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Indus Script seal of Rupar signifies alloy metal equipment daybooks of dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter', continuum in Painted Grey Ware Culture sites

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https://tinyurl.com/yybk4oxc

--Rupar (Rupanagara) is on the banks of Sutlej tributary of Sarasvati, is a Painted Grey Ware PGW site 

Rupar seal demonstrates that It links Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization ironwork wealth creation activities with the later- day (from ca. 2300 BCE) sites of Painted Grey Ware.

Rupar 1ARupar 1B

Dotted circle hieroglyphs: dhã̄ī 'strand' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' vr̥ttá ʻ turned ʼ RV., ʻ rounded ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ completed ʼ MaitrUp., ʻ passed, elapsed (of time) ʼ KauṣUp. 3. n. ʻ conduct, matter ʼ ŚBr., ʻ livelihood ʼ Hariv. [√vr̥t1]1. Pa. vaṭṭa -- ʻ round ʼ, n. ʻ circle ʼ; Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -irth (esp. of trees) ʼ; Md. va'ʻ round ʼ GS 58; -- Paš.ar. waṭṭəwīˊk

waḍḍawik ʻ kidney ʼ ( -- wĭ̄k vr̥kká -- ) IIFL iii 3, 192?2 (CDIAL 12069) rebus: vr̥tti f. ʻ mode of life, conduct ʼ Gr̥Śr., ʻ business ʼ MBh., ʻ wages ʼ Pañcav. [√vr̥t1Pa. vutti -- f. ʻ practice, usage ʼ; Pk. vatti -- , vitti -- , vutti<-> f. ʻ life, livelihood ʼ; Gy. eur. buti f. ʻ work ʼ; K. brath, dat. brüċü f. ʻ trade, profession ʼ; P. buttī f. ʻ compulsory labour, unrewarded service of Brahmans and barbers ʼ; Ku. buti ʻ daily labour, wages ʼ, hāt -- but˚ti ʻ domestic work ʼ; Or. butā ʻ work in hand, business ʼ, buti ʻ servant ʼ; H. buttī f. ʻ means of subsistence ʼ, bīṭbīt f. ʻ grazing fee charged by herdsmen ʼ; Si. väṭi ʻ state, condition ʼ SigGr ii 462.(CDIAL 12070) Pa. vatta -- n. ʻ duty, office ʼ; Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -- , vitta -- , vutta -- n. ʻ livelihood ʼ; P. buttā m. ʻ means ʼ; Ku. buto ʻ daily labour, wages ʼ; N. butā ʻ means, ability ʼ; H. oūtā m. ʻ power ʼ; Si. vaṭa ʻ subsistence, wages ʼ.(CDIAL 12069)

Thus, together, dhã̄ī 'strand' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus: M. dhāūdhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ)

Thus, the dotted circle hieroglyphs signify dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter.

Text message on Rupar 1B is: alloy metal equipment daybooks [of dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter']


maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'

aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar', khaṇḍā 'equipment'

khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks' 

Rupar is the site where Sutlej river takes a 90-degree westward turn, clearly demonstrating the impact of plate tectonic event of ca. 1900 BCE. This event is also recorded din the lateral shift of Shiwalik ranges at the Sutlej tear fault comparable to the earlier event (prior to 4th m. BCE) of Yamuna tear fault. These faults are clearly seen in the following image.






[quote] Vinay Kumar Gupta and B.R. Mani, in a recent analysis conclude that the earliest and late phases of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) could have begun around 2300 BCE and 700 BCE respectively, making this the longest surviving pottery tradition in Indian archaeology, and they consider the Braj region as the core area of PGW, located in the Western banks of Yamuna river in the Mathura district, expanded to Hathras district in Uttar Pradesh, and to Bharatpur district in Rajasthan... A team of the Archaeological Survey of India led by B.R. Mani and Vinay Kumar Gupta collected charcoal samples from Gosna, a site 6 km east of Mathura across the Yamuna river, where two of the radiocarbon dates from the PGW deposit came out to be 2160 BCE and 2170 BCE, but they mention that "there is a possibility that the cultural horizon which is now regarded as belonging to the P.G.W. period might turn out to be as belonging to a period with only plain grey ware." However, later on, other two datings confirming early PGW horizon in Kampil excavations were published as 2310 +/- 120 BCE and 1360 +/- 90 BCE by archaeologist D.P. Tewari....The Painted Grey Ware culture (PGW) is an Iron Age Indian culture of the western Gangetic plain and the Ghaggar-Hakra valley on the Indian subcontinent, conventionally dated c. 1200 to 600–500 BCE,though newer publications have suggested a range of 1500 to 700 BCE, or from 1300 to 500–300 BCE. It is a successor of the Cemetery H culture and Black and red ware culture (BRW) within this region, and contemporary with the continuation of the BRW culture in the eastern Gangetic plain and Central India.Characterized by a style of fine, grey pottery painted with geometric patterns in black,the PGW culture is associated with village and town settlements, domesticated horses, ivory-working, and the advent of iron metallurgy. According to the gazetteers published by these four scholars, 1576 sites have been recorded, but 576 sites among them were not given coordinates resulting ina difficulty to understand the proper distribution pattern of PGW sites. Besides Although most PGW sites were small farming villages, "several dozen" PGW sites emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns; the largest of these were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades, albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborate fortifications which emerged in large cities after 600 BCE. The PGW Culture probably corresponds to the middle and late Vedic period, i.e., the Kuru-Panchala kingdom, the first large state in the Indian subcontinent after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. The later vedic literature provides a mass of information on the life and culture of the times. It is succeeded by Northern Black Polished Ware from c.700-500 BCE, associated with the rise of the great mahajanapada states and of the Magadha Empire...The plough was used for cultivation. There are also indications of growing complexity of society as population increased and the size and number of settlements multiplied. Arts and crafts of the PGW people are represented by ornaments (made from terracotta, stone, faience, and glass), human and animal figurines (made from terracotta) as well as "incised terracotta discs with decorated edges and geometric motifs" which probably had "ritual meaning," perhaps representing symbols of deities.There are a few stamp seals with geometric designs but no inscription, contrasting with both the prior Harappan seals and the subsequent Brahmi-inscribed seals of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture.[unquote]

Sources: Uesugi, Akinori, (2018). "An Overview on the Iron Age in South Asia", in (ed.) Akinori Uesugi, Iron Age in South Asia, Kansai University, Fig. 6, pp. 9-12. 

https://www.academia.edu/38059410/A_Study_on_the_Painted_Grey_Ware?

Vikrama, Bhuvan & Daljeet Singh, (2014). "Classification of Motifs on Painted Grey Ware", in Pracyabodha, Indian Archaeology and Tradition, Vol.2, Delhi, pp. 223-229.Kenoyer, J. M., (2006), "Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition. In Historical Roots" in the Making of ‘the Aryan’, R. Thapar (ed.), National Book Trust, New Delhi, pp. 21–49.

Gupta, Vinay Kumar, and B. R. Mani, (2017). "Painted Grey Ware Culture: Changing Perspectives", in Heritage, Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5 (2017), pp. 373 and 377.

Gupta, Vinay Kumar, (2014)."Early Settlement of Mathura: An Archaeological Perspective", An Occasional paper, in History and Society, New Series 41, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi, pp. 1-37.

Tewari, D.P., (2014). "The Ceramic Traditions from Kampil Excavations", in Puratattva No.44, pp.194-207.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture





Surface find Indus Script seal impression, Narri, Punjab signifies miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ rebus mẽṛhẽt 'iron', kor̤u 'sprout' rebus kor̤u 'bar of metal'

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Indus Script seal impression. Found it from nearby ruins, Narri, Khushab, Punjab Pakistan
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=329558991650478&set=p.329558991650478&type=3




I submit that the composite animal on the Narri Seal impression compares with the following Indus Script inscriptions:

The text message includes the hieroglyph: 

 Sign 169  kor̤u 'sprout' rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' (processed further in the forge to produce equipments) Rebus: bar of metal:: Ta. kor̤u bar of metal, ploughshare. Ma. kor̤u ploughshare. Ko. kov iron point of plough. To. ku· ploughshare (< Badaga gü·, Language 15.47; the word occurs only in one passage and the meaning is arrived at by etymology). Ka. kur̤a, kur̤u, gur̤a, gur̤u ploughshare, iron used in cauterizing. Tu. koru a bar of metal.(DEDR 2147)

Ta. kor̤untu tender twig, tendril, tender leaf, shoot, anything young, tenderness; kor̤umai freshness (as of shoots), beauty; kor̤untaṉ husband, husband's younger brother; kor̤unti wife's sister, brother's wife; kor̤unaṉ husband; kur̤a young, tender; kur̤akaṉ youth, beautiful person, Skanda; kur̤aku youthfulness, beauty, infant; kur̤antai infant, childhood; kur̤avi infant, young of certain animals, young of the vegetable kingdom; kur̤avu tender age, juvenility; kur̤ai (-pp-, -tt-) to cause to sprout or shoot forth; n. tender leaf, sprout, shoot. Ma. kor̤unnu, kor̤untu tender twig, young shoot, new-grown hair. To. kwïζ twig. Ka. koḍa tenderness, tender age, youth; koṇasu young one of wild beasts. Tu. korè weak, small. Kor. (O. T.) korayi, (M.) kori husband; (O. M. T.) korti wife. Te. krotta (in cpds. kro-) new, fresh; koḍuku son; koṇḍika child; 
kodama the young of any animal; young; komma maiden, female; kōḍalu daughter-in-law; kōṭramu, kōḍaṇṭramu, kōḍaṇṭrikamu, kōḍaṟikamu the position and duties of a daughter-in-law, daughter-in-lawship. Kol. kovve young of bird or animal; koral younger brother's wife; kommal (pl. kommasil) daughter. Nk. kovve young of bird or animal; koraḷ daughter-in-law, bride; kommaḷ (pl. kommaśil) daughter. Nk. (Ch.) komma daughter; kola bride, son's wife, younger brother's wife. Pa. koṛ very young; koṛuŋg new shoot, sprout; koṛc- to sprout; koṛol bride. Ga. (Oll.) koṛal son's wife, younger brother's wife; (S) koḍus-, koḍc- to sprout; (P.) koṛuŋ young shoot. Go. (Tr.) kōṛsānā, kōrsānā to sprout, grow (of trees, plants, etc.); (A. Mu. Ma. S.) koṛs- to sprout (Voc. 945); (Mu.) koṛk-ila new leaf; (Ko.) koṛi leaf-shoot (Voc. 934); (Ma.) koṛta month of Bhadrā (Aug.-Sept.) when new paddy is worshipped (Voc. 940); (Tr.) koriāṛ son's wife; tammur-koriāṛ younger brother's wife; (W.) koṛiāṛ daughter-in-law; (Mu.) koṛiyaṛ id., sister's daughter, younger brother's wife (Voc. 936); (Koya Su.) koḍiyāḍ daughter-in-law, sister's daughter (of a male); (ASu.) koṛkēlā tender, young. Konḍa koṛo (pl. -k) female child, (pl. -r) male child; koṛonali a nursing mother; koṛya daughter-in-law, younger brother's wife; koṛesi daughter-in-law (when referring to the 3rd person); (BB) kodma male buffalo calf (< Te.). Pe. koṛiya gāṛ son's wife, younger brother's wife; kṛogi fresh, new (of leaves). Manḍ. kṛugdi id.; kuṛiya gāṛ son's wife, younger borther's wife. Kui koṛgi newly sprouted, green, immature, unripe; koṛgari (pl. koṛgai) new shoot, fresh stalk, something green, immature, or unripe; kōṛu new shoot, fresh stalk, stem, or bud; new, green, immature; kōṛa a shoot, sprout, first sprout (of paddy after planting); kōṛa koḍa to sprout (of paddy); kōna bud; gōṇi sprout, offshoot; kuṛa, kṛua,(Letchmajee) kṛuha wife. Kuwi (P.) kuṛia, (F.)  kūria daughter-in-law; (Ḍ.) kuṛva younger brother's wife; (F.) khrogi kōma a soft twig (i.e. soft, young, tender; for kōma, see 2115); (Ṭ.) koṛgi young (of children); (Isr.) kṛōgi immature, young. Kur. xōr leaf-bud, new leaves, fresh and tender leaves of vegetables; xōrnā (xūryā) to shoot out new leaves; korrā fresh (recently made, prepared, or obtained), pure. Malt. qóro infant, Indian corn when green; qóroce to sprout. Br. xarring to sprout; xarrun green, blue, black and blue; fruitful; xarrunī greenness; wife. Cf. 3650 Ta. nāy, for -kuṛi, etc., in Konḍa, Kui, Kuwi. / Cf. Skt. kora-, koraka- bud (Turner, CDIAL, no. 3527); kuṇaka- a new-born animal; kuḍaka- child (epic; Burrow, Belvalkar Felicitation Volume, pp. 6 f.; cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 3245); kuḍmala-, kuṭmala- filled with buds, bud (epic, kāvya; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3250); Turner, CDIAL, no. 3249, *kuḍma- bud.(DEDR 2149) kōraka m.n. ʻ bud ʼ R. [← Drav. (Tam. kuṟai ʻ sprout ʼ, Kui kōṛu ʻ bud ʼ) EWA i 272]Pa. kōraka -- m.n. ʻ bud, sheath ʼ; Pk. kōraya -- , ˚rava<-> m.n. ʻ bud ʼ; Si. kuru ʻ bud, tender leavesʼ.Addenda: kōraka -- [← Drav. see kuḍmalá -- Add2] (CDIAL 327)

Banawali 25a seal impression is unique since it shows a markhor with a human face (as on five other seals of Indus Script Corpora). miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ (Tōrwālī Dardic) rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali). Banawali seal is a hypertext seal because it shows a composition composed of hieroglyphs.Three artificers are documented: blacksmith, turner, merchant.

--Examples of 'human face' hieroglyph component on Indus Script inscriptions
--Six Indus Script hypertexts, with human face, markhor or zebu horns; such compositions are called सांगड sāṅgaḍa Rebus 1: samgara 'catalogue, bargain, transaction of sale'; Rebus 2: गड sāṅgaḍa 'catamaran, seafaring dhow'

-- other parts joined in the composition are: bovine body, one ear, scarves, elephant trunk, feline thighs, cobra hood or short tail

-- dhanga = 'tall, long shanked' person rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' ḍhangar 'blacksmith' 
mũhã mẽṛhẽt meḍho 'pig iron ingot merchant', singi konda 'ornament gold turner' identified on Banawali seal

m1179 Human-faced markhor with long wavy horns, beard, with neck-bands and  a short tail
m1179 Text 2606 bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop' (of) dul kuṭila 'bronze metal castings'

Field symbol: Short tail: xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron'

The combined animal has a beard. Rebus reading: kōṭ 'beard' rebus: khōṭa 'mass of metal'

kōṭḥ कोटः [कुट्-घञ्] A beard (Apte) Ta. kaṭṭam chin; keṭṭam beard (< Te.). Ka. gaḍḍa the beard about the chin, the chin; gadda chin. Koḍ. gëḍḍa beard (< Ka.). Tu. gaḍḍa chin, beard. Te. gaḍḍamu id.; gadduva chin. Kol.gaḍḍam chin, (Kin. also) beard. Nk. gaḍḍam 
beard. Pa. gaḍḍom (pl. gaḍḍocil) beard, moustache; (S) gaḍḍal (pl. beard. Ga. (S.2
geḍḍam id. Go. (M.) gaḍḍo id.; (Ko.) gaḍḍok (pl.) id., chin; (S.) gaḍḍem beard (Voc. 1030); (W. Ph.) kaṭṭe whiskers (Voc. 479). Konḍa gaḍemku (pl.) beard. Kuwi (S.) gaḍemu bānanga whiskers. / Cf. Pkt. (DNM) khaḍḍa- = śmaśru-(DEDR 1156)

Bshk. khoṭ ʻ embers ʼ, Phal. khūṭo ʻ ashes, burning coal ʼ; L. khoṭ f. ʻ alloy, impurity ʼ, °ṭā ʻ alloyed ʼ, awāṇ. khoṭā ʻ forged ʼ; P. khoṭ m. ʻ base, alloy ʼ (PhonPj 117 < kauṭya -- ),  G. khoṭ f. ʻ mistake, loss, want ʼ, °ṭũ ʻ alloyed, bad, lazy ʼ; M. khoṭā ʻ false, alloyed ʼ(CDIAL 3931) खोट khōṭa f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. खोटा (p. 121) khōṭā Debased, alloyed, bad--money. Pr. खोटा तरी गांठ- चा वेडा तरी पोटचा If the money be bad, it is yet out of one's own purse: if the child be mad, it is yet from one's own belly; "one's own is faultless." (Marathi)

dhaṭu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'

mũh 'human face' rebus: mũhã 'quantity of iron produced at one time from a smelting furnace'
miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ (Tōrwālī Dardic) rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali).


Tantra, yātudhānī, ḍākinī studies and Hindu dveṣa in western academe

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I want to alert scholars about the recent developments in Tantra research studies in the western academe. 

It is notable that in the 2019 Special Edition of the 'Proceedings of the Society for Tantric Studies', there is NOT a single Bhāratīya contributor. 

As usual, defamatory attributions such as magicians, sorcerers, witches are used in many contributions. 

I submit that it is for Bhāratīya scholars to rectify the distortions before they become common parlance in the western academia 'religious studies' which is generally suffuced with Hindu dveṣa.

Kalyanaraman

Special edition of the “Proceedings of the Society for Tantric Studies” (ISSN 2077-1444) (2019) that contains 17 papers on Tantra and related topics. Edited by: Glen A. Hayes & Sthaneshwar Timaisina Includes a paper by James Mallinson (2019). Download each of the 17 papers from:
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special_issues/tantric_studies_proceedings#published

Kālavañcana in the Konkan: How a Vajrayāna Haṭhayoga Tradition Cheated Buddhism’s Death in India

by James Mallinson

Religions 2019, 10(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10040273 - 16 Apr 2019

Cited by 1

Abstract 

In recent decades the relationship between tantric traditions of Buddhism and Śaivism has been the subject of sustained scholarly enquiry. This article looks at a specific aspect of this relationship, that between Buddhist and Śaiva traditions of practitioners of physical yoga, which came [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

The King Must Protect the Difference: The Juridical Foundations of Tantric Knowledge

by Jason Schwartz

Religions 2018, 9(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9040112 - 04 Apr 2018

Abstract 

Drawing upon inscriptional, art historical, as well as largely unstudied and unpublished textual evidence, this paper examines the conceptualization of religious diversity in the Medieval Deccan prior to the Islamic invasions. What our archive suggests, somewhat counterintuitively, is that from the perspective of [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

A Day in the Life of an Aesthetic Tāntrika: From Synaesthetic Garden to Lucid Dreaming and Spaciousness

by Kerry Martin Skora

Religions 2018, 9(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9030081 - 14 Mar 2018

Abstract 

This essay addresses the question of the relationship between Aesthetics and Tantra, in the world-view and life-world of Hindu Tantric visionary Abhinavagupta (ca. 975–1025 C.E.) and his tradition. I respond to a classic work on Abhinavagupta’s understanding of aesthetic experience and religious experience [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

The Invisible Path of Karma in a Himalayan Purificatory Rite

by Arik Moran

Religions 2018, 9(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9030078 - 12 Mar 2018

Cited by 1

Abstract 

Indic rites of purification aim to negate the law of karma by removing the residues of malignant past actions from their patrons. This principle is exemplified in the Kahika Mela, a rarely studied religious festival of the West Himalayan highlands (Himachal Pradesh, India), [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Kuṇḍalinī Rising and Liberation in the Yogavāsiṣṭha: The Story of Cūḍālā and Śikhidhvaja

by Ana Laura Funes Maderey

Religions 2017, 8(11), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110248 - 14 Nov 2017

Abstract 

Various Śaiva Tantric elements have been identified in the Yogavāsiṣṭha, but little has been written about the role of kuṇḍalinī rising in relation to this text’s notion of living liberation (jīvanmukti). The story of Cūḍālā and Śikhidhvaja is relevant to [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Recognizing Recognition: Utpaladeva’s Defense of Śakti in His “Proof of Relation” (Sambandhasiddhi)

by Sean MacCracken

Religions 2017, 8(11), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110243 - 01 Nov 2017

Abstract 

Though one of many possible interpretive orientations, Utpaladeva’s short work, “The Proof of Relation”, may be profitably read in terms of the intention to reveal Śiva via an exposition of His śaktis. This intention, as declared by the author himself in his [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Tantric Yoga in the Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa of Hinduism and the Jñānārṇava of Jainism

by Christopher Key Chapple

Religions 2017, 8(11), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110235 - 26 Oct 2017

Cited by 1

Abstract 

This paper explores the Markaṇḍeya Purāṇa, one of the earliest expositions of what become Tantric themes in Hinduism, and the Jñānārṇava, which provides an early template for the practice of Jaina Tantra. The former text follows the traditional mapping of the five elements [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

On Not Understanding Extraordinary Language in the Buddhist Tantra of Japan

by Richard K. Payne

Religions 2017, 8(10), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8100223 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 1

Abstract 

The question motivating this essay is how tantric Buddhist practitioners in Japan understood language such as to believe that mantra, dhāraṇī, and related forms are efficacious. “Extraordinary language” is introduced as a cover term for these several similar language uses found in [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

The Dead Speak: A Case Study from the Tiwa Tribe Highlighting the Hybrid World of Śākta Tantra in Assam

by Sravana Borkataky-Varma

Religions 2017, 8(10), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8100221 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 1

Abstract 

In this paper, we shall examine how possession is understood in Assam, India. We are aware that the larger northeastern frontier of India retained indigenous practices, religious festivals, and beliefs in a plethora of exotic goddesses, rituals, which have continued unabated through modern [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Reinscribing the Goddess into the Culturally Relative Minutiae of Tantric Texts and Practices: A Perennialist Response to Tantric Visual Culture

by Jeffrey S. Lidke

Religions 2017, 8(10), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8100217 - 03 Oct 2017

Abstract 

A celebration and critical evaluation of Sthaneshwar Timalsina’s brilliant book, Tantric Visual Culture: A Cognitive Approach. In this groundbreaking work, Timalsina utilizes the lens of cognitive studies to shed interpretive light on the Tantric visualization practices that he knows both as a [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

The Cross-Cultural Kingship in Early Medieval Kāmarūpa: Blood, Desire and Magic

by Paolo Eugenio Rosati

Religions 2017, 8(10), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8100212 - 29 Sep 2017

Abstract 

Kingship in early medieval Kāmarūpa (Assam) was influenced by the collision of orthodox and heterodox Brahmanic traditions with various tribal cultures. Since the last part of the Śālastambha period (seventh–tenth century) the royal tutelary deity of Kāmarūpa was the menstruating Kāmākhyā, an ancient [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Magicians, Sorcerers and Witches: Considering Pretantric, Non-sectarian Sources of Tantric Practices

by Ronald M. Davidson

Religions 2017, 8(9), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8090188 - 13 Sep 2017

Cited by 1

Abstract 

Most models on the origins of tantrism have been either inattentive to or dismissive of non-literate, non-sectarian ritual systems. Groups of magicians, sorcerers or witches operated in India since before the advent of tantrism and continued to perform ritual, entertainment and curative functions [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Where the Heroes and Sky-Goers Gather: A Study of the Sauraṭa Pilgrimage

by Paul B. Donnelly

Religions 2017, 8(8), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8080157 - 21 Aug 2017

Abstract 

Tibetan and Himālayan Buddhist doctrine and meditative traditions have been extensively studied and are well-known even to non-scholars, but pilgrimage and other non-elite practices have received far less attention. Pilgrimage is one of the most important practices for Tibetan and Himālayan Buddhists, whether [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Somatic Energies and Emotional Traumas: A Qualitative Study of Practice-Related Challenges Reported by Vajrayāna Buddhists

by Jared R. Lindahl

Religions 2017, 8(8), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8080153 - 18 Aug 2017

Cited by 2

Abstract 

A qualitative study of Western practitioners of Buddhist meditation investigated unexpected, challenging, difficult, and distressing experiences. This paper reports on a subset of 12 practitioners within Tibetan Vajrayāna lineages who described energy flowing through their body, knots of pain, pressure or tension, and/or [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Can Tantra Make a Mātā Middle-Class?: Jogaṇī Mātā, a Uniquely Gujarati Chinnamastā

by Darry Dinnell

Religions 2017, 8(8), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8080142 - 08 Aug 2017

Abstract 

The Gujarati mātās, village goddesses traditionally popular among scheduled castes and often worshipped through rites of possession and animal sacrifice, have recently acquired Sanskritic Tantric resonances. The contemporary iconography of the goddess Jogaṇī Mātā, for instance, is virtually identical to that of [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Studies on Bhartṛhari and the Pratyabhijñā: The Case of svasavedana

by Marco Ferrante

Religions 2017, 8(8), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8080145 - 07 Aug 2017

Cited by 1

Abstract 

The article addresses a critical problem in the history of South Asian philosophy, namely the nature of the ‘knowledge of knowledge’ (svasaṃvedana). In particular, it investigates how the Śaiva tantric school of the Pratyabhijñā (10th–11th c. CE) used the notion as an argument [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Society for Tantric Studies Proceedings (2016))

Indus Script 26 inscriptions with hieroglyph thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

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https://tinyurl.com/y5d6qphc

Addendum to:  
https://tinyurl.com/y5wxvmgu

Field symbol: 'unicorn' + standard

1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi)

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.

3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.

Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.

Harappa 002 Text 4012 

4012 Harappa seal Field symbol 'unicorn' + standard

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

मेंढाmēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron

 mēdhā 'dhanam'मेध 'yajna, मेधा 'धन' (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क, ii,10) 

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi); भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன்.கரணம் karaṇam , n. < karaṇa1. Work by one's hand; கையாற் செய்யுந் தொழில். சித்திரக் கர ணஞ் சிதைவின்று செலுத்தும் (சிலப். 3, 54).Title-deed, document (R.F.); சாஸனம். Accountant, karnam; கணக்கன். (S.I.I. i, 65.) கரணத்தான் karaṇattāṉ , n. id. Accountant; கணக்கன். இந்நகரக்கரணத்தான் (S.I.I. iii, 23).கரணன் karaṇaṉ , n. < karaṇa. Accountant; கணக்கன். கரணர்கள் வந்தனர் கழல் வணங்கினார் (கந்தபு. மார்க்கண். 210).கரணிகம் karaṇikam , n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant. கருணீகம் karuṇīkam , n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of village accountant or karṇam; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. கருணீகன் karuṇīkaṉ , n. < id. 1. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன். கடுகை யொருமலை யாகக் . . . காட்டுவோன் கருணீகனாம் (அறப். சத. 86). 2. A South Indian caste of accountants; கணக்கு

வேலைபார்க்கும் ஒருசாதி கரணிக்கன் karaṇikkaṉ , n. cf. காரணிக் கன். Village accountant; கணக்கன். (நாமதீப.) காரணவன் kāraṇavaṉ , n. id. 1. Accountant; கணக்கன். சுந்தரபாண்டியநல்லூர்க் காரணவரோம் (S. I. I. v, 105).காரணிக்கன்

kāraṇikkaṉ , n. < id. Accountant; கணக்கன். (Insc.)See: இஸம் isam , n. < Arab. ism. Name, individual; பெயர்இஸம்கர்ணம் isam-karṇam , n. < id. + karaṇa. Registered village accountant, as dist. fr. one who is actually doing the work; கிராமக் கணக்க மிராசுள்ளவன்.

மினான் miṉāṉ , n. [M. mēṉavaṉ.] A village accountant; கிராமக் கணக்கன்.ஸ்தலகர்ணம் stala-karṇam , n. id. + கர்ணம்². Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன். (G. S.A. D. I, 203.)அட்டவணைக்கணக்கன் aṭṭavaṇai-k-kaṇakkaṉ , n. அட்டவணை +. Accountant, ledger-keeper; பேரேடெழுதுங் கணக்கன். (W. G.)அட்டவணைச்சாலை aṭṭavaṇai-c-cālai , n. id. +. Counting house; office of accountants; கணக்கு வேலைபார்க்கும் இடம். (R.) வணக்குமார் vaṇakkumār , n. perh. வண் ணக்கர். Temple accountant; கோயில் மணிய காரர். (J. N.)

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'ironayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'. Thus, ingots and implements.

artha :the meaning of inscription of seal Harappa 002: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver' (in) supercargo (of) iron, smithy/forge (products), copper-zinc-tin alloy (products), metal implements, metal ingots.


h229A 4674

h229B 4674

4674 h229 tablet


h211A Text 5274 Line 1


h211B Text 5274 Line 2


5274 h211 tablet
Hieroglyph 'three': kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS
 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus:  baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj]Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., ˚ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhībhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. (CDIAL 9656) bhrāṣṭra m. ʻ gridiron ʼ Nir., adj. ʻ cooked on a grid- iron ʼ Pāṇ., ˚ka -- m. (n.?) ʻ frying pan ʼ Pañcat. [NIA. forms all < eastern MIA. *bhāṭha -- , but like Pk. none show medial aspirate except G. with --  -- poss. < -- ḍh -- . -- bhráṣṭra -- , √bhrajj]Pk. bhāḍa -- n. ʻ oven for parching grain ʼ; Phal. bhaṛ<-> ʻ to roast, fry ʼ (NOPhal 31 < bhr̥kta -- with ?); L. bhāṛ ʻ oven ʼ; Ku. bhāṛ ʻ iron oven, fire, furnace ʼ; Bi. bhār ʻ grain -- parcher's fireplace ʼ, (N of Ganges) bhaṛ -- bhū̃jā ʻ grain -- parcher ʼ; OAw. bhārū, pl. ˚rā m. ʻ oven, furnace ʼ; H. bhāṛ m. ʻ oven, grain -- parcher's fireplace, fire ʼ; G. bhāḍi f. ʻ oven ʼ, M. bhāḍ n.(CDIAL 9684) 
1626
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coiner, mint'
karaṇa (authenticated in) office of accountant
khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'
koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'

 Ficus
sign 326 loa 'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh 'copper, iron,metal'.

2. Rim of jar
This hieroglyph signifies two combined pictographs: 1. pot; 2. rim-of-jar Both are read rebus: kaṇḍa kankha 'rim of jar'

Together, the ficus leaf Sign 326 and rim-of-jar Sign 342 read: lokhaṇḍa 'metal equipment' PLUS kankakāraṇikā ‘judge, scribe, helmsman, supercargo’ PLUS कर्णिक, kāraṇikā ‘judge, scribe, helmsman, supercargo’ 



1. kaṇḍa 'jar' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'; khandha 'fire-altar'
2. karaka 'rim of jarRebus:  kāraṇikā ‘judge, scribe, helmsman, supercargo’ 

कर्णक m. (ifc. f(आ).) a prominence or handle or projection on the side or sides (of a vessel &c ) , a tendril S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. (Monier-Williams) kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ] Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; Wg. kaṇə ʻ ear -- ring ʼ NTS xvii 266; S. kano m. ʻ rim, border ʼ; P. kannā m. ʻ obtuse angle of a kite ʼ (→ H. kannā m. ʻ edge, rim, handle ʼ); N. kānu ʻ end of a rope for supporting a burden ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ brim of a cup ʼ, G. kānɔ m.; M. kānā m. ʻ touch -- hole of a gun ʼ.(CDIAL 2831) kárṇa m. ʻ ear, handle of a vessel ʼ RV., ʻ end, tip (?) ʼ RV. ii 34, 3. (CDIAL 2830)

Rebus: कर्णिक  a steersman (Skt.)  कारणी or कारणीक kāraṇī or kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &38;c. 2 Useful, serviceable, answering calls or occasions.(Marathi)







1248 Mohenjodaro
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus:  baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'

2050 Mohenjodaro
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'
baraḍo 'spinebackbone' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi); भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi)
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace
karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant 

1159 Mohenjodaro
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'
gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' khaṇḍā 'equipment'
 kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' 

h270 4014

4014 h270 seal Field symbol 'unicorn' + standard

Read from l. to r.: 

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

(lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'.PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. 

kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'.

maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'ironayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda

gaṇḍa 'four'  rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Together, smithy,forge (for) implements

dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhagga 'bright, blazing (metal)'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant 

Meaning artha of the inscription: Trade of kōnda sangara  'metalwork engraver' (in) supercargo (of) smithy,forge implements workshop, bellows (forge) of blacksmith, furnace metal implements of smithy, forge.

1016 m633


1016 Mohenjodaro seal Text PLUS Field symbol 'unicorn' + standard

See: Annex Metal equipment catalogues. 

Line 2: 

dul loha dhatu arka kuṭhi. Meaning in Meluhha plaintext: Gold, copper mint for 'metalcasting copper mineral ore smelter'.

Line 1:

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'; kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' 

kaṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS koḍa 'sprout' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'

Sign 169 kor̤u 'sprout' rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' (processed further in the forge to produce equipment'

Thus,the plain text message is: Artisan Guild (composed of) equipment brassworker workshop of blazing metal articles of alloy metals; smithy, forge;supercargo, scribe, engraver, helmsman.

 The hieroglyphs used in the composition of the hypertext are: 1. ficus religiosa; 2. splinter; 3. two twigs; 4. sun's rays  

1.  ficus religiosa hieroglyph: kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari) Rebus: kampaṭṭam 'mint' PLUS loa 'ficus gloomerata' (Santali) Rebus: loh 'copper (metal)'. 

2.splinter hieroglyph: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' śāˊlā f. ʻ shed, stable, house ʼ AV., śālám adv. ʻ at home ʼ ŚBr., śālikā -- f. ʻ house, shop ʼ lex.Pa. Pk. sālā -- f. ʻ shed, stable, large open -- sided hall, house ʼ, Pk. sāla -- n. ʻ house ʼ; Ash. sal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, Wg. šāl, Kt. šål, Dm. šâl; Paš.weg. sāl, ar. šol ʻ cattleshed on summer pasture ʼ; Kho. šal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, šeli ʻ goatpen ʼ; K. hal f. ʻ hall, house ʼ; L. sālh f. ʻ house with thatched roof ʼ; A. xālxāli ʻ house, workshop, factory ʼ; B. sāl ʻ shed, workshop ʼ; Or. sāḷa ʻ shed, stable ʼ; Bi. sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; H. sāl f. ʻ hall, house, school ʼ, sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; M. sāḷ f. ʻ workshop, school ʼ; Si. sal -- aha˚ ʻ hall, market -- hall ʼ.(CDIAL 12414)

3. two twigs hieroglyph: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kūtī  'bunch of twigs' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'

4. sun's rays hieroglyph: 
 arká1 m. ʻ flash, ray, sun ʼ RV. [√arc]Pa. Pk. akka -- m. ʻ sun ʼ, Mth. āk; Si. aka ʻ lightning ʼ, inscr. vid -- äki ʻ lightning flash ʼ.(CDIAL 624) arka 'sun's rays' rebus: arka 'gold, copper' eraka 'metal infusion (of copper and gold for cire perdue casting), moltencast'.

Thus, the hypertext of this composition reads: dul loha dhatu arka kuṭhi. Meaning in Meluhha plaintext: Gold, copper mint for 'metalcasting copper mineral ore smelter'.

2066 m937

2066 Text Mohenjodaro seal PLUS  Field symbol 'unicorn' + standard
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
kuṭilika 'bent, curved' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus sal 'workshop'
koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant 

8204 Kalibangan 6A potsherd

8204 Kalibangan potsherd
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant 

4864 Harappa tablet 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

1715 m1514a Copper tablet
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
मुष्टिका,muṭṭika 'wrist, knuckles' rebus: मुष्टिका, muṭṭi 'goldsmith'. 
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant 

1358 m1230a Text
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) copper (Slavic)
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

1358 m1230a

Text 9901

ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'

med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) copper (Slavic) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

6220 Chanhudaro 11 Field symbol 'unicorn' + standard

6220 Chanhudaro 11 Text PLUS field symbol
Line 2: bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'
Line 1:  Sign 293 kuṭi 'curve; rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin) PLUS pupil of eye hieroglyph: kuṭṭi 'pupil of eye' Rebus: kuṭi 'warehouse' (Semantic determinative). Alternative reading `: māṇikī f. ʻdark part of pupil of eyeʼ Rebus: maṇí ʻjewel, ornamentʼ 
badhi ‘to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature’ (Santali) batā bamboo slips (Kur.); bate = thin slips of bamboo (Malt.)(DEDR 3917). Rebus: baḍhi = worker in wood and metal (Santali) baṛae = blacksmith (Ash.)
खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus: khaṇḍa, 'equipment'. 
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'alloy metal, iron' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' 

1121 m849 
1121 Mohenjodaro seal Text PLUS Field symbol 'unicorn' + standard
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
muh 'ingot' PLUS muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus:  baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'
Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 
5417 Harappa two-sided tablet
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coiner, mint'

2025 Mohenjodaro tablet

2025 m1339
Sign 169 kor̤u 'sprout' rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' (processed further in the forge to produce equipment'
gaṇḍa, 'four'  Rebus: khaṇḍa, 'equipment' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

3378 m522A Copper tablet

3378 m522B Copper tablet

33789 Copper tablet PLUS Field symbol: Ox + feeding trough
Field symbol: barad, balad 'ox' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi); भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) PLUS pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'
ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' (Semantic determinative of the previous hieroglyph)


Harappa 4838
Lothal 136A 7225

Lothal 7225 Lothal 136A  Field symbol 'unicorn' + standard
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
Lothal 200A1

Lothal 200A2

7219 Lothal 200A
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
Sign 67 aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus:  Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) Thus, alloy-metal mint.
śrēṇikā -- f. ʻ tent ʼ lex. and mngs. ʻ house ~ ladder ʼ in *śriṣṭa -- 2, *śrīḍhi -- . -- Words for ʻ ladder ʼ see śrití -- . -- √śri]H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ; Si. hiṇi, hiṇa, iṇi ʻ ladder, stairs ʼ (GS 84 < śrēṇi -- ).(CDIAL 12685). Woṭ. Šen ʻ roof ʼ, Bshk. Šan, Phal. Šān(AO xviii 251) Rebus: seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. Śreṇi in meaning “guild”; Vedic= row] 1. A guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). — 2. A division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. Senā and seniya). (Pali)

kuṭilika 'bent, curved' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)
sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'


Lothal 134A


7220 Lothal 134A

Lothal 135A
Lothal 7252 135A
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
Sign 67 aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus:  Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) Thus, alloy-metal mint.
ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS *ḍhalati ʻ bends over, falls ʼ. 2. Caus. *ḍhālayati. [Perh. < dhvárati ʻ bends, causes to fall ʼ RV. (K. points to -- r -- , see *āḍḍhalati); *ḍhulati similarly < *dhurati (cf. aor. adhūrṣata RV.). But cf. *ḍāl -- . -- √*ḍhal]1. Pk. ḍhalaï ʻ falls, drips ʼ; K. ḍalun ʻ to slip, stumble, be displaced ʼ; S. ḍharaṇu ʻ to descend, run down, pour in (of water) ʼ; L. ḍhalaṇ ʻ to decline, flow down a slope ʼ; P. ḍhalṇā ʻ to be poured out, fall, melt ʼ; WPah. bhal. ḍhalṇū ʻ to fall ʼ, Ku. ḍhalṇo; N. ḍhalnu ʻ to topple over ʼ; A. ḍhaliba ʻ to lean ʼ, B. ḍhalā; Or. ḍhaḷibā ʻ to stumble, reel, incline ʼ (CDIAL 5581) rebus: ḍhāḷako 'ingot' (Gujarati). Thus, kancu mũh (semantic determinant) ḍhāḷako 'bell-metal ingot'.

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'


Annex Metal equipment catalogues

 


The monograph "A unique hypertext identifies akka-cālai goldsmithy of Sarasvati Civilization https://tinyurl.com/qwwwbjm " -- has demonstrated the composition of hieroglyphs to signify an akka-cālai ‘goldsmithy‘ on a Mohenjo-daro seal m0633 Text message 1016. The decipherment of the inscription on this seal has also been presented in the same monograph at https://tinyurl.com/qwwwbjm

This monograph demonstrates that Sign 393 is an allograph of the hypertext on Mohenjo-daro seal m0633.

Sign 393

This hypertext is an allograph (i.e. a pictograph with the same word values as a comparable hieroglyph-composition called a hypertext) of the expression signified by the composite sign Sign 393. On Sign 393, compared to this hypertext, the shape of the ficus glomerata leaf is substituted by an 'arch'; the three hieroglyphs -- two twigs PLUS arka 'sun's ray'-- are substituted by a spoked-wheel; the 'splinter' hieroglyph completes the hypertext composition of Sign 393. The Sign 393 can thus be elaborated as composed of hieroglyph:

1. Arch
2. Spoked wheel
3. splinter.

The ciphertext readings of the three hieroglphs and the plaintext rebus renderings are:

1. arch: manḍa 'arbourcanopy' Rebus: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'. మండ [ maṇḍa ] manḍa. [Tel.] n. A twig with leaves on it. Rebus: M.  mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. (CDIAL 9736) மண்டவம் maṇṭavam, n. < Pkt. maṇḍava < maṇḍapa. Custom-house; சுங்கச்சாவடி. (W.) manḍī मंडी f. an exchange, a place where merchants meet to transact business (Gr.M.).(Kashmiri) మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] [H.] n. A wholesale shop, భారీ సరుకులు అమ్మేచోటు. మండీలు manḍīlu. n. A sort of sweet cakes. మండిగండ్రలు manḍi-ganḍralu. n. A sort of grain. "మండిగండ్రలు, నాగమల్లెలు, తీగమల్లెలు." H. iv. 155. OMarw. māṁḍaï ʻ writes ʼ; OG.māṁḍīiṁ 3 pl. pres. pass. ʻ are written ʼ, G. mã̄ḍvũ ʻ to arrange, dispose, begin ʼ, M. mã̄ḍṇẽ, Ko. mã̄ṇḍtā. (CDIAL 9741) See:Annex: Note on maṇḍa 'arbour,canopy'

2.  څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ).
   څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه).

3. sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'  śāˊlā f. ʻ shed, stable, house ʼ AV., śālám adv. ʻ at home ʼ ŚBr., śālikā -- f. ʻ house, shop ʼ lex.Pa. Pk. sālā -- f. ʻ shed, stable, large open -- sided hall, house ʼ, Pk. sāla -- n. ʻ house ʼ; Ash. sal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, Wg. šāl, Kt. šål, Dm. šâl; Paš.weg. sāl, ar. šol ʻ cattleshed on summer pasture ʼ; Kho. šal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, šeli ʻ goatpen ʼ; K. hal f. ʻ hall, house ʼ; L. sālh f. ʻ house with thatched roof ʼ; A. xālxāli ʻ house, workshop, factory ʼ; B. sāl ʻ shed, workshop ʼ; Or. sāḷa ʻ shed, stable ʼ; Bi. sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; H. sāl f. ʻ hall, house, school ʼ, sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; M. sāḷ f. ʻ workshop, school ʼ; Si. sal -- aha˚ ʻ hall, market -- hall ʼ.(CDIAL 12414)

Potter's wheel PLUS splinter hieroglyphs compose the expression: agasāla 'goldsmith workshop'.


There are six other inscriptions of the corpora where variants of the hypertext are presented.
Sign 393 Solo (5), Final (2)Sign 393 variants
m0633 Text 1016
h181, h180 Incribed daggers Text 4902,Text 4901 (Identical). The text message is:

Sign 293 kuṭi 'curve; rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin) PLUS pupil of eye hieroglyph: kuṭṭi 'pupil of eye' Rebus: kuṭi 'warehouse' (Semantic determinative). Alternative reading `: māṇikī f. ʻdark part of pupil of eyeʼ Rebus: maṇí ʻjewel, ornamentʼ 
Warehouse hieroglyphSign244 :  maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)
Sign 393 agasāla maṇḍā 'goldsmithy warehouse, workshop'. 

Thus, the bronze daggers  made of bronze belong to goldsmithy warehouse, workshop.

Three seals have the field symbol of zebu: पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4'Thus the equipment specified are made of iron pyrites.

 
m1101 Text 2431 Sign 393 agasāla maṇḍā 'goldsmithy warehouse, workshop'. 

Sign 245 khũṭ 'division' rebus: khũṭ 'guild'.

Sign 171Sign 172, duplicated Sign 171
maĩd ʻrude 'harrow or clod breakerʼ Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'  PLUS dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting'. Thus,cast iron.

m1005 Text 1001 Sign 393 agasāla maṇḍā 'goldsmithy warehouse, workshop'. 


Sign 67 aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus:  Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) Thus, alloy-metal mint.

Sign 6
 Sign 59 in-laid with a slanted stroke: dhal 'slanted' rebus: dhalako 'large metal ingot' Thus, alloy metal ingot.
Sign 342
 kanda kankha 'rim of jar' rebus:  khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS karNaka 'scribe, engraver, helmsman, supercargo'

m0256 Text 1332 Sign 393 agasāla maṇḍā 'goldsmithy warehouse, workshop'. 
gaṇḍa, 'four' short strokes as circumscript; Rebus: khaṇḍa, 'equipment' PLUS kolom 'rice plant' rebus;kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, equipment smithy/forge.
 Sign 59 aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'alloy metal' PLUS dhal 'slanted' rebus: dhalako 'large metal ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus: khaṇḍa, 'equipment'. Thus, alloy metal ingots and equipment.
Sign 216 ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions;Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincersTe. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.


Annex: Note on maṇḍa 'arbour,canopy'
Arbour, canopy: మండ [ maṇḍa ] manḍa. [Tel.] n. A twig with leaves on it. చెట్టుకొమ్మ. A small branch, ఉపశాఖ.MAṆḌ ʻ adorn ʼ. [Scarcely < *mr̥ndati ʻ rubs ʼ; nor is P. Thieme's derivation (ZDMG 93, 133) as MIA. < *mr̥ṁṣṭē (√mr̥j) phonet. convincing. Prob. with J. Bloch BSOS v 741 ← Drav. (Tam.maṇṇu ʻ to decorate ʼ  9736 maṇḍa2 m. ʻ ornament ʼ lex. [√maṇḍ]Pk. maṁḍaya -- ʻ adorning ʼ; Ash. mōṇḍamōndamūnda NTS ii 266, mōṇə NTS vii 99 ʻ clothes ʼ; G. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ arrangement, disposition, vessels or pots for decoration ʼ, māṇ f. ʻ beautiful array of household vessels ʼ; Si. maḍa -- ya ʻ adornment, ornament ʼ.(CDIAL 9736) maṇḍa6 ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402).(CDIAL 9737) N. maṛhermaṛer ʻ one who carries ornaments &c. in the marriage procession ʼ.(CDIAL 9738) maṇḍana n. ʻ adorning ʼ MBh., maṇḍaná -- adj. Pāṇ. [√maṇḍPa. maṇḍana -- n., Pk. maṁḍaṇa -- n. and adj.; OMarw. māṁḍaṇa m. ʻ ornament ʼ; G. mã̄ḍaṇ n. ʻ decorating foreheads and cheeks of women on festive occasions ʼ.(CDIAL 9739) maṇḍapa m.n. ʻ open temporary shed, pavilion ʼ Hariv., °pikā -- f. ʻ small pavilion, customs house ʼ Kād. 2. maṇṭapa -- m.n. lex. 3. *maṇḍhaka -- . [Variation of ṇḍ with ṇṭsupports supposition of non -- Aryan origin in Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 212: see EWA ii 557. -- Prob. of same origin as maṭha -- 1 and maṇḍa -- 6 with which NIA. words largely collide in meaning and form] 1. Pa. maṇḍapa -- m. ʻ temporary shed for festive occasions ʼ; Pk. maṁḍava -- m. ʻ temporary erection, booth covered with creepers ʼ, °viā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Phal. maṇḍau m. ʻ wooden gallery outside a house ʼ; K. manḍav m. ʻ a kind of house found in forest villages ʼ; S. manahũ m. ʻ shed, thatched roof ʼ; Ku. mãṛyāmanyā ʻ resthouse ʼ; N. kāṭhmã̄ṛau ʻ the city of Kathmandu ʼ (kāṭh -- < kāṣṭhá -- ); Or. maṇḍuā̆ ʻ raised and shaded pavilion ʼ, paṭā -- maṇḍoi ʻ pavilion laid over with planks below roof ʼ, muṇḍoi°ḍei ʻ raised unroofed platform ʼ; Bi. mã̄ṛo ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, mãṛuāmaṛ°malwā ʻ lean -- to thatch against a wall ʼ, maṛaī ʻ watcher's shed on ground without platform ʼ; Mth. māṛab ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, maṛwā ʻ open erection in courtyard for festive occasions ʼ; OAw. māṁḍava m. ʻ wedding canopy ʼ; H. mãṛwā m., °wī f., maṇḍwā m., °wī f. ʻ arbour, temporary erection, pavilion ʼ, OMarw. maṁḍavomāḍhivo m.; G.mã̄ḍav m. ʻ thatched open shed ʼ, mã̄ḍvɔ m. ʻ booth ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ slightly raised platform before door of a house, customs house ʼ, mã̄ḍaviyɔ m. ʻ member of bride's party ʼ; M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ; Si. maḍu -- va ʻ hut ʼ, maḍa ʻ open hall ʼ SigGr ii 452.2. Ko. māṁṭav ʻ open pavilion ʼ.3. H. mã̄ḍhāmāṛhāmãḍhā m. ʻ temporary shed, arbour ʼ (cf. OMarw. māḍhivo in 1); -- Ku. mã̄ṛā m.pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (or < maṇḍa -- 6?]*chāyāmaṇḍapa -- .Addenda: maṇḍapa -- : S.kcch. māṇḍhvo m. ʻ booth, canopy ʼ.(CDIAL 9740) maṇḍáyati ʻ adorns, decorates ʼ Hariv., máṇḍatē°ti Dhātup. [√maṇḍ]Pa. maṇḍēti ʻ adorns ʼ, Pk. maṁḍēi°ḍaï; Ash. mū˘ṇḍ -- , moṇ -- intr. ʻ to put on clothes, dress ʼ, muṇḍaāˊ -- tr. ʻ to dress ʼ; K. manḍun ʻto adornʼ, H. maṇḍnā(CDIAL 9741) G. mãḍāṇ n. ʻ wooden frame on a well for irrigation bucket ʼ?(CDIAL 9745) Ta. maṇṇu (maṇṇi-) to do, make, perform, adorn, beautify, decorate, polish, perfect, finish; maṇṇ-uṟu to polish as a gem; maṉai (-v-, -nt-) to make, create, form, fashion, shape. Ma.manayuka, maniyuka to fashion, form earthenware, make as a potter. (DEDR 4685) మండనము [ maṇḍanamu ] manḍanamu. [Skt.] n. Adorning, dressing, decorating, decoration. An ornament, jewel, భూషణము, అలంకరణముమండనుడు manḍanuḍu. n. One who is dressed or ornamented. "ఏకాంతభక్తి మహితమండనుడు" he who is adorned with faith. BD. v. 1.

మండపము [ maṇḍapamu ] manḍapamu. [Skt.] n. A porch, a portico, స్తంభములమీద కట్టిన కట్టడము. A bower, pavilion, చావడి, సభాభేదము, నాలుగు కాళ్లమండపము a four pillared portico. ముఖమండపము a porch of a temple. మండపి or గర్భమండపి manḍapi. n. A shrine, a sanctuary. గర్భగృహము. A small portico. చిన్నమండపము. "గర్భమండపి గడిగిన కలశజలము." A. vi. 7.

మందాడు [ mandāḍu ] manḍ-āḍu. [Tel.] v. a. To beg, beseech, pray. బతిమాలుకొను, గో౛ాడు, దైవ్యముతో యాచించు. "ద్వి ఆవేళభయకంపితాత్ముడైనాడు. చండికి నీశ్వరేశ్వరునకునెరగి. మండాడబోయిన మరియొండుతగిలె. "పండిప్ర. i. మండాటము manḍ-āṭamu. n. The act of begging with great humulity. దైన్యముతో యాచించుట.

మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] n. Kneeling down with one leg, an attitude in archery, ఒక కాలితో నేలమీద మోకరించుట, ఆలీఢపాదము

మండము [ maṇḍamu ] or మండాము manḍamu. [Skt.]An ornament, భూషణము

मंडन (p. 626) [ maṇḍana ] n (S) corruptly मंडण n Ornament or decoration: also the adorning material; jewels, trinkets &c. 2 Adorning, dressing out, bedecking. 3 In disputation; as opp. to खंडन. Establishing, proving, maintaining (of a position). 4 A festive occasion in general. 5 (For मेघमंडन) Overspreading (of clouds); canopy. v घाल. मंडप (p. 626) [ maṇḍapa ] m (S) An open shed or hall adorned with flowers and erected on festive occasions, as at marriages &c.: also an arched way of light sticks for the vine &c. to climb and overspread. 2 An open building consecrated to a god. 3 fig. A canopy of clouds. Ex. पावसानें मं0 घातला. मंडपी (p. 626) [ maṇḍapī ] f (Dim. of मंडप) A canopy of light framework (to suspend over an idol &c.) Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ(CDIAL 9737)

Indus Script 10 inscriptions with hieroglyph thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

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.https://tinyurl.com/y286apd8

h72 Text 4120

Field symbol: 'unicorn' + standard

1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi)

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.

3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.

Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.

