https://tinyurl.com/y2jz7zmj
-- Archaeological evidence of Iconographic system in Sindh-Sarasvati maritime, riverine waterway contact areas of ANE
-- Iconographic narratives on Indus Script inscriptions
Indus Script of Sindhu-Sarasvati River Basins has two components within the framework of Meluhha language representations: 1. Iconographic system; based on an underlying 2. Semantic system of Meluhha sprachbund 'speech union'. These systems spread into and are evidenced in archaeological contexts, in Balochistan and other contact areas of Ancient Near East (ANE).
The objective of the monograph is to provide the framework of the Meluhha iconographic system and the underlying Meluhha semantic system of Indus Script which can be called a visible language or a writing system.
Akinori Uesugi has provided a brilliant analysis of the iconographic system traceable from sites of Balochistan, neighbouring areas and in Sindhu-Sarasvati River basins. A decipherment of the hieroglyphs identified in the iconographic system, defines the Meluhha semantics of a writing system -- the Indus Script Cipher.
"For archaeologists," write the authors Alessandro Ceccarelli and Cameron A. Petrie, "pottery is one of the most significant sources of data, not only for the durability and abundance of ceramic artefacts in the archaeological record, but also for the vast range of information on ancient societies that can be inferred from its study." [Petrie, 2017, Ceramic Analysis and the Indus Civilization. A Review 2018)] https://www.harappa.com/content/ceramic-analysis-and-indus-civilization-review
The vivid iconographs identified and deciphered as Meluhha expressions are evidenced on pots and bowls of sites such as Nal, Kulli, Kotdiji, Nausharo and many other sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu River Basins. A few vivid examples of seals and tablets in Indus Script Corpora are presented to demonstrate how the early Meluhha semantics are expanded in iconographic narratives to signify details of metalwork competence as they evolved over time.
The Indus zone. Map showing distribution of Indus sites during the Urban period (after Petrie et al. 2017: 44).
The hieroglyphs and rebus renderings in Meluhha are as follows:
Hieroglyphs, hypertexts (17 Iconographic categories) and Rebus Meluhha decipherment
1. Fish ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = alloy
2. Zebu pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus' Rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] '
3. Zebu tied to a pillar मेड [ mēḍa ] 'stake, pillar' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) 'copper' (Slavic languages)
4. Black drongo bird pōlaḍu, 'black drongo bird' rebus pōlaḍ 'steel'
5. Water flow காண்டம்² kāṇṭam
, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16).
ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.6. Ficus leaf loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'metal, copper' eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) loa ‘ficus’; rebus: loh ‘copper’. Pajhar ‘eagle’; rebus: pasra ‘smithy’.
7. Eagle śyēná m. ʻ hawk, falcon, eagle ʼRV. aśáni f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ RV. Rebus: آهنāhan P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهنګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهنګران āhan-garān. آهنربا āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.); (W.) Pl. آهنرباوي āhan-rubāwī.(Pashto) ahan-gār अहन्-गार् (= ) m. a blacksmith (H. xii, 16)(Kashmiri))VarBr2S. iic , 4 ; of the 5th cycle of Jupiter viii , 23 ; of an eclipse iii , 6 ; त्वष्टुर् आतिथ्य N. of a सामन् A1rshBr. )
8. Criss0cross of + shape kaṇḍa, 'fire altar' Rebus: kaṇḍa,'(metal) equipment'.
9. Lozenge or oval shape ![]()
dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'. Inclined stroke is a semantic determinant to signify ingot: ḍhāḷ = a slope; the inclination of a plane (G.) Rebus: : ḍhāḷako = a large metal ingot (G.). Thus, the Sign 407 hypertext reads: dul mũhã̄ ḍhāḷako metal casting large ingot.
dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'. Inclined stroke is a semantic determinant to signify ingot: ḍhāḷ = a slope; the inclination of a plane (G.) Rebus: : ḍhāḷako = a large metal ingot (G.). Thus, the Sign 407 hypertext reads: dul mũhã̄ ḍhāḷako metal casting large ingot.10. Monkey kuṭhāru 'monkey' Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker)
11a. Tiger kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'; kolimi 'smithy'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kole.l 'smithy, temple' (Kota)
11b. Tiger tied to a pillar kola 'tiger' PLUS medhi 'pillar' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' med 'iron, copper'
12. Markhor H. mẽṛā, mẽḍā m. ʻram with curling horns ʼ (CDIAL 10120). Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
13. Scorpion bica 'scorpion' Rebus: bica 'haematite ferrite ore'
14. Face (human or bull) mũh 'face' (Hindi)
Rebus: mūha ‘smelted ingot’ [mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking, in a handmill for filling, in a grainstore for withdrawing)(Bi.)]
15. Horn koda 'horn' rebus: kod 'workshop'
16. Woman kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron'
17. Star मेढा [ mēḍhā ] 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
After Fig. 67 Types of terracotta human figurines in Kulli, Nal cultures of Balochistan (Akinori Uesugi 2018)
kuṭhāru 'monkey' Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker)![]()
After Fig. 85 Nal-style pot with fish and pipal leaf motifs ![]()
After Fig. 87 Nal-style pot with fish and pipal leaf motifs ![]()
After Fig. 168 Nal-style pot with fish, bull, criss-cross shapes and bird motifs
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After Fig. 170 Nal-style pot with griffin, scorpion, pipal leafand geometric motifs ![]()
After Fig. 190 Nal-style bowl with leopard and plant motifs
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After Fig. 195 Nal-style bowl with bull, bird and plant motifs ![]()
After Fig. 198 Nal-style pot with bull, caprid and plant motifs
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After Fig. 204 Nal-style pot with bull, fish, water and plant motifs
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Comparison of motifs in Balochistan
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After Fig. 64 Paintings on ceramics from Nausharo Period 1D ![]()
Depiction styles of animal motifs and ceramics in Balochistan
After Fig. 74 Development of iconographic system in Balochistan, Sindhu-Sarasvati river basins
Distribution of a pot type in Southweest Asia
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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qfNP9fGRhI-8eOK9yMwlQBbkhrj1wN5l/view?fbclid=IwAR1C7-AaQg8EwdEFQBfHKB3o_22UTruB_-Laky_MwbYYf4MeLp7WxnrC8JI Ceramics and terracotta figurines from Balochistan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2ibUMQ5cgI&fbclid=IwAR1AZlDDRRpMl7UpC45i2t0YRRLOb6-esHv9YjE0CF05La_eq0b1nZ1p1Iw
Rebus Meluhha readings of 17 hieroglyphs/hypertexts
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![Pl. 39, Tree symbol (often on a platform) on punch-marked coins; a ...]()
[Pl. 39, Tree symbol (often on a platform) on punch-marked coins; a symbol recurring on many Indus script tablets and seals.
