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-- Semantics and pragmatics of Egptian and Indus Script hieroglyphs
-- An industrial scale Bronze Age workshop of Harappa evidenced by a series of circular workers' platforms which are an organization of industrial scale workshops to produce metalwork artifacts
This monograph compares the evolution of writing systems of Egyptian hieroglyphs and Indus Script hieroglyphs. It is seen that while Egyptian hieroglyphs progressed into pragmatics of coding in cipher, the objects and place names, the Indus Script hieroglyphs progressed beyond semantics into pragmatics of coding in hypertext ciphers, the nature of metallurgical processes to produce defined metalwork which constituted wealth of the artisan guild working on circular workers' platforms, on an industrial scale.
"Semantics means the meaning of a word, phrase or text. Semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. The two main areas are logical semantics, concerned with matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations between them.
"Pragmatics relates to language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature."
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Decipherment: tagaraka 'tabernae montana' rebus: tagaram 'tin ore' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.
I have presented thousands of dialect variants in pronunciation, semantic expansions for each of the hieroglyphs of the script. Context of use is critical. Context is wealth creation and documenting wealth creation in daybooks or ledgers which constitute the Indus Script Corpora of over 8000 inscriptions.
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वृत्त [p= 1009,2] mfn. turned , set in motion (as a wheel) RV.; a circle; vr̥ttá ʻ turned ʼ RV., ʻ rounded ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ completed ʼ MaitrUp., ʻ passed, elapsed (of time) ʼ KauṣUp. 3. n. ʻ conduct, matter ʼ ŚBr., ʻ livelihood ʼ Hariv. [√vr̥t 1 ] 1. Pa. vaṭṭa -- ʻ round ʼ, n. ʻ circle ʼ; Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -- , vitta -- , vutta -- ʻ round ʼ; L. (Ju.) vaṭ m. ʻ anything twisted ʼ; Si. vaṭa ʻ round ʼ, vaṭa -- ya ʻ circle, girth (esp. of trees) ʼ; Md. va'ʻ round ʼ GS 58; -- Paš.ar. waṭṭəwīˊk, waḍḍawik ʻ kidney ʼ ( -- wĭ̄k vr̥kká -- ) IIFL iii 3, 192?(CDIAL 12069) வட்டம்போர் vaṭṭam-pōr, n. < வட்டு +. Dice-play; சூதுபோர். (தொல். எழுத். 418, இளம்பூ.)வட்டச்சொச்சவியாபாரம் vaṭṭa-c-cocca-viyāpāram, n. < id. + சொச்சம் +. Money-changer's trade; நாணயமாற்று முதலிய தொழில். Pond. வட்டமணியம் vaṭṭa-maṇiyam, n. < வட் டம் +. The office of revenue collection in a division; வட்டத்து ஊர்களில் வரிவசூலிக்கும் வேலை. (R. T .) వట్ట (p. 1123) vaṭṭa vaṭṭa. [Tel.] n. The bar that turns the centre post of a sugar mill. చెరుకుగానుగ రోటినడిమిరోకలికివేయు అడ్డమాను. వట్టకాయలు or వట్టలు vaṭṭa-kāyalu. n. plu. The testicles. వృషణములు, బీజములు. వట్టలుకొట్టు to castrate. lit: to strike the (bullock's) stones, (which are crushed with a mallet, not cut out.) వట్ర (p. 1123) vaṭra or వట్రన vaṭra. [from Skt. వర్తులము.] n. Roundness. నర్తులము, గుండ్రన. వట్ర. వట్రని or వట్రముగానుండే adj. Round. గుండ్రని.
धाव (p. 250) dhāva m f A certain soft, red stone. Baboons are said to draw it from the bottom of brooks, and to besmear their faces with it. धवड (p. 249) dhavaḍa m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावड (p. 250) dhāvaḍa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावडी (p. 250) dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron.
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Sign 267, Sign 89 kaṁsá 'bell-metal, bronze ingot', kolimi, 'smithy/forge'
(Hieroglyphs: kanac 'corner', kolom 'three')
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Sign 272 cyphertext is a composite of Sign 267![]()
and smoke, flame signifying a portable furnace. Lozenge, corner, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. Lozenge or oval shapes are mũhã̄ 'bun-ingot' shapes. kammaṭa 'portable furnace to melt metals', rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236). Thus, kancu ʼmũh kammaṭa bronze, bell-metal ingot mint.
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Sign 276 Variant ![]()
Sign 278. The hypertext is composed of Sign 267![]()
and a hieroglyph,'splinter': sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus Sign 276 reads, kancu ʼmũh sal 'bell-metal ingot workshop'.