2073 Mohenjodaro 

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop' thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 

m382 Text 1437
1437 Same reading as at 2073 Mohenjodaro seal

m161 Text 2088

2088 kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 


2916 m520A copper tablet
2916 m520B copper tablet

2916 copper tablet
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
S. khuṛī f. ʻheel, hoof' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'; kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 

khura m. ʻ hoof ʼ KātyŚr̥. 2. *khuḍa -- 1 (khuḍaka -- , khula° ʻ ankle -- bone ʼ Suśr.). [← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 376: it belongs to the word -- group ʻ heel <-> ankle -- knee -- wrist ʼ, see *kuṭṭha -- ]1. Pa. khura -- m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Pk. khura -- m. (chura -- after khura -- ~ chura -- < kṣurá -- ); Ash. kū˘r ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, kurkāˊ ʻ heel ʼ; Kt. kyur ʻ foot ʼ, kyurkəté ʻ heel ʼ; Gamb kr ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, Niṅg. xūr, Woṭ.khuru, (Kaţārkalā) khur; Dm. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. khurīˊ f. ʻ hoof, heel ʼ (→ Par. khurīˊ ʻ heel ʼ IIFL i 265), kuṛ. xūr ʻ foot ʼ, dar. kurī ʻ heel ʼ, nir. xurī; Shum. xurem ʻ my foot ʼ, xurigyem ʻ my heel ʼ; Gaw. Kal. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Bshk. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ (khin ʻ heel ʼ, Gaw. khunīk, Sv. khunike X píṇḍa -- or < khuriṇī -- AO xviii 240); Tor. khū ʻ foot ʼ, Mai. khur, ky. khor, Phal. khur m.; Sh. gil. khūrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, khūri̯ f. ʻ heel ʼ, koh. khōrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, jij. khuri ʻ heel ʼ (koh. thŭri, pales. thurī ʻ heel ʼ X *thuḍḍati ʻ kicks ʼ?); K. khor m. ʻ foot (esp. human) ʼ, khōr m. ʻ foot of any living being ʼ, khūru m. ʻ leg of a bed &c. ʼ,khūrü f. ʻ heel ʼ, kash. khōr ʻ foot ʼ, rām. pog. khur; S. khuru m. ʻ hoof ʼ; L. khurā m. ʻ foot track ʼ, °rī f. ʻ heel ʼ, awāṇ. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; P. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ hoof -- print ʼ, °rī f. ʻ small hoof, heel of shoe ʼ, °rṛā m. ʻ divided hoof, its print ʼ; WPah. bhal. pāḍ. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ; Ku. N. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; A. khurā ʻ hoof, leg of table or stool ʼ; B. khur ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā ʻ foot of bedstead ʼ; Or. khura ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, °rā ʻ hoof, leg ʼ; Mth. khūr, khurī ʻ hoof ʼ, Bhoj. khur; H. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ, °rī f. ʻ hoof, heel of slipper, hoof -- print ʼ; G. khur f. ʻ heel ʼ, kharī f. ʻ hoof ʼ; M. khū˘r m. ʻ hoof, foot of bed ʼ, khurī f. ʻ forepart of hoof ʼ, °rā m., °rẽ n. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ (khurũdaḷṇẽ ʻ to trample ʼ X *kṣundati?); Ko. khūru m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Si. kuraya.2. Pk. khuluha -- m. ʻ ankle ʼ; Gy. wel. xur̄, xur m. ʻ hoof ʼ; S. khuṛī f. ʻ heel ʼ; WPah. paṅ. khūṛ ʻ foot ʼ.khuriṇī -- ; *khuraghāta -- , *khurapāśa -- , *khuramr̥ttikā -- ; *catuṣkhura -- .Addenda: khura -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khūˊr m. ʻ hoof ʼ, J. G. khur m. Ta. kuracu, kuraccai horse's hoof. Ka. gorasu, gorase, gorise, gorusu hoof. Te. gorija, gorise, (B. also) gorije, korije id. / Cf. Skt. khura- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3906. (DEDR 1770)


meḍ khad kāraṇī 
'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 
m1710a
Line 1:
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
śrēṣṭhin khār 'squirrel' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār guild-master of blacksmith artisans and merchants 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 

Line 2:
dāṭu'cross' rebus: dhātu'ore,mineral' 

Hieroglyph: ladder: śrēṇikā -- f. ʻ tent ʼ lex. and mngs. ʻ house ~ ladder ʼ in *śriṣṭa -- 2, *śrīḍhi -- . -- Words for ʻ ladder ʼ see śrití -- . -- √śri]H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ; Si. hiṇi, hiṇa, iṇi ʻ ladder, stairs ʼ (GS 84 < śrēṇi -- ).(CDIAL 12685). Woṭ. Šen ʻ roof ʼ, Bshk. Šan, Phal. Šān(AO xviii 251) Rebus: seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. Śreṇi in meaning “guild”; Vedic= row] 1. A guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). — 2. A division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. Senā and seniya). (Pali)

m573A

m573B

3415 Copper tablet
Field symbol: Rhinoceros: gaṇḍá4 m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ lex., °aka -- m. lex. 2. *ga- yaṇḍa -- . [Prob. of same non -- Aryan origin as khaḍgá --1: cf. gaṇōtsāha -- m. lex. as a Sanskritized form ← Mu. PMWS 138]1. Pa. gaṇḍaka -- m., Pk. gaṁḍaya -- m., A. gãr, Or. gaṇḍā. 2. K. gö̃ḍ m., S. geṇḍo m. (lw. with g -- ), P. gaĩḍā m., °ḍī f., N. gaĩṛo, H. gaĩṛā m., G. gẽḍɔ m., °ḍī f., M. gẽḍā m.Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 4. 2. *gayaṇḍa -- : WPah.kṭg. geṇḍɔ mirg m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ, Md. genḍā ← H. (CDIAL 4000). காண்டாமிருகம் kāṇṭā-mirukam , n. [M. kāṇṭāmṛgam.] Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Gujarati) Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi)
Line 1:
Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ;  A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756)

Flag Hieroglyph: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāūdhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si.  ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773)  Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter' PLUS
खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 
m393 Text 2431

2431
Field symbol: zebu, bos indicus:
पोळ pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus'  Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore' 

Text message:
Line 1:

This seal shows a hypertext Sign 393.
  The Sign 393 is composed of the hieroglyphs: " splinter hieroglyph; arch hieroglyph' spoked wheel hieroglyph.
The hypertext reads: arkasal mã̄ḍav 'warehouse (of) goldsmith workshop'.
Sign 391 Spoked wheel hieroglyph.څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) ( P چرخ ). 2. A wheeled-carriage, a gun-carriage, a cart. Pl. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖūnah. څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

Arch hieroglyph: manḍa 'arbour,canopy' Rebus:  maNDA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)\

M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion' maṇḍa6 ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402). If so, it may belong to maṇḍapá -- and maṭha -- ] Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (if not < *mã̄ṛhā < *maṇḍhaka -- s.v. maṇḍapá -- ).(CDIAL 9737) maṇḍapa m.n. ʻ open temporary shed, pavilion ʼ Hariv., ˚pikā -- f. ʻ small pavilion, customs house ʼ Kād. 2. maṇṭapa -- m.n. lex. 3. *maṇḍhaka -- . [Variation of ṇḍ with ṇṭ supports supposition of non -- Aryan origin in Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 212: see EWA ii 557. -- Prob. of same origin as maṭha -- 1 and maṇḍa -- 6 with which NIA. words largely collide in meaning and form]1. Pa. maṇḍapa -- m. ʻ temporary shed for festive occasions ʼ; Pk. maṁḍava -- m. ʻ temporary erection, booth covered with creepers ʼ, ˚viā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Phal. maṇḍau m. ʻ wooden gallery outside a house ʼ; K. manḍav m. ʻ a kind of house found in forest villages ʼ; S. manahũ m. ʻ shed, thatched roof ʼ; Ku. mãṛyāmanyā ʻ resthouse ʼ; N. kāṭhmã̄ṛau ʻ the city of Kathmandu ʼ (kāṭh -- < kāṣṭhá -- ); Or. maṇḍuā̆ ʻ raised and shaded pavilion ʼ, paṭā -- maṇḍoi ʻ pavilion laid over with planks below roof ʼ, muṇḍoi˚ḍei ʻ raised unroofed platform ʼ; Bi. mã̄ṛo ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, mãṛuāmaṛ˚malwā ʻ lean -- to thatch against a wall ʼ, maṛaī ʻ watcher's shed on ground without platform ʼ; Mth. māṛab ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, maṛwā ʻ open erection in courtyard for festive occasions ʼ; OAw. māṁḍava m. ʻ wedding canopy ʼ; H. mãṛwā m., ˚wī f., maṇḍwā m., ˚wī f. ʻ arbour, temporary erection, pavilion ʼ, OMarw. maṁḍavomāḍhivo m.; G. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ thatched open shed ʼ, mã̄ḍvɔ m. ʻ booth ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ slightly raised platform before door of a house, customs house ʼ, mã̄ḍaviyɔ m. ʻ member of bride's party ʼ; M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ; Si. maḍu -- va ʻ hut ʼ, maḍa ʻ open hall ʼ SigGr ii 452.

2. Ko. māṁṭav ʻ open pavilion ʼ.3. H. mã̄ḍhāmāṛhāmãḍhā m. ʻ temporary shed, arbour ʼ (cf. OMarw. māḍhivo in 1); -- Ku. mã̄ṛā m.pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (or < maṇḍa -- 6?]
*chāyāmaṇḍapa -- .Addenda: maṇḍapa -- : S.kcch. māṇḍhvo m. ʻ booth, canopy ʼ.(CDIAL 9740)

PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
Line 2:
 This sign 172 is read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'. Thus, together, read rebus as: dul mẽṛhẽt cast iron -- attested as a Santali expression meaning 'cast iron'..
Hieroglyph: a pair of harrows: maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'. Thus, iron ore workshop (for iron casting) is signified with the addition of " splinter sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS dula 'duplicated splinter' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, iron casting workshop is signified.
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' .

baṭa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS dhakka 'lid' Rebus:.dhakka, 'bright, blazing metal.;' 

m575A 

m575B

3316 Copper tablet

m576A 3344

m576B 3344

3344 Copper tablet

m577A 3347

m577B 3347

3347 Copper tablet

Text message:

Line 1:

kuṭilika 'bent, curved' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) PLUS  taṭṭal 'five' rebus: taṭṭar 'brass' ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, brassworker's brass workshop.

gaṇḍa 'four'  rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'

kor̤u 'sprout'  Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' 

Line 2:
kuṭilika 'bent, curved' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) PLUS  dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS dánta m. ʻ tooth ʼ RV. [dánt -- RV.]Pa. danta -- m. ʻ tooth, tusk ʼ; Pk. daṁta -- m. ʻ tooth, part of a mountain ʼ; Gy. eur. dand m. ʻ tooth ʼ, pal. dṓndă, Ash. dō˘nt, Kt. dut, Wg. dō̃tdū̃t, Pr. letumlätəm'ätəm ʻ my (?) tooth ʼ, Dm. dan, Tir. d*lndə, Paš. lauṛ. dan(d), uzb. dōn, Niṅg. daṅ, Shum. dandem ʻ my tooth ʼ, Woṭ. dan m., Gaw. dant, Kal.urt. d*ln, rumb. dh*lndōŕy*lk (lit. ʻ front and back teeth ʼ? -- see *dāṁṣṭra -- ); Kho. don, Bshk. d*lndə, Tor. d*ln, Kand. dɔdi, Mai. dān, Sv. dānd, Phal. dān, pl. dānda, Sh.gil. do̯n, pl. dōnye̯ m. (→ Ḍ. don m.), pales. d*ln, jij. dɔn, K. dand m., rām. pog. ḍoḍ. dant, S. ḍ̠andu m.; L. dand, mult. ḍand, (Ju.) ḍ̠ãd m., khet. dant ʻ tooth ʼ, (Shahpur) dãd f. ʻ cliff, precipice ʼ; P. dand m. ʻ tooth, ʼ WPah.bhad. bhal. paṅ. cur. dant, cam. dand, pāḍ. dann, Ku. N. dã̄t (< *dã̄d in N. dã̄de ʻ harrow, a kind of grass ʼ), A. B. dã̄t, Or. dānta, Mth. Bhoj. Aw.lakh. H. Marw. G. M. dã̄t m., Ko. dāntu, Si. data. -- Ext. -- ḍa -- : Dm. dandə́ŕidánduri ʻ horse's bit ʼ, Phal. dándaṛi. --Addenda: dánta -- : S.kcch. ḍandh m.pl. ʻ teeth ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) dānd m., J. dã̄d m., Garh. dã̄t, Md. dat.(CDIAL 6152) Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'.

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'


thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 

Field symbol:

m1534b On this copper tablet, the correct identification of the animal heads will be turtle species comparable to Meiolania, a horned large turtle of New Guinea.

m1532b On another copper tablet, the emphasis is clearly on the turtle's shell like that of Meiolania's shell.

kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' (Oriya), kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa 'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

Brassworker as mintmaster, 30 Indus Script inscriptions; thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'&ṭāṅg 'axe' rebus ṭã̄ksāl 'mint-master'

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Field Symbol 91 
(FS 129) double-axe, shape of Harappa miniature tablets.
Sign 160 is a variant of Sign 137
Variants of Sign 137 dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali) PLUS 
Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS 
dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright'. Thus, together, 

Sign 138 reads: dhakka dhatu'bright mineral ore'
kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 
Sign 86 koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron bhaṭa 'furnace'
m592A

m592B

3413 Copper tablet The same inscription appears on another copper tablet. See: Annex m520 Copper tablet of brassworker, lapidary, goldsmith (ornament gold) Similar inscriptions occur on other seals/tablets of Mohenjodaro:


3362 Mohenjodaro

3393 Mohenjodaro
3401 Mohenjodaro

Field symbol: Double-axe: ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex.1. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgi f.; K. ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg, °gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā, °gī ʻ adze ʼ;Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ. (CDIAL 5427) ଟଙ୍ଗ Ṭaṅga ସଂ. ବି. (ଟଙ୍କ୍ ଧାତୁ+କରଣ. ଅ)— 1। ଟାଙ୍ଗିଆ— Hatchet. । ଖଣତା—3. Hoe; spud (Oriya).
 
Rebus: ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl°ār, B. ṭāksālṭã̄k°ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl°ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksālṭāk°ṭãk°ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434) 

Hieroglyph: ṭaṅga -- 3 ʻ leg ʼ(CDIAL 5434) S. khuṛī f. ʻheel, hoof' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'; kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 


meḍ khad kāraṇī 
'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'


thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

m1315 2345 Text

2345  aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint' Thus, aya khambhaṛā (Lahnda) signifies an alloy metal mint.

m1335a Text 2072 
2072
5279 Moenjodaro tablet

h185B

h185A 5279Text

4120
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'



m1529A copper tablet

2920 copper tablet

kuṭilika 'bent, curved' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) PLUS  dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS dánta m. ʻ tooth ʼ RV. [dánt -- RV.]Pa. danta -- m. ʻ tooth, tusk ʼ; Pk. daṁta -- m. ʻ tooth, part of a mountain ʼ; Gy. eur. dand m. ʻ tooth ʼ, pal. dṓndă, Ash. dō˘nt, Kt. dut, Wg. dō̃tdū̃t, Pr. letumlätəm'ätəm ʻ my (?) tooth ʼ, Dm. dan, Tir. d*lndə, Paš. lauṛ. dan(d), uzb. dōn, Niṅg. daṅ, Shum. dandem ʻ my tooth ʼ, Woṭ. dan m., Gaw. dant, Kal.urt. d*ln, rumb. dh*lndōŕy*lk (lit. ʻ front and back teeth ʼ? -- see *dāṁṣṭra -- ); Kho. don, Bshk. d*lndə, Tor. d*ln, Kand. dɔdi, Mai. dān, Sv. dānd, Phal. dān, pl. dānda, Sh.gil. do̯n, pl. dōnye̯ m. (→ Ḍ. don m.), pales. d*ln, jij. dɔn, K. dand m., rām. pog. ḍoḍ. dant, S. ḍ̠andu m.; L. dand, mult. ḍand, (Ju.) ḍ̠ãd m., khet. dant ʻ tooth ʼ, (Shahpur) dãd f. ʻ cliff, precipice ʼ; P. dand m. ʻ tooth, ʼ WPah.bhad. bhal. paṅ. cur. dant, cam. dand, pāḍ. dann, Ku. N. dã̄t (< *dã̄d in N. dã̄de ʻ harrow, a kind of grass ʼ), A. B. dã̄t, Or. dānta, Mth. Bhoj. Aw.lakh. H. Marw. G. M. dã̄t m., Ko. dāntu, Si. data. -- Ext. -- ḍa -- : Dm. dandə́ŕidánduri ʻ horse's bit ʼ, Phal. dándaṛi. --Addenda: dánta -- : S.kcch. ḍandh m.pl. ʻ teeth ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) dānd m., J. dã̄d m., Garh. dã̄t, Md. dat.(CDIAL 6152) Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'.

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'


thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

3318
m400 Text 3088

3088

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) ( P چرخ ). 2. A wheeled-carriage, a gun-carriage, a cart. Pl. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖūnah. څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (Pashto) Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, together, arkasal 'goldsmith wortkshop'

खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'


m1300 Text 2350

2350
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
S. khuṛī f. ʻheel, hoof' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'; kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 

खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

m383 Text 2240

2240
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'


gaṇḍa 'four'  rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'

m371 Text 2461

2461
ṭã̄gā, ˚gī ʻ adze ʼ(Bihari) Rebus: ṭanka 'mint' PLUS xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe'smelter', kol 'working in iron' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

Sign 169 kor̤u 'sprout' rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' PLUS mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'
Sign 342 karaṇaka 'rim of jar'; detailed rebus reading: 

Meluhha: bhāṭi kaṇḍa karaṇa sāla 'furnace equipment writers' workshop'.

Sign 342 rebus readings PLUS Sign 12 
 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, metal'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

2292 Mohenjodaro
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
S. khuṛī f. ʻheel, hoof' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'; kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

m1710a
1101 Mohenjodaro

Field symbol: 'unicorn' + standard

1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi)

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.

3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.

Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.


Line 1:
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
śrēṣṭhin khār 'squirrel' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār guild-master of blacksmith artisans and merchants 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

Line 2:
dāṭu'cross' rebus: dhātu'ore,mineral' 

Hieroglyph: ladder: śrēṇikā -- f. ʻ tent ʼ lex. and mngs. ʻ house ~ ladder ʼ in *śriṣṭa -- 2, *śrīḍhi -- . -- Words for ʻ ladder ʼ see śrití -- . -- √śri]H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ; Si. hiṇi, hiṇa, iṇi ʻ ladder, stairs ʼ (GS 84 < śrēṇi -- ).(CDIAL 12685). Woṭ. Šen ʻ roof ʼ, Bshk. Šan, Phal. Šān(AO xviii 251) Rebus: seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. Śreṇi in meaning “guild”; Vedic= row] 1. A guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). — 2. A division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. Senā and seniya). (Pali)

Annex. Text messages on other copper tablets
The inscription on the m557 copper plate is deciphered: 

ḍāṅgā 'mountain' rebus: dhangar 'smith'. N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5324) 


thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division' rebus: kaṇḍa .'fire-altar','equpment' 




 Sign 458 is a ligature of fists ligatured to the jar with a rim. Thus there are two hieroglyphs which compose a composite sign, a hypertext: 1. closed fists 2. jar with a rim. 

Jar is read as: baa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaa 'furnace'. Ligatured to a pair of fists, the composite hypertext Sign 458 is read as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaa 'furnace' PLUS मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. Thus, the reading is:muṣṭíka dul bha 'goldsmith metalcasting furnace.'

This Sign 358 shown on Indus Script inscriptions signifies मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi)(CDIAL 10150). Rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali).

Derivation of orthography of Sign 458:



Sign 358 variants (ASI concordance) 

Detachable perforatedarms of an alabaster statue. Source: Lothal, Vol. II: Plate CCLXIIB. Image inverted to show fisted hands. "The object is interpreted by us as the physical basis of the Indus Ideogram, depicting a pair of raised hands with folded fingers, conveying the intended meanings 'dexterity, skill, competence'. "
http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/userfiles/files/Evidence_for_the_Artisan_in_the_Indus_Script.pdf

This insightful presentation by Iravatham Mahadevan & MV Bhaskar, 'Evidence for the Artisanin Indus Script' identifies the closed fist orthography on Sign 358 which occurs on Mohenjodaro copper tablets.


I agree with the interpretation that the raised pai of hands as shown on the Lothal alabaster statue (image compared with Sign 358), signifies an artisan. 

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' Rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams) karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi).


Thus, together, the rebus Meluhha reading is: dhangar mũhe kanda kanka 'blacksmith furnace ingot (from) goldsmith (for) supercargo/steersman'. Thus, the catalogue (samgaha) entry of wealth accounting ledger related to metalwork is documented on the inscription. Meaning of 'goldsmith' is validated by the etyma which are semantic expansions of the Bhāratīya sprachbund word: muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali): मुष्टिक partic. position of the hands rebus: मुष्टिक a goldsmith L.; (pl.) of a despised race (= डोम्बास्) R.;N. of an असुर Hariv.  अ-क्षर--मुष्टिका f. the art of communicating syllables or ideas by the fingers (one of the 64 कलाs) वात्स्यायन

The etyma Kur. muṭkā ʻfistʼ Prj. muṭka ʻblow with fistʼ are cognate with phonetic forms: Ku. muṭhagīmuṭhkī f. ʻblow with fistʼ, N. muṭkimuṛki, M. muṭkā (CDIAL 10221). This suggests the basis for a hypothesis that an early spoken form in  Bhāratīya sprachbund is: muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi)(CDIAL 10150). This is read rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). 

*mukka1 ʻ blow with fist ʼ. [Prob. ← Drav., Prj. muṭka ʻ blow with fist ʼ, Kur. muṭkā ʻ fist ʼ, DED. 4041]K. muköli f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, (El.) mukāl m. ʻ fist ʼ; S. muka f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, L. mukk°kī f.; P. mukk m. ʻ fist ʼ, °kī f.; WPah.bhal. mukki f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ; N. mukkā°ki ʻ fist ʼ, H. mūkāmukkā m., °kī f., mukkhī f. (X muṭṭhī < muṣṭí -- ); G. mukkɔ m., °kī f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ.(CDIAL 10150).

muṣṭí m.f. ʻ clenched hand, fist ʼ RV., ʻ handful ʼ ŚBr. Pa. Pk. muṭṭhi -- f. ʻ fist, handful, handle of an instrument ʼ; Ash. mušt ʻ fist ʼ NTS ii 267, mūst NTS vii 99, Wg. müṣṭ, Kt. muṣṭmiṣṭ; Bashg. "misht"ʻ hilt of sword ʼ; Pr. müšt ʻ fist ʼ, muṣ (?) ʻ hilt of knife ʼ; Dm. muṣṭ ʻ fist ʼ, muṣṭi ʻ handle ʼ; Paš. uzb. muṣṭī ʻ fist ʼ, lauṛ. muṭhīˊ; Gaw. muṣṭ ʻ handle (of plough) ʼ, muṣṭāˊkmuṣṭīke ʻ fist ʼ, muṣ -- kaṭāˊrī ʻ dagger ʼ; Kal.rumb. muṣṭí ʻ fist ʼ; Kho. muṣṭi ʻ fist, grip ʼ; Phal. muṣṭ ʻ a measure of length (elbow to end of fist) ʼ, múṣṭi f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭi f. ʻ arm below elbow ʼ (← Ind.?) → Bshk. mut (= *muṭh?) ʻ fist ʼ AO xviii 245; Sh.gil. muṭ(h), pl. muṭí m. ʻ fist ʼ, muṣṭí ʻ handle of plough ʼ, jij. mv́ṣṭi ʻ fist ʼ, koh. gur. mŭṣṭăkf., pales. muṭh ʻ arm, upper arm ʼ; K. mŏṭhm&obrevdotdot;ṭhü f. ʻ fist ʼ; S. muṭhi f. ʻ fist, fistful, handle ʼ; L. muṭṭh ʻ fist, handle ʼ, muṭṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ, awāṇ. muṭh; P. muṭṭhmuṭṭhī f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭhā m. ʻ handle, bundle ʼ; Ku. muṭhī f. ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭho ʻ handle ʼ; N. muṭh ʻ handle ʼ, muṭhi ʻ fist ʼ, muṭho ʻ handful ʼ; A. muṭhi ʻ fist, handful, handle ʼ, muṭhan ʻ measure of length (elbow to middle joint of little finger) ʼ; B. muṭhmuṭi ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭ(h)ā ʻ handful ʼ; Or. muṭhi ʻ fist ʼ, muṭha ʻ hilt of sword ʼ, muṭhā ʻ clenched hand ʼ; Bi. mūṭhmuṭhiyā ʻ knob on body of plough near handle ʼ, mūṭhāmuṭṭhā ʻ the smallest sheaf (about a handful) ʼ; Mth. muṭhā ʻ handle of mattock ʼ; Bhoj. mūṭhi ʻ fist ʼ; OAw. mūṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ; H. mūṭh f., mūṭhā m. ʻ fist, blow with fist ʼ, mūṭhīmuṭṭhī f. ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭṭhā m. ʻ handful, handle (of plough), bundle ʼ; G. mūṭh f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ; M. mūṭh f. ʻ fist ʼ, Ko. mūṭ; Si. miṭa, pl. miṭi ʻ fist, handful ʼ, miṭiya ʻ hammer, bundle ʼ; Md. muři ʻ hammer ʼ: the forms of P. H. Si. meaning ʻ bundle ʼ perh. rather < *muṭṭha -- 2 s.v. mūta -- ; -- in Gy. wel. mušī, gr. musī ʻ arm ʼ loss of  is unexpl. unless -- ī is secondary. -- Poss. ← or infl. by Drav. (Prj. muṭka ʻ blow with fist ʼ &c., DED 4041: see *mukka -- 1): Ku. muṭhagīmuṭhkī f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, N. muṭkimuṛki, M. muṭkā m. 
nimuṣṭi -- .Addenda: muṣṭí -- : WPah.kṭg. mvṭ -- (in cmpd.), múṭṭhi f. ʻ clenched hand, handful ʼ; J. muṭhā m. ʻ handful ʼ, Garh. muṭṭhi; A. muṭh (phonet. muth) ʻ abridgement ʼ AFD 94; Md. muř ʻ fist, handle ʼ, muři ʻ hammer ʼ.(CDIAL 10221). Pa. muṭṭ-to hammer; muṭkablow with fist. Ga. (P.) muṭa fist. Go. (Mu.) muṭ (Ko.) muṭiya 
hammer (Mu.) muṭka a blow (Voc. 2874). Pe. muṭla hammer. Manḍ. 
muṭla id. Kuwi (Su.) muṭla id. Kur. muṭga'ānā to deal a heavy blow with the fist; muṭgā, muṭkā clenched hand or fist, hammering with the fist; muṭka'ānā to hit or hammer at with the fist. / Cf. Skt. muṭ- to crush, grind, break; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10186: root,  muṭáti ʻ *twists ʼ (ʻ kills, grinds ʼ Dhātup.) . (DEDR 4932) Muṭṭhi (f.) [Vedic muṣṭi, m. f. Does defn "muṭ=mad- dane" at Dhtm 125 refer to muṭṭhi?] the fist VvA 206.; Muṭṭhika [fr. muṭṭhi] 1. a fist -- fighter, wrestler, boxer Vin ii.105 (malla˚); J iv.81 (Np.); vi.277; Vism 31 (+malla). -- 2. a sort of hammer J v.45.(Pali) मुष्टि the clenched hand , fist (perhaps orig. " the hand closed to grasp anything stolen ") RV. &c; a compendium , abridgment सर्वदर्शन-संग्रह (Monier-Williams).

Since, the fists are ligatured to the rim of jar, the rebus reading includes the two rebus expressions:1. kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams) karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi). 2. dula 'two' rebus: dul'metal casting'  PLUS muka 'fist' rebus: mũhe 'ingot'. Thus, together dul mũhe 'ingot, metalcasting'.

Copper plates,Mohenjo-daro conveying Sign 358 (pair of closedfists ligatured to rim of jar) on identical inscriptions:
Figure 1. Examples of Copper plate inscriptions including Sign 358 (two upraised, closed fists)
(Kalyanaraman,S., 2017, Epigraphia Indus Script, Hypetexts and meanings, Vol. 2, Amazon, USA,pp.757, 758)

Annex m520 Copper tablet of brassworker, lapidary, goldsmith (ornament gold)
2916 m520A copper tablet
2916 m520B copper tablet

2916 copper tablet
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
S. khuṛī f. ʻheel, hoof' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'; kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 

khura m. ʻ hoof ʼ KātyŚr̥. 2. *khuḍa -- 1 (khuḍaka -- , khula° ʻ ankle -- bone ʼ Suśr.). [← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 376: it belongs to the word -- group ʻ heel <-> ankle -- knee -- wrist ʼ, see *kuṭṭha -- ]1. Pa. khura -- m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Pk. khura -- m. (chura -- after khura -- ~ chura -- < kṣurá -- ); Ash. kū˘r ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, kurkāˊ ʻ heel ʼ; Kt. kyur ʻ foot ʼ, kyurkəté ʻ heel ʼ; Gamb kr ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, Niṅg. xūr, Woṭ.khuru, (Kaţārkalā) khur; Dm. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. khurīˊ f. ʻ hoof, heel ʼ (→ Par. khurīˊ ʻ heel ʼ IIFL i 265), kuṛ. xūr ʻ foot ʼ, dar. kurī ʻ heel ʼ, nir. xurī; Shum. xurem ʻ my foot ʼ, xurigyem ʻ my heel ʼ; Gaw. Kal. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Bshk. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ (khin ʻ heel ʼ, Gaw. khunīk, Sv. khunike X píṇḍa -- or < khuriṇī -- AO xviii 240); Tor. khū ʻ foot ʼ, Mai. khur, ky. khor, Phal. khur m.; Sh. gil. khūrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, khūri̯ f. ʻ heel ʼ, koh. khōrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, jij. khuri ʻ heel ʼ (koh. thŭri, pales. thurī ʻ heel ʼ X *thuḍḍati ʻ kicks ʼ?); K. khor m. ʻ foot (esp. human) ʼ, khōr m. ʻ foot of any living being ʼ, khūru m. ʻ leg of a bed &c. ʼ,khūrü f. ʻ heel ʼ, kash. khōr ʻ foot ʼ, rām. pog. khur; S. khuru m. ʻ hoof ʼ; L. khurā m. ʻ foot track ʼ, °rī f. ʻ heel ʼ, awāṇ. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; P. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ hoof -- print ʼ, °rī f. ʻ small hoof, heel of shoe ʼ, °rṛā m. ʻ divided hoof, its print ʼ; WPah. bhal. pāḍ. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ; Ku. N. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; A. khurā ʻ hoof, leg of table or stool ʼ; B. khur ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā ʻ foot of bedstead ʼ; Or. khura ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, °rā ʻ hoof, leg ʼ; Mth. khūr, khurī ʻ hoof ʼ, Bhoj. khur; H. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ, °rī f. ʻ hoof, heel of slipper, hoof -- print ʼ; G. khur f. ʻ heel ʼ, kharī f. ʻ hoof ʼ; M. khū˘r m. ʻ hoof, foot of bed ʼ, khurī f. ʻ forepart of hoof ʼ, °rā m., °rẽ n. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ (khurũdaḷṇẽ ʻ to trample ʼ X *kṣundati?); Ko. khūru m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Si. kuraya.2. Pk. khuluha -- m. ʻ ankle ʼ; Gy. wel. xur̄, xur m. ʻ hoof ʼ; S. khuṛī f. ʻ heel ʼ; WPah. paṅ. khūṛ ʻ foot ʼ.khuriṇī -- ; *khuraghāta -- , *khurapāśa -- , *khuramr̥ttikā -- ; *catuṣkhura -- .Addenda: khura -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khūˊr m. ʻ hoof ʼ, J. G. khur m. Ta. kuracu, kuraccai horse's hoof. Ka. gorasu, gorase, gorise, gorusu hoof. Te. gorija, gorise, (B. also) gorije, korije id. / Cf. Skt. khura- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3906. (DEDR 1770)


meḍ khad kāraṇī 
'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 

खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 


meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'


thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

Field symbol: 'unicorn' + standard

1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi)

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.

3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.

Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade. ..

Brassworker's 14 Indus Script inscriptions are catalogues of metalwork repertoire & seafaring cargo

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Field symbol: unicorn + standard

1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi)

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.
3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.
Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.

1552 m45a

m45a 1552 Field symbol:  kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild.

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.).The field symbol signifies that the artisan is a lapidary: 

कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi); that the artisan has a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'. Thus, he is a seafaring merchant.


Text message signifies that he has 

ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

He is a metalcasting blacksmith:

dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith

He has a silver ingot workshop:

gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' (Telugu) Rebus 1: gota (laterite, ferrite ore) Rebus 2: goṭā 'gold-braid' 3: khoṭa 'ingot, wedgeRebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा)  A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. PLUS sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’.

His workshop makes ingots and implements in smithy/forge:

खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'

(lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge. 

Lothal 185A

7238 Lothal 185A Seal impression
baṭa'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'
kuṭila 'bent'; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)
ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'


m1427A Field symbol: raised platform maṇḍa ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402). If so, it may belong to maṇḍapá -- and maṭha -- ] Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ(CDIAL 9737) maṇḍa 'platform' Rebus: maṇḍa 'ornaments'; maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)

m1427B Text 2860 Field symbol: 'unicorn'

2860

On another seal with an identical text messsage, m451 seal shows the hieroglyph of an eagle in flight in place of the ziggurat temple tiered-structure shown on m1427B. This signifies that eagle is as sacred as the ziggurat sacred temple.

loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron'. PLUS karṇī  ‘ears’ rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' [supercargo in charge of copper, iron ores]

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]

ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements [ingots, implements]

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' (Rigveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.PLUS sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’ [alloy metal mint workshop]

bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright, blazing'

Sign 86 koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop

Thus, the Mohenjodaro tablet is a metalwork catalogue of: 1.ferrite ore; 2.blacksmith mint, army general.

On a number of seals of Indus Script Corpora, the eagle hieroglyph is associated with the sacred fire-altar..


h3 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

4002 Seal h3 Text message

2560

h3   anvaya
baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.
ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
dāmā ʻ peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ʼ (Assamese)(CDIAL 6283) rebus: dhama 'bellows' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

gaṇḍa 'four'  rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Together, smithy,forge (for) implements

koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop (Kuwi)
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.

h3 artha Trade of kōnda sangara  'metalwork engraver' (in) supercargo (of) smithy,forge implements workshop, bellows (forge) of blacksmith, furnace metal implements of smithy, forge.

h87 Text 4240 Field symbol: water-buffalo

4240 
rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali) Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅrāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g) ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567) తుత్తము [ tuttamu ] or తుత్తరము tuttamu. [Tel.] n. sulphate of zinc. మైలతుత్తము sulphate of copper, blue-stone.తుత్తినాగము [ tuttināgamu ] tutti-nāgamu. [Chinese.] n. Pewter. Zinc. లోహవిశేషము (Telugu) (Spelter is commercial crude smelted zinc; a solder or other alloy in which zinc is the main constituent.)

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.
ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.
h612A Line 2 text message Harappa seal h612

h612B Field symbol: unicorn + standard

h612D Line 1 text message Harappa seal h612

4123
Line 1:
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) ( P چرخ ). 2. A wheeled-carriage, a gun-carriage, a cart. Pl. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖūnah. څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (Pashto) Rebus; arka 'copper, gold' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop' PLUS eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Hieroglyhph: Tooth, tusk: Pa. daṭṭhā -- f. ʻ large tooth, fang, tusk ʼ; Pk. daṁṭhā -- f. ʻ fang ʼ; S. ḍ̠āṭha f. ʻ molar ʼ, P.pow. dāṭhā m.; WPah. jaun. ḍāṭho ʻ jaw ʼ; -- Pk. daṁṭhi -- ʻ having big fangs ʼ; S. ḍ̠āṭhiru ʻ tusked ʼ.Pa. dāṭhā -- f. (older ˚ṭha -- m. BSBU 146) ʻ large tooth, tusk ʼ, Pk. dāḍhā -- f.; Gy. rum. hung. thar, pl. ˚ra f. ʻ back tooth ʼ, gr. tar f. ʻ gums ʼ, wel. tar f. ʻ jaw, gums ʼ (DGW iv 359 wrongly < tāˊlu -- ); Kal.rumb. -- dōŕy*lk in dh*lndōŕy*lk ʻ tooth ʼ (see dánta -- ); S. ḍ̠āṛha f. ʻ molar ʼ; L. dāhaṛ f. ʻ molar ʼ, (Ju.) ḍ̠āṛh f. ʻ tusk, root of tooth, bite (of an animal) ʼ, awāṇ. dāˋṛ ʻ long tooth ʼ; P. dāṛhdāhṛ f. ʻ molar ʼ; Ku. dāṛ ʻ jaws ʼ, gng. ʻ projecting tooth ʼ; N. dāro ʻ tusk, fang ʼ; A. dār ʻ row of teeth of fish or reptile, teeth of saw or sickle ʼ; B. dāṛdāṛ(h)āḍāṛ ʻ tooth, fang ʼ; Or. dāṛhā̆ ʻ tusk, fang, sting ʼ; H. dāṛhḍāṛh f. ʻ molar ʼ, dāṛhāḍā˚ m. ʻ large tooth, tusk ʼ; G. dāḍhḍāḍh f. ʻ molar ʼ; M. dāḍh f. ʻ fang, jaw ʼ; Si. daḷa ʻ tusk, fang ʼ. <-> Deriv. Pa. dāṭhin -- ʻ tusked ʼ; Pk. dāḍhi -- ʻ tusked ʼ, m. ʻ boar ʼ; N. dāre ʻ tusked, male (of stag) ʼ; -- S. ḍ̠āṛhaṇu ʻ to bite ʼ; Ku. dāṛaṇo ʻ to bite, injure ʼ. -- X jámbha -- : S. j̄āṛhaj̄āṛī f. ʻ jaw ʼ; P. jāṛh f. ʻ molar ʼ; -- M. dābhāḍ n. ʻ jaw ʼ (X j̈ābhāḍ < *jambhahaḍḍa -- ) (CDIAL6250) Rebus; dhatu 'mineral ore'

ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' 

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.

m745 Field symbol: 'unicorn' Text 1175

 1175 Seal m745

gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' Rebus 1: gota (laterite, ferrite ore) Rebus 2: goṭā 'gold-braid'

mũhã̄ 'the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native furnace' PLUS muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUS Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: 

ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Rebus: baṭa 'iron'; bhaṭa 'furnace'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.

m321A Text message 2173 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

m321D

2173
mũhã̄ 'the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' 

5490 Harappa seal

4589 Harappa seal

Line 1:
The hieroglyph of Indus Script cipher which signifies this metal alloy is Sign 48 (ASI 1977 sign list): baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu)

baraḍo 'spinebackbone' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) 
भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) PLUS duplicated: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

mũhã̄ 'the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' 

Line 2:

kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.)

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'

Line 3:
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'



Brassworker's 21 inscriptions detail wealth accounting ledgers of metalwork in workshops/mints

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Field symbol: Ox + feeding trough: 

m1080 Text 1542 

barad, balad 'ox'; barad'bull' (Nepali. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi) PLUS Feeding trough in front of cattle (even wild animals) pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar, బత్తుడు battuu 'a guild, title of goldsmiths'. Ta. paṭṭai painted stripe (as on a temple wall), piebald colour, dapple.Ma. paṭṭa stripe. Ka. paṭṭe, paṭṭi id. Ko. paṭṭe striped or spotted (as tiger or leopard); paṭṭati n.pr. of dappled cow. Tu. paṭṭè stripe. Te. paṭṭe stripe or streak of paint; paita stripe, streak, wale.(DEDR 3877) Ta. pātti bathing tub, watering trough or basin, spout, drain; pattal wooden bucket; pattar id., wooden trough for feeding animals. Ka. pāti basin for water round the foot of a tree. Tu. pāti trough or bathing tub, spout, drain. Te. pādi, pādu basin for water round the foot of a tree(DEDR 4079) prastha2 m.n. ʻ a measure of weight or capacity = 32 palas ʼ MBh.Pa. pattha -- m. ʻ a measure = 1/4 āḷhaka, cooking vessel containing 1 pattha ʼ; NiDoc. prasta ʻ a measure ʼ; Pk. pattha -- , ˚aya -- m. ʻ a measure of grain ʼ; K. path m. ʻ a measure of land requiring 1 trakh (= 9 1/2 lb.) of seed ʼ; L. patth, (Ju.) path m. ʻ a measure of capacity = 4 boras ʼ; Ku. pātho ʻ a measure = 2 seers ʼ; N. pāthi ʻ a measure of capacity = 1/10 man ʼ; Bi. pathiyā ʻ basket used by sower or for feeding cattle ʼ; Mth. pāthā ʻ large milk pail ʼ, pathiyā ʻ basket used as feeding trough for animals ʼ; H. pāthī f. ʻ measure of corn for a year ʼ; Si. pata ʻ a measure of grain and liquids = 1/4 näliya ʼ.*prasthapattra -- .Addenda: prastha -- 2: WPah.poet. patho m. ʻ a grain measure about 2 seers ʼ (prob. ← Ku. Mth. form) Him.I 110. (CDIAL 8869)

Rebus 1: a maritime town, port: పట్ర para para. [Tel.] n. A village, a hamlet. పల్లెపట్ర villages and hamlets. H. iv. 108. P. patta ʻ ferry, landing -- place ʼ, pattaī°tuī m. ʻ ferryman, one who lives near a ferry ʼ; B. pātanī ʻ ferryman ʼ.(CDIAL 7705) pattar 'goldsmith guild' (Tamil)



1542 m1080


Text message 1542: 


kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

Field symbol: unicorn + standard 1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi) 

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.
3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.
Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.

m980 Text 2317 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

2317 m980
maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)  mēdhā 'dhanam' मेध 'yajna, मेधा 'धन' (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क, ii,10) 

bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, accountant

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: kanahār 'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account''supercargo'. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'; meṛed 'iron' rebus: meḍh 'merchant' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; 2. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', kari 'supercargo'  Indicative that the merchant is seafaring metalsmith. karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman ʼ.(CDIAL 2836) Decipherment: कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'. Thus, supercargo in charge of equiment cargo.
मेंढा mēṇḍhā 'A crook or curved end (of a stick)' Rebus: meḍ 'iron'; rebus mēdhā 'dhanam'मेध'yajna, मेधा'धन' (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क, ii,10) 

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'. Thus, ingots and equipment.

Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, accountant' .


m25 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

1056 m25
ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUS Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'
aya dhakka 'bright iron/alloy metal': ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) PLUS  dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright, blazing metal' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

m627 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

1004 m627
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
mẽḍhā ʻcrook, hook', rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.)
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' 
karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'
aya dhakka 'bright iron/alloy metal': ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) PLUS  dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright, blazing metal' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements' 
BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
m4 Text 3109 Field symbol: unicorn + standard
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'
Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
notch: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] jag, notch Rebus: ayaskhāṇḍa 'excellent implements: tools, pots and pans, PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'.
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUS Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
mẽḍhā ʻcrook, hook', rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.)
gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' Rebus 1: gota (laterite, ferrite ore) Rebus 2: goṭā 'gold-braid'

m884 Text 3158 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

3158 m884
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'

5495 Harappa seal
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus:  baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj]Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., ˚ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhībhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. (CDIAL 9656) bhrāṣṭra m. ʻ gridiron ʼ Nir., adj. ʻ cooked on a grid- iron ʼ Pāṇ., ˚ka -- m. (n.?) ʻ frying pan ʼ Pañcat. [NIA. forms all < eastern MIA. *bhāṭha -- , but like Pk. none show medial aspirate except G. with --  -- poss. < -- ḍh -- . -- bhráṣṭra -- , √bhrajj]Pk. bhāḍa -- n. ʻ oven for parching grain ʼ; Phal. bhaṛ<-> ʻ to roast, fry ʼ (NOPhal 31 < bhr̥kta -- with ?); L. bhāṛ ʻ oven ʼ; Ku. bhāṛ ʻ iron oven, fire, furnace ʼ; Bi. bhār ʻ grain -- parcher's fireplace ʼ, (N of Ganges) bhaṛ -- bhū̃jā ʻ grain -- parcher ʼ; OAw. bhārū, pl. ˚rā m. ʻ oven, furnace ʼ; H. bhāṛ m. ʻ oven, grain -- parcher's fireplace, fire ʼ; G. bhāḍi f. ʻ oven ʼ, M. bhāḍ n.(CDIAL 9684) 
h415 Text 4204 Field symbol: unicorn + standard 4204 h415
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting
kuṭi 'warehouse'; kuṭhi 'smelter' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'
kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'

h49 Text 4133 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

4133 h49
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'
m81 Text 1180 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

1180
koḍa 'one' rebus:kōḍ 'place where artisans work, workshop' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright, blazing metal' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
ayo 'fish' rebus:" aya 'metal, iron' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fin' rebus: kammaa 'mint' 
Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) 
koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍa 'workshop' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
h66 Text 4130 Field symbol: unicorn + standard

4130 h66
ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583).
aya dhakka 'bright iron/alloy metal': ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) PLUS  dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright, blazing metal' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

.
m488A Text 2802

m488B Text 2802

m488C Text 2802

Prism: Tablet in bas-relief.  Side b: Text +One-horned bull + standard.  Side a: From R.: a composite animal;  a person seated on a tree with  a tiger below looking up at the person;  a svastika within a square border;  an elephant (Composite animal  has the body of a ram, horns of a zebu, trunk of an elephant, hindlegs of a  tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail).  Side c: From R.: a horned person standing between two branches of a pipal  tree; a ram; a horned person kneeling  in adoration; a low pedestal with some  offerings. 

2802 m488 Prism
Text message:

.bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace;baṭa 'iron'

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: kanahār 'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account''supercargo'. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'; meṛed 'iron' rebus: meḍh 'merchant' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; 2. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', kari 'supercargo'  Indicative that the merchant is seafaring metalsmith. karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman ʼ.(CDIAL 2836) Decipherment: कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'. Thus, supercargo in charge of equiment cargo.

PLUS

maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)  mēdhā 'dhanam' मेध 'yajna, मेधा 'धन' (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क, ii,10) 

khareo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) karaḍā खरडें 'daybook' (Marathi)

šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ khar ʻflying squirrelʼ Rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār guild-master of blacksmith artisans and merchants

मेंढा mēṇḍhā 'A crook or curved end (of a stick)' Rebus: meḍ 'iron'; rebus mēdhā 'dhanam' मेध 'yajna, मेधा 'धन' (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क, ii,10) 

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 

Field symbols:

bāraNe ' an offering of food to a demon' (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi. Bengali) bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)

saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali).

miṇḍ ʻram. ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ(Torwali) meho 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) meho 'merchant's assistant'

dhatu 'scarf' (on the neck of the ram) rebus; dhatu 'mineral ore'

loa 'ficus glomerata' (on the arch) rebus: loh 'copper'

heraka 'spy' (Samskritam) Rebus:eraka 'molten metal, copper'

kola 'tiger' rebus kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' 

Tiger looks back: krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

maṇḍa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maṇḍA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)

karibha, ibha 'elephant' Rebus: karba, ib, 

Hieroglyph: svastika sattva 'svastika symbol' rebus: jasta, 'iron, zinc, metal (alloy of five metals) sattu, satavu, satuvu 'pewter' (Kannada) సత్తుతపెల a vessel made of pewter

maṇḍi 'kneeling position' Rebus: māDa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)

It is notable that sphalerite can also be of high iron varieties and hence, the use of karba, ibha 'elephant' Rebus: karba,ib 'iron' together with svastika on a Mohenjodaro tablet.

Lothal 199A Text 7247 Seal impression

7247 Lothal 199A
dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)
ayo 'fish' rebus:" aya 'metal, iron' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fin' rebus: kammaa 'mint' 
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus; aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, alloy metal ingot.
Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya id. Rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 


m401 Text 2346
2346 m401
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 

h875A Text 4651

h875B Text 4651

4651 h875

Line 1:
sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'.

karã̄ n. pl. ʻwristlets, bangles ʼ (Gujarati) Rebus: khãr खार् 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, accountant

khareo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) karaḍā खरडें 'daybook' (Marathi)

Line 2:

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 

h850A Text 4642

h850B Text 4642

h850C Text 4642

4642 h850

Line 1: aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

Line 2:
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 
kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.)
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, accountant

khareo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) karaḍā खरडें 'daybook' (Marathi)

Line 3: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 
S. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched, Rebus; bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.)

Identical inscription 4645
h849A Text 4645

h849B Text 4645

h849C Text 4645

4645 h849
Line 1: aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

Line 2:
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 
kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.)
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, accountant

khareo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) karaḍā खरडें 'daybook' (Marathi)

Line 3: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 

S. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched, Rebus; bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.)

2612 Mohenjodaro seal
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal, bronze'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, accountant
koḍa 'one' rebus:kōḍ 'place where artisans work, workshop'

aya dhakka 'bright iron/alloy metal': ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) PLUS  dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright, blazing metal' 

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 

3109 m4
kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 
Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864)  PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUS Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
ṭāṅgi 'adze' Rebus: tanka 'mint' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe'smelter', kol 'working in iron' 
gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' (Telugu) Rebus 1: gota (laterite, ferrite ore) Rebus 2: goṭā 'gold-braid'

1253 Mohenjodaro seal
Line 1:
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS mũh, muhã 'ingot'
kuṭi 'curve; rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, cast bronze alloy

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, accountant' PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'

ḍāng'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar'blacksmith'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, accountant

Line 2:
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 
Hieroglyph: Flow: kāṇṭam 'ewer, pot, water' Rebus: khanḍa 'equipment'

2027 Mohenjodaro seal
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' 
kuṭi 'warehouse'; kuṭhi 'smelter'
kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.)
చీమ [ cīma ] chīma. [Tel.] n. An ant. కొండచీమ. the forest ant. రెక్కలచీమ a winged ant. పారేచీమను వింటాడు he can hear an ant crawl, i.e., he is all alive.చీమదూరని అడవి a forest impervious even to an ant. చలిచీమ a black antపై పారేపక్షి కిందపారే చీమ (proverb) The bird above, the ant below, i.e., I had no chance with him. చీమంత of the size of an ant. చీమపులి chīma-puli. n. The ant lion, an ant-eater. చీముంత [ cīmunta ] chīmunta.. [Tel.] n. A metal vesselచెంబు. Rebus: cīmara -- ʻ copper ʼ in mara -- kāra -- ʻ coppersmith ʼ in Saṁghāṭa -- sūtra Gilgit MS. 37 folio 85 verso, 3 (= zaṅs -- mkhan in Tibetan Pekin text Vol. 28 Japanese facsimile 285 a 3 which in Mahāvyutpatti 3790 renders śaulbika -- BHS ii 533. But the Chinese version (Taishō issaikyō ed. text no. 423 p. 971 col. 3, line 2) has t'ie ʻ iron ʼ: H. W. Bailey 21.2.65). [The Kaf. and Dard. word for ʻ iron ʼ appears also in Bur. čhomārčhumər. Turk. timur (NTS ii 250) may come from the same unknown source. Semant. cf. lōhá -- ]Ash. ċímäċimə ʻ iron ʼ (ċiməkára ʻ blacksmith ʼ), Kt. čimé;, Wg. čümāˊr, Pr. zíme, Dm. čimár(r), Paš.lauṛ. čimāˊr, Shum. čímar, Woṭ. Gaw. ċimár,Kalčīmbar, Kho. čúmur, Bshk. čimerTorčimu, Mai. sē̃war, Phal. čímar, Sh.gil. čimĕr (adj. čĭmārí), gur. čimăr m., jij. čimer, K. ċamuru m. (adj.ċamaruwu).(CDIAL 14496)

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.



Brassworkers' 28 wealth accounting ledgers, including a mega ledger m495 of 26 Indus Script hieroglyphs

$
0
0

Field symbol: 'unicorn' + standard

1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi)

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.

3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.

Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.
Lohumjodaro 1A

9011
kamaḍha 'archer' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'
ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'
S. khuṛī f. ʻheel, hoof' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'; kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 
Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄gṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428) 
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன்.கரணம் karaṇam , n. < karaṇa1. Work by one's hand; கையாற் செய்யுந் தொழில். சித்திரக் கர ணஞ் சிதைவின்று செலுத்தும் (சிலப். 3, 54).Title-deed, document (R.F.); சாஸனம். Accountant, karnam; கணக்கன். (S.I.I. i, 65.) கரணத்தான் karaṇattāṉ , n. id. Accountant; கணக்கன். இந்நகரக்கரணத்தான் (S.I.I. iii, 23).கரணன் karaṇaṉ , n. < karaṇa. Accountant; கணக்கன். கரணர்கள் வந்தனர் கழல் வணங்கினார் (கந்தபு. மார்க்கண். 210).கரணிகம் karaṇikam , n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant. கருணீகம் karuṇīkam , n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of village accountant or karṇam; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. கருணீகன் karuṇīkaṉ , n. < id. 1. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன். கடுகை யொருமலை யாகக் . . . காட்டுவோன் கருணீகனாம் (அறப். சத. 86). 2. A South Indian caste of accountants; கணக்கு

வேலைபார்க்கும் ஒருசாதி கரணிக்கன் karaṇikkaṉ , n. cf. காரணிக் கன். Village accountant; கணக்கன். (நாமதீப.) காரணவன் kāraṇavaṉ , n. id. 1. Accountant; கணக்கன். சுந்தரபாண்டியநல்லூர்க் காரணவரோம் (S. I. I. v, 105).காரணிக்கன்

kāraṇikkaṉ , n. < id. Accountant; கணக்கன். (Insc.)See: இஸம் isam , n. < Arab. ism. Name, individual; பெயர்இஸம்கர்ணம் isam-karṇam , n. < id. + karaṇa. Registered village accountant, as dist. fr. one who is actually doing the work; கிராமக் கணக்க மிராசுள்ளவன்.

m955
.
2547
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
Sign 216 ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions;Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincersTe. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

kāru a wild crocodile or alligator rebus: khār 'blacksmith'
m599D

m599A
5076
karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

m922

1282
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworkertongs, pincersTe. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.
m881

1242
मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements [ingots, implements]
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
Lothal 140

7244
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
 Sign 458 is a ligature of fists ligatured to the jar with a rim. Thus there are two hieroglyphs which compose a composite sign, a hypertext: 1. closed fists 2. jar with a rim. 

Jar is read as: baa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaa 'furnace'. Ligatured to a pair of fists, the composite hypertext Sign 458 is read as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaa 'furnace' PLUS मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. Thus, the reading is:muṣṭíka dul bha 'goldsmith metalcasting furnace.'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'
Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 


h13

5055
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop'

meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'


m269rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali) Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅrāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g) ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567) తుత్తము [ tuttamu ] or తుత్తరము tuttamu. [Tel.] n. sulphate of zinc. మైలతుత్తము sulphate of copper, blue-stone.తుత్తినాగము [ tuttināgamu ] tutti-nāgamu. [Chinese.] n. Pewter. Zinc. లోహవిశేషము (Telugu) (Spelter is commercial crude smelted zinc; a solder or other alloy in which zinc is the main constituent.)


2663
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'


m252 Field symbol: barad, balad 'ox' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi); भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) PLUS pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild'

2423

ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'

Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 
arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion'

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings brass implements'

Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 
khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'
m486A kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter
' PLUS pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild'
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker


m486B Field symbol: barad, balad 'ox' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi); भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) PLUS pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild'


kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment' 

ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'

m486C Field symbol: Unicorn the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.
khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus: khaṇḍa, 'equipment'.
muh 'ingot' PLUS khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) Rebus: khaṇḍa, 'equipment'; thus, together, ingots and equipment
śrēṣṭhin khār 'squirrel' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār guild-master of blacksmith artisans and merchants 
मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron

 mēdhā 'dhanam'मेध 'yajna, मेधा 'धन' (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क, ii,10)


1625

2852

m1110 Field symbol: Zebu Field symbol of zebu: पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4'Thus the equipment specified are made of iron pyrites.


1334
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop'
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) copper (Slavic) PLUS.ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'


m402
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
The hieroglyph of Indus Script cipher which signifies this metal alloy is Sign 48 (ASI 1977 sign list): baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu)

baraḍo 'spinebackbone' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) 
भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) 
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
The hieroglyph, 'four spouts in watery field' is a hypertext composed of two hieroglyphs: 1. count of four; 2. sprout. The Meluhha rebus expression reads: kor̤u 'sprout' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kor̤u'bar of metal' PLUS kaṇḍa'equipment'.

Paul Yule has demonstrated a 'bar of metal' of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization is an ingot. The bars of metal as shown in the figure are used in the smithy/forge to create metal equipment, metalware and metal weapons.
Sign 190 is a hypertext composed of 1. count of four; 2. sprout. Thus, the message is: bar of metal & equipment.
Variants of Sign 190
 Sprout hieroglyph
Variants of Sign 169

2395
Hieroglyhph: Tooth, tusk: Pa. daṭṭhā -- f. ʻ large tooth, fang, tusk ʼ; Pk. daṁṭhā -- f. ʻ fang ʼ; S. ḍ̠āṭha f. ʻ molar ʼ, P.pow. dāṭhā m.; WPah. jaun. ḍāṭho ʻ jaw ʼ; -- Pk. daṁṭhi -- ʻ having big fangs ʼ; S. ḍ̠āṭhiru ʻ tusked ʼ.Pa. dāṭhā -- f. (older ˚ṭha -- m. BSBU 146) ʻ large tooth, tusk ʼ, Pk. dāḍhā -- f.; Gy. rum. hung. thar, pl. ˚ra f. ʻ back tooth ʼ, gr. tar f. ʻ gums ʼ, wel. tar f. ʻ jaw, gums ʼ (DGW iv 359 wrongly < tāˊlu -- ); Kal.rumb. -- dōŕy*lk in dh*lndōŕy*lk ʻ tooth ʼ (see dánta -- ); S. ḍ̠āṛha f. ʻ molar ʼ; L. dāhaṛ f. ʻ molar ʼ, (Ju.) ḍ̠āṛh f. ʻ tusk, root of tooth, bite (of an animal) ʼ, awāṇ. dāˋṛ ʻ long tooth ʼ; P. dāṛhdāhṛ f. ʻ molar ʼ; Ku. dāṛ ʻ jaws ʼ, gng. ʻ projecting tooth ʼ; N. dāro ʻ tusk, fang ʼ; A. dār ʻ row of teeth of fish or reptile, teeth of saw or sickle ʼ; B. dāṛdāṛ(h)āḍāṛ ʻ tooth, fang ʼ; Or. dāṛhā̆ ʻ tusk, fang, sting ʼ; H. dāṛhḍāṛh f. ʻ molar ʼ, dāṛhāḍā˚ m. ʻ large tooth, tusk ʼ; G. dāḍhḍāḍh f. ʻ molar ʼ; M. dāḍh f. ʻ fang, jaw ʼ; Si. daḷa ʻ tusk, fang ʼ. <-> Deriv. Pa. dāṭhin -- ʻ tusked ʼ; Pk. dāḍhi -- ʻ tusked ʼ, m. ʻ boar ʼ; N. dāre ʻ tusked, male (of stag) ʼ; -- S. ḍ̠āṛhaṇu ʻ to bite ʼ; Ku. dāṛaṇo ʻ to bite, injure ʼ. -- X jámbha -- : S. j̄āṛhaj̄āṛī f. ʻ jaw ʼ; P. jāṛh f. ʻ molar ʼ; -- M. dābhāḍ n. ʻ jaw ʼ (X j̈ābhāḍ < *jambhahaḍḍa -- ) (CDIAL6250) Rebus; dhatu 'mineral ore'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
baraḍo 'spinebackbone' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) 
भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) 
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'1 PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. 
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kor̤u 'sprout' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kor̤u'bar of metal' PLUS kaṇḍa'equipment'.