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![File:Worship of Shiva Linga by Gandharvas - Shunga Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 3625 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6098.JPG]()
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The + glyph of Sibri evidence is comparable to the large-sized 'dot', dotted circles and + glyph shown on this Mohenjo-daro seal m0352 with dotted circles repeated on 5 sides A to F. Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features. Rebus readings of m0352 hieroglyphs:
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Seal impession from Ur showing a squatting female. L. Legrain, 1936, Ur excavations, Vol. 3, Archaic Seal Impressions. [cf. Rahmandheri seal with two scorpions flanking a similar glyph with legs apart – also looks like a frog]. kuṭhi ‘pudendum muliebre’ (Mu.) khoḍu m. ‘vulva’ (CDIAL 3947). Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Mu.) khŏḍ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ḍü f. ‘small pit’ (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947),
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The squatting woman on the Ur cylinder seal impression may be showing dishevelled hair providing for rebus reading: <rabca?>(D) {ADJ} ``with ^dishevelled ^hair''. Rebus: రాచ (adj.) Pertaining to a stone. bicha, bichā ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica ‘stone ore’ (Mu.) sambr.o bica = gold ore (Mundarica) Thus, the reading of the Ur cylinder seal impression may depict: meṛed-bica ‘iron stone-ore’ kuṭhi‘smelter, furnace’.
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kola ‘woman’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’![]()
A symbolism of a woman spreading her legs apart, which recurs on an SSVC inscribed object. Cylinder-seal impression from Ur showing a squatting female. L. Legrain, 1936, Ur excavations, Vol. 3, Archaic Seal Impressions.
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h176 text
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h176 a,b kamadha 'penance' rebus: kammata 'mint, coiner, coinage'; dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS arka 'wheel, sun' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kanka 'scribe, supercargo'. krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'artisan' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'temple rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' బత్తుడు battuḍu 'worshipper'బత్తుడు battuḍu, baḍaga 'a professional title of five artificers'
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Bet Dwaraka 01 conch shell (turbinella pyrum) seal.
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Harappa seal (h330). Seal. National Museum: 135
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m476 a,b
This hieroglyph is a 'lid' on a pot. One reading of this hieroglyph is: aḍaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'native metal'.
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Obverse of the tablets m0478, 0479, 0480 show this narrative. Pict-111: From R.: A woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees in their hands; a person seated on a tree with a tiger below with its head turned backwards; a tall jar with a lid.![]()
Reverse side of a two-sided tablets m0478, 0479, 0480. in bas relief. Kneeling adorant carrying a U-shaped rimless pot in front a tree. NOTE: The kneeling motif also occurs on Sit Shamshi bronze.
karnaka 'rim of jar' karn.aka = handle of a vessel; ka_n.a_, kanna_ 'rim, edge'
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m1433 a,b,e kariba ibha, 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' kāṇṭā 'rhinoceros. Rebus: āṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Gujarati) karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'artisan'. heraka 'spy' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, metal infusion' kuṭhi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.
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melh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu'copper' (Pali)
danga 'mountain range' rebus: dhangar '
loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'metal, copper'
Composite animal:
1. barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)
2. Antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'.
3. Young bull; 2. bull' antelope. The 'unicorn' of Indus Script is کار کنده kār-kunda ''manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto)
Young bull kār-kunda 'manager' with unique orthographic ligatures elucidates metallurgical competence of 'lapidary, goldsmith, turner' in mint https://tinyurl.com/y4uh3ywq The shovelform sack or pannier on shoulder is a semantic determinative of खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi); कोंद
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After Fig. 66 Spatio-chronological distribution of ceramic styles between 3000 BCE and 1500 BCE in the north-western part of the South Asian Subcontinent
Drone view of Mohenjodaro (The Indus Valley Civilization) (8:57)
1. Fish ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = alloy
2. Zebu pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus' Rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] '
3. Zebu tied to a pillar
मेड [ mēḍa ] f (Usually मेढ q. v.) मेडका m A stake (Marathi, Molesworth lexicon p.662). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). See: Hieroglyph: Medhi (f.) [Vedic methī pillar, post (to bind cattle to); BSk. medhi Divy 244; Prk. meḍhi Pischel Gr. § 221. See for etym. Walde, Lat. Wtb. s. v. meta] pillar, part of a stūpa [not in the Canon?] (Pali) मेढ a stake; मेढी (p. 665) [ mēḍhī ] f (Dim. of मेढ ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake, with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece.(Marathi) mḗḍhra-(mēṇḍhra-- BhP.) n. ʻ penis ʼ AV. in mēdra-- n. ʻ penis, lower belly ʼ (Samskritam. Apte). Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) 'copper' (Slavic languages)![]()
4. Black drongo bird pōlaḍu, 'black drongo bird' rebus pōlaḍ 'steel'
5. Water flow காண்டம்² kāṇṭam
, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16).
ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.6a. Ficus leaf loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'metal, copper' eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) loa ‘ficus’; rebus: loh ‘copper’. Pajhar ‘eagle’; rebus: pasra ‘smithy’.
7. Eagle eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) loa ‘ficus’; rebus: loh ‘copper’. Pajhar ‘eagle’; rebus: pasra ‘smithy’.
श्येन [p= 1095,2] m. a hawk , falcon , eagle , any bird of prey (esp. the eagle that brings down सोम to man) RV. &c; firewood laid in the shape of an eagle Śulbas. (Monier-Williams) śyēná m. ʻ hawk, falcon, eagle ʼRV. Pa. sēna -- , °aka -- m. ʻ hawk ʼ, Pk. sēṇa -- m.; WPah.bhad. śeṇ ʻ kite ʼ; A. xen ʻ falcon, hawk ʼ, Or. seṇā, H. sen, sẽ m., M. śen m., śenī f. (< MIA. *senna -- ); Si. sen ʻ falcon, eagle, kite ʼ.(CDIAL 12674) Rebus: sena 'thunderbolt' (Sinhala):
Three flying birds are abiding metaphors in R̥gveda.
The glosses are: śyēna, patanga, mākṣikā. The three glosses are rebus-metonymy renderings of sena 'thunderbolt'; patanga 'mercury'; mākṣikā 'pyrites' -- three references to metalwork catalogs of Bhāratam Janam, 'lit. metalcaster folk'. A variant phonetic form of mākṣikā is makha 'fly, bee, swarm of bees' (Sindhi). The rebus-metonymy for this gloss is: makha 'the sun'. Mahavira pot is a symbol of Makha, the Sun (S'Br. 14.1.1.10).
In Vedic texts, Divinity Indra is lightning, his weapon is vajra, thunderbolt. The name "thunderbolt" or "thunderstone" -- vajrāśani (Ramayana) --has also been traditionally applied to the fossilised rostra of belemnoids. The origin of these bullet-shaped stones was not understood, and thus a mythological explanation of stones created where a lightning struck has arisen. (Vendetti, Jan (2006). "The Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses, nautilus, and ammonites", UC Berkeley) In Malay and Sumatra they are used to sharpen the kris, are considered very lucky objects, and are credited with being touchstones for gold.
