-- Watermanagement systems par excellence, 3rd m. BCE
-- Thanks to निर्झर मुखोपाध्याय and Shobash Jee for the images
![Image result for pipe drain dholavira]()
![Part of Ephesus' plumbing system - must have taken some engineering to get hot and cold water to those wealthy people!]()
Part of Ephesus’ plumbing system. Turkey.
![Image result for pipe drain dholavira]()
![Image result for pipe drain dholavira]()
Part of Ephesus’ plumbing system. Turkey.
naḍá, naḷá -- m. ʻ a species of reed ʼ RV., nalá -- m. Pāṇ. MBh. 2. naḍaka -- n. ʻ hollow of bone ʼ KātyŚr., nalaka<-> n. ʻ any long bone ʼ Suśr., nalikā-- f. ʻ tubular organ ʼ lex. [< nadá -- 2 (which is Indo -- ir. and IE. H. W. Bailey TPS 1952, 61) poss. through contact with Drav. (cf. Kan. naḷḷu ʻ reed, Tam. ñeḷʻ to be hollow ʼ T. Burrow TPS 1946, 23) or Mu. PMWS 82]1. Pa. naḷa -- , nala -- m. ʻ reed ʼ; Pk. ṇaḍa -- , ṇala -- n. ʻ reed ʼ, ṇalaya -- n. ʻ khaskhas grass ʼ; Kt. ãdotdot; ʻ reed ʼ (Rep1 62 < nāḍīˊ -- ); Paš. nāl ʻ a kind of wild vegetable ʼ (IIFL iii 3, 131 < nā̆la -- ?); Kho. noḷ ʻ reeds, grass growing in deep water ʼ; Phal. naṛīˊ, näṛīˊ f. ʻ reed ʼ, Sh. (Lor.) nei; K. nar m. ʻ reed ʼ, nari f. ʻ a kind of reed used as swamp -- fodder ʼ, nal m. ʻ hollow stalk of a vegetable ʼ; S. naṛu m. ʻ the reed Arundo karka or tibialis ʼ; L. naṛ, naḷā m. ʻ reed ʼ, naṛī f. ʻ the reed Arundo donax ʼ, awāṇ. naṛ, naṛī ʻ reed ʼ; P. naṛā m. ʻ cane ʼ, nal m. ʻ bamboo tube ʼ; WPah.bhal. naṛɔlli f. ʻ flute ʼ; Ku. nal m. ʻ stalk of plant, pipe ʼ; N. nar -- kaṭ ʻ stalk of reed, reed ʼ ( -- kaṭ < kāṣṭhá -- ?), nal ʻ stalk (of corn and esp. of Eleusine indica) ʼ; A. narā ʻ stubble of rice ʼ, nal ʻ the reed Arundo karka ʼ, nalā ʻ lotus stalk ʼ; B. naṛ, nal ʻ the reed A. karka or tibialis ʼ, naṛi ʻ stick ʼ; Or. naṛa ʻ reed ʼ, naṛā, la˚ (Itara narā) ʻ hollow stalk of rice &c., straw ʼ, naḷa ʻ A. tibialis, tube, shallow river ʼ; Bi. nar -- kaṭ ʻ reeds ʼ, nar ʻ short smoking stem of coconut pipe ʼ; Mth. nal ʻ stalk of lotus &c., tube, conduit ʼ; H. naṛ m. ʻ A. tibialis ʼ, nal m. ʻ id., tube ʼ, narā m. ʻ reed tube for winding thread ʼ; G. naḷ m. ʻ pipe, drain, gut ʼ, ne ḷ f. ʻ hookah pipe, narrow lane ʼ, narṛɔ m., ˚ṛī f. ʻ gullet ʼ; M. naḍṇẽ ʻ to clear a field of stubble ʼ (X nidṇẽ < *nirdāti ?), naḷ n. ʻ lotus stalk ʼ, m. ʻ pipe, conduit ʼ; Ko. naḷu ʻ pipe ʼ; Si. naḷaya ʻ reed