2079 Mohenjodaro
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop'
Sign 67 This is a hypertext, ligaturring 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph:  khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner,coinage' PLUS  Sign 59 aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 67 signifies alloy metal mint.
Pa. daṭṭhā -- f. ʻ large tooth, fang, tusk ʼ; Pk. daṁṭhā -- f. ʻ fang ʼ;Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

m517A

m517B

3334
ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'


m1363

2372
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

h157

4284
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

m374

2097
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]
 kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'


1707
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'


2294 Mohenjodaro
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'



Lothal 789

7077
meṭṭu 'mound, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'' (Semantic determinative)

Lothal 88

7017
kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  Thus hypertext of Sign 294 signifies bronze castings. [bronze castings].
పోలడు pōlaḍu 'black drongo' rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint' (Russian)
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright, blazing metal' PLUS koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop' PLUS koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
kor̤u 'sprout' . Rebus: kor̤u'bar of metal'
m487A

m487B

m487C
3119
dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'.
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
tridhatu 'three minerals'
aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

h838

h838B

4375
Line 2: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smith, forge'
baṭa'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'
Line1: kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop'
śrēṣṭhin khār 'squirrel' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār guild-master of blacksmith artisans and merchants 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'
m1329A

m1329C

2439
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'
tridhatu 'three minerals'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'

1424 Mohenjodaro
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop'
खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
m1578

3251
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) copper (Slavic) PLUS.ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' 
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.

m495.B
m495C
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Sign 386 is a hypertext composed of Sign 373 and notch. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware' PLUS mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (oval-/rhombus-shaped like a bun-ingot).The hypertext Sign 386 reads two distinct wealth categories: muhã khāṇḍā 'ingots, equipment, tools, metalware'.
Variants of Sign 53 ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali) 
Variants of Sign 48  Sign 48 is a 'backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharata = 

moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to 

pour into (Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bha

bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit. )baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) 
Variants of Sign 12kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.
Sign 342 'rim-of-jar'कर्णक m. (ifc. f(आ).) a prominence or handle or projection on the side or sides (of a vessel &c ) , a tendril S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. Rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman; m. pl. N. of a people VP. (Monier-Williams) rebus:karṇī 'supercargo', 'engraver' (Marathi) .
Triplets of Sign 328 
SignVariants of Sign 169
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Variant of Sign 137
Sign 155Variants of Sign 155
Variants of Sign 343 
Sign 10 is a ligature of stool with Sign 1 'body'. Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. గడమంచె gaḍa-manche. n. A wooden frame like a bench to keep things on. గంపలు మొదలగువాటిని ఉంచు మంచె (DEDR 1179)..rebus: Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. PLUS mē̃dmēd 'body, womb, back' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages.
Sign 81 Variants of Sign 81

Bird hieroglyph: Hieroglyph: black drongo: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); lād 'steel' (Arabic) The Prakritam gloss पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; poliya 'citizen, gatekeeper of town quarter'. Thus, the black drongo perched on a zebu, bos indicus as a hypertext signifies: magnetite, ferrite ore and steel.
Sign 403Variants of Sign 403
Sign 403 is a duplication of  dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS  Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingotmũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'.
Sign 87Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' (Semantic determinative)
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Variants of Sign 343 khāṇḍā karṇī 'metalware supercargo'.
Sign 294Duplicated curves: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  Thus hypertext of Sign 294 signifies bronze castings. [bronze castings].
Sign 298baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. 
Sign 391 
Image result for bharatkalyan97 dholavira signboard
The Signboard was discovered lying on the ground,near the gateway of Dholavira.
The three-part proclamation message of the Dholavira Signboard transcribed:


Image result for dholavira signboard bharatkalyan97
There are three proclamations on the signboard with three segments of messages.
Sign 391 is the opening statement of each of the three segments of Dholavira signboard message. This is a ligatured hieroglyph. 

 څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ).
   څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه).Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' agasāla 'goldsmith workshop'.
ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka =?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel,nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = anymetal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka= copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a= syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spokeof wheel  ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spokeof a wheel.See ஆரக்கால்ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய்நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண்253). Rebus: ஆரம் brass; பித்தளை.(அகநி.) pittal is cognate with 'pewter'.
Sign 87 Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' (Semantic determinative)
Sign 112Sign 112: Four count, three : gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware' PLUS
||| Number three reads: kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus,the hypertext of Sign 104 reads: kolami khaṇḍa 'smithy/forge (for) implements.'
Sign 294 Duplicated curves: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  Thus hypertext of Sign 294 signifies bronze castings. [bronze castings].
Sign 171

Sign 171 N. ̄de ʻ harrow S. ḍ̠andārī f. ʻ rake ʼ, L(Ju.) ḍ̠ãdāl m., °lī f. (CDIAL 6153) rebus:dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali)  dhātu n. ʻsubstance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour)ʼ; dhāūdhāv
m.f. 
ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(Marathi) धवड (p. 436) [ dhavaa ] m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron (Marathi)(CDIAL 6773).  

Sign8 Variants of Sign 8kamaḍha 'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' bhaa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.
Sign 342Variants of Sign 342 
 'rim-of-jar'कर्णक m. (ifc. f(आ).) a prominence or handle or projection on the side or sides (of a vessel &c ) , a tendril S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. Rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman; m. pl. N. of a people VP. (Monier-Williams) rebus:karṇī 'supercargo', 'engraver' (Marathi) .

Anthropomorph &'unicorn' on m1224 seal are dhangar 'bull' rebus ṭãksāḷ 'mint', ṭaksāḷī 'mint-master', dhangar 'blacksmith'; thakur 'blacksmith'

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--kō̃da singi 'engraver, lapidary working with ornament gold' and koṇḍa, agnikuṇḍa 'sacred fire trench with live coals'.

The m1224 seal with field symbols and text messages is a comprehensive, detailed description of the professional competence of the artisan who is a ṭaksāḷī ʻmint -- masterʼ.

Field symbol: 'unicorn' + standard

1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi) koṇḍa, agnikuṇḍa'sacred fire trench with live coals'.

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.

3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.

Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.

There are three field symbols on m1224 seal: On two sides of the seal, a forward-thrusting, spiny horned young bull PLUS standard device is shown with inscriptions of text on the two sides. Anthropomorphs of standing persons with horns and bovine features (hoofed legs and/or tail) are the field symbols on two sides of the seal..

Field symbol: Anthropomorph. Standing person with horns and bovine features (hoofed legs and/or tail). This is a composite body showing below the waist, a bovine with hoofed legs, tail below the waist and the upper part is a human with horns. The hypertext reading is: (Santali) ḍ̠ãgar 'horned cattle' rebus: ḍāṅro 'blacksmith; ṭhakkura'idol, deity'.

Hieroglyph, part of composite body below waist: Hieroglyph: Buttock, back, thigh: (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄gṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428)  *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄kḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍākḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāgḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582) *ḍaṅgara1 ʻ cattle ʼ. 2. *daṅgara -- . [Same as ḍaṅ- gara -- 2 s.v. *ḍagga -- 2 as a pejorative term for cattle]1. K. ḍangur m. ʻ bullock ʼ, L. ḍaṅgur, (Ju.) ḍ̠ãgar m. ʻ horned cattle ʼ; P. ḍaṅgar m. ʻ cattle ʼ, Or. ḍaṅgara; Bi. ḍã̄gar ʻ old worn -- out beast, dead cattle ʼ, dhūr ḍã̄gar ʻ cattle in general ʼ; Bhoj. ḍāṅgar ʻ cattle ʼ; H. ḍã̄garḍã̄grā m. ʻ horned cattle ʼ.2. H. dã̄gar m. = prec.Ku. ḍã̄go ʻ lean (e.g. of oxen) ʼ; N. ḍã̄go ʻ male (of animals) ʼ; L. (Shahpur) ḍhag̠g̠ā ʻ small weak ox ʼ, ḍhag̠g̠ī f. ʻ cow ; S. ḍhiṅgaru m. ʻ lean emaciated beast ʼ; †*ḍagga -- 3 ʻ cattle ʼ. 2. †*ḍhagga -- 2. [Cf. *ḍaṅgara -- 1, *daṅgara -- ]1. WPah.kṭg. ḍɔggɔ m. ʻ a head of cattle ʼ, ḍɔgge m.pl. ʻ cattle ʼ, sat. (LSI ix 4, 667) ḍōgai ʻ cattle ʼ.2. S.kcch. ḍhago m. ʻ ox ʼ, L(Shahpur) ḍhaggā m. ʻ small weak ox ʼ, ḍhaggī f. ʻ cow ʼ, Garh. ḍhã̄gu ʻ old bull ʼ.ʼ(CDIAL 5524, 5526)

Rebus 1: mint, pure gold: Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) टङ्क m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषs S3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L. ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl°ār, B. ṭāksālṭã̄k°ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl°ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksālṭāk°ṭãk°ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434) ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex.1. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgif.; K.ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg°gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā°gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ. (CDIAL 5427)  ṭaṅka1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ ŚārṅgS., ʻ a stamped coin ʼ Hit., °aka -- m. ʻ a silver coin ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ lex. 3. *ṭakka -- 1. [Bloch IA 59 ← Tatar tanka (Khot. tanka = kārṣāpaṇa S. Konow Saka Studies 184)]1. Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ a stamped coin ʼ; N. ṭã̄k ʻ button ʼ (lw. with k); Or. ṭaṅkā ʻ rupee ʼ; H. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ a partic. weight equivalent to 1/72 ser ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ.2. H. ṭaṅgā m. ʻ a coin worth 2 paisā ʼ.3. Sh. ṭăk m. ʻ button ʼ; S. ṭako m. ʻ two paisā ʼ, pl. ʻ money in general ʼ, ṭrakaku ʻ worth two paisā ʼ, m. ʻ coin of that value ʼ; P. ṭakā m. ʻ a copper coin ʼ; Ku. ṭākā ʻ two paisā ʼ; N. ṭako ʻ money ʼ; A. ṭakā ʻ rupee ʼ, B. ṭākā; Mth. ṭakāṭakkāṭakwā ʻ money ʼ, Bhoj. ṭākā; H. ṭakā m. ʻ two paisā coin ʼ, G. ṭakɔ m., M. ṭakā m.*uṭṭaṅka -- , *ṣaṭṭaṅka -- , ṭaṅkaśālā -- .Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 1 [H. W. Bailey in letter of 6.11.66: Khot. tanka is not = kārṣāpaṇa -- but is older Khot. ttandäka ʻ so much ʼ < *tantika -- ](CDIAL 5426) *ṭaṅkati2 ʻ chisels ʼ. [ṭaṅka -- 2Pa. ṭaṅkita -- mañca -- ʻ a stone (i.e. chiselled) platform ʼ; G. ṭã̄kvũ ʻ to chisel ʼ, M. ṭã̄kṇẽ.(CDIAL 5433)

Rebus 2: N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ(CDIAL 5524) ṭhakkura m. ʻ idol, deity (cf. ḍhakkārī -- ), ʼ lex., ʻ title ʼ Rājat. [Dis- cussion with lit. by W. Wüst RM 3, 13 ff. Prob. orig. a tribal name EWA i 459, which Wüst considers nonAryan borrowing of śākvará -- : very doubtful] Pk. ṭhakkura -- m. ʻ Rajput, chief man of a village ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) takur ʻ barber ʼ (= ṭ˚ ← Ind.?), Sh. ṭhăkŭr m.; K. ṭhôkur m. ʻ idol ʼ ( ← Ind.?); S. ṭhakuru m. ʻ fakir, term of address between fathers of a husband and wife ʼ; P. ṭhākar m. ʻ landholder ʼ, ludh. ṭhaukarm. ʻ lord ʼ; Ku. ṭhākur m. ʻ master, title of a Rajput ʼ; N. ṭhākur ʻ term of address from slave to master ʼ (f. ṭhakurāni), ṭhakuri ʻ a clan of Chetris ʼ (f. ṭhakurni); A. ṭhākur ʻ a Brahman ʼ, ṭhākurānī ʻ goddess ʼ; B. ṭhākurāniṭhākrān˚run ʻ honoured lady, goddess ʼ; Or. ṭhākura ʻ term of address to a Brahman, god, idol ʼ, ṭhākurāṇī ʻ goddess ʼ; Bi. ṭhākur ʻ barber ʼ; Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. ṭhākur ʻ lord, master ʼ; H. ṭhākur m. ʻ master, landlord, god, idol ʼ, ṭhākurāinṭhā̆kurānī f. ʻ mistress, goddess ʼ; G. ṭhākor˚kar m. ʻ member of a clan of Rajputs ʼ, ṭhakrāṇī f. ʻ his wife ʼ, ṭhākor ʻ god, idol ʼ; M. ṭhākur m. ʻ jungle tribe in North Konkan, family priest, god, idol ʼ; Si. mald. "tacourou"ʻ title added to names of noblemen ʼ (HJ 915) prob. ← Ind.Addenda: ṭhakkura -- : Garh. ṭhākur ʻ master ʼ; A. ṭhākur also ʻ idol ʼ (CDIAL 5488)

Standing person with an upraised right arm (focus on his shoulder), is ligatured at his waist, to the back of a bovine.

Blacksmith's workshop is signified by the horns on his head-dress: Hieroglyph: koḍ horn’ rebus: ko ‘workshop’. His upraised eṟake 'shoulder' signified rebus: Kannada. eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal). The body (person) hieroglyph reads rebus:  Hieroglyph: meḍ ‘body’ rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'metal' (Skt.Santali.Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) mṛdu मृदु a. [मृद्-कु] Soft, tender, supple, pliant, delicate; -दु n. 1 Softness, gentleness. -2 A kind of iron; -कार्ष्णायसम्, -कृष्णायसम्soft-iron, lead (Apte). Softness of iron is mentioned in early text, see for example citations from Rāmāyaṇa:  मृदु तीक्ष्णतरं यदुच्यते तदिदं मन्मथ दृश्यते त्वयि M.3.2; अथवा मृदु वस्तु हिंसितुं मृदुनैवारभते प्रजान्तकः R.8.45,57; Ś.1.1; 4.11. -2Soft, mild, gentle; न खरो न च भूयसा मृदुः R. 8.9; बाणं कृपामृदुमनाः प्रतिसंजहार 9.57 'with his mind softened with pity. Thus, the composition of the hypertext of a bull-man with horns and upraised arm signifies an iron/coppersmith.
ఎరక eraka eraka. [Tel.] n. Wing రెక్క. A rib. పక్షియెముక. Shoulder భుజము. Eraka ‘upraisedarm’ rebus:eraka ‘moltencast, copper’ Kannada. eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. (DEDR 866) Hieroglyph: Upper arm: Ta. ciṟai, ciṟaku, ciṟakar wing; iṟai, iṟaku, iṟakar, iṟakkai wing, feather. Ma. iṟaku, ciṟaku wing. Ko. rek wing, feather. Ka. eṟake, eṟaṅke, ṟakke, ṟekke wing; ṟaṭṭe, ṟeṭṭe wing, upper arm. Koḍ. rekke wing;raṭṭe upper arm. Tu. ediṅke, reṅkè wing. Te. eṟaka, ṟekka, rekka, neṟaka, neṟi id. Kol. reḍapa, (SR.) reppā id.; (P.) reṛapa id., feather. Nk. rekka, reppa wing. Pa. (S.) rekka id. Go. (S.) rekka wing-feather; reka(M.) feather, (Ko.) wing (Voc. 3045). Konḍa ṟeka wing, upper arm. Kuwi (Su.) rekka wing. Cf. 1983 Ko. kerŋgl and 3424 To. tergy. (DEDR 2591)

m1224e One side of a Mohenjo-daro tablet A unique pattern of hypertext formation on Indus Script Corpora is exemplified by the composite motif of a bull-man. This pattern of ligaturing which started with the Indus Script Cipher continues in many artifacts of Ancient Near East where bull-men are orthographed on artifacts.


This field symbol of an anthropomorph is repeated on other inscriptions (tablets and seals):



a Some figures have  ḍã̄gḷī f. ʻ small branches ʼ as horns.Hieroglyph: ḍaṅgorī 'staff, mace': ḍã̄g डाँग् । स्थूलदण्डः m. a club, mace (Gr.Gr. 1); a blow with a stick or cudgel (Śiv. 13); a walking-stick. Cf. ḍã̄guvu. -- dini -- । ताडनम् m. pl. inf. to give clubs; to give a drubbing, to flog a person as a punishment.(Kashmiri) ḍakka2 ʻ stick ʼ. 2. *ḍaṅga -- 1. [Cf. other variants for ʻ stick ʼ: ṭaṅka -- 3, *ṭiṅkara -- , *ṭhiṅga -- 1, *ḍikka -- 1 (*ḍiṅka -- )] 1. S. ḍ̠aku m. ʻ stick put up to keep a door shut ʼ, ḍ̠akaru ʻ stick, straw ʼ; P. ḍakkā m. ʻ straw ʼ, ḍakkrā m. ʻ bit (of anything) ʼ; N. ḍã̄klo ʻ stalk, stem ʼ. 2. Pk. ḍaṅgā -- f. ʻ stick ʼ; A. ḍāṅ ʻ thick stick ʼ; B. ḍāṅ ʻ pole for hanging things on ʼ; Or. ḍāṅga ʻ stick ʼ; H. ḍã̄g f. ʻ club ʼ (→ P. ḍã̄g f. ʻ stick ʼ; K. ḍã̄g m. ʻ club, mace ʼ); G. ḍã̄g f., °gɔḍãgorɔ 
m., °rũ n. ʻ stick ʼ; M. ḍãgarṇẽ n. ʻ short thick stick ʼ, ḍã̄gḷī f. ʻ small branch ʼ, ḍã̄gśī f. 1: WPah.kṭg. ḍāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ stick ʼ, ḍaṅgṛɔ m. ʻ stalk (of a plant) ʼ; -- poss. kṭg. (kc.) ḍaṅgrɔ m. ʻ axe ʼ, poet. ḍaṅgru m., °re f.; J. ḍã̄grā m. ʻ small weapon like axe ʼ, P. ḍaṅgorī f. ʻ small staff or club ʼ (Him.I 84).(CDIAL 5520). (Semantic determinative of ḍāṅro 'blacksmith'

Baked clay plaque showing a bull-man holding a post.

British Museum number103225 Baked clay plaque showing a bull-man holding a post. 

Old Babylonian 2000BC-1600BCE Length: 12.8 centimetres Width: 7 centimetres Barcelona 2002 cat.181, p.212 BM Return 1911 p. 66 

On this terracotta plaque, the mace is a phonetic determinant of the bovine (bull) ligatured to the body of the person holding the mace. The person signified is: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) ḍhangra ‘bull’. Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’.
Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5488) N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ "... head and torso of a human but the horns, lower body and legs of a bull...Baked clay plaques like this were mass-produced using moulds in southern Mesopotamia from the second millennium BCE. British Museum. WCO2652Bull-manTerracotta plaque. Bull-man holding a post. Mesopotamia, ca. 2000-1600 BCE." 
Terracotta. This plaque depicts a creature with the head and torso of a human but the horns, lower body and legs of a bull. Though similar figures are depicted earlier in Iran, they are first seen in Mesopotamian art around 2500 BC, most commonly on cylinder seals, and are associated with the sun-god Shamash. The bull-man was usually shown in profile, with a single visible horn projecting forward. However, here he is depicted in a less common form; his whole body above the waist, shown in frontal view, shows that he was intended to be double-horned. He may be supporting a divine emblem and thus acting as a protective deity.
Old Babylonian, about 2000-1600 BCE From Mesopotamia Length: 12.8 cm Width: 7cm ME 103225 Room 56: Mesopotamia Briish Museum
Baked clay plaques like this were mass-produced using moulds in southern Mesopotamia from the second millennium BCE. While many show informal scenes and reflect the private face of life, this example clearly has magical or religious significance.
Hieroglyph carried on a flagpost by the blacksmith (bull ligatured man: ḍhangar 'bull' Rebus: blacksmith')

1227 Standing person with horns and bovine features (hoofed legs and/or tail).
Text of inscription: 

Line 1, from r. to l.:

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS  taṭṭal 'five' rebus: taar 'brass'; ṭhaṭera 'bazier, manufacturer of brassware'





kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarat) Rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'  PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, metalcasters' daybooks.

Line 2:
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
Sign 342 'rim-of-jar'कर्णक m. (ifc. f(आ).) a prominence or handle or projection on the side or sides (of a vessel &c ) , a tendril S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. Rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman; m. pl. N. of a people VP. (Monier-Williams) rebus: karṇī 'supercargo', 'engraver' (Marathi), scribe, accountant. 
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'' (Semantic determinative)
khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarat) Rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'

Thus, daybooks documented by karṇī 'supercargo', 'engraver' (Marathi), scribe, accountant. 

m1224

Rhinoceros hieroglyphs on 38 Indus Script wealth ledgers record trade transactions of paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory', pattar 'merchants'

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-- gaṇḍa rhinoceros hieroglyph rebus  ګینډيَ genḏḏaey 'shield', khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'
-- Equipment Indus Script wealth ledgers with rhinoceros & pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' rebus paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory', pattar 'merchants' 

Field symbol:.kāṇṭā-mirukam , n. [M. kāṇṭāmṛgam.] Rhinoceros (Tamil) Some inscriptions show a feeding trough in front of the rhinoceros.  pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' (Sindhi) on Indus Script Corpora rebus బత్తుడు battuḍu 'artificer' pattar 'goldsmith guild' https://tinyurl.com/y6vhrwsa which suggests a rebus reading of

pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' (Sindhi) rebus: பத்தர்² pattarn. < T. battuḍu. A guild or title of goldsmiths.பத்தர்pattar, n. perh. vartaka. Merchants; வியாபாரிகள். (W.) paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory'

Vikalpa rebus readings may be: paṭṭī 'inventory'; పట్ర  paṭra, patta 'village, hamlet, town'

 (Santali) గండమృగము ganḍa-mṛigamu. n. The rhinoceros. BD. iii. 2170. (Telugu) Rebus: khanḍa 'implements'
(Santali)

 ଗଣ୍ଡାପାତ୍ରୀ Ganḍāpātrī ଦେ. ବି. (ସଂ. ଗଣ୍ଡ ଓ ପାତ୍ର)— ଗଣ୍ଡାର ଶିଙ୍ଘ ବା ଖଡ଼୍ଗରୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ପାତ୍ରୀ (ଏଥିରେ ହିନ୍ଦୁମାନେ ପିତୃଲୋକ ଉଦ୍ଦ୍ଯେଶରେ ତର୍ପଣ କରନ୍ତି)— A boat-shaped pot for offering water to the manes made from the snout of a rhinoceros.

   ଗଣ୍ଡାର Gaṇḍāra ଦେ. ବି. (ସଂ. ଗଣ୍ଡକ)— ଗଣ୍ଡା ନାମକ ବନ୍ଯ ଜନ୍ତୁ— Rhinoceros. gaṇḍá4 m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ lex., ˚aka -- m. lex. 2. *ga- yaṇḍa -- . [Prob. of same non -- Aryan origin as khaḍgá -- 1: cf. gaṇōtsāha -- m. lex. as a Sanskritized form ← Mu. PMWS 138]1. Pa. gaṇḍaka -- m., Pk. gaṁḍaya -- m., A. gãr, Or. gaṇḍā.2. K. gö̃ḍ m., S. geṇḍo m. (lw. with g -- ), P. gaĩḍā m., ˚ḍī f., N. gaĩṛo, H. gaĩṛā m., G. gẽḍɔ m., ˚ḍī f., M. gẽḍā m. Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 4. 2. *gayaṇḍa -- : WPah.kṭg. geṇḍɔ mirg m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ, Md. genḍā ← H.(CDIAL 4000)  गेंडा gēṇḍā m ( H) A rhinoceros (Marathi)  gonḍu 4 गंडु॒ m. a rhinoceros (L.V. 47)  gö̃ḍ गाँ॑ड् गण्डकः m. a rhinoceros. gö̃ḍa-nyoṭhu गाँ॑ड-न्य॑ठु॒ । गण्डकास्थिमयमङ्गुष्ठभूषणम् m. a thumb-ring made of rhinoceros-horn and worn by women. -pötar -पा॑त्र् । खङ्गास्थिभवं पात्रम् m. a cup made of rhinoceros-horn, often used in making offerings at a Hindū śrāddha. -wöjü -वा॑जू॒ । गण्डकास्थिमयोर्मिका f. a finger-ring made of rhinoceros-horn and worn by both men and women.(Kashmiri)

Rebus: गठडें gaṭhaḍēm n A bundle (as of clothes). 2 fig. Property, wealth, substance; a stock, a fund, a store.गठडी gaṭhaḍī f ( H) A bundle (as of clothes &c.) 2 A little bundle (as that formed by a few rupees, a few grains, a marble, a nodule of lime, sugar &c. secured by a knot in the corner of a cloth). 3 fig. Property, substance, wealth.(Marathi)

Rebus: గండరువు [Tel.] n. A mould. అచ్చు. ప్రతిమగాచేయు అచ్చుపడి.
Rebus:    ګینډيَ genḏḏaey, s.m. (1st) A rhinoceros. 2. A shield made of a rhinocerosʼ hide. Pl. يِ īګینډئِي genḏḏaʿī, s.f. (6th) The female of the above. Sing. and Pl. (S گینڐا).  P کرک kark, s.m. (2nd) A rhinoceros. 2. Rhinoceros hide. Pl. کرکونه kark-ūnahد کرک سپر da kark sʿpar, A shield of rhinoceros hide.(Pashto)

கண்டானுமுண்டானும் kaṇṭāṉumuṇṭāṉum , n. Redupl. of கண்டானும். Household utensils, great and small, useful and useless; வீட்டுத் தட்டுமுட்டுகள். கண்டானு முண்டானும் இத் தனை எதற்குLoc.

Banawali 15

9203 kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Allahdino Nel Bazaar 5
काण्ड an arrow MBh. xiii , 265 Hit. (Monier-Williams, p. 269) Rebus: काण्ड abundance; a multitude, heap , quantity' khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS Frame of a cart:  saṭṭa2 n. ʻ door -- frame ʼ lex.
N. sāṭo ʻ crosspiece of bamboo or wood in a grass wall ʼ; G. sāṭ f. ʻ backbone ʼ, sāṭɔ m. ʻ frame of a cart ʼ; M. sāṭsāṭā m. ʻ frame of split bamboo ʼ (or < *chaṭṭa -- 2)(CDIAL 13102) Rebus: *saṭṭa1 ʻ exchange ʼ. [Scarcely with LM 418 < sāˊrtha -- : cf. saṭṭayati2 ʻ gives (v.l. receives) ʼ Dhātup., ṣaṭṭayati2 ʻ gives ʼ lex., sanskritized as sattra -- n. ʻ wealth, gift ʼ]
Pk. saṭṭa -- ʻ exchanged ʼ, m. ʻ exchange ʼ, saṭṭī -- f., S. saṭo m.; P. saṭṭī f. ʻ exchange market ʼ; Ku. sã̄ṭo ʻ exchange ʼ, saṭoṇo ʻ to exchange, barter ʼ; N. sāṭo ʻ amends, revenge ʼ, sāṭnu ʻ to exchange ʼ; H. sāṭā m. ʻ exchange ʼ; G. sāṭũ n. ʻ bargain ʼ, sāṭvũ ʻ to make a bargain ʼ; M. sāṭṇē ʻ to buy up stock ʼ; -- A. xuṭāiba ʻ to retaliate ʼ (X xuziba < śúdhyati?).(CDIAL 13101) Thus, a barter exchange for metal castings.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன்.கரணம் karaṇam , n. < karaṇa1. Work by one's hand; கையாற் செய்யுந் தொழில். சித்திரக் கர ணஞ் சிதைவின்று செலுத்தும் (சிலப். 3, 54).Title-deed, document (R.F.); சாஸனம். Accountant, karnam; கணக்கன். (S.I.I. i, 65.) கரணத்தான் karaṇattāṉ , n. id. Accountant; கணக்கன். இந்நகரக்கரணத்தான் (S.I.I. iii, 23).கரணன் karaṇaṉ , n. < karaṇa. Accountant; கணக்கன். கரணர்கள் வந்தனர் கழல் வணங்கினார் (கந்தபு. மார்க்கண். 210).கரணிகம் karaṇikam , n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant. கருணீகம் karuṇīkam , n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of village accountant or karṇam; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. கருணீகன் karuṇīkaṉ , n. < id. 1. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன். கடுகை யொருமலை யாகக் . . . காட்டுவோன் கருணீகனாம் (அறப். சத. 86). 2. A South Indian caste of accountants; கணக்குவேலைபார்க்கும் ஒருசாதி கரணிக்கன் karaṇikkaṉ , n. cf. காரணிக் கன். Village accountant; கணக்கன். (நாமதீப.) காரணவன் kāraṇavaṉ , n. id. 1. Accountant; கணக்கன். சுந்தரபாண்டியநல்லூர்க் காரணவரோம் (S. I. I. v, 105).காரணிக்கன் kāraṇikkaṉ , n. < id. Accountant; கணக்கன். (Insc.)See: இஸம் isam , n. < Arab. ism. Name, individual; பெயர்இஸம்கர்ணம் isam-karṇam , n. < id. + karaṇa. Registered village accountant, as dist. fr. one who is actually doing the work; கிராமக் கணக்க மிராசுள்ளவன்.

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'. Thus, equipment workshop.


h88
4203

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

h1995B  గండమృగము ganḍa-mṛigamu. n. The rhinoceros. BD. iii. 2170. (Telugu) Rebus: khanḍa 'implements'
.
m274
1342
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of an artisan guild'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant PLUS kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS
खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'
Bird hieroglyph: Hieroglyph: black drongo: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); lād 'steel' (Arabic) The Prakritam gloss पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; poliya 'citizen, gatekeeper of town quarter'. Thus, the black drongo perched on a zebu, bos indicus as a hypertext signifies: magnetite, ferrite ore and steel.
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m275
2131

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
S. khuṛī f. ʻheel, hoof' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'; kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) 
Hieroglyph, thigh:  Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄gṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428)  *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄kḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍākḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāgḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582) *ḍaṅgara1 ʻ cattle ʼ. 2. *daṅgara -- . [Same as ḍaṅ- gara -- 2 s.v. *ḍagga -- 2 as a pejorative term for cattle]1. K. ḍangur m. ʻ bullock ʼ, L. ḍaṅgur, (Ju.) ḍ̠ãgar m. ʻ horned cattle ʼ; P. ḍaṅgar m. ʻ cattle ʼ, Or. ḍaṅgara; Bi. ḍã̄gar ʻ old worn -- out beast, dead cattle ʼ, dhūr ḍã̄gar ʻ cattle in general ʼ; Bhoj. ḍāṅgar ʻ cattle ʼ; H. ḍã̄garḍã̄grā m. ʻ horned cattle ʼ.2. H. dã̄gar m. = prec.Ku. ḍã̄go ʻ lean (e.g. of oxen) ʼ; N. ḍã̄go ʻ male (of animals) ʼ; L. (Shahpur) ḍhag̠g̠ā ʻ small weak ox ʼ, ḍhag̠g̠ī f. ʻ cow ; S. ḍhiṅgaru m. ʻ lean emaciated beast ʼ; †*ḍagga -- 3 ʻ cattle ʼ. 2. †*ḍhagga -- 2. [Cf. *ḍaṅgara -- 1, *daṅgara -- ]1. WPah.kṭg. ḍɔggɔ m. ʻ a head of cattle ʼ, ḍɔgge m.pl. ʻ cattle ʼ, sat. (LSI ix 4, 667) ḍōgai ʻ cattle ʼ.2. S.kcch. ḍhago m. ʻ ox ʼ, L(Shahpur) ḍhaggā m. ʻ small weak ox ʼ, ḍhaggī f. ʻ cow ʼ, Garh. ḍhã̄gu ʻ old bull ʼ.ʼ(CDIAL 5524, 5526)

Rebus 1: mint, pure gold: Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) टङ्क m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषs S3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L. ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl°ār, B. ṭāksālṭã̄k°ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl°ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksālṭāk°ṭãk°ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434) ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex.1. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgif.; K.ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg°gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā°gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ. (CDIAL 5427)  ṭaṅka1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ ŚārṅgS., ʻ a stamped coin ʼ Hit., °aka -- m. ʻ a silver coin ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ lex. 3. *ṭakka -- 1. [Bloch IA 59 ← Tatar tanka (Khot. tanka = kārṣāpaṇa S. Konow Saka Studies 184)]1. Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ a stamped coin ʼ; N. ṭã̄k ʻ button ʼ (lw. with k); Or. ṭaṅkā ʻ rupee ʼ; H. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ a partic. weight equivalent to 1/72 ser ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ.2. H. ṭaṅgā m. ʻ a coin worth 2 paisā ʼ.3. Sh. ṭăk m. ʻ button ʼ; S. ṭako m. ʻ two paisā ʼ, pl. ʻ money in general ʼ, ṭrakaku ʻ worth two paisā ʼ, m. ʻ coin of that value ʼ; P. ṭakā m. ʻ a copper coin ʼ; Ku. ṭākā ʻ two paisā ʼ; N. ṭako ʻ money ʼ; A. ṭakā ʻ rupee ʼ, B. ṭākā; Mth. ṭakāṭakkāṭakwā ʻ money ʼ, Bhoj. ṭākā; H. ṭakā m. ʻ two paisā coin ʼ, G. ṭakɔ m., M. ṭakā m.*uṭṭaṅka -- , *ṣaṭṭaṅka -- , ṭaṅkaśālā -- .Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 1 [H. W. Bailey in letter of 6.11.66: Khot. tanka is not = kārṣāpaṇa -- but is older Khot. ttandäka ʻ so much ʼ < *tantika -- ](CDIAL 5426) *ṭaṅkati2 ʻ chisels ʼ. [ṭaṅka -- 2Pa. ṭaṅkita -- mañca -- ʻ a stone (i.e. chiselled) platform ʼ; G. ṭã̄kvũ ʻ to chisel ʼ, M. ṭã̄kṇẽ.(CDIAL 5433)
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'
m276
3122
The hieroglyph of Indus Script cipher which signifies this metal alloy is Sign 48 (ASI 1977 sign list): baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu)

baraḍo 'spinebackbone' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) 
भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) 
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace' PLUS meḍ body' Rebus: me'iron' (Mu.Ho.)
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'
 
m277
2309
ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583).
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS muh 'ingot'. Thus ingot smithy.
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m489

 m0489a,b,c Mohenjo-daro prism tablet

A standing human couple mating (a tergo); one side of a prism tablet from Mohenjo-daro (m489b). Other motifs on the inscribed object are: two goats eating leaves on a platform; a cock or hen (?) and a three-headed animal (perhaps antelope, one-horned bull and a short-horned bull).  The leaf pictorial connotes on the goat composition connotes loa; hence, the reading is of this pictorial component is: lohar kamar = a blacksmith, worker in iron, superior to the ordinary kamar (Santali.)] 

dhanam, 'cattle' rebus: dhanam 'wealth'. Alternative: pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Telugu) Thus, the depiction of animals in epigraphs is related to, rebus: pasra = smithy (Santali)
kāruvu ‘crocodile’ Rebus:  ‘artisan, blacksmith’. 
pisera_ a small deer brown above and black below (H.)(CDIAL 8365).
ān:gra = wooden trough or manger sufficient to feed one animal (Mundari). iṭan:kārri = a capacity measure (Ma.) Rebus: ḍhan:gar ‘blacksmith’ (Bi.)

pattar ‘goldsmiths’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.) 

r-an:ku, ran:ku = fornication, adultery (Telugu); rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali)

Rebus readings of Meluhha hieroglyphs:

Hieroglhyphs: elephant (ibha), boar/rhinoceros[kāṇḍā mṛga 'rhinoceros' (Tamil)], tiger (kol), tiger face turned (krammara), young bull calf (khōṇḍa) [खोंड m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi)], antelope, ḍangur ʻbullockʼ, melh ‘goat’ (Brahui) 
Rebus mleccha glosses: Ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'; kāṇḍā, 'tools, pots and pans, metalware'; kol 'worker in iron, smithy'; krammara, kamar 'smith, artisan', kõdā 'lathe-turner' [B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or. kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ‘lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)], khũ ‘guild, community’, ḍāṅro ’blacksmith’ (Nepalese) milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) [Meluhha!] poL 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite'.

Phoneme karba has two hieroglyph components which are semantic determinatives: kari 'elephant' ibha'elephant'

Hieroglyph: karabha 'trunk of elephant' (Pali) 2803 karin m. ʻ elephant ʼ. [See karabhá -- ]Pa. karin -- m., Pk. kari -- , °iṇa -- m., °iṇī -- , °iṇiyā -- f.; <-> Si. kiriyā ← Pa.(CDIAL 2803)

Hieroglyph: hand: kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥1]
Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779)

Rebus: karba 'very hard iron' (Tulu) Tu. kari soot, charcoal; kariya black;  karṅka state of being burnt or singed; karṅkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders; karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardů black;  karba iron; karvāvuni to burn the down of a fowl by holding it over the fire; karṇṭuni to be scorched; karguḍe a very black man; fem. karguḍi, kargi. Kor. (T.) kardi black. kabbiṇa iron (Kannada) kabïn iron (Toda) karum poṉ iron (Tamil)(DEDR 1278)

Allograph: pot with narrow neck: Koḍ. karava clay pot with narrow neck. Go. (Ma.) karvi narrow-mouthed earthen vessel for oil or liquor (DEDR 1273A)

Hieroglyph: ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron' (Santali). kāṇḍā 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.  karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) Note: Ib is the name of a station between Howrah and Nagpur. The Railway station is in the iron ore belt.

kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Te.) కారు mosale ‘wild crocodile or alligator. S. ghaṛyālu m. ʻ long — snouted porpoise ʼ; N. ghaṛiyāl ʻ crocodile’ (Telugu)ʼ; A. B. ghãṛiyāl ʻ alligator ʼ, Or. Ghaṛiāḷa, H. ghaṛyāl, ghariār m. (CDIAL 4422) கரவு² karavu, n. < கரா. Cf. grāha. Alligator; முதலை. கரவார்தடம் (திவ். திருவாய். 8, 9, 9). கரா karā, n. prob. Grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலை. கராவதன் காலினைக்கதுவ (திவ். பெரியதி. 2, 3, 9). 2. Male alligator; ஆண்முதலை. (பிங்.) கராம் karām n. prob. Grāha. 1. A species of alligator ; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.)


m572A
m572B
3317
Sign 65 is a hypertext composed ofSign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'
Sign 72Sign 59 PLUS sloping stroke Modifier on Sign 72: sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati). 

Sign 62 The split parenthesis is a hieroglyph: (lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS Pa. danta -- m. ʻ tooth, tusk ʼ; Pk. daṁta -- m. ʻ tooth, part of a mountain ʼ; Gy. eur. dand m. ʻ tooth ʼ Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'. Thus, mineral ore ingot PLUS ayas 'alloy metal'. Together, the reading is ayas dhatu muhã 'alloy metal ore ingot'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m573A
m573B
3415
Line 2: Read rebus as at m572B and Text 3317
Line 1: kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'
ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583)PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'.

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman'koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'PLUS eraka 'upraised arm rebus: eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS 

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' BHSk. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ piece, part ʼ(CDIAL 3791) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, metal cast brass implements (produced by) brassworker
m574A
m574BB
3318
Same rebus reading as for m573 copper plate
m1431
m1431A
m1431B
m1431C
m1431E


2805 Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?] 

Text message of the inscription: 

koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

loa 'ficus glomeerala' rebus: loh 'copper, metal'
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.)कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali)

ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'.  Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa  'rhimpceros'   Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.  The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.

Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi  Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.
m1431A, B, C, E and Text 2805 Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)]baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) baṭhi furnace for smelting ore (the same as kuṭhi) (Santali) bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace; make an oven, a furnace; iṭa bhaṭa = a brick kiln; kun:kal bhaṭa a potter’s kiln; cun bhaṭa = a lime kiln; cun tehen dobon bhaṭaea = we shall prepare the lime kiln today (Santali); bhaṭṭhā (H.) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a barzier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Skt.) mẽhẽt bai = iron (Ore) furnaces. [Synonyms are: mẽt = the eye, rebus for: the dotted circle (Santali.lex) baṭha [H. baṭṭhī (Sad.)] any kiln, except a potter’s kiln, which is called coa; there are four kinds of kiln: cunabat.ha, a lime-kin, it.abat.ha, a brick-kiln, ērēbaṭha, a lac kiln, kuilabaṭha, a charcoal kiln; trs. Or intrs., to make a kiln; cuna rapamente ciminaupe baṭhakeda? How many limekilns did you make? Baṭha-sen:gel = the fire of a kiln; baṭi [H. Sad. baṭṭhi, a furnace for distilling) used alone or in the cmpds. arkibuṭi and baṭiora, all meaning a grog-shop; occurs also in ilibaṭi, a (licensed) rice-beer shop (Mundari.lex.) bhaṭi = liquor from mohwa flowers (Santali)


m1520A
m1520B
2907 Rebus reading as at:
m572B Text3317
m1521A Rebus reading as at:
m572B Text3317
m1521B
m1522A
m1522B
m1523A
m1523B
3396
  kor̤u 'sprout' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingotmũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. 
Sign 65 is a hypertext composed ofSign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'
Sign 72Sign 59 PLUS sloping stroke Modifier on Sign 72: sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati). 
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace' PLUS mebody' Rebus: me'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop (Kuwi)
  kor̤u 'sprout' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' 

m1906
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed ofSign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'
Sign 72Sign 59 PLUS sloping stroke Modifier on Sign 72: sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati). 
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace' PLUS meḍ body' Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'


kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'
m1907

koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'


tridhatu 'three minerals' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' 
taṭal 'five' rebus:.taṭhera 'brassworker'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
m1908
Field symbol: Hieroglyph:

 PLUS 

dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावडdhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter' PLUS
 Tooth, tusk: Pa. daṭṭhā -- f. ʻ large tooth, fang, tusk ʼ; Pk. daṁṭhā -- f. ʻ fang ʼ; S. ḍ̠āṭha f. ʻ molar ʼ, P.pow. dāṭhā m.; WPah. jaun. ḍāṭho ʻ jaw ʼ; -- Pk. daṁṭhi -- ʻ having big fangs ʼ; S. ḍ̠āṭhiru ʻ tusked ʼ.Pa. dāṭhā -- f. (older ˚ṭha -- m. BSBU 146) ʻ large tooth, tusk ʼ, Pk. dāḍhā -- f.; Gy. rum. hung. thar, pl. ˚ra f. ʻ back tooth ʼ, gr. tar f. ʻ gums ʼ, wel. tar f. ʻ jaw, gums ʼ (DGW iv 359 wrongly < tāˊlu -- ); Kal.rumb. -- dōŕy*lk in dh*lndōŕy*lk ʻ tooth ʼ (see dánta -- ); S. ḍ̠āṛha f. ʻ molar ʼ; L. dāhaṛ f. ʻ molar ʼ, (Ju.) ḍ̠āṛh f. ʻ tusk, root of tooth, bite (of an animal) ʼ, awāṇ. dāˋṛ ʻ long tooth ʼ; P. dāṛhdāhṛ f. ʻ molar ʼ; Ku. dāṛ ʻ jaws ʼ, gng. ʻ projecting tooth ʼ; N. dāro ʻ tusk, fang ʼ; A. dār ʻ row of teeth of fish or reptile, teeth of saw or sickle ʼ; B. dāṛdāṛ(h)āḍāṛ ʻ tooth, fang ʼ; Or. dāṛhā̆ ʻ tusk, fang, sting ʼ; H. dāṛhḍāṛh f. ʻ molar ʼ, dāṛhāḍā˚ m. ʻ large tooth, tusk ʼ; G. dāḍhḍāḍh f. ʻ molar ʼ; M. dāḍh f. ʻ fang, jaw ʼ; Si. daḷa ʻ tusk, fang ʼ. <-> Deriv. Pa. dāṭhin -- ʻ tusked ʼ; Pk. dāḍhi -- ʻ tusked ʼ, m. ʻ boar ʼ; N. dāre ʻ tusked, male (of stag) ʼ; -- S. ḍ̠āṛhaṇu ʻ to bite ʼ; Ku. dāṛaṇo ʻ to bite, injure ʼ. -- X jámbha -- : S. j̄āṛhaj̄āṛī f. ʻ jaw ʼ; P. jāṛh f. ʻ molar ʼ; -- M. dābhāḍ n. ʻ jaw ʼ (X j̈ābhāḍ < *jambhahaḍḍa -- ) (CDIAL6250) Rebus; dhatu 'mineral ore'

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' 

m1909
tridhatu 'three minerals' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'
taṭal 'five' rebus:.taṭhera 'brassworker'
dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ,rebus: dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ.
m1910
kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'
Sign 67 This is a hypertext, ligaturring 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph:  khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner,coinage' PLUS  Sign 59 aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 67 signifies alloy metal mint.
sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'. Thus, equipment workshop.
कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'
śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of an artisan guild'

m1911
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS 
Sign 216 ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions;Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincersTe. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Semantic determinative of the previous hieroglyph)


m2017A

m2017B

m2018A

m2018B
Sign 63 = Sign59 PLUS Sign 78 PLUS split parenthesis (as on Sign 62)
పోలడు pōlaḍu 'steel' PLUS ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS muhã 'ingot' (with primacy of steel alloy component)
Sign 64 = Variant of Sign 63 (with primacy of alloy metal component

m2019A

m2019B.
m1131
m1132 Rhinoceros
1545
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'
m1133
1343

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS

koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

ḍāng'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar'blacksmith'.
.
m1134
2651
Sign 216 ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions;Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincersTe. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muh 'ingots'
muh 'lozenge shape' rebus: muh 'ingots'
ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'
m1135. Pict-50 Composite animal: features of an ox and a rhinoceros facing the standard device.
2140
baa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaa 'furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' 
khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m1136
m1137 Rhinoceros
2531

Both m1136 and m1137 have identical inscritions.
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop' Thus, arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m1138
1344
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion'  PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop' Thus, arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

'four' strokes: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'


koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop (Kuwi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m1139
1341
Line 1:

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop' Thus, arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

Line 2:

 kole.l 'temple' rebus; kole.l 'smithy, forge'

m1140
2138

kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)
Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. 
kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhii 'smelter, factory'

Procession of Indus Script hieroglyphs on two tablets proclaim repertoire of dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelters'कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary

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-- Two tablets are m490 and m491. The artisans work in goldsmith workshop, (with) mineral ores, ornament gold, fine gold


m490B
m490A
1605
m491B Pict-94 Four persons in a procession, each carrying a standard, one of which has the figure of a one-horned bull on top.
m491A

1608
Text message:
ib 'two' rebus; ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS muh 'ingot' (lozenge shape bun ingot)
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'

Field symbols: Four hieroglyphs in procession are:

Four flag staff: dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ,rebus: dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ.


څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'


dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'.





Two Field symbols: 'unicorn' + standard

1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar'  PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi)

2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint.

3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'.

Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade.

Indus Script inscriptions (85) with elephant 'ibha' rebus ib 'iron' + pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' rebus paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory', pattar 'merchants'

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-- ibha rebus: ibbo 'merchant' ibhya 'rich' ib 'iron' registered on Indus Script wealth accounting ledgers

-- pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' (Sindhi) rebus: பத்தர்² pattarn. < T. battuḍu. A guild or title of goldsmiths.பத்தர்pattar, n. perh. vartaka. Merchants; வியாபாரிகள். (W.) paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory'

Vikalpa rebus readings may be: paṭṭī 'inventory'; పట్ర  paṭra, patta 'village, hamlet, town'
Some inscriptions show a feeding trough in front of the rhinoceros.  pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' (Sindhi) on Indus Script Corpora rebus బత్తుడు battuḍu 'artificer' pattar 'goldsmith guild' https://tinyurl.com/y6vhrwsa  

Hieroglyph: Elephant:  इभः ibhaḥ [इ-भन्-किच्च Uṇ.3.151] 1 An elephant; -भी A female elephant. [cf. L. ebur]; -पोतः a young elephant, a cub. -भरः a collection of elephants. -युवतिः f. a female elephant. (Apte) इभ [cf. Gk. ἐλ-έφας Lat. ebur.]; इभ m. (?√Uṇ. iii, 153 ) servants, dependants, domestics, household, family, RV.  (accord. to some also in RV.  = ‘elephant’)   (Monier-Williams) இபம்² ipam , n. < ibha. Elephant; யானை. திசையிபச் செவி (கலிங். புதுப். 331). ଇଭ Ibha ସଂ. ବି. (ଇ ଧାତୁ=ଗମନ କରିବା+ଭ)— 1। ହସ୍ତୀ; ହାତୀ—1. Elephant. ଇଭରାଟ୍ Ibharāt ସଂ. ବି— ଉଭରାଜ (ଦେଖ)ଇଭରାଜ Ibharāja ସଂ. ବି. (ଇଭ=ବସ୍ତୀ+ରାଜା=ପ୍ରଧାନ)— ଐରାବତ ହସ୍ତୀ—The A̲i̱rābata elephant of Indra. ଇଭ୍ୟା Ibhyā ସଂ. ବି. ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ. (ଇଭ=ହାତୀ+ୟ+ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ. ଆ)— 1। ହସ୍ତିନୀ— 1. A female elephant (Oriya)

Rebus: ibbo 'merchant' (Old Gujarati. Hemacandra1 deśīnāmamālā)ଇଭ୍ୟ Ibhya (ଇଭ୍ଯା—ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ) ସଂ. ବିଣ. ପୁଂ.—(ଇଭ ଧାତୁ+ୟ)— ଧନୀ; ଆଢ୍ଯ—Rich.  इभ्य ibhya a. [इभं गजमर्हति यत्1 Wealthy, opulent, rich; Dk.41. -2 Belonging to one's servants (Ved). भ्रातेव स्वस्रामिभ्यान्न राजा Rv.1.65.7. -भ्यः 1 A king. Ch. Up. 1.10.1. -2 An elephant-driver. -3 An enemy or foe (Sāy.). -भ्या 1 A female elephant. -2 N. of the Olibanum tree, Boswellia Serrata (Mar. कवड्या ऊद). -Comp. -तिल्वि ( a. wealthy, rich.इभ्यक ibhyaka a Wealthy, rich.(Apte)

Composite animal hypertext of hieroglyphs:

सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'joined animal parts' rebus: samgaha,samgraha 'catalogue' PLUS pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.) Rebus: pasra 'smithy' (Santali) PLUS ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS कारणिक investigating.
The classifier is the cobra hood: फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.
pōḷa 'zebu' rebus: pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore)
dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
kola 'tiger' rebus; kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS panja 'feline paw' rebusx: panja 'kiln, furnace'
ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'

It is possible that two long linear strokes || on Indus Script Corpora, may signify ib 'two' rebus: ibbo 'merchant' ib 'iron'; thus, iron merchant.


Gonur Tepe Indus Script. karibha 'trunk of elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' Hieroglyph: ingot out of crucible: muh 'ingot' kuhāru 'crucible' rebus:kuhāru 'armourer' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus ingot for forge.  sal 'splinter'rebus: sal 'workshop' dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal' aya, ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' Hieroglyph: kāmṭhiyɔ m. ʻ archer ʼ rebus: kammaa 'mint, coin, coiner' ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' karaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karaī 'Supercargo' karaka 'engraver, scribe'.

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4231
Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. 
kamaḍha 'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' Sign 307       69 Arrow PLUS bow: kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent  iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khaṇḍa, khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. kanda 'fire-altar' PLUS  kamaṭha m. ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. 2. *kāmaṭha -- . 3. *kāmāṭṭha -- . 4. *kammaṭha -- . 5. *kammaṭṭha -- . 6. *kambāṭha -- . 7. *kambiṭṭha -- . [Cf. kambi -- ʻ shoot of bamboo ʼ, kārmuka -- 2 n. ʻ bow ʼ Mn., ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. which may therefore belong here rather than to kr̥múka -- . Certainly ← Austro -- as. PMWS 33 with lit. -- See kāca -- 31. Pk. kamaḍha -- , °aya -- m. ʻ bamboo ʼ; Bhoj. kōro ʻ bamboo poles ʼ.2. N. kāmro ʻ bamboo, lath, piece of wood ʼ, OAw. kāṁvari ʻ bamboo pole with slings at each end for carrying things ʼ, H. kã̄waṛ°arkāwaṛ°ar f., G. kāvaṛ f., M. kāvaḍ f.; -- deriv. Pk. kāvaḍia -- , kavvāḍia -- m. ʻ one who carries a yoke ʼ, H. kã̄waṛī°ṛiyā m., G. kāvaṛiyɔ m.3. S. kāvāṭhī f. ʻ carrying pole ʼ, kāvāṭhyo m. ʻ the man who carries it ʼ.4. Or. kāmaṛā°muṛā ʻ rafters of a thatched house ʼ;G. kāmṛũ n., °ṛī f. ʻ chip of bamboo ʼ, kāmaṛ -- koṭiyũ n. ʻ bamboo hut ʼ. 5. B. kāmṭhā ʻ bow ʼ, G. kāmṭhũ n., °ṭhī f. ʻ bow ʼ; M. kamṭhā°ṭā m. ʻ bow of bamboo or horn ʼ; -- deriv. G. kāmṭhiyɔ m. ʻ archer ʼ. 6. A. kabāri ʻ flat piece of bamboo used in smoothing an earthen image ʼ.7. M. kã̄bīṭ°baṭ°bṭīkāmīṭ°maṭ°mṭīkāmṭhīkāmāṭhī f. ʻ split piece of bamboo &c., lath ʼ.(CDIAL 2760)This evokes another word:  kamaḍha 'archer' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner' . Thus, Sign 307 is read as bow and arrow rebus: khaṇḍa kammaṭa 'equipment mint' (See Sign 281)Thus, kã̄bīṭ 'bow' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting',  i.e. dul kammaṭa 'metalcasting mint'


Elephant

m1486A
m1486B Elephant
1711
m527A

m527B
3336
m528A
m528B
3368
m529A
m529B
3392
m530A
m530B
m531A
m531B
m532A
m532B
3349
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant


h89
Sign 70  'fish PLUS notch' aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'PLUS khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.Together with fish, the rebus reading is: अयस्--काण्ड ayaskāṇḍa m. n. " a quantity of iron " or " excellent iron " , (g. कस्का*दि q.v. अयस्   ayas अयस् a. [इ-गतौ-असुन्] Going, moving; nimble. n. (-यः) 1 Iron (एति चलति अयस्कान्तसंनिकर्षं इति तथात्वम्; नायसोल्लिख्यते रत्नम् Śukra 4.169. अभितप्तमयो$पि मार्दवं भजते कैव कथा शरीरिषु R.8.43. -2 Steel. -3 Gold. -4 A metal in general. -5 Aloe wood. -6 An iron instrument; यदयोनिधनं याति सो$स्य धर्मः सनातनः Mb.6.17.11. -7 Going. m. Fire. [cf. L. aes, aeris; Goth. ais, eisarn; Ger. eisin]. -Comp. -अग्रम्, -अग्रकम् a hammer, a mace or club tipped with iron; a pestle for cleaning grain. -अपाष्टि a. Ved. furnished with iron claws or heels. -कंसः, -सम् an iron goblet. -कणपम् A kind of weapon, which throws out iron-balls; अयःकणपचक्राश्म- भुशुण्डयुक्तबाहवः Mb.1.227.25. -काण्डः 1 an iron-arrow. -2 excellent iron. -3 a large quantity of iron (Apte)
Sign 71 = Sign 70 PLUS circumscript of hieroglyph 'four' strokes: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' . Thus, alloy metal implements. The circumscript is a semantic determinative. The word kanda also signifies 'fire altar'; hence, the determinative adds the attribute that the implements are from the fire-altar.

Sign 67 = Variants Signs 74, 79:Sign 74Sign 69 Sign 67 is a hypertext, ligaturing 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph. Sign 67 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10;  gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metal mint'.

खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.

kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)
kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]

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227
काण्ड an arrow MBh. xiii , 265 Hit. (Monier-Williams, p. 269) Rebus: काण्ड abundance; a multitude, heap , quantity' khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'
ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583).
Hieroglyph: Buttock, back, thigh: (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄gṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428) Rebus: mint, pure gold: Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) टङ्क m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषS3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L.

ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl°ār, B. ṭāksālṭã̄k°ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl°ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksālṭāk°ṭãk°ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434) ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex.1. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgif.; K.ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg°gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā°gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ. (CDIAL 5427)  ṭaṅka1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ ŚārṅgS., ʻ a stamped coin ʼ Hit., °aka -- m. ʻ a silver coin ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ lex. 3. *ṭakka -- 1. [Bloch IA 59 ← Tatar tanka (Khot. tanka = kārṣāpaṇa S. Konow Saka Studies 184)]1. Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ a stamped coin ʼ; N. ṭã̄k ʻ button ʼ (lw. with k); Or. ṭaṅkā ʻ rupee ʼ; H. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ a partic. weight equivalent to 1/72 ser ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ.2. H. ṭaṅgā m. ʻ a coin worth 2 paisā ʼ.3. Sh. ṭăk m. ʻ button ʼ; S. ṭako m. ʻ two paisā ʼ, pl. ʻ money in general ʼ, ṭrakaku ʻ worth two paisā ʼ, m. ʻ coin of that value ʼ; P. ṭakā m. ʻ a copper coin ʼ; Ku. ṭākā ʻ two paisā ʼ; N. ṭako ʻ money ʼ; A. ṭakā ʻ rupee ʼ, B. ṭākā; Mth. ṭakāṭakkāṭakwā ʻ money ʼ, Bhoj. ṭākā; H. ṭakā m. ʻ two paisā coin ʼ, G. ṭakɔ m., M. ṭakā m.*uṭṭaṅka -- , *ṣaṭṭaṅka -- , ṭaṅkaśālā -- .Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 1 [H. W. Bailey in letter of 6.11.66: Khot. tanka is not = kārṣāpaṇa -- but is older Khot. ttandäka ʻ so much ʼ < *tantika -- ](CDIAL 5426) *ṭaṅkati2 ʻ chisels ʼ. [ṭaṅka -- 2Pa. ṭaṅkita -- mañca -- ʻ a stone (i.e. chiselled) platform ʼ; G. ṭã̄kvũ ʻ to chisel ʼ, M. ṭã̄kṇẽ.(CDIAL 5433)
చీమ [ cīma ] chīma. [Tel.] n. An ant. కొండచీమ. the forest ant. రెక్కలచీమ a winged ant. పారేచీమను వింటాడు he can hear an ant crawl, i.e., he is all alive.చీమదూరని అడవి a forest impervious even to an ant. చలిచీమ a black antపై పారేపక్షి కిందపారే చీమ (proverb) The bird above, the ant below, i.e., I had no chance with him. చీమంత of the size of an ant. చీమపులి chīma-puli. n. The ant lion, an ant-eater.