Reinterpreting Mayabheda Sukta of R̥gveda (RV 10.177) The metaphor of the 'thunderbolt' is depicted as Anzu bird [cognate:asaṇi 'thunderbolt' (Prakritam)] carrying away the tablets of destiny in Mesopotamian legends. A phonemic variant śyēna, 'falcon' gets deified, immortalized as śyēnaciti 'falcon-shaped fire-altar' in Vedic tradition in Bharatam. This is mərəγō saēnō ‘the bird Saēna’ in Avestan. (See article on Simorg in Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/simorg The cognate expression in Samskr̥tam is śyēna mr̥ga).
http://tinyurl.com/hnlantg Soma in Rigveda, an allegory for metalwork, consistent with the tradition of Indus Script Corpora metalwork catalogues
آهنāhan P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهنګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهنګران āhan-garān. آهنربا āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.); (W.) Pl. آهنرباوي āhan-rubāwī.(Pashto) ahan-gār अहन्-गार् (= ) m. a blacksmith (H. xii, 16)(Kashmiri))VarBr2S. iic , 4 ; of the 5th cycle of Jupiter viii , 23 ; of an eclipse iii , 6 ; त्वष्टुर् आतिथ्य N. of a सामन् A1rshBr. )
6. Plant/tree
Tree shown on a tablet from Harappa. kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'
[Pl. 39, Tree symbol (often on a platform) on punch-marked coins; a symbol recurring on many Indus script tablets and seals. kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); krvṛI f. ‘granary (WPah.); kuṛī, kuṛo house, building’(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232)
kuṭhe = leg of bedstead or chair (Santali.lex.) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘a furnace for smelting iron ore, to smelt iron’;koṭe ‘forged (metal)(Santali)
kuṭhi ‘smelter, furnace’.
kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, ‘they were feeding the furnace with ore’. (Santali) This use of bica in the context of feeding a smelter clearly defines bica as ‘stone ore, mineral’, in general.
kuṭhi ‘vagina’; rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace bichā 'scorpion' (Assamese). Rebus: bica 'stone ore' as in meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.) dul 'pair, likeness' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' (Santali) Thus the hieroglyphs connote a smelter for smelting and casting metal stone ore.
Architectural fragment with relief showing winged dwarfs (or gaNa) worshipping with flower garlands, Siva Linga. Bhuteshwar, ca. 2nd cent BCE. Lingam is on a platform with wall under a pipal tree encircled by railing. (Srivastava, AK, 1999, Catalogue of Saiva sculptures in Government Museum, Mathura: 47, GMM 52.3625) The tree is a phonetic determinant of the smelter indicated by the railing around the linga: kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ lex., °ṭaka -- m. ʻ a kind of tree ʼ Kauś.Pk. kuḍa -- m. ʻ tree ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. kuṛāˊ ʻ tree ʼ, dar. kaṛék ʻ tree, oak ʼ ~ Par. kōṛ ʻ stick ʼ IIFL iii 3, 98. (CDIAL 3228). http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/smithy-is-temple-of-bronze-age-stambha_14.html
Worship of Shiva Linga by Gandharvas - Shunga Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 3625 - Government Museum - Mathura
kuThi 'smelter' lokhaNDa 'metal implements' (lo 'penis' -- Munda)
Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE (Fig. 6.2). This is the most emphatic representation of linga as a pillar of fire. The pillar is embedded within a brick-kiln with an angular roof and is ligatured to a tree. Hieroglyph: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In this composition, the artists is depicting the smelter used for smelting to create mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) of mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). मेड (p. 662) [ mēḍa ] f (Usually मेढ q. v.) मेडका m A stake, esp. as bifurcated. मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] f A forked stake. Used as a post. Hence a short post generally whether forked or not. मेढा (p. 665) [ mēḍhā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. 2 A dense arrangement of stakes, a palisade, a paling. मेढी (p. 665) [ mēḍhī ] f (Dim. of मेढ ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake, with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece. मेढ्या (p. 665) [ mēḍhyā ] a (मेढ Stake or post.) A term for a person considered as the pillar, prop, or support (of a household, army, or other body), the staff or stay. मेढेजोशी (p. 665) [ mēḍhējōśī ] m A stake-जोशी ; a जोशी who keeps account of the तिथि &c., by driving stakes into the ground: also a class, or an individual of it, of fortune-tellers, diviners, presagers, seasonannouncers, almanack-makers &c. They are Shúdras and followers of the मेढेमत q. v. 2 Jocosely. The hereditary or settled (quasi fixed as a stake) जोशी of a village.मेंधला (p. 665) [ mēndhalā ] m In architecture. A common term for the two upper arms of a double चौकठ (door-frame) connecting the two. Called also मेंढरी & घोडा . It answers to छिली the name of the two lower arms or connections. (Marathi)\
मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda) मेधा = धन Naigh. ii , 10 (Monier-Williams)8. Criss0cross of + shape kaṇḍa, 'fire altar' Rebus: kaṇḍa, '(metal) equipment' Another example of Indus Script seal is presented with a decipherment.
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m0352 cdef
m0352 cdef
The + glyph of Sibri evidence is comparable to the large-sized 'dot', dotted circles and + glyph shown on this Mohenjo-daro seal m0352 with dotted circles repeated on 5 sides A to F. Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features. Rebus readings of m0352 hieroglyphs:dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'
1. Round dot like a blob -- . Glyph: raised large-sized dot -- (gōṭī ‘round pebble);goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore)A (गोटा) gōṭā Spherical or spheroidal, pebble-form. (Marathi) goTa 'laterite ferrite ore'.
Rebus: khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ (metal) (Marathi) खोट [khōṭa] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge (Marathi). P. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼ *khaḍḍa ʻ hole, pit ʼ. [Cf. *gaḍḍa -- and list s.v. kartá -- 1 ]Pk. khaḍḍā -- f. ʻ hole, mine, cave ʼ, ˚ḍaga -- m. ʻ one who digs a hole ʼ, ˚ḍōlaya -- m. ʻ hole ʼ; Bshk. (Biddulph) "kād" (= khaḍ?) ʻ valley ʼ; K. khŏḍ m. ʻ pit ʼ, &obrevdotdot; f. ʻ small pit ʼ, khoḍu m. ʻ vulva ʼ; S. khaḍ̠a f. ʻ pit ʼ; L. khaḍḍ f. ʻ pit, cavern, ravine ʼ; P. khaḍḍ f. ʻ pit, ravine ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ hole for a weaver's feet ʼ (→ Ku. khaḍḍ, N. khaḍ; H. khaḍ, khaḍḍā m. ʻ pit, low ground, notch ʼ; Or. khãḍi ʻ edge of a deep pit ʼ; M. khaḍḍā m. ʻ rough hole, pit ʼ); WPah. khaś. khaḍḍā ʻ stream ʼ; N. khāṛo ʻ pit, bog ʼ, khāṛi ʻ creek ʼ, khāṛal ʻ hole (in ground or stone) ʼ. -- Altern. < *khāḍa -- : Gy. gr. xar f. ʻ hole ʼ; Ku. khāṛ ʻ pit ʼ; B. khāṛī ʻ creek, inlet ʼ, khāṛal ʻ pit, ditch ʼ; H. khāṛī f. ʻ creek, inlet ʼ, khaṛ -- har, ˚al m. ʻ hole ʼ; Marw. khāṛo m. ʻ hole ʼ; M. khāḍ f. ʻ hole, creek ʼ, ˚ḍā m. ʻ hole ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ creek, inlet ʼ.
khaḍḍukā -- seekhaṭū -- .Addenda: *khaḍḍa -- : S.kcch. khaḍḍ f. ʻ pit ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kháḍ m. ʻ hole in the earth, ravine ʼ, poet. khāḍ (obl. -- o) f. ʻ small stream ʼ, J. khāḍ f.(CDIAL 3931)
Rebus: khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ (metal) (Marathi) खोट [khōṭa] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge (Marathi). P. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼ *khaḍḍa ʻ hole, pit ʼ. [Cf. *
khaḍḍukā -- see
Hieroglyph: + symbol: कण्ड a joint (= पर्वन्) (Monier-Williams) Rebus: kanda 'fire-altar' (Santali)khãḍi ʻ edge of a deep pit ʼ(Oriya)
2. Dotted circle khaṇḍa ‘A piece, bit, fragment, portion’; kandi ‘bead’;
3. A + shaped structure where the glyphs 1 and 2 are infixed. The + shaped structure is kaṇḍ ‘a fire-altar’ (which is associated with glyphs 1 and 2)..