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Sign 277 Sign 277 The hypertext is composed of Sign 267![]()
and a hieroglyph,'notch': खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa '![]()
Sign 279 Sign 279 signifies two corners and is a variant of Sign 277. Thus, Sign 27o reads dul kañcu ʼmũh khāṇḍa 'castings bell-metal ingot, metalware'.
Circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'.
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reasonable inference is that the miniature tablets were prepared by artisans of working platforms which were later moved with the articles produced into the temple to prepare wealth-accounting ledgers on seals.
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A preliminary report of the Exploration of Luxor-Farshut road in the ABZU site (O.I.) http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/dynasty00.htm![Related image]()
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[]quote] THE BIRTH OF HISTORY![Image result for abydos bone ivory tags]()
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Labels with early inscriptions from the tomb of Menes (3200-3000 BCE); Ivory plaque of Menes (3200-3000 BCE)l Ivory plaque of Menes (drawing)![]()
The first full sentence written in mature hieroglyphs. Seal impression of Seth-Peribsen (Second Dynasty, c. 28-27th century BCE)
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-- Semantics and pragmatics of Egptian and Indus Script hieroglyphs
-- An industrial scale Bronze Age workshop of Harappa evidenced by a series of circular workers' platforms which are an organization of industrial scale workshops to produce metalwork artifacts
This monograph compares the evolution of writing systems of Egyptian hieroglyphs and Indus Script hieroglyphs. It is seen that while Egyptian hieroglyphs progressed into pragmatics of coding in cipher, the objects and place names, the Indus Script hieroglyphs progressed beyond semantics into pragmatics of coding in hypertext ciphers, the nature of metallurgical processes to produce defined metalwork which constituted wealth of the artisan guild working on circular workers' platforms, on an industrial scale.
"Semantics means the meaning of a word, phrase or text. Semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. The two main areas are logical semantics, concerned with matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations between them.
"Pragmatics relates to language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature."
Early writing from Abydos was used to label containers. (Courtesy Günter Dreyer) : Larkin Mitchell, 1999, Newsbrief, Archaeology, Volume 52 Number 2, March/April 1999, Archaeological Institute of America "Bone and ivory tags, pottery vessels, and clay seal impressions bearing hieroglyphs unearthed at Abydos, 300 miles south of Cairo, have been dated to between 3400 and 3200 B.C.E, making them the oldest known examples of Egyptian writing. The tags, each measuring 2 by 1 1/2 centimeters and containing between one and four glyphs, were discovered by excavators from the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo in the predynastic ruler Scorpion I's tomb. Institute director Günter Dreyer says the tags and ink-inscribed pottery vessels have been dated to 3200 B.C.E based upon contextual and radiocarbon analysis. The seal impressions, from various tombs, date even further back, to 3400 B.C. E. These dates challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia...Denise Schmandt-Besserat, Professor at the University of Texas at Austin, explains as follows the reasons why it is now held that writing spread from Mesopotamia to Egypt. Mesopotamia provides data that illustrates the step by step evolution of data processing from 8000 B.C. to the present. Clay counters of many shapes - tokens - were used to count goods in early agricultural communities from 8000 to 3000 B.C.. When the Mesopotamian script written on clay tablets appeared, coinciding with the rise of the state, about 3200 B.C., it visibly evolved from the token system. Tokens and writing had an identical function. Both served strictly for accounting the same types of goods, namely small cattle, cereals, oil, textiles, etc. The written signs were traced in the shape of tokens, bearing the same markings. The signs were organized using the same order as the previous tokens. Apparently, about 3100 B.C., the Mesopotamian state administration required that the names of the individuals, that either received or gave the goods stipulated, be entered on the accounting tables. These personal names could not easily be written logographically without the risk of overburdening the system. In order to solve the problem, the accountants resorted to writing individuals' names phonetically. This brought writing to a new course that, in the course of centuries or even millennia, developed into the cuneiform syllabaries (1 sign = 1 syllable) used by the Babylonians and Assyrians...The bone and ivory tags discovered at Abydos also documented the quantity and geographic origin of particular commodities. The labels, originally attached to boxes or containers, had the names of places and institutions involved in the exchange of such goods as grain and fabrics. The older clay seal impressions and ink inscriptions also indicate the origins of different commodities. Such records, says Dreyer, "provide valuable information concerning political organization and resource distribution in predynastic Upper Egypt."To date, 70 percent of these predynastic hieroglyphs have been translated. According to Jim Allen of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, such early hieroglyphs represent a rebus system, akin to modern Japanese, in which pictures are used according to the way they sound. In early phonetic systems phrases such as "I believe," for example, might be rendered with an eye, a bee, and a leaf. The Abydos hieroglyphs are simple precursors to the complex hieroglyphic forms discovered at later sites such as Metjen and Turin...Will the present date of 3200 B.C. for phonetic writing in Egypt be confirmed by subsequent work? Are the dates for Mesopotamian writing-solely based on the stratigraphy of one deep sounding of the site of Uruk-too conservative? Hopefully, Egyptology will be able to find out more about the circumstances that surrounded and led to the development of phonetic writing. Finally, it will be of great interest to resolve whether the Egyptian and Sumerian scripts came about independently, or if, after all, they had ties?" https://archive.archaeology.org/9903/newsbriefs/egypt.html
These examples of early Egyptian hieroglyphs of Aybdos from ca. 3400 BCE indicated places, objects, or quantities. This example of pragmatics shows an advance over the earlier use of hieroglyphs to provide for rebus readings in Coptic language of, say, names of Kings. The writing system thus advanced to signify wealth categories as indicated by the semantics of these ivory and bone tags found in tombs.