చీముంత [ cīmunta ] chīmunta.. [Tel.] n. A metal vesselచెంబు.

cīmara -- ʻ copper ʼ in mara -- kāra -- ʻ coppersmith ʼ in Saṁghāṭa -- sūtra Gilgit MS. 37 folio 85 verso, 3 (= zaṅs -- mkhan in Tibetan Pekin text Vol. 28 Japanese facsimile 285 a 3 which in Mahāvyutpatti 3790 renders śaulbika -- BHS ii 533. But the Chinese version (Taishō issaikyō ed. text no. 423 p. 971 col. 3, line 2) has t'ie ʻ iron ʼ: H. W. Bailey 21.2.65). [The Kaf. and Dard. word for ʻ iron ʼ appears also in Bur. čhomārčhumər. Turk. timur (NTS ii 250) may come from the same unknown source. Semant. cf. lōhá -- ]Ash. ċímäċimə ʻ iron ʼ (ċiməkára ʻ blacksmith ʼ), Kt. čimé;, Wg. čümāˊr, Pr. zíme, Dm. čimár(r), Paš.lauṛ. čimāˊr, Shum. čímar, Woṭ. Gaw. ċimár,Kalčīmbar, Kho. čúmur, Bshk. čimerTorčimu, Mai. sē̃war, Phal. čímar, Sh.gil. čimĕr (adj. čĭmārí), gur. čimăr m., jij. čimer, K. ċamuru m. (adj.ċamaruwu).(CDIAL 14496)

मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron

h91
4230
dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'.
kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)
kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]
dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal' PLUS koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
काण्ड an arrow MBh. xiii , 265 Hit. (Monier-Williams, p. 269) Rebus: काण्ड abundance; a multitude, heap , quantity' khaṇḍa 'equipment' 
h92
4229
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
 pot 'gold bead' PLUS dāra 'stringthread', together, potadāra 'assayer of metals'
The hieroglyph of Indus Script cipher which signifies this metal alloy is Sign 48 (ASI 1977 sign list): baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu)

baraḍo 'spinebackbone' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) 
भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) 
kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhii 'smelter, factory' PLUS kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant


4249
h96 Text message 4249: ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583).
 kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

Circumscript: four: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing,bright metal' PLUS  koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'

h96 Field symbol: Trunk of elephant is used to compose the composite animal; it is a part which signifies elephant hieroglyph in the hypertext. The other hieroglyphs of the composition are: mũh 'human face' rebus: mũhã 'quantity of iron produced at one time from a smelting furnace'; dhatu 'scarf' rebus; dhatu 'mineral ore'; kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'; Hieroglyph: Buttock, back, thigh: (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄gṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428) Rebus: Rebus: mint, pure gold: Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) टङ्क m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषS3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L.

ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl°ār, B. ṭāksālṭã̄k°ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl°ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksālṭāk°ṭãk°ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434) 
phaḍa 'cobra hood' rebus: phaḍa, paṭṭaḍa 'metals manufactory'

h181A
kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'; krammara 'turn back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'; 

kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' (smithy) khōṇḍa 'leafless tree' (Marathi). Rebus: kõdār 'turner' (Bengali). konda 'furnace, fire-altar'  kō̃da कोँद 'furnace for smelting':  payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü -; । परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषाf. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ -। परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -वोलु&below; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace.

Hieroglyph: हेर [ hēra ] m (हेरक S through or H) A spy, scout, explorator, an emissary to gather intelligence. 2 f Spying out or spying, surveying narrowly, exploring. (Marathi) *hērati ʻ looks for or at ʼ. 2. hēraka -- , °rika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ lex., hairika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ Hcar., ʻ thief ʼ lex. [J. Bloch FestschrWackernagel 149 ← Drav., Kuiēra ʻ to spy ʼ, Malt. ére ʻ to see ʼ, DED 765]1. Pk. hēraï ʻ looks for or at ʼ (vihīraï ʻ watches for ʼ); K.ḍoḍ. hērūō ʻ was seen ʼ; WPah.bhad. bhal. he_rnū ʻ to look at ʼ (bhal. hirāṇū ʻ to show ʼ), pāḍ. hēraṇ, paṅ. hēṇā, cur. hērnā, Ku. herṇo, N. hernu, A. heriba, B. herā, Or. heribā (caus. herāibā), Mth. herab, OAw. heraï, H. hernā; G. hervũ ʻ to spy ʼ, M. herṇẽ. 2. Pk. hēria -- m. ʻ spy ʼ; Kal. (Leitner) "hériu"ʻ spy ʼ; G. herɔ m. ʻ spy ʼ, herũ n. ʻ spying ʼ. Addenda: *hērati: WPah.kṭg. (Wkc.) hèrnõ, kc. erno ʻ observe ʼ; Garh. hernu ʻ to look' (CDIAL 14165) Ko. er uk- (uky-) to play 'peeping tom'. Kui ēra (ēri-) to spy, scout; n. spying, scouting; pl action ērka (ērki-). ? Kuwi (S.) hēnai to scout; hēri kiyali to see; (Su. P.) hēnḍ- (hēṭ-) id. Kur. ērnā (īryas) to see, look, look at, look after, look for, wait for, examine, try; ērta'ānā to let see, show; ērānakhrnā to look at one another. Malt. ére to see, behold, observe; érye to peep, spy. Cf. 892 Kur. ēthrnā. / Cf. Skt. heraka- spy, Pkt. her- to look at or for, and many NIA verbs; Turner, CDIAL, no. 14165(DEDR 903)

Rebus: erka = ekke (Tbh.of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka= copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a= syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.) 

h181B See: 

 

ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'
kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS kāḍ काड्  'stretched arms' rebus kāḍ ‘stone’ (WPah), khaḍ 'iron stone mine'. Thus, iron stone ore smelter.
h1970A
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'
h1970B


h1971A

Hieroglyph: person seated in penance: kamaḍha 'penance' (Pkt.) rebus kammaṭa 'mint', Horned:koD 'horn' rebus: koD 'workshop'; kūdī 'twigkuṭhi 'smelter' 
 kāru a wild crocodile or alligator rebus: khār 'blacksmith'
h1971B Comparable to m492 Spearing, kicking a buffalo

 

https://tinyurl.com/y3sh72jd
One side of a molded tablet m 492 Mohenjo-daro (DK 8120, NMI 151. National Museum, Delhi. A person places his foot on the horns of a buffalo while spearing it in front of a cobra hood. FS 99 Person throwing a spear at a sho rt·ho rned bull and placing o ne foot on the head of the animal; a hooded serpe nt at L.
Hieroglyph: kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)mēṛsa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali) 

kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.) •kolhe (iron smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.lex.)•kol‘to kill’ (Ta.)

(s)phaa-, sphaā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaā id. rebus: phaā, paṭṭaa 'metals manufactory'.  paTa 'hood of serpent' Rebus: padanu 'sharpness of weapon' (Telugu)


Hieroglyph: rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ 

Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ  *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.

Hieroglyph: kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī°dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)

Rebus: kuṇha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'.

h1972A
h1972B
h1973A
h1973B
h1974A
h1974B
Jhukar 1 ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'
Kalibangan 40
8072
Hieroglyph: Buttock, back, thigh: (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄gṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428) Rebus: mint, pure gold: Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) टङ्क m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषS3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L.
ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg°gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā°gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ. (CDIAL 5427) Rebus: ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl°ār, B. ṭāksālṭã̄k°ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl°ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksālṭāk°ṭãk°ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muh 'face' rebus: muhA 'ingot'
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal'
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' 
 koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Lothal 220 Field symbol: Composite animal
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
 koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'



m278
2648
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Semantic determinative)
m279
3060
काण्ड an arrow MBh. xiii , 265 Hit. (Monier-Williams, p. 269) Rebus: काण्ड abundance; a multitude, heap , quantity' khaṇḍa 'equipment'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) medhā 'dhana, yajna'. 
Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS ib 'two' rebus: ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'
 खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment' PLUS 

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m280
1373
bhaa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]
Sign 61 = Sign 59 PLUS 'raised platform' PLUS circumscript of hieroglyph 'four' strokes: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' . Thus, alloy metal implements PLUS maṇḍa 'raised platform' rebus: māṇḍa 'warehouse' maṇḍa 'ornaments' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m281
3115
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]
ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS 

koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

ḍāng'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar'blacksmith'.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m282
2304
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal'
ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583).

meḍ khad kāraṇī 'iron stone mine supercargo, helmsman' PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion PLUS koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'

kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhii 'smelter, factory' PLUS kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m283
2127
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' 
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
m284
2195
 manḍa 'arbour,canopy' Rebus: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'; rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani).
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m285
1367
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
Sign 67 This is a hypertext, ligaturring 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph:  khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner,coinage' PLUS  Sign 59 aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 67 signifies alloy metal mint.
Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingotmũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. PLUS muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'
Hill hieroglyph
uai stack of hay (Telugu) Ta. meṭṭu mound, heap of earth; mēu height, eminence, hillock; muṭṭu rising ground, high ground, heap. Ma. mēu rising ground, hillock; māu hillock, raised ground; miṭṭāl rising ground, an alluvial bank; (Tiyya) maṭṭa hill. Ka. mēu height, rising ground, hillock; miṭṭu rising or high ground, hill; miṭṭe state of being high, rising ground, hill, mass, a large number; (Hav.) muṭṭe heap (as of straw). Tu. miṭṭè prominent, protruding; muṭṭe heap. Te. meṭṭa raised or high ground, hill; (K.) meṭṭu mound; miṭṭa high ground, hillock, mound; high, elevated, raised, projecting; (VPK) mēu, mēa, mēstack of hay; (Inscr.) meṇṭa-cēnu dry field (cf. meṭṭu-nēla, meṭṭu-vari). Kol. (SR.) meṭṭā hill; (Kin.) meṭṭ (Hislop) met mountain. Nk. meṭṭ 
hill, mountain. Ga. (S.3LSB 20.3) meṭṭa high land. Go. (Tr. W. Ph.) maṭṭā, (Mu.)maṭṭa mountain; (M. L.) meā id., hill; (A. D. Ko.) meṭṭa, (Y. Ma. M.) mea hill; (SR.) meṭṭā hillock (Voc. 2949). Kona mea id. Kuwi (S.) metta hill; (Isr.) mea sand hill. (DEDR 5058) (b) Ta. mēai platform, raised floor, artificial mound, terraced house. Ma. mēa raised place, tower, upper story, palace. Te. mēa house with two or more stories, upper chamber. Pa. mē ole bungalow. Go. (Ko.) mēā large house, bungalow (Voc. 2965). Kona mēa mide terraced building (see 5069). Pe. mē storied house, mansion.Kuwi (S.) mēa illu storied house; (Isr.) mēa upstair building. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) mea- whitewashed storied house; Pkt. meaya- id.  (DEDR 4796b) Rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages)PLUS kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' 


m286
2517
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'
śrēṣṭhin khār 'squirrel' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār guild-master of blacksmith artisans and merchants 

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m294 Unicorn, elephant
1376
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m299 Composite animal with the body of a ram, horns of a bull, trunk of an elephant, hindlegs of a tiger and an upraise serpent-like tail.
1381
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).



m300 Pict51: Composite animal:  human face, zebu's horns,  elephant tusks and trunk,  ram's forepart, unicorn's  trunk and feet, tiger's hindpart  and serpent-like tail.
2521
Text message: څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)
खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'.
ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' 
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
Field symbol: 
paṭa ‘hood of snake’. Rebus: padm ‘tempered, sharpness (metal)’. nāga 'serpent' Rebus: nāga 'lead (alloy)'
mũh 'face' Rebus: mũhe 'ingot'. khū̃ṭ  ‘zebu’.khū̃ṭ ‘community, guild’ (Munda)
ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron'. Ibbo ‘merchant’ (Gujarati).
ḍhangar ‘bull’ Rebus: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) ḍangar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi)
kol ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’.
dhaṭu  m.  (also dhaṭhu)  m. ‘scarf’  (WPah.) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral (ore)’ 

Rebus reading of the ‘face’ glyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.) kaula mengro ‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) The Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha should literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss, mũh, as a suffix.

m301 Composite animal a.As at m300
2258
The hieroglyph of Indus Script cipher which signifies this metal alloy is Sign 48 (ASI 1977 sign list): baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu)

baraḍo 'spinebackbone' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) 
भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c (Marathi) 
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant


m302 Composite animal a.As at m300
1380

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed ofSign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS
खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'

kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'
m303 Composite animal a.As at m300
2411
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace' PLUS meḍ body' Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'


kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'



m304  Pict-81: Person (with three visible faces)  wearing bangles and armlets seated on a platform  (with an antelope looking backwards) and surrounded by five animals: rhinoceros, buffalo, antelope, tiger and elephant. 
2420
m439
m440

m440A (Colour view)

Hieroglyphs. Centrepiece is a crocodile, surrounded by a pair of oxen (bulls), rhinoceros, monkey looking back, elephant, a tiger looking back, a standing person with spread legs. This hieroglyph cluster is duplicated on a six tablets. m02015 A,B, m2016, m1393, m1394, m1395, m0295, m0439, m440, m0441 A,B 

On some tablets, such a glyphic composition (hypertext) is also accompanied (on obverse side, for example, cf. m2015A and m0295) with a glyphic of two or more joined tiger heads to a single body. In one inscription (m0295), the text inscriptions are also read. kāru 'crocodile' Rebus: kāru 'artisan'; khar 'blacksmith'; kola ‘tiger’ rebus:kol ‘furnace, forge’ kol ‘metal’ PLUS krammara ‘look back’ rebus: kamar‘smith’ karabha ‘trunk of elephant’ ibha ‘elephant’ rebus: karba ‘iron’ ib ‘iron’ ibbo ‘merchant’ kaṇḍa ‘rhinoceros’ rebus; kaṇḍa ‘implements’ mūhu ‘monkey’ rebus: mũhã 'quantity of iron produced at one time from a smelting furnace'; ingot (Santali) PLUS krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'; dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ dhangar ‘bull’ rebus; dhangar ‘blacksmith’. .barada, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata,baran 'factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin'.

Entwined tigers signify smithy workshop: 

kola 'tiger'> kolom 'three' PLUS cāli 'interlocked bodies': kammasālā 'workshop' (Prakritam) < kolimi 'forge' PLUS śālā, i.e. smithy workshop; salāyisu = joining of metal (Kannada).

m2015, m0295

kola ‘tiger’ rebus: kol ‘furnace, forge’ cāli 'Interlocking bodies' (IL 3872) Rebus: sal 'workshop' (Santali) Hieroglyph of joined, interlocked bodies: cāli (IL 3872); rebus: śālika (IL) village of artisans. cf. sala_yisu = joining of metal (Ka.)

Hieroglyphs and rebus readings: mũh 'face' Rebus: mũhe 'ingot' kola 'woman' kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' Nahali (kol ‘woman’) and Santali (kul ‘tiger’; kol ‘kolhe, smelter’)

I suggest that the three tigers with interlocked bodies DOES connote cāli 'interlocked bodies' Rebus-metonymy layered cipher yields the plain text message : kola 'tiger'> kolom 'three' PLUS cāli 'interlocked bodies' :kammasālā 'workshop' (Prakritam) < kol(m) PLUS śāˊlā, i.e. smithy workshop.

                                                                                                              kul 'tiger’ (Santali); kōlu id. (Telugu) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.) कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [kōlhē] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) kol ‘working in iron’ (Tamil) kōla1 m. ʻ name of a degraded tribe ʼ Hariv. Pk. kōla -- m.; B. kol ʻ name of a Muṇḍā tribe ʼ.(CDIAL 3532) 
కరుకోల (p. 252) karukōla karu-kōla. [Tel.] n. A firing iron, for cautery. கொல்லுலை kol-l-ulai , n. < id. +. Black-smith's forge; கொல்லனுலைகொல்லுலைக் கூடத் தினால் (குமரபிரநீதிநெறி. 14).கொல்² kol Working in iron; கொற்றொழில். Blacksmith; கொல்லன். 5. Lock; பூட்டு. (பிங்.)  Brass or iron bar nailed across a door or gate; கதவு முதலியவற்றில் தைக்கும் இரும்பு முதலிய வற்றாலாகிய பட்டை. Loc.
Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith(Gowda) kolla id. Ko. kollë blacksmith. 
Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.)kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge.(DEDR 2133)

m488A Text 2802


m488B Text 2802

m488C Text 2802

Prism: Tablet in bas-relief.  Side b: Text +One-horned bull + standard.  Side a: From R.: a composite animal;  a person seated on a tree with  a tiger below looking up at the person;  a svastika within a square border;  an elephant (Composite animal  has the body of a ram, horns of a zebu, trunk of an elephant, hindlegs of a  tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail).  Side c: From R.: a horned person standing between two branches of a pipal  tree; a ram; a horned person kneeling  in adoration; a low pedestal with some  offerings. 

2802 m488 Prism
Text message:

.bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace;baṭa 'iron'

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: kanahār 'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account''supercargo'. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'; meṛed 'iron' rebus: meḍh 'merchant' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; 2. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', kari 'supercargo'  Indicative that the merchant is seafaring metalsmith. karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman ʼ.(CDIAL 2836) Decipherment: कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'. Thus, supercargo in charge of equiment cargo.

PLUS

maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)  mēdhā 'dhanam' मेध 'yajna, मेधा 'धन' (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क, ii,10) 

khareo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) karaḍā खरडें 'daybook' (Marathi)

šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ khar ʻflying squirrelʼ Rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār guild-master of blacksmith artisans and merchants

मेंढा mēṇḍhā 'A crook or curved end (of a stick)' Rebus: meḍ 'iron'; rebus mēdhā 'dhanam' मेध 'yajna, मेधा 'धन' (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क, ii,10) 

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 

Field symbols:

bāraNe ' an offering of food to a demon' (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi. Bengali) bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)

saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali).

miṇḍ ʻram. ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ(Torwali) meho 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) meho 'merchant's assistant'

dhatu 'scarf' (on the neck of the ram) rebus; dhatu 'mineral ore'

loa 'ficus glomerata' (on the arch) rebus: loh 'copper'

heraka 'spy' (Samskritam) Rebus:eraka 'molten metal, copper'

kola 'tiger' rebus kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' 

Tiger looks back: krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

maṇḍa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maṇḍA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)

karibha, ibha 'elephant' Rebus: karba, ib, 

Hieroglyph: svastika sattva 'svastika symbol' rebus: jasta, 'iron, zinc, metal (alloy of five metals) sattu, satavu, satuvu 'pewter' (Kannada) సత్తుతపెల a vessel made of pewter

maṇḍi 'kneeling position' Rebus: māDa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)

It is notable that sphalerite can also be of high iron varieties and hence, the use of karba, ibha 'elephant' Rebus: karba,ib 'iron' together with svastika on a Mohenjodaro tablet.

m488




m489A

m489Bm489C
A standing human couple mating (a tergo); one side of a prism tablet from Mohenjo-daro (m489b). Other motifs on the inscribed object are: two goats eating leaves on a platform; a cock or hen (?) and a three-headed animal (perhaps antelope, one-horned bull and a short-horned bull).  The leaf pictorial connotes on the goat composition connotes loa; hence, the reading is of this pictorial component is: lohar kamar = a blacksmith, worker in iron, superior to the ordinary kamar (Santali.)] 

dhanam, 'cattle' rebus: dhanam 'wealth'. Alternative: pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Telugu) Thus, the depiction of animals in epigraphs is related to, rebus: pasra = smithy (Santali)
kāruvu ‘crocodile’ Rebus:  ‘artisan, blacksmith’. 
pisera_ a small deer brown above and black below (H.)(CDIAL 8365).
ān:gra = wooden trough or manger sufficient to feed one animal (Mundari). iṭan:kārri = a capacity measure (Ma.) Rebus: ḍhan:gar ‘blacksmith’ (Bi.)
pattar ‘goldsmiths’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.) 
r-an:ku, ran:ku = fornication, adultery (Telugu); rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali)
Rebus readings of Meluhha hieroglyphs:

Hieroglhyphs: elephant (ibha), boar/rhinoceros[kāṇḍā mṛga 'rhinoceros' (Tamil)], tiger (kol), tiger face turned (krammara), young bull calf (khōṇḍa) [खोंड m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi)], antelope, ḍangur ʻbullockʼ, melh ‘goat’ (Brahui) 
Rebus mleccha glosses: Ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'; kāṇḍā, 'tools, pots and pans, metalware'; kol 'worker in iron, smithy'; krammara, kamar 'smith, artisan', kõdā 'lathe-turner' [B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or. kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ‘lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)], khũ ‘guild, community’, ḍāṅro ’blacksmith’ (Nepalese) milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) [Meluhha!] poL 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite'.

Phoneme karba has two hieroglyph components which are semantic determinatives: kari 'elephant' ibha'elephant'

Hieroglyph: karabha 'trunk of elephant' (Pali) 2803 karin m. ʻ elephant ʼ. [See karabhá -- ]Pa. karin -- m., Pk. kari -- , °iṇa -- m., °iṇī -- , °iṇiyā -- f.; <-> Si. kiriyā ← Pa.(CDIAL 2803)

Hieroglyph: hand: kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥1]
Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779)

Rebus: karba 'very hard iron' (Tulu) Tu. kari soot, charcoal; kariya black;  karṅka state of being burnt or singed; karṅkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders; karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardů black;  karba iron; karvāvuni to burn the down of a fowl by holding it over the fire; karṇṭuni to be scorched; karguḍe a very black man; fem. karguḍi, kargi. Kor. (T.) kardi black. kabbiṇa iron (Kannada) kabïn iron (Toda) karum poṉ iron (Tamil)(DEDR 1278)

Allograph: pot with narrow neck: Koḍ. karava clay pot with narrow neck. Go. (Ma.) karvi narrow-mouthed earthen vessel for oil or liquor (DEDR 1273A)

Hieroglyph: ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron' (Santali). kāṇḍā 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.  karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) Note: Ib is the name of a station between Howrah and Nagpur. The Railway station is in the iron ore belt.

kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Te.) కారు mosale ‘wild crocodile or alligator. S. ghaṛyālu m. ʻ long — snouted porpoise ʼ; N. ghaṛiyāl ʻ crocodile’ (Telugu)ʼ; A. B. ghãṛiyāl ʻ alligator ʼ, Or. Ghaṛiāḷa, H. ghaṛyāl, ghariār m. (CDIAL 4422) கரவு² karavu, n. < கரா. Cf. grāha. Alligator; முதலை. கரவார்தடம் (திவ். திருவாய். 8, 9, 9). கரா karā, n. prob. Grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலை. கராவதன் காலினைக்கதுவ (திவ். பெரியதி. 2, 3, 9). 2. Male alligator; ஆண்முதலை. (பிங்.) கராம் karām n. prob. Grāha. 1. A species of alligator ; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.)

m1431A, B, C, E and Text 2805 Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)]baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) baṭhi furnace for smelting ore (the same as kuṭhi) (Santali) bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace; make an oven, a furnace; iṭa bhaṭa = a brick kiln; kun:kal bhaṭa a potter’s kiln; cun bhaṭa = a lime kiln; cun tehen dobon bhaṭaea = we shall prepare the lime kiln today (Santali); bhaṭṭhā (H.) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a barzier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Skt.) mẽhẽt bai = iron (Ore) furnaces. [Synonyms are: mẽt = the eye, rebus for: the dotted circle (Santali.lex) baṭha [H. baṭṭhī (Sad.)] any kiln, except a potter’s kiln, which is called coa; there are four kinds of kiln: cunabat.ha, a lime-kin, it.abat.ha, a brick-kiln, ērēbaṭha, a lac kiln, kuilabaṭha, a charcoal kiln; trs. Or intrs., to make a kiln; cuna rapamente ciminaupe baṭhakeda? How many limekilns did you make? Baṭha-sen:gel = the fire of a kiln; baṭi [H. Sad. baṭṭhi, a furnace for distilling) used alone or in the cmpds. arkibuṭi and baṭiora, all meaning a grog-shop; occurs also in ilibaṭi, a (licensed) rice-beer shop (Mundari.lex.) bhaṭi = liquor from mohwa flowers (Santali)



m571A


m571B



Horned elephant Almost similar to the  composition: Body of a ram (with inlaid ‘heart’ sign),  horns of a bull, trunk of an  elephant, hindlegs of a tiger  and an upraised serpent-like tail 
2913
Field symbol:

karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'
पोळ [ pōḷa ] m A bull dedicated to the gods. pōḷī, ‘dewlap, honeycomb’. Rebus: pola ‘magnetite ore’ (Munda. Asuri)
 फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus:phaḍa फड 'metals manufactory, company, guild], pattaḍa 'manufactories'

Text message:
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m1141
2169
Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. 
Sign 307       69 Arrow PLUS bow: kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent  iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khaṇḍa, khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. kanda 'fire-altar' PLUS  kamaṭha m. ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. 2. *kāmaṭha -- . 3. *kāmāṭṭha -- . 4. *kammaṭha -- . 5. *kammaṭṭha -- . 6. *kambāṭha -- . 7. *kambiṭṭha -- . [Cf. kambi -- ʻ shoot of bamboo ʼ, kārmuka -- 2 n. ʻ bow ʼ Mn., ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. which may therefore belong here rather than to kr̥múka -- . Certainly ← Austro -- as. PMWS 33 with lit. -- See kāca -- 31. Pk. kamaḍha -- , °aya -- m. ʻ bamboo ʼ; Bhoj. kōro ʻ bamboo poles ʼ.2. N. kāmro ʻ bamboo, lath, piece of wood ʼ, OAw. kāṁvari ʻ bamboo pole with slings at each end for carrying things ʼ, H. kã̄waṛ°arkāwaṛ°ar f., G. kāvaṛ f., M. kāvaḍ f.; -- deriv. Pk. kāvaḍia -- , kavvāḍia -- m. ʻ one who carries a yoke ʼ, H. kã̄waṛī°ṛiyā m., G. kāvaṛiyɔ m.3. S. kāvāṭhī f. ʻ carrying pole ʼ, kāvāṭhyo m. ʻ the man who carries it ʼ.4. Or. kāmaṛā°muṛā ʻ rafters of a thatched house ʼ;G. kāmṛũ n., °ṛī f. ʻ chip of bamboo ʼ, kāmaṛ -- koṭiyũ n. ʻ bamboo hut ʼ. 5. B. kāmṭhā ʻ bow ʼ, G. kāmṭhũ n., °ṭhī f. ʻ bow ʼ; M. kamṭhā°ṭā m. ʻ bow of bamboo or horn ʼ; -- deriv. G. kāmṭhiyɔ m. ʻ archer ʼ. 6. A. kabāri ʻ flat piece of bamboo used in smoothing an earthen image ʼ.7. M. kã̄bīṭ°baṭ°bṭīkāmīṭ°maṭ°mṭīkāmṭhīkāmāṭhī f. ʻ split piece of bamboo &c., lath ʼ.(CDIAL 2760)This evokes another word:  kamaḍha 'archer' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner' . Thus, Sign 307 is read as bow and arrow rebus: khaṇḍa kammaṭa 'equipment mint' (See Sign 281)Thus, kã̄bīṭ 'bow' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting',  i.e. dul kammaṭa 'metalcasting mint'
ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583).

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]

dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal' PLUS koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.
kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'
m1142
m1143
m1144
m1145
m1146A Elephant
1374
Sign 65 is a hypertext composed ofSign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'
maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m1147
m1148
2590
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
aya 'fsh' rebus; aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.
m1149 Elephant
1368
aya 'fsh' rebus; aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
dāṭu'cross' rebus: dhātu'ore,mineral' PLUS kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware'
m1150
1534
tridhatu 'three minerals' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware'
Sign 67 This is a hypertext, ligaturring 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph:  khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner,coinage' PLUS  Sign 59 aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 67 signifies alloy metal mint.
Sign 70  'fish PLUS notch' Hieroglyph  खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Together with fish, the rebus reading is: अयस्--काण्ड ayaskāṇḍa m. n. " a quantity of iron " or " excellent iron " , (g. कस्का*दि q.v. अयस्   ayas अयस् a. [इ-गतौ-असुन्] Going, moving; nimble. n. (-यः) 1 Iron (एति चलति अयस्कान्तसंनिकर्षं इति तथात्वम्; नायसोल्लिख्यते रत्नम् Śukra 4.169. अभितप्तमयो$पि मार्दवं भजते कैव कथा शरीरिषु R.8.43. -2 Steel. -3 Gold. -4 A metal in general. -5 Aloe wood. -6 An iron instrument; यदयोनिधनं याति सो$स्य धर्मः सनातनः Mb.6.17.11. -7 Going. m. Fire. [cf. L. aes, aeris; Goth. ais, eisarn; Ger. eisin]. -Comp. -अग्रम्, -अग्रकम् a hammer, a mace or club tipped with iron; a pestle for cleaning grain. -अपाष्टि a. Ved. furnished with iron claws or heels. -कंसः, -सम् an iron goblet. -कणपम् A kind of weapon, which throws out iron-balls; अयःकणपचक्राश्म- भुशुण्डयुक्तबाहवः Mb.1.227.25. -काण्डः 1 an iron-arrow. -2 excellent iron. -3 a large quantity of iron (Apte)
काण्ड an arrow MBh. xiii , 265 Hit. (Monier-Williams, p. 269) Rebus: काण्ड abundance; a multitude, heap , quantity' khaṇḍa 'equipment' 
kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'
m1151
1535

circumscript of hieroglyph 'four' strokes: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'  PLUS

Sign 67 = Variants Signs 74, 79:Sign 74Sign 69 Sign 67 is a hypertext, ligaturing 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph. Sign 67 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10;  gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metal mint'.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
.
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.

koa 'one' rebus: ko 'workshop'




m1152
1369
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
Sign 65 is a hypertext composed ofSign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).
dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’..

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m1154 Elephant
1362
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS muh 'ingot'. Thus ingot smithy.
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS
खांडा  khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'
kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
m1155
2573
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace' PLUS meḍ body' Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
manḍa 'arbour,canopy' Rebus: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'; rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani).
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m1156

1370
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
śrēṣṭhin khār 'squirrel' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār guild-master of blacksmith artisans and merchants 
Hieroglyph: M. mẽḍhā m. ʻ crook or curved end (of a horn, stick, &c.) ʼ *miḍḍa ʻ defective ʼ. 2. *miṇḍa -- . 3. *miṇḍha -- 1. 4. *mēṭṭa -- 1. 5. *mēṇḍa -- 1. 6. *mēṇḍha -- 1. [Cf. *mitta -- and list s.v. *maṭṭa -- ; --mḗṭatimḗḍati ʻ is mad ʼ Dhātup. -- Cf. *mēṭṭa -- 2 ʻ lump ʼ]1. G. miḍiyɔ ʻ having horns bent over forehead (of oxen and goats) ʼ.2. G. mī˜ḍũ ʻ having rims turned over ʼ.3. S. miṇḍhiṇo ʻ silent and stupid in appearance but really treacherous and cunning ʼ; G. miṇḍhũ ʻ having deep -- laid plans, crafty, conceited ʼ.4. A. meṭā ʻ slow in work, heavy -- bodied ʼ.5. Or. meṇḍa ʻ foolish ʼ; H. mẽṛāmẽḍā m. ʻ ram with curling horns ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ she -- goat do. ʼ.6. Or. meṇḍha ʻ foolish ʼ, °ḍhā ʻ fool ʼ; M. mẽḍhā m. ʻ crook or curved end (of a horn, stick, &c.) ʼ.(CDIAL 10120) mēṇḍha2 m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- , mēṇḍa -- 4miṇḍha -- 2°aka -- , mēṭha -- 2mēṇḍhra -- , mēḍhra -- 2°aka -- m. lex. 2. *mēṇṭha- (mēṭha -- m. lex.). 3. *mējjha -- . [r -- forms (which are not attested in NIA.) are due to further sanskritization of a loan -- word prob. of Austro -- as. origin (EWA ii 682 with lit.) and perh. related to the group s.v. bhēḍra -- ] 1. Pa. meṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- ʻ made of a ram's horn (e.g. a bow) ʼ; Pk. meḍḍha -- , meṁḍha -- (°ḍhī -- f.), °ṁḍa -- , miṁḍha -- (°dhiā -- f.), °aga -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, Dm. Gaw. miṇ Kal.rumb. amŕn/aŕə ʻ sheep ʼ (a -- ?); Bshk. mināˊl ʻ ram ʼ; Tor. miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ; Chil. mindh*ll ʻ ram ʼ AO xviii 244 (dh!), Sv. yēṛo -- miṇ; Phal. miṇḍmiṇ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍṓl m. ʻ yearling lamb, gimmer ʼ; P. mẽḍhā m., °ḍhī f., ludh. mīḍḍhāmī˜ḍhā m.; N. meṛhomeṛo ʻ ram for sacrifice ʼ; A. mersāgʻ ram ʼ ( -- sāg < *chāgya -- ?), B. meṛā m., °ṛi f., Or. meṇḍhā°ḍā m., °ḍhi f., H. meṛhmeṛhāmẽḍhā m., G. mẽḍhɔ, M. mẽḍhā m., Si. mäḍayā. 2. Pk. meṁṭhī -- f. ʻ sheep ʼ; H. meṭhā m. ʻ ram ʼ. 3. H. mejhukā m. ʻ ram ʼ. *mēṇḍharūpa -- , mēḍhraśr̥ṅgī -- . Addenda: mēṇḍha -- 2: A. also mer (phonet. mer) ʻ ram ʼ (CDIAL 10310) 
Rebus:  meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Gujarati)
dāṭu'cross' rebus: dhātu'ore,mineral'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m1157
2110
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali).Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace' .
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.
kāṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'
m1158
m1159
2171
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhii 'smelter' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
Sign 71 = Sign 70 PLUS circumscript of hieroglyph 'four' strokes: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' . Thus, alloy metal implements. The circumscript is a semantic determinative. The word kanda also signifies 'fire altar'; hence, the determinative adds the attribute that the implements are from the fire-altar.
m1160
2057
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
 koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' PLUS  khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m1161
2504
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
 koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.
काण्ड an arrow MBh. xiii , 265 Hit. (Monier-Williams, p. 269) Rebus: काण्ड abundance; a multitude, heap , quantity' khaṇḍa 'equipment'
m1162
2058
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' PLUS  khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); rebus: kharada खरडें 'daybooks'
m1173 Composite animal
1191

Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'

bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'; dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'; kuṭila,'curve' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl  'bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)' ; śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild'; kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'  
m1175 Composite animal: human face, zebu's horns, elephant tusks and trunk, ram's forepart, unicorn's trunk and feet, tiger's hindpart and serpent-like tail.
2493
dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'


kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhii 'smelter, factory' PLUS khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the

 edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'
m1176


m1177 Composite animal: human face, zebu's horns, elephant tusks and trunk, ram's forepart, unicorn's trunk and feet, tiger's hindpart and serpent-like tail.
2450
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or 

indentation (as upon the

 edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n

karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m1178 Composite animal as at m1177
2359

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'
m1390A
m1390B
2868
eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) loa ‘ficus’; rebus: loh ‘copper’. pajhar ‘eagle’; rebus: pasra ‘smithy’. पाजिकः A falcon (Skt.)

ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhātu = mineral (Skt.) kamaṭha crab (Skt.) Rebus: kammaṭa = portable furnace (Te.) kampaṭṭam coiner, mint (Ta.)
Peg ‘khuṇṭa’; rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’ khũṭi = pin (M.) kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali) konḍu  मूलिकादिघर्षणवस्तु m. a washerman's dressing iron (El. kunḍh); a scraper or grater for grating radishes, or the like; usually ˚ -- , the second member being the article to be grated, as in the following: -- kȧnḍi-mujü घर्षिता मूलिका f. grated radish, but mujĕ-konḍu, a radish-grater (cf. mujü). (Kashmiri) *khuṭṭa1 ʻ peg, post ʼ. 2. *khuṇṭa -- 1. [Same as *khuṭṭa -- 2? -- See also kṣōḍa -- .]1. Ku. khuṭī ʻ peg ʼ; N. khuṭnu ʻ to stitch ʼ (der. *khuṭ ʻ pin ʼ as khilnu from khil s.v. khīˊla -- ); Mth. khuṭā ʻ peg, post ʼ; H. khūṭā m. ʻ peg, stump ʼ; Marw. khuṭī f. ʻ peg ʼ; M. khuṭā m. ʻ post ʼ.2. Pk. khuṁṭa -- , khoṁṭaya -- m. ʻ peg, post ʼ; Dm. kuṇḍa ʻ peg for fastening yoke to plough -- pole ʼ; L. khū̃ḍī f. ʻ drum -- stick ʼ; P. khuṇḍ, ḍā m. ʻ peg, stump ʼ; WPah. rudh. khuṇḍ ʻ tethering peg or post ʼ; A. khũṭā ʻ post ʼ, ṭi ʻ peg ʼ; B. khũṭā, ṭi ʻ wooden post, stake, pin, wedge ʼ; Or. khuṇṭa, ṭāʻ pillar, post ʼ; Bi. (with -- ḍa -- ) khũṭrā,  ʻ posts about one foot high rising from body of cart ʼ; H. khū̃ṭā m. ʻ stump, log ʼ, ṭī f. ʻ small peg ʼ (→ P.khū̃ṭā m., ṭī f. ʻ stake, peg ʼ); G. khū̃ṭ f. ʻ landmark ʼ, khũṭɔ m., ṭī f. ʻ peg ʼ, ṭũ n. ʻ stump ʼ, ṭiyũ n. ʻ upright support in frame of wagon ʼ, khū̃ṭṛũn. ʻ half -- burnt piece of fuel ʼ; M. khũṭ m. ʻ stump of tree, pile in river, grume on teat ʼ (semant. cf. kīla -- 1 s.v. *khila -- 2), khũṭā m. ʻ stake ʼ, ṭī f. ʻ wooden pin ʼ, khũṭaḷṇẽ ʻ to dibble ʼ.Addenda: *khuṭṭa -- 1. 2. *khuṇṭa -- 1: WPah.kṭg. khv́ndɔ ʻ pole for fencing or piling grass round ʼ (Him.I 35 nd poss. wrong for ṇḍ); J. khuṇḍā m. ʻ peg to fasten cattle to ʼ. (CDIAL 3893) Vikalpa: pacar = a wedge driven ino a wooden pin, wedge etc. to tighten it (Santali.lex.) pasra = a smithy, place where a black-smith works, to work as a blacksmith; kamar pasra = a smithy; pasrao lagao akata se ban:? Has the blacksmith begun to work? pasraedae = the blacksmith is at his work (Santali.lex.)
khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (G.)

m1912
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' 
aya 'fish' rebus: ays iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
काण्ड an arrow MBh. xiii , 265 Hit. (Monier-Williams, p. 269) Rebus: काण्ड abundance; a multitude, heap , quantity' khaṇḍa 'equipment'
m1913
maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal'
m1914
m1915 Seal impression
sal 'splinter' reus: sal 'workshop' PLUS
खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'.
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
Seau l’nde. Musee des Arts Asiatique, Guimet, France.
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).
bhaa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'

m1393
m1394
Comparable to the entwined bodies on m1395A


m1395A
m1395B

See: Annex Groups of animals
m1430B
m1430C
m1430A Pict-101: Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot on its head; three persons standing near a tree at the center. Pict-60: Composite animal with the body of an ox and three heads [one each of one-horned bull (looking forward), antelope (looking backward) and bison (looking downwards)] at right; a goat standing on its hindlegs and browsing from a tree at the center.
2819 loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, metal' kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar

 rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village 

accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant


. Plano convex molded tablet showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three prongs or leaves emerging from the center.
One side of a planoconvex molded tablet found in 1995 in Mound ET at Harappa. Mark Kenoyer writes about his narrative scene depicting the killing of a water buffalo: "A person, possibly a man, with hair tied in a bun on the back of the head, impales a water buffalo with a barbed spear. The hunter's foot presses down on the water buffalo's head as he thrusts the spear into its shoulder. In Later Hindu rituals, the water buffalo sacrifice is associated with the worship of the goddess Durga, but on this seal the sacrifice takes place in the presence of a priest or deity seated in yogic position. The seated figure wears bangles and a horned and plumed headdress. Above the head of the hunter is a gharial, a small species of crocodile with a narrow snout that was once common in the Ravi and Indus rivers, but is now almost extinct. Similar scenes of an individual spearing a water buffalo have been found on other terracotta tablets from both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro."(Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, pp. 114-5).

Plano convex molded tablet showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three prongs or leaves emerging from the center.

On the reverse (90),a female deity is battling two tigers and standing above an elephant. A single Indus script depicting a spoked wheel is above the head of the deity.
Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width
Harappa, Lot 4651-01
Harappa Museum, H95-2486
Meadow and Kenoyer 1997

Seated person in penance:  kuṇḍhi buffalo crooked horn rebus kuṇḍi-a,'village headman''chief of artisan guild' PLUS kamaḍha 'penance' rebus kammaṭa 'mint' PLUS कूदी f. a bunch of twigs , bunch (v.l. कूट्/) AV. v , 19 ,12 Kaus3.accord. to Kaus3. , Sch. = 
बदरी, "Christ's thorn". Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) Rebus: kuṇḍī, kuṇḍi-a 'village headman, chief of metalworker guild.' kaṭ -- kuro ʻ small shed for storing wood ʼ; B. kuṛiyā ʻ small thatched hut ʼ; Or. kuṛī˚ṛiā ʻ hut ʼ; H. kuṛī f. ʻ fireplace ʼ (CDIAL 3232). Thus, chief of artisan guild of a mint with smelter.

kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) ghariyal id. (Hindi) Rebus: kāru 'artisan'. कारु   kāru m (S) An artificer or artisan. 2 A common term for the twelve बलुतेदार q. v. Also कारुनारु m pl q. v. in नारुकारु.

Narrative: Kicking, discharging spear at a buffalo: Ma. tor̤ikka to beat the breast from grief, kick, whip with twigs, cudgel; tor̤iyuka to droop, (leaves, fruits) to fall, patter. Ko. toḷ- (toḷy-) to disparage a man's good qualities. Ka. tur̤i to tread, tread on, trample, tread down, crush to pieces with the feet, tread out, annoy, harass, pain, be trodden down, become poor, be trodden under foot, be abject or cast out; n. treading, trampling, that which has been trodden; tur̤isu to cause to tread; tur̤iha treading, etc.; tur̤ikal that is faded or withered; tor̤tur̤i, tottar̤a state of being perfectly trodden down, poor, miserable, dejected or faded; (Hav.) toḷi to kick. Tu. torpuni to kick, tread; torpu a kick; doṅkuni to tread, trample; (B-K.) toripu, toḷipu, corpu to kick. Kor. (M.) toḷi, (T.) tori id. Te. trokku to tread, trample, tread or trample upon, press or crush under the foot; tread, place the foot; trokkuḍu treading, trampling, stamp of the foot. ? Kui ḍuḍa (ḍuḍi-) to tread, trample, step upon; n. tread, step. Kuwi (Isr.) tuṛb- (-it-) to trample, tread out grain; ? (S.) tulpinai to tramp (DEDR 3522). Rebus: trapu 'tin' त्रपु  n. (1 , 177 Ka1s3. ) tin AV. xi , 3 , 8 VS. xviii Kapisht2h. ChUp. Mn. &c (Monier-Williams)

Hieroglyph: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: 10562 raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅrāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.*raṅgapattra -- .10567 *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ] B. rāṅ(g) ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10562, 10567)

Thus, the narrative signifies production of trapu 'tin'

Narrative of kicking is repeated on one side of another tablet m1430: The accompanying tree: kuṭi 'tree'  Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)
Possibly, part of the pleiades: bāhulaबाहुल 'Pleiades' rebus: bāhuḷaʻarmour for the arms';

bāhula n. ʻ armour for the arms ʼ lex. [bāhú -- ]Pk. bāhulaga -- m. ʻ arm ʼ; Gy. pal. baúlă ʻ bracelet ʼ; L. bôhlī, mult. bāhvlī, (Ju.) ḇālhī f. ʻ action of the arms in swimming ʼ, ḇūhlī f. ʻ sleeve ʼ; P. bāhulī f. ʻ sleeve ʼ, ludh. bauhlī f.; Ku. baũlī ʻ hand, arm ʼ, baũlo ʻ sleeve ʼ, gng. bɔ̄˜*l_; N. bāulo ʻ sleeve ʼ, ˚li ʻ small do. ʼ; Or. bāhuḷa ʻ armour for the arms ʼ; M. bāhuḷābāvḷā m. ʻ region of the shoulderjoint ʼ.(CDIAL 9233)



m1430
m1431A
m1431B
m1431C
m1431E Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?] 

2806
m1431 (Colour view)



m2016

Annex Groups of animals

 

https://tinyurl.com/yb3s2pyl

I suggest that the three tigers with interlocked bodies connote cāli 'interlocked bodies'.

Rebus-metonymy layered cipher yields the plain text Meluhha message : kola 'tiger'> kolom 'three' PLUS cāli 'interlocked bodies': kammasālā 'workshop' (Prakritam) < kolimi 'forge' PLUS śālā, i.e. smithy workshop; 
salāyisu = joining of metal (Kannada).

m2015, m0295 The three interlocked tigers show their feline claws prominently. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace' PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolhe 'smelter'.
m0295 Pict-61: Composite motif of three tigers (Mahadevan concodance)Location: Mohenjo Daro, Larkana Dt., Sind, Pakistan Site: Mohenjo Daro Monument/Object: carved sealCurrent Location: National Museum, New Delhi, India Subject: interlinked tigers Period: Harappa/Indus Civilization (Pakistan) (3300-1700 BCE) Date: ca. 2100 - 1750 BCE Material: stone Scan Number: 27412 Copyright: Huntington, John C. and Susan L. Image Source: Huntington Archive 

Here is a rendering of this Mohenjo-daro seal with three entwined tigers, in colour by a Historian, Walter Plitt Qintin:
kola ‘tiger’ rebus: kol ‘furnace, forge’ cāli 'Interlocking bodies' (IL 3872) Rebus: sal 'workshop' (Santali)Hieroglyph of joined, interlocked bodies: cāli (IL 3872); rebus: śālika (IL) village of artisans. cf. salāyisu = joining of metal (Ka.)

Orthography of Harappa Script Corpora presents two variants of 'interlocked' bodies of kola, 'tigers' (rebus: kol 'blacksmith'): e.g., (a) m0295 (PLUS Text message hieroglyphs), (b) m1395 with upto six bodies of tigers intertwined" (bhaa 'six' rebus: bhaa 'furnace').
cāli 'Interlocking bodies' (IL 3872) Rebus: sal 'workshop' (Santali) Allograph: sal ‘splinter’.
m0295 Text1386 Note how the hieroglyph components of the text are displayed in the space available on the seal after the pictorial motif hieroglyphs have been put together as part of the hypertext. The broken corner of the seal may have included other 'text hieroglyphs called signs'.
The text messageis: bronze workshop, scribe/account iron supercargo, helmsman, smithy/forge/temple. 
Details of Text: 
kōna corner (Nk.); tu. u angle, corner (Tu.); rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) Alternative reading; kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bronze'

sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'

कर्णकः karṇakḥ कर्णकः Ved. 1 A prominence; handle' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe. 

kaṇḍ kanka ‘rim of jar’; Rebus: karnI 'supercargo', karṇika ‘scribe’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’. Thus the ligatured Glyph is decoded: 

kaṇḍkarṇaka ‘furnace scribe'

कर्णक kárṇaka कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; 

(semantic determinant) rebus: kárṇaka, kannā कर्णक 'helmsman'.PLUS 

me ‘body’ Rebus: me ‘iron’ (Mu.) 


kole.l smithy, temple in Kota village (Ko.) rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'; kolimi 'smithy, forge' 

kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kolimi 'smithy, forge'; kole.l 'smithy, temple' kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. 
Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith(Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.)kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge.(DEDR 2133)

Hieroglyph of ‘looking back’ is read rebus kamar 'artisan': క్రమ్మరు [krammaru] krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go  back. మరలు.  క్రమ్మరించు or  క్రమ్మరుచు  krammarinsu. V. a. To turn, send back, recall. To revoke, annul,rescind.క్రమ్మరజేయుక్రమ్మర krammara Adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు. krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) Kho. Krəm ʻ back ʼ NTS ii 262 with (?) (CDIAL 3145)[Cf. Ir. *kamaka  or *kamraka -- ʻ back ʼ in Shgh. Čůmčʻbackʼ,Sar. Čomǰ EVSh 26] (CDIAL 2776) cf. Sang. kamak ʻ back ʼ, Shgh. Čomǰ (< *kamak G.M.) ʻ back of an animal ʼ, Yghn. Kama ʻ neck ʼ (CDIAL 14356). Kár, kãr  ‘neck’ (Kashmiri) Kal. Gřä ʻ neck ʼ; Kho. Go ʻ front of neck, throat ʼ. Gala m. ʻ throat, neck ʼ MBh. (CDIAL 4070)  Rebus: karmāra ‘smith, artisan’ (Skt.) kamar ‘smith’ (Santali)

kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Thus, the message on the seal reads: me ‘iron’; kāḍ  ‘stone’;  karṇaka karṇika ‘helmsman, supercargo, furnace scribe'; kolimi 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'smithy, temple'; sal ‘workshop’ PLUS kõdā sal 'turner workshop' (Alternative: kañcu sal 'bronze workshop')

The entire hypertexts of pictorial and text hieroglyph components can thus be read using rebus-metonymy-layered-meluhha cipher as: 'iron stone furnace scribe smithy-forge, temple, bronze turner's workshop'.

kul ‘tiger’ (Santali); kōlu id. (Telugu) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.) कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [kōlhēṃ] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) kol ‘working in iron’ (Tamil) kōla1 m. ʻ name of a degraded tribe ʼ Hariv. Pk. kōla -- m.; B. kol ʻ name of a Muṇḍā tribe ʼ.(CDIAL 3532) 

కరుకోల (p. 252) karukōla karu-kōla. [Tel.] n. A firing iron, for cautery. கொல்லுலை kol-l-ulai 
  , n. < id. +. Black-smith's forge; கொல்லனுலை. கொல்லுலைக் கூடத் தினால் (குமர. பிர. நீதிநெறி. 14).கொல்² kol Working in iron; கொற்றொழில். Blacksmith; கொல்லன். 5. Lock; பூட்டு. (பிங்.)  Brass or iron bar nailed across a door or gate; கதவு முதலியவற்றில் தைக்கும் இரும்பு முதலிய வற்றாலாகிய பட்டை. Loc.

Obverse of m1395 and m0441 had the following images of a multi-headed, six tigers.

m1395B, m0441B


Obverse of the tablets (e.g. m1395) signify functions of the manager of the guild 

of artisans/merchants: 


1. bica ‘scorpion’ rebus ‘haematite, ferrite ore  
2. krammara ‘look back’ rebus: kamar ‘smith’ PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol, kolle 'blacksmith'
3. karabha ‘trunk of elephant’ ibha ‘elephant’  rebus: karba ‘iron’ ib ‘iron’ ibbo ‘merchant’ 
4. kaṇḍa ‘rhinoceros’ rebus; kaṇḍa ‘implements’ 
5. kuṭhAru ‘monkey’ rebus: kuṭhAru ‘armourer’ 
6. dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ dhangar ‘bull’ rebus; dhangar ‘blacksmith’. barada, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata,baran 'factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin'. 

The message is: haematite (ferrite ore), blacksmith artisan, iron implements merchant, armourer, hard alloy metalcasting.

--Data mining of Harappa Script Corpora, karaa aquatic bird, kola, 'tiger',  poa, 'zebu' tied to a rope, stake -- signifiers of working in karaa, 'hard alloys', poa, 'magnetite (ferrite ore)', kol, 'working in iron'.
cāli 'interlocked' rebus śālikā 'village of artisans, shop' kola 'tiger' sāṅgaḍa 'joined' rebus, kol 'blacksmith, working in iron', saṁgaha, 'manager arranger'.

Thus, blacksmith manager of the artisans' village/shop.


m1395 [PLUS hieroglyphs on obverse of tablet: haematite (ferrite ore), blacksmith artisan, iron implements merchant, armourer, hard alloy metalcasting]. 




There are at least six multiples of (m1395) tablets with this frame of 'interlocked' bodies of tigers on one side and other hieroglyphs/hypertexts on the reverse side. 
The hypertexts on the reverse side are detailed metalwork catalogues.

सांगड (p. 495) sāgaa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: sagaha 'catalogue' (Pkt.) सं-ग्रह [p=1129,2] a guardian , ruler , manager , arranger R. BhP. keeping , guarding , protection Mn. MBh.complete enumeration or collection , sum , amount , totality (एण , " completely " , " entirely ")Ya1jn5. MBh. &c (Monier-Williams) Pa. sagaha -- m. ʻ collection ʼ, Pk. sagaha -- m.; Bi. ̄gah ʻ building materials ʼ; Mth. ̄gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ, Bhoj. har -- sã̄ga; H. sãgahā ʻ collection of materials (e.g. for building) ʼ; <-> Si. san̆gaha ʻ compilation ʼ  Pa.(CDIAL 12852) Rebus: सांगड (p. 495) sāgaa m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by.  That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.

Terracotta sealing from Mohenjo-daro depicting a collection of animals and some script. Hieroglyphs. Centrepiece is a scorpion, surrounded by a pair of oxen (bulls), rhinoceros, monkey, elephant, a tiger looking back, a standing person with spread legs. This hieroglyph cluster is duplicated on six tablets.





















Hieroglyphs. Centrepiece is a scorpion, surrounded by a pair of oxen (bulls), rhinoceros, monkey, elephant, a tiger looking back, a standing person with spread legs. This hieroglyph cluster is duplicated on a six tablets.
m02015 A,B, m2016, m1393, m1394, m1395, m0295, m0439, m440, m0441 A,B On some tablets, such a glyphic composition (hypertext) is also accompanied (on obverse side, for example, cf. m2015A and m0295) with a glyphic of two or more joined tiger heads to a single body. In one inscription (m0295), the text inscriptions are also read. bica ‘scorpion’ rebus: bica ‘haematite, ferrite orekola ‘tiger’ rebus: kol ‘furnace, forge’ kol ‘metal’ PLUSkrammara ‘look back’ rebus: kamar ‘smith’ karabha ‘trunk of elephant’ ibha ‘elephant’ rebus: karba ‘ironib ‘iron’ ibbo ‘merchant’ kaṇḍa ‘rhinoceros’ rebus; kaṇḍa ‘implements’ kuhāru ‘monkey’ rebus: kuhāru‘armourer’ dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ dhangar ‘bull’ rebus; dhangar ‘blacksmith’. barada, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata,baran 'factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin'.




Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.)कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali)

ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'.  Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa  'rhimpceros'   Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.  The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.

Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi  Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

Crocodile hieroglyph in combination with other animal hieroglphs also appears on a Mohenjo-daro seal m0489 in the context of an erotic Meluhha hieroglyph: a tergo copulation hieroglyph.
m0489a,b,c Mohenjo-daro prism tablet

A standing human couple mating (a tergo); one side of a prism tablet from Mohenjo-daro (m489b). Other motifs on the inscribed object are: two goats eating leaves on a platform; a cock or hen (?) and a three-headed animal (perhaps antelope, one-horned bull and a short-horned bull).  The leaf pictorial connotes on the goat composition connotes loa; hence, the reading is of this pictorial component is: lohar kamar = a blacksmith, worker in iron, superior to the ordinary kamar (Santali.)] 
kāruvu ‘crocodile’ Rebus:  ‘artisan, blacksmith’.  pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Telugu) Thus, the depiction of animals in epigraphs is related to, rebus: pasra = smithy (Santali)
pisera_ a small deer brown above and black below (H.)(CDIAL 8365).