Rebus readings are: 1. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼgoTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); 2. khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; 3. kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’. (CDIAL 3790)
Four ‘round spot’; glyphs around the ‘dotted circle’ in the center of the composition: gōṭī ‘round pebble; Rebus 1: goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); Rebus 2:L. khoṭf ʻalloy, impurityʼ, °ṭā ʻalloyedʼ, awāṇ. khoṭā ʻforgedʼ; P. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ M.khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ (CDIAL 3931) Rebus 3: kōṭhī ] f (कोष्ट S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse, treasury, factory, bank. khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ metal is produced from kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’ yielding khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. This word khaṇḍā is denoted by the dotted circles.
9. Lozenge or oval shape ![]()
dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'. Inclined stroke is a semantic determinant to signify ingot: ḍhāḷ = a slope; the inclination of a plane (G.) Rebus: : ḍhāḷako = a large metal ingot (G.). Thus, the Sign 407 hypertext reads: dul mũhã̄ ḍhāḷako metal casting large ingot.
dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'. Inclined stroke is a semantic determinant to signify ingot: ḍhāḷ = a slope; the inclination of a plane (G.) Rebus: : ḍhāḷako = a large metal ingot (G.). Thus, the Sign 407 hypertext reads: dul mũhã̄ ḍhāḷako metal casting large ingot.10. Monkey kuṭhāru 'monkey' Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker)
11a. Tiger kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'; kolimi 'smithy'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kole.l 'smithy, temple' (Kota)
11b. Tiger tied to a pillar kola 'tiger' PLUS medhi 'pillar' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' med 'iron, copper'
12. Markhor H. mẽṛā, mẽḍā m. ʻram with curling horns ʼ (CDIAL 10120). Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
13. Scorpion bica 'scorpion' Rebus: bica 'haematite ferrite ore'
Glyph: kuṭhi = pubes. Hieroglyph: kuṭhi pubes (lower down than paṇḍe) (Santali), pudendum muliebre (Munda, Santali) Cognates: koṭṭha (m. nt.) [Sk. koṣṭha abdomen, any cavity for holding food, cp. kuṣṭa groin, and also Gr.ku/tos cavity, ku/sdos pudendum muliebre, ku/stis bladder = E. cyst, chest; Lat. cunnus pudendum. kuṭhi = the womb, the female sexual organ; sorrege kuṭhi menaktaea, tale tale gidrakoa lit. her womb is near, she gets children continually (H. koṭhī, the womb) (Santali.Bodding) kōṣṭha = anyone of the large viscera (MBh.); koṭṭha = stomach (Pali.Pkt.); kuṭṭha (Pkt.); koṭhī heart, breast (L.); koṭṭhā, koṭhābelly (P.); koṭho (G.); koṭhā (M.)(CDIAL 3545). kottha pertaining to the belly (Pkt.); kothā corpulent (Or.)(CDIAL 3510). koṭho [Skt. koṣṭha inner part] the stomach, the belly (Gujarat) kūti = pudendum muliebre (Ta.); posteriors, membrum muliebre (Ma.); ku.0y anus, region of buttocks in general (To.); kūdi = anus, posteriors, membrum muliebre (Tu.)(DEDR 188). kūṭu = hip (Tu.); kuṭa = thigh (Pe.); kuṭe id. (Mand.); kūṭi hip (Kui)(DEDR 1885). gūde prolapsus of the anus (Ka.Tu.); gūda, gudda id. (Te.)(DEDR 1891).
Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); krvṛi f. ‘granary (WPah.); kuṛī, kuṛo house, building’(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232) kuṭi ‘hut made of boughs’ (Skt.) guḍi temple (Telugu)
Rebus: kuṭhi ‘a furnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron’; kolheko kuṭhieda koles smelt iron (Santali) kuṭhi, kuṭi (Or.; Sad. koṭhi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith; kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of ēkuṭi has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kuṭhi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2’ 6” dia. At the base and 1’ 6” at the top. The hole in the centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6” to 7” in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari) kuṭhi = a factory; lil kuṭhi = an indigo factory (koṭhi - Hindi) (Santali.Bodding) kuṭhi = an earthen furnace for smelting iron; make do., smelt iron; kolheko do kuṭhi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an earthen furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing the bellows; tehen:ko kuṭhi yet kana, they are working (or building) the furnace to-day (H. koṭhī ) (Santali. Bodding) kuṭṭhita = hot, sweltering; molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.) uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.) kuṭṭakam, kuṭṭukam = cauldron (Ma.); kuṭṭuva = big copper pot for heating water (Kod.)(DEDR 1668). gudgā to blaze; gud.va flame (Man.d); gudva, gūdūvwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1715). dāntar-kuṭha = fireplace (Sv.); kōti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.); kōlhā house with mud roof and walls, granary (P.); kuṭhī factory (A.); koṭhābrick-built house (B.); kuṭhī bank, granary (B.); koṭho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse (G.); koṭhīlare earthen jar, factory (G.); kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse; a revenue office, in which dues are paid and collected; koṭhī a store-room; a factory (Gujarat) koḍ = the place where artisans work (Gujarati)
The squatting woman on the Ur cylinder seal impression may be showing dishevelled hair providing for rebus reading: <rabca?>(D) {ADJ} ``with ^dishevelled ^hair''. Rebus: రాచ (adj.) Pertaining to a stone. bicha, bichā ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica ‘stone ore’ (Mu.) sambr.o bica = gold ore (Mundarica) Thus, the reading of the Ur cylinder seal impression may depict: meṛed-bica ‘iron stone-ore’ kuṭhi‘smelter, furnace’.
Rahman-dheri seal. Obverse: Two scorpions. Two holes. One T glyph. One frog in the middle. Reverse: two rams.
1.mūxā ‘frog’. Rebus: mũh ‘(copper) ingot’ (Santali) Allograph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali)
2.bicha ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica ‘stone ore’ (Mu.)
3.tagaru ‘ram’ (Tulu) Rebus: tagarm ‘tin’ (Kota). damgar ‘merchant’ (Akk.)
