bethsaida, and following his excavations and discoveries, masses of Christian pilgrims visited the site because of its great importance to Christianity.

Over the years, excavators have discovered in Bethsaida many remains from various periods.

Avi Lieberman, director of the Jordan Park in which Bethsaida is located, said in a previous interview, "The staff at the Jordan Park and Golan Tourism are happy for the tens of thousands of visitors who visit the park every day. The wonderful park is also an impressive archaeological site. I am amazed each time by the arrival of thousands of Evangelical visitors to Bethsaida."

Another finding made last year was discovered underneath what was apparently the floor of a Roman temple built by Herod's son Philip that which he dedicated to Julia, the daughter of Augustus.

There, archaeologists found coins, beads, jugs and house keys as well as a shield that belonged to a Roman soldier. The most significant finding was a coin dated 35 BCE, which was minted in Acre on the occasion of the arrival of Cleopatra and Marc Antony. Only 12 such coins exist.

Over the years, various findings made in the area have made waves in the world of archaeology. Several years ago, a gold coin bearing the portrait of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, who reigned from 138 to 161 CE, was discovered by an excavator working with Arav.

https://www.sott.net/article/414560-3000-year-old-city-gates-of-Aramaic-kingdom-found-in-Golan-Heights