ān:gra = wooden trough or manger sufficient to feed one animal (Mundari). iṭan:kārri = a capacity measure (Ma.) Rebus: ḍhan:gar ‘blacksmith’ (Bi.)
pattar ‘goldsmiths’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.) 
r-an:ku, ran:ku = fornication, adultery (Telugu); rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali)
Rebus readings of Meluhha hieroglyphs:
Hieroglhyphs: elephant (ibha), boar/rhinoceros[kāṇḍā mṛga 'rhinoceros' (Tamil)], tiger (kol), tiger face turned (krammara), young bull calf (khōṇḍa) [खोंड m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi)], antelope, ḍangur ʻbullockʼ, melh ‘goat’ (Brahui) 
Rebus mleccha glosses: Ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'; kāṇḍā, 'tools, pots and pans, metalware'; kol 'worker in iron, smithy'; krammara, kamar 'smith, artisan', kõdā 'lathe-turner' [B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or. kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ‘lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)], khũ ‘guild, community’, ḍāṅro ’blacksmith’ (Nepalese) milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) [Meluhha!]
Iron (ib), carpenter (badhi), smithy (kol ‘pancaloha’), alloy-smith (kol kamar)
tam(b)ra copper, milakkhu copper, bali (iron sand ore), native metal (aduru), ḍhangar ‘smith’.Other examples of groups of animals on Indus Script inscriptions
The following glyphics of m1431 prism tablet show the association between the tiger + person on tree glyphic set and crocile + 3 animal glyphic set.



m1431A, B, C, E and Text 2805 Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)]baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) baṭhi furnace for smelting ore (the same as kuṭhi) (Santali) bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace; make an oven, a furnace; iṭa bhaṭa = a brick kiln; kun:kal bhaṭa a potter’s kiln; cun bhaṭa = a lime kiln; cun tehen dobon bhaṭaea = we shall prepare the lime kiln today (Santali); bhaṭṭhā (H.) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a barzier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Skt.) mẽhẽt bai = iron (Ore) furnaces. [Synonyms are: mẽt = the eye, rebus for: the dotted circle (Santali.lex) baṭha [H. baṭṭhī (Sad.)] any kiln, except a potter’s kiln, which is called coa; there are four kinds of kiln: cunabat.ha, a lime-kin, it.abat.ha, a brick-kiln, ērēbaṭha, a lac kiln, kuilabaṭha, a charcoal kiln; trs. Or intrs., to make a kiln; cuna rapamente ciminaupe baṭhakeda? How many limekilns did you make? Baṭha-sen:gel = the fire of a kiln; baṭi [H. Sad. baṭṭhi, a furnace for distilling) used alone or in the cmpds. arkibuṭi and baṭiora, all meaning a grog-shop; occurs also in ilibaṭi, a (licensed) rice-beer shop (Mundari.lex.) bhaṭi = liquor from mohwa flowers (Santali)


Buffalo rāngo hieroglyph ṭhaṭera 'buffalo horns' Rebus ṭhaṭerā 'brass workers' rebus rã̄gā 'pewter' trade in lokhãḍ ironware

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On some inscriptions, buffalo is associated with a feeding trough:  pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' rebus paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory', pattar 'merchants' 
Kalibangan 33 8025
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
circumscript of hieroglyph 'four' strokes: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

-- Buffalo is associated with hieroglyphs: lo 'overflow' + kāṇḍa 'water' rebus lokhãḍ 'ironware'

The word for large horns with sweeping upward curve as applied to buffalos is dabe in Santali. The words dab, dhimba, dhombo meaning a lump (clot) are homonyms for dabe. डोम्ब Domba is a metalsmith, expert in cire perdue metal casting. ଡୋମ୍ବ Ḍomba ପ୍ରାଦେ. (ବିଶାଖାପାଟଣା)ବି— ବିଶାଖାପାଟଣାରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିବା ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଡମମାନଙ୍କର ଭାଷା— The Oriya language spoken by the Ḍamas in Vizagapatam Agency. ଡୋମ୍ବୋ Ḍombo ପ୍ରାଦେ. (ବିଶାଖାପାଟଣା)ବି— ବିଶାଖାପାଟଣାରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିବା ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଡମମାନଙ୍କର ଭାଷା— The Oriya language spoken by the Ḍamas in Vizagapatam Agency. ଡମ Ḍama ଡମଣୀ, ଡମୁଣୀସ୍ତ୍ରୀ [synonym(s): ডোম,ডম डोम] ସଂ. ବି ପୁଂ. (ଡମ୍ ଧାତୁ=ଶବ୍ଦ କରିବା, ବାଦ୍ଯ ବଜାଇବା— କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅ)— ଅସ୍ପୃଶ୍ଯ ଜାତିବିଶେଷ, (ଏମାନେ ଢୋଲ ବଜାନ୍ତି ଓ ବାଉଁଶପାତିଆରେ କୁଲା, ବାଉଁଶିଆ, ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ବୁଣନ୍ତି—The Dome caste; a low untouchable caste (who weave baskets of bamboo laths and also sound drums); a despised mixed caste (Apte).

ṭhaṭera 'buffalo horns' Rebus: ṭhaṭerā 'brass worker'

rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) 

Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali).  

-- pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' (Sindhi) rebus: பத்தர்² pattarn. < T. battuḍu. A guild or title of goldsmiths.பத்தர்pattar, n. perh. vartaka. Merchants; வியாபாரிகள். (W.) paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory'

Vikalpa rebus readings may be: paṭṭī 'inventory'; పట్ర  paṭra, patta 'village, hamlet, town'
Some inscriptions show a feeding trough in front of the rhinoceros.  pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' (Sindhi) on Indus Script Corpora rebus బత్తుడు battuḍu 'artificer' pattar 'goldsmith guild' https://tinyurl.com/y6vhrwsa  


m312 Persons vaulting over a water-buffalo.
Rebus readings of hieroglyphs: ‘1. arrow, 2. jag/notch, 3. buffalo, 4.acrobatics’:

Mokkhacika (m. or ˚ā f.) [see on attempt at etym. Morris in J.P.T.S. 1885, 49 who takes mokkha as fr. muc "tumbling"& cika="turning" fr. cak=cik. The word remains obscure, it must be a dialectical expression, distorted by popular analogy & taken perhaps from a designation of a place where these feats or toys had their origin. More probable than Morris' etym. is an analysis of the word (if it is Aryan) as mokkha= mokkha2, in meaning "head, top," so that it may mean "head over," top -- first"& we have to separate *mokkhac -- ika the ˚ika representing ˚iya "in the manner of, like"& -- ac being the adv. of direction as contained in Sk. prāñc=pra -- añc.] tumbling, turning somersaults, an acrobatic feat; in list of forbidden amusements at D i.6 (cp. DA i.86; samparivattaka -- kīḷanaŋ, i. e. playing with something that rolls along, continuously turning? The foll. sentence however seems to imply turning head over heels: "ākāse vā daṇḍaŋ gahetvā bhūmiyaŋ vā sīsaŋ ṭhapetvā heṭṭh -- upariya (so read!) -- bhāvena parivattana -- kīḷanaŋ"; i. e. trapeze -- performing. Cp. Dial.i.10 & Vin. Texts ii.184). The list re -- occurs at Vin ii.10 (˚āya: f.! kīḷanti); iii.180; M i.266≈and A v.203 (with important v. l. mokkhaṭika, which would imply mokkha& ending tiya, and not ˚cika at all. The Cy. on this passage expls as: daṇḍakaŋ gahetvā heṭṭh -- uppariya (sic. as DA i.86; correct to upariya?) -- bhāvena parivattana -- kīḷanaŋ). The word is found also at Vin i.275, where the boy of a Seṭṭhi in Bārāṇasī contracts injuries to his intestines by "mokkhacikāya kīḷanto," playing (with a) m. -- According to its use with kīḷati & in instr. mokkhacikena (Nd2 219) may be either a sort of game or an instrument (toy), with which children play.

mokkhacikāya kīḷanto, mokka 'tumbling' rebus: mukha 'copper''chief'


Mehrgarh. Terracotta circular button seal. (Shah, SGM & Parpola, A., 1991, Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions 2: Collections in Pakistan, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, MR-17. A humped bull (water buffalo?) and abstract forms (one of which is like a human body) around the bull. The human body is tossed from the horns of the bovine. 
.
Impression of a steatite stamp seal (2300-1700 BCE) with a water-buffalo and acrobats. Buffalo attack or bull-leaping scene, Banawali (after UMESAO 2000:88, cat. no. 335). A figure is impaled on the horns of the buffalo; a woman acrobat wearing bangles on both arms and a long braid flowing from the head, leaps over the buffalo bull. The action narrative is presented in five frames of the acrobat getting tossed by the horns, jumping and falling down.Two Indus script glyphs are written in front of the buffalo. (ASI BNL 5683).

Rebus readings of hieroglyphs: ‘1. arrow, 2. jag/notch, 3. buffalo, 4.acrobatics’:

1.     kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent  iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ)
2.     खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.

3. rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) 

Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali).  
4. ḍullu to fall off; ḍollu to roll over (DEDR 2698) Te. ḍul(u)cu, ḍulupu to cause to fall; ḍollu to fall; ḍolligillu to fall or tumble over (DEDR 2988) డొలుచు [ḍolucu] or  ḍoluṭsu. [Tel.] v. n. To tumble head over heels as dancing girls do (Telugu) Rebus 1: dul ‘to cast in a mould’; dul mṛht, dul mee, 'cast iron'; koe mee ‘forged iron’ (Santali) Bshk. ḍōl ʻ brass pot (CDIAL 6583). Rebus 2: WPah. ḍhōˋḷ m. ʻstoneʼ, ḍhòḷṭɔ m. ʻbig stone or boulderʼ, ḍhòḷṭu ʻsmall id.ʼ Him.I 87(CDIAL 5536). Rebus: K. ḍula m. ʻ rolling stoneʼ(CDIAL 6582). 

muṭṭi 'fist' (Ta.), मुष्टि the clenched hand , fist (perhaps orig. " the hand closed to grasp anything stolen ") RV. Rebus: मुष्टिकः 'goldsmith' मुष्टिकाः N. of an outcast race (the Dombasडोम m. a man of low caste (living by singing and music); डोम्ब m. id. VarBr2S. lxxxvii , 33 (v.l. डुम्ब) Katha1s. xiii , 96ff. Ra1jat. vf. N. of a man , vii , 1070 and 1136; f. a kind of drama Das3ar. i, Sayana (Monier-Williams)

मुष्टिकः 'goldsmith' मुष्टिकाः N. of an outcast race (the Dombas) Thus, a Domba is a मुष्टिकः 'goldsmith' Domba are tumblers,musicians. The seals which narrate the butting by a bull and tumblers tumbling signifies: rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: Hieroglyph: muṭṭikai 'butting' rebus: muṭṭi 'jeweller, jeweller's hammer, goldsmith' Rebus:rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali).  Thus, the डोम्ब Domba muṭṭi ''Dom goldsmith' is a worker in the alloy called pewter which is an alloy of tin, lead and antimony. This economic narrative of the metalwork artisans who are both goldsmiths and alloy metal workers is depicted on the seals which show tumblers being butted by water buffalos.
Harappa four-sided molded tablet. The standing person has scarf on his hairstyle together with buffalo horn.

"Pendant or medallion [from Mohenjo-daro] pictures the unicorn combined with many sacred symbols of the Indus religion. The body of the figure has a womb-shaped symbol in its belly, the same motif is elaborated to form the frame for the pendant, which is also a common design for shell inlay. Two leaf shapes of the sacred pipal tree are depicted at the animals shoulders and rump. A ritual offering stand is placed in front of the image. The deeply incised frame and the symbols on the unicorn would have been set with inlay." (J.M. Kenoyer, Indus Civilization, p. 188


m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. The body of the young bull has the pictograph signified on the body. Arka flipped vertically and signified on the body of the young bull on pectoral, as shown below. The young bull signifies Hieroglyph: kõda 'young bull-calf'.  Rebus: kundaa 'fine gold'; kār-kund 'manager'. 

The overflowing pot atop the one-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext. The rebus reading in Meluhha of the overflowing pot is: 
lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware' (Marathi) The expression is composed of two words: '(pot etc.) to overflow' and 'water'. The rebus readings are:

1. (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi)

காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர்துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā metal tools, pots and pans (Marathi).  

Thus, the overflowing pot is a hypertext to signify metal tools, pots and pans of copper, made by .the young bull kār-kunda 'manager' who works as an artisan with the metallurgical competence of 'lapidary, goldsmith, turner' in mint.

Overflowing pot is an abiding metaphor on Ibni Sharrum cylinder seal and many other Ancient Near East artifacts.

On Ancient Near East seals, buffalo is associated with overflowing pot which is read rebus: H. lokhaṇḍ  m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ(CDIAL 11171).

Overflowing pot on tens of Ancient Near East artifacts, an Indus Script hypertext signifies production of metal implements https://tinyurl.com/y8kq53kl which deciphered the rebus reading of overflowing pot: lokhãḍ 'tools,iron, ironware'. This decipherment is validated by the decipherment of Indus Script hypertexts of Ibni-sharrum cylinder seal (ca. 2200 BCE).
Image result for ibni sharrum indus script
Ibni-Sharrum cylinder seal shows a kneeling person with six curls of hair.Cylinder seal of Ibni-sharrum, a scribe of Shar-kali-sharri (left) and impression (right), ca. 2183–2159 B.C.; Akkadian, reign of Shar-kali-sharri. Lower register signifies flow of water.

Cylinder seal impression of Ibni-sharrum, a scribe of Shar-kalisharri ca. 2183–2159 BCE The inscription reads “O divine Shar-kali-sharri, Ibni-sharrum the scribe is your servant.” Cylinder seal. Serpentine/Chlorite. AO 22303 H. 3.9 cm. Dia. 2.6 cm.  

<lo->(B)  {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''.  See <lo-> `to be left over'.  @B24310.  #20851. Re<lo->(B)  {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''.  See <lo-> `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) Glyph of flowing water in the second register: காண்டம் kāṇṭam , n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர்; kāṇṭam ‘ewer, pot’ கமண்டலம். (Tamil) Thus the combined rebus reading: Ku. lokhaṛ  ʻiron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ  m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ(CDIAL 11171). The kneeling person’s hairstyle has six curls. bhaṭa ‘six’; rebus: bhaṭa‘furnace’. मेढा mēḍhā A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Thus, the orthography denotes meḍ bhaṭa ‘iron furnace’.

Numeral bhaṭa 'six' is an Indus Script cipher, rebus bhaṭa ‘furnace’; baṭa 'iron'. Rebus: bhaḍa -- m. ʻ soldier ʼ, bhuaga 'worshipper in a temple' (Note the worshipful pose of the person offering the overflowing pot).

bhr̥ta ʻ carried, brought ʼ MBh. 2. ʻ hired, paid ʼ Mn., m. ʻ hireling, mercenary ʼ Yājñ.com., bhr̥taka -- m. ʻ hired servant ʼ Mn.: > MIA. bhaṭa -- m. ʻ hired soldier, servant ʼ MBh. [√bhr̥] 1. Ash. 3 sg. pret. bəṛə, f. °ṛī ʻ brought ʼ, Kt. bŕå; Gaw. (LSI) bṛoet ʻ they begin ʼ.2. Pa. bhata -- ʻ supported, fed ʼ, bhataka -- m. ʻ hired servant ʼ, bhaṭa -- m. ʻ hireling, servant, soldier ʼ; Aś.shah. man. kāl. bhaṭa -- ʻ hired servant ʼ, kāl. bhaṭaka -- , gir. bhata -- , bhataka -- ; Pk. bhayaga -- m. ʻ servant ʼ, bhaḍa -- m. ʻ soldier ʼ, bhaḍaa -- m. ʻ member of a non -- Aryan tribe ʼ; Paš. buṛīˊ ʻ servant maid ʼ IIFL iii 3, 38; S. bhaṛu ʻ clever, proficient ʼ, m. ʻ an adept ʼ; Ku. bhaṛ m. ʻ hero, brave man ʼ, gng. adj. ʻ mighty ʼ; B. bhaṛ ʻ soldier, servant, nom. prop. ʼ, bhaṛil ʻ servant, hero ʼ; Bhoj. bhar ʻ name of a partic. low caste ʼ; G. bhaṛ m. ʻ warrior, hero, opulent person ʼ, adj. ʻ strong, opulent ʼ, ubhaṛ m. ʻ landless worker ʼ (G. cmpd. with u -- , ʻ without ʼ, i.e. ʻ one without servants ʼ?); Si. beḷē ʻ soldier ʼ < *baḷaya, st. baḷa -- ; -- Pk. bhuaga -- m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ, G. bhuvɔ m. (rather than < bhūdēva -- ). *bhārta -- ; abhr̥ta -- ; subhaṭa -- .Addenda: bhr̥ta -- : S.kcch. bhaṛ ʻ brave ʼ; Garh. (Śrīnagrī dial.) bhɔṛ, (Salānī dial.) bhe ʻ warrior ʼ.(CDIAL 9588)
Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅrāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g) ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567) తుత్తము [ tuttamu ] or తుత్తరము tuttamu. [Tel.] n. sulphate of zinc. మైలతుత్తము sulphate of copper, blue-stone.తుత్తినాగము [ tuttināgamu ] tutti-nāgamu. [Chinese.] n. Pewter. Zinc. లోహవిశేషము (Telugu) (Spelter is commercial crude smelted zinc.
  • a solder or other alloy in which zinc is the main constituent.)
Akkadian Cylinder Seal (c. 2200 B.C. showing Gilgamesh slaying the bull of heaven, with Enkidu? Also from Dury; both in British Museum.
Akkadian Cylinder Seal (c. 2200 B.C. showing Gilgamesh slaying the bull of heaven, with Enkidu? Also from Dury; both in British Museum)

Gilgamesh and Enkidu struggle of the celestial bull and the lion (cylinder seal-print Approx. 2,400 BC, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore)

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1999.325.4 (Bos gaurus shown with greater clarity) http://art.thewalters.org/viewwoa.aspx?id=33263 In the two scenes on this cylinder seal, a heroic figure with heavy beard and long curls holds off two roaring lions, and another hero struggles with a water buffalo. The inscription in the panel identifies the owner of this seal as "Ur-Inanna, the farmer."

Clay sealing from private collection with water buffalo, crescent-star, apparently Akkadian period.

मेढ [ mēḍha ]The polar star. (Marathi) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.) 
मेंढसर [mēṇḍhasara] m A bracelet of gold thread. (Marathi) 

On many hierolyph multiplexes, water-buffalo (rã̄go) is associated with kAṇḍa 'overflowing water'. The rebus renderings are: rāṅgā khaNDA 'zinc alloy implements'. The semantics of khaNDa 'implements' is attested in Santali: me~r.he~t khaNDa 'iron implements'. 
Santali glosses

A lexicon suggests the semantics of Panini's compound अयस्--काण्ड [p= 85,1]  m. n. " a quantity of iron " or " excellent iron " , (g. कस्का*दि q.v.)( Pa1n2. 8-3 , 48)(Monier-Williams).

From the example of a compound gloss in Santali, I suggest that the suffix -kANDa in Samskritam should have referred to 'implements'. Indus Script hieroglyphs as hypertext components to signify kANDa 'implements' are: kANTa, 'overflowing water' kANDa, 'arrow' gaNDa, 'four short circumscript strokes'.

Mohenjodaro seal m0304
This profile of face on m0304 compares with the three faces topped by a horn PLUS twigs, on another seal. Material: tan steatite; Dimensions: 2.65 x 2.7 cm, 0.83 to 0.86 thickness Mohenjo-daro, DK 12050 Islamabad Museum, NMP 50.296 Mackay 1938: 335, pl. LXXXVII, 222 Hypertext: three faces, mũh 'face' Rebus mũhã̄ 'iron furnace output' kolom 'three' (faces) rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' *tiger's mane on face: The face is depicted with bristles of hair, representing a tiger’s mane. ḍā, cūlā, cūliyā tiger’s mane (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4883) Rebus: cuḷḷai = potter’s kiln, furnace (Ta.); cūḷai furnace, kiln, funeral pile (Ta.); cuḷḷa potter’s furnace; cūḷa brick kiln (Ma.); cullī fireplace (Skt.); cullī, ullī id. (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4879; DEDR 2709). sulgao, salgao to light a fire; sen:gel, sokol fire (Santali.lex.) hollu, holu = fireplace (Kuwi); soḍu fireplace, stones set up as a fireplace (Mand.); ule furnace (Tu.)(DEDR 2857). 

Hypertext: shoggy face with brisltles of hair on the face of the person: sodo bodo, sodro bodro adj. adv. rough, hairy, shoggy, hirsute, uneven; sodo [Persian. sodā, dealing] trade; traffic; merchandise; marketing; a bargain; the purchase or sale of goods; buying and selling; mercantile dealings (G.lex.)sodagor = a merchant, trader; sodāgor (P.B.) id. (Santali)

Hypertext: wristlets on arms: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles (Gujarati) rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.



Image result for pasupati indus sealHseal (m0304). Image result for bharatkalyan97 haystackThe platform is a plank atop a pair of haystacks. Indus Script hypertexts of the bottom register: polā 'haystacks' rebus: polā 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. The plank or slab of the platform is pāṭa ʻ plain, throne ʼ (Oriya), paṭṭa rebus: फड phaḍa 'metals manufactory guild'. miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, iron castings.

Hypertext: kũdā kol 'tiger jumping' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'

Hypertext: कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread' rebus: कर्णक kárṇaka, 'helmsman' kannā 'legs spread' rebus: karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman ʼ.(CDIAL 2836)

Hieroglyph: karabha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'

Hieroglyph: kaṇḍa 'rhinoceros' gaṇḍá4 m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ lex., °aka -- m. lex. 2. *ga- yaṇḍa -- . [Prob. of same non -- Aryan origin as khaḍgá -- 1: cf. gaṇōtsāha -- m. lex. as a Sanskritized form ← Mu. PMWS 138] 1. Pa. gaṇḍaka -- m., Pk. gaṁḍaya -- m., A. gãr, Or. gaṇḍā.2. K. gö̃ḍ m., S. geṇḍo m. (lw. with g -- ), P. gaĩḍā m., °ḍī f., N. gaĩṛo, H. gaĩṛā m., G. gẽḍɔ m., °ḍī f., M. gẽḍā m.
Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 4. 2. *gayaṇḍa -- : WPah.kṭg. geṇḍɔ mirg m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ, Md. genḍā ← H.(CDIAL 4000) rebus: kāṇḍa 'implements'

Hieroglyph:  rã̄go 'water-buffalo' rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ  *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) ranga 'alloy of copper, zinc, tin'

Hypertext: penance; kamaḍha 'penance', rebus: kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) 'mint, coiner, coinage' Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236)

Hypertext: ṭhaṭera ‘buffalo horns’ rebus: hã̄ṭhāro, ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker';  haṭṭhāra 'brass worker' (Prakritam) K. hö̃hur m., S. hã̄ṭhāro m., P. hahiār°rā m.2. P. ludh. haherā m., Ku. hahero m., N. haero, Bi. haherā, Mth. haheri, H. haherā m(CDIAL 5473).

Hypertext: bunch of twigs on horns: The bunch of twigs = kūdīkūṭī (Samskrtam) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda(AV 5.19.12) and KauśikaSūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield,American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss anBohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)

See: 

 http://tinyurl.com/h4a3qwf


त्रि--शिरस् [p= 460,3] mfn. n. कुबेर L.; three-pointed MBh. xiii R. iv; three-headed (त्वाष्ट्र , author of RV. x , 8.) Ta1n2d2yaBr. xvii Br2ih. KaushUp. MBh. Ka1m. (Monier-Williams) Triśiras, son of tvaṣṭṛ त्वष्टृ m. [त्वक्ष्-तृच्] 1 A carpenter, builder, workman, त्वष्ट्रेव विहितं यन्त्रम् Mb.12.33.22. -2 Viśvakarman, the architect of the gods. [Tvaṣtṛi is the Vulcan of the Hindu mythology. He had a son named Triśiras and a daughter called संज्ञा, who was given in marriage to the sun. But she was unable to bear the severe light of her husband, and therefore Tvaṣtṛi mounted the sun upon his lathe, and carefully trimmed off a part of his bright disc; cf. आरोप्य चक्रभ्रमिमुष्णतेजास्त्वष्ट्रेव यत्नो- ल्लिखितो विभाति R.6.32. The part trimmed off is said to have been used by him in forming the discus of Viṣṇu, the Triśūla of Śiva, and some other weapons of the gods.] पर्वतं चापि जग्राह क्रुद्धस्त्वष्टा महाबलः Mb.1.227. 34. -3 Prajāpati (the creator); यां चकार स्वयं त्वष्टा रामस्य महिषीं प्रियाम् Mb.3.274.9. -4 Āditya, a form of the sun; निर्भिन्ने अक्षिणी त्वष्टा लोकपालो$विशद्विभोः Bhāg.3.6.15.

Thus, the messsage of the Mohenjo-daro seal is a proclamation by the scribe, of iron workings displayed on the bottom register of the seal with a slab atop haystacks..

Decipherment the text of the inscription on seal m0304:
Text 2420 on m0304

Line 2 (bottom): 'body' glyph. mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)

Line 1 (top):

'Body' glyph plus ligature of 'splinter' shown between the legs: mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) sal ‘splinter’; Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali) Thus, the ligatured glyph is read rebus as: meḍ sal 'iron (metal) workshop'.

Sign 216 (Mahadevan). ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) Vikalpa: erā ‘claws’; Rebus: era ‘copper’. Allograph: kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Skt.)

Sign 229. sannī, sannhī = pincers, smith’s vice (P.) śannī f. ʻ small room in a house to keep sheep in ‘ (WPah.) Bshk. šan, Phal.šān ‘roof’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12326). seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. śreṇi in meaning "guild"; Vedic= row] 1. a guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). -- 2. a division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. senā and seniya). (Pali)

Sign 342. kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali): karṇaka rim of jar’(Skt.) Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Te.); gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) copper fire-altar scribe (account)(Skt.) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) Thus, the 'rim of jar' ligatured glyph is read rebus: fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account) karNI 'supercargo' (Marathi)

Sign 344. Ligatured glyph: 'rim of jar' ligature + splinter (infixed); 'rim of jar' ligature is read rebus: kaṇḍa karṇaka 'furnace scribe (account)'. 

sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.); Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali) *ஆலை³ ālai, n. < šālā. 1. Apartment, hall; சாலை. ஆலைசேர் வேள்வி (தேவா. 844. 7). 2. Elephant stable or stall; யானைக்கூடம். களிறு சேர்ந் தல்கிய வழுங்க லாலை (புறநா. 220, 3).ஆலைக்குழி ālai-k-kuḻi, n. < ஆலை¹ +. Receptacle for the juice underneath a sugar-cane press; கரும்பாலையிற் சாறேற்கும் அடிக்கலம்.*ஆலைத்தொட்டி ālai-t-toṭṭi, n. < id. +. Cauldron for boiling sugar-cane juice; கருப்பஞ் சாறு காய்ச்சும் சால்.ஆலைபாய்-தல் ālai-pāy-, v. intr. < id. +. 1. To work a sugar-cane mill; ஆலையாட்டுதல். ஆலைபாயோதை (சேதுபு. நாட்டு. 93). 2. To move, toss, as a ship; அலைவுறுதல். (R.) 3. To be undecided, vacillating; மனஞ் சுழலுதல். நெஞ்ச மாலைபாய்ந் துள்ள மழிகின்றேன் (அருட்பா,) Vikalpa: sal ‘splinter’; rebus: workshop (sal)’ ālai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) *ஆலை³ ālai, n. < šālā. 1. Apartment, hall; சாலை. ஆலைசேர் வேள்வி (தேவா. 844. 7). 2. Elephant stable or stall; யானைக்கூடம். களிறு சேர்ந் தல்கிய வழுங்க லாலை (புறநா. 220, 3).ஆலைக்குழி ālai-k-kuḻi, n. < ஆலை¹ +. Receptacle for the juice underneath a sugar-cane press; கரும்பாலையிற் சாறேற்கும் அடிக்கலம்.*ஆலைத்தொட்டி ālai-t-toṭṭi, n. < id. +. Cauldron for boiling sugar-cane juice; கருப்பஞ் சாறு காய்ச்சும் சால்.ஆலைபாய்-தல் ālai-pāy-, v. intr. < id. +. 1. To work a sugar-cane mill; ஆலையாட்டுதல். ஆலைபாயோதை (சேதுபு. நாட்டு. 93) Thus, together with the 'splinter' glyph, the entire ligature 'rim of jar + splinter/splice' is read rebus as: furnace scribe (account workshop). Sign 59. ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) Sign 342. kaṇḍa karṇaka 'rim of jar'; rebus: 'furnace scribe (account)'. Thus the inscription reads rebus: iron, iron (metal) workshop, copper (mineral) guild, fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account workshop), metal furnace scribe (account) As the decoding of m0304 seal demonstrates, the Indus hieroglyphs are the professional repertoire of an artisan (miners'/metalworkers') guild detailing the stone/mineral/metal resources/furnaces/smelters of workshops (smithy/forge/turners' shops).
Banawali 7
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Banawali 6
Bhirrana 1
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
PLUS
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Semantic determinative)
h87
4240
Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
Lothal 217B
Lothal 217A
Side A
kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)
kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]kuṭila,'curve' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl  'bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)' 
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
Side B
Sign 328  baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
 koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'iron workshop'
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' 
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m266
1306
kuṭhāru'treasury, warehouse' rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'
Sign 81 = Signs 76, 77, 78 79 bird black drongo variants PLUS split parenthesis. Thus, the reading is: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. The split parenthesis is a hieroglyph: (lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' Thus, the Sign 81 signifies crucible steel button.
 खांडा [khāṇḍā] m a jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus khaṇḍā 'equipment'
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'
Sign 65 is a hypertext composed ofSign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'
Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
m267
2257
dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhii 'smelter, factory' PLUS kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
kuṭhāru'treasury, warehouse' rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m268
2445
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potters wheel' rebus: arka 'gold, copper'.    څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. 6. A kind of hawk or falcon, an eagle. 7. A stab, a puncture, a prick, a wound produced by a spear, an arrow, or the like. Pl. څرخرنه ṯs̱arḵẖ-ūnah; 8. adj. Punctured, pricked, pierced, stabbed; (Fem.) څرکه ṯs̱arkaʿhڅرخیدل ṯs̱arḵẖedal, verb intrans. To revolve, to turn round, to wheel. 2. To dance. Pres. څرخبږي ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī (W.) or څرخیګي ṯs̱arḵẖegī (E.); past ؤ څرخیده wu-ṯs̱arḵẖedah or ؤ څرخیدَ wu-ṯs̱arḵẖeda; fut. ؤ به څرخیږي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕī or ؤ به څرخیګي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖegī; imp. ؤ څرخیږه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖej̱ẕah or ؤ څرخیګه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖegah; act. .part. څرخیدونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖedūnkaey or څرخیدونيَ
 ṯs̱arḵẖedūnaey; past part. څرخید ليَ ṯs̱arḵẖedalaey; verb. n. څرخیدنه ṯs̱arḵẖedanaʿhڅرخول ṯs̱arḵẖawul, verb trans. To turn, to make revolve, to wheel round. 2. To sharpen. Pres. څرخوي ṯs̱arḵẖawī; past ؤ څرخاوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwuh or ؤ څرخاوو wu-ṯs̱arḵẖāwo; fut. ؤ به څرخوي wu bah ṯs̱arḵẖawī; imp. ؤ څرخوه wu-ṯs̱arḵẖawah; act. part. څرخوونکيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnkaey or څرخوونيَ ṯs̱arḵẖawūnaey; past part. څرخوليَ ṯs̱arḵẖawulaey; verb. n. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖawunaʿh. (P چرخ). څرخ کول ṯs̱arḵẖ kawul, verb trans. To pierce, to stab, to puncture. څرخ کیدل ṯs̱arḵẖ kedal, verb intrans. To enter (as a pointed instrument), to penetrate, to stab, to pierce.
   څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). Rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'
med 'body' rebus; med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)
 dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright, blazing metal' 
koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'
मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord' rebus: medhA 'dhanam, wealth', meD 'iron'


m269
2663
Hill hieroglyph
uai stack of hay (Telugu) Ta. meṭṭu mound, heap of earth; mēu height, eminence, hillock; muṭṭu rising ground, high ground, heap. Ma. mēu rising ground, hillock; māu hillock, raised ground; miṭṭāl rising ground, an alluvial bank; (Tiyya) maṭṭa hill. Ka. mēu height, rising ground, hillock; miṭṭu rising or high ground, hill; miṭṭe state of being high, rising ground, hill, mass, a large number; (Hav.) muṭṭe heap (as of straw). Tu. miṭṭè prominent, protruding; muṭṭe heap. Te. meṭṭa raised or high ground, hill; (K.) meṭṭu mound; miṭṭa high ground, hillock, mound; high, elevated, raised, projecting; (VPK) mēu, mēa, mēstack of hay; (Inscr.) meṇṭa-cēnu dry field (cf. meṭṭu-nēla, meṭṭu-vari). Kol. (SR.) meṭṭā hill; (Kin.) meṭṭ (Hislop) met mountain. Nk. meṭṭ 
hill, mountain. Ga. (S.3LSB 20.3) meṭṭa high land. Go. (Tr. W. Ph.) maṭṭā, (Mu.)maṭṭa mountain; (M. L.) meā id., hill; (A. D. Ko.) meṭṭa, (Y. Ma. M.) mea hill; (SR.) meṭṭā hillock (Voc. 2949). Kona mea id. Kuwi (S.) metta hill; (Isr.) mea sand hill. (DEDR 5058) (b) Ta. mēai platform, raised floor, artificial mound, terraced house. Ma. mēa raised place, tower, upper story, palace. Te. mēa house with two or more stories, upper chamber. Pa. mē ole bungalow. Go. (Ko.) mēā large house, bungalow (Voc. 2965). Kona mēa mide terraced building (see 5069). Pe. mē storied house, mansion.Kuwi (S.) mēa illu storied house; (Isr.) mēa upstair building. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) mea- whitewashed storied house; Pkt. meaya- id.  (DEDR 4796b) Rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper'

thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m270


m526B
m526A
3329
dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant

m1127
2696

Line 1:
dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)

Line 2:
sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'
bhaa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
Sign 81 = Signs 76, 77, 78 79 bird black drongo variants PLUS split parenthesis. Thus, the reading is: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. The split parenthesis is a hieroglyph: (lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' Thus, the Sign 81 signifies crucible steel button.
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m1128
3163
loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, metal' PLUS kara 'ear' rebus: khar 'blacksmith'

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts 

copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, 

copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; 

G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith  PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings. [bronze castings]kuṭila,'curve' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl  'bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)' 
Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot on the head of the buffalo. Field symbol: Hieroglyph: kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī°dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)


Rebus: kuṇha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'..Hieroglyph: kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)mēṛsa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali) 


kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.) •kolhe (iron smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.lex.)•kol‘to kill’ (Ta.)

2279
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge''
med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.
kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'
m1918 Same as above.


m1903
kamaḍha 'archer' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'
kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell metal'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'; கர்ணம்² karṇam , n. < karaṇa. 1. Village accountantship; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. 2. Village accountant
m2048B
m2048A
m304A
m305A
ṭhaṭera 'buffalo horns' Rebus: ṭhaṭerā 'brass worker' PLUS maṇḍa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maṇḍA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani) PLUS मेढ 'Polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda); medhā, 'yajña, dhanam'

Butting (muṭṭi) barad, balad 'bison' Indus Script hieroglyphs signify muṣṭika 'goldsmith' artificer/trader in baran, bharata 'mixed alloys'

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https://tinyurl.com/ycar6e8r

-- the artisan is a trader in baran, bharata 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)

Nahālī baddī and poss. IA. forms like Sik. pāḍō ʻ bull; L. baledā, mult. baled m. ʻ herd of bullocks ʼ (→ S. ḇaledo m.); P. baldbaldhbalhd m. ʻ ox ʼ, baledbaledā m. ʻ herd of oxen ʼ, ludh. bahldbalēd m. ʻ ox ʼ; Ku. balad m. ʻ ox ʼ, gng. bald, N. (Tarai) barad, A. balad(h), B. balad, Or. baḷada, Bi. barad(h), Mth. barad (hyper -- hindiism baṛad), Bhoj. baradh, Aw.lakh. bardhu, H. baladbarad(h), bardhā m. (whence baladnā ʻ to bull a cow ʼ),  G. baḷad m. m.WPah.kc. bɔḷəd m.,., kṭg. bɔḷd m. (LNH 30 bŏḷd), J. bald m., Garh. baḷda ʻ bullock ʼ (CDIAL 9176) balivardin m. ʻ *oxherd ʼ (nom. prop. Kāś.). [bali- várda -- ]P. baledī m. ʻ oxherd ʼ; Ku. baldiyā ʻ cattle -- dealer ʼ; H. baredī m. ʻ herdsman ʼ(CDIAL 9177)  A. bhatarā ʻ uncastrated bull ʼ (CDIAL 9402)

I suggest that the old forms Nahālī baddī Mth. barad, Bhoj. baradh, Gujarati baḷad m., Garhwali baḷda ʻ bullock ʼindicate two variants -- barad, balad to be the spoken form in the days of Sarasvati Civilization to signify a bull.

Alternative reading: Bull, bison: Ka. gōnde bull, ox. Te. gōda ox. Kol. (SR.) kondā bull; (Kin.) kōnda bullock. Nk. (Ch.) kōnda id. Pa. kōnda bison. Ga. (Oll.) kōnde cow; (S.) kōndē bullock. Go. (Tr.) kōnḍā, (other dialects) kōnda bullock, ox (Voc. 972)(DEDR 2216)  Pa. guḍva nilgai. Go. (Mu.) koḍal (māv) a kind of deer; (L.) koḍā māv, (SR.) khoḍḍa māv blue bull (Voc. 890); (Ko.) guṛiya māv nilgai (Voc. 1159). Ga. (S.) guri goḍ bison. Konḍa (BB 1972) gura bison(DEDR 1664) Rebus: kōḍ 'workshop'. Rebus: koṇḍ ‘live coal fire-trench sacred fire-altar’, agnikuṇḍa ‘sacred fire altar’

On some inscriptions bison or ox (referred to in Mahadevan ASI Concordance as short-horned bull) is associated with a feeding trough: pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' (Sindhi) rebus: பத்தர்² pattarn. < T. battuḍu బత్తుడు. A guild or title of goldsmiths 'artificer'.பத்தர்pattar, n. perh. vartaka. Merchants; வியாபாரிகள். (W.) paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory' Vikalpa rebus readings may be: paṭṭī 'inventory'; పట్ర  paṭra, patta

 'village, hamlet, town'.

I submit that the bison shown in 'butting action' on Indus Script Corpora signifies muṭṭi 'butting' rebus muṭṭi 'goldsmith' and is an articer/trader working with barad, balad 'bison, ox' rebus: baran, bharata 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).

The following NINE four-sided Harappa tablets (h2023 to h2031) show a horned person wearing wristlets on one side and a butting person butting against a butting bison on another side. The third side shows a tree in the bakcground (kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhī 'warehouse, factory, smelter'), a person seated in penance and an adorant seated on a stool [kamaḍha 'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint'; maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse'Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ = a furnace, altar (Santali)]. The fourth side has the text message. मुष्टिक n. (prob.) a pugilistic encounter, MBh.  (Monier--Williams) मुष्टीमुष्टि muṣṭīmuṣṭi ind. Fist-to-fist, hand-to-hand fighting; मुष्टीमुष्टिकचाकचिप्रहरणप्रक्षेपमूढात्मभिः Mv.6.31.(Apte) ముష్టిచణుడు mushṭi-chanuḍu. [Skt.] n. A boxer. జెట్టివాడు (Telugu) muṭṭu 'butting'

Rebus: मुष्टिक a goldsmith; name of an Asura (Monier-Williams) முட்டிகை muṭṭikai , n. [M. muṭṭi.] Jeweller's small hammer; தட்டார்சிறுசுத்தி. முட்டிகைபோல . . . கொட்டியுண்பாரும் (நாலடி, 208) (Tamil) 

Thus, the butting action involving the bison/ox vividly displayed on many Indus Script inscriptions signifies a goldsmith. 


m1097

2313

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.

khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) rebus: khār खार्'blacksmith' 

mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS goṭā 'round pebble, stone' Rebus: goṭā ''laterite, ferrite ore''gold braid' खोट [khōṭa] ‘ingot, wedge’; A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Marathi)  khoṭ f ʻalloy' (Lahnda).

Read on...https://tinyurl.com/ycar6e8r


Further Notes on the Shaft Hole Pick Axe From Khurab Makran (G. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky 1969)

Meaning of kalpa in R̥gveda; of expression कल्पन्ताम् in हिरण्यं च मे अयस् च मे यज्ञेन कल्पन्ताम् (Yajurveda 18.13) relate to metallurgy, skilled lapidary work

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I submit that the expression कल्पन्ताम् in Yajurveda 18.13 read with कल्पेषु in R̥gveda 9.9.7 (interpreted by सायण as कल्पनीयेष्वहःसु) is a reference to the purification of metals in the rites, the process of yajna.In the context of Ayurveda, Caraka explains कल्प -उपनिषद् as pharmacology (Caraka 1.4.). Thus, I submit that kalpa in R̥gveda is a reference to metallurgy or material science or lapidary working with fire and materials such as the following mantra-s: stone, clay, rock, mountain, sand, herb, gold, pyrite (alloy), iron, coper, lead, tin -- all to be processed (and purified) in Yajna:

अश्मा च मे मृत्तिका च मे गिरयश् च मे पर्वताश् च मे सिकताश् च मे वनस्पतयश् च मेहिरण्यं च मे अयस् च मे श्यामं च मे लोहं च मे सीसं च मे त्रपु च मे यज्ञेन कल्पन्ताम् ॥-- शुक्‍लयजुर्वेदः/अध्यायः १८ वसोर्धारादि मन्त्राः१३

In dialects of Bharatiya sprachbund (speech union), the Meluhha word gains the following meaning expansions of 'skill', 'preparing, clipping', for e.g. cutting a nib, clipping from a metal sheet:

Tu. kalpuni to learn, study; kalpāvuni to teach, instigate; (B-K.) kalpādi a learned man, sophist; hypocrite. Te. kaṟacu to learn, study; kaṟapu to teach; n. instigation, incitement; kaṟapincu to cause to teach; kaṟudu ability, skill, cleverness; kala an art, a science. Kol. karp- (karapt-) to learn, teach; (SR.) karāp- to learn; karīl- to understand. Nk. karap- to learn.(DEDR 1297)


kálpa ʻ capable ʼ ŚBr., m. ʻ rule, practice ʼ RV., ʻ an age ʼ MBh. 2. *karpa -- . [√kI̊p]1. Pa. Pk. kappa -- m. ʻ rule, rite, age ʼ; Paš. kapaya ʻ in the middle of ʼ IIFL iii 3, 95; S. kapu m. ʻ knife ʼ; L. kapp m. ʻ cut, breach ʼ (→ Brah. kap ʻ half ʼ); N. kāp ʻ interstice between fingers ʼ; B. kāp ʻ cutting a nib, pen nib ʼ; Or. kāpa ʻ mask, false appearance ʼ; H. kāp m. ʻ cutting, slice ʼ; G. kāp m. ʻ cut, wound ʼ, kāpɔ m. ʻ cutting, slit, streak, line ʼ, kāplɔ m. ʻ a cutting of cloth ʼ, ˚lī f. ʻ clippings ʼ; M. kāp m. ʻ slice of fruit ʼ; Si. kapa ʻ an age ʼ.2. K. kraph, dat. ˚pas m. ʻ chopping, cutting ʼ.kalpana n. ʻ cutting ʼ VarBr̥S., ˚nā -- f. ʻ arranging ʼ Mn., ʻ making ʼ Suśr., ˚nī -- f. ʻ scissors ʼ lex., karpaṇa -- n. ʻ weapon ʼ Daś. [√kI̊pkalpaka m. ʻ barber ʼ Kauṭ. [√kI̊p]Si. kapuvā ʻ barber ʼ.Pa. kappana -- n. ʻ arranging, preparing ʼ, ˚nā -- f. ʻ fixing a horse's harness ʼ; Pk. kappaṇa -- n. ʻ cutting ʼ, ˚ṇā<-> ʻ arranging ʼ, ˚ṇī f. ʻ shears ʼ; G. kāpṇī f. ʻ reaping a field, goldsmith's clip ʼ; M. kāpaṇ f. ʻ shaving ʼ, kāpṇī f. ʻ reaping ʼ. kalpáyati ʻ sets in order ʼ RV., ʻ trims, cuts ʼ VarBr̥S. [Cf. kr̥pāṇa -- m. ʻ knife ʼ Pāṇ.: √kI̊p]Pa. kappēti ʻ causes to fit, prepares, trims ʼ; Pk. kappēi ʻ makes, arranges ʼ; S. kapaṇu ʻ to cut ʼ; L. kappaṇ ʻ to cut, reap ʼ, awāṇ. kappuṇ; P. kappṇā ʻ to cut, kill ʼ; N. kapnu ʻ to carve, chisel ʼ; G. kāpvũ ʻ to cut ʼ; M. kāpṇẽ ʻ to cut, shave ʼ; Ko. kāppūka ʻ to cut ʼ; Si. kapanavā ʻ to cut, cut off, reap ʼ.Addenda: kalpáyati: S.kcch. kapṇū ʻ to cut ʼ; Md. kafanī ʻ stabs ʼ.*kalpiya ʻ suitable ʼ, kalpya -- VarBr̥S. [√kI̊p]Pa. Pk. kappiya -- ʻ suitable ʼ; Si. käpa ʻ suitable (esp. for offering to god or demon), an offering ʼ.(CDIAL 2941-2945)



कल्पः, पुं, (कल्प्यते विधीयते असौ । कृप् +कर्म्मणि घञ् ।) विधिः । (यथा मनुः ३ । १४७ ।“एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः ।अनुकल्पस्त्वयं ज्ञेयः सदा सद्भिरनुष्ठितः” ॥(कल्पयति सृष्टिं नाशं वा अत्र । कृप् + णिच् +अधिकरणे अप् ।) ...कल्पनं, क्ली, (कृप् + भावे ल्युट् ।) कॢप्तिः । छेदनम् ।इति त्रिकाण्डशेषः ॥...कल्पनी, स्त्री, (कल्पयति केशानीन् छिनत्ति अनया ।कृप् छेदने + करणे ल्युट् । ततो ङीप् ।)कर्त्तनी । इति हेमचन्द्रः ॥ काँचि इति भाषा ॥--शब्दकल्पद्रुमः


कल्प पु० कल्पते समर्थो भवति स्वक्रियायै विरुद्धलक्षणया असमर्थो-भवति वाऽत्र, कृपू सामर्थ्ये विरुद्धलक्षणया असामर्थ्ये वाआधारे घञ् कल्पयति सृष्टिं विनाशं वात्र कृप-णिच्-आधारे अच् । ...कल्पनी स्त्री कृप--छेदने करणे ल्युट् ङीप् । कर्त्तर्य्याम् ।(काञ्चि) हेमच० ।--वाचस्पत्यम्

सायणभाष्यम्

ऋग्वेदः - मण्डल ९सूक्तं ९.९कश्यपोऽसितो देवलो वा।

दे. पवमानः सोमः। गायत्री। RV 9.9.7 अवा कल्पेषु नः पुमस्तमांसि सोम योध्या ।

तानि पुनान जङ्घनः ॥७॥

अव । कल्पेषु । नः । पुमः । तमांसि । सोम । योध्या ।

तानि । पुनान । जङ्घनः ॥७

हे "पुमः पुमन् सोम "कल्पेषु कल्पनीयेष्वहःसु "नः अस्मान् "अव रक्ष । अपि च "पुनान हे पवमान "सोम त्वं "योध्या योधनीयानि “तमांसि रक्षांसि यानि "तानि जङ्घनः नाशय ॥

Translation (Griffith) RV 9.9.7: Aid us in holy rites, O Man: O Pavamana, drive away

Dark shades that must be met in fight.

Translation (Wilson) RV 9.9.7: 
 Protect us, manly Soma, in the days of sacrifice purifier, destroy those powers of darkness against which we must contend. [In the days of sacrifice: kalpes.u = kalpaniyes.vahahsu, in the days which have to be reckoned; another interpretation: 'in our rites'].

कल्पित kalpita a. Arranged, made, fashioned, formed; उत्सृज्य कुसुमशयनं नलिनीदलकल्पितस्तनावरणम् Ś.3.21; see क्लृप् caus. -तः An elephant armed or caparisoned for war.कल्पनम् kalpanam [क्लृप्-ल्युट्1 Forming, fashioning, arranging. -2 Performing, doing, effecting. -3 Clipping, cutting. -4 Fixing. -5 Anything placed upon another for decoration. -ना 1 Fixing, settlement; अनेकपितृकाणां तु पितृतो भागकल्पना Y.2.120;247; Ms.9.116. -2 Making, performing, doing. -3 Forming, arranging; विषमासु च कल्पनासु Mk.3.14; केश˚ Mk.4. -4 Decorating, ornamenting. -5 Composition. -6 Invention. -7 Imagination, thought; कल्पनापोढः Sk. P.II.1.38 = कल्पनाया अपोढःकल्प mf()n. (√कॢप्), practicable, feasible, possible, ŚBr. ii, 4, 3, 3; One of the six Vedāṅgas, i. e. that which lays down the ritual and prescribes rules for ceremonial and sacrificial acts; शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणम् Muṇḍ 1.1.5 (Apte)

कल्प m. a sacred precept, law, rule, ordinance (= विधिन्याय), manner of acting, proceeding, practice (esp. that prescribed by the Vedas), RV. ix, 9, 7 ; AV. viii, 9, 10; xx, 128, 6-11 ; MBh. ; investigation, research Comm. on Sāṃkhyak. the art of preparing medicine, pharmacy;  -उपनिषद् pharmacology (Caraka 1.4.)

Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization interactions areas of Kopet Dagh, Turkmenistan ca. 4th m. BCE and Musri, Kurdistan, 9th cent. BCE

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https://tinyurl.com/y65nesws 

--Triangle with dotted circle on Kopet Dagh stone seal, ca. 4th m. BCE mēḍu 'hillock' rebus mẽṛhẽt 'iron' + धावड  dhāvaḍa 'smelter'

This monograph is organized in two sections and demonstrates presence of Meluhha artisans/traders who traded using Indus Script inscriptions -- in Turkmenistan ca 4th m. BCE and in Kurdistan (Iraq), 9th cent. BCE:

Section 1: Kopet Dagh stone seal with Indus Script hieroglyphs

Section 2: Two-humped camel (Musri, Kurdistan) as Indus Script hieroglyph karabha 'camel' rebus: karba 'iron'

Section 1: Kopet Dagh stone seal with Indus Script hieroglyphs

Use of seals to create sealings: context trade with interaction areas such as Mesopotamia

This monograph is a re-interpretation of Dennys Frenez's brilliantly collated Indus Script inscriptions  based on the deciphered hieroglyphs of Indus Script. This monograph re-interprets the lessons learnt from images collated and presented by Dennys Frenez: Indus Script stamp seals & their impression on clay tags -- Dennys Frenez (Jan. 2019) I am grateful to Dennys Frenez for the assemblages of seals & impressions on clay tags. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2020/09/indus-script-stamp-seals-their.html Source: https://tinyurl.com/y4aorwmh "Indus Administrative Technology - New Insights on Harappan Stamp Seals and their Impressions on Clay Tags by Dennys Frenez is a richly illustrated slide journey through seals and sealings, how and why they were used in other ancient civilizations, and primarily what we might know and deduce about their use in ancient Indus cities."

Dennys Frenez has demonstrated that the function of the writing system is to document artisan's wealth and related trading activities.

Based on the decipherment of over 8000 Indus Script inscriptions (documented in over 2000 monographs at https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman), I submit that the emergence of Indus Script Cipher and writing system is dated ca. 6th millennium BCE.

Argument

Use of seals to create sealings: context trade with interaction areas such as Mesopotamia

Archaeological finds of tablets (sometimes called bas-relief tablets or incised miniature tablets) and seals are in association with kilns and working platforms. Metallurgical context is shown by the use of copper to create tablets with Indus script glyphs. Archaeological finds of seal impressions used as tags on chunks of burnt clay for sealing packages (since textile or reed impressions have been found on the obverse of such tags) show the trade context in which these examples of Indus writing have been used. About 32% of all Indus inscriptions found at Lothal are on such tags (seal impressions).

h119 Seal. The glyph of four sets of four long strokes, compares with the seal impression on Lothal 174 and Lewan-Dheri 1 (shown below) Decoding glyph of 'four long strokes'. gaṇḍa ‘four’ (Santali); rebus: ‘furnace, kaṇḍ fire-altar’. pon ‘four’ (Santali) rebus: pon ‘gold’ (Ta.) Thus, the four sets of four long strokes may denote: (output) from gold furnaces.
Source: Lewan-dheri 1 Seal impression. 

I submit that the sun's rays hieroglphs on Faiz Mohammad Grayware and Lewan Dheri button seal of ca. 5500-5000 BCE are the earliest examples of Indus Script Cipher which deploys hieroglyphs to signify wealth resource. I submit that the Grayware and button seal hieroglyph is read in Meluhha sprachbund (speech union): arka 'sun's rays' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'; eraka 'metal infusion'.

I submit that the emergence of the Indus script writing system based on Lewan Dheri button seal is dated to 6th millennium BCE.

The use of the Lewan Dheri button seal (of ca. 5500-5000 BCE) is followed by the use of stone tokens in Kopet Dagh piedmont, Turkmenistan, dated to ca. 3500-3000 BCE. The stone tokens include a seal with a graphic representation of a stylized + hieroglyhph infixed sith X hieroglyph. Both + and X hieroglyphs are read rebus Indus Script meluhha signifiers: khond 'square' rebus: koṇḍa 'live coal in sacred fire trench', agni kuṇḍa 'sacred fire altar' PLUS dāṭu 'cross'(Telugu) rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'. Thus, the Koped Dagh stone seal signifies mineral ore (processed in) sacred fire altar, agni kuṇḍa. The four  hillocks surrounding the geometric hieroglyphs of + and X signify:
 Sign 204 is read Meluhha rebus: Ta. meṭṭu mound, heap of earth; mēṭu height, eminence, hillock; muṭṭu rising ground, high ground, heap. Ma. mēṭu rising ground, hillock; māṭu hillock, raised ground; miṭṭāl rising ground, an alluvial bank; (Tiyya) maṭṭa hill. Ka. mēḍu height, rising ground, hillock; miṭṭu rising or high ground, hill; miṭṭe state of being high, rising ground, hill, mass, a large number; (Hav.) muṭṭe heap (as of straw). Tu. miṭṭè prominent, protruding; muṭṭe heap. Te. meṭṭa raised or high ground, hill; (K.) meṭṭu mound; miṭṭa high ground, hillock, mound; high, elevated, raised, projecting; (VPKmēṭu, mēṭa, mēṭi stack of hay; (Inscr.) meṇṭa-cēnu dry field (cf. meṭṭu-nēla, meṭṭu-vari). Kol. (SR.) meṭṭā hill; (Kin.) meṭṭ, (Hislop) met mountain. Nk. meṭṭ hill, mountain. Ga. (S.3LSB 20.3) meṭṭa high land. Go. (Tr. W. Ph.) maṭṭā, (Mu.) maṭṭa mountain; (M. L.) meṭā id., hill; (A. D. Ko.) meṭṭa, (Y. Ma. M.) meṭa hill; (SR.) meṭṭā hillock (Voc. 2949). Konḍa meṭa id. Kuwi (S.) metta hill; (Isr.) meṭa sand hill. (DEDR 5058) Rebus: med मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Meluhha.Indian sprachbund or linguistic area)

The dotted circle infixed within the Sign 204 of the Stone seal is also a hieroglyhph comparable to the dotted circles on Harappa Button tablet: 
Button tablet. Harappa. Dotted circles. 

File:Musée GR de Saint-Romain-en-Gal 27 07 2011 13 Des et jetons.jpg
Dices and chips in bone, Roman time. Gallo-Roman Museum of Saint-Romain-en-Gal-Vienne. 


Indus Script hypertext/hieroglyph: Dotted circle: दाय 1 [p= 474,2] dāya n. game , play Pan5cad.; mfn. ( Pa1n2. 3-1 , 139 ; 141) giving , presenting (cf. शत- , गो-); m. handing over , delivery Mn. viii , 165 (Monier-Williams)

தாயம் tāyam :Number one in the game of dice; கவறுருட்ட விழும் ஒன்று என்னும் எண். Colloq. (Tamil)

rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. hāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence hāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāūdhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(whence dhā̆va m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼdhāvī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si.  ʻrelic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773)  धाव (p. 250) dhāva m f A certain soft, red stone. Baboons are said to draw it from the bottom of brooks, and to besmear their faces with it. धावड  dhāvaa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. In these parts they are Muhammadans. धावडी  dhāvaī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron. (Marathi).

PLUS

Hieroglyph: vaṭṭa 'circle' Rebus: vr̥tti f. ʻ mode of life, conduct ʼ Gr̥Śr., ʻ business ʼ MBh., ʻ wages ʼ Pañcav. [√vr̥t1Pa. vutti -- f. ʻ practice, usage ʼ; Pk. vatti -- , vitti -- , vutti<-> f. ʻ life, livelihood ʼ; Gy. eur. buti f. ʻ work ʼ; K. brath, dat. brüċü f. ʻ trade, profession ʼ; P. buttī f. ʻ compulsory labour, unrewarded service of Brahmans and barbers ʼ; Ku. buti ʻ daily labour, wages ʼ, hāt -- but˚ti ʻ domestic work ʼ; Or. butā ʻ work in hand, business ʼ, buti ʻ servant ʼ; H. buttī f. ʻ means of subsistence ʼ, bīṭbīt f. ʻ grazing fee charged by herdsmen ʼ; Si. väṭi ʻ state, condition ʼ SigGr ii 462.(CDIAL 12070)

Thus, together, the hypertext reads rebus dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter.

I submit that the Stone seal of Koped Dagh piedmont, Turkmenistan is an Indus Script inscription which signifies: sacred fire altar for mineral ore, profession of iron smelter.

Source: 

On the use of tokens and seals along the Kopet Dagh piedmont, Turkmenistan (ca 6000-3000 BCE) 

https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_2014_num_40_1_5616

Significance of the dotted circle hieroglyphs on Indus Script Corpora

 See the dotted circle hieroglyph on the bottom of the sacred device, sangaḍa
Kot Diji type seals with concentric circles from (a,b) Taraqai Qila (Trq-2 &3, after CISI 2: 414), (c,d) Harappa(H-638 after CISI 2: 304, H-1535 after CISI 3.1:211), and (e) Mohenjo-daro (M-1259, aftr CISI 2: 158). (From Fig. 7 Parpola, 2013).
Distribution of geometrical seals in Greater Indus Valley during the early and *Mature Harappan periods (c. 3000 - 2000 BCE). After Uesugi 2011, Development of the Inter-regional interaction system in the Indus valley and beyond: a hypothetical view towards the formation of the urban society' in: Cultural relagions betwen the Indus and the Iranian plateau during the 3rd millennium BCE, ed. Toshiki Osada & Michael Witzel. Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora 7. Pp. 359-380. Cambridge, MA: Dept of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University: fig.7
Dotted circles and three lines on the obverse of many Failaka/Dilmun seals are read rebus as hieroglyphs: 

Hieroglyph: āv m. ʻdice-throwʼ rebus: dhāu 'ore'; ̄u ʻtyingʼ, āv m. ʻdice-throwʼ read rebus: dhāu 'ore' in the context of glosses: dhā̆va m. ʻa caste of iron -smelters', dhāvī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ. Thus, three dotted circles signify: tri-dhāu, tri-dhātu 'three ores' (copper, tin, iron).