4.T-glyph may denote a fire altar like the two fire-altars shown on Warrka vase below two animals: antelope and tiger. kand ‘fire-altar’ (Santali)
5.Two holes may denote ingots. dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast’ (Santali)
kola ‘woman’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’kuṛī f. ʻ girl’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’
Brass-worker catalog of implements and repertoire:There are five hieroglyphs on the cylinder seal (Figure 270): ‘dishevelled hair’, ‘pudendum muliebre’, ‘lizard’, ‘scorpion’, ‘woman’. The accent is on the sting of the scorpion: koṭṭu (koṭṭi-) to sting (as a scorpion, wasp) (Tamil) Rebus: Pk. koṭṭaga -- m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, koṭṭila -- , °illa -- m. ʻ mallet ʼ. (DEDR 3236). koṭṭu-k-kaṉṉār brass-workers.
[cf. Rahmandheri seal with two scorpions flanking a similar glyph with legs apart. This glyphic composition depicts a smelting furnace for stone ore as distinguished from a smelting furnace for sand ore. meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda).
14. Face (human or bull) mũh 'face' (Hindi)
Rebus: mūha ‘smelted ingot’ [mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking, in a handmill for filling, in a grainstore for withdrawing)(Bi.)]
15. Horn koda 'horn' rebus: kod 'workshop'
16. Woman kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron'
17. Star मेढा [ mēḍhā ] 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
Two or more of these hieroglyphs are presented in iconographic combinations which are called 'composite animal' or 'griffin' (bird PLUS feline paws or feline features). Such combinations constituted hypertexts of Meluhha expressions which are presented in examples of Indus Script inscriptions on seals and tablets of the Civilization.
h176 text
h176 a,b kamadha 'penance' rebus: kammata 'mint, coiner, coinage'; dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS arka 'wheel, sun' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kanka 'scribe, supercargo'. krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'artisan' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'temple rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' బత్తుడు battuḍu 'worshipper'బత్తుడు battuḍu, baḍaga 'a professional title of five artificers' 
Bet Dwaraka 01 conch shell (turbinella pyrum) seal.जांगड [jāṅgaḍa] ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop. जांगड [ jāṅgaḍa ] f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken.
Harappa seal (h330). Seal. National Museum: 135 The rebus readings of the hieroglyphs are: koDe, koDiya 'young bull' rebus: koTiya 'dhow,s seafaring vessel' aya 'fish'; rebus: aya 'cast metal' (G.). barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' sangaDa 'joined animals' rebus: sAngaDa 'double-canoe, seafaring vessel'. khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, seafaring merchant's cargo of copper alloy (from) mint.
Proving the Indus Script Cipher to be logo-semantic
m476 a,bIdentical inscription on three tablets m478 to m480
Hieroglyph ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' proclamations on Indus Script https://tinyurl.com/ybe89ee9
![Image result for pot with lid bharatkalyan97]()
m478B
m478B^ Inverted V, m478 (lid above rim of narrow-necked jar) The rimmed jar next to the tiger with turned head has a lid. Lid ‘ad.aren’; rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ karnika 'rim of jar' Rebus: karni'supercargo' (Marathi) Thus, together, the jar with lid composite hieroglyhph denotes 'native metal supercargo'. karn.aka = handle of a vessel; ka_n.a_, kanna_ = rim, edge; kan.t.u = rim of a vessel;kan.t.ud.iyo = a small earthen vessel; kan.d.a kanka = rim of a water-pot; kan:kha, kankha = rim of a vessel. In an alternative reading, the pot PLUS lid is read rebus as: dhakka karni 'bright metal supercargo'.
Segment 2 of the Dholavira signboard proclamation has a hieroglyph:
This hieroglyph is a 'lid' on a pot. One reading of this hieroglyph is: aḍaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'native metal'.
Vikalpa. Another reading is possible: ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'.
Obverse of the tablets m0478, 0479, 0480 show this narrative. Pict-111: From R.: A woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees in their hands; a person seated on a tree with a tiger below with its head turned backwards; a tall jar with a lid.
Reverse side of a two-sided tablets m0478, 0479, 0480. in bas relief. Kneeling adorant carrying a U-shaped rimless pot in front a tree. NOTE: The kneeling motif also occurs on Sit Shamshi bronze.Three identical Mohenjo-daro tablets, with identical inscriptions. m 478-480.
Section A: Message on obverse of tablet
The narrative on the obverse (b) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid; Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch; Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle.![]()
Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid (Tablet m478b to m480b)
Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid (Tablet m478b to m480b)An orthographic variant of a jar to focus on 'rim-of-jar' is provided by a Daimabad seal.
karnaka 'rim of jar' karn.aka = handle of a vessel; ka_n.a_, kanna_ 'rim, edge' kan.t.u = rim of a vessel; kan.t.ud.iyo = a small earthen vessel
Rebus: karṇika 'Supercargo'' merchant in charge of cargo of a shipment, helmsman, scribe. Rebus kañiāra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe'.![]()
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Hieroglyph: *ḍhakk ʻ cover ʼ. 2. *ḍhaṅk -- . [Cf. ḍhakkana -- n. ʻ shutting ʼ Śīl.] 1. Pk. ḍhakkaï ʻ shuts ʼ; S. ḍhakaṇu ʻ to cover ʼ; L. ḍhakkaṇ ʻ to imprison ʼ; P. ḍhakkṇā ʻ to cover ʼ, Ku. ḍhakṇo, N. ḍhāknu, A. ḍhākiba, B. ḍhākā, Bhoj. ḍhākal, OMarw. ḍhakaï; -- Pk. ḍhakkiṇī -- f. ʻ lid ʼ, S. ḍhakkaṇī f., P. ḍhakṇā m., °ṇī f., WPah. bhad. ḍhakkaṇ n., Ku. ḍhākaṇ, N. ḍhakni, A. ḍhākni, B. ḍhākan, ḍhāknā, °ni; Bi. ḍhaknā ʻ cover of grain -- pot ʼ, Mth. ḍhākni; Bhoj. ḍhaknī ʻ lid ʼ. -- Poss. K. ḍākürü f. ʻ wide shallow basket ʼ; N. ḍhāki ʻ basket ʼ, ḍhākar ʻ a kind of large basket ʼ; Bi. mag. ḍhākā ʻ large open basket ʼ; -- P. ḍhakkā m. ʻ pass between two hills ʼ. 2. Pk. ḍhaṁkissaï ʻ will cover ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) ḍaṅgeik ʻ to cover, shut, bury ʼ; Phal. ḍhaṅg -- ʻ to bury ʼ; Or. ḍhaṅkibā ʻ to cover ʼ, H. ḍhã̄knā, Marw. ḍhã̄kṇo, G. ḍhã̄kvũ, M. ḍhã̄kṇẽ; -- Pk. ḍhaṁkaṇa -- n., °ṇī -- f. ʻ cover, lid ʼ, Or. ḍhāṅkuṇi, H. ḍhãknī f., G. ḍhã̄kṇũ n., °ṇī f., M. ḍhã̄kaṇ n., ḍhã̄kṇī f.Addenda: *ḍhakk -- 1: S.kcch. ḍhakṇū ʻ to cover, shut (a door) ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhàkṇõ, Garh. ḍhakṇu; A. ḍhākiba (phonet. dh -- ) ʻ to cover ʼ, G. ḍhākvũ, M. ḍhākṇẽ.(CDIAL 5574)
Hieroglyph: *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582)