Almost at the same time, ca. 3300 BCE there is evidence of Indus Script hieroglyphs found on a potsherd discovered at Harappa (by HARP archaeology team). This potsherd signified the object, 'tin ore' and the place where it was processed: smithy, forge.
Decipherment: tagaraka 'tabernae montana' rebus: tagaram 'tin ore' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.Ta. takaram tin, white lead, metal sheet, coated with tin. Hieroglyph: Ta. takaram wax-flower dog-bane, Tabernaemontana; aromatic unguent for the hair, fragrance. Ma. takaram T. coronaria. Ka. tagara id. / Cf. Skt. sthakara-, sthagara-, tagara, tagaraka-; Pali tagara-; Pkt. ṭagara-, tagara- (DEDR 3002) tagara1 n. ʻ the shrub Tabernaemontana coronaria and a fragrant powder obtained from it ʼ Kauś., ˚aka<-> VarBr̥S. [Cf. sthagara -- , sthakara -- n. ʻ a partic. fragrant powder ʼ TBr.]Pa. tagara -- n., Dhp. takara; Pk. tagara -- , ṭayara -- m. ʻ a kind of tree, a kind of scented wood ʼ; Si. tuvara, tōra ʻ a species of Cassia plant. ʼtagaravallī -- .(CDIAL 5622) tagaravallī f. ʻ Cassia auriculata ʼ Npr. [tagara -- 1 , vallī -- ]Si. tuvaralā ʻ an incense prepared from a species of Tabernaemontana ʼ.(CDIAL 5624) Rebus: Ma. takaram tin, tinned iron plate. Ko. tagarm (obl. tagart-) tin. Ka. tagara, tamara, tavara id. Tu. tamarů, tamara, tavara id. Te. tagaramu, tamaramu, tavaramu id. Kuwi (Isr.) ṭagromi tin metal, alloy. / Cf. Skt. tamara- id.(DEDR 3001) tagara2 ṇ. ʻ Name of a town ʼ Romakas.M. Ter LM 348.(CDIAL 5623)
I have presented thousands of dialect variants in pronunciation, semantic expansions for each of the hieroglyphs of the script. Context of use is critical. Context is wealth creation and documenting wealth creation in daybooks or ledgers which constitute the Indus Script Corpora of over 8000 inscriptions.
JM Kenoyer and R Meadow have demonstrated how the hieroglyphs on miniature tablets (Groups 1 to 3) become part of an Indus Script Inscription on a seal. Thus, the miniature tablet inscriptions constitute daybooks which enter the wealth-accounting ledger on a seal.
Decipherment of some miniature Harappa seals/tablets
Three Dotted circles: dhāvaḍa kolimi 'smelter smithy, forge'; ganda 'four' rebus: kanda 'fire-altar';khanda 'equipment' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. Thus, furnace fire-altar.
dhāī 'strand' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' = धावड dhāvaḍa 'smelter'. kanda'arrow' rebus: khanda 'equipment' Thus, fish+ arrow hieroglyphs signify aya 'fish' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS kanda 'arrow' rebus: khanda 'equipment' or together, alloymetal equipment.
The inscription on this Harappa miiature tablet (both sides) siggnify धावड dhāvaḍa 'smelter'.working with furnace fire-altar and producing alloymetal equipment.