A (गोटा) ā Spherical or spheroidal, pebble-form. (Marathi) Rebus: khoā ʻalloyedʼ (metal) (Marathi) खोट [khōṭa] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge (Marathi). P. kho  m. ʻalloyʼ  (CDIAL 3931) goTa 'laterite ferrite ore'.

 m0352 cdef

The + glyph of Sibri evidence is comparable to the large-sized 'dot', dotted circles and + glyph shown on this Mohenjo-daro seal m0352 with dotted circles repeated on 5 sides A to F. Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features. Rebus readings of m0352 hieroglyphs:


dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'

1. Round dot like a blob -- . Glyph: raised large-sized dot -- (ī ‘round pebble);goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore)
2. Dotted circle khaṇḍa ‘A piece, bit, fragment, portion’; kandi ‘bead’;
3. A + shaped structure where the glyphs  1 and 2 are infixed.  The + shaped structure is kaṇḍ  ‘a fire-altar’ (which is associated with glyphs 1 and 2)..
Rebus readings are: 1. kho m. ʻalloyʼgoTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); 2. khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; 3. kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.

Four ‘round spot’; glyphs around the ‘dotted circle’ in the center of the composition: gōṭī  ‘round pebble; Rebus 1: goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); Rebus 2:L. khof ʻalloy, impurityʼ, °ā ʻalloyedʼ, awāṇ. khoā  ʻforgedʼ; P. kho m. ʻbase, alloyʼ  M.khoā  ʻalloyedʼ (CDIAL 3931) Rebus 3: kōṭhī ] f (कोष्ट S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse, treasury, factory, bank. khoā ʻalloyedʼ metal is produced from kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’ yielding khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. This word khaṇḍā is denoted by the dotted circles.
Circular seal, of steatite, from Bahrein, found at Lothal.A Stamp seal and its impression from the Harappan site of Lothal north of Bombay, of the type also found in the contemporary cultures of southern Iraq and the Persian Gulf Area. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/archaeology-in-india/
These powerful narratives are also validated -- archaeologically attested -- by the discovery of Mohenjo-daro priest wearing  (on his forehead and on the right shoulder) fillets of a dotted circle tied to a string and with a uttarīyam decorated with one, two, three dotted circles. The fillet is an Indus Script hypertext which reads: dhã̄i 'strand' PLUS vaa 'string' rebus: dhāva 'smelter'. The same dotted circles enseemble is also shown as a sacred hieroglyph on the bases of Śivalingas found in Mohenjo-dar. The dotted circles are painted with red pigment, the same way as Mosonszentjanos dice are painted with red iron oxide pigment.


वट [p= 914,3] m. (perhaps Prakrit for वृत , " surrounded , covered " ; cf. न्यग्-रोध) the Banyan or Indian fig. tree (Ficus Indica) MBh.Ka1v. &c RTL. 337 (also said to be n.); a pawn (in chess) L. (Monier-Williams) Ta. vaṭam cable, large rope, cord, bowstring, strands of a garland, chains of a necklace; vaṭi rope; vaṭṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to tie. Ma. vaṭam rope, a rope of cowhide (in plough), dancing rope, thick rope for dragging timber. Ka. vaṭa, vaṭara, vaṭi string, rope, tie. Te. vaṭi rope, cord. Go. (Mu.) vaṭiya strong rope made of paddy straw (Voc. 3150). Cf. 3184 Ta. tār̤vaṭam. / Cf. Skt. vaṭa- string, rope, tie; vaṭāraka-, vaṭākara-, varāṭaka- cord,string; Turner, CDIAL, no. 11212. (CDIAL 5220)vaṭa2 ʻ string ʼ lex. [Prob. ← Drav. Tam. vaam, Kan. vaivaara, &c. DED 4268] N. bariyo ʻ cord, rope ʼ; Bi. barah ʻ rope working irrigation lever ʼ, barhā ʻ thick well -- rope ʼ, Mth. barahā ʻ rope ʼ. (CDIAL 11212).

See: https://tinyurl.com/y85goask Wealth of a nation...

Trefoil decorated bull; traces of red pigment remain inside the trefoils. Steatite statue fragment. Mohenjo-daro (Sd 767). After Ardeleanu-Jansen, 1989: 196, fig. 1; cf.  Parpola, 1994, p. 213. Trefoils painted on steatite beads. Harappa (After Vats. Pl. CXXXIII, Fig. 2) Trefoil on the shawl of the priest. Mohenjodaro. The discovery of the King Priest acclaimed by Sir John Marshall as “the finest piece of statuary that has been found at Moenjodaro….draped in an elaborate shawl with corded or rolled over edge, worn over the left shoulder and under the right arm. This shawl is decorated all over with a design of trefoils in relief interspersed occasionally with small circles, the interiors of which are filled with a red pigment “. Gold fillet with ‘standard device’ hieroglyph. Glyph ‘hole’: pottar, பொத்தல் pottal, n. < id. [Ka.poṭṭare, Ma. pottu, Tu.potre.] trika, a group of three (Skt.) The occurrence of a three-fold depiction on a trefoil may thus be a phonetic determinant, a suffix to potṛ  as in potṛka.

Rebus reading of the hieroglyph: potti ‘temple-priest’ (Ma.)  potR `" Purifier "'N. of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice (the assistant of the Brahman), यज्ञस्य शोधयिट्रि (Vedic) Rebus reading is: potri ‘priest’; poTri ‘worship, venerate’. Language is Meluhha (Mleccha) an integral component of Indian sprachbund (linguistic area or language union). The trefoil is decoded and read as: potr(i).
Steatite statue fragment; Mohenjodaro (Sd 767); trefoil-decorated bull; traces of red pigment remain inside the trefoils. After Ardeleanu-Jansen 1989: 196, fig. 1; Parpola, 1994, p. 213.

Section 2: Two-humped camel (Musri, Kurdistan) as Indus Script hieroglyph karabha 'camel' rebus: karba 'iron'

Shalamaneser III (859–824 BCE) Black Obelisk shows a two-humped camel as tribute from Musri, Kurdistan. The rebus reading of the two-humped camel as Indus Script hieroglyph confirms the presence of Meluhha artisans in Kurdistan, Iraq, ca. 9th cent. BCE. In a remarkable article, Joris Peters and Angela von den Driesch (J.Zool., Lond (I997) 242, 651-679 ) demonstrate that the domestication of so-called two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) lies east of Bactria, perhaps in Turkmenistan. I suggest that the domestication could also have occurred in Nubra valley, Ladakh, India. This is consistent with the fact that Ladakh in Bharat, that is India, has indigenously evolved two-humped camels. 

Bactrian camels in the Nubra valley, Ladakh

A camel of this type is shown as a tribute on Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk. Among the animals shown as tributes from Musiri is a monkey dressed as a woman, together with two-humped camels, elephant, unicorn, water buffalo, antelope, apes and monkeys which are all Indus Script hieroglyphs. I submit that the two-humped camel shown on the Obelisk as a tribute is read rebus: karabhá m. ʻ camel ʼ MBh., ʻ young camel ʼ Pañcat.(CDIAL 2797) Rebus: karba 'iron': Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir, ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal. Tu. ajirda karba very hard iron.(DEDR 192) Tu. kari soot, charcoal; kariya black; karṅka state of being burnt or singed; karṅkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders; karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardů black; karba iron; karvāvuni to burn the down of a fowl by holding it over the fire; karṇṭuni to be scorched; karguḍe a very black man; fem. karguḍi, kargi. Kor. (T.) kardi black (DEDR 1278)

The monkey dresses as a woman is read rebus: Hieroglyph:  रत्नी ratnī 'monkey dressed as a woman' Rebus: ratnin 'treasure, gems, jewels'. Hence, the monkey dressed as a woman (cipher text) read ratnI is similar sounding with ratnin (plain text) which makes the gems and jewels a tribute to the King Shalamaneser from Musri

Monkeys, apes (4 types displayed on Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk):

kuṭhāru 'monkey' rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer' 


मर्कट   markaṭa m n (S) A monkey or an ape.Rebus: मरकत   marakata m S An emerald.


Kuwi (F.) mūhū (pl. mūska) monkey (hanuman); (S.) mūhu monkey; (Su.) muhu (pl. muska), (Isr.) mūhu (pl. mūska) black-facedmonkey.Ta. mucu langur, Semnopithecus priamus. Ma. mocca a light-coloured monkey (or with 4626 Ka. maṅga). Ka. musu, musuku, musuva a large and black kind of ape; (Hav.) muju black monkey; (Gowda, Dr. Ling., p. 98) mucca black-faced monkey. Koḍ. muccë langur. Tu. mujji, mujju a black monkey. Te. koṇḍa-muccu large black-faced monkey, baboon. Kol. muy black-faced monkey; (Haig) muī langur. Nk. muy black faced monkey.Pa. muy id. Ga. (P.) muy id. 
Go. (Tr.) mūnj (pl. mūsk) langur monkey (female); (W.) mūnjāl ape; (M.) munj monkey; (D. Mu.) mūnjal, (Ma.) mūnji, (S.) mūnju, (Ko.) mūnj black-faced monkey (Voc.2937). Kui mūsu (pl. mūska) sp. monkey or ape.  Malt. muge baboon.

Rebus:  mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes;  iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end (Santali) Santali)







J.
Zool.,
Lond.
(I
997) 242,65 1-679









Axe-heads of Khurab, Baluchistan, Indus Script seals of Failaka and Bahrain, 1923 BCE of iron- and brass-workers

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https://tinyurl.com/yy9j6eg7

Bronze Age axe-head surmounted by a seated camel from Khurab in Baluchistan (Stein, Aurel, 1937. Archaological reconnaissances in North Western India and South-eastern Iran, London: MacMillan and Co., Ltd.: pl. XVIII; Gordon, D.H., 1955. The Pottery industries of the Indo-Iranian Border: A re-statement and Tentative Chronology, Ancient India 10-11 (1954-1955: 157-191: pl. LXXVI)

I suggest that the camel surmounting the axe-head from Khurab, Baluchistan is an Indus Script Meluhha hieroglyph read rebus: karabhá m. ʻ camel ʼ MBh., ʻ young camel ʼ Pañcat., ʻ young elephant ʼ BhP. 2. kalabhá -- ʻ young elephant or camel ʼ Pañcat. (CDIAL 2797) Rebus: karba 'iron'; ajirda karba 'iron': Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir, ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal. Tu. ajirda karba very hard iron. (DEDR 192)

Note on a Shaft-Hole Axe-Pick from Khurab, Makran K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop Autumn 1955 Iraq, Volume 17, Issue 2, p. 161 https://doi.org/10.2307/4241724

Persian Gulf Indus Script seals, bovine body with multiple animal heads (bison, unicorn, antelopes) on 14 inscriptions signify metalsmith seafaring merchant guild

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--1. Backward curving and 2. forward-thrusting horns of antelopes signify respectively 1. copper+zinc brass 2. copper+tin bronze alloy metals

Tablets and seals inscribed with hieroglyphs, together with the process of creating seal impressions took inventory lists to the next stage of trading property items using bills of lading of trade loads of industrial goods. Such bills of lading describing trade loads were created using tablets and seals with the invention of writing based on phonetics and semantics of language – the hallmark of Indian hieroglyphs.

There is a seal with two heads joined to a bovine body.
m298


The readings as above for m0298 for 'one-horned young bull' singhi kunda 'ornament gold furnace' and 'ox' bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' PLUS forward-thruting horned goat which is read as: mr̤ēka (Telugu); mēḻẖ 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper'

On one seal m0298 only two animal heads are joined together: 'one-horned young bull' and 'butting ox': The decipherment of the field symbol is: singhin 'forward thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold' khōṇḍa, kondh 'young bull'. kũdār 'turner, brass-worker'.kō̃da 'kiln, furnace' PLUS barad, balad 'ox' rebus: भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi) baran 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) PLUS muṭṭuka, muṭṭikka 'to dash' (Malayalam) मुष्टिका 'wrist, knuckles' rebus, rupaka: मुष्टिका 'goldsmith'. The only text message is a fish: ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, the inscription m0298 documents goldsmith caravan working with alloy metal.

There are 14 Indus Script inscriptions which have three animal heads joined to a bovine body. I suggest that the composition signified three-headed Tvaṣţā (father of  Triśiras) rebus 1:  त्वाष्ट्र 'copper' rebus 2: ṭhaṭṭhāra 'brass worker' (Prakritam)

Together, the triśiras, 'three-headed' is read as Tvaṣţā (father of  Triśiras) rebus 1:  त्वाष्ट्र 'copper' rebus 2: ṭhaṭṭhāra 'brass worker' (Prakritam) K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār°rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m(CDIAL 5473).

Decipherment of Dholavira seal 10057
Text message: kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' arka 'sun's rays' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS cāl 'furrows' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Together, arkasal 'goldsmith workshop' working with bronze alloy (forward-thrusting horns antelope), ornament gold (forward-thrusting spiny-horned young bull), barad (bison) 'mixed alloy'

Alternative reding:
Dholavira The text message on this seal reads rebus: kor̤u 'sprout' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' Alternative:  खोंडी khōṇḍī खुंडी. 2 A species or variety of जोंधळा खोडवा khōḍavā m sometimes खोडांवा m The second crop of sugarcane; canes sprouting from the left stock: also the stock left to reshoot. Also खोडव्याचा ऊस After-canes. खोडवा taken up by some designating word (as मिरच्याचा-वांग्याचा-शाळूचा-तमाखूचा) expresses After-shoots, or the remaining roots and stock (the मूळखंडें) after the first gathering. Hence, metaphorically, खोडवा comes to be applied (as in N. D.) to the Plantation or field (wherein the roots and stock are left). Also खोडव्याचा-शाळू-तमाखू-वांगीं-ताग-अंबाडी &c.Rebus:  कोंद kōnda 'kiln, furnace' PLUS arká1 m. ʻ flash, ray, sun ʼ RV. [√arc]
Pa. Pk. akka -- m. ʻ sun ʼ, Mth. āk; Si. aka ʻ lightning ʼ, inscr. vid -- äki ʻ lightning flash ʼ.(CDIAL 623) arka 'sun's rays' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'.Thus, copper,gold furnace.

On all examples which include the protome of a goat (forward-thrusting horns of goat), the animal's head is shown looking backwards. The goat looking backward is also a hieroglyph: క్రమ్మరు krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go back. మరలుక్రమ్మరించు 
or క్రమ్మరుచు krammarinṭsu. v. a. To turn, send back, recall. To revoke, annul, rescind. క్రమ్మరజేయుక్రమ్మర krammara. adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడుSame as క్రమ్మరు. Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith' Thus, the goat with forward-thrusting horns and looking backwards signifies a coppersmith.


Decipherment of Kalibangan43

Kalibangan43 
Pict-59:Composite motif: body of  an ox and three heads:  of a one-horned bull (looking forward), of antelope (looking backward), and of short-horned bull (bison)  (looking downward).
Kalibangan43 Text 8039

Pict-59:Composite motif: body of  an ox and three heads:  of a one-horned bull (looking forward), of antelope (looking backward), and of short-horned bull (bison)  (looking downward).
The goat looking backward is also a hieroglyph: క్రమ్మరు krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go back. మరలుక్రమ్మరించు or క్రమ్మరుచు krammarinṭsu. v. a. To turn, send back, recall. To revoke, annul, rescind. క్రమ్మరజేయుక్రమ్మర krammara. adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు
Same as క్రమ్మరు. Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith' Thus, the goat with forward-thrusting horns and looking backwards signifies a coppersmith.
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.PLUS dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’
kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’ Thus, dhokra kamar, cire perdue lost-wax casting smith.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.PLUS dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’
sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’ PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'. 
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'
 kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.

Field symbol: sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangara 'trade', samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager'. sangaḍa 'joined parts of animal, lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangar 'trade'

H جاکڙ जाकड़ jākaṛ [fr. S. यतं+कृ; cf. jakaṛnā], s.m. A deposit or pledge left with a vendor for goods brought away for inspection or approval; goods taken from a shop for approval, a deposit or pledge being left; a conditional purchase; articles taken on commission sale;—adv. On inspection, for approval:—jākaṛ-bahī, s.f. Account book of sales subject to approval of goods, &c.:—jākaṛ bećnā, v.t. To sell conditionally, or subject to approval:—jākaṛ le jānā, v.t. To take away goods on inspection, or for approval, leaving a deposit or pledge with the vendor. (Urdu)
कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script'
barad, balad 'ox'rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)
ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’

Meaning, artha: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.).
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.
Bhirrana seal has an added set of hieroglyphs as Text message: Ligature: rim of jar Rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo' karNika 'helmsman, merchantman' Hieroglyphs: backbone + four short strokesPk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.( (CDIAL 2670) rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy' PLUS karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo'; karnika 'engraver, account'.

--Indus Script  सांगड sāṅgaḍa ' A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together' Rebus: sã̄go ʻ(seafaring traders') caravan' 

m1170 Text message: kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb'; खरड्या   kharaḍyā a (खरडणें) That writes or shaves rudely and roughly; a mere quill-driver; a very scraper. rebus kharada खरडें 'daybook' ;  करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c.; kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati,Marathi).

On this seal, the field symbol includes two antelopes -one with forward-thrusting horns; the second with backward curving horns and with its  head turned backwards to signify: kramma 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'.
Bhirrana seal also shows (like m1170), an antelope with backward curving horns and with its head turned backwards to signify: kramma 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'. The text message is: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'; Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m.n. ʻ rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' (Semantic determinative).

Decipherment of Mohenjodaro m1169

m1169 Pict-58: Composite motif: body of  an ox and three heads:  of a one-horned bull (looking forward), of antelope (looking backward), and of short-horned bull (bison)  (looking downward).

m1169text 2024 


Pictorial motif of three combined animals: 

Hieroglyph: sangaḍa 'joined parts of animals' (Marathi) rebus: संगर sangar 'trade',

barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata 'factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin'

कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner'.(metalworker)

melh 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali) mleccha 'copper' (Samskrtam)

The goat looking backward is also a hieroglyph: క్రమ్మరు krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go back. మరలుక్రమ్మరించు or క్రమ్మరుచు krammarinṭsu. v. a. To turn, send back, recall. To revoke, annul, rescind. క్రమ్మరజేయుక్రమ్మర krammara. adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు
Same as క్రమ్మరు. Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith' Thus, the goat with forward-thrusting horns and looking backwards signifies a coppersmith.

Text message:
Text 2024 (Mahadevan Concordance)
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'
పోలడు [ pōlaḍu ] , పోలిగాడు or దూడలపోలడు pōlaḍu. [Tel.] n. An eagle. పసులపోలిగాడు the bird called the Black Drongo. Dicrurus ater. (F.B.I.)(Telugu) rebus: पोळ [ pōḷa ] 'magnetite', ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4 (Asuri) पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fUlAd 'steel' (Arabic) The Marathi gloss pōlāda may be formed with pōḷa+hlād = magnetite ore + rejoice.

Parenthesis which encloses the bird is a split lozenge or ingot shape: mũh 'a face' in Indus Script Cipher signifies mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus the hypertext composed of four hieroglyphs: bird, ingot, parenthesis, splinter is a Meluhha expression which signifies: workshop (for) magnetite, ferrite ore, steel ingot .

Hieroglyph: kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus:  ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent  iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ)  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.

Hieroglyph: ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'alloy metal' (Rigveda) PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaa 'coiner, coinage, mint (Kannada)

Hypertext: baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) PLUS muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) 

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

The inscription on Mohenjodaro seal m1169 is thus a repository of technical information about metalwork produced by the artisan guild of smithy/forge and transacted for trade. The metalwork catalogue documents the wealth created and traded by working with 1. magnetite (ferrite) ore in furnaces to produce hard iron (steel); 2 bharata, alloy of copper, pewter, tin; 3. copper, ayas metal alloy; 5. metals engraving/sculpting using cire perdue (lost-wax) technique to produce ingots and metal implements.



Dholavira 9156 and two unnumbered seals show a person with uplifted arm at the back of the composite animal. med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion' working with copper + tin, ornament gold and bharata 'mixed alloy' 
 baran, bharata ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi. Marathi) I submit that the horned person shown on the seal third from left signified dhangar 'blacksmith' thakur 'idol' with koD 'horn' rebus: koD 'workshop'. Significantly the bison is shown with a feeding-trough in front. pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' rebus paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory', pattar 'merchants, goldsmith guild'. On this seal (third from left), the three-animal composition is further embellished with a person with upraised arm.  This is a hypertext:kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥1]Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779) Rebus: Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). Thus, it is goldsmith guild of three artificer specialists working with 1. copper, tin alloy; 2. ornament gold; bharata alloy metal of copper, zinc and tin. 
 






Amri06,Dholavira, Dwaraka (s'ankhaseal), Mohenjodaro 1171, Mohenjodaro 1169, Mohenjodaro 1170, Dholavira 9156, Dholavira 10057, Dholavira (unnumbered), Bhirrana (ASI) Bhirrana (Photo by VV Krishnan), Kalibangan 43 (Text 8039 



Unprovenienced seal. Text message: 
Line 1. kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'; thus,bronze workshop
Line 2: aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236)
Sign 342: bāṭī káraṇa sala 'pot, rim, splinter' rebus: bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace  writers' workshop'.

Sign 1 karaṇa 'dance posture' rebus karaṇa 'scribe';  mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.);  kāḍ 'stature', kāṭi 'body stature rebus: khad 'iron stone'; कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: कर्णक 'helmsman,scribe'; karaṇi 'supercargo'

This seal has the commonly occurring composition of three animal heads: goat, youngbull, ox and are presented in the following examples wherein the field symbol is read as: caravan of products (from/of) 1. 'one-horned young bull' singhi kunda 'ornament gold furnace'; 2.'ox' bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'; and 3. forward-thruting horned goat which is read as: mr̤ēka (Telugu); mēḻẖ 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper'.

This monograph discusses and deciphers two types of antelopes which are shown as Pictorial motifs of field symbols (FS) 30 to 41. 
FS 30-38                    36 Goat-antelope, short tail










It is suggested that Pictorial motifs 33 to 38 which show antelopes with backward curving horns signify kancu 'bell metal' (copper + zinc alloy)

It is suggested that Pictorial motifs 39 to 41 which show antelopes with forward-thrusting horns signify ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'.
ରଙ୍କୁ Raṅku ସଂ. ବି—(ରମ୍ ଧାତୁ=କ୍ରୀଡ଼ା କରିବା+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. କୁ)— କର୍ବୁର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପୃଷ୍ଠ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ମୃଗବିଶେଷ; ବାହୁଟିଆ—Spotted dear; a deer having a multicoloured back; antelope.
raṅku m. ʻ a species of deer ʼ Vās., ˚uka -- m. Śrīkaṇṭh.Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ? -- more prob. < raṅká-<-> s.v. *rakka -- (CDIALK 10559).

 raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅrāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl°lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984)
Pict 31 dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu, mleccha 'copper' miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽht, me 'iron' (Munda.Ho.)

Pict 32 miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽht, me 'iron' (Munda.Ho.)

Pict 33 krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

Pict 34 krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'  څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) ( P چرخ ). 2. A wheeled-carriage, a gun-carriage, a cart. Pl. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖūnah. څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (Pashto) rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'; together, rebus: arkasal 'goldsmith workshop'

Pict 35 Lothal48 Text 7025


Pict 36 Chanhudaro 23 Text 6402

Text 6402 6Goat-antelope with a short tail.ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Three linear strokes signify kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Three linear strokes thus signify kolimi 'smithy, forge'. 

Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310)  Rebus:meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic). Rebus: मेध [p= 832,3] = yajña, offering, oblation; मेधा= धन Naigh. ii , 10.; f. mental vigour or power , intelligence , prudence , wisdom (pl. products of intelligence , thoughts , opinions) RV. &c



















mēṇḍha2 m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- , mēṇḍa -- 4miṇḍha -- 2°aka -- , mēṭha -- 2mēṇḍhra -- , mēḍhra -- 2°aka -- m. lex. 2. *mēṇṭha- (mēṭha -- m. lex.). 3. *mējjha -- . [r -- forms (which are not attested in NIA.) are due to further sanskritization of a loan -- word prob. of Austro -- as. origin (EWA ii 682 with lit.) and perh. related to the group s.v. bhēḍra -- ]1. Pa. meṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- ʻ made of a ram's horn (e.g. a bow) ʼ; Pk. meḍḍha -- , meṁḍha -- (°ḍhī -- f.), °ṁḍa -- , miṁḍha -- (°dhiā -- f.), °aga -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, Dm. Gaw. miṇ Kal.rumb. amŕn/aŕə ʻ sheep ʼ (a -- ?); Bshk. mināˊl ʻ ram ʼ; Tor. miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ; Chil. mindh*ll ʻ ram ʼ AO xviii 244 (dh!), Sv. yēṛo -- miṇ; Phal. miṇḍmiṇ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍṓl m. ʻ yearling lamb, gimmer ʼ; P. mẽḍhā m., °ḍhīf., ludh. mīḍḍhāmī˜ḍhā m.; N. meṛhomeṛo ʻ ram for sacrifice ʼ; A. mersāg ʻ ram ʼ ( -- sāg < *chāgya -- ?), B. meṛā m., °ṛi f., Or. meṇḍhā°ḍā m., °ḍhi f., H. meṛhmeṛhāmẽḍhā m., G. mẽḍhɔ, M. mẽḍhā m., Si. mäḍayā.2. Pk. meṁṭhī -- f. ʻ sheep ʼ; H. meṭhā m. ʻ ram ʼ.3. H. mejhukā m. ʻ ram ʼ.*mēṇḍharūpa -- , mēḍhraśr̥ṅgī -- .Addenda: mēṇḍha -- 2: A. also mer (phonet. mer) ʻ ram ʼ AFD 235(CDIAL 10310).

*mēṇḍharūpa ʻ like a ram ʼ. [mēṇḍha -- 2, rūpá --  Bi. mẽṛhwā ʻ a bullock with curved horns like a ram's ʼ; M. mẽḍhrū̃ n. ʻ sheep ʼ (CDIAL 10311). Vikalpa: Ka. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat.Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.meka- goat.(DEDR 5087)


Te. gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' Rebus 1: gota (laterite, ferrite ore) Rebus 2: goṭā 'gold-braid'.


The large double-axe shape shield may be an orthographic styling of an oxhide ingot, which is a large ingot weighing upto 30 kgs. Hence, read rebus as: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'.

Hypertext atop the seal motifs:

Hieroglyph: one slanted stroke:koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Thus large workshop (oxhide) ingot.

Ligatured ficus leaf:  loa 'ficus' rebus: loh 'copper' PLUS koD 'horn' rebus: koD 'workshop'. Thus, copper workshop. कर्णिक [p= 257,2] mfn. having ears , having large or long ears W.; कर्णिन् [p= 257,2] mfn. having ears AV. x , 1 , 2 TS. vii (Samskrtam) Rebus: karṇika, 'helmsman', karī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'

Three slanted strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Thus large (oxhide) ingot for smithy/forge.

kanac 'corner' rebus: kanac 'bronze' PLUS infixed partitioned rectangle (could be ingot rod?)

Archer carrying bow and arrow on one hand: kamaTha 'bow and arrow'  rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coiange'. 

An archer carries bow and arrow on both hands: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

Ligatured ingot PLUS three linear strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS mũh 'ingot' (Munda). Thus, ingot for smithy/forge.


Pict 37 Text 2565 kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'


Pict 38


FS 39-41                    26 Ox-antelope


Pict 39 
Pict 40

Pict 41 
London News reported Chanhu-daro discoveries of metalwork as from The Sheffield of Ancient India.









The Chanhu-daro snarling alloy (ingot) has an inscription using Indus (Meluhha) writing with five glyphs and a dot glyph. Current location:  Purana Qila Fort, Delhi. 

Chanhujodaro39A1 Chanhudaro39A2 Source: Paul Yule, A Harappan 'Snarling Iron' from Chanhu daro, Antiquity 62, 1988, 116–118, ISSN 0003-598X URL: http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2008/145/ "Snarling iron is a metal worker's tool used to drive the walls of metal vessels. "A snarler... is a worker in teapots, and may... be compared with the leaf bumper who bumps up the leaves commonly seen in metalwork".

The dot glyph is a notch upon the edge of the bronze snarling tool read rebus as: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’.

There are two pincer hieroglyphs: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.  ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crab Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali). Thus, metal casting artificer with mineral ores.

There are 3 U hieroglyphs: kolmo 'three' (Munda) Rebus: kolimi 'forge, smithy' (Telugu). baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched' (Sindhi) Rebus: bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ(Awadhi). The three U glyphs together read: kolimi bhāṭhā 'forge, smithy (with) smelter/furnace'.
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/08/meluhha-writing-writing-about-bronze.html

 "The Punjab University archaeology department has discovered a rare Indus seal in steatite material with carved figure of Ibex with two pictographs from Wattoowala, Cholistan, during a survey of different sites near Derawar Fort along the ancient bed of River Hakra...The archaeologists team leader said the excavation revealed a circular platform at Sui-Vihar built with sun-dried bricks and a number of supporting walls to hold the platform and the cylindrical structure. The seal has been discovered by a six-member team of archaeologists headed by PU archaeology department chairman Dr Farzand Masih, who has just concluded a Unesco-funded US$26,000 project “Sui-Vihar Excavations and Archaeological Reconnaissance of southern Punjab”. Dr Masih told Dawn that the discovery would open new dimensions for scholars. The seal has a perforated boss in the back with variant style from Harappan seals showing the regional influence and perhaps a separate identity in the Harappan domain. The seal is almost square in shape and slightly broken from the right side but figure of Ibex is almost intact. The muscles, genitalia, hooves and tail of the Ibex were engraved artistically with high proportion of skill and craftsmanship." http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/cholistan-inde-project-sui-vihar-excavations-and-archaeological-reconnaissance-of-southern-punjab.html 


Kalibangan (K-34 and K-37) depict a goat (or markhor) with no inscription. Instead, they have a fish in the space in front of field symbol. Two Kalibangan seals show an antelope, ram and fish glyphs as the inscription. mḍha ‘antelope’; rebus: ‘iron’ (Ho.) ayo ‘fish’; rebs: ayo ‘metal’ (G.) [These are examples which clearly demonstrate that Indus script is a glyptic writing system and hence, all glyphs and glyptic elements have to be decoded.] miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’. iron (Mu.Ho.) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore; medho 'merchant's assistant'.

Seal found near a circular platform at Sui Vihar, Cholistan

Decipherment of Cholistan seal

This composite hieroglyph on the text of the inscription is composed of: 1. Two long linear strokes; and 2. three short horizontal strokes linking the two linear strokes. Thus, the semantics signified are: 'two' and 'three'.


Numeral || dula ‘two’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ Numeral ||| kolom ‘three’ Rebus:kolami ‘smithy, forge’. Thus the composite hieroglyph signifies: smithy for metalcasting.

koi ‘flag’ (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus 1: ko ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) Rebus 2: khŏ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ü f. ‘small pit’ (Kashmiri)(CDIAL 3947). The flag flies on a linear stroke: 'one'. Hierolyhph: koDa 'one' Rebus: koD 'workshop'. Thus, the semantics of 'workshop' are reinforced by the orthography of the 'flagpost'.

 Ligature hieroglyph 'flag'

Sign 4: koi ‘flag’ (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus 1: ko ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) Rebus 2: khŏ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ü f. ‘small pit’ (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947). + kāi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench. Thus, furnace workshop.

Kur. xolā tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135). [The ‘short-tail’ is a hieroglyph which is ligatured to an ‘antelope’ – as a hieroglyph read rebus. Such a ligatured-tail evolved into a ‘sign’ of the Indus script which appears on inscribed copper-tablets.] Rebus: kol ‘working in iron (metal), blacksmith (in this case, tin-smith)’. Copper/alloy metals mint, smithy/forge, smelter: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. Signified by the symbol: Fin of fish khambhaṛā 'fin' ( Lahnda). ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) mlekh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' mleccha 'copper'.Hieroglyph: tail with three short strokes: k(x)olā́ 'tail' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

The short tail is comparable to the goat shown on a Bhirrana seal.
Bhirrana. The hieroglyph in front of the goat is a sprout: hieroglyph: kolmo 'sprout' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. The six short strokes denote a pair of 'three'; thus these six short strokes are an allograph of the combined hierolyph which is a composite of two long linear strokes + three short strokes, i.e. a pair of three. The semantics are the same in both orthographic cipher rebus-metonymy layers: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' + kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus denoting smithy for metalcasting.

miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’. iron (Mu.Ho.)

करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaū or karaē] n A kid.कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāū n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. (Marathi. Molesworth) Phal. grhēmio m.,°i f. ʻ kid one year old ʼ(CDIAL 4398) Or. gāraagaera°arā ʻ ram ʼ,gārai ʻ ewe ʼ, garaa ʻ sheep ʼ;*gaḍḍa4 ʻ sheep ʼ. 2. gaḍḍara -- , °ala -- m. Apte. [Cf. gaḍḍārikā -- f. ʻ ewe in front of a flock ʼ lex., gaḍḍālikā<-> f. ʻ sheep ʼ Psht.gaūrai ʻ lamb ʼ NTS ii 256]1. Ash. gaewä m. ʻ sheep ʼ, °wī f.; Wg. awāgoḍṓ ʻ ram ʼ, gusok ʻ lamb ʼ; Paš. giīˊ f. ʻ sheep ʼ; L. ga m. ʻ wild sheep ʼ.2. Pk. gaḍḍarī -- f. ʻ goat, ewe ʼ, °riyā -- f. ʻ ewe ʼ; Wo. gaūre ʻ lamb ʼ; B. al°ar ʻ the long -- legged sheep ʼ;  H. ar f. ʻ ewe ʼ; G. ar°rũ n. ʻ sheep ʼ. -- Deriv. B. le ʻ shepherd ʼ, H. gaariyā m.gaḍḍara -- : S.kcch. ar m. ʻ sheep ʼ.(CDIAL 3983) ګډوريَ ḏḏo-raey, s.m. (1st) A lamb. Pl. يِ īګډورئِي ḏḏo-raʿī, s.f. (6th) An ewe lamb. Sing. and Pl. (Pushto)

<gaDra>(ZA) [gaDra],[gaDRa]  {N} ``male ^goat(Z), male ^kid(A)''.  *Des.  #10090.   <lupu gadra>(A)  {N} ``^billy ^goat''.  |<lupu> `big'.  ??d/D (cf. D below).  #21082.<lupu gadra>(A)  {N} ``^billy ^goat''.  |<gaDra> `male goat, male kid'.  ??d/D (cf. D below).  #21080.

Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) G. karãḍɔ m. ʻ wicker or metal box ʼ,(CDIAL 2792) Allograph: Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼS. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f.,kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awā. kaṇḍ°ī ʻ back ʼ; P. kaṇḍ f. ʻ back, pubes ʼ(CDIAL 2670)

Hieroglyph: mlekh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' mleccha 'copper'. meh goat (Br.) Rebus: meha, mehi merchants clerk; (G.) meho one who helps a merchantvi.138 vaiksahāyah (deśi. Hemachandra). Cf. meluhha-mũh > mleccha-mukha copper (ingot).

Hieroglyph of ‘looking back’ is read rebus as:

kamar 'artisan': క్రమ్మరు [krammaru] krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go  back. మరలు.  క్రమ్మరించు or  క్రమ్మరుచు  krammarinsu. V. a. To turn, send back, recall. To revoke, annul, rescind.క్రమ్మరజేయు.  క్రమ్మర krammara. Adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు. krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) Kho. Krəm ʻ back ʼNTS ii 262 with (?) (CDIAL 3145)[Cf. Ir. *kamaka or *kamraka -- ʻback ʼ in Shgh. Čůmčʻ back ʼ, Sar. Čomǰ EVSh 26] (CDIAL 2776) cf. Sang. kamak ʻ back ʼ, Shgh. Čomǰ(< *kamak G.M.) ʻ back of an animal ʼ, Yghn. Kama ʻneck ʼ(CDIAL 14356). Kár, kãr  ‘neck’ (Kashmiri) Kal. Gřä ʻneck ʼ; Kho. Go ʻ front of neck, throat ʼ. Gala m. ʻ throat, neck ʼ MBh. (CDIAL 4070)  Rebus: karmāra ‘smith, artisan’ (Skt.) kamar ‘smith’ (Santali)

Stone grave engraved with two Oryx antelopes, Hili Archeological Park, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Arabia dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper'. Two standing persons are signified: dula 'pair' dul 'cast metal' kAraNika 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo'. Thus copper metal caster, Supercargo, seafaring merchant of cast metal (copper).

m417 Hieroglyph (the only text message on the inscription):  Hieroglyph bhaṭa ‘warrior’ Rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, this glyph is a semantic determinant of the message: ‘furnace’. It appears that the six heads of ‘animal’ glyphs are related to ‘furnace’ work detailed below.

The hieroglyphs are:
Semantics: ‘group of animals/quadrupeds’: paśu ‘animal’ (RV), pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.) Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali)

Glyph: ‘six’: bhaṭa ‘six’. Rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’.

m417 Glyph: ‘ladder’ ties the six protomes of animals together: H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ Rebus: Pa. sēṇi -- f. ʻ guild, division of army ʼ; Pk. sēṇi -- f. ʻ row, collection ʼ; śrḗṇi (metr. often śrayaṇi -- ) f. ʻ line, row, troop ʼ RV. The lexeme in Tamil means: Limit, boundary; எல்லை. நளியிரு முந்நீரேணி யாக (புறநா. 35, 1). Country, territory.


Hieroglyph: *śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ. [Cf. śrētr̥ -- ʻ one who has recourse to ʼ MBh. -- See śrití -- . -- √śri]
Ash. ċeitr ʻ ladder ʼ (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720)*śrēṣṭrī2 ʻ line, ladder ʼ. [For mng. ʻ line ʼ conn. with √śriṣ2 cf. śrḗṇi -- ~ √śri. -- See śrití -- . -- √śriṣ2Pk. sēḍhĭ̄ -- f. ʻ line, row ʼ (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. ʻ id. ʼ. -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -- , śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. ʻ a partic. progression of arithmetical figures ʼ); K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ʻ ladder ʼ.(CDIAL 12724) rebus: Seṭṭhi [fr. seṭṭha, Sk. śreṣṭhin] foreman of a guild, treasurer, banker, "City man", wealthy merchant Vin i.15 sq., 271 sq.; ii.110 sq., 157; S i.89; J i.122;ii.367 etc.; Rājagaha˚ the merchant of Rājagaha Vin ii.154; J iv.37; Bārāṇasi˚ the merchant of Benares J i.242, 269; jana -- pada -- seṭṭhi a commercial man of the country J iv.37; seṭṭhi gahapati Vin i.273; S i.92; there were families of seṭṭhis Vin i.18; J iv.62; ˚ -- ṭṭhāna the position of a seṭṭhi J ii.122, 231; hereditary J i.231, 243; ii.64; iii.475; iv.62 etc.; seṭṭhânuseṭṭhī treasurers and under -- treasurers Vin i.18; see Vinaya Texts i.102. Seṭṭhitta (nt.) [abstr. fr. seṭṭhi] the office of treasurer or (wholesale) merchant S i.92.

This guild, community of smiths and masons evolves into Harosheth Hagoyim, ‘a smithy of nations’.
It appears that the Meluhhans were in contact with many interaction areas, Dilmun and Susa (elam) in particular. There is evidence for Meluhhan settlements outside of Meluhha. It is a reasonable inference that the Meluhhans with bronze-age expertise of creating arsenical and bronze alloys and working with other metals constituted the ‘smithy of nations’, Harosheth Hagoyim.

1. 'Unicorn' with one spiny horn: kār-kunda 'adroit, clever, experienced, director,manager'. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager;  کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. (Pashto). A crumpled, twisted horn is mer̥ha deren rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) PLuS kunda 'turner, lapidary'. Thus, a metalwork manager is signified. The rebus reading of the horned young bull is: kunda singi 'young bull + horned' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold, ornament gold'. खोंड   khōṇḍa 'young bull' read rebus: kunda 'fine gold' (Marathi); kō̃da कोँदकुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln.(Kashmiri)

Thus, the young horned bull signifies a sacred fir-altar, furnace. 

The young bull is horned. 

Santali gloss.

शृङ्गिन््   sriṅg-ín horned (V., C.); m. (C.) horned animal (Monier-Williams) शिंग   śiṅga n (शृंग S) A horn. Pr. म्हशीचींशिंगेंम्हशीसजडनाहींत (Marathi) Rebus: singi 'ornament gold' Singī & singi (f.) [cp. Sk. śṛngī] 1. gold Vin i.38; S ii.234; J i.84.(Pali)  शृङ्गिः   śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः Gold for ornaments (Skt. Apte). Thus, the artisan is a worker in ornament gold.


2. 'Unicorn' with two horns: khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundār 'lathe, lathe-worker' PLUS koḍ 'horns' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.  kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1]A. kundār, B. kũdār˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297)  koṇḍa, agnikuṇḍa, 'live coal sacred fire-rench, sacred fire-altar'. The high-, curved horns signify a zebu: pōḷa 'zebu' rebus: pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore) Thus, the workshop of a lapidary with fire-altar for ferrite ore smelting is signified.



3. Short-horned bull: barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin). Thus, an alloysmith is signified.



4. Tiger without horns: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol'working in iron' kolhe'smelter' Thus, an iron smelter is signified.

5,6 are protomes of two animals on the broken seal m417. I suggest that these signify two types of antelopes: 


Antelope is a hieroglyph pictorial motif. The pictorial depiction also highlights the short tail with three short strokes. Orthographic styles used in the corpora seem to indicate that a distinction is made between an antelope and a kid (young antelope or goat). It is suggested that the two are distinct signifiers of two distinct rebus readings to signify specific advances in archaeo-metallurgy, related to the hardening of copper mineral by adding other minerals (such as tin) to produce metal alloys. 

Two types of antelopes as hieroglyphs: A. with backward-flowing pair of horns and B. with forward-thrusting pair of horns; and (based on the following evidence):

A. Antelopes with backward-flowing pair of horns

1. Dholavira seal 117

2. Lothal seal L48

4. platform of m304 seal which shows an antelopewith hed turned backwards 

6. antithetical oryx antelopes of Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE 

6. the images seen on Bahrain circular seal with six heads of antelopes on one side and inscription on the reverse side). The rebus Meluhha readings of these hieroglyphs are:

meḷh ‘goat’ (Br.) Rebus: meḍho ‘one who helps a merchant’ vi.138 ‘vaṇiksahāyah’ (deśi. Hemachandra). Allograph: meṛgo = with horns twisted back; meṛha, m., miṛhi f.= twisted, crumpled, as a horn (Santali)

Dholavira seal 117 antelope; sun motif. Dholavira seal impression. arka 'sun' Rebus: araka, eraka 'copper, moltencast' PLUS करडूं karaḍū 'kid' Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'. Thus, together, the rebus message: hard alloy of copper.

On arka in compound expressions: அருக்கம்¹ arukkamn. < arka. (நாநார்த்த.) 1. Copper; செம்பு (Tamil) అగసాలి (p. 0023) [ agasāli ] or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు.(Telugu) Kannada (Kittel lexicon):
Lothal 48 seal.See hieroglyph of short, three-pronged tail on Lothal 48 seal: Kur. xolā tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135) Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelters' kolle 'blacksmith'Such a short-tailed antelope is also shown on copper tablets.




m516B Copper tablet

Signs 182, 183, 184 Mahadevan Concordance

Lothal seal L048 Ibex. Another hieroglyph shown on the seal: ayo 'fish' rebus: ayo 'metal alloy' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Sanskrit)


Pattharika [fr. patthara] a merchant Vin ii.135 (kaŋsa˚).




The pair of antelopes have their heads turned backwards on the platform of seal m304 .
క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు.krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) Rebus: karmāra ‘smith, artisan’ (Skt.) kamar ‘smith’ (Santali) The two antithetical antelopes thus denote: dula 'pair' rebus: tul 'cast metal', tagar kamar‘tin artisan, cast tin smith, tin merchant.’ 
Kammika (adj. -- n.) [fr. kamma] 1. ( -- ˚) one who does or looks after; one whose occupation is of such & such a character: āya˚ revenue -- overseer, treasurer DhA i.184; sabba˚ (always with ref. to amacca, the king's minister) one who does everything, the king's confidant Vism 130; PvA 81. -- On term ādi˚ beginner (e. g. Vism 241) see Cpd. 53, 129 n.2. -- 2. a merchant, trader, in jalapatha˚ and thalapatha˚ by sea & by land J i.121. -- 3. a superintendent, overseer, manager J ii.305 (executioner of an order); vi.294; Mhvs 30, 31. -- 4. one connected with the execution of an ecclesiastical Act Vin ii.5 (cp. p. 22); Bdhd 106.



A pair of antelopes sculpture. From the cover page of: D.T. Potts, H. Naboodah and P. Hellyer (eds.), 2003, Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the UAE, Trident Press Ltd., London. 

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' 
mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' sippi 'snail' rebus: s'ilpi, sippi 'sculptor, artificer, artisan'. Back-to-back combination of the two goats may signify the use of cire perdue (lost wax) technique of metal casting as a mirror image created in wax and replicated in metal as the molten metal is poured into the sculptured wax model pasted with river-bed fine clay. Thus,, dul milakkhu sippi constitutes an Indus Script hypertext to signify 'copper casting sculptor'.

If there is one set of hieroglyphs which occurs with high frequency on both Neast East artifacts of cylinder seals and other objects and on Indus script corpora of inscriptions, it is the ‘antelope’ set. Antelope occurs in 91 even-toed ungulate species indigenous to various regions in Africa, Eurasia including India. According to the present classification, antelopes within the family bovidae include species which are not cattle, sheep, buffalo, bison or goats. Greek antholops (anthos, ‘flower’ + ops ‘eye’) were considered fabulous animals ‘haunting the banks of Euphrates, very savage, hard to catch and having saw-like horns capable of cutting down trees.’ ("Antelope". Dictionary.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian.) The antelope species which have differences in appearance, sizes and shapes of horns, include: Arabian oryx, dorcas, gazelle, ibex, nilgai, chinkara, blackbuck, nyala, elands, kudus, Tibetan and Saiga  ntelopes. 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope#cite_ref-1 While there is a variety of orthographic representations of the bovidae in Near East and Indus writing artifacts, it is possible to identify some etyma which could possibly have identified the animals, ca. 3500 BCE in the archaeological context and in the context of messages conveyed through hieroglyphs and other script signs. Desinamamala of Hemacandra ed. R. Pischel (1938) includes a gloss ibbho ‘merchant’ (Deśi substrate), which may be a semantic cognate of ibira which occurs on Near East texts. Sumerian King List notes Bad-tibira as the second city to ‘exercise kingship’ in Sumer before the flood, following Eridu. “…the earliest lexically attested term for merchant is ibira or tibira, equated with Akkadian tamkāruin the basic lexical series ea=A=Naqu. [B. Landsberger, JAOS 88 (=Speiser AV, 1968) 133-147, esp. p. 139 line 126 and Landsberger’s comments ad loc., p. 146; cf. now MSL 14 (1979) 308:126.]The alternation between a vocalic onset and an initial t- marks the term as a substrate word. But the same term is also equated with gurgurru, (MSL 12:103:231 and CAD G s.v.) ‘craftsman’, and this may be its earlier meaning. What the nature of the craft may have been is suggested by the fact that it is occasionally written with the logogram for metal-worker, URUDU.NAGAR.[Landsberger, JAOS 88 (=Speiser AV, 1968) 146 and 126; elsewhere KA XKIB: Ea III 126 and MSL 12:137:263; 16:87:270. For tibira in the meaning ‘metal-worker’ see also idem 1974: 11.] This implies an early association of trading with itinerant metal-workers, a situation familiar, for example, from the Irish tin-smiths or tinkers of later European history. Another term for trader with a possible substrate origin may be dam-gar, here presumed to be the source of Akkadian tamkāru. [Landsberger 1974: 12.]” (William W. Hallo, 1996, Origins: the ancient near eastern background of some modern western institutions, EJ Brill., p. 69.)

Noting the semantics ‘merchant’ and ‘metallurgist’, Forbes notes:“…like the mercatores of the Middle Ages who were often both artisans and merchants at the same time. Hence the trade was only partly a State-affair and dam-gar (tamkaru) was allowed a certain latitude to do some business of his own. Hence the lots of 6-12 talents of metal sometimes go to the e-DUB-ba, the State storehouse, also called ‘house of the silver and the lapis lazuli, the great storehouse’. Several tons of copper were consumed yearly in each Sumerian town and the gold-smith’s shops seem to have worked some 6K of red gold, 8K of refined gold and nearly 6K of silver in one year.” (RJ Forbes, 1964, Studies in ancient technology, Volume I, EJ Brill., p.86). One cylinder-seal impression which includes an antelope hieroglyph may be cited: Cylinder-seal impression; a griffin and a tiger attack an antelope with its head turned back. The upper register shows two scorpions and a frog; the lower register shows a scorpion and two fishes. Syro-Mitannian, fifteenth to fourteenth centuries BCE, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. [After Fig. 9 in: Jack M. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, p.2705].


Alternative rebus readings will be considered to explain the ‘meaning’ of varieties of antelope hieroglyphs in an archaeological and trade contexts of interaction areas of the Near East and Meluhha (commonly identified with the areas of speakers who employed Indus script). The conclusion is that antelope hieroglyphs denoted mineral (metal ore) worked on by artisans and also denoted a merchant or a helper of a merchant. This may suggest a fresh look at and reconsideration of the messages conveyed by thousands of cylinder seals which depict many animals, including antelopes, goats, rams, scorpions or composite animals with wings. Some of these may also be explained as hieroglyphs read rebus by literate-language communities, instead of merely explaining away some representations -- only as objects of art appreciation -- to be hunting or banquet scenes or metaphors in the context of assumed rituals in temples or communities. This hypothesis will be tested in the paper in the context of artifacts and inscriptions discovered – in private property and State contexts – at Susa which is an interaction area between the Near East and Meluhha (Indus script corpora).

Sumerian cylinder seal showing flanking goats with hooves on tree and/or mountain. Uruk period. (After Joyce Burstein in: Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown, 2002, The roots of tantra, SUNY Press, p.100)Hence, two goats + mountain glyph reads rebus: meḍ kundār 'iron turner'. Leaf on mountain: kamaṛkom 'petiole of leaf'; rebus: kampaṭṭam 'mint'. loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy). The glyphic composition is read rebus: meḍ loa kundār 'iron turner mint'. kundavum = manger, a hayrick (G.) Rebus: kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) This rebus reading may explain the hayrick glyph shown on the sodagor 'merchant, trader' seal surrounded by four animals.Two antelopes are put next to the hayrick on the platform of the seal on which the horned person is seated. mlekh 'goat' (Br.); rebus: milakku 'copper' (Pali); mleccha 'copper' (Skt.) Thus, the composition of glyphs on the platform: pair of antelopes + pair of hayricks read rebus: milakku kundār 'copper turner'. Thus the seal is a framework of glyphic compositions to describe the repertoire of a brazier-mint, 'one who works in brass or makes brass articles' and 'a mint'. 


 Glyph: svastika; rebus: jasta ‘zinc’ (Kashmiri). Svastika: sathiyā (H.), sāthiyo (G.); satthia, sotthia (Pkt.) Rebus: svastika pewter (Kannada) PLUS mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu, mleccha 'copper'. Thus, copper + zinc alloy which is brass.


Circular seal, of steatite, from Bahrain, found at Lothal. "The circular seals must have come from Bahrein where upwards of two hundred seals of this type have been recovered recently by the Danish expedition. The circular seals from Ur are presumed to have belonged to Indian merchants who lived in the Persian Gulf islands and traded with merchants at Ur. The cylindrical seals from Ur which bear Indus motifs may also have belonged to the Indian merchants living at Ur, the reason for this supposition being that each region had its own distinct type of seal–circular in Bahrein, cylindrical in Mesopotamia, square in the Indus valley and Kathiawar. The circular seals found in Bahrein have been assigned to the Akkadian and pre-Akkadian periods by the current Danish Bahrein Expedition. The circular steatite seal found at Lothal is almost identical with the seals from the Akkadian levels of Ras-al-Qala in Bahrein." (Rao, .S.R."Shipping and Maritime Trade of the Indus People" Expedition Magazine 7.3 (May 1965): n. pag. Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum, May 1965 Web. 08 Jun 2016 <http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=995>


B. Antelopes with forward-thrusting pair of horns
Evidence is seen on the following seals:
Pict 39 Ox-antelope with a long tail; a trough in front. pāṭroṛo 'feeding trough' rebus paṭroṛo 'metals manufactory', pattar 'merchants' 
Pict 40 6131 loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh ''copper, metal' PLUS Sign 342: káraṇa bāṭī 'rim of jar' rebus: káraṇa bāṭī 'furnace scribe'


Pict 41 8131 dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh ''copper, metal'
Bet Dwaraka turbinella pyrum seal. करडूं karaḍū 'kid' Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'. barad 'ox' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' khond 'young bull' koD 'horn' Rebus: khond 'turner' koD 'workshop'. Thus workshop of hard alloys of copper, pewter, tin.

Bhirrrna seal. ASI karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo'; karNaka 'account'; Alternative: kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kanga 'brazier'. A variant of Signs is seen on the Bhirrana seal:karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ (Prakrit) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)
 40 Three-headed animal, plant; sun motifDholavira. Seal. Readings as above. PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the message of the hieroglyph-multiplex is: smithy/forge for moltencast coper and hard alloys of copper, pewter, tin.

Hieroglyph: करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or karaḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi. Molesworth). 

Maritime trade of Meluhha (Sarasvati Civilization) seafaring merchants, artisans)

miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽht, me 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) gaNDa 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' dhAtu 'strand' rebus: dhAtu 'mineral' tri-dhAtu 'three strands' rebus: tri-dhAtu 'three minerals' ALSO, dhAvaD 'strands' rebus: dhAvad 'smelter'. Thus, the seal signifies implements out of smelter for iron minerals.



Dilmun seal from Barbar; six heads of  antelope radiating from a circle; similar to animal protomes in Failaka, Anatolia and Indus. Obverse of the seal shows four dotted circles. [Poul Kjærum , The Dilmun Seals as evidence of long distance relations in the early second millennium BC, pp. 269-277.] A tree is shown on this Dilmun seal.

Glyph: ‘tree’: kuṭi ‘tree’. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali).

baTa 'six' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' ranku 'antelope' Rebus: ranku 'tin ore'

Izzat Allah Nigahban, 1991, Excavations at Haft Tepe, Iran, The University Museum, UPenn, p. 97. furnace’ Fig.96a.

There is a possibility that this seal impression from Haft Tepe had some connections with Indian hieroglyphs. This requires further investigation. “From Haft Tepe (Middle Elamite period, ca. 13th century) in Ḵūzestān an unusual pyrotechnological installation was associated with a craft workroom containing such materials as mosaics of colored stones framed in bronze, a dismembered elephant skeleton used in manufacture of bone tools, and several hundred bronze arrowpoints and small tools. “Situated in a courtyard directly in front of this workroom is a most unusual kiln. This kiln is very large, about 8 m long and 2 and one half m wide, and contains two long compart­ments with chimneys at each end, separated by a fuel chamber in the middle. Although the roof of the kiln had collapsed, it is evident from the slight inturning of the walls which remain in situ that it was barrel vaulted like the roofs of the tombs. Each of the two long heating chambers is divided into eight sections by partition walls. The southern heating chamber contained metallic slag, and was apparently used for making bronze objects. The northern heating chamber contained pieces of broken pottery and other material, and thus was apparently used for baking clay objects including tablets . . .” (loc.cit. Bronze in pre-Islamic Iran, Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bronze-i Negahban, 1977; and forthcoming).

Kuwait gold disc with Indus Script hieroglyphs

DESCRIPTION
Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization), ca. 3000 BCE. A lovely bichrome pottery vessel, its curved walls adorned with animals of the land and sea - a pair of antelope gracefully bowing their heads to graze, a pair of fish swimming above, matrices comprised of wavy motifs probably representing seaweed, and striations - all in dark brown/black on a tan ground. This piece was wheel-made, one of the many innovations of this civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization covered a wide geographic region, from northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India, in the basin of the Indus River; key associated sites are the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (a UNESCO World Heritage site). Size: 5.25" in diameter x 5.875" H (13.3 cm x 14.9 cm)

Provenance: private Orange County, California USA collection, acquired before 2000

Source: https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/54536890_indus-valley-pottery-jar-antelope-and-fish#&gid=1&pid=1


Annex. Kuwait gold disc with Indus Script hieroglyphs

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/06/antithetical-antelopes-indus-script.html The hieroglyphs on the Kuwait Museum gold disc can be read rebus:

1. A pair of tabernae montana flowers tagara 'tabernae montana' flower; rebus: tagara 'tin'

2. A pair of rams tagara 'ram'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Next to one ram: kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' Alternative: kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

3. Ficus religiosa leaves on a tree branch (5) loa 'ficus leaf'; rebus: loh 'metal'. kol in Tamil means pancaloha'alloy of five metals'. PLUS flanking pair of lotus flowers: tAmarasa 'lotus' Rebus: tAmra 'copper' dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' thus, denoting copper castings.