RRebus: धक्क dhakka a (Imit.) Steady, enduring, unshaken (as under misfortune): hale, hearty, stanch, unflinching--man or animal: stout, sound, firm, fit to render good service--cloth, an article gen. 2 Brightshining, brilliant, very lustrous--metal, a gem, a firework. Hence 3 Bright and good, altogether excellent--a rupee or other coin. धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) *dhagg ʻ throb, glitter ʼ. [Cf. dhagiti ʻ at once ʼ Kād., dhagad -- dhagiti ʻ crack! ʼ HPariś., and *ḍag -- 1]Pk. dhagadhagaï ʻ flares ʼ, dhagadhaggamāṇa -- , dhaggīkaya -- ʻ blazing ʼ; H. dhagdhagānā ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; G. dhagdhagvũ ʻ to burn fiercely ʼ; M. dhagdhagṇẽ ʻ id., to beat (of heart) ʼ; -- S. dhakdhaki f. ʻ palpitation ʼ; N. dhakāunu ʻ to pant ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, dhakdhakāna ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ, dhakadhaka ʻ throbbing, blazing ʼ; H. dhakdhakānā, dhadhaknā ʻ to blaze ʼ, G. dhakdhakvũ; M. dhakdhakṇẽ ʻ to palpitate ʼ.dhagg -- : Ko. dhaggu ʻ heat ʼ, dhagdhagu ʻ blazing heat ʼ. (CDIAL 6704) *dhakṣati ʻ burns ʼ [Cf. fut. part. vidhakṣyánt -- , aor. part. dhákṣat RV. -- √dah ]G. dhakhvũ ʻ to get into a passion ʼ, dhakhāvvũ ʻ to make hot ʼ, dhakh f. ʻ thirst ʼ.Addenda: dhákṣu -- : S.kcch. ḍakho m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ (rather than < *dhagg -- ). (CDIAL 6703) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of boiling, bubbling. Ma. taka taka beating time. Ka. takatakane quickly (of dancing); taka pakane id., vehemently (used of boiling). Tu. takataka, takapakaagility in dancing; bubbling in boiling, nimbly, briskly. Te. takapikalāḍu to dance about, dangle. (DEDR 2997) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of dazzling, glowing, glittering. Ko. dag dag in- (iḏ-) (flame) burns brightly; dagdagn with a good light. Ka. daggane with a blaze. Tu. dagadaga, dagabaga brightly; dagga, dagganè (to blaze) suddenly. Te. dagadaga glitter; dagadagam-anu to glitter, shine. Kur. dagnā to light, set fire to, burn (tr.); dagrnā to catch fire, be burned. Malt. dagdagre to glitter, shine (or < IA). / MBE 1969, p. 293, no. 26, for areal etymology, with reference to Turner, CDIAL, no. 6704, *dhagg-, Pkt. dhagadhagaï flares, H. dhagdhagānā to glitter, dhakdhakānā to blaze; add ibid. no. 5522(4) Panj. dagdagāuṇāto shine, no. 5522(1) Ass. ḍagmag sparkle, ḍagmagāiba to glitter, Beng. ḍagḍagiyā glowing, H. ḍagḍagānā, ḍagmagānā to burn brightly (DEDR 2998)
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Alternative Rebus: dhakk ‘an anvil’ (Kannada) dhakka ‘steady, stout’ (Marathi)
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Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch (Tablet m478b to m480b)
ḍhaṁkhara — m.n. ʻbranch without leaves or fruitʼ (Prakrit) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
kōṭu branch of tree, Rebus: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.
Hieroglyph: Looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter.
eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) kola ‘tiger, jackal’ (Kon.); rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith, ‘alloy of five metals, panchaloha’ (Tamil) kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) heraka = spy (Skt.); er to look at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)
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Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle (Tablet m478b to m480b)
The person standing between, thwarting and pushing two contestants wears wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles' Rebus: khãr '
Hypertext: daka, 'push'; erga, 'act of clearing jungle' (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees]; karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles. Rebus reading: dhagdhag 'glittering' erako 'moltencast metal', khãr 'Q -) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer).(DEDR 866)
*dhakk ʻ push, strike ʼ. [dhakkayati ʻ annihilates ʼ Dhātup.] K. daka m. ʻ a push, blow ʼ, S. dhaku m., L. P. dhakkā m.; Ku. dhakkā ʻ collision ʼ, dhã̄kā ʻ forcibly pushing ʼ; N. dhakkā ʻ collision, push ʼ; B. dhā̆kkā ʻ push ʼ, Or. dhakā; H. dhak m. ʻ shock, sudden terror ʼ, dhakkā m. ʻ push ʼ; OMarw. dhakā -- dhakī f. ʻ rush ʼ; G. dhakkɔ m. ʻ push ʼ, M. dhakā, ḍhakā m.; -- P. dhakkṇā ʻ to push, oust ʼ; -- S. dhakiṛaṇu ʻ to half -- clean rice by beating it in a mortar ʼ; -- Ku. dhakelṇo ʻ to push ʼ, N. dhakelnu, H. dhakelnā, ḍha°, G. dhakelvũ. S.kcch. dhakko ḍeṇo ʻ to push ʼ; WPah.kṭg. dhàkkɔ m. ʻ push, dash ʼ, J. dhākā m.((CDIAL 6701)![]()
धकाधकी dhakādhakī f (धका by redup.) A general or a mutual shoving and pushing; a scuffle or tussle. धकाबुका dhakābukā m धकाबुकी f धकीबुकी f C Pushing and pommeling; shoving and cuffing. v कर, दे, मार. (Marathi)Section B: Message on reverse of tablet
The narrative on the reverse (a) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Endless knot; Part 2. Text message; Part 3. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree
Part 1. Endless knot (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Endless knot hieroglyph: मेढा [ mēḍhā ]'twist, curl' rebus: medha ‘yajña' mẽṛhẽt, 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)'; 'copper' (Slavic languages). Together, the two hieroglyphs signify a performer of medhā ‘yajña', acquirer of medhā 'dhanam, wealth', metalworker, ironsmith turner.
Part 2. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree (Tablet m478a to m480a)
kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter)', furnace (Santali)
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On seal m1186A a kneeling adorant makes offerings. bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tu.) barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.) A similar kneeling adorant now holds a wide-mouthed, rimless pot and makes an offering to the tree. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched (Sindhi) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; l. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; p. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; s. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656) Thus, the reading of the composite glyph: kneeling adorant + pot is read rebus: meḍ pattar + bhaṭa 'iron urnace (of) merchant guild'.
The merchant, battuḍu, pattar is shown in a worshipful state kneeling in adoration on many inscriptions.
Part 3. Text message (Tablet m478a to m480a)![]()
Hieroglyphs (from. r to l):battuḍu bhata, 'worshipper' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ PLUS OFFERING: barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).
Numeral four: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kand 'fire-altar'. PLUS bhata, 'pot' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, the 'four linear strokes PLUS rimless pot' signifies: 'fire-altar (in) artisan's workshop'.