ʼ.2. K. noru m. ʻ arm of sleeve of a coat ʼ, nürü f. ʻ arm (from shoulder to hand), sleeve ʼ, nȧli f. ʻ tube ʼ; S. naṛo m. ʻ tube ʼ, naṛī f. ʻ long tube, bone of leg or arm ʼ, niṛī f. ʻ windpipe ʼ, naro m. ʻ urethra ʼ; P. nalī f. ʻ hollow reed, shinbone, hookah tube ʼ; WPah.bhal. ḍhḷak -- naṛu m. ʻ throat ʼ; Ku. nalī ʻ tube ʼ; N. naliʻ tube ʼ, nali -- hāṛ ʻ shinbone ʼ; A. nalā, ˚li ʻ tube, drain, spout ʼ; B. nalā ʻ armbone, arm ʼ, ˚li ʻ bone of arm or shin ʼ; Or. naḷi ʻ slender tube, shinbone ʼ; Bi. narī ʻ hollow cane for blowing up jeweller's fire ʼ; Mth. narī ʻ spool of weaver's shuttle ʼ; H. nalā m. ʻ hollow reed, windpipe, shinbone ʼ; G. naḷɔ m. ʻ shinbone ʼ, ˚ḷī f. ʻ tube ʼ; M. naḷā m., ˚ḷī f. ʻ joint of bamboo, shinbone ʼ; Ko. naḷī ʻ tube ʼ. -- Gy. wel. nai f. ʻ knee ʼ not with DGW iv 240 < nalaka -- , but perh. ← Eng.*naḍina -- , naḍvalāˊ -- , nāḍīˊ -- 1 ; *naḍakara -- , *naḍadhānikā -- .naḍaka -- see prec. 6937 *naḍakāra ʻ reed -- worker ʼ. [naḍá -- , kāra -- 1 ]Pa. naḷakāra -- m. ʻ basket -- maker ʼ, Si. naḷāra. 6938 *naḍadhānikā ʻ reed -- bed ʼ. [naḍá -- , dhāˊna -- ]A. nalani ʻ a place covered with the reed Arundo karka ʼ?6939 *naḍina -- , naliná -- n. ʻ lotus flower ʼ MBh., naḍínī -- f. ʻ reed -- bed ʼ Pāṇ.gaṇa, nalinī -- f. ʻ lotus pond, lotus ʼ MBh. [< *naḍin -- ? -- naḍá -- ]Pa. nalinī -- f. ʻ pond ʼ; Pk. ṇaliṇa -- n. ʻ red lotus ʼ, ˚ṇĭ̄ -- f. ʻ lotus pond ʼ; Si. neḷun, ˚um, ˚um̆ba ʻ lotus flower ʼ.
*naḍḍha -- ʻ defective ʼ see *naṭṭa -- . 6940 naḍvalāˊ f. ʻ reed -- bank ʼ VS., ˚lá -- ʻ reedy ʼ Pāṇ., n. ʻ reed- bank ʼ MBh. [naḍá -- ]K. nambal f. ʻ a lake grass -- grown or choked by vegetation ʼ.*naṇḍha -- ʻ defective ʼ see *naṭṭa -- .
NAD ʻ sound ʼ: nadathu -- , nadīˊ -- , nādá -- ; unnadati, unnāda -- , vinada -- , *vinadana -- , vinādayati, saṁnādayati .nadá -- 1 ʻ roarer ʼ see nadathu - 6941 nadá2 m. ʻ reed ʼ RV. [See naḍá -- ]Ash. nō ʻ reed ʼ, Pr. nulū.(CDIAL 6936 to 6941)
Pipe drainage system from Dholavira site of Sarasvati-Sindhu or Harappan civilization ~2500 BCE. This is one of the earliest examples of pipe in the world. Clearly Harappan/ Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization was far ahead of most regions of world where people lived as nomads or as hunter-gatherers.
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=675369402925078&set=gm.611048649395938&type=3&theater