4. A pair of bulls tethered to the tree branch: barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' (Marathi) PLUS kola 'man' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kur.i 'woman' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' Alternative: ḍhangar 'bull'; rebus ḍhangar 'blacksmith' poLa 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite'.

Two persons touch the two bulls: meḍ ‘body’ (Mu.) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Thus, the hieroglyph composition denotes ironsmiths.

5. A pair of antelopes looking back: krammara 'look back'; rebus: kamar 'smith' (Santali); tagara 'antelope'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Alternative: melh, mr..eka 'goat' (Brahui. Telugu) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali), mleccha-mukha 'copper' (Samskritam)

6. A pair of antelopes mē̃ḍh 'antelope, ram'; rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.) 

7. A pair of combs kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace'


Phal. kāṅga ʻ combing ʼ in ṣiṣ k° dūm ʻI comb my hairʼ  khyḗṅgiakēṅgī f.;
kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb (Punjabi) káṅkata m. ʻ comb ʼ AV., n. lex., °tī -- , °tikã -- f. lex. 2. *kaṅkaṭa -- 2. 3. *kaṅkaśa -- . [Of doubtful IE. origin WP i 335, EWA i 137: aberrant -- uta -- as well as -- aśa -- replacing -- ata -- in MIA. and NIA.]1. Pk. kaṁkaya -- m. ʻ comb ʼ, kaṁkaya -- , °kaï -- m. ʻ name of a tree ʼ; Gy. eur. kangli f.; Wg. kuṇi -- přũ ʻ man's comb ʼ (for kuṇi -- cf. kuṇälík beside kuṅälíks.v. kr̥muka -- ; -- přũ see prapavaṇa -- ); Bshk. kēṅg ʻ comb ʼ, Gaw. khēṅgīˊ, Sv. khḗṅgiāTor. kyäṅg ʻ comb ʼ (Dard. forms, esp. Gaw., Sv., Phal. but not Sh., prob. ← L. P. type < *kaṅgahiā -- , see 3 below); Sh. kōṅyi̯ f. (→ Ḍ. k*lṅi f.), gil. (Lor.) kōĩ f. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kōũ m. ʻ woman's comb ʼ, pales. kōgō m. ʻ comb ʼ; K. kanguwu m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kangañ f. ʻ woman's ʼ; WPah. bhad. kãˊkei ʻ a comb -- like fern ʼ, bhal. kãkei f. ʻ comb, plant with comb -- like leaves ʼ; N. kāṅiyokāĩyo ʻ comb ʼ, A. kã̄kai, B. kã̄kui; Or. kaṅkāikaṅkuā ʻ comb ʼ, kakuā ʻ ladder -- like bier for carrying corpse to the burning -- ghat ʼ; Bi. kakwā ʻ comb ʼ, kaka°hī, Mth. kakwā, Aw. lakh. kakawā, Bhoj. kakahī f.; H. kakaiyā ʻ shaped like a comb (of a brick) ʼ; G. (non -- Aryan tribes of Dharampur)kākhāī f. ʻ comb ʼ; M. kaṅkvā m. ʻ comb ʼ, kã̄kaī f. ʻ a partic. shell fish and its shell ʼ; -- S. kaṅgu m. ʻ a partic. kind of small fish ʼ < *kaṅkuta -- ? -- Ext. with --l -- in Ku. kã̄gilokāĩlo ʻ comb ʼ.2. G. (Soraṭh) kã̄gaṛ m. ʻ a weaver's instrument ʼ?3. L. kaṅghī f. ʻ comb, a fish of the perch family ʼ, awāṇ. kaghī ʻ comb ʼ; P. kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb ʼ, °ghī f. ʻ small comb for men, large one for women ʼ (→ H. kaṅghā m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, °gahī°ghī f. ʻ woman's ʼ, kaṅghuā m. ʻ rake or harrow ʼ; Bi. kãga ʻ comb ʼ, Or. kaṅgei, M. kaṅgvā); -- G. kã̄gsī f. ʻ comb ʼ, with metath. kã̄sko m., °kī f.; WPah. khaś. kāgśī, śeu. kāśkī ʻ a comblike fern ʼ or < *kaṅkataśikha -- .WPah.kṭg. kaṅgi f. ʻ comb ʼ; J. kāṅgṛu m. ʻ small comb ʼ.(CDIAL 2598)

Rebus: large furnace, fireplace: kang कंग् । आवसथ्यो &1;ग्निः m. the fire-receptacle or fire-place, kept burning in former times in the courtyard of a Kāshmīrī house for the benefit of guests, etc., and distinct from the three religious domestic fires of a Hindū; (at the present day) a fire-place or brazier lit in the open air on mountain sides, etc., for the sake of warmth or for keeping off wild beasts. nāra-kang, a fire-receptacle; hence, met. a shower of sparks (falling on a person) (Rām. 182). kan:gar `portable furnace' (Kashmiri)Cf. kã̄gürü, which is the fem. of this word in a dim. sense (Gr.Gr. 33, 7). kã̄gürü काँग्् or 
kã̄gürü काँग or kã̄gar काँग््र्् । हसब्तिका f. (sg. dat. kã̄grĕ काँग्र्य or kã̄garĕ काँगर्य, abl. kã̄gri काँग्रि), the portable brazier, or kāngrī, much used in Kashmīr (K.Pr. kángár, 129, 131, 178; káṅgrí, 5, 128, 129). For particulars see El. s.v. kángri; L. 7, 25, kangar;and K.Pr. 129. The word is a fem. dim. of kang, q.v. (Gr.Gr. 37). kã̄gri-khŏphürükã̄gri-khŏphürü काँग्रि-ख्वफ््&above;रू&below; । भग्ना काष्ठाङ्गारिका f. a worn-out brazier. -khôru -खोरु&below; । काष्ठाङ्गारिका<-> र्धभागः m. the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier, remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed; see khôru. -kŏnḍolu -क्वंड । हसन्तिकापात्रम् m. the circular earthenware bowl of a brazier, which contains the burning fuel. -köñü -का&above;ञू&below; । हसन्तिकालता f. the covering of woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier.

It is an archaeometallurgical challenge to trace the Maritime Tin Route from the tin belt of the world on Mekong River delta in the Far East and trace the contributions made by seafaring merchants of Meluhha in reaching the tin mineral resource to sustain the Tin-Bronze Age which was a revolution unleashed ca. 5th millennium BCE. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-as-catalogus.html

8. A pair of fishes ayo 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: ayo 'metal, iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Sanskrit)

9.A pair of buffaloes tethered to a post-standard kāṛā ‘buffalo’ கண்டி kaṇṭi buffalo bull (Tamil); rebus: kaṇḍ 'stone ore'; kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.

10. A pair of birds Rebus 1: kōḍi. [Tel.] n. A fowl, a bird. (Telugu) Rebus: khōṭ ‘alloyed ingots’. Rebus 2: kol ‘the name of a bird, the Indian cuckoo’ (Santali) kol 'iron, smithy, forge'. Rebus 3: baṭa = quail (Santali) Rebus: baṭa = furnace, kiln (Santali) bhrāṣṭra = furnace (Skt.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) 

11. The buffaloes, birds flank a post-standard with curved horns on top of a stylized 'eye' PLUS 'eyebrows' with one-horn on either side of two faces

mũh ‘face’; rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ (Mu.) 

ṭhaṭera ‘buffalo horns’. ṭhaṭerā   ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi) 

Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye.  Rebus: kanga ' large portable brazier, fire-place' (Kashmiri).
Thus the stylized standard is read rebus: Hieroglyph components:kanga ṭhaṭerā 'one eye + buffalo horn' Rebus: kanga 'large portable barzier' (Kashmiri) +  ṭhaṭerā   ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi) 

 Ta. kaṇ eye, aperture, orifice, star of a peacock's tail. Ma. kaṇ, kaṇṇu eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud. Ko. kaṇ eye. To. koṇ eye, loop in string.Ka. kaṇ eye, small hole, orifice. Koḍ. kaṇṇï id. Tu. kaṇṇů eye, nipple, star in peacock's feather, rent, tear. Te. kanu, kannu eye, small hole, orifice, mesh of net, eye in peacock's feather. Kol. kan (pl. kanḍl) eye, small hole in ground, cave. Nk. kan (pl. kanḍḷ) eye, spot in peacock's tail. Nk. (Ch.) kan (pl. -l) eye. Pa.(S. only) kan (pl. kanul) eye. Ga. (Oll.) kaṇ (pl. kaṇkul) id.; kaṇul maṭṭa eyebrow; kaṇa (pl. kaṇul) hole; (S.) kanu (pl. kankul) eye. Go. (Tr.) kan (pl.kank) id.; (A.) kaṛ (pl. kaṛk) id. Konḍa kaṇ id. Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) id. Manḍ. kan (pl. -ke) id. Kui kanu (pl. kan-ga), (K.) kanu (pl. kaṛka) id. Kuwi(F.) kannū (pl. kar&nangle;ka), (S.) kannu (pl. kanka), (Su. P. Isr.) kanu (pl. kaṇka) id. Kur. xann eye, eye of tuber; xannērnā (of newly born babies or animals) to begin to see, have the use of one's eyesight (for ērnā, see 903). Malt. qanu eye. Br. xan id., bud. (DEDR 1159) kāṇá ʻ one -- eyed ʼ RV. Pa. Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ blind of one eye, blind ʼ; Ash. kã̄ṛa°ṛī f. ʻ blind ʼ, Kt. kãŕ, Wg. kŕãmacrdotdot;, Pr. k&schwatildemacr;, Tir. kāˊna, Kho. kāṇu NTS ii 260,kánu BelvalkarVol 91; K. kônu ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, S. kāṇo, L. P. kāṇã̄; WPah. rudh. śeu. kāṇā ʻ blind ʼ; Ku. kāṇo, gng. kã̄&rtodtilde; ʻ blind of one eye ʼ, N. kānu;A. kanā ʻ blind ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ; Or. kaṇā, f. kāṇī ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, Mth. kān°nākanahā, Bhoj. kān, f. °nikanwā m. ʻ one -- eyed man ʼ, H. kān,°nā, G. kāṇũ; M. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, squint -- eyed ʼ; Si. kaṇa ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ. -- Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ full of holes ʼ, G. kāṇũ ʻ full of holes ʼ, n. ʻ hole ʼ (< ʻ empty eyehole ʼ? Cf. ã̄dhḷũ n. ʻ hole ʼ < andhala -- ).S.kcch. kāṇī f.adj. ʻ one -- eyed ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kaṇɔ ʻ blind in one eye ʼ, J. kāṇā; Md. kanu ʻ blind ʼ.(CDIAL 3019) Ko. kāṇso ʻ squint -- eyed ʼ.(Konkani)

Paš. ainċ -- gánik ʻ eyelid ʼ(CDIAL 3999) Phonetic reinforcement of the gloss: Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye. 

See also: nimišta kanag 'to write' (SBal): *nipēśayati ʻ writes ʼ. [√piś] Very doubtful: Kal.rumb. Kho. nivḗš -- ʻ to write ʼ more prob. ← EPers. Morgenstierne BSOS viii 659. <-> Ir. pres. st. *nipaiš -- (for *nipais -- after past *nipišta -- ) in Yid. nuviš -- , Mj. nuvuš -- , Sang. Wkh. nəviš -- ; -- Aś. nipista<-> ← Ir. *nipista -- (for *nipišta -- after pres. *nipais -- ) in SBal. novīsta or nimišta kanag ʻ to write ʼ.(CDIAL 7220)

Alternative: dol ‘eye’; Rebus: dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali)Alternative: kandi  ‘hole, opening’ (Ka.)[Note the eye shown as a dotted circle on many Dilmun seals.]kan ‘eye’ (Ka.); rebus: kandi (pl. –l) necklace, beads (Pa.);kaṇḍ 'stone ore' Alternative: kã̄gsī f. ʻcombʼ (Gujarati); rebus 1: kangar ‘portable furnace’ (Kashmiri); rebus 2: kamsa 'bronze'.

khuṇḍ ʻtethering peg or post' (Western Pahari) Rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’; kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali); Rebus 2: kuṇḍ 'fire-altar'

Why are animals shown in pairs?

dula ‘pair’ (Kashmiri); rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Mu.)

Thus, all the hieroglyphs on the gold disc can be read as Indus writing related to one bronze-age artifact category: metalware catalog entries.


Many sites on the Gulf of Khambat, and the site of Lothal evidence that the Sarasvati civilization was involved in trade through the Persian Gulf and beyond through Tigris-Euphrates upto Haifa, Israel in Ancient Near East. 

This is a remarkable square seal from Ur, with cuneiform script together with a bison/bull/ox hieroglyph. This may be called Gadd Seal 1 of Ur since this was the first item on the Plates of figures included in Gadd's paper. Assigned to the pre-Sargonic period, this is perhaps a seal of a Meluhha (Indus) merchant. Gadd lists 18 seals from Ur and sites in Babylonia, witn Indus-type writing system. Gadd Seal No. 2 is of circular shape with a button boss, perhaps of Persian Gulf origin (perhaps belongs to a Meluhha merchant in Bahrain). This seal plus seal nos. 3,4,5,15,16,17 have Indus script motifs and hieroglyphs. Seal no. 6 is cylindrical and Sumerian with hieroglyphs of zebu, scorpion, and other Indus Script hieroglyphs. Seal no. 7 has kuTi, 'tree' Indus Script hieroglyph (which signifies rebus kuThi 'smelter'). Seal no. 8 is Sumerian and perhaps relates to a Bahrain merchant who holds a goat (mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper'), an Indus script hieroglyph. Seals 9,10,11, 12,13,14 are perhaps from Bahrain of a Meluhha merchant. Seal no. 15 was found with carnelian, steatite and copper beads in a Sargonid period grave, and is a Persian Gulf seal attributable to contacts with Sarasvati riverbasin (Gujarat carnelian in particular). Seal No. 16,17,18 are clearly those of Meluhha merchants in Bahrain. Seals found at Kish, Gawra and Asmar are of Indus Script corpora. Briggs Buchanan assigns Seal nos. 2,3,4,5 and 16 to Indus seal type I, a type which includes circular seals but with Indus script on the obverse. Seal no. 15 is categorised in type II as a crude Indus script imitation while seal no. 16 is categorised in type III as Persian Gulf Bahrain seal of the type found in Lothal and also Failaka. This tablet assigned to 10th year of Gungunum of Larsa (1923 BCE) is stamped by an Indus Script seal of type III in Buchanan classification of Persian Gulf seals.

Dilmun seal from Barbar; six heads of  antelope radiating from a circle; similar to animal protomes in Failaka, Anatolia and Indus. Obverse of the seal shows four dotted circles. [Poul Kjærum , The Dilmun Seals as evidence of long distance relations in the early second millennium BC, pp. 269-277.] A tree is shown on this Dilmun seal.

Glyph: ‘tree’: kuṭi ‘tree’. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali).

baTa 'six' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' ranku 'antelope' Rebus: ranku 'tin'

Izzat Allah Nigahban, 1991, Excavations at Haft Tepe, Iran, The University Museum, UPenn, p. 97. furnace’ Fig.96a.

There is a possibility that this seal impression from Haft Tepe had some connections with Indian hieroglyphs. This requires further investigation. “From Haft Tepe (Middle Elamite period, ca. 13th century) in Ḵūzestān an unusual pyrotechnological installation was associated with a craft workroom containing such materials as mosaics of colored stones framed in bronze, a dismembered elephant skeleton used in manufacture of bone tools, and several hundred bronze arrowpoints and small tools. “Situated in a courtyard directly in front of this workroom is a most unusual kiln. This kiln is very large, about 8 m long and 2 and one half m wide, and contains two long compart­ments with chimneys at each end, separated by a fuel chamber in the middle. Although the roof of the kiln had collapsed, it is evident from the slight inturning of the walls which remain in situ that it was barrel vaulted like the roofs of the tombs. Each of the two long heating chambers is divided into eight sections by partition walls. The southern heating chamber contained metallic slag, and was apparently used for making bronze objects. The northern heating chamber contained pieces of broken pottery and other material, and thus was apparently used for baking clay objects including tablets . . .” (loc.cit. Bronze in pre-Islamic Iran, Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bronze-i Negahban, 1977; and forthcoming).

Cylnder seals and their use in Arabian Peninsula. After presenting the following figures of cylinder seals, DT Potts concludes:


"In conclusion, the number of seals discovered in eastern Arabia comes nowhere near the thousands known further north in the cuneiform-using heartland of the ancient Near East. Nevertheless, the apparent dearth of cylinder seals in the region is itself a relative estimation. Compared with the Indus Valley, eastern Iran, Central Asia and the Bronze Age Caucasus, the numbers are not insignificant. There is, however, a very clear fall-off in seal numbers...
as we move south from Failaka to Bahrain and eastern Saudi Arabia, and then from the central Persian Gulf to south-eastern Arabia, and again when one moves from the UAE to Oman. Stamp seal-using protocols are well known in the Indus Valley and on Bahrain⁄Failaka (Dilmun), and the relatively small number of cylinder seals south of Failaka raises the question of whether an ethnic ⁄linguistic factor might be involved in their frequency and distribution. On Failaka and Bahrain during the Bronze Age, for example, one might hypothesise that local Dilmunites used stamp seals in their own tradition, while ethnic Babylonians, or Dilmunites emulating Babylonian ways, used cylinder seals. The same may have been true in the Oman peninsula, but it seems more likely that cylinder seals there — some of which are almost certainly of local manufacture, to judge by their iconography — reflect emulation of what may have seemed to be a high status instrument of legal administration. Cylinder seals may have been sought after as prestige objects by local east Arabians, and their presence might not necessarily signal the presence of foreigners or the adoption of sealing protocols using the cylinder rather than the stamp seal. The influence of the Harappan and Dilmunite stamp sealing traditions must have been great during the Bronze Age, and the development of an indigenous stamp sealing tradition in Oman at this time may be a reflection of that influence. (Potts, DT, 2010, Cylinder seals and their use in the Arabian Peninsula, Arab arch epig. 2010: 21: 20-40, p.37).





 koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse' . मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] 'polarstar' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda)

मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] 'polarstar' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda)
kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' mlekh 'goat' rebus:milakkhu 'copper' barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'














  
Fig. 6c offering table with hooves grasped/touched by bull-men or humans
Fig. 6e table grasped/touched by monkeys
Fig. 6a-e symbols/objects apparently placed on the table
Fig. 6a,c table apparently placed on a ‘podium’

कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', 'rim of jar', 'pericarp of lotus' karaṇī 'scribe, supercargo', kañi-āra 'helmsman'.kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' 

Fig. 5a-f bull-man holding/touching a ‘ritual’ object or a branch; Fig 5c, d  bull-man standing ‘above’ an animal; Fig. 5a-f : bull-man holding/touching a ‘ritual’ object or a branch
 koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse' . मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] 'polarstar' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.M
 करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) khaNDa 'divisions' Rebus: khANDa 'implements'

Fig. 4a  b
ull-man standing on a hatched podium Fig. 4b, f bull-man holding/touching a ‘ritual’ object or a branch; Fig. 4a, c-d bull-man grasping an animal; Fig. 4b : bull-man holding/touching a ‘ritual’ object or a branch
 karaDi 'safflower' Rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy' (Marathi); khaNDa 'divisions' Rebus: khANDa 'implements' koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse' . मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] 'polarstar' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.M
 करडूं or करडें (p. 137)

Fig. 3a Features: god with a naked or garbed attendant behind or before; god holding/touching a crescent-standard; bull-man holding/touching a ‘ritual’ object or a branch Fig. 3b  bull-man grasped/touched by a naked male figure Fig. 3b-f bull-man grasping an animal; Fig. 3d  bull-man standing ‘above’ an animal; Fig. 3a : bull-man holding/touching a ‘ritual’ object or a branch
 करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) 

Fig. 2 e-f god with a naked or garbed attendant behind or before; Fig. 2c-d god grasping/touching a gazelle
 करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)  dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'


Features Fig. 1c-f: god with a naked or garbed attendant behind or before; Fig. 1d-e god seated on a stool/throne ‘above’ a bull; Fig. 1a-f god drinking through a tube leading to a jar; god holding a cup

barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin'

meṭ sole of foot, footstep, footprint (Ko.); meṭṭu step, stair, treading, slipper (Te.)(DEDR 1557). dula ‘pair’.

Rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) dul meṛed, cast iron (Mu.) mẽhẽt bai = iron (Ore) furnaces (Santali)

kuDi 'drink' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' khaNDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'

“Recent excavations on the island of Bahrain have uncovered a seal impression similar to a stamped seal tablet in the Yale Babylonian Collection. This Yale impression is dated to the tenth year of Gungunum, King of Larsa, in southern Babylonia – that is 1923 BCE. The Bahrain seal was found in a Barbar culture level, partially contemporary with the Umm an-Nar culture of Oman, which can in turn be paralled at Bampur V with the incised ware (‘hut-pot’) motifs. The general evidence, thus, points to a date c. 1900 BCE for the terminus of the Bampur sequence, and for the date of the Kurab shaft-hole pick-axe.” (Lamberg-Karlovsky, GC, 1969, Further Notes on the Shaft Hole Pick Axe From Khurab MakranIran, Vol. 7, 1969, pp 163-164)  http://www.jstor.org/stable/4299621 .British Institute of Persian Studies
https://www.scribd.com/doc/315224554/Further-Notes-on-the-Shaft-Hole-Pick-Axe-From-Khurab-Makran-G-C-Lamberg-Karlovsky-Year-1969

Stamp seals with figures and animals as Indus Script hieroglyphs

220a

220b

220c,d,e

220f,g
a.       Dia 2.9 cm thickness 1.25 cm Gulf region, Bahrain, Karrana, Bahrain national Museum, Manama 4061
b.      Dia 2.4 cm thickness 1.15 cm Gulf region, Bahrain, Karrana, Bahrain national Museum, Manama 4054
c.       Dia 3 cm thickness 1.3 cm Gulf region, Failaka, Tell Sa’ad, F3, trench I, nu National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, Kuwait National Museum 881 AIT
d.      Dia 6.5 cm thickness 3 cm. Gulf region, Failaka, Tell Sa’ad, F3, trench I, nu National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, Kuwait National Museum
e.       Dia 2.8 cm thickness 1.3 cm Gulf region, Failaka, Tell Sa’ad, F3, trench I, nu National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, Kuwait National Museum
f.        Dia 2.5 cm thickness 1.3 cm Gulf region, Failaka, Tell Sa’ad, F3, trench I, nu National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, Kuwait National Museum 881 UK
g.      Dia 3.5 cm thickness 1.25 cm Gulf region, Failaka, Tell Sa’ad, F3, trench I, nu National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, Kuwait National Museum 1129 CE.

“A number of decorative elements on the seals excavated at Bahrain and Failaka – two islands in the Gulf, which have been identified with the legendary kingdom of Dilmun – can be traced to Mesopotamia, Iran, the Indus Valley, Anatolia, and Central Asia. The cultural influences that these foreign motifs reflect stemmed from the maritime trade that connected the far-flung cities of the region beginning about 2500 BCE and lasting until about 1500 BCE. Epigraphic evidence from dated seal impressions and tablets found at Susa and Ur suggests that the Dilmun stamp seals, with their distinctive shape, were made between the end of the third millennium BCE and the early second millennium BCE. They are characterized by a flat obverse and a hemispherical reverse. Their backs are pierced for suspension and scored with multiple grooves at right angles to the piercing. Pairs of concentric circles are placed symmetrically on eithr side of the groose. Other characteristic features of the Dilmun glyptic include the manner in which animals and human figures are depicted. Deep cavities mark the eyes of animals, and there is no indication of a pupil; human figures, seen in profile, have linear bodies and stylized facial features rendered with horizontal lines. Foreign decorative elements on Dilmun seals include typical third-millennium BCE Mesopotamian imagery centered on male figures engaged in a rich repertoire of activities, including presentations in which local gods are occasionally adorned with the Mesopotamian horned crown as protectors of the flock; in contests with animals (see nos. 220d,e). In these scenes the adaptation of Mesopotamian dress, horned crown, bull-men (see no. 220c), standards, and lyres with taurine sound boxes (see no. 220f) indicates a close contact between the two regions and may signify a spiritual affinity. In catalogue number 220a a seated figure holds an axelike tool in one hand and reaches for the hand of a standing winged creature, possibly a deity, with the other. Similar winged figures on seals dating to the third millennium BCE are known from both Mesopotamia and Central Asia. The northern connection is underscored in this image by a solitary foot (here with four toes), a motif known from Central Asia and Syria and Iran. Two more seemingly unrelated elements – a bird and a gazelle – complete the composition. Ships and boats are a common theme. In catalogue number 220b the image can be interpreted as a variation of the Mesopotamian contest scene. Here, the central figure dressed in a tufted garment stands in a boat. He graps the animal’s foreleg with one hand, while the other is extended towards a companion figure. The craft resembles the modern-day mashluf – a small boat with a rather shallow draft, ideal for marsh travel. The boat with its upturned stern is reminiscent of vessels depicted in the earlier seals of Ur, a motif rarely occurring the second-millennium BCE Mesopotamian glyptic. The Mesopotamian pictorial repertoire is again reflected on a Dilmun seal showing two figures in an architectural setting (cat. No. 220c). The motif may best be compared with that of an early Old Babylonian seal in the Yale Babylonian Collection, New Haven, where suppliant deities and worshippers face an altar within a temple. They raise their hands in a gesture of respect toward a star standard on a podium. On the roof are two winged creatures and two vertical snakes that may be grasping. Two nude, double-belted fantastic beings with what seems to be three horns flank the structure and repeate the central worshippers’ gestures. Local decorative motifs such as a rosette, three stars, and two tree branches complete the harmonious, almost symmetrical composition that is so typical of later Dilmun seals. Mesopotamian banquet imagery occurs on three seals. In catalogue number 220e a high podium on which a small jar is placed separates two seated figures who confront each other. One of them is drinking through a long straw from a jar comparable in size to the one on the podium. This drinking scene closely parallels the image on a sealing dated to the reign of Gungunum of Larsa. Such drinking scenes must have had propitious significance for local Dilmunite seal owners. On a second seal with banquet imagery – by far the largest of the seven seals discussed here – two men dressed in tiered, flounced skirts face eath other (cat. No. 220d). Seated on rectangular stols, they are flanked by a ladder and a bird; between them are four vessels beneath a crescent and a star. Below, occupying most of the seal’s surface, are two vertical rows of bovids and recumbent antelopes. Two human figures, one nude, the other clothed, each raise one hand. On the third seal a seated man plays a three-stringed lyre (cat. No. 220f). The sound box is similar to Mesopotamian examples, such as those excavated from the royal tombs of Ur and those depicted on the Standard of Ur and in glyptic art. On preserved Mesopotamian lyres, bulls’ heads decorate the boxes, but in the present example the artists has created the music box out of the body of a bull so that its back acts as a strut – a detail paralleled on a stele from Tello, where the sound box of a lyre is formed by two superimposed bulls, one in profile. Seals with a radial composition form a distinct group. An example in this exhibition (cat. No. 220g) displays six antelope heads radiating like a six-pointed star from a central point. This decoration closely resembles that on sealings excavated at the early-second-millennium BCE site of Acemhovuk, in central Anatolia. Similar compositions are recorded earlier, however, at the site of Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley.

(Art of the First CitiesThe Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus, Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp.320-321)

cat.no. 218

“218. Cylinder seal with confronted figures and a tree. Steatite h 2.2 cm dia 1.15 cm Gulf region, Failaka F6 1174 Early Dilmun ca. 2000-1800 BCE National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, Kuwait National Museum 1129 AXJ. The cylindrical form and the imagery of the seal exhibited here clearly illustrate how strong was Mesopotamian influence on the glyptic art of the Gulf. The image is a crude imitation of a Mesopotamian banquet scene. Two figures are seated on stools, which have been made to differ slightly by the addition of a second horizontal bar to one on the right. Horned headdresses identify the figures as deities. They are dressed in garments with tufts, indicated by the vertical striations, and their lower bodies appear exaggeratedly triangular. A crescent fills the space above and between them. Two nude worshippers, each of whom holds a crescent, flank a stylized tree, perhaps a date palm. Although the scene may have Mesopotamian roots, the peculiar details of the tree and the manner in which the humans are depicted – with elongated bodies and horizontal facial features – are typical of Gulf seals. This seal has counterparts at Susa, in Iran, where similarly nude worshippers are shown in front of enthroned deities.”(Art of the First CitiesThe Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus, Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp.318-319)

cat. no. 221

“221. Stamp seal with a boat scene. Steatite. L. 2 cm, w. 1.9 cm Gulf region, Failaka, F6 758 early Dilmun, ca. 2000-1800 BCE National Council of Culture, Arts, and Letters, Kuwait National Museum, 1129 ADY. This seal from Failaka island, at the head of the Gulf, is unusual in shape, as it is square rather than circular possibly alluding to the most common form of Harappan seals. The subject is a nude male figure standing in the middle of a flat-bottomed boat, facing right. The man’s arms are bent at the elbow, perpendicular to his torso. Beside him two jars stand on the deck of the boat, each containing a long pole to which is attached a hatched square that perhaps represents a banner. Flat-bottomed vessels with a single sail were used to transport cargoes in shallow tidal waters, but the one illustrated on this seal lacks a sail. If the two vertical posts on the stern are interpreted as steering paddles, then it resembles a model found in India at Lothal, which appears to have had square sails. Although the seal’s shape is atypical, all the decorative elements, including the boat and the two jars, find parallels on other seals from Dilmun, indicating that this one was made in the region where it was found.” (Note: On the Lothal boat model, three blind holes used as sockets may have held the masts of square-shaped sails.)(Art of the First CitiesThe Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus, Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp.322-323)


Early Near Eastern Seals in the Yale Babylonian Collection, by Briggs Buchanan, with introduction and seal inscriptions by William W. Hallo, edited by Ulla Kasten. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1981. 
Uruk-period seal (NBC 2579).

Seal no. 79 Persian gulf cylinder seal with seated person. Burnt steatite. H. 2.7 cm, dia 1.4 cm; string hole .3 cm Late 3rd-early 2nd millennium BCE Sb 1383 Excavated by Mecquenem. “The Mesopotamian influence on glyptic from the Persian gulf area is very clearly demonstrated in this example, one of the few cylinder seals executed in this distinctive style. Close parallels are found at Failaka, in the Gulf. Adopted here are not only the Mesopotamian cylinder-seal shape but also the theme of a worshipper standing before a seated horned deity in a flounced (?) garment and a version of the context scene with crossed animals. Pecular iconographic details also appear, however, such as the nude worshipper with his hand in a pot; the two ‘master of animals’, one nude and one kilted, grasping the animals’ necks; and the snake framing the scene from above. Glyptic and textual evidence suggests that the cities of Susa and Ur were trading centers in close contact with ancient Dilmun, located in the Persian Gulf. This contact, however, does not seem to have been limited to an exchange of goods. Francois Vallat has noted, the chief god of Dilmun, was one of a triad of deities worshipped on the Susa Acropole in the eighteenth century BCE. Persian Gulf-style seals found at Susa and other foreign sites with Mesopotamian and Indus-derived themes incorporated into their iconography were created, some scholars believe, for Dilmunite traders living abroad.” (The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre By Musée du Louvre, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992p.120) 

A bun-ingot flanked by two goats: mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muh 
ingot
. Thus copper ingot. The dotted circles and three lines on the boss: dhAv 'strand' rebus: dhAv, dhAtu 'mineral' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' tri-dhAtu 'three strands' rebus: three minerals. Thus the seal signifies a copper mineral cast ingot and a smithy/forge working with three minerals, tridhAtu. Seal of the old Elamite period in Metmuseum cat. no. 78 Persian Gulf stamp seal with two caprids. Burnt steatite. 2.2 cm. dia, .8 cm ht. Late 3rd -early 2nd millennium BCE Sb1015 Excavated by Mecquenem

The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre By Musée du Louvre, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992 “Many objects found at Susa reflect contacts with the Persian Gulf region…A mercantile document and a basket sealing were stamped with Gulf-style seals. Elamite imitations of Gulf seals were made in the local bitumen compound. Perhaps the most characteristic type of Persian Gulf seal is illustrated by this piece, one of four burnt, (whitened) steatite stamp seals found at Susa that have distinctive grooves and dot circles incised on a raised boss on the back. The face of this seal is engraved with the figures of two goats crouching head to foot on opposite sides of the circular field, the center of which is marked by a lozenge. Their slightly modeled bodies are defined by a curving outline, and distinctive details, such as large dot-circle eyes and striated necks, are sharply cut. Similar seals are known mainly from the Gulf region (and one example was found at Lothal in India). They were also exported to, and imitated at, the southern Mesopotamian city of Ur, a site with cuneiform texts that refer to the import of copper, semiprecious stones, and perhaps pearls from Dilmun. They are datable to the end of the third and the beginning of the second millennium BCE. That is the period when one elaborate Persian Gulf seal depicting a a Mesopotamian-derived ‘banquet scene’ was stamped on an old Babylonian contract between two merchants. The tablet, written in the time of Gungunum, ruler of Larsa in the late twentieth century BCE, is in the Yale Babylonian Collection. The document from Susa mentioning a Dilmunite merchant and ten minas of copper dates to the same period.” (p.119)


Yale tablet. Bull's head (bucranium) between two seated figures drinking from two vessels through straws. YBC. 5447; dia. c. 2.5 cm. Possibly from Ur. Buchanan, studies Landsberger, 1965, p. 204; A seal impression was found on an inscribed tablet (called Yale tablet) dated to the tenth year of Gungunum, King of Larsa, in southern Babylonia--that is, 1923 B.C. according to the most commonly accepted ('middle') chronology of the period. The design in the impression closely matches that in a stamp seal found on the Failaka island in the Persian Gulf, west of the delta of the Shatt al Arab, which is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

 karaṇḍa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaṛa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)  kaNDa 'divisions' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' muh 'face' rebus: muhA 'quantity of smelted metal taken out of a furnace';'ingot' kaNDa 'water' rebus: kaNDA 'implements' kanda 'fire-altar' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'supercargo'. dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' dhAV 'strand' rebus: dhAv 'mineral, dhAtu'

failakaseal-t.jpg (4854 bytes)Failaka seal. The Yale tablet is dated to ca. the second half of the twentieth century B.C.... Trade3 on the Persian gulf was in existence well before that time-- about 2350 B.C.-- when Sargon, the first Akkadian king referred to ships from or destined for Melukhkha, Magan and Tilmun (Dilmun) at his wharves. in the Third Dynasty of Ur (around 2000), when trade apparently was centred at Magan. It is even better documented on other tablets from Ur (from about 1900 and from about 1800), belonging to various kings of Larsa. At this time the trade was centered at Tilmun... Cuneiform inscriptions naming Inzak, the god of Tilmun, were found on Failaka and, a long time ago, one on Bahrein... Failaka can be equated with Tilmun, or at least was an important part of it.  (Briggs Buchanan, A dated seal impression connecting Babylonia and ancient India, Archaeology, Vol. 20, No.2, 1967, pp. 104-107).


 dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' karaṇḍa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaṛa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)  kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge' kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' muh 'face' rebus: muhA 'quantity of smelted metal taken out of a furnace';'ingot' kaNDa 'water' rebus: kaNDA 'implements' kanda 'fire-altar' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'supercargo'.dhAV 'strand' rebus: dhAv 'mineral, dhAtu' 

Gadd, CJ, 1932, Seals of ancient Indian style found at Ur, in: Proceedings of the British Academy, XVIII, 1932, Plate 1, no. 1. Gadd considered this an Indus seal because, 1) it was a square seal, comparable to hundreds of other Indus seals since it had a small pierced boss at the back through which a cord passed through for the owner to hold the seal in his or her possession; and 2) it had a hieroglyph of an ox, a characteristic animal hieroglyph deployed on hundreds of seals.

This classic paper by Cyril John Gadd F.B.A. who was a Professor Emeritus of Ancient Semitic Languages and Civilizations, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, opened up a new series of archaeological studies related to the trade contacts between Ancient Far East and what is now called Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) civilization. 

There is now consensus that Meluhhan communities were present in Ur III and also in Sumer/Elam/Mesopotamia. (Parpola S., A. Parpola & RH Brunswig, Jr., 1977, The Meluhha village. Evidence of acculturation of Harappan traders in the late Third Millennium Mesopotamia in: Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, 20, 129-165.


Use of rebus-metonymy layered cipher for the entire Indus Script Corpora as metalwork catalogs provides the framework for reopening the investigation afresh on the semantics of the cuneiform text on Gadd Seal 1, the Indus seal with cuneiform text.

This renewed attempt to decipher the inscription on the seal starts with a hypothesis that the cuneiform sign readings as: SAG KUSIDA. The ox is read rebus in Meluhha as: barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. The gloss bharata denoted metalcasting in general leading to the self-designation of metalworkers in Rigveda as Bharatam Janam, lit. metalcaster folk.

While SAG is a Sumerian word meaning 'head, principal' (detailed in Annex A), KUSIDA is a Meluhha word well-attested semantically in ancient Indian sprachbund of 4th millennium BCE. The semantics of the Meluhha gloss, kusida signifies: money-lender (Annex B). Thus SAG KUSIDA is a combined Sumerian-Meluhha phrase signifying 'principal of chief money-lender'. This could be a clear instance of Sumerian/Akkadian borrowing a Meluhha gloss.
SAG KUSIDA + ox hieroglyphon Gadd Seal 1, read rebus signifies: principal money-lender for bharata metal alloy artisans. This reading is consistent with the finding that the entire Indus Script Corpora are metalwork catalogs.
The money-lender who was the owner of the seal might have created seal impressions as his or her signature on contracts for moneys lent for trade transactions of seafaring merchants of Meluhha.

The Gadd Seal 1 of Ur is thus an example of acculturation of Sumerians/Akkadians in Ur with the Indus writing system and underlying Meluhha language of Meluhha seafaring merchants and Meluhha communities settled in Ur and other parts of Ancient Near East.

Annex A: Meaning of SAG 'head, principal' (Sumerian)

The Sumerians called themselves sag-giga, literally meaning "the black-headed people"
B184ellst.png Cuneiform sign SAG
phonetic values
    • Sumerian: SAG, SUR14
    • Akkadian: šag, šak, šaq, riš
    • sign evolution
Cuneiform sign SAG.svg
1. the pictogram as it was drawn around 3000 BC;
2. the rotated pictogram as written around 2800 BC;
3. the abstracted glyph in archaic monumental inscriptions, from ca. 2600 BC;
4. the sign as written in clay, contemporary to stage 3;
5. late 3rd millennium (Neo-Sumerian);
6. Old Assyrian, early 2nd millennium, as adopted into Hittite;
7. simplified sign as written by Assyrian scribes in the early 1st millennium.

Akkadian Etymology

Noun

𒊕 (rēšu, qaqqadu) [SAG]
  1. head (of a person, animal)
  2. top, upper part
  3. beginning
  4. top quality, the best
Sumerian:
 (SAG)
  1. head

Derived terms[edit]

  • SAG(.KAL) "first one"
  • (LÚ.)SAG a palace official
  • ZARAḪ=SAG.PA.LAGAB "lamentation, unrest"
  • SAG.DUL a headgear
  • SAG.KI "front, face, brow"
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%8A%95
Annex B: Meaning of kusīda 'money-lender'
कुशीदम् Usury; see कुसी. कुषीद a. Indifferent, inert. -दम् Usury. कुसितः 1 An inhabited country. -2 One who lives on usury; see कुसीद below. कुसितायी kusitāyī  (= कुसीदायी).कुसी kusī (सि si) द d कुसी (सि) द a. Lazy, slothful. -दः (also written as कुशी-षी-द) A monkey-lender, usurer; Mbh.4.29. -दम् 1 Any loan or thing lent to be repaid with in- terest. -2 Lending money, usury, the profession of usury; कुसीदाद् दारिद्र्यं परकरगतग्रन्थिशमनात् Pt.1.11; Ms. 1.9;8.41; Y.1.119. -3 Red sandal wood. -Comp. -पथः usury, usurious interest; any interest exceeding 5 per cent; कृतानुसारादधिका व्यतिरिक्ता न सिध्यति कुसीदपथमा- हुस्तम् (पञ्चकं शतमर्हति) Ms.8.152. -वृद्धिः f. interest on money; कुसीदवृद्धिर्द्वैगुण्यं नात्येति सकृदाहृता Ms.8.151. कुसीदा kusīdā  कुसीदा A female usurer. कुसीदायी kusīdāyī कुसीदायी The wife of a usurer. कुसीदिकः kusīdikḥ कुसीदिन् kusīdin कुसीदिकः कुसीदिन् m. A usurer.  (Samskritam. Apte) kúsīda ʻ lazy, inert ʼ TS. Pa. kusīta -- ʻ lazy ʼ, kōsajja -- n. ʻ sloth ʼ (EWA i 247 < *kausadya -- ?); Si. kusī ʻ weariness ʼ ES 26, but rather ← Pa.(CDIAL 3376). FBJ Kuiper identifies as a 'borrowed' word in Indo-Aryan which in the context of Indus Script decipherment is denoted by Meluhha as Proto-Prakritam: the gloss kusīda 'money-lender'. (Kuiper, FBJ, 1948, Proto-Munda words in Sanskrit, Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uit. Mij.; Kuiper, FBJ, 1955, Rigvedic loan-words in: O. Spies (ed.) Studia Indologica. Festschrift fur Willibald Kirfel Vollendung Seines 70. Lebensjahres. Bonn: Orientalisches Seminar; Kuiper, FBJ, 1991, Arans in the Rigveda, Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi).

Dilmun seals from Saar
Dilmun is a trading post on the 'Lower Sea'.   In Mesopotamian mythology, Dilmun is the land of immortality, a favourite meeting place of the gods, which was visited by the hero Gilgamesh in his search for everlasting life. Inscriptions indicate that the ancestors of the Sumerians came from Dilmun, and it was here that they learnt the art of writing. We agree with S.N.Kramer's observations identifying Dilmun with the Sarasvati-Sindhu (Indus) valley. The God Enki is said to have given his son Inzak dominion over Dilmun. On the Lagash tablet (ca. 2520 BC) is recorded: "The ships of Dilmun from the foreign lands brought me woods". A document of ca. 1800 BC refers to an expedition "to Dilmun to buy copper there'. Sargon of Assyria (710 BC) notes that "he had received presents from the King of Dilmun, a land which lies like a fish, 60 hours away in the midst of the sea of the rising sun".

An Assurbanipal clay cylinder states: Dilmun ki s'a qabal ta_mtim s'apli_t (Dilmun is in the midst of the lower sea) (D.D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria, ARAB, II 970. A Ungnad, ZA 31 (1917): 34, 1.9. That Dilmun was a continental coastland may be surmised from Sargon II's great Display inscription: bi_t-ia-kin s'a kis'a_d na_r marrati adi pa_t Dilmun (Bi_t-Iakin which (extends) from the bank of the brackish river to the border of Dilmun)(Luckenbill, ARAB, 54 = 82 =99). Sargon II's inscription states: Upe_ri s'ar Dilmun s'a ma_la_k 30 be_ru ina qabal ta_mtim s'a nipih s'ams'i ki_ma nu_ni s'itkunu narbasu (Upe_ri, king of Dilmun, whose resting place is 30 double hours away like a fish in the midst of the ocean of the rising sun)(Luckenbill, ARAB, 41,70). During the reign of Sargon of Assyria, Dilmun and Magan are stated to be "on the farther side of the lower sea" and there is also a reference to the " sea of Magan" (J.Muhly, Copper and Tin, p. 226; W.F. Leeman, Foreign Trade, p. 81, n.11; M. Weitemeyer, Acta Orientalia, 27 (1964): 207; E. Weidner, AfO, 16 (1953): 5, 1.42). The timber for the boats in Bahrain always came from India. The name of the Meluhha-boat is magilum (Enki and the World Order 128).[Boats which plied on the Sindhu river are called mohanna.]
"The Ninevite Gigamesh Epic, composed probably at the end of the second millennium BC, has Utnapishtim settled "at the mouth of the rivers", taken by all commentators to be identical with Dilmun." (W.F.Albright, The Mouth of the Rivers, AJSL, 35 (1919): 161-195).
The mouth of the rivers may relate to the Rann of Kutch/Saurashtra lying at the mouth of the Sindhu and Sarasvati rivers. In the Sumerian myth Enki and Ninhursag, which recounts a Golden Age, paradise is described: "The crow screams not, the dar-bird cries not dar, the lion kills not... the ferry-man says not 'it's midnight', the herald circles not round himself, the singer says not elulam, at the outside of the city no shout resounds."  The cry of the sea-faring boatmen in Indian languages on the west-coast is: e_le_lo!
Lines 123-129; and interpolation UET VI/1:
"Let me admire its green cedars. The (peole of the) lands Magan and Dilmun, Let them come to see me, Enki! Let the mooring posts beplaced for the Dilmun boats! Let the magilum-boats of Meluhha transport of gold and silver for exchange...The land Tukris' shall transport gold from Harali, lapis lazuli and bright... to you. The land Meluhha shall bring cornelian, desirable and precious sissoo-wood from Magan, excellent mangroves, on big ships The land Marhashi will (bring) precious stones, dushia-stones, (to hang) on the breast. The land Magan will bring copper, strong, mighty, diorite-stone, na-buru-stones, shumin-stones to you. The land of the Sea shall bring ebony, the embellishment of (the throne) of kingship to you. The land of the tents shall bring wool... The city, its dwellin gplaces shall be pleasant dwelling places, Dilmun, its dwelling place shall be a pleasant dwelling place. Its barley shall be fine barley, Its dates shall be very big dates! Its harvest shall be threefold. Its trees shall be ...-trees."
We postulate a hypothesis that Dilmun refers to the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization area and that MAR-TU refer to the people of Marusthali (the present-day Thar-Cholistan on the banks of the Sarasvati river.) In the context of the decipherment of the script inscriptions as lists of bronze-copper weapons, the following analysis based on Uruk texts is significant:
"Almost from the beginning of the excavations in the ruins of the old city of Uruk in Lower Mesopotamia in 1928, work has concentrated on uncovering large parts of the temple area of that city, the holy district of Eanna... It was in these various layers and accumulations of debris covering large parts of the Eanna district that over the years more than four thousand clay tablets and fragments were found... In the Archaic Metals List we again find DILMUN in a line which due to a common denominator proves to be part of an internally cohesive group of entries. The entire list starts out with a sequence of metal vessels and continues with metal tools and weapons. This group opens with a sequence of various daggers, continues with various groups of unidentified objects and from line 23 on shows five entries with the common denominator tun2, 'axe'. The lines read in tentative translation: 'big axe', 'two-handed axe', 'one-handed axe', 'x-axe', and 'Dilmun axe'. Here most likely the differentiation bears on differences in shape, size or function; the 'two-handed axe' may mean a double-edged axe, for instance. Again, if seen as a coherent context DILMUN may be used here as equivalent to 'Dilmun-type axe'. I do not think it could just refer to the provenance of an axe but rather to specific qualities... three texts clearly are dealing with textiles but only one of them has a context which might be interpreted; tentatively it reads' 1 bale of DILMUN garment'... as the title following the one containing the sign for DILMUN we find the comosite sign for namesda, the title of the opening line of the Archaic Professions list. It is supposed that this title represents the highest official. Probably without all connotations of the terms 'ruler' or 'king' it nevertheless should be fairly close. The preceding line contains a number of signs which if translated literally could mean 'the prince of the good Dilmun-house (or temple)'. The exact meaning is elusive. To sum up, from our texts we do not get an adequate picture of the relations of Babylonia, or the city of Uruk, with Dilmun. On a general level, however, we can conclude that not only did such relations exist already by the end of the fourth millennium BC, but that these contacts apparently were not restricted to trade. To be sure, the exchange of metal and ttextiles may represent the main ties, but the existence of titles containing Dilmun in their name in normal Babylonia contexts like the Professions List point to much closer mutual contacts that would be sustained by occasional trade. The same is suggested by the existence of DILMUN in generic designations for kinds of textiles or metal tools. We certainly are entitled to assume that these relations had existed long before the emergence of writing." [Hans J. Nissen, The occurrence of Dilmun in the Oldest texts of Mesopotamia, pp. 335-339].
In the Old Babylonian period, some Mesopotamian seals depict a deity holding a crook. (cf. Seal 124 in Macropoli Collection). The deity also appears with his foot on a gazelle, but sometimes on a small pedestal; he wears a long robe or a kilt and on his head a horned headdress or a tall cylindrical hat. He has been identified as the god AMURRU. In texts and cylinder seal impressions his name is written d/AN.MAR.TU or d/MAR.TU, i.e., AMURRU(M), 'GOD OF THE WEST' in Akkadian. He is often loosely called the god of the Amorites because of his association in texts with the desert and steppe. He became the son of Anu the sky god and was often associated with Sin the moon god. He was referred to as the warrior god. The association with the desert is remarkable. In the Sarasvati Sindhu valley area, the arid zone on the banks of the Sarasvati river is called MARUSTHALI (now called Thar/Cholistan or Great Indian Desert). And, MARUTS are celebrated in the Rigveda as wind-gods, echoing the phenomenon of the 'a_ndhi' or sandstorms common in the region of Thar/Cholistan desert.
"From the Ur III (2112-2004 BC) and Isin-Larsa (2025-1763) periods, we have a number of textual sources which suggest that an ethnic group of people called MAR-TU were associated with the land of Dilmun-- the first of three entities found to be trade partners with Mesopotamia from at least 2500 BC (the others being Makkan and Meluhha). From Drehem, a city near Nippur, we note the occurrence in two texts (dated to AS 2-2044 BC)(CST 254 and TRU 305) of a colophon which reads 'MAR-TU (and) Diviners coming from Dilmun' (or MAR-TU Diviners coming from Dilmun)(BUccellati 1966: 249)... In addition, other evidence suggests that the MAR-TU were associated with (sea) fishing (Civil 1961: Buccellati 1966: 90). Thus Buccellati and later Gelb concluded that the MAR-TU existed in the south in the area of the Gulf as far as Bahrain (Gelb 1968: 43; 1980: 2). Finally, this linkage is suggested by a text from Eshnunna, a Mesopotamian city on the Diyala river. In this text most likely dated to Is'aramas'u (c. 1970 BC) MAR-TU are arranged by segmented lineage affiliation (babtum). The total states that twenty-six MAR-TU are e-lu-tum-me, a term perhaps best translated as meaning' trustworthy' or 'reliable' vis-a-vis the local Eshnunna officials. One MAR-TU from the lineage of Bas'anum is said to be a-ab-ba-ta or 'from the sea (lands)' or the land across the sea (Gelb 1968: 43)... the newely discovered Ibla texts mention the MAR-TU principally in connection with metal daggers (Pettinato 180: 9 and commentary) and prisoners of war (Pettinato 1981b: 120, see text TM 75G.309). (Note also the MAR-TU name Iblanum as meaning man from Ibla, Buccellati 1966: 155, 246)... From the early second millennium BC, we have a much wider body of evidence dealing with the MAR-TU. This is due to the greatly increased numbers of MAR-TU escaping the hamad and entering the settled zones. As early as S'u-Sin year (2034 BC) we see that a large defensive wall was being built in central Mesopotamia for the express purpose of keeping out the MAR-TU (the MAR-TU wall (called) the one which keeps Didanum away, Buccellati 1966: 92). Unfortunately, by the early reign of the succeeding king, Ibbi-Si, things had changed:
Reports that hostiel MAR-TU had entered the plains having been received, 144,000 gur grain (representing) the grain in its entirety was brought into Isin. Now the MAR-TU in their entirety have entered the interior of the country taking one by one all the great fortresses. Because of the MAR-TU I am not able to provide... for that grain... (Jacobsen 1953: 40)
According to the year date of Ibbi-Sin 17, some of these MAR-TU apparently came from the Gulf region: 'The year the MAR-TU, the powerful south wind who, from the remote past, have not known cities, submitted to Ibbi-Sin, the king of Ur.' (cf. also Gelb's views, 1961: 36)... Oppenheim's review of UET V suggests that Ur apparently served as a focal point and port for foreign trade, specifically with Dilmun (Oppenheim 1954: 8, n.8). A number of texts describe this activity as traders called alik Dilmun sailed to Dilmun and exchanged goods. A number of texts (e.g. UET V 286, 297, 549 and 796) clearly demonstrate that individuals with MAR-TU names were involved in the trade (e.g. in UET V 297 a certain Zuabbaum; in UET V 549 a person named Milkudanum; and in UET V 796 Alazum). This then is a clear link between Dilmun and the MAR-TU-- a hypothesis already formulated from a number of literary texts and Ur III economic records... It seems clear in summary that the MAR-TU were linked to Dilmun in a political sense (rulers in southern Mesopotamian towns), commercial agents in Mesopotamia (alik Dilmun), and inhabitants of Dilmun itself (Susa Tablet, UET V 716).[Juris Zarins, MAR-TU and the land of Dilmun, 232-249 in: Shaikha Haya Ali Al Khalifa and Michael Rice (eds.) Bahrain through the ages: the archaeology, London, KPI, 1986.]
Sir Henry Rawlinson in 1880 suggested that Dilmun of the Sumerian and Akkadian texts might be identified with Bahrain island. This was on the basis of a stone cone found by Captain Durand during an archaeological survey of Bahrain in 1879, but later lost. The text related to the temple of Inzak, elsewhere known as the god of Dilmun. (Captain Durand, Extracts from Report on the Islands and Antiquities of Bahrain, with notes by Major-General Sir. H.C. Rawlinson, JRAS, N.S. 12 (1880): 189-227, with two maps. Also suggested by Fr. Hommel, Ethnologie und Geographie des Alten Orients, 1904/1926, p. 24, 270.) Since then various identifications have been suggested such as: encompassing Saudi Arabian mainland in the area called Dilmun, Iranian side of the Persian Gulf as constituting Dilmun, Al-Qurna in southern Iraq and the Indus Valley (S.N.Kramer). All these identifications suggest that not all of them are valid for all periods of Mesopotamian history. Throughout Mesopotamian history, however, Dilmun has been an important trade centre, and 'one of the remote areas which was at times within the reach of Mesopotamian political influence. Noticeable among the early texts mentioning Dilmun is that of Urnanshe who had wood transported to Mesopotamia from Dilmun (ca. 2500 BC). In the same early period copper is known to hae been exported from Dilmun to Sumer. About 2100 BC Urnammu of the 3rd dynasty of Ur reopened the Arabian Gulf trade, this time with direct contact with Magan, from which copper was exported to Mesopotamia. The Dilmun trade flourished in the Larsa period (ca. 2000-1763 BC), but then died out. After an interim of 400 years Kassite influence appears in Dilmun (early 14th century BC). It seems that at this time the only export article was dates. Under Sargon of Assyria (end of 8th century BC) Upe_ri, king of Dilmun, is recorded to have sent tribute to the Assyrian empire. In 544 BC, Dilmun disappears from Mesopotamian history when, according to an administrative document, Nabonidus, king of Babylon, had a governor there. Dilmun is also mentioned in Sumerian literary texts as a famous place of prosperity and happiness, and even of eternal life, with the result that comparisons with the Biblical paradise have been made.' (Bendt Alster, Dilmun, Bahrain, and the alleged paradise in Sumerian Myth and Literature, in: Daniel T. Potts (ed.), Dilmun: New studies in the archaeology and early history of Bahrain, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1983, pp. 39-74). (See also: Daniel Potts, Dilmun: Where and When? Dilmun: Journal of the Bahrain Historical and Archaeological Society, 11 (1983): 15-19; Theresa Howard-Carter, The tangible evidence for the earliest Dilmun, JCS, 33 (1981): 210-223; S.N.Kramer, Quest for Paradise, Antiquity, 37 (1963): 112-113)
On the northern coast of Bahrain, at Barbar, a Sumerian temple, which had been rebuilt three times was found. The dates for the contruction events are estimated to be: beginning of third millennium B.C., middle of the third millennium BC and for the third event, ca. 2200-2000 BC. In the first temple there were two staircases descending to a square well. This was retained in all the three phases. Peder Mortensen suggested, based on the similarity with the Khafajah and al-'Uaid temples, that the temple was for goddess Ninhursag. The mother-goddess plays an important role in the Sumerian Dilmun myth, Enki and Ninhursag. (Peder Mortensen, Kuml 1956: 189-198, 1970: 385-398).
Indus valley type seals and cubical chert weights were found. (T.G. Bibby, Kuml 1970: 345-353; cf. Michael Roaf, Weights on the Dilmun standard, Iraq 44 (1982): 137:141). A bronze mirror handle was also found in the Barbar temple suggesting a link with the Kulli culture in South Baluchistan (N.Rao, Kuml 1969: 218-220). "....as far as the third millennium BC is concerned, the cultural relations with the early civilizations in the Indus valley and southern Iran seem to have been much more outspoken than those with Mesopotamia. (M.Tosi, Dilmun, Antiquity, 45 (1971): 21-25). Yet, as far as the early second millennium BC is concerned, a cultural setting has certainly been found within which the identification of Dilmun with Bahrain makes good sense... There is now wide agreement among most, but not all scholars, that from the middle of the third millennium BC, Magan and Meluhha are to be found east of Mesopotamia along the coast of the Arabian Gulf or the Arabian Sea, whereas later, from the middle of the secon dmillennium BC, Egypt, Nubia or Ethiopia must be considered. (I.J.Gelb, Makkan and Meluhha in Early Mesopotamian Sources, RA 64 (1970): 1-8; E. Sollberger, The Problem of Magan and Meluhha, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 8-9 (1968-69): 247-250; John Hansman, A Periplus of Magan and Meluhha, BOAS 36 (1973): 554-587; E.C.L. During Caspers and A. Govindakutty, R. Thapar's Dravidian Hypothesis for the Location of Meluhha, Dilmun and Makan, JESHO 21 (1978): 114-145.) The cuneiform texts certainly give the impression that at least originally they (Makan and Meluhha) were located in the same direction as Dilmun, but farther away-- and later, remembrance of this direction was demonstrably kept alive, which makes the matter rather complicated. Archaeologically it makes sense to speak of Bahrain as a station on the way to Magan and Meluhha if these two were located east of Bahrain, as the most important cultural relations of Bahrain were Indus and Iran rather than Egypt. The use of Indus measuring standards in Bahrain clearly testifies to this, and was taken for granted by the Mesopotamian traders... The most important suggestins that have been made for Magan are Makran on the Iranian coast, and the Oman peninsula. As copper has been found in the Oman, the latter possibility seems highly likely. This, however, has been questioned by W. Heimpel, according ot whom diorite statues of Naramsin and Gudea said to be made of stones from Magan cannot have come from Oman, because diorite stones big enough for these statues are reported not to exist in Oman. As a possible source he suggests a position 50 miles NNE of Bandar Abbas on the northern side of the Arabian Gulf. Meluhha is to be found along the coast of Baluchistan and the Indus valley.
"...there was a temple of Enzak, the god of Dilmun, on Failaka... it was Failaka that was Dilmun?...the so-called a_lik Dilmun, the sea-faring merchants of Ur... The returning merchants used to offer a share of their goods or a silver model of their boat to the temple of the goddess Ningal, and he texts tell about partnerships and the sharing of profit and losses in a way which would not fit such an easy travel as thaf from Ur to Failaka. The distance from Aba_da_n to Failaka is no more than 60 nautical miles (111 km.) and could hardly be considered a great enterprise... Another possibility would be to suggest that Dilmun was a designation not only of Bahrain, but also of other parts of the Arabian Gulf area, among which Failaka would be counted... Dilmun is likely to the name of a rather large geographical area, including Bahrain, Failaka, Tarut, and certain parts of the Arabian littoral (During Caspers and Govindakutty, JESHO 21 (1978): 130; cf. the map in D.O.Edzard and G.Farber, Repertoire Geographique des Textes Cuneiformes 2, Wiesbaden, 1974)..." (Bendt Alster, opcit., 1983, p. 41).