Body hieroglyph read rebus: ![]()
Circumscript of two linear strokes for 'body' hieroglyph: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' koḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop' Thus, the circumscript signifies 'cast metal workshop' (with furnace) PLUS circumscribed body hieroglyph: meḍ 'body' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic).Together, the hypertext reds: dul meḍ koḍ 'metal casting, cast iron workshop'.
Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडघाशा kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड & घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. (Marathi).
The semantics of खरडें 'rough draft' explains why the hieroglyph occurs ONLY on tablets which are works-in-process documentation by scribes.
Thus, the inscriptions on tablet m478 to m480 complete the documentation of wealth-creating metalwork खरडा kharaḍā daybook.
Hieroglyph: *ḍhakk ʻ cover ʼ. 2. *ḍhaṅk -- . [Cf. ḍhakkana -- n. ʻ shutting ʼ Śīl.] 1. Pk. ḍhakkaï ʻ shuts ʼ; S. ḍhakaṇu ʻ to cover ʼ; L. ḍhakkaṇ ʻ to imprison ʼ; P. ḍhakkṇā ʻ to cover ʼ, Ku. ḍhakṇo, N. ḍhāknu, A. ḍhākiba, B. ḍhākā, Bhoj. ḍhākal, OMarw. ḍhakaï; -- Pk. ḍhakkiṇī -- f. ʻ lid ʼ, S. ḍhakkaṇī f., P. ḍhakṇā m., °ṇī f., WPah. bhad. ḍhakkaṇ n., Ku. ḍhākaṇ, N. ḍhakni, A. ḍhākni, B. ḍhākan, ḍhāknā, °ni; Bi. ḍhaknā ʻ cover of grain -- pot ʼ, Mth. ḍhākni; Bhoj. ḍhaknī ʻ lid ʼ. -- Poss. K. ḍākürü f. ʻ wide shallow basket ʼ; N. ḍhāki ʻ basket ʼ, ḍhākar ʻ a kind of large basket ʼ; Bi. mag. ḍhākā ʻ large open basket ʼ; -- P. ḍhakkā m. ʻ pass between two hills ʼ. 2. Pk. ḍhaṁkissaï ʻ will cover ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) ḍaṅgeik ʻ to cover, shut, bury ʼ; Phal. ḍhaṅg -- ʻ to bury ʼ; Or. ḍhaṅkibā ʻ to cover ʼ, H. ḍhã̄knā, Marw. ḍhã̄kṇo, G. ḍhã̄kvũ, M. ḍhã̄kṇẽ; -- Pk. ḍhaṁkaṇa -- n., °ṇī -- f. ʻ cover, lid ʼ, Or. ḍhāṅkuṇi, H. ḍhãknī f., G. ḍhã̄kṇũ n., °ṇī f., M. ḍhã̄kaṇ n., ḍhã̄kṇī f.Addenda: *ḍhakk -- 1: S.kcch. ḍhakṇū ʻ to cover, shut (a door) ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhàkṇõ, Garh. ḍhakṇu; A. ḍhākiba (phonet. dh -- ) ʻ to cover ʼ, G. ḍhākvũ, M. ḍhākṇẽ.(CDIAL 5574)
Hieroglyph: *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582)
RRebus: धक्क dhakka a (Imit.) Steady, enduring, unshaken (as under misfortune): hale, hearty, stanch, unflinching--man or animal: stout, sound, firm, fit to render good service--cloth, an article gen. 2 Brightshining, brilliant, very lustrous--metal, a gem, a firework. Hence 3 Bright and good, altogether excellent--a rupee or other coin. धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) *dhagg ʻ throb, glitter ʼ. [Cf. dhagiti ʻ at once ʼ Kād., dhagad -- dhagiti ʻ crack! ʼ HPariś., and *ḍag -- 1]Pk. dhagadhagaï ʻ flares ʼ, dhagadhaggamāṇa -- , dhaggīkaya -- ʻ blazing ʼ; H. dhagdhagānā ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; G. dhagdhagvũ ʻ to burn fiercely ʼ; M. dhagdhagṇẽ ʻ id., to beat (of heart) ʼ; -- S. dhakdhaki f. ʻ palpitation ʼ; N. dhakāunu ʻ to pant ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, dhakdhakāna ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ, dhakadhaka ʻ throbbing, blazing ʼ; H. dhakdhakānā, dhadhaknā ʻ to blaze ʼ, G. dhakdhakvũ; M. dhakdhakṇẽ ʻ to palpitate ʼ.dhagg -- : Ko. dhaggu ʻ heat ʼ, dhagdhagu ʻ blazing heat ʼ. (CDIAL 6704) *dhakṣati ʻ burns ʼ [Cf. fut. part. vidhakṣyánt -- , aor. part. dhákṣat RV. -- √dah ]G. dhakhvũ ʻ to get into a passion ʼ, dhakhāvvũ ʻ to make hot ʼ, dhakh f. ʻ thirst ʼ.Addenda: dhákṣu -- : S.kcch. ḍakho m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ (rather than < *dhagg -- ). (CDIAL 6703) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of boiling, bubbling. Ma. taka taka beating time. Ka. takatakane quickly (of dancing); taka pakane id., vehemently (used of boiling). Tu. takataka, takapakaagility in dancing; bubbling in boiling, nimbly, briskly. Te. takapikalāḍu to dance about, dangle. (DEDR 2997) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of dazzling, glowing, glittering. Ko. dag dag in- (iḏ-) (flame) burns brightly; dagdagn with a good light. Ka. daggane with a blaze. Tu. dagadaga, dagabaga brightly; dagga, dagganè (to blaze) suddenly. Te. dagadaga glitter; dagadagam-anu to glitter, shine. Kur. dagnā to light, set fire to, burn (tr.); dagrnā to catch fire, be burned. Malt. dagdagre to glitter, shine (or < IA). / MBE 1969, p. 293, no. 26, for areal etymology, with reference to Turner, CDIAL, no. 6704, *dhagg-, Pkt. dhagadhagaï flares, H. dhagdhagānā to glitter, dhakdhakānā to blaze; add ibid. no. 5522(4) Panj. dagdagāuṇāto shine, no. 5522(1) Ass. ḍagmag sparkle, ḍagmagāiba to glitter, Beng. ḍagḍagiyā glowing, H. ḍagḍagānā, ḍagmagānā to burn brightly (DEDR 2998)
Alternative Rebus: dhakk ‘an anvil’ (Kannada) dhakka ‘steady, stout’ (Marathi)
Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch (Tablet m478b to m480b)
ḍhaṁkhara — m.n. ʻbranch without leaves or fruitʼ (Prakrit) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
kōṭu branch of tree, Rebus: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.