தாயம் tāyam:Number one in the game of dice; கவறுருட்ட விழும் ஒன்று என்னும் எண். Colloq. (Tamil)
rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻrelic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) धाव (p. 250) dhāva m f A certain soft, red stone. Baboons are said to draw it from the bottom of brooks, and to besmear their faces with it. धावड dhāvaḍa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. In these parts they are Muhammadans. धावडी dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron. (Marathi).
PLUS
Hieroglyph: vaṭṭa 'circle'.
Thus, together, the hypertext reads rebus dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter'
वृत्त [p= 1009,2] mfn. turned , set in motion (as a wheel) RV.; a circle; vr̥ttá ʻ turned ʼ RV., ʻ rounded ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ completed ʼ MaitrUp., ʻ passed, elapsed (of time) ʼ KauṣUp. 3. n. ʻ conduct, matter ʼ ŚBr., ʻ livelihood ʼ Hariv. [√
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'; dotted circle:
Sign 328, Sign 89 baṭa'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa'furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
Sign 15, Sign 89 kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS कर्णिक 'rim of jar' rebus:'steersman'PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'karaṇī 'supercargo'
Sign 15 (including Sign 12 'water-carrier')
kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.
Sign 15![]()
Variants of Sign 15![]()
Variants of Sign 15
Variants on Texts 1175, 1475, 4029, 1287, 5063, 1438, 4322, 1030 seem to indicate
that the ligaturing sign is NOT ‘rim-of-jar’ (Sign 342) but duplicated twig which is read as:
dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali). Thus, the ligaturing components on the ‘water-carrier’ sign seems to be a semantic reinforcement of Sign 12: kuṭhi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' PLUS
Sign 267, Sign 89 kaṁsá 'bell-metal, bronze ingot', kolimi, 'smithy/forge'(Hieroglyphs: kanac 'corner', kolom 'three')
Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼAV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻgong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756)
Sign 272 cyphertext is a composite of Sign 267 and smoke, flame signifying a portable furnace. Lozenge, corner, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. Lozenge or oval shapes are mũhã̄ 'bun-ingot' shapes. kammaṭa 'portable furnace to melt metals', rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236). Thus, kancu ʼmũh kammaṭa bronze, bell-metal ingot mint.
Sign 276 Variant 
Sign 278. The hypertext is composed of Sign 267 and a hieroglyph,'splinter': sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus Sign 276 reads, kancu ʼmũh sal 'bell-metal ingot workshop'. Sign 278 has a circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ (Kashmiri).: kándu f. ʻ iron pot ʼ Suśr., °uka -- m. ʻ saucepan ʼ.Pk. kaṁdu -- , kaṁḍu -- m.f. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; K. kō̃da f. ʻ potter's kiln, lime or brick kiln ʼ; -- ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ. -- Deriv. Pk. kaṁḍua -- ʻ sweetseller ʼ (< *kānduka -- ?); H. kã̄dū m. ʻ a caste that makes sweetmeats ʼ. (CDIAL 2726)*kandukara ʻ worker with pans ʼ. [kándu -- , kará -- 1 ]K. kã̄da r, kã̄duru dat. °da ris m. ʻ baker ʼ. (CDIAL 2728) Tu. kandůka, kandaka ditch, trench. Te. kandakamu id. Konḍa kanda trench made as a fireplace during weddings. Pe.kanda fire trench. Kui kanda small trench for fireplace. Malt. kandri a pit.(DEDR 1214)
Thus, Sign 278 reads: kancu ʼmũh kaṇḍa sal 'bell-metal ingot implements workshop'.
Sign 277 Sign 277 The hypertext is composed of Sign 267 and a hieroglyph,'notch': 
Sign 279 Sign 279 signifies two corners and is a variant of Sign 277. Thus, Sign 27o reads dul kañcu ʼmũh khāṇḍa 'castings bell-metal ingot, metalware'.PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine,gully. (Marathi) rebus:khāṇḍa tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Vikalpa to 'notch' is 'splinter' of two notches: sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'.
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Sign 280 The hypertext of Sign 280 is composed of Sign 267![]()
, notch and lid of pot. Sign 280 The hypertext of Sign 280 is composed of Sign 267, notch and lid of pot. The reading is: kancu ʼmũh dhakka khāṇḍa 'bell-metal ingot, bright,blazing metal tools, pots and pans and metalware'.
Circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'.
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Sign 281 The hypertext is Sig 280 PLUS circumscript 'four short vertical strokes'. The reading is: kaṇḍa kancu ʼmũh dhakka khāṇḍa 'fire-altar (for) bell-metal ingot, bright,blazing metal tools, pots and pans and metalware'.