COMMON MOTIFS ON MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION AND SARASVATI SINDHU CIVILIZATION SEALS/TABLETS
The following seals of Mesopotamia contain features reminiscent of themes depicted on the seals of the Sarasvati Sindhu civilization. Typical motifs are: rows of animals, combat, antelope or tiger with head turned, woman with thighs spread out, circle-and-dot, one-horned bull, hare, plant, snake, bird, fish. All these motifs have been explained as related to metallic weapons, in the context of the decipherment of Indus script pictorials and signs. In the Mesopotamian motifs, there are clear images related to WEAPONS.
The only motif that is remarkably unique in Mesopotamian seals is the LION. Only a tiger motif appears on the seals of the Sarasvati Sindhu civilization. The closest to a lion motif is the bristled-hair (like a lion's mane) on the face of the three-faced, fully adorned, horned, seated person surrounded by animals and an inscription.
Beatrice Teissier, Ancient Near Eastern Cylinder Seals: From the Marcopoli Collection, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984.
cylmarc313.jpg (12402 bytes)ca. 3100-2900 BC; serpentine; cat. 313; top end converges into a squat perforated handle; pattern on stamp base of seal. Row of open double-lined lozenges with circle and dot motif in center. Circle and dot motif along upper and lower edge and on base of seal.
cylmarc343.jpg (8773 bytes)ca. 2700-2200 BC; serpentine; cat. 343; a crossed lion and a bearded bull between a rampant gazelle and a bull (?). In the field: drill holes, curved shape resembling a pommel (handle ofsword).
cylmarc371.jpg (4394 bytes)ca. 2000-1900 BC; serpentine; cat. 371; two figures stand beside an antelope and a bull. In the field: serpent,dagger, ball staff. In the sky: disc and crescent.
cylmarc375.jpg (4435 bytes)ca. 2000-1900 BC; serpentine; cat. 375; two figures stand beside two rampant hares. In the field: schematic plant, star.
cylmarc379.jpg (4901 bytes)ca. 2000-1900 BC; serpentine; cat. 379; a figure drives a spear into a lion attacking a bull. In the sky: bird, star, crescent.
cylmarc381.jpg (4282 bytes)ca. 1900 BC; serpentine; cat. 381; two figures stand facing each other, holding a spear between them. Terminal: two schematic bull-men, snake.
cylmarc580.jpg (6741 bytes)Mitannian seal; ca. 1450-1300 BC; pyro-phyllite; cat. 580; a kneeling figure grasps an antelope by the hind legs. A lion attacks the antelope from behind. In the sky: fish.
cylmarc581.jpg (10859 bytes)Mitannian seal; ca. 1550-1350 BC; composition; cat. 581; two crossed bulls. Terminal: laticed panel.
cylmarc584.jpg (6673 bytes)Mitannian seal; ca. 1500-1300 BC; chert; cat. 584; two figures stand grasping a tree between them. In the field: ball staff, drill hole. Terminal: fish, bull's head, drill hole above recumbent antelope and star.
cylmarc585.jpg (3918 bytes)Mitannian seal; ca. 1500-1300 BC; hematite; cat. 585; two figures stand before a seated deity holding a triple lightning fork. In the field: incomplete ankh. In the sky: three stars.
cylmarc586.jpg (7467 bytes)Mitannian seal; ca. 1500-1300 BC; hematite; cat. 586; a worshipper presents an antelope to a deity standing on a lion which it holds by a leash. A nude goddess with hands clasped under her breasts stands between them. In the field: bird. In the sky: two rosettes. Terminal: inscription. IS'KUR.MU-u-s.ur = Adad-sum-us.ur
cylmarc589.jpg (3988 bytes)Mitannian seal; ca. 1500-1300 BC; hematite; cat. 589; a lion atacks an antelope. Recumbent antelope above the lion. In the field: animal head, fish. In the sky: winged sun disc, drill holes.
cylmarc630.jpg (4172 bytes)Mitannian seal; ca. 1450-1300 BC; chert; cat. 630; animal row: two antelopes and a lion. In the sky: scorpion, drill hole.
cyluruk1.jpg (41782 bytes)Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr seal; ca. 3200-3000 BC; serpentine; cat.1; boar and bull in procession; terminal: plant; heavily pitted surface beyond plant
cyluruk2.jpg (24589 bytes)Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr seal; ca. 3200-3000 BC; talc; cat.2; two gazelles (?) with heads turned backward, an antelope, a recumbent antelope (?), with two smaller indistinguishable animals above; in the field: plant(?)
cyluruk3.jpg (18880 bytes)Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr seal; ca. 3200-3000 (?) BC; marble; cat.3;  loop bore; an antelope wiht two panchers, one with head turned.
cyluruk4.jpg (26806 bytes)Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr seal; marble; ca. 3200-3000 BC; cat.4; surface divided into 3 panels, from l. to r.: (a) squatting figure with arms raised to pot, (b) squatting figure with arms raised to pot, second pot on ground, (c) two figures squat one behind the other with their arms raised before them.
cylmarc076.jpg (11395 bytes)ca. 2334-2260 BC; serpentine; cat. 76; two groups in combat. a hero wearing a kilt and a conical cap wrestles with a lion attacking a bull. A urinating bull-man wrestles with a water-buffalo.
cylmarc077.jpg (12286 bytes)ca, 2334-2260 BC (early); marble; cat. 77; a hero in combat with a urinating, human-headed bull. A similar bull with forelegs resting on a bush stands to one side.
cylmarc078.jpg (15587 bytes)ca. 233-2220 BC (early-mature); serpentine; cat. 78; two kilted heroes, one wearing a feathered crown and other a chignon, grapple with a lion attacking a bull. In the field: a small naked bearded figure kneels facing right
cylmarc079.jpg (9374 bytes)ca. 2254-2220 BC (mature); ceramic; cat. 79; two groups in combat. A naked, bearded hero wrestles with a water buffalo, and a bull-man wrestles with a lion. In the centre: inscription (unread). Appears to be recut.
cylmarc080.jpg (27809 bytes)ca. 2334-2260 BC (Early); serpentine; cat. 80; six dieties in combat in groups of two. A deity with rays issuing from the shoulders and holding a macesubdues a kneeling deity. A third deity with a mace grapples with a deity also armed with a mace. A fifth deity with a mace clutches an unarmed deity. In the field: mountain.
cylmarc081.jpg (10269 bytes)ca. 2334-2220 BC (early-mature); serpentine; cat. 81; a deity with rays issuing from the shoulders and holding a saw (?) and a mace ascends a mountain. A worshipper carrying a kid salutes a deity opening a portal to the ascending deity.
cylmarc082.jpg (18223 bytes)ca. 2334-2154 BC (mature); serpentine; cat. 82; a deity with rays issuing from the shoulders and a human figure sit opposite each other, each with an arm raised. An attendant stands between them, saluting the deity. In the field: mace. In the sky: crescent. Terminal: palm tree.
cylmarc285.jpg (16099 bytes)ca. 750-600 BC; chalcedony; cat. 285; a hero in a short kilt stands between two ibexes and graps their horns. In the field: plant in vase. In the sky: star, crescent.
cylmarc188.jpg (5743 bytes)ca. 900-700 BC; chert;cat. 188; a rosette and a bull. Terminal: plant (the linear striations on the bull's body are reminiscent of certain seals of the late Kassite style). The bull is pictured like the Indus one-horned bull, but in motion with 3 legs seen in profile.
cylmarc286.jpg (14613 bytes)ca. 750-600 BC; chalcedony; cat. 286; lower edge chipped; a hero with a quiver on his back, and armed with a scimitar, holds a rearing bull by a horn. In the field: rhomb, stylus,marru. In the sky: ankh, star, crescent.
cylmarc290.jpg (13141 bytes)Achaemenian seal; ca. 521-400 BC; agate; slight chipping along upper and lower edge. A royal figure holds two lions at bay. In the sky: winged sun disk.
cylmarc293.jpg (12486 bytes)Achaemenian seal; ca. 521-400 BC; lentoid; agate. A royal figure holds two bearded ibexes at bay.


In 1990, the Arab Archaeological Mission and the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums of the State of Bahrain excavated the mounds of Saar, near the causeway between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Bahrain. Shell seals were found. [Haya Al Khalifa, The shell seals of Bahrain, pp. 255-259]
bahrain1.jpg (25292 bytes)
Barhain seal: ten circular depressions surround the spiral
bahrain2.jpg (18945 bytes)
Bahrain seal: Two antelopes
bahrain3.jpg (21402 bytes)
Bahrain seal: four antelope heads emanating from a star

Susa
fig85.jpg (12769 bytes)
Fig.85; Susa, tablet:
seal impression,
Louvre Sb 11221
fig86.jpg (7866 bytes)
Fig. 86; Susa, sealing:
seal impressionl Louvre
MDAI, 43, no. 240
fig87.jpg (8073 bytes)
Fig. 87; Susa, stamp seal
from the Gulf, Louvre,
MDAI, 43, No. 1716; depicts two goat-antelopes
crouching head to tail, inside and outside
an oval. Incised eyes are saucer-shaped.
fig88.jpg (9356 bytes)
Fig. 88; Susa, stamp seal
from the Gulf,
Teheran museum,
MDAI, 43, no. 1717; an animal tamer
wearing a skirt and grasping with
one hand a goat-antelope with its
head turned back and with its
feet bound; with the other hand,
the person holds
a large object which looks like an
architectural feature or shield.
fig89.jpg (10551 bytes)
Fig. 89; Susa, stamp seal
from the Gulf,
Teheran Museum,
MDAI, 43, no. 1718; a person, naked and thin,
has a stylised head shaped like a narrow arch
with indentations to mark the nose and mouth.
Animals have bound feet and surround
a square object on which the person stands.
fig90.jpg (19102 bytes)
Fig.90; Susa, cylinder seal
from the Gulf,
Louvre,
MDAI, 43, no. 2021; made of steatite;
a person with a horned tiara,
wearing an unevenly chequered robe;
the person is attended by a
naked man and alongside are
two tamers grasping a pair of
crossed animals.
fig91.jpg (26643 bytes)
Fig. 91; Susa, cylinder seal
from the Gulf, Teheran
Museum, MDAI, 43,
no. 1975; steatite; three figures with
stylised heads in the form of notched
arches, wearing boldly chequered skirts;
one is seated; the other two stand with
backs turned, hold an enormous
feathered arrow, and one of them
extends a hand towards a stylised
goat-antelope.
fig92.jpg (16609 bytes)Fig. 92; Susa,
stamp seal made of
bitumen compound,
Louvre, MDAI, 43,
no. 1726; a tamer with
three heavily hatched animals
fig93.jpg (21652 bytes)Fig. 93;
Susa stamp seal made of
bitumen compound,
Louvre, MDAI, 43,
no. 1720
fig94.jpg (11801 bytes)Fig. 94;
Susa, stamp seal from a
butimen compound,
Louvre, MDAI, 43, no. 1726
fig95.jpg (12227 bytes)Fig. 95;
Susa, stamp seal of
bitumen compound,
Louvre, MDAI, 43, no. 1725;
a woman shown full-face is
squatting with legs apart,
possibly on a stool.
(A similar image of a woman
with legs spread out
occurs on an Indus tablet).

 "Susa... profound affinity between the Elamite people who migrated to Anshan and Susa and the Dilmunite people... Elam proper corresponded to the plateau of Fars with its capital at Anshan. We think, however that it probably extended further north into the Bakhtiari Mountains... likely that the chlorite and serpentine vases reached Susa by sea... From the victory proclamations of the kings of Akkad we also learn that the city of Anshan had been re-established, as the capital of a revitalised political ally: Elam itself... the import by Ur and Eshnunna of inscribed objects typical of the Harappan culture provides the first reliable chronological evidence. [C.J. Gadd, Seals of ancient Indian style found at Ur, Proceedings of the British Academy, XVIII, 1932; Henry Frankfort, Tell Asmar, Khafaje and Khorsabad, OIC, 16, 1933, p. 50, fig. 22). It is certainly possible that writing developed in India before this time, but we have no real proof. Now Susa had received evidence of this same civilisation, admittedly not all dating from the Akkadian period, but apparently spanning all the closing years of the third millennium (L. Delaporte, Musee du Louvre. Catalogues des Cylindres Orientaux..., vol. I, 1920, pl. 25(15), S.29. P. Amiet, Glyptique susienne, MDAI, 43, 1972, vol. II, pl. 153, no. 1643)... B. Buchanan has published a tablet dating from the reign of Gungunum of Larsa, in the twentieth century BC, which carries the impression of such a stamp seal. (B.Buchanan, Studies in honor of Benno Landsberger, Chicago, 1965, p. 204, s.). The date so revealed has been whollyconfirmed by the impression of a stamp seal from the same group, fig. 85, found on a Susa tablet of the same period. (P. Amiet, Antiquites du Desert de Lut, RA, 68, 1974, p. 109, fig. 16. Maurice Lambert, RA, 70, 1976, p. 71-72). It is in fact, a receipt of the kind in use at the beginning of the Isin-Larsa period, and mentions a certain Milhi-El, son of Tem-Enzag, who, from the name of his god, must be a Dilmunite. In these circumstances we may wonder if this document had not been drawn up at Dilmun and sent to Susa, after sealing with a local stamp seal. This seal is decorated with six tightly-packed, crouching animals, characterised by their vague shapes, with legs tucked under their bodies, huge heads and necks sometimes striped obliquely. The impression of another seal of similar type, fig. 86, depicts in the centre a throned figure who seems to dominate the animals, continuing a tradition of which examples are known at the end of the Ubaid period in Assyria... Fig. 87 to 89 are Dilmun-type seals found at Susa. The boss is semi-spherical and decorated with a band across the centre and four incised circles. [Pierre Amiet, Susa and the Dilmun Culture, pp. 262-268].

Dilmun (Failaka) seals
[Poul Kjærum, The Dilmun Seals as evidence of long distance relations in the early second millennium BC, pp. 269-277.]
fig96a.jpg (23131 bytes)
Fig.96a; Dilmun seal from Barbar; six heads of
antelope radiating from
a circle; similar to animal protomes
in Filaka, Anatolia and Indus.
fig96b.jpg (17298 bytes)Fig. 96b; Failaka no. 267;
harp with taurine sound-box
fig96f.jpg (13915 bytes)Fig. 96f: Failaka no. 260
Double antelope joined at the belly;
in the Levant,
similar doubling occurs for a lion
fig102.jpg (17492 bytes)Fig. 102; Failaka no. 126; antelopes flanking a line (standard?)
fig99.jpg (18529 bytes)Fig. 99; Failaka; no. 174 impression;
two bull heads emanating from a chequered
square; two persons drinking; altar and sun;
bull in the lower register
fig103.jpg (18284 bytes)Fig. 103; Failaka no. 206; serpents held in the hands
fig100.jpg (14753 bytes)Fig. 100; Failaka no. 83
impression; a person flanked by
two bulls, each standing atop
a chequered square
fig104.jpg (17458 bytes)Fig. 104; Failaka; no. 89 impression; bulls; antelopes; person; chequered square; trough?
fig101.jpg (17881 bytes)Fig. 101; Failaka no. 82;
entwined serpent in the middle;
two antelopes standing atop a
chequered rectangle; two bulls
in lower register.
fig105.jpg (19021 bytes)Fig. 105; Failaka no. 204; is the person seated on a bull?

Demonstrating a connection between Dilmun and Syria based on seal imagery, Buchanan observes: "It seems possible that around 2000 BC, the Persian Gulf merchants had a relationship, other than one involving trade, with some ethnic element in Syria (merchants or colonists)". (Briggs Buchanan, 1965, A Persian Gulf Seal, Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger, 199-209, Chicago, p. 207).
Lapis lazuli seals and sources
In Mesopotamian and Sarasvati-Sindhu valley sites, significant numbers of objects of lapis lazuli have been found. In the 'royal' tombs,lapis lazuli, carnelian and gold are the three important materials used. Lapis lazuli is a rare stone found in Badakhshan mines (NE Afghanistan, currently known as Kerano-Munjan), in the Pamirs and near Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia (F. Rutley, Elements of Mineralogy (rev. by H.H. Read 1948), pp. 380-381). "Darius states that his lapis lazuli came from his satrapy of Sogdia, in which province Badakhshan was located; and finally, the colour range from Sar-i-Sang is closely comparable to that of archaeological lapis lazuli. The varying shades of the pieces of veneer on the 'Standard' of Ur, for instance, can be exactly paralleled by modern specimens from Badakhshan...
uruk1.jpg (35949 bytes)
W14772 cl
gawra1.jpg (25682 bytes)
Fig. 4
The lapis lazuli seal W. 14772 cl relates to the Uruk IV period. The unstratified lapis lazuli seal G.7-205 (Fig. 4b) has the figures of two salukis and a 'fox'... This is comparable to the impression of another seal found at that level (Fig. 4a)... Also comparable are the seal impressions shown in Fig. 4c and 4d. Fig. 4c has two superimposed dogs on the left and the hunted animal with turned head in front of them. Fig. 4d, if divided horizontally also shows a similar scene... Porada has noted that filling motifs of 'disembodied heads of horned animals are another feature of the period'.[A.J.Tobler, Excavations at Tepe Gawra, II, Levels IX-XX, 1950, p. 192; Georgina, Herrmann, Lapis Lazuli: the early phases of its trade, in Iraq 30, 1968, pp.21-54]
mapbadak.jpg (101978 bytes)NE Afghanistan, 4 lapis-lazuli mines are at heights ranging from 6000 to 17000 ft.:
Sar-i-sang, S (Stromby), C (Chilmak) and R (Robat-i-Paskaran); Sar-i-sang mine is worked even today.
[After Georgina, Herrmann, Lapis Lazuli: the early phases of its trade, in Iraq 30, 1968.

Aratta. Enmerkar, the king of Uruk (Early Dynastic Period II) wanted from the state of Aratta: gold, silver and semi-precious stones, particularly lapis lazuli, to beautify shrines and temples, especialy the Apsu temple in Eridu. He implored Inanna: " O my sister, Inanna, for Erech Let them (the people of Aratta) fashion artfully gold (and) silver, Let them... pure lapis lazuli from the slab,.... Of the holy giparru where you have established (your) dwelling... Let the people of Aratta, Having brought down the stones of the mountains from their highland, Build for me the great chapel, set up for me the great shrine." (S.N.Kramer, Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, p. 9, line 38 ff.). To reach Aratta, Enmerkar's herald had to traverse Anshan, a kingdom bordering Elam... and then cross seven further 'mighty mountains'. (S.N.Kramer, Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, A Sumerian Epic Tale of Iraq and Iran, 1952, p. 17, line 166 ff.) Enmerkar was the second king of the first dynasty of Ur, of which Gilgamesh was the fifth.
edii.jpg (16225 bytes)
Seven EDII seals show contest friezes (Ashmolean Museum) The lapis lazuli seal shows in the lower register geometric motifs reminiscent of the Jemdat Nazr Diyala seals. ram in the thicket has not only horns, fringe, beard, eyes and eye-rims of lapis lazuli, but also part of its fleece is made of overlapping sections of the blue stone. Lapis lazuli was also used in amulets sculpted as frogs, fish, flies, calves, bulls, rams, ibex, monkey, seated bull, eagle. 37 Royal cemetery seals depict banqueting scenes, (generally belonging to ED III) all except five depict these scenes in two registers. Some seals have on one register a contest, spread eagle or animal row motif. Contest friezes in the 'fara' style began in EDI.
ninbanda.jpg (10157 bytes)
The seal of Nin-banda. In the upper register, the central figure is a man who grasps two animals around their necks. The animals are attacked from the rear by another animal, whom they turn to face. The lower register shows two crossed lions attacking two animals whose bodies are sharply angled. 53 lapis lazuli seals of EDIII date depict contest friezes; of these 17 are from Ur. A total of 138 lapis lazuli seals are assigned to this date.
Dilmun, Meluhha, Makkan
"Around 2500 BC, Dilmun is first referred to as a supplier of wood, by Urnanshe, King of Lagash. His successors, Lugalanda and Uri'inimgina (before 2350 BC) dispensed various textiles, resins, oil and silver out of the state storehouses to merchants of Lagash. The merchants were to trade the goods in Dilmun for copper and other wares, such as onions, linen, resin and bronze 'marine spoons'... During the succeeding Old Akkadian Period (2334-2193 BC) the Mesopotamians were no longer the only traders to visit Dilmun. The seas were open to all contries and seafaring merchants from the distant lands of Dilmun, Meluhha and Makkan tied up at Akkad's quay, during Sargon's reign (2334-2279 BC). Copper was shipped directly from Makkan; people from Meluhha are mentioned in written sources as interpreters and seamen. During the reign of Gudea of Lagash, copper, diorite and wood were delivered from Makkan and Meluhha delivered rare woods (such as Sissoo wood), gold, tin, lapis lazuli and carnelian to Lagash. Naramsin warred against Makkan; Mesopotamia strove for predominance in the area... Ships from Makkan did not sail to the north. It appears that one or more trading centers in Makkan were visited during the voyages where Makkan wares-- chiefly copper-- and luxury items from Meluhha were bartered. Therefore it appears that many wares referred to in the written sources as 'Makkan goods', actually were materials originally brought from Meluhha. Through trans-shipment in Makkan, these goods were then later referred to as coming from Makkan; the same confusion occurs later with materials from Dilmun... Both the goods and the foreign merchants trading in Dilmun's markets influenced forms of trade. The cuneiform characters had been taken over from the Sumerians, but the system of weights used in barter derived from the Indus Valley culture. (Michael Road, Weights on the Dilmun Standard, Iraq, vol. 44, 1982, 137-141). Spreading out from Dilmun, this system of weights became very popular and was used as far away as Ebla in Syria... Dilmun is mentioned for the last time in written records, during the reign of Samsu'liluma in the year 1744 BC, with the entry...'12 measures of purified copper from Alasia and Dilmun'. With this notice, the new supplier of copper is also mentioned; Alasia (Cyprus) would control the Mediterranean and Near Eastern market for copper for the next millennium. Alasia's rise did not occur in isolation; obviously a lengthy series of crises led to the collapse of the existing system in the East. Unlike Dahlak, Dilmun did not cease to exist; Tukulti-Ninurta refers to himself as 'King of the Upper and Lower Seas' and ruler over Dilmun and Meluhha. However, Meluhha and Makkan are no longer referred to in written records in the old sense.
"...More recent arcaheological researches in East Arabia have brought to light many finds which are related to the presence of Indus valley people. In the settlements of Hili 8 and Maysar-1, both of which have been investigated, Indus valley pottery is frequently found. Seals with Indus valley script and typical iconography indicate influences in Makkan down to the level of business organization. Marks identifying pottery in Makkan were taken from those used in the Indus valley, including the use of the signs on pottery used in the Indus valley. The discovery of a sea-port-- which may be ascribed to the Harappans-- at Ra's al-Junayz on Oman's east coast by an Italian expedition would seem to indicate that trade routes should be viewed in a more differentiated fashion than has been done upto now." [Sege Cleuziou, Preliminary report on the second and third excavation campaigns at Hili 8, Archaeology in the United Arab Emirates, vol. 2/3, 1978/79, 30ff.; Gerd Weisgerber, '...und Kupfer in Oman', Der Anschnitt, vol. 32, 1980, 62-110; Gerd Weisgerber, Makkan and Meluhha- 3rd millennium copper production in Oman and evidence of contact with the Indus valley, Paper read in Cambridge 1981 and to appear in South Asia Archaeology 1981; Maurizio Tosi, A possible Harappan seaport in Eastern Arabia: Ra's al-Junayz in the Sultanate of Oman, Manuscript]." Gerd Weisgerber, Dilmun--a trading entrepot; evidence from historical and archaeological sources, 135-142 in: Shaikha Haya Ali Al Khalifa and Michael Rice (eds.) Bahrain through the ages: the archaeology, London, KPI, 1986. [Simo Parpola/Asko Parpola/Robert H. Brunswig, The Meluhha village. evidence of acculturation of Harappan traders in the later third millennium Mesopotamia?, Journal of the Economic and Political History of the Orient, vol. 20, 1977, 129-165. 'If the tablets and their sealed envelopes had not been found, in fact, we might never have suspected the existence of a merchant colony.' (T. Ozguc, An Assyrian trading outpost, Scientific American, 1962, 97 ff.) cited after Lamberg-Karlovsky 1972).]
"Oman peninsula/Makkan lies half way between the two main civilization centres of the third millennium Middle East: Mesopotamia and the Indus valley... an increasing influence of Harappan civilization on Eastern Arabia during the last two centuries of the third millennium. This influence seems to strengthen during the early second millennium where proper Harappan objects are found all over the Oman peninsula: a cubic stone weight at Shimal, sherds of Harappan storage jars on several sites including Hili 8 (period III). Maysar and Ra's Al-Junayz bears a Harappan inscription and Tosi (forth.) has emphasized the importance of this discovery for the knowledge of Harappan control over the Oman Sea." [Serge Cleuziou, Dilmun and Makkan during the third and early second millennia BC, 143-155 in: Shaikha Haya Ali Al Khalifa and Michael Rice (eds.) Bahrain through the ages: the archaeology, London, KPI, 1986.]

Warfare in Ancient Sumer
Copper tools predominate in Sumer by Ur III period (2380-2360 B.C.) In Sumer, the early urban civilization of southern Mesopotamia, kings used writing to record and commemorate significant military victories.
The standardized equipment of bodyguards were: a copper helmet,  battle-axe, the dagger and a heavy spear. The early spearheads had long tangs, which were thrust into the spearshaft. A hook was formed at the end of the tang to firm up the attachment to the shaft. The blade of a Mesopotamian battle-axe was round, designed to pierce helmets and skulls and slash gaping flesh-wounds.
"Mari on the Euphrates... The palace administration was responsible for the provision of arms, munitions, and siege equipment. King Zimri-Lim wrote while on a military campaign to order further supplies of arrowheads: 'To Mukannishum [his official in the palace] say this, Thou speaks your lord. When you hear this letter read, have made: 50 arrowheads of 5 shekels [40 grams] weight in bronze, 50 arrowheads of 3 shekels, 100 arrowheads of 2 shekels, 200 arrowheads of 1 shekels. Give orders to have this done at once. Then have them put in store to await my further instructions. I suspect the siege of Andariq will be prolonged. I shall write to you again about these arrowheads. When I do write, have them brought to me as quickly as possible.' Anothe letter from the king to the same official orders him: 'When you hear my letter read to you, have made 1,000 bronze arrowheads at 1/4 shekels [2 grams] each. Have them made from the red bronze at your disposal, and have them sent to me at once.'.. Later, when Shamshi-Adas's son Yasmah-Addu was installed as vice-regent at Mari... in a letter to his son, Shamshi-Adad ordered 10,000 arrowheads to be made, requiring almost five tons of bronze. Some of the bronze for the job had to be transported from Assur since the Mari palace armourers did not have enough stock. The accounts were kept straight    Watkins, 1989, The Beginnings of Warfare, in: General Sir John Hackett (ed.), Warfare in the Ancient World,  London, Sidgwick and Jackson Ltd.)
Sources of tin: the great enigma of Early Bronze Age archaeology
"The Early Bronze Age of the 3rd millennium B.C. saw the first development of a truly international age of metallurgy... The question is, of course, why all this took place in the 3rd millennium B.C... It seems to me that any attempt to explain why things suddenly took off about 3000 B.C. has to explain the most important development, the birth of the art of writing... As for the concept of a Bronze Age one of the most significant events in the 3rd millennium was the development of true tin-bronze alongside an arsenical alloy of copper... That such (arsenic alloy) ingots would be silver in color and were therefore known as annaku in Akkadian and d'm in Egyptian (E.R.Eaton and H. McKerrell, World Archaeology 8 (1976): 179f.) is extremely unlikely because the former means 'tin' and the latter 'electrum'... Many theories have been presented to account for the spread of metallurgy in the 3rd millennium B.C., through Beaker Folk in the west, torque-bearers in Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean, and Khirbet-Kerak people in the Near East, as well as Cycladic colonists in Iberia and Trojan prospectors in eastern Europe. Such theories involve large-scale migration of peoples over vast distances, migrations often identified with one ethnic group such as Indo-Europeans or Hurrians. It is probably best to reject all such theories, along with the elaborate archaeological reconstructions that have accompanied them. There is no evidence to support the existence of any specialized group of metalworkers in the Early Bronze Age, and it has not been possible to substantiate any theory of migration or colonization at this time. Even the famous Indo-European migration into Greece and Anatolia is in need of a comploete reinvestigation... Now everyone, from the British Isles to India and China, emphasizes the local origins of technology developed by indigenous cultures. Surely the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction and we are seeing the extreme reaction to an equally extreme past position. The truth must lie somewhere in the middle ground... In fact the spread of tin-bronze, the other major development in copper metallurgy in this period, implies the existence of some type of long-distance trade. As there are no known sources of tin anywhere in the Aegean, the Eastern Mediterranean (apart from Egypt), or the Near East, the appearance of tin-bronze in such widely separated areas as north-western Anatolia (Troy), Cyprus (Vounous), and southern Mesopotamia (Ur and Kish) requires a network of trade routes covering a considerable area... The sources of tin being used in the 3rd millennium B.C. remain the great enigma of Early Bronze Age archaeology... The Old Assyrian letters from the Anatolian merchant colony (or ka_rum) at Kultepe, ancient Kanes', covering the period known as ka_rum II, 1950-1850 B.C. , provides extremely detailed information on shipment of loads of tin (Old Assyrianannukum) from the capital city of Assur to the members of the private business-houses residing at Kanes'... All that we know is that the tin was brought to Assur, presumably from points to the east, and from Assur shipped overland by annual donkey caravans to central Anatolia. We also know that the textiles, representing the other half of the trade goods sent to Anatolia, came from Babylonia to the south... With disturbances in the north, especially in the Zagros mountains, cutting off the trade in tin with Anatolia, Sams'i-Adad I (king of Assyria, ca. 1850-1600 B.C.) shifted his interests westward and Mari (located on the upper part of Euphrates midway between Aleppo and Baghdad) became an entrepot on a trade route that brought tin up the Euphrates to Mari... the texts are vague as to the ultimate source of this tin, but it seems to be coming from Iran by a southern route through Susa. There is also some indication that Elamites were involved in the trade... The tin was shipped to Mari in the form of ingots (Akkadian le_'u) and there stored in various parts of the palace known as abu_sum (storeroom), the bi_t kunukki (seal-house), and the kisallu (courtyard)... More evidence on the copper trade comes from Old Babylonian Ur, where the excavator, Sir Leonard Woolley, uncovered the house of Ea-na_s.ir, a merchant who specialized in the trade in copper, located at what Woolley called No. 1 Old Street. A number of texts found in the area and dating to the reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa (1822-1763 B.C.), record Ea-na_s.ir's activities in the copper trade, which consisted of importing what is called Tilmun copper... called Magan copper in earlier periods, which was shipped to Mesopotamia up the Persian Gulf. [A. Leo Oppenheim, The Seafaring Merchants of UR, JAOS74 (1954): 6-17, and J.D. Muhly, 1973, Copper and Tin, Conn.: Archon., Hamden; Transactions of Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 43) p. 221f. ]... However, the shipment of tin all the way from Iran to southern Mesopotamia and up the Euphrates to Ugarit and beyond to Crete represents a trade route of epic scope... the so-cakked Dark Age lasting from ca. 1600 to 1400 B.C... saw the establishment of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, with its Indo-Aryan background (T. Burrow, The Proto-Indo-Aryans, 1973, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1973: 123-40)... the recipes for making bronze contained in many Bronze Age cuneiform texts. The following text from Mari is a good example: (Text is G. Dossin: Archives de Sumu-lamam, roi de Mari, RA 64 (1970): 17-44, esp. 25, text n.6. The specification te-ma-yu which  appears in several texts from this archive, is really of unknown meaing). Here the proportions are quite exact: 20 shekels of tin is added to 170 shekels of copper (almost 1:8) to make exactly 190 shekels of bronze. This means that there was a fair amount of metallic tin in use during the Late Bronze Age. By ca. 1400 B.C. tin was being used in Greece to cover clay vases destined for the grave, in order to make them look like silver, and to line ivory cosmetic boxes to keep the ivory from being stained by the rouge or ointment placed inside..."

1.1/3 MA.NA AN.NA2. a-na 2 5/6 MA URUDU.LUH.HA
3.TE-MA-YU
4. i-na 8 GIN.TA.AM ba-l[i-e]l
5. SU.NIGIN 3 MA.NA 10 GIN ZABAR
6. a-na nam-za-qi-im
1/3 mina of tin to 2 5/6 minas
of washed copper from
Tema (?) has been alloyed

at the ratio of 8:1
Total: 3 minas, 10 shekels

of bronze for a key
Notes:
takaram = tin, white lead (Ta.Ma.); t.agromi = tin metal, alloy (Kuwi)
nis.ka = allusion to a goldsmith (RV. 8.47.15); may also mean gold coins (RV. 1.126.2, 4.37.4, 5.27.2)
loha = red (RV.); lohitaka = of red colour, reddish (Pa_n.ini's As.t.a_dhya_yi: 5.4.30); lohita_yasa = red metal, copper, made of it (Pa_n.ini'sAs.t.a_dhya_yi: 5.4.94) Pa_n.ini's As.t.a_dhya_yi: 5.4.94 states that ayas denotes a genus or a name (hence, may connote metal): anas as'man ayas saras ityevamanta_t tatpurus.at, t.ac pratyayo bhavato ja_tau sam.jn~a_ya_m ca vis.aye = anas (cart), as'man (rock), ayas (metal), saras(river) denote a genus or name; lohita_yasam is a sam.jn~a_ or name; ka_la_yasam is a genus or aja_ti.
ayil = iron (Ta.); ayiram = any ore (Ma.); aduru = native metal (Ka.)
ayorasa = metal rust (RV.); an:ga_ra = charcoal (RV.); ayastamba = metallic pitcher (RV. 5.30.15); a_yasi_ = metallic (RV. 1.116.15, 1.118.8, 7.3.7, 7.15.14, 7.95.1); ayas = metal (prob. copper or bronze)(RV. 1.57.3, 1.163.9, 4.2.17, 6.3.5, 6.47.10, 6.75.12, 10.53.9-10).
loha: metal that is extracted (Skt.) cf. Akkadian le_'u = ingots
loha_dhyaks.a = director of metal work (Arthas'a_stra : 2.12.23)
ka_rma_ra = metalsmith who makes arrows etc. of metal (RV. 9.112.2: jarati_bhih os.adhi_bhih parn.ebhih s'akuna_na_m ka_rma_ro as'mabhih dyubhih hiran.yavantam icchati_ ) karmaka_ra = labourer (Pa_n.ini's As.t.a_dhya_yi:ka_rukarma = artisan's work (Arthas'a_stra : 2.14.17); karma_nta = a workshop or factory (Arthas'a_stra : 2.12.18, 23 and 27, 2.17.17, 2.19.1, 2.23.10). kan- = copper work (Tamil)
d'm = electrum (Egyptian); assem= electrum (Egyptian); somnakay = gold (Gypsy); soma = electrum (RV)(See analysis in: Kalyanaraman, Indian Alchemy).
"According to ratios given in the texts tin was very cheap, as high as 240:1 and 180:1 in a tin/silver ratio. What is curious is that bronze was twice as expensive as tin, for a text says of a payment that 'if (paid) in tin (it should be) at the ratio of four minas (of tin) per (shekel of silver), if in bronze at the rate of two minas.'  (Text isHarvard Semitic Studies (HSS) XIV as quoted in Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD), s.v. annaku, 129a). This seems to indicate a great increase in the amont of tin in circulation during the period 1500-1300 B.C... One text even refers to an alloy (Akkadian billatu) composed of 1 mina of copper and 8 1/2 shekels of tin, giving a ratio of 7:1. (Text is Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts 205, quoted in CAD, s.v. billatu, 226a.)  In the Old Assyrian period one text gives a ratio of 8:1 (4 minas of copper, 1/2 mina of tin, the metal being destined for the smith, Akkadian nappa_hum)(Text is Cuneiform Texts from Cappadocian Tablets in the British Museum (CCT) I 37b, quoted in CAD, s.v. annaku, 128a.)
[Notes:
bi_d.u = alloy of iron (Tu.)
pis.t.aka = agglomerate of fine particles (Arthas'a_stra : 4.3.147)
pa_ka = roasting, cooking (Arthas'a_stra : 4.1.64, 5.2.24)
dravi = smelter or metalsmith who melts metal (RV. 6.3.4: tignam... paras'uh na jihva_m dravirna dra_vayati da_ru dhaks.at: fire devours wood with its axe-like sharp tongue, just as the smelter melts the metal).
s'ulva = copper; underground vein of metal ore or water (Arthas'a_stra : 2.13.16 and 44; 2.14.20-22 and 30-31; 2.12.1, 2.24.1); vellaka = an alloy of silver and iron in equal proportions (Arthas'a_stra : 2.14.22); 
ta_mra = copper (Arthas'a_stra : 2.12.23-24, 2.13.52 and 58, 2.17.14, 4.1.35); na_ga = lead (Skt.);
trapu = tin (RV; Pa_n.ini's As.t.a_dhya_yi: 4.3.138)(Skt.); capala = quickmelting tin or bismuth ore (Skt.);
kan:sa = bronze (RV.);
kajjala = lamp-black used as collyrium (Pa_n.ini's As.t.a_dhya_yi: 6.2.91) an~jana = collyrium (RV.); = antimony compound/sulphide (Arthas'a_stra : 2.11.31, 2.12.6 and 24; 2.22.6)
ka_m.sya = related to bell-metal (Pa_n.ini's As.t.a_dhya_yi: 4.3.168);
a_raku_t.a = brass (Skt.); pittal.ai = brass (Ta.)]
(See J.D. Muhly, New evidence for sources of and trade in bronze age tin, in: The Search for Ancient Tin , Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978, pp. 43-48)(James D. Muhly, The Bronze Age Setting, in: Theodore A. Wertime and James D. Muhly (eds.), 1980, The Coming of the Age of Iron, New Haven, Yale University Press, pp.25-67.)

 Meluhha Indus Script lexical repertoire of words related to tin-bronze, alloy metal work

9885 *margā ʻ wild goat ʼ. 2. *marjikā -- . [Cf. Wkh. merg f. ʻ ibex ʼ. -- mr̥gá -- ]
1. Ash. mlaṅ f. ʻ mountain goat ʼ, Wg. mŕaṅmraṅ; Kt. mŕoṅ ʻ female ibex ʼ (→ Kal.urt. mroṅ); Pr. mā̆ṅgəmā̆ṅg ʻ female markhor ʼ, maṅċū̃ ʻ markhor kid ʼ, Paš.kuṛ. loṅ f. ʻ markhor ʼ, Gaw. blaṅ; -- Dm. mraṅ m. ʻ markhor ʼ (~ maži f. below).
2. Dm. maži ʻ female markhor ʼ, Kal. muṣ, Kho. mažḗg

   10310 mēṇḍha2 m. ʻ ram ʼ, ˚aka -- , mēṇḍa -- 4miṇḍha -- 2˚aka -- , mēṭha -- 2mēṇḍhra -- , mēḍhra -- 2˚aka -- m. lex. 2. *mēṇṭha- (mēṭha -- m. lex.). 3. *mējjha -- . [r -- forms (which are not attested in NIA.) are due to further sanskritization of a loan -- word prob. of Austro -- as. origin (EWA ii 682 with lit.) and perh. related to the group s.v. bhēḍra -- ]
1. Pa. meṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, ˚aka -- ʻ made of a ram's horn (e.g. a bow) ʼ; Pk. meḍḍha -- , meṁḍha -- (˚ḍhī -- f.), ˚ṁḍa -- , miṁḍha -- (˚dhiā -- f.), ˚aga -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, Dm. Gaw. miṇ Kal.rumb. amŕn/aŕə ʻ sheep ʼ (a -- ?); Bshk. mināˊl ʻ ram ʼ; Tor. miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ; Chil. mindh*ll ʻ ram ʼ AO xviii 244 (dh!), Sv. yēṛo -- miṇ; Phal. miṇḍmiṇ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍṓl m. ʻ yearling lamb, gimmer ʼ; P. mẽḍhā m., ˚ḍhī f., ludh. mīḍḍhāmī˜ḍhā m.; N. meṛhomeṛo ʻ ram for sacrifice ʼ; A. mersāg ʻ ram ʼ ( -- sāg < *chāgya -- ?), B. meṛā m., ˚ṛi f., Or. meṇḍhā˚ḍā m., ˚ḍhi f., H. meṛhmeṛhāmẽḍhā m., G. mẽḍhɔ, M. mẽḍhā m., Si. mäḍayā.
2. Pk. meṁṭhī -- f. ʻ sheep ʼ; H. meṭhā m. ʻ ram ʼ.
3. H. mejhukā m. ʻ ram ʼ.
*mēṇḍharūpa -- , mēḍhraśr̥ṅgī -- .
Addenda: mēṇḍha -- 2: A. also mer (phonet. mer) ʻ ram ʼ AFD 235.

एडका ēḍakā m (एडक S) A ram. एडका & मेंढा are equally Ram, but एडका is ordinarily understood of A ram trained to fight, or suffered to live long enough to obtain horns.  

ஏணி² ēṇi , n. < ēṇī. 1. Deer, antelope; மான். (சூடா.) 2. Young deer, fawn; மான் கன்று. (திவா.)   

203 Ka. araṇa a nuptial present. Te. araṇamu a gift of money to a daughter and son-in-law at the time of marriage. ? Cf. 227 Ta. aruḷ (Kitt.). DED 169.

   204 Ta. araṇai typical lizard, Lacertidae; smooth streaked lizard, Lacerta interpunctula. Ma. araṇa green house lizard, L. interpunctula. Ka. araṇe, rāṇe, rāṇi greenish kind of lizard which is said to poison by licking, L. interpunctula. Tu. araṇe id.

   598 áraṇa ʻ distant, foreign ʼ RV. 2. íriṇa -- n. ʻ watercourse ʼ RV., ʻ hollow ʼ AV., ʻ desert ʼ Mn., iraṇa -- ʻ salt, barren ʼ lex.: cf. iriṇyà -- ʻ relating to desert ʼ VS., iraṇyà -- MaitrS.
1. Pa. araṇa -- ʻ living in solitude ʼ; Ku. arṇo ʻ wild, savage, strange ʼ (a˚ bhaĩso ʻ wild bison ʼ); N. arnu ʻ wild buffalo ʼ, B. arṇāār˚; Or. araṇa˚ṇāaraṛa ʻ wild buffalo ʼ, araṇā ʻ wild, wicked ʼ; H. arnā m., ˚nī f. ʻ wild buffalo ʼ (→ P. arnā m., ˚nī f.), ran m. ʻ forest, desert ʼ; Si. rana ʻ jungle ʼ (or < áraṇya -- ).
2. Pa. iriṇa -- , īr˚ n. ʻ barren soil, desert ʼ; S. riṇu m. ʻ desert, wilderness ʼ.हरण haraṇa m n (हरिण S) An antelope, a deer, Antilope cervicapra.हरिण hariṇa m (S) An antelope, a deer, a buck.

Bison or Ox: ଅରଣ Araṇa 'bison' Rebus: adhikaraṇīˊ f. ʻ *anvil ʼ, adhikaraṇa -- n. ʻ receptacle, support ʼ TUp. [√kr̥1Pa. adhikaraṇī -- f. ʻ smith's anvil ʼ; Pk. ahigaraṇī -- f. ʻ a piece of apparatus for a smith ʼ; K. yīran, dat. yṳ̄rüñ f. ʻ anvil ʼ, S. aharaṇiaraṇi f., L. (Jukes) ariṇ f., P. aihranairaṇā̆hraṇ f., WPah. bhal. arhini; roh. erṇe ʻ smithy ʼ, N. āran; H. aheranā̆hran m. ʻ anvil ʼ; -- H. Smith BSL 101, 115. Addenda: adhikaraṇīˊ -- : S.kcch. eṇ f. ʻ anvil ʼ; WPah.kṭg. n/arəṇ, n/arṇi f. ʻ furnace, smithy ʼ; āˊrəṇ m. prob. ← P. Him.I 4; jaun. āraṇairaṇ; G. eraṇi f. ʻ anvil ʼ, M. aheraṇahiraṇairaṇairṇīharaṇ f.(CDIAL 252)   yīran ईरन् । स्थूणा f. (sg. dat. yīrüñü ईर॑ञू॒, Gr.Gr. 69), an anvil (El.; Gr.Gr. 14, 29, 69; H. xi, 16).(Kashmiri)

ନୀଳକ Nīḻaka ସଂ. ବି (ନୀଳ+ସଂଜ୍ଞାର୍ଥେ. କ)— 1। କାଚ ଲବଣ— 1. The black salt. 2। ତୁତିଆ—2. Blue vitriol. 3। ବୀଜଗଣିତର ଅଜ୍ଞାତ ରାଶିବିଶେଷ; ତୃତୀଯ ଅଜ୍ଞାତ ରାଶି ବା ତହିଁର ବର୍ଗ—3. An unknown quantity in Algebra; the third unknown quantity or its square. 4। ଆସନ ବୃକ୍ଷ—4. Name of a timber tree; Terminalia Tomentosa. 5। ପିଆଶାଳ ଗଛ—5. A timber tree; Pentaptera Tomentosa. 6। କୃଷ୍ଣସାର ମୃଗ—6. A species of antelope. 7। (ନୀଳ+କୈ ଧାତୁ=ଶୋଭାପାଇବା+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅ)— ଭ୍ରମର—7. Black bee. 8। କଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ଘୋଡ଼ା— 8. A dark coloured horse. (M.W.) 9। ନୀଳ ଗୁଳ୍ମ—9. Indigo plant. (M.W.) 10। ଶେଫାଳିକା; ଗଙ୍ଗଶିଉଳି ଫୁଲ— 10. Nyctanthes Arbortrestes (M.W.) 11। ମୁହଁରେ କଳା ଓ ନେଳି ଦାଗ ହେବା ରୋଗବିଶେଷ— 11. A kind of malady; black and blue marks in the face. (M.W.) 12। ଆଖିର ଡୋଳାର ରୋଗବିଶେଷ— 12. A particular disease of the lens of the eye. (M.W.) 13। ନେଳି ଇସ୍ପାତ; ବର୍ତ୍ତ ଲୌହ (ହି. ଶ.)— 13. Blue steel (M.W.) ସଂ. ବିଣ— ନେଳିଆ; ନୀଳବର୍ଣ୍ଣବିଶିଷ୍ଟ—Blue.
   ନୀଳଗାଈ Nīḻagāī [synonym(s): নীগাঈ नीलगाय] ଦେ. ବି. (ସଂ. ନୀଳଗୌ)— କୃଷ୍ଣସାର ଜାତୀଯ ଗବାଦି ପଶୁ ପରି ଘନନୀଳାଭ ଧୂସରବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବନ୍ଯପଶୁବିଶେଷ— A large species of Asiatic antelope Boselaphus Tragocamelus; the Nylghau. [ଦ୍ର—ଏମାନଙ୍କ ଦେହର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନୀଲାଭ ପାଉଁଶିଆ; କାନ ଗାଈ ପରି, ଶିଂଘ ବଙ୍କା ଓ ଛୋଟ; ବେକ ଉପରେ କଳାବାଳର କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର କେଶର ଅଛି । ବେକ ତଳେ କେରାଏ 8।1 ଅଙ୍ଗୁଳ ଲମ୍ବ ବାଳ ଓହୋଳି ଥାଏ; ଏହାର ଚମଡା ଖୁବ୍ ଟାଣୁଆ; ବେକର ଚମ଼ାରେ ଢାଲ ହୁଏ । ବୈଦ୍ୟକମତରେ ଏହାର ମାଂସ ମଧୁର, ବଳକାରକ, ଉଷ୍ଣବୀର୍ଯ୍ୟ, କଫ ଓ ପିତ୍ତବର୍ଦ୍ଧକ ଓ ସ୍ନିଗ୍ଧ; ଏମାନେ ଉଚ୍ଚରେ 4ଫୁଟ ବଢ଼ନ୍ତି ଓ ପୋଷା ମାନନ୍ତି ।] नीलगाय nīlagāya f ( or P or H) White-footed antelope. Penn., Antilope picta. Pall.(Marathi)

ରଙ୍କୁ Raṅku ସଂ. ବି—(ରମ୍ ଧାତୁ=କ୍ରୀଡ଼ା କରିବା+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. କୁ)— କର୍ବୁର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପୃଷ୍ଠ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ମୃଗବିଶେଷ; ବାହୁଟିଆ—Spotted dear; a deer having a multicoloured back; antelope.
10559 raṅku m. ʻ a species of deer ʼ Vās., ˚uka -- m. Śrīkaṇṭh.
Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ? -- more prob. < raṅká-<-> s.v. *rakka -- .

   10562 raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]
Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅrāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.

   10865 rōhít ʻ red ʼ (in rōhíd -- aśva -- RV.), f. ʻ red deer ʼ VS., rōhita -- m. ʻ a kind of deer ʼ lex. [~ *lōhit -- in *lōhittara -- . -- See rōhi -- . -- *rudh -- ]
Pk. rōhia -- m. ʻ a kind of deer ʼ (or < *rōhiya -- s.v. *rōhya -- ); Dm. royâ f. ʻ the wild sheep ʼ, ruyāˊ -- minroyá̃̄ -- min m.; M. rohī f., rohẽ n. ʻ the slate -- coloured antelope or nilgai (Antelopa picta) ʼ.  रुही ruhī f (Better रोही q. v. Sig. II.) Slate-colored antelope or Nílgáy.रोही rōhī f (रोहित S) A fish, Carp, Cyprinus denticulatus. Buch., C. Rohita. Ham. 2 Slatecolored Antelope or Nílgáy, Antilope picta. Pall.

5087 Ka. mēke she-goat;  the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat.    

4586 Ta. pōttu male of animals (cattle, tiger, deer), some birds (peafowl, heron, etc.), some aquatic animals (crocodile, etc.). Ma. pōttu male buffalo. Ka. pōta, hōta, hōtu, hōntu he-goat. Koḍ. (Cole) pōtu goat. Te. pōtu male buffalo, male of an animal or bird. Kol. po·t cock. Nk. phōt id. Pa. pōt male of birds. Go. (S. Ko.) pōt, (Ma.) pōtal male of animals (Voc. 2441). Konḍa pōt id. Kui (K.) pōtu id. Kuwi (F.) pōtū male of some animals and birds; (S.) pōtu male of some animals, of trees; (Su.) pōtu male of animals; (Isr.) pōtu male of an animal, young male animal. 
   4587 Ta. pōttu sapling, tender branch or shoot of tree; pōtu flower bud, freshness, beauty. Te. bōda young of bird. Pa. pottid twig. Konḍa bōdel bride, young lady. Kui podeli sapling, young green branch; bōda child. Kuwi pōde (F. S.) girl, (Su.) woman, girl; (Isr.) pōti small girl; pōdi pōti small children, young boys and girls; (F.) pōdipōda boys and girls. / Cf. Skt. pota- young of animal or plant; Turner, CDIAL, no. 8399.

3000 Ta. takar sheep, ram, goat, male of certain other animals (yāḷi, elephant, shark). Ma. takaran huge, powerful as a man, bear, etc. Ka. tagar, ṭagaru, ṭagara, ṭegaru ram. Tu. tagaru, ṭagarů id. Te. tagaramu, tagaru id. / Cf. Mar. tagar id.  தகர்⁴ takar , n. [T. tagaru, K. tagar.] 1. Sheep; ஆட்டின்பொது. (திவா.) 2. Ram; செம் மறியாட்டுக்கடா. (திவா.) பொருநகர் தாக்கற்குப் பேருந் தகைத்து (குறள், 486). 3. Goat; வெள் ளாடு. (உரி. நி.) 4. Aries in the Zodiac; மேட ராசி. (W.) 5. Male yāḷiஆண்யாளி. 6. Male elephant; ஆண்யானை. (பிங்.) 7. Male shark; ஆண்சுறா. (சூடா.)

   3001 Ta. takaram tin, white lead, metal sheet, coated with tin. Ma. takaram tin, tinned iron plate. Ko. tagarm (obl. tagart-) tin. Ka. tagara, tamara, tavara id. Tu. tamarů, tamara, tavara id. Te. tagaramu, tamaramu, tavaramu id. Kuwi (Isr.) ṭagromi tin metal, alloy. / Cf. Skt. tamara- id.     தகரம்² takaram , n. [T. tagaramu, K. tagara, M. takaram.] 1. Tin, white lead; வெள்ளீயம். (அக. நி.) 2. Metal sheet coated with tin; தகரம்பூசிய உலோகத்தகடுColloq.

 1785 Kol. (Hislop) kori antelope. Pa. kuri id. Ga. (Oll.) kuruy deer. Go. (Tr. etc.) kurs (pl. -k) deer, antelope (Voc. 792). Kui kruhu (pl. kruhka), (P.) krusu (pl. kruska) barking deer, jungle sheep. Kuwi (S.) kluhu antelope; (Su.) kruhu (pl. kruska), (P.) kurhu antelope. ? Ma. kūran hog-deer. / Cf. Skt. kuraṅga- a species of antelope, antelope or deer in general.  କୁଳୁଙ୍ଗ Kuḻuṅga ସଂ. ବି.—(ତୁଳ. ଓ. ଖୂରୁଙ୍ଗ)— କୁରଙ୍ଗ; ମୃଗ— Antelope. (M.W.)    குரங்கம்² kuraṅkam , n. < kuraṅga. (பிங்..) 1. Deer, antelope; மான். 2. Quadruped, beast; விலங்கு.

   2165 (a) Ta. koṟi sheep. Ma. koṟi a small kind of sheep. Ko. kory a·ṛ sheep (a·ṛ goat). To. kuṟy sheep. Ka. kuṟi, koṟi sheep, ram; kuṟitana a sheepish, foolish disposition. Koḍ. kori sheep. Tu. kuri id. Te. goṟe, goṟṟe, goṟṟiya, (Inscr.) goṟiya, (B.) gorre, gor(r)iya id. Kol. (Kin. SR.) gorre id. Nk. (Ch.) gorre id. Go. (A. Ma.) gorre id.; (SR.) gore goat (Voc. 1208). Konḍa goṟe id. Kuwi (F.) gōri, (Isr.) gorri, (P.) gore id.; (S.) gorri id., sheep.

(b) Te. goṟṟe, in: (B.) kukka-gorre barking deer, Cervulus muntjac [also 'jungle sheep']; (Śaṅk. SANkoṇḍa-goṟṟe, (B.) koṇḍa-gorre deer, antelope. Kol. goria deer, (Kin) antelope. Go. (Ko.) gorre four-horned antelope; (L.) gore deer (Voc. 1209)

 2161 Ka. kora-muṭṭu tool, instrument (muṭṭu id.). Te. koṟa use, profit; useful, profitable; koṟa-muṭṭu tool, instrument.

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