Hieroglyph: Looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter.
eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) kola ‘tiger, jackal’ (Kon.); rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith, ‘alloy of five metals, panchaloha’ (Tamil) kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) heraka = spy (Skt.); er to look at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)
Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle (Tablet m478b to m480b)
The person standing between, thwarting and pushing two contestants wears wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles' Rebus: khãr '
Hypertext: daka, 'push'; erga, 'act of clearing jungle' (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees]; karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles. Rebus reading: dhagdhag 'glittering' erako 'moltencast metal', khãr '
erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.)er-r-a = red; eraka = copper (Ka.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) erako molten cast (as metal) (Tulu) agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Telugu) Ta. eṟṟu (eṟṟi-) to throw out (as water from a vessel); iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to scatter (intr.), disperse; (-pp-, -tt-) to splash (tr.), spatter, scatter, strew, draw and pour out water, irrigate, bale out, squander; iṟaivai receptacle for drawing water for irrigation; iṟaṭṭu (iṟaṭṭi-) to sprinkle, splash. Ma. iṟekka to bale out; iṟayuka id., scatter, disperse; iṟava basket for drawing water; eṟiccil rainwater blown in by the wind. To. eṟ- (eṟQ -) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer).(DEDR 866)
*dhakk ʻ push, strike ʼ. [dhakkayati ʻ annihilates ʼ Dhātup.] K. daka m. ʻ a push, blow ʼ, S. dhaku m., L. P. dhakkā m.; Ku. dhakkā ʻ collision ʼ, dhã̄kā ʻ forcibly pushing ʼ; N. dhakkā ʻ collision, push ʼ; B. dhā̆kkā ʻ push ʼ, Or. dhakā; H. dhak m. ʻ shock, sudden terror ʼ, dhakkā m. ʻ push ʼ; OMarw. dhakā -- dhakī f. ʻ rush ʼ; G. dhakkɔ m. ʻ push ʼ, M. dhakā, ḍhakā m.; -- P. dhakkṇā ʻ to push, oust ʼ; -- S. dhakiṛaṇu ʻ to half -- clean rice by beating it in a mortar ʼ; -- Ku. dhakelṇo ʻ to push ʼ, N. dhakelnu, H. dhakelnā, ḍha°, G. dhakelvũ. S.kcch. dhakko ḍeṇo ʻ to push ʼ; WPah.kṭg. dhàkkɔ m. ʻ push, dash ʼ, J. dhākā m.((CDIAL 6701)
Section B: Message on reverse of tablet
The narrative on the reverse (a) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Endless knot; Part 2. Text message; Part 3. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree
Part 1. Endless knot (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Endless knot hieroglyph: मेढा [ mēḍhā ]'twist, curl' rebus: medha ‘yajña' mẽṛhẽt, 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)'; 'copper' (Slavic languages). Together, the two hieroglyphs
signify a performer of medhā ‘yajña', acquirer of medhā 'dhanam, wealth', metalworker, ironsmith turner.
Part 2. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree (Tablet m478a to m480a)
kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter)', furnace (Santali)
On seal m1186A a kneeling adorant makes offerings. bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tu.) barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.) A similar kneeling adorant now holds a wide-mouthed, rimless pot and makes an offering to the tree. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched (Sindhi) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; l. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; p. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; s. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656) Thus, the reading of the composite glyph: kneeling adorant + pot is read rebus: meḍ pattar + bhaṭa 'iron urnace (of) merchant guild'.Paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants; perh. Vartaka (Skt.)వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. బత్తుడు battuḍu. n. A worshipper. భక్తుడు. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230.(Telugu)
The merchant, battuḍu, pattar is shown in a worshipful state kneeling in adoration on many inscriptions.
Part 3. Text message (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Hieroglyphs (from. r to l):
battuḍu bhata, 'worshipper' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ PLUS OFFERING: barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).
Numeral four: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kand 'fire-altar'. PLUS bhata, 'pot' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, the 'four linear strokes PLUS rimless pot' signifies: 'fire-altar (in) artisan's workshop'.
Body hieroglyph read rebus: ![]()
Circumscript of two linear strokes for 'body' hieroglyph: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' koḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop' Thus, the circumscript signifies 'cast metal workshop' (with furnace) PLUS circumscribed body hieroglyph: meḍ 'body' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic).Together, the hypertext reds: dul meḍ koḍ 'metal casting, cast iron workshop'.
Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडघाशा kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड & घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें
kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. (Marathi).
The semantics of खरडें 'rough draft' explains why the hieroglyph occurs ONLY on tablets which are works-in-process documentation by scribes.
Thus, the inscriptions on tablet m478 to m480 complete the documentation of wealth-creating metalwork खरडा kharaḍā daybook.
m1433 a,b,e kariba ibha, 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' kāṇṭā 'rhinoceros. Rebus: āṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Gujarati) karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'artisan'. heraka 'spy' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, metal infusion' kuṭhi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.
melh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu'copper' (Pali)
danga 'mountain range' rebus: dhangar '
loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'metal, copper'
Composite animal:
1. barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)
2. Antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'.
3. Young bull; 2. bull' antelope. The 'unicorn' of Indus Script is کار کنده kār-kunda ''manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto)
Young bull kār-kunda 'manager' with unique orthographic ligatures elucidates metallurgical competence of 'lapidary, goldsmith, turner' in mint https://tinyurl.com/y4uh3ywq The shovelform sack or pannier on shoulder is a semantic determinative of खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi); कोंद kōnda 'young bull' खोंडी [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा , to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.)' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, fine gold'. Thus, the hypertext composition signifies workshop of a goldsmith, lapidary (turner, engraver). A remarkable cognate etymon signifying a young bull is seen in Telugu (Indian sprahbund, 'speech union'): kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ . A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ . Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముం బలుగుల రేడుతన్ని కొని పోవుతెరంగు " రామా . vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు . A lover విటుడు . Te. kōḍiya, kōḍe young bull; adj. male (e.g. kōḍe dūḍa bull calf), young, youthful; kōḍekã̄ḍu a young man. Kol. (Haig) kōḍē bull. Nk. khoṛe male calf. Konḍa kōḍi cow; kōṛe youngbullock. Pe. kōḍi cow. Manḍ.kūḍi id. Kui kōḍi id., ox. Kuwi (F.) kōdi cow; (S.) kajja kōḍi bull; (Su. P.) kōḍi cow.(DEDR 2199). kor.a a boy, a young man (Santali) Ka. gōnde bull, ox. Te. gōda ox. Kol. (SR.)
kondā bull; (Kin.) kōnda bullock. Nk (Ch.) kōnda id. Pa. kōnda bison.Ga. (Oll.)
kōnde cow; (S.) kōndē bullock. Go. (Tr.) kōnḍā, (other dialects) kōnda bullock, ox (Voc. 972). (DEDR 2216).Rebus: kõdāकोँद 'furnace for smelting': payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü -; । परिपाक- (द्रावण- )मूषा f. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ -। परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -वोलु&below; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace.कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner' kundana 'fine gold' PLUS kōḍu'horn' rebus koḍ 'workplace' PLUS koḍiyum 'ring on neck' rebus: koḍ 'workplace' PLUS khōṇḍī खोंडी 'pannier sack' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, fine gold'.
kondā bull; (Kin.) kōnda bullock. Nk (Ch.) kōnda id. Pa. kōnda bison.Ga. (Oll.)
kōnde cow; (S.) kōndē bullock. Go. (Tr.) kōnḍā, (other dialects) kōnda bullock, ox (Voc. 972). (DEDR 2216).