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Sign 284![]()
Variants of Sign 284
Circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. ![]()
Sign 285 is a composite of hieroglyphs: Sign 267 ![]()
four corners, four short linear strokes as circumscript. kaṇḍa kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'bell-metal ingot, implements (from) fire-altar'.
The rebus reading of hieroglyph spoked-wheel is: arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast,copper'.
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Sign 286![]()
Variants of Sign 286
Sign 286 is a composite of Sign 284 with infixed spoked wheel. The reaiding of hypertext of Sign 286 is:
kaṇḍa āra eraka kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'fire-altar (for) brass, moltencast copper, bell-metal ingot, implements.'
reasonable inference is that the miniature tablets were prepared by artisans of working platforms which were later moved with the articles produced into the temple to prepare wealth-accounting ledgers on seals.Keeping track of stuff
A preliminary report of the Exploration of Luxor-Farshut road in the ABZU site (O.I.) http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/dynasty00.htm
[]quote] THE BIRTH OF HISTORYThese tags were discovered in the 1980s in the Abydos tomb (U-j) of the predynastic ruler Scorpion I by Günter Dreyer of the German Archaeological Institute. Abydos, in Upper Egypt, was where the country's earliest rulers chose to be buried. Also among the Abydos tombs were clay seal impressions that date back even further, to 3400 B.C.E
The tags were made to label the grave goods that the rulers took with them into the afterlife. They document the quantity and origin of particular commodities such as wine, grain and fabrics. Having the goods labelled meant that even if they physically were lost, their essence would remain to supply the king forever.
This was also about status. The place names spoke of the reach of the power of the king to command these resources from towns throughout Egypt, even in the Nile Delta.
For a long time it was thought that writing developed in Mesopotamia as there was a clear evolutionary path to follow, from the first marks in clay to keep track of trade goods, through to a fully-fledged writing system. Egyptian hieroglyphs on the other hand, seem to suddenly appear! However the Abydos find turned things upside down, as they are oldest form of writing found anywhere, by a few hundred years.
This was also about status. The place names spoke of the reach of the power of the king to command these resources from towns throughout Egypt, even in the Nile Delta.
For a long time it was thought that writing developed in Mesopotamia as there was a clear evolutionary path to follow, from the first marks in clay to keep track of trade goods, through to a fully-fledged writing system. Egyptian hieroglyphs on the other hand, seem to suddenly appear! However the Abydos find turned things upside down, as they are oldest form of writing found anywhere, by a few hundred years.
In time the pragmatic uses of writing gave way to the noble art of love expressed through poetry. This poem was written around 1,550 B.C.E: “Her legs parade her beauty; With graceful step she treads the ground, Captures my heart by her movements.She causes all men’s necks out to see her; Joy has he whom she embraces, He is like the first of men!”— Papyrus Chester Beatty I. However, when the royal scribes made those first clay seals in Abydos, such written romantic flourishes were nearly two thousand years into the future. Egypt’s earliest surviving examples of writing seem to be driven by a much simpler need: to keep track of stuff. [unquote] https://www.nilemagazine.com.au/2015-july-1/2015/7/31/the-birth-of-history
Designs on some of the labels or token from Abydos, carbon-dated to circa 3400-3200 BC and among the earliest form of writing in Egypt.[15][16]They are similar to contemporary tagsfrom Uruk, Mesopotamia
Labels with early inscriptions from the tomb of Menes (3200-3000 BCE); Ivory plaque of Menes (3200-3000 BCE)l Ivory plaque of Menes (drawing)
The first full sentence written in mature hieroglyphs. Seal impression of Seth-Peribsen (Second Dynasty, c. 28-27th century BCE)
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– the character sꜣ as used in the word sꜣw, "keep, watch"
– md +d +w (the complementary d is placed after the sign) → it reads mdw, meaning "tongue".![S43]( "S43")
![d]( "D46 [d]")
![w]( "G43 [w]")
– ḫ +p +ḫpr +r +j (the four complementaries frame the triliteral sign of the scarab beetle) → it reads ḫpr.j, meaning the name "Khepri", with the final glyph being the determinative for 'ruler or god'.![x]( "Aa1 [x]")
![p]( "Q3 [p]")
![xpr]( "L1 [xpr]")
![r]( "D21 [r]")
![i]( "M17 [i]")
![A40]( "A40")
For example, the word nfr, "beautiful, good, perfect", was written with a unique triliteral that was read as nfr:
