Migrations of zebu, black drongo and water buffalo images out of Bharat into Ancient Near East signify trade in iron, steel and copper, tin, pewter metal artifacts

May 21, 2020, 8:17 am

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https://tinyurl.com/yby4q2vl

-- trade in iron, steel and copper, tin, pewter metal artifacts
-- this trade is signified by the Meluhha words पोळ [pōḷa], 'magnetite, ferrite ore', पोलाद [ pōlāda ], bulad (Amharic), fūlād 'steel' (Arabic), rã̄gā 'pewter, tin', rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ

I suggest that the image (hieroglyph) of a zebu or water buffalo is a visible language signifying --for people of Ancient Near East--magnetite ferrite ore and metal alloys including copper and tin received from Meluhha seafaring merchants. In at least two instances (Figure 10 and Figure 15 below), the image of a zebu is embellished with a black drongo bird which signifies పోలడు pōlaḍu 'black drongo' Rebus Meluhha: पोलाद [ pōlāda ],bulad (Amharic), fūlād 'steel' (Arabic).
Black drongo

Zebu, bos indicus taurus is rebus Meluhha pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; पोलाद pōlāda 'crucible steel' Indus Script decipherment

https://tinyurl.com/wxqqjpe

Dr. Semenenko's update is about zebu migrations archaeologically attested. Zebu is clearly Bos Indicus Taurus. The bird perched on the zebu is పోలడు pōlaḍu.the bird called the Black Drongo. Dicrurus ater. (F.B.I.) Rebus reading of this word in all PIE languages signifies crucible steel. पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fūlād 'steel' (Arabic) The Prakritam gloss पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; poliya 'citizen, gatekeeper of town quarter'. Thus, the black drongo perched on a zebu, bos indicus as a hypertext signifies: magnetite, ferrite ore and steel. Link URL By Dr. Semenenko.
''The first in the Indo-European studies’ history archaeologically based map of the dispersal of the RigVedic core watery (hump backed) bull pattern throughout the Ancient East proving the origin of the Indo-Aryans in the Sindhu (Indus) Valley and the migration of the Indo-Aryan and other Indo-European tribes out of the North-Western South Asia through Afghanistan, Bactria–Margiana and Iran up to the Central Minor Asia (the Hittite Kingdom) drawn by Dr. Aleksandr Andreyevich Semenenko (Voronezh, Russia) and updated by him on the 19th of January 2020.'' https://www.academia.edu/41671121/Dr._A._A._Semenenko_Indo_European_dispersal_map_updated_variant_19_01_2020 (Presented in Section 2 below)

In Section3,AA Semenenko relates the images of zebu and waterbuffalo with metaphors of the Rgveda related to these animals as signifiers of migrations of people out of India into Ancient Near East, thus negating the Aryan Migration/Tourist Theories, the linguistic doctrine of PIE and IE linguists.

I suggest that these Rgveda metaphors are signifiers of wealth resources in the context of processing Soma in sacred fire.

The image of a water buffalo signifies alloy metal including copper and tin because in Indus Script Corpora the Meluhha rebus readings are: rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali). *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567) raṅga

n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ (CDIAL 10562)

Three monographs of Aleksandr Andreyevich Semenenko on the dispersal of zebu cattle from India into Ancient Near East and references to Watery Humpback cattle in Rgveda are presentedm for ready reference, in the following three sections:

Section 1. Semenenko, Aleksandr Andreyevich. The spread of zebu cattle from South Asia to the East Mediterranean region as a marker of Indo- European population dispersal

Section 2. Dr. A. A. Semenenko Indo-European dispersal map updated variant 19/01/2020

Section 3. Semenenko А.А. Watery Humpback Cattle Pattern in Rigveda and Archaeology of the Ancient East

Section 1. Semenenko, Aleksandr Andreyevich. The spread of zebu cattle from South Asia to the East Mediterranean region as a marker of Indo-European population dispersal

https://www.academia.edu/38485662/Semenenko_Aleksandr_Andreyevich._The_spread_of_zebu_cattle_from_South_Asia_to_the_East_Mediterranean_region_as_a_marker_of_Indo-European_population_dispersal

Section 2. Dr. A. A. Semenenko Indo-European dispersal map updated variant 19/01/2020

https://www.academia.edu/41671121/Dr._A._A._Semenenko_Indo-European_dispersal_map_updated_variant_19_01_2020

Section 3. Semenenko А.А. Watery Humpback Cattle Pattern in Rigveda and Archaeology of the Ancient East

https://www.academia.edu/43115135/Semenenko_%D0%90.%D0%90._Watery_Humpback_Cattle_Pattern_in_Rigveda_and_Archaeology_of_the_Ancient_East?fbclid=IwAR0-wCJMFU9R25ObN3OdZbu1JGM-EGzmMvssy6HnoaIwuzI5aDdsIJXU2SI

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Itihāsa. Caste And Class In Colonial India -- Abhinav Chandrachud

May 21, 2020, 4:17 pm

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The Drafting Committee for the Constitution of India. (Photograph: MEA/Government of India)

Caste And Class In Colonial India

Abhinav Chandrachud

May 20 2020, 5:11 PM IST

May 20 2020, 6:38 PM IST

Articles 15(4) and 16(4) of India’s Constitution enable the government to reserve seats in educational institutions and government jobs in favor of a “class” instead of “caste”. For instance, Article 16(4) of the Constitution allows the government to introduce quotas for “any backward class of citizens”. Over the years, the use of the word “class” instead of “caste” in the Constitution gave rise to a heated debate in the Supreme Court on the question of whether caste could be made the basis of reservations and whether “Other Backward Classes” could be identified on the basis of caste alone. A peep into the pages of legal history reveals that the word “class” was understood by the framers of the Constitution to mean “caste” or “tribe”.

A Linguistic Transplant

The words “depressed classes” and “backward classes” came to India from 19th century England, where society was divided into classes, not castes. The term “depressed classes” was used in the English language to generally describe the poor and downtrodden sections of society. For example, in 1849, an American politician wrote of the “depressed classes in Great Britain and Ireland.” A book published in New York in 1866 described how the mortality rates were high at hospitals in Paris that treated “the poorer and most depressed classes”. Similarly, the term “backward classes” in 19th century England was applied to the “middling” and “meaner” classes of society, i.e., those who were not members of the nobility and gentry. For instance, in 1870, an English writer explained how two-thirds of the undergraduates at Oxford University came largely from the “most backward classes in the country – the sons of squires, clergymen, and capitalists”, in other words, middling people, as opposed to the sons of aristocrats and gentlemen.

Initially, these terms were used loosely in India as well. For example, in 1917, Sir Henry Sharp, Educational Commissioner with the Government of India, prepared a list of “depressed classes”, which included a whole host of “backward and educationally poor” communities including some groups of Muslims. In 1885, the Madras government referred to the “backward classes” while discussing the level of education in its province, without really specifying who the backward classes were.

However, after some time, these words acquired very distinct meanings in colonial India. In 1918, Charles Roberts, an MP, made a speech in the House of Commons in which he referred to the estimated 60 million “depressed classes” in India as “untouchables” and “unapproachables”. This was perhaps the first time that the “depressed classes” were identified on the basis of “untouchability” alone. This definition soon gained ground. In the 1931 census, the label “depressed classes” was used only for those castes “contact with whom entails purification on the part of high caste Hindus”. These were typically communities that were reprehensibly denied access to temples, wells, and schools.

The term “backward classes” in colonial India meant different things in different places. For example, in 1902, the Maharaja of Kolhapur reserved 50 percent of the posts in his administration in favor of “backward classes”, which he defined as “all castes other than Brahmins, Prabhus, Shenvis, Parsees and other advanced classes.” In 1920s Mysore, “backward communities” were all communities excluding Brahmins. “Class” in both these places was defined on the basis of caste – excluding Brahmins.

The Maharaja of Kolhapur, Shahu Chhatrapati, with attendants, in 1894. (Photograph: British Library)

In the late 1920s, the colonial Bombay government appointed a committee headed by a member of the Indian Civil Service, OHB Starte, to look into matters concerning the depressed classes and aboriginal tribes. Included in this committee was a relatively young Bombay legislator, BR Ambedkar. This committee opined that the term “backward classes” should be used to describe three communities:

The depressed classes (i.e., “untouchable” castes);
Aboriginal and hill tribes (i.e., tribes that were residing in forests, or those that had been doing so in the recent past); and
“Other Backward Classes”. This was perhaps the first use of the term which has now become a fixed star in the constitutional firmament.

Who were the “Other Backward Classes” in colonial Bombay? The “rough working” principle which was adopted by the Bombay government to identify them in 1933 was that they would “comprise classes which are approximately at the same stage of social and educational advancement as” the depressed classes (i.e., untouchable castes) and aboriginal and hill tribes, and “are so backward as to need special help”. This was unlike the regime in Kolhapur and Mysore where virtually all non-Brahmins were considered backward.

In 1933, the Bombay government passed a resolution which contained three “schedules” or lists containing the names of communities that would be considered depressed classes, aboriginal and hill tribes, and “other backward classes”. Schedule I contained a list of 47 “depressed classes”. Schedule II had 29 aboriginal and hill tribes. Schedule III was the longest list – it consisted of 125 “Other Backward Classes”. Though the word “class” was used in “backward class” and “other backward class”, it was really a euphemism for caste or tribe – all the communities in the schedules were castes or tribes. However, the term “other backward classes” was not restricted to Hindus alone. Included in the list of OBCs was the “Miana” tribe of Muslims. Interestingly, the “depressed classes” listed in Schedule I were soon referred to as “Scheduled Classes” in Bombay. Under the Constitution of independent India, they would be called “Scheduled Castes”.

The Best Possible Term

The drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly, under the chairmanship of Ambedkar, was responsible for adopting the phrase “backward class” in Article 16(4) of the Constitution. In the Constituent Assembly, KM Munshi, a Bombay leader, explained that they had used the “best possible term” which was available to them. “Backward classes” was not meant to convey only those communities that were considered to be “untouchables”. In Bombay, said Munshi, the term “backward classes” meant not merely Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes but also “other backward classes who are economically, educationally and socially backward.”

KM Munshi, with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, in Delhi, on Nov. 3, 1951. (Photograph: Public.Resource.Org)

Ambedkar had been a member of the Starte committee in Bombay which had come up with the term “other Backward Classes” in 1930. In the Constituent Assembly, he explained that they had “left it to be determined by each local Government” what was meant by the term “backward class”, perhaps in acknowledgment of the fact that there were different meanings of backwardness in places like Kolhapur, Mysore, and Bombay. A few years later, in a debate on the first amendment to the Constitution, Ambedkar explained that the backward classes were “nothing else but a collection of certain castes”.

The Mandal Era

In 1962, the state of Mysore decided to reserve 50 percent of the seats in medical and engineering colleges in favor of OBCs, in addition to reservations for Scheduled Castes (15 percent) and Scheduled Tribes (3 percent). In other words, the total reservation in the state was 68 percent. This was challenged before the Supreme Court in the case of M.R. Balaji v. State of Mysore (1962). The court developed the 50 percent cap on quotas – the rule that reservations cannot exceed 50 percent of all available positions, which remains in place in a modified form even today.

In that case, the court virtually ignored the history of how the words “depressed classes” and “backward classes” were imported to India, and instead relied on the fact that the Constitution used the word “class” instead of “caste”. Speaking for the court, Justice Gajendragadkar said that caste could not be the “sole or the dominant test” for deciding whether a community was backward. However, at the same time, he seemingly adopted the Bombay approach when he held that the backward classes under Article 15(4) of the Constitution had to be “comparable to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes” in their backwardness. In other words, a community that suffered from several social disabilities was not to be considered an OBC unless it was as downtrodden as the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes.

This changed when the Supreme Court decided the Mandal Commission case in the 1990s [Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)]. In January 1979, Prime Minister Morarji Desai appointed a commission headed by a former Chief Minister of Bihar, Bindhyeshwari Prasad Mandal, to come up with a mechanism for objectively identifying OBCs. The Mandal Commission adopted criteria for selecting OBCs on the basis of their castes. The report was shelved for many years and it was only in 1990 and 2006 that OBC reservations were introduced in central government jobs and educational institutions respectively, on the basis of the Mandal Commission report. Recognizing that the words “caste” and “class” were used interchangeably in the colonial period, Justice BP Jeevan Reddy in Indra Sawhney’s case held that a “caste” could also be a “class”. However, abandoning the Bombay-Balaji approach, the court also held that in identifying OBCs, the government did not have to restrict itself only to those communities that were as backward as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

In short, the terms “backward classes” and “depressed classes” were not invented in India. They came to British India from 19th century England, which was a class-based society. However, these terms underwent a transformation upon being imported to India and the word “class” in “backward class” was understood here to mean “caste” or “tribe”.

Abhinav Chandrachud is an advocate at the Bombay High Court and the author of ‘Republic of Religion: The Rise and Fall of Colonial Secularism in India’ (Penguin 2020).

https://www-bloombergquint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bloombergquint.com/amp/opinion/caste-and-class-in-colonial-india?usqp=mq331AQFKAGwASA%3D&amp_js_v=0.1#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloombergquint.com%2Fopinion%2Fcaste-and-class-in-colonial-india

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Rgveda mantra metaphors contrast with laukika 'current speech', e.g. Meluhha recorded as similar sounding visualised hieroglyphs on Indus Script Corpora

May 21, 2020, 10:45 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/yaa6xozs

-- RV 1.164 on language of mantras and of laukika, 'current speech' and on four divisions of speech; वैखरी stage is documented in Indus Script Corpora.

चत्वारि । वाक् । परिऽमिता । पदानि । is the line in RV 1.164.45. This is a reference to four stages of speech: परा, पश्यन्ती, मध्यमा, वैखरी |. These can be translated as:

1. परा name of sound in the pure consciousness stage

2. पश्यन्ती thought visualized stage (Bhartrhari identifies this with Pratibhaa, 'flash of insight'

3. मध्यमा intermediate stage

4. वैखरी fully embodied stage of everyday speech-- speech in the fourth of its four stages from the first stirring of the air or breath , articulate utterance , that utterance of sounds or words which is complete as consisting of full and intelligible sentences.

वैखरी stage of speech is what gets recorded in lexicons with many pronunciations of the same sememe 'meaning unit -- in a word.' वैखरी stage is what is documented in Indus Script Corpora. पश्यन्ती and मध्यमा stages are visualized speech in the forms of 'hieroglyphs/hypertexts' as flashes of insight generated by the similar sounding speech expressions; thus a karnaka which has the meaning 'scribe' visualizes a rim-of-jar karnaka. This visualised form is what is recorded as a hieroglyph on documented Indus Script Corpora.

Houben’s translation:

RV 1.164.23: That the Gayatri(-line) is based on the Gayatri (-hymn) (smaller on the larger unit), and that the Tristubh (-line) is fashioned out of the Tristubh (-hyn), and that the Jagati-line is based on the jagati(-hymn): only those who know this have attained immortality.

RV 1.164.24: According to the Gayatri(-line) one makes the song of praise (arka); according to the song of praise a chant (sAma), according to the Tristubh(-line) the recitation; according to the two- and four-lined recitation (again a larger) recitation; according to the syllable they make the seven voices.

The ‘seven voices’ refer to वाणी (fr. √ वण् ; often written बाण q.v.) sounding , a sound किरातार्जुनीय. xv , 10; f. sound , voice , music (pl. a choir of musicians or singers) RV. (the सप्तवाणीस् are referred by the Commentators to the seven metres or to the seven notes of the gamut &c ); speech , language , words , diction , (esp.) eloquent speech or fine diction MBh.

Griffith translation: 23 How on the Gayatri the Gayatri was based, how from the Tristup they fashioned the Tristup forth,
How on the Jagati was based the Jagati, they who know this have won themselves immortal life.
24 With Gayatri he measures out the praisesong-, Sama with praisesong-, triplet with the Tristup.
The triplet with the two or fourfoot- measure, and with the syllable they form seven metres.

45 Speech hath been measured out in four divisions, the Brahmans who have understanding know them.
Three kept in close concealment cause no motion; of speech, men speak only the fourth division.
46 They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuna, Agni, and he is heavenly noblywinged- Garutman.
To what is One, sages give many a title they call it Agni, Yama, Matarisvan.

47 Dark the descent: the birds are golden coloured-; up to the heaven they fly robed in the waters.
Again descend they from the seat of Order, and all the earth is moistened with their fatness.
48 Twelve are the fellies, and the wheel is single; three are the naves. What man hath understood it?
Therein are set together spokes three hundred and sixty, which in nowise can be loosened.
49 That breast of thine exhaustless, spring of pleasure, wherewith thou feedest all things that are choicest,
Wealthgiver-, treasure. finder, free bestower, bring that, Sarasvati, that we may drain it.
50 By means of sacrifice the Gods accomplished their sacrifice: these were the earliest ordinances.
These Mighty Ones attained the height of heaven, there where the Sadhyas, Gods of old, are dwelling.

Wilson translation: 1.164.23 They who know the station of Agni upon the earth; the station of Va_yu that was fabricated from the firmament; and that station of the Sun which is placed in heaven, obtain immortality. [yadga_yatre adhi ga_yatram tras.tubha_d va_ trais.t.ubham: perhaps, a mystical reference to the text of the Veda, a knowledge of which is essential to final felicity; ga_yatra is derived from ga_yatri_ the earth; it is the pada, or station of Agni; trais.t.ubha is identified with the firmament, and the place of Va_yu; ja_gat is identified with the sun: ja_gat, the solar region (Taittiri_ya Sam.hita_ 2.2.9.5-6)].

1.164.24 He constructs the prayer with the ga_yatri_ metre; with the prayer (he constructs) the Soma, and with the tris.t.ubh metre the couplet (or triplet); with the couplet (or triplet) he constructs the hymn with (verses of) two or four distichs; and with the syllable they construct the seven metres. [ga_yatren.a parimimi_te arkam: he, severally measures the mantra with the ga_yatri_ metre;or, a part being put for the whole, with any Vedic metre; tr.s.t.ubhena va_kam: va_ka signifies either dvr.ca or tr.ca ru_pam, the form or phrase of two or three hymns; or, it may imply a su_kta; va_kena va_kam: the first va_ka is interpreted as su_kta, when repeated it implies the varga or anuva_ka; if va_ka signifies a couplet or triplet, is may be applicable to the su_kta; aks.arena sapta va_n.i_h = the seven generic metres of the Veda with the syllable, the syllable being the chief element of the metre; ga_yatri_ has eight syllables; trs.t.ubh has eleven syllables; jagati_ has twelve syllables. The classification of the metrical system of the Vedas is ascribed to Brahma_ or the r.s.is, the priests].

1.164.45 Four are the definite grades of speech; those Brahman.as who are wise know them; three, deposited in secret, indicate no meaning; men speak the fourth grade of speech. [Four are: catva_ri va_kparimita_ pada_ni: the language of the mantras, the kalpa, the bra_hman.a and laukika, or current speech (Taittiri_ya Samhita_ 1.31.2); those bra_hman.as: bra_hman.a_ ye mani_s.in.ah: bra_hman.a_ = those acquainted with the s'abdabrahma, brahma as the word, or, the yogis, mystics; fourth grade of speech: va_k, speech, was created fourfold, three kinds of which are in the three regions, the fourth amongst the pas'us; the form on earth, associated with Agni is in the rathantara; the form in the firmament, associated with Va_yu, is in the Va_madevya mantras; that which is in heaven, with A_ditya, is Br.hati_, or in the thunder (stanayitnau); whatever else was more than this was placed amongst the pas'us, lit., animals; here the bra_hman.as are implied: atha pas'us.u tato ya_ va_g atiricyate ta_m bra_hman.es.u adaduh; thus, the bra_hman.as speak both languages, that of the gods and that of man (tasma_d bra_hman.a_ ubharyo va_cam vadanti ya_ ca deva_na_m ya_ ca manus.ya_n.a(m (Nirukta 13.9)].
1.164.46 They have styled (him, the Sun), Indra, Mitra, Varun.a, Agni, and he is the celestial, well-winged Garutmat, for learned priests call one by many names as they speak of Agni, Yama, Ma_taris'van. [Hi, the Sun: Sun is assumed; Nirukta assumes the Agni: agni is all the divinities (Aitareya Bra_hman.a 2.3)].
1.164.47 The smooth-gliding wafters (of the rain, the solar rays), clothing the waters with a dark cloud, ascend to heaven; they come down again from the dwelling of the rain, and immediately the earth is moistened with water.
1.164.48 The fellies are twelve; the wheel is one; three are the axles; but who knows it? within it are collected 360 (spokes), which are, as it were, moveable and immoveable. [The wheel is the year of twelve months; the three axles are the three double seasons, or hot, wet and cold; and the three hundred and sixty spokes are the days of the lunar-solar year; stanah s'as'ayah, s'aya_na, sleeping; dehe vartama_nah, abiding in the body].
1.164.49 Sarasvati_, that retiring breast, which is the source of delight, with which you bestow all good things, which is the container of wealth, the distributor of riches, the giver of good (fortune); that (bosom) do you lay open at this season for our nourishment.
1.164.50 The gods sacrifice with sacrifice, for such are their first duties; those mighty ones assemble in heaven, where the divinities who are to be propitiated (by sacred rites) abide. [Where the divinities: yatra pu_rve sa_dhya_h santi deva_h: sa_dhya_h = karma-devah, divinities presiding over or giving effect to religious acts, yajn~a_di sa_dhanavantah; or, the term may mean those who have obtained the portion, or the condition of gods, by the former worship of Agni, or the sa_dhya_s = a_dityas, or the an:girasas, or deities presiding over the metres, chando abhima_ninah; sa_dhya_s are named among the minor divinities in Amarakos'a].
1.164.50 The uniform water passes upwards and downwards in the course of days; clouds give joy to the earth; fires rejoice the heaven.

Prasanna Chandra Gautam translation for RV 1.164.47: Anvaya: niyAnam 'going regularly; kRSNam 'to the dark (cloud); harayah = robbing; ayah = the water; vsANAh = bearing (rays);divam = to the heaven; ut patanti = go up; (yadA = when) te = they (the rays); Rtasya = of the truth; sadanAt = from the place of; A avavRtran = return; At it = Then ghRtena = by water; pRthivI = the earth;vi udyate = gets wet in a special way. Meaning: The water bearing rays robbing the dark cloud going regularly go up to the heaven. When they return from the place of the truth, then the earth gets wet by water in a special way.

See: Homa, śyena, anzu 'eagle', गरुडी सुपर्णी carries off amśu अंशु, soma, ayojālāni, ambrosia from palace of Indra.(Rāmāyaṇa araṇya kāṇḍa 3.35.35)https://tinyurl.com/ydca9t3n

A team of सु--पर्ण 'eagle' and कृष्ण 'pigeon or bird of prey' are conquering troops golden-coloured who carry along the way. I suggest that the two birds are metaphors for bringing in Soma (which could be a combination of iron and gold ore stones) from the high mountains.

सु--पर्ण mf(/ई)n. having beautiful wings RV.; m. any large bird of prey (as a vulture , eagle ; also applicable to the sun or moon as " having beautiful rays " , and to सोम and clouds ; du. " sun and moon ") ib.; m. any mythical or supernatural bird (often identified with गरुड , and sometimes personified as a ऋषि , a देव-गन्धर्व , and an असुर) RV. TS. Ka1t2h. MBh. There is a pun on the word सु--वर्ण gold , made of gold TBr. ChUp. R.

hâraya, cause to be carried by
niyAna, way, access
नि-° युत् team of horses (esp. of वायु's horses); pl. series of words, verses, a poem

ग्राम--जित् conquering troops RV. v , 54 , 8 AV. vi , 97 , 3.
कृष्णं = हारित hâr-ita pp. cs. √1. hri; m. kind of pigeon.; iron

सायणभाष्यम्

यत् । गायत्रे । अधि । गायत्रम् । आऽहितम् । त्रैस्तुभात् । वा । त्रैस्तुभम् । निःऽअतक्षत ।

यत् । वा । जगत् । जगति । आऽहितम् । पदम् । ये । इत् । तत् । विदुः । ते । अमृतऽत्वम् । आनशुः ॥२३

“गायत्रे “अधि “गायत्रमाहितम् प्राथम्यात सर्वैः स्तुत्यत्वाच्च गायत्री भूः । तदीयं स्थानं गायत्रम् । अधि उपरि तत्र गायत्रम् आग्नेयं पदम् आहितम् । प्रथमसृष्टत्वात् गायति त्रायते च इति व्युत्पत्त्या च प्रजापतेर्मुखात् गायत्र्या सह उत्पन्नत्वात् भक्त्या अग्निरपि गायत्रः। ‘ गायत्रोऽग्निः । (तै. सं. २. २. ५, ५) इति श्रुतेः । भूम्यामग्निः स्थापितः इति “यत् अस्ति । तथा “त्रैष्टुभात् द्वितीयत्वात् वृष्टिपर्जन्यविद्युद्रूपत्रिस्तोभयुक्तात् अन्तरिक्षात् “त्रैष्टुभं स्तोभयुक्तम् ऊर्ध्वाधस्तिर्यग्लक्षणस्तोभत्रयोपेतं वायुं “निरतक्षत साधु संपादितवन्तो देवाः इति यदस्ति । “वा अथवा "जगति सर्वैर्गन्तव्ये उद्गततमे वा तृतीयभूते द्युलोके “जगत् गमनशीलम् आदित्याख्यं “पदम् “आहितम् इति “यत् अस्ति । “तत् इदं त्रिषु स्थानेषु त्रयाणामग्न्यादीनां पदाधानं “य “इत् ये एव नराः “विदुः जानन्ति “ते एव “अमृतत्वमानशुः अमरणरूपं पदमाप्नुवन्ति । इत्यधिलोकम् । अथाधियज्ञम् । गायत्रे प्रातःसवने अधि उपरि गायत्रं छन्दः पदमाहितमिति यत् । तथा त्रैष्टुभात् माध्यंदिनात् सवनात् त्रैष्टुभं छन्दो निरतक्षत तत्र आहितमिति यत् । वा किंचेत्यर्थः। जगति तृतीयसवने जगत् जागतं पदमाहितमिति यत् । तत्तादृशं सवनत्रयेषु छन्दस्त्रयसंस्थानं ये नरा विदुः यजमाना विदुः जानन्ति ते अमृतत्वं ज्ञानानुष्ठानद्वारेण"मोक्षम् आनशुः आप्नुवन्ति । अथवा गायत्रे प्रातःसवने । त्रिषु सवनेषु छन्दस्त्रयपरिमाणात् सवनान्यपि तत्तच्छन्दःशब्देनोच्यन्ते । ‘गायत्रं प्रातःसवनं त्रैष्टुभं माध्यंदिनं सवनं जागतं तृतीयसवनम्' (तै. स. २. २. ९. ५-६ ) इति श्रुतेः । तादृशे प्रातःसवने अधि उपरि गायत्रम् अष्टाक्षरात्मकम् आहावप्रतिगररूपं गायत्रं पदमाहितम् । तद्यथा होता ‘ शोंसावोम्'इति त्र्यक्षरेण तथा ‘शंसामोदैवोम्'इति पञ्चाक्षरेण अध्वर्युः प्रतिगृणाति । तन्मिलित्वा अष्टाक्षरं संपद्यते । तच्च अष्टाक्षरं गायत्रीसदृशं तस्याः अपि पादस्य अष्टाक्षरत्वात् । इदमेकं प्रातःसवनरूपे गायत्रपदप्रतिष्ठापनम् । तथा सवनान्ते अपि शंसनानन्तरम् उक्थं वाचि'इति चतुरक्षरमाह। ‘ओमुक्थशाः'इति चतुरक्षरम् अध्वर्युः । तदष्टाक्षरं संपद्यते । एतदेकं परं गायत्रे गायत्रस्थापनम् । तथा त्रैष्टुभात् माध्यंदिनसवनात् त्रैष्टुभम् आहावप्रतिगरणरूपं पदं निरतक्षत ऋत्विजः । तद्यथा माध्यंदिनसवने होता ‘ अध्वर्यो शोंसावोम्'इति आह्वयते षडक्षरेण अध्वर्युश्च ‘शंसामोदैवोम्'इति पञ्चाक्षरेण प्रतिगृणाति । तन्मिलित्वा एकादशाक्षरं संपद्यते । इदमेकं माध्यंदिनसवनादौ त्रैष्टुभे त्रैष्टुभाधानम् । तथा सवनान्तेऽपि शंसनानन्तरम् उक्थं वाचि इन्द्राय'इति सप्ताक्षरमाह । अध्वर्युश्च ‘ओमुक्थशाः'इति चतुरक्षरेण प्रतिगृणाति । तन्मिलित्वा एकादशाक्षरं संपद्यते । इदमपरं त्रैष्टुभे त्रैष्टुभस्थापनम् । तथा तृतीयसवने होता अध्वर्यो शोंशोंसावोम्'इति सप्ताक्षरेण आह्वयते ‘शंसामोदैवोम्'इति पञ्चाक्षरेण अध्वर्युः प्रतिगृणाति । द्वादशाक्षरं भवति । तदिदं प्रथमं जागते जागतोत्पादनम् । तथा पञ्चादपि शंसनानन्तरमाह ‘उक्थं वाचि इन्द्राय देवेभ्यः इति । एतदेवैकादशाक्षरं भवति । अध्वर्युश्च ‘ ओम्'इत्येकाक्षरेण प्रतिगृणाति । तदुभयं मिलित्वा द्वादशाक्षरं भवति । तदिदमपरं जागते जागतपदस्थापनम् । एवं त्रिषु छन्दःसु त्रिषु गायत्र्यादिसवनेषु गायत्रादिच्छन्दस्त्रयपदप्रतिष्ठापनम् । एतत्सर्वम् ऐतरेयब्राहाणे ‘ देवविशः कल्पयितव्याः' (ऐ. ब्रा. ३. १२) इति खण्डे विस्पष्टमाम्नातम् । तत्तादृशं छन्दसि छन्दःस्थापनं य इत्तद्विदुः ये एव जानन्ति ते एव अमृतत्वम् आनशुः प्राप्नुवन्ति अनुष्ठानद्वारा । एवम् अजानन्तः अनुष्ठानेनापि फलं न प्राप्नुवन्तीत्यर्थः । तस्य साकल्याभावादिति भावः ॥

गायत्रेण । प्रति । मिमीते । अर्कम् । अर्केण । साम । त्रैस्तुभेन । वाकम् ।

वाकेन । वाकम् । द्विऽपदा । चतुःऽपदा । अक्षरेण । मिमते । सप्त । वाणीः ॥२४

“गायत्रेण गायत्रच्छन्दसा “अर्कम् अर्चनसाधनं मन्त्रं “प्रति “मिमीते प्रत्येकं परिच्छिन्नत्ति । ‘ अर्को मन्त्रो भवति यदेनेनार्चन्ति' (निरु. ५, ४ ) इति निरुक्तम् । प्रतिमन्त्रं गायत्रेण छन्दसा उपनिबद्धं करोति । उपलक्षणमेतदन्येषां छन्दसाम् । यद्वा । इतरेषां छन्दसाम् अस्यैव चतुश्चतुरक्षराधिक्येन तत्तच्छन्दोभिः प्रतिमिमीते इत्यर्थः। यद्वा । प्रतिशब्दः सम् इत्येतस्मिन्नर्थे । छन्दोभिर्मन्त्रान् संमितं करोतीत्यर्थः । “अर्केण “साम । उक्तलक्षणेन मन्त्रेण साम गायत्ररथंतरसंज्ञकं साम प्रति मिमीते । ननु ‘ एकं साम तृचे क्रियते'इति तिसृषु एकं साम विहितम् अतः अर्कैः साम इति वक्तव्यं कथमुच्यते अर्केण इति । न । वस्तुतः एकं साम एकस्याम् ऋचि आरूढम् । पश्चादन्योन्यां तदुत्तरयोर्गायति इत्यतिदेशतः प्राप्तं तिसृषु गानम् । अतः एकवचनमविरुद्धम् । “त्रैष्टुभेन “वाकम् । अत्र त्रिष्टुबुपादानम् इतरच्छन्दःप्रदर्शनार्थम् । अथवा अनादेशे सर्वत्र त्रिष्टुभो ग्रहणात् प्राचुर्याभिप्रायेण इदमुक्तम् । त्रैष्टुभेन द्विवारत्रिवारावृत्तेन द्वृचतृचरूपं : वाकं वक्तव्यमेकैकं छन्दः प्रति मिमीते । अथवा वाकं सूक्तम् एतावद्भिस्त्रिष्टुब्भिः उपनिबद्धमिदं सूक्तमिति । तादृशेन “वाकेन “वाकं वर्गमनुवाकं वा मिमीते। कीदृशेन वाकेनेति स विशेष्यते । “द्विपदा “चतुष्पदा । पादद्धयबद्धविराडादिच्छन्दोनिबद्धमन्त्ररूपेण चतुष्पदा पादचतुष्टयोपेतेन अनु ष्टुबादिमन्त्ररूपेणेति । इयतीभिर्द्विपदाभिर्वर्ग: इयतीभिश्चतुष्पदाभिरूपेतो वर्गः । इयद्द्विपदरूपैर्वाकैः इयच्चतुष्पदरूपैर्वाकैश्च परिमितोऽनुवाक इति । सूक्तपक्षे एतावद्भिः सूक्तैः अयमनुवाकः इति । किंच “अक्षरेण अक्षरेणैव “सप्त “वाणीः वागधिष्ठितानि सप्त छन्दांसि “मिमते निर्माणं कुर्वन्ति। अष्टाक्षरा गायत्री एकादशाक्षरा त्रिष्टुप् द्वादशाक्षरा जगतीति । अक्षरैः पादाः परिमीयन्ते परिमितैः पादैश्छन्दांसि । ततः पादानां छन्दसाम् अक्षरं मूलमिति । तथा ऋग्वर्गसूक्तानुवाकादीनां च अक्षरं मूलमित्यक्षरप्रशंसा ॥

चत्वारि । वाक् । परिऽमिता । पदानि । तानि । विदुः । ब्राह्मणाः । ये । मनीषिणः ।

गुहा । त्रीणि । निऽहिता । न । इङ्गयन्ति । तुरीयम् । वाचः । मनुष्याः । वदन्ति ॥४५

“वाक् वाचः कृत्स्नायाः "पदानि “चत्वारि “परिमिता परिमितानि । लोके या वागस्ति सा चतुर्विधा विभक्तेत्यर्थः। “तानि पदानि “ब्राह्मणाः वेदविदः “मनीषिणः मनस ईषिणो मेधाविनः “विदुः जानन्ति । तेषां मध्ये “त्रीणि “गुहा गुहायां “निहिता स्थापितानि “नेङ्गयन्ति न चेष्टन्ते न प्रकाशन्ते इत्यर्थः । “वाचः “तुरीयं पदं “मनुष्याः अज्ञास्तज्ज्ञाश्च “वदन्ति व्यक्तमुच्चारयन्ति व्यवहरन्ति । कानि तानि चत्वारि इत्यत्र बहवः स्वस्वमतानुरोधेन बहुधा वर्णयन्ति । सर्ववैदिकवाग्जालस्य संग्रहरूपाः भूरादयस्तिस्रो व्याहृतयः प्रणव एक इति वेदत्रयसारत्वात् तासां व्याहृतीनामेव सारसंग्रहभूतत्वात् अकाराद्यात्मकस्य प्रणवस्येति सप्रणवासु व्याहृतिषु सर्वा वाक् परिमितेति केचन वेदवादिनो वदन्ति । अपरे व्याकरणमतानुसारिणो नामाख्यातोपसर्गनिपातभेदेन । क्रियाप्रधानमाख्यातम् । द्रव्यप्रधानं नाम । प्रागुपसृज्यते आख्यातपदस्येत्युपसर्गः प्रादिः । उच्चावचेष्वर्थेषु निपतनान्निपातः अपि तु च इत्यादिः । एतेष्वेव सर्वा वाक् परिमितेत्यखण्डायाः कृत्स्नाया वाचश्चतुर्धा व्याकृतत्वात् । ‘ वाग्वै पराच्यव्याकृतावदत् तामिन्द्रो मध्यतोऽवक्रम्य व्याकरोत्तस्मादियं व्याकृता वागुद्यते' (तै. सं. ६. ४. ७. ३) इति श्रुतेः । अन्ये तु याज्ञिकाः मन्त्राः कल्पो ब्राह्मणं चतुर्थी लौकिकीति । याज्ञिकैः समाख्यातोऽनुष्ठेयार्थप्रकाशको वेदभागो मन्त्राः । मन्त्रांविधानप्रतिपादको वेदभागः इति मन्त्राः कल्पोऽत ऊर्ध्वम् '(तै. आ. १. ३१. २) इत्यादिनोक्तः कल्पः । मन्त्रतात्पर्यार्थप्रकाशको वेदभागो ब्राह्मणम्। भोगविषया गामानय इत्यादिरूपा व्यावहारिकी । एष्वेव सर्वा वाक् नियमितेति याज्ञिकाः । ऋग्यजुःसामानि चतुर्थी व्यावहारिकीति नैरुक्ताः । सपणा वाग्वयां क्षुद्रसरीसृपस्य च चतुर्थी व्यावहारिकीत्यैतिहासिकाः । पशुषु तूणवेषु मृगेष्वात्मनि चेत्यात्मवादिनः। अपरे मातृकाः प्रकारान्तरेण प्रतिपादयन्ति । परा पश्यन्ती मध्यमा वैखरीति चत्वारीति। एकैव नादात्मिका वाक् मूलाधारादुदिता सती परेत्युच्यते । नादस्य च सूक्ष्मत्वेन दुर्निरूपत्वात् सैव हृदयगामिनी पश्यन्तीत्युच्यते योगिभिर्द्रष्टुं शक्यत्वात् । सैव बुद्धिं गता विवक्षां प्राप्ता मध्यमेत्युच्यते । मध्ये हृदयाख्ये उदीयमानत्वात् मध्यमायाः । अथ यदा सैव वक्त्रे स्थित ताल्वोष्ठादिव्यापारेण बहिर्निर्गच्छति तदा वैखरीत्युच्यते । एवं चत्वारि वाचः पदानि परिमितानि । मनीषिणो मनसः स्वामिनः स्वाधीनमनस्का ब्राह्मणाः स्वाख्यस्य शब्दब्रह्मणोऽधिगन्तारो योगिनः परादिचत्वारि पदानि विदुः जानन्ति । तेषु मध्ये त्रीणि परादीनि गुहा निहितानि हृदयान्तर्वर्तित्वात्। तुरीयं तु पदं वैखरीसंज्ञकं मनुष्याः सर्वे वदन्ति । व्याकरणप्रसिद्धनामाख्यातादिपक्षे मनीषिणो ब्राह्मणाः प्रकृतिप्रत्ययादिविभागज्ञा वाग्योगविदस्तानि पदामि जानन्ति । अवाग्योगविदः पामरा वाचो वाङ्मयस्य तुरीयं चतुर्थं भागं वदन्ति व्यवहरन्ति अर्थप्रकाशनाय प्रयुञ्जते । अयं मन्त्रो निरुक्ते व्याख्यातः सोऽत्राप्यनुसंधेयः- ‘ अथापि ब्राह्मणं भवति । सा वै वाक् सृष्टा चतुर्धा व्यभवदेष्वेव लोकेषु त्रीणि पशुषु तुरीयम् । या पृथिव्यां साग्नौ सा रथंतरे । यान्तरिक्षे सा वायौ सा वामदेव्ये । या दिवि सादित्ये सा बृहति सा स्तनयित्नावथ पशुषु ततो या वागत्यरिच्यत तां ब्राह्मणेष्वदधुः । तस्माद्ब्राह्मणा उभयीं वाचं वदन्ति या च देवानां या च मनुष्याणाम् ' ( निरु. १३. ९) इति ।

इन्द्रम् । मित्रम् । वरुणम् । अग्निम् । आहुः । अथो इति । दिव्यः । सः । सुऽपर्णः । गरुत्मान् ।

एकम् । सत् । विप्राः । बहुधा । वदन्ति । अग्निम् । यमम् । मातरिश्वानम् । आहुः ॥४६

अमुमादित्यम् ऐश्वर्यविशिष्टम् “इन्द्रम् “आहुः । तथा “मित्रं प्रमीतेर्मरणात् त्रातारमहरभिमानिनमेतन्नामकं देवं तमाहुः । “वरुणं पापस्य निवारकं राज्यभिमानिनं देवमाहुः । तथा “अग्निम् अङ्गनादिगुणविशिष्टम् एतन्नामकमाहुः । “अथो अपि च अयमेव “दिव्यः दिवि भवः “सुपर्ण: सुपतनः “गरुत्मान् गरणवान् पक्षवान्वा । एतन्नामको यः पक्ष्यस्ति सः अप्ययमेव । कथमेकस्य नानात्वमिति । उच्यते । अमुमेवादित्यम् “एकम् एव वस्तुतः सन्तं “विप्राः मेधाविनो देवतातत्वविदः “बहुधा “वदन्ति । तत्तत्कार्यकारणेन इन्द्राद्यात्मानं वदन्ति । एकैव वा महानात्मा देवता स सूर्य इत्याचक्षते'इत्युक्तत्वात् ।'किंच तमेव वृष्ट्यादिकारणं वैद्युताग्निं “यमं नियन्तारं “मातरिश्वानम् अन्तरिक्षे श्वसन्तं वायुम् “आहुः । सूर्यस्य ब्रह्मणोऽनन्यत्वेन सार्वात्म्यमुक्तं भवति। अत्र ये केचित् अग्निः सर्वा देवताः' ( ऐ. ब्रा. २. ३) इत्यादिश्रुतितोऽयमेवाग्निरुत्तरे अपि ज्योतिषी इति मत्वा अग्नेरेव सार्वात्म्यप्रतिपादकोऽयं मन्त्र इति वदन्ति । तत्पक्षे प्रथमोऽग्निशब्दः उद्देश्यः । तमग्निमुद्दिश्य इन्द्राद्यात्मकत्वकथनम्। अयं मन्त्रो निरुक्ते एवं व्याख्यातः - ‘ इममेवाग्निं महान्तमात्मानमेकमात्मानं बहुधा मेधाविनो वदन्ति इन्द्रं मित्रं वरुणमग्निं दिव्यं च गरुत्मन्तम् । दिव्यो दिविजो गरुत्मान् गरणवान् गुर्वात्मा महात्मेति वा ' ( निरु. ७. १८) इति ॥ ॥ २२ ॥

वर्षकामेष्ट्यां तिस्रः पिण्ड्यो होतव्याः । तत्र ‘कृष्णं नियानम्'इति तृतीयस्यानुवाक्या। ‘ कृष्णं नियानं हरयः सुपर्णा नियुत्वन्तो ग्रामजितो यथा नरः ' ( आश्व. श्रौ. २. १३ ) इति ॥

वर्षकामेष्ट्यां तिस्रः पिण्ड्यो होतव्याः । तत्र ‘कृष्णं नियानम्'इति तृतीयस्यानुवाक्या। यज्ञेन । यज्ञम् । अयजन्त । देवाः । तानि । धर्माणि । प्रथमानि । आसन् ।

ते । ह । नाकम् । महिमानः । सचन्त । यत्र । पूर्वे । साध्याः । सन्ति । देवाः ॥५०

“देवाः व्यवहर्तारो यजमानाः “यज्ञेन निर्मथ्याग्निना “यज्ञं होमसाधनमाहवनीयम् “अयजन्त पूजितवन्तः अनुष्ठानाय संयोजितवन्त इत्यर्थः । ‘अग्निं मथित्वा प्रहरति तेनैवाग्नय आतिथ्यं क्रियते । (तै. सं. ६. २. १.७ ) इति हि तैत्तिरीयकम् । “तानि “धर्माणि अग्निसाधनानि कर्माणि "प्रथमानि। प्रथम इति मुख्यनाम । प्रतमानि प्रकृष्टतमानि “आसन् फलप्रसवसमर्थान्यभवन्नित्यर्थः। “ते “ह ते च यजमानाः “नाकम् । नास्मिन्नकमस्तीति नाकः स्वर्गः। ते "महिमानः माहात्म्ययुक्ताः “सचन्त संगताः । कीदृशं नाकम् । “यत्र यस्मिन्नाके “पूर्वे पूर्वतनाः “साध्याः साधना: यज्ञादिसाधनवन्तः । कर्मदेवा इत्यर्थः । ते 'सन्ति निवसन्ति तं सचन्त । तस्मादिदानीमपि मनुष्यैः एवं कर्तव्यमित्यर्थः । यद्वा। देवा इदानीं देवभागमापन्नाः पूर्वं यज्ञेनाग्निना पशुभूतेन यज्ञं यष्टव्यमग्निमयजन्त पूजितवन्तः । अग्नेरेव मूर्तिभेदेन देवत्वं च पशुत्वं च द्रष्टव्यम् । अग्निः पशुरासीत्तमालभन्त तेनायजन्त'इति श्रुतेः । शिष्टं पूर्ववत् । यत्र यस्मिन् स्वर्गे निमित्तभूते सति पूर्वे पूर्वतनाः साध्या देवाः साधनाश्छन्दोऽभिमानिनः। आदित्या अङ्गिरसश्च साध्या देवा उच्यन्ते। ‘छन्दांसि वै साध्या देवास्तेऽग्रेऽग्निनाग्निमयजन्त ते स्वर्ग लोकमायन्नादित्याश्चैवेहासन्नङ्गिरसश्च तेऽग्रेऽग्निनाग्निमयजन्त ते स्वर्गं लोकमायन्'(ऐ. ब्रा. १. १६) इति ब्राह्मणम् । एते देवाः स्वर्गे सन्ति भवन्ति स्वर्गप्राप्ताः इत्यर्थः । यद्वा। यज्ञेन ज्ञानादियज्ञेन यज्ञं विष्णुमयजन्त पूजयन्ति । ते नाकं विष्णुलोकं महानुभावाः सचन्त संगच्छन्ते । यत्र पूर्वे साध्यादयो देवाः सन्ति तत्स्थानम्। 'अग्निनाग्निमयजन्त देवाः' (निरु. १२. ४१) इत्यादि निरुक्तमनुसंधेयम् ॥

कृष्णम् । निऽयानम् । हरयः । सुऽपर्णाः । अपः । वसानाः । दिवम् । उत् । पतन्ति ।

ते । आ । अववृत्रन् । सदनात् । ऋतस्य । आत् । इत् । घृतेन । पृथिवी । वि । उद्यते ॥४७

“कृष्णं कृष्णवर्णं “नियानं नियमेन गच्छन्तं मेघं “हरयः उदकस्य हर्तारः “सुपर्णाः शोभनपतना रश्मयः “अपः “वसानाः उदकानि वासयन्तो मेघेषु। अद्भिर्मेघान्पूरयन्त इत्यर्थः।। अन्तर्भावितण्यर्थत्वात् द्विकर्मकत्वम् ॥ यद्वा । कृष्णं नियानं नियमनं रात्रिः । देवानां हि रात्रिर्दक्षिणायनम् । तत्प्रति । तस्मिन्वर्षकाले इत्यर्थः । एवं कुर्वन्तः “दिवं द्युलोकं तदाश्रितमादित्यं वा उद्दिश्य “उत्पतन्ति ऊर्ध्वं गच्छन्ति । “ते रश्मयः "ऋतस्य “सदनात् उदकस्य स्थानात् आदित्यमण्डलात् “आववृत्रन् आवर्तन्ते अर्वाञ्च आगच्छन्ति । “आदित् अनन्तरमेव यदा अर्वाग्गच्छन्ति तदानीमेव “घृतेन उदकेन “पृथिवी “व्युद्यते विविधं क्लिद्यते । ‘ कृष्णं निरयणं रात्रिरादित्यस्य हरयः सुपर्णा हरणा आदित्यरश्मयः । (निरु. ७. २४ ) इत्यादि निरुक्तं द्रष्टव्यम् ॥

द्वादश । प्रऽधयः । चक्रम् । एकम् । त्रीणि । नभ्यानि । कः । ऊं इति । तत् । चिकेत ।

तस्मिन् । साकम् । त्रिऽशताः । न । शङ्कवः । अर्पिताः । षष्टिः । न । चलाचलासः ॥४८

“द्वादश एतत्संख्याकाः “प्रधयः परिधयः प्रहिता वर्तन्ते । तत्स्थानीया द्वादश मासाः “एकम् अद्वितीयं “चक्रं क्रमणस्वभावं संवत्सराख्यं चक्रमाश्रिताः। तथा “त्रीणि त्रिसंख्याकानि “नभ्यानि नाभ्याश्रयाणि फलकानि तत्स्थानीयानि ग्रीष्मवर्षाहेमन्ताख्यान्याश्रितानि । यथा सूर्यरथचक्रस्य द्वादश परिधयः नाभ्यर्हाणि त्रीणि फलकानि सन्ति तद्वत्कालचक्रस्यापि । "क “उ कोऽपि महान् “तत चक्रं “चिकेत जानाति । “तस्मिन् चक्रे “साकं सह “शङ्कवः “न शङ्कवः इव । अत्र पुरस्तादुपचारोऽपि नशब्दः सामर्थ्यादुपमार्थीयः । तस्मिन्नपि संवत्सरचक्रे “त्रिशताः एतत्संख्याकाः “षष्टिर्न । नशब्दः चार्थे । षष्टिश्च अरा अरस्थानीयान्यहानि “अर्पिताः अर्पितानि । कीदृशानि तानि । “चलाचलासः । एकश्चलशब्दो द्विर्भावप्राप्तः । चलाः । चलनस्वभावानीत्यर्थः ॥ ‘ चरिचलिपतिवदीनामच्याक्चाभ्यासस्य ' ( पा. सू. ६. १. १२, ६ ) इति द्विर्वचनमागागमश्च । ततोऽसुक् ॥ ‘ षष्टिश्च ह वै त्रीणि च शतानि संवत्सरस्याहानि ' (श, ब्रा. ९. १. १. ४३) इति ब्राह्मणम् । द्वादश प्रधयश्चक्रमेकमिति मासानां मासा मानात् ' (निरु. ४, २७ ) इत्यादि निरुक्तम् ।।

प्रवर्ग्येऽभिष्टवे'यस्ते स्तनः'इत्येका। सूत्रितं च -- यस्ते स्तनः शशयो यो मयोभूर्गौरमीमेदनु वत्सं मिषन्तम् ( आश्व. श्रौ. ४. ७) इति । एषैव सारस्वते पशौ हविषो याज्या । सूत्रितं च - ‘ यस्ते स्तनः शशयो यो मयोभूस्त्वं सोम प्र चिकितो मनीषेति द्वे' ( आश्व. श्रौ. ३. ७) इति ॥

यः । ते । स्तनः । शशयः । यः । मयःऽभूः । येन । विश्वा । पुष्यसि । वार्याणि ।

यः । रत्नऽधाः । वसुऽवित् । यः । सुऽदत्रः । सरस्वति । तम् । इह । धातवे । करिति कः ॥४९

हे “सरस्वति “ते तव संबन्धी “यः “स्तनः स्तनवच्छिशुस्थानीयानां प्राणिनामाप्यायनकारी लौकिकवैदिकसुशब्दरूपः स्तनः “शशयः शयान्ः तव देहे वर्तमानः । “यः च स्तनः “मयोभू: रसास्वादिनां सुखस्य भावयिता । “येन स्तनेन “विश्वा सर्वाणि “वार्याणि वरणीयान्यभिमतरूपाणि धनानि “पुष्यसि भोक्तृभ्यः । “यः च स्तनः “रत्नधाः बहुविधरमणीयरसानां धारयिता “वसुवित् वसूनां वासयितॄणां धनानां वेत्ता लब्धा वेदयिता वा । किंच “यः स्तनः “सुदत्रः। शोभनदानः । ‘सुदत्रः कल्याणदानः ' ( निरु. ६. १४ ) इति निरुक्तम् । अत्र असकृत् यच्छब्दश्रवणं स्तनस्य अतिप्रशस्तत्वज्ञापनार्थम् । हे देवि “तं तादृशं सर्वप्राण्युपकारकं सूक्तमयं स्तनम् “इह अस्मिन्कर्मणि इदानीं वा “धातवे अस्माभिर्धातुं पातुं पानाय “कः कुरु ॥

अग्निमन्थने ‘ यज्ञेन यज्ञम् 'इत्येषा परिधानीया। यज्ञेन यज्ञमयजन्त देवा इति परिदध्यात् (आश्व. श्रौ. २. १६ ) इति सूत्रितत्वात् ॥

यज्ञेन । यज्ञम् । अयजन्त । देवाः । तानि । धर्माणि । प्रथमानि । आसन् ।

ते । ह । नाकम् । महिमानः । सचन्त । यत्र । पूर्वे । साध्याः । सन्ति । देवाः ॥५०

‘ कृष्णं नियानं हरयः सुपर्णा नियुत्वन्तो ग्रामजितो यथा नरः ' ( आश्व. श्रौ. २. १३ ) इति ॥

This reference of

Jan E.M. Houben, “Rgveda 1.164.23-24 and Bhartrhari’s Philosophy of Language.”In: Expanding and Merging Horizons : Contributions to South Asian and Cross-CulturalStudies in Commemoration of Wilhelm Halbfass (ed. by K. Preisendanz), Wien :Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007, p. 711-719.

https://www.academia.edu/39950384/RV_1.164.23-24_and_Bhartrharis_philosophy_of_language

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Dadu Indus Script seal hieroglyphs daybook of turner's mintwork, metalwork

May 22, 2020, 4:29 am

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https://tinyurl.com/y85h8zx8

Text message on Dadu seal.

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'sun'srays, copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion'

cīmara ‘black ant’ Rebus: cīmara‘copper’. cīmara kāra -- ʻ coppersmith ʼ

அரணை araṇai , n. [K. Tu. araṇe, M. araṇa.] 'lizard' Rebus: araṇi 'smith's anvil' (Sindhi) erṇe 'smithy' (WPah.)

khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus kharada खरडें 'daybook'

kamaḍha 'bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'.

khaṇḍa 'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware'. PLUS arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'sun'srays, copper, gold' eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' Thus, copper, gold mestacast metalware.

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. PLUS kuṭi 'curve' Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble.rebus: गोटी [gōṭī ] 'A lump of silver' Thus, bronze, silver metalcastings.

Thus, the text message is a catalogue daybook of turner's mintwork, metalwork equipment of copper, gold, bronze in a smithy/forge.

Field symbol: one-forward thrusting spiny horned young bull PLUS lathe + portable furnace + beads (standard device):

Standard device: kammata 'portable furnace' rebus: kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint' PLUS kunda 'lathe of a turner' rebus: kundar 'turner' kõdār 'turner' (Bengali)

singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold' शृङ्गी śṛṅgī 'Ornament gold'.

खोंड khōṇḍa A young bull' Rebus: konda 'furnace, lapidary, metalworker, setting gems in fine gold jewels'. kō̃da 'fire-altar' (Kashmiri) payĕn-kō̃daपयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (Kashmiri).

Reinforcement is provided by many artifacts with Indus Script hypertexts which signify a cattlepen. The word in Indian sprachbuns for a cattlepen is:कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen. कोंडवाड kōṇḍavāḍa C (कोंडणें & वाडा) A pen or fold for cattle. कोंडी kōṇḍī ...confined place gen.; a lockup house, a pen, fold, pound Rebus: Fine gold: Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold.(DEDR 1725)

कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa, 'cattlepen', Mesopotamia Rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold' Rebus: konda 'lapidary, metalworker, setting gems in find gold jewels'.

MS5059 Seal, seal impression. MS in Indus Valley language on white steatite, Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Civilization, ca. 2500-1800 BC, 1 square stamp seal matrix, 3,4x3,4x1,7 cm, 9 Indus valley signs in a formal script slightly slanting left, unicorn standing left facing an altar, with double loop handle. 1. Found in Mohenjo-Daro, India (ca. 1945-1947); 2. The Waria Collection, Dadu, Pakistan (-1965); 3. Private collection, England (1965-2001); acquired Dec. 2001.While the Indus Civilization was the most short-lived of the 3 great river civilizations, it was much larger than Egypt and Sumer in extent, stretching from the Indus Valley into Afghanistan in the West, Kashmir in the North and India in the East. The Indus Valley script is still undeciphered, as is the Linear A script from Crete and the much later Rongo-Rongo script from Easter Island, which has numerous signs in common with the Indus script. cfr. MSS 2762/1-4. Mohenjo-Daro was first excavated 1922-1927 by Sir John Marshall. Published: To be published by Asko Parpola in: Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions, vol. 3.To be published by Asko Parpola in: Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions, vol. 3. Exhibited: The Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology (PHI), Oslo, 13.10.2003-06.2005.Indus Valleyca. 2500-1800 BCE.

https://www.schoyencollection.com/seals-collection/indus-valley/indus-valley-seal-ms-4617

MS 5059 Schoyen Collection. For large image seal and an impression go to the Schoyen Collection: http://www.nb.no/baser/schoyen/5/5.6/ The third glyph from the left is a lizard/crocodile.

Lizard like a child on a Dhokra damar cire perdue bronze sculpture of a woman

This is a bronze sculpture attributed to Bastar artisans. I found this statue shown in a blog post. This description claims the bronze to be from Bastar (Orissa). But, a blurb on a slide showing the same statue on a school ppt links it to Indus civilization reads: "Small sculptures in stone, terra cotta, and bronze appear to represent priestly or governmental officials, dancing girls, and perhaps mother goddesses." http://www.leon.k12.fl.us/

Location of Bastar (southern Chattisgarh, close to Orissa border)

kola 'woman' (Nahali) Rebus: kol 'working in iron'

அரணை araṇai , n. [K. Tu. araṇe, M. araṇa.] Rebus: araṇi 'smith's anvil' (Sindhi) erṇe 'smithy' (WPah.) PLUS arka karṇaka 'goldsmth, steersman'; thus, smithy, goldsmith, steersman, seafaring merchant.This rebus reading of Meluhha word in Indus Script explains why the Bastar mother is hugging the lizard. The smithy is her temple:rebus: kole.l smithy, forge' rebus: kole.l 'temple'.

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Four Mohenjo-daro seals made by 3 artisan seal carvers are catalogues of metalwork repertoire

May 22, 2020, 8:00 am

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https://tinyurl.com/ya7nza3p

Decipherment: Field symbol on all the four seals: forward thrusting spiny horned young bull PLUS lathe + potable gold furnace (standard device)

singhin 'forward thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold' khōṇḍa, kondh ‘young bull’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’.kō̃da कोँद'furnace for smelting': payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः sangaDa 'lathe, brazier' rebus: sangAta 'collection' (of metalwork) jangada 'cargo boat, catamaran'; koTiya 'rings on neck' rebus: kotiya 'baghlah dhow, cargo boat'.kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kamata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammata 'mint'.
Text messages:

Seal 1

m325 Text 3306
3306. Pk. daṁta -- m. ʻ tooth ʼ; Gy. eur. dand m. ʻ tooth ʼ Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'

Sign 267 is read rebus as a Meluhha hypertext kancu mũhã̄ 'bell-metal ingot'.

Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼAV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻgong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756)

The " hieroglyph is sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'

Together with the splinter hieroglyph, the first two signs from the right are read as:

kancu mũh sal 'bell-metal ingot workshop'

Sign 387, bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'riceplant', i.e. ingots worked on in a smithy/forge. This hypertext DOES NOT occur on copper plates. This indicates that Sign 387 signifies ingots processed in a smithy/forge, i.e. to forge ingots into metalware, tools, implements, weapons.

The orthographed Indus Script hypertext signifies mũhã̄ kolimi 'ingot smithy, forge'.

Sign 67 = Variants Signs 74, 79:Sign 74Sign 69

Sign 67 is a hypertext, ligaturing 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph. Sign 67 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metal mint'.

Sign 68 = Sign 67 PLUS circumscript of hieroglyph 'four' strokes: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' . Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'implements (from) alloy metalmint'.

Seal 2

m95Text 2657

Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. PLUS inlaid 'notch': खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool).Rebus: खांडा [ khāṇḍā] 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements.

med 'body' rebus; med 'iron' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace' thus, iron furnace.

The " hieroglyph is sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Seal 3

m119Text 2018

dāṭu = cross rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'

kuṭi 'curve' Rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

kuṭi 'warehouse'; kuṭhi 'smelter'

kamaḍha 'archer' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS The " hieroglyph is sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'

ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article.

maṇḍa 'framework' Rebus: maṇḍa 'warehouse'

kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhii 'smelter'

Seal 4

m99Text 2475

med 'body' rebus; med 'iron' PLUS

Sign 267 is read rebus as a Meluhha hypertext kancu mũhã̄ 'bell-metal ingot'.

dhayavaḍa 'flag' rebus dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

mēḍhā 'twist' rebus med 'iron'

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

https://canvas.brown.edu/courses/1076660/files/61694456/download?verifier=hhHVEppMNRw2QfbmKfT9ZZ4b2ZGVusZsA3SXtAV3&wrap=1

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Harappa Button seal, ca. 2800 BCE protome of one-horned young bull singi 'ornament gold' khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace'.

May 22, 2020, 5:51 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/ycat3at3

Button seal from the upper layers of Mound AB. Although this seal was found in mixed deposits dating to the Harappan and Late Harappan Periods, the carving suggests that it is actually an Early Harappan seal, dating to around 2800-2600 BCE.

https://www.harappa.com/indus2/130.html

I suggest that the artist engraver presents the protome profile a one-horned young bull facing right with emphases on 1. Forward thrusting horn, 2. rings on neck and 3. one ear. The intention is to signify the following Meluhha rebus renderings:

singhin‘forward thrusting, spiny horned’ rebus: singi ‘ornament gold’ PLUS khōṇḍa young bull-calf' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace, kiln' (Kashmiri) The expression the engraver seeks to convey is khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace'.

koṭiyum[koṭ, koṭī neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (Gujarati) rebus: koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel'

karā'ear' rebus khār'blacksmith'. Thus, the orthography of the protome of a young bull signifies a blacksmith working with ornament gold and (possessing) a dhow, seafaring vessel.

Meluhha lexemes:

khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस्त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭh^ü -ब॑ठू॒ । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkur^u -द्वकुरु॒ । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧjⁱ -ग॑जि॒ or -güj^ü -ग॑जू॒ । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höj^ü -हा॑जू॒), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūr^ü -कूरू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭ^u -क॑टु॒ । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭ^ü -क॑टू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më̆ʦ^ü 1 -म्य॑च़ू॒ । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see khāra 3), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuw^u -न्यचिवु॒ । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see khārun), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦ^añĕ -च़्ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 30). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. (Kashmiri)

kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñ^ü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used. (Kashmiri)

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karā 'ear' rebus khār 'blacksmith' khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace' on two-sided Harappa tablet

May 22, 2020, 10:06 pm

≫ Next: Orthography of 'unicorn' in Indus Script Corpora pasara 'cattle' rebus pasara 'shop', pajra 'soma', pasra 'smithy, forge'

≪ Previous: Harappa Button seal, ca. 2800 BCE protome of one-horned young bull singi 'ornament gold' khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace'.

https://tinyurl.com/ybtyxl7r

Two-sided Harappa tablet with young bull + standard device and two lines of text message in inscription.

h1100A

h1100B

Text message: Line 1:dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kunda bhaṭṭhā bhāṇḍā 'rimless pot' rebus: 'fine gold goods granary or treasury'

Line 2: kanac 'corner' rebus:kancu 'bronze' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus:sal 'workshop' aya 'fish' rebus:aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa, kambāra in smithy, mint. coiner, coinage'

kuṭi— in cmpd. 'curve', kuṭika— 'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin). dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Sign 342: káraṇa bāṭī 'rim of jar' rebus: कर्णक karṇaka 'helmsman', karana 'scribe' karani 'supercargo'

I suggest that the artist engraver presents the a one-horned young bull facing right with emphases on 1. Forward thrusting horn, and 3. one ear. The intention is to signify the following Meluhha rebus renderings:

Field symbol: standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable furnace' rebus: kammata 'mint, coiner, coinage'

khōṇḍa young bull-calf' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace, kiln' (Kashmiri) The expression the engraver seeks to convey is khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद'blacksmith furnace'.

koṭiyum [koṭ, koṭī neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (Gujarati) rebus: koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel'

karā 'ear' rebus khār 'blacksmith'. Thus, the orthography of the protome of a young bull signifies a blacksmith working with ornament gold and (possessing) a dhow, seafaring vessel.

Meluhha lexemes:

khār 1 खार्।लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस्त।चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭh^ü -ब॑ठू॒।लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय्।लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkur^u -द्वकुरु॒।लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧjⁱ -ग॑जि॒ or -güj^ü -ग॑जू॒।लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल्।लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höj^ü -हा॑जू॒), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūr^ü -कूरू॒।लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭ^u -क॑टु॒।लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭ^ü -क॑टू॒।लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më̆ʦ^ü 1 -म्य॑च़ू॒।लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see khāra 3), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuw^u -न्यचिवु॒।लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय्।लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see khārun), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦ^añĕ -च़्ञ।लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान्। लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 30). -waṭh -वठ्।आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. (Kashmiri)

kō̃da कोँद।कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल्।कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñ^ü --खस॑ञू॒।कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used. (Kashmiri)

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Orthography of 'unicorn' in Indus Script Corpora pasara 'cattle' rebus pasara 'shop', pajra 'soma', pasra 'smithy, forge'

May 23, 2020, 6:13 am

≫ Next: kaṭakam kaḍaio singī lohaḷa khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa koṭiya 'caravan, seafaring dhow of masons, engraver, ornament goldsmiths furnace mint' of Seal m296

≪ Previous: karā 'ear' rebus khār 'blacksmith' khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace' on two-sided Harappa tablet

https://tinyurl.com/yavxo5n3

-- पशु paśu'behold! how good!' Profile face of a bovid, cattle (bull, antelope etc.) is orthographed in Indus Script Corpora. The presence of bovid in significant numbers on Indus Script Corpora evoke this expression: पशु paśu 'behold! how good!' This is quintessential wealth-accounting, with the underlying form and function of Indus Script writing system.

-- Indus Scipt is the medium for documenting technical specifications of traded articles/goods from the smithy/forge of the lapidary-smith-turner-artisan guilds.

-- This monograph demonstrates that the 'unicorn' is NOT a mythical animal but an Indus Script hypertext composition with combinations of hieroglyphs of: 1.forward-thrusting, spiny-horned; 2. bovid (cattle, young bull) signified by the words, cipher text: 1. singhin; 2. pasara, khōṇḍa Rebus Meluhha plain text: singi kō̃da कोँद 'ornament gold, furnace'.

This is an addendum to:

karā 'ear' rebus khār 'blacksmith' khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace' on two-sided Harappa tablet https://tinyurl.com/ybtyxl7r

I suggest that the Veda word पशु 'bovid or bovine' is derived from Telugu word పసరము 'cattle'. A bovid is a पशु paśu 'cattle'; variant pronunciation పసరము or పసలము pasaramu. [Tel.] n. A beast, an animal. గోమహిషహాతి. Tamil பசு pacu 'cow' and Pali pasu 'cattle'.ପଶୁଚର— Paṡuchara ସଂ. ବି. (6ଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍; ପଶୁ+ଚର)— ପଶୁମାନଙ୍କର ଚରାଭୂଇଁ— Grazing ground for beasts. ପଶୁପାଳ— Paṡupālā (ପଶୁପାଳା—ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ) (ପଶୁପ, ପଶୁପାଳକ—ଅନ୍ୟରୂପ) ସଂ. ବି. ପୁଂ. (6ଷ୍ଠୀ ତତ୍; ପଶୁ+ ପାଳ)— ପଶୁମାନଙ୍କୁ ପାଳନ କରିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି; ପଶୁଜଗୁଆଳ— One who tends or rears cattle; herdsman.ପଶୁ ଫାଣ୍ଡି— Paṡu phāṇḍi ପ୍ରାଦେ. (ଗଞ୍ଜାମ) ବି— କାଞ୍ଜିହାଉସ୍— Cattle pound.(Oriya) The Bovidae comprise the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant vertebrates that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle. A member of this family is called a bovid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae

பசலை¹ pacalai , n. < பசு-மை. 1. Beauty-spots on the skin of a woman; அழகுதேமல். பசலை சேர்முலை மங்கையர் (கந்தபு. இராணியன்யுத். 56). 2. Gold colour; பொன்னிறம். பாழூர் நெருஞ்சிப் பசலை வான்பூ (புறநா. 155). பசல்¹ pacal , n. < பயல். [K. pasuḷe.] Boy; சிறுவன். (நன். 122, மயிலை.) (ஈடு, 9, 5, 6.)

Thus, I submit that 'unicorn' is a bovid with one horn. This hypertext of two hieroglyphs, young bull PLUS one horn is signified by the Meluhha expression: singhin khōṇḍa'forward-thrusting, spiny horned young bull-calf'. This is the cipher text. The plain text is: singi kō̃da कोँद 'ornament gold, furnace'; singi kõdār'ornament gold turner' (Bengali).

The underlying orthography signifies the face of a bovid: pasara'cattle bovid' rebus: pajra'soma', pasra'smithy, forge' Rebus: pasal, 'shop', pasara, 'shop, traded goods'; tray of goods for sale; the goods for sale are from pasra 'smithy forge'. The goods include pajra 'soma'

B. Or. pasarā ʻ tray of goods for sale ʼ; prasara m. ʻ advance, extension ʼ Kālid. [√sr̥] Pk. pasara -- m. ʻ extension ʼ; Ku. pasar ʻ extension of family, lineage, family, household ʼ; N. pasal ʻ booth, shop ʼ; M. pasar m. ʻ extension ʼ; -- N. pasar ʻ the two hands placed together to receive something, one hand so held out ʼ, H. pasar m. ʻ hollowed palm of hand ʼ: rather < prasr̥ta -- .(CDIAL 8874)

Hieroglyph: पशु paśu పసరము or పసలము pasaramu 'cattle' Rebus: pajra 'soma', pasra 'smithy, forge'.

पशुका f.any small animal (रामायण)

I suggest that all cattle shown as hieroglyphs on Indus Script Corpora signify पशु paśu 'cattle' rebus: pasra 'smithy, forge'.

பசு pacu , n. < pašu. 1. Cow; ஆ. 2. Bull; இடபம். பசுவேறித் திரிவானோர் பவன் (தேவா. 760, 4). (சூடா.) 3. Taurus in the Zodiac; இடப ராசி. (திவா.) 4. Beast, brute; விலங்கு. பசுக் களைப் போலச்செல்லும் நடையால் (பதினொ. பட் டினத். திருவேகம். 32). 5. Individual soul, spirit, as bound by pācam; சீவான்மா. பதிபசுபாச மெனப் பகர்மூன்றில் (திருமந். 115). (பிங்.) 6. A gentle, harmless person; சாது. 7. Sacrificial animal; யாகத்துக்குரிய பிராணி. 8. Collection of six seeds at a time in a hole in the game of pallāṅkuḻi; பல்லாங்குழி யாட்டத்தில் குழியில் விழுந்து ஒருங்குசேரும் ஆறு விதை. பசுக்காவலர் pacu-k-kāvalar , n. < பசு +. 1. The cowherds; இடையர். 2. A sect of Vaišyas. See கோவைசியர் (அக. நி.) பசுகை pacukai , n. < pašu-kā. Little animal; சிறிய மிருகம். (யாழ். அக.)பசுநிலை pacu-nilai , n. < id. +. Cow-stall; ஆத்தொழு. (பிங்.) நீர்க்கரை பசுநிலை மடங்கா (குற்றா. தல. சிவபூசை. 16).பசும்பொன் pacu-m-poṉ , n. < பசு-மை +. 1. Fine gold; மாற்றுயர்ந்த பொன். பாணன் சூடிய பசும்பொற் றாமரை (புறநா. 141). 2. A kind of gold. See கிளிச்சிறை. பசும்பொன் புனைந்தபாவை (மதுரைக். 410).

On Fig. 3, the tiger protome is shown WITHOUT horns. Thus, four clearly identifiable cattle are: bull (zebu?) with two horns, bull with one horn, short-horned bull with two horns, tiger without horns. The other two of the six protomes can only be guessed but are likely to be bovid -- because of the long ringed necks -- such as antelope or goat. I submit that the set of six protomes signify पशु paśu 'cattle' (five bovid species) PLUS tiger.

Six protomes on Seal m417; at least three faces are of पशु paśu 'cattle'. In Indus Script Corpora, the orthography of the face of a zebu, one-horned young bull, antelope or buffalo generally signify the protome of a bovid, cattle. Distinguishing features to differentiate the animals are achieved through ligatures of one forward-thrusting, spiny horn, or two high-horns, or two horns curving backwards or forwards (generally for antelopes). In all such instances, the face or the protome signifies पशु paśu 'behold! how good!''A bovid, cattle'.On Seal m417 the six protomes are joined together with a curved ladder to signify hieroglyph: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin, seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace)'. One forward-thrusting, spiny horned 'cattle' is signified by the Santali word: singhin.

Rebus: singi, singī, śṛngī 'ornament gold'

Hieroglyph: horn: Singa¹ (nt.) [Vedic śṛnga, cp. Gr. ka/rnon, kraggw/n; Lat. cornu=E. horn] a horn J i.57, 149, 194; iv.173 (of a cow); Vism 106; VvhA 476. -- dhanu horn -- bow DhA i.216. -- dhamaka blowing a horn Miln 31.

Singa² the young of an animal, calf J v.92; cp. Deśīnāma- mālā viii.31.

Singika (adj.) [fr. singa¹] having horns J vi.354 (āvelita -- ˚ having twisted horns).

Singin (adj.) [Vedic śṛngin] having a horn Vin ii.300; J iv.173 (=cow); clever, sharp -- witted, false Th 1, 959; A ii.26; It 112; cp. J.P.T.S. 1885, 53.

Singila a kind of horned bird J iii.73; DhA iii.22 (v. l. singala).

Rebus: ornament gold

Singī & singi (f.) [cp. Sk. śṛngī] 1. gold Vin i.38; S ii.234; J i.84. -- nada gold Vv 64²⁸; VvA 284. -- loṇa ( -- kappa) license as to ginger & salt Vin ii.300, 306. -- vaṇṇa gold-coloured D ii.133. -- suvaṇṇa gold VvA 167.சிங்கச்சுவணம் ciṅka-c-cuvaṇam , n. prob. siṃhala + svarṇa. A kind of superior gold; ஒருவகை உயர்தரப் பொன். தீதுதீர் சிறப்பிற் சிங்கச் சுவணமென் றோசைபோகிய வொண்பொன் (பெருங். வத்தவ. 11, 23).(Tamil)

Example Bovidae (clockwise from top left) – addax, domestic cattle, gazelle, impala, wildebeest, and mouflon.

पशु ind. see , behold! (Monier-Williams) पशु paśu ind. Behold ! How good ! (Apte)

Pasu [Vedic paśu, cp. Lat. pecu & pecunia, Gr. pe/kos fleece, Goth. vieh, E. fee] cattle M i.79; J v.105; Pv ii.13¹² (˚yoni); Miln 100; PvA 166 (˚bhāva); n. pl. pasavo S i.69; Sn 858; gen. pl. pasūnaŋ Sn 311; Pv ii.2⁵. -- dupasu bad cattle Th 1, 446.Pasuka=pasu Vin ii.154 (ajaka+).(Pali)

पशु पश्/उ or प्/अशु, m. (instr. पश्/उना or °श्व ; dat. प्/अश्वे or पश्/अवे ; gen. पश्व्/अस् or °शोस् ; du. पश्व्/आ ; acc. pl. पश्व्/अस् or °श्/ऊन्) cattle , kine (orig. " any tethered animal " ; singly or collect. " a herd ") , a domestic or sacrificial animal (as opp. to मृग , " wild animal " ; 5 kinds are enumerated , " men , kine , horses , goats and sheep " [ AV. xi , 2 , 9 &c ] , to which are sometimes added mules arid asses [ MBh. vi , 155 &c ] or camels and dogs [ AV. iii , 10 , 6 Comm.]) RV. &c; cattle (only as acc. before मन्यते [ VS. xxiii , 30] and मन्यमान [ RV. iii , 53 , 23] ; and pl. पशूनि R. Katha1s. ) ([cf. Zd. pasu ; Lit. pecu ; Old Pruss. pecku ; Goth. fai4hu ; Germ. fihu , vihe , Vieh ; Angl.Sax. feoh ; Eng. fee.])(Monier-Williams) पशुः paśuḥ [सर्वमविशेषेण पश्यति, दृश्-कु पशादेशः] 1 Cattle (both singly and collectively); प्रजापतिर्हि वैश्याय सृष्ट्वा परिददे पशून् Ms.9.327,331. -2 An animal in general; a being; सर्वथा यत् पशून् पाति तैश्च यद् रमते पुनः तेषामधिपतिर्यच्च तस्मात् पशुपतिः स्मृतः ॥ Mb.7.202.123. -3 A sacrificial animal, such as a goat; an oblation, a victim. -4 A brute, beast; often added to words meaning 'man' to show contempt; a fool; भूतानि चात्मन्यपृथग्दिदृक्षतां प्रायेण रोषोऽभिभवेद् यथा पशुम् Bhāg.4.6.46; पुरुषपशोश्च पशोश्च को विशेषः H.1; cf. नृपशु, नरपशु &c. -5 N. of a subordinate deity and one of Śiva's followers. -6 An uninitiated person. -7 The soul, the Supreme Spirit. -8 A sacrifice in which an animal is killed. -9 Fire. -Comp. -अवदानम् a sacrifice of animals. -एकत्वन्यायः the rule that the number is intended to be expressed and enjoined when the sense conveyed by the verb forms the principle matter of a sentence. Thus पशुमालभते means एकत्वपुंस्त्वविशिष्टं पशुमालभते. This न्याय is established by जैमिनि in MS.4.1.11-16 and 17 an explained by शबर in his भाष्य thereon discussing the text पशुमालभते. (This न्याय is to be contrasted with ग्रहैकत्वन्याय where the लिङ्ग and वचन are अविवक्षित q. v.). -कर्मन, क्रिया 1 the act of animal-sacrifice. -2 copulation. -Comp. -गायत्री a Mantra whispered into the ear of an animal which is about to be sacrificed; it is a parody of the celebrated Gāyatrī q. v.; पशुपाशाय विद्महे शिरश्छेदाय (विश्वकर्मणे) धीमहि । तन्नो जीवः प्रचोदयात्. -घातः slaughter of animals for sacrifice. -घ्न a. slaughtering cattle; वृथापशुध्नः प्राप्नोति प्रेत्य जन्मनि जन्मनि Ms.5.38. -चर्या copulation. -देवता the deity to whom an animal is offered. -धर्मः 1 the nature or characteristics of cattle. -2 treatment of cattle. -3 promiscuous cohabitation; अयं (नियोगः) द्विजैर्हि विद्वद्भिः पशुधर्मो विगर्हितः Ms.9.66. -4 the marrying of widows. -नाथः an epithet of Śiva. -पः a herdsman. -पतिः 1 an epithet of Śiva; Me.38,58; पशुपतिरपि तान्यहानि कृच्छ्रादगमयदद्रिसुतासमागमोत्कः Ku.6.95. कस्त्वं ? शूली,.........पशुपतिर्नैव दृश्ये विषाणे Subhāṣ. -2 a herdsman, owner of cattle. -3 N. of a philosopher who taught the philosophical doctrine called पाशुपत; see Sarva. S. ad loc. -पालः, -पालकः a herdsman. पालनम्, -रक्षणम् the tending or rearing of cattle -पाशः 1 the cord with which the sacrificial animal is bound. -2 an animal sacrifice. -3 the bonds which enchain the individual soul, the world of sense. -पाश- कम् kind of coitus or mode of sexual enjoyment; स्त्रियमानतपूर्वाङ्गीं स्वपादान्तःपदद्वयम् । ऊर्ध्वांशेन रमेत् कामी बन्धोऽयं पशुपाशकः ॥ Ratimañjarī. -प्रेरणम् the driving of cattle. -बन्धः an animal-sacrifice. -बन्धकः a rope for tethering cattle. -मतम् an erroneous or false doctrine. -मारम् ind. according to the manner of slaughtering animals; निष्पिष्यैनं बलाद्भूमौ पशुमारममारयत् Mb.1.154.30; Bhāg.4.13.41; इष्टिपशुमारं मारितः Ś.6. -यज्ञः, -यागः, -द्रव्यम् an animal-sacrifice. -रज्जुः f. a cord for tethering cattle. -राजः a lion. -लोहितपः a fly. -ष a. Ved. giving cattle. -समाम्नायः a collection of names for animals. -संभवः a. produced by animals (as flesh, honey, butter, etc.); Ms.8.328. -हव्यम् an animal sacrifice; Ms.4.28.पशव्य paśavya a. 1 Fit or suitable for cattle; रम्यं पशव्यमा- जीवं जाङ्गलं देशमावसेत् Y.1.321 -2 Relating to cattle, or to a herd or drove. -3 Possessed of cattle. -4 Brutish. -व्यम् 1 A herd of cattle. -2 A stall for cattle.पशुका paśukā Any small animal; पशुकाभिश्च सर्वाभिर्गवां दशशतेन च Rām.2.32.18.

पशुता paśutā 1 Brutality. -2 The sacrifice of an animal.(Apte)

paśú m., páśu -- n. ʻ domestic or sacrificial animal ʼ RV. m. ʻ goat ʼ lex.Pa. pasu -- , ˚uka -- m. ʻ cattle ʼ; Aś.shah. man. paśu -- , gir. kāl. dh. jau. pasu -- ʻ beast ʼ, NiDoc. paśu; Pk. pasu<-> m. ʻ animal, horned quadruped, goat, sheep ʼ, Ap. pasuva -- m.; Kt. paċə -- moč ʻ shepherd ʼ; S. paha f. ʻ goat ʼ; A. pâha ʻ animal of the deer class, any quadruped ʼ; H. pas f. ʻ buffalo -- heifer ʼ, pasū m. ʻ animal (such as goat or sheep) ʼ.Addenda: paśú -- : S.kcch. paũ f. ʻ she -- goat ʼ; WPah.poet. pɔśu m. ʻ cattle, head of cattle, animal ʼ (Him.I 117 ← H.).paśupāˊ m. ʻ herdsman ʼ RV., paśupa -- m. MBh. [paśú -- , pā -- 2]Ash. pēš(i)pāˊ, pišipāˊ ʻ shepherd ʼ, Wg. paš(i)pāˊ, Kt. pċā̊, Pr. wuzāˊ, ūza; Bashg. psawai ʻ herding ʼ.(CDIAL 7984, 7986)

gōrūpá ʻ cow -- shaped ʼ AV. [gṓ -- , rūpá -- ]Pa. gōrūpa -- ʻ bull, (coll.) cattle ʼ; Pk. gōrūva -- n. ʻ a good bull ʼ, gōrū˘ -- m. ʻ ox ʼ; Gy. pal. gṓrū, gōrwī ʻ cow ʼ, gṓrwă ʻ bull ʼ, eur. guruv m., guruvni, ˚umni f.; Sv. gorūˊ ʻ bull ʼ; K. ḍoḍ. gōrū ʻ cow ʼ; P. gorū m. ʻ cattle (excluding buffalos) ʼ; WPah. bhiḍ. görõ, pl. ˚ru n. ʻ cattle ʼ, cur. gōrū; Ku. gorū ʻ cow ʼ; N. goru ʻ bull, bullock ʼ; A. gɔ̈̄ru ʻ a bovine animal, stupid person ʼ (whence gɔrīyā ʻ lazy ʼ); B. goru, garu ʻ any animal of the bovine species, cattle, stupid person ʼ; Or. gorū ʻ cow, ox ʼ; Bi. gorū ʻ ox, horned cattle (excluding buffalos) ʼ; Bhoj. gōrū ʻ cattle ʼ; H. gorū, ˚ruā m.f. ʻ ox, cow ʼ; M. gurū̃, ˚rẽ n. ʻ cow, bullock, buffalo, black cattle ʼ; Si. geriyā ʻ bullock ʼ, mald. geri ʻ cow ʼ goṅ -- geri ʻ ox ʼ.Addenda: gōrūpá -- : WPah.kc. J. Garh. goru m. ʻ cattle ʼ.(CDIAL 4313) *gāvaka ʻ bovine ʼ. [*gāva -- ]

Kal. (Leitner) "gao", S. gāo (g!) ʻ pertaining to cows ʼ, L. gāvā adj., ˚vī f. ʻ herd of cows ʼ (Ju. g̠˚), awāṇ. ghio gāvā ʻ ghee from cow's milk ʼ, mult. gāvā māl ʻ property consisting of cows ʼ; A. gā -- khīr ʻ cow's milk ʼ; Or. gaüā ʻ derived from a cow ʼ, guā ghia ʻ ghee from cow's milk ʼ, H. gāwā (e.g. g˚ ghī). (CDIAL 4148)

Kalibangan 27 Field Symbol 2 Figure 9 (ASI 1977 Mahadevan Concordance)

Text of message 8022 on Field Symbol Figure 9

'Unicorn' with two horns! "Bull with two long horns (otherwise resembling the 'unicorn')", generally facing the standard. That it is the typical ‘one-horned bull’ is surmised from two ligatures: the pannier on the shoulder and the ring on the neck.

Examples of 'unicorn' with two horns:

m1077 (after CISI 2:107)
m1077

Text 2359 m1077

Unicorn of Indus Script with two horns !!!

https://www.academia.edu/39474606/Unicorn_of_Indus_Script_with_two_horns

Unicorn of Indus Script with two horns !!!

An answer to those who think that the face of the 'unicorn' is that of a horse or wild-ass. Here are examples from Indus Script Corpora which show a 'unicorn' (i.e.an animal with all features such as rings on neck, pannier, geniital organ or a bovine) BUT with two horns. I suggest that the 'unicorn' is simply a YOUNG BULL,call it primigenius namadicus. There are also copper tablets which show such a two-horned 'unicorn', i.e.primigenius namadicus YOUNG BULL in front of a feeding-trough. Why look for a horse or wild-ass to explain the hypertext of a young bull?

m232 (after CISI 1:57)

Text message m232 Text2234

2234 'Unicorn' with two horns! "Bull with two long horns (otherwise resembling the 'unicorn')", generally facing the standard. That it is the typical ‘one-horned bull’ is surmised from two ligatures: the pannier on the shoulder and the ring on the neck.

m1656 Mohenjo-daro pectoral with ‘one-horned young bull’

karā 'ear' rebus khār 'blacksmith' khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace' on two-sided Harappa tablet

https://tinyurl.com/ybtyxl7r

Two-sided Harappa tablet with young bull + standard device and two lines of text message in inscription. Two identical examples: h1100 and h697

h1100A

h1100B

Another tablet with inscription identical to that of h1100 is h697

h697A

Text 4314 h697A
‘Unicorn’ with two horns on tablet H-697B (after CISI2:316)

Text message: Line 1:dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kunda bhaṭṭhā bhāṇḍā 'rimless pot' rebus: 'fine gold goods granary or treasury'

kuṭi— in cmpd. 'curve', kuṭika— 'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin). dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Sign 342: káraṇa bāṭī 'rim of jar' rebus: कर्णक karṇaka 'helmsman', karana 'scribe' karani 'supercargo'

Field symbol: standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable furnace' rebus: kammata 'mint, coiner, coinage'

khōṇḍa young bull-calf' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace, kiln' (Kashmiri) The expression the engraver seeks to convey is khāra खार: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace'.

koṭiyum [koṭ, koṭī neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (Gujarati) rebus: koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel'

karā 'ear' rebus khār 'blacksmith'. Thus, the orthography of the protome of a young bull signifies a blacksmith working with ornament gold and (possessing) a dhow, seafaring vessel.

Meluhha lexemes:

Bharatkalyan97: Two-inch square seal is wealth-accounting ledger ...

One-horned unicorn statuette from Chanhu-daro, now in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (after Kenoyer 1998: 220 no 132). It is clear from this animal figurine in the round that one-horn is the ligature which signifies a 'unicorn' on Indus Script Corpora. This also conforms that 'one-horn' is a ligature which is signified by the expression: mer̥ha deren 'crumpled horn' used to signify meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' and medhā 'yajna,dhanam' realisedby the expertise of کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. (Pashto). A crumpled, twisted horn is mer̥ha deren rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) PLuS kunda 'turner, lapidary' who acquires for the guild, kunda 'treasure'.

Six protomes arranged in a whorl m417, signify metalwork specialists of śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master'

https://tinyurl.com/y3hhr73v

-- Six protomes arranged in a whorl m417 Mohenjo-daro seal are artisan specialists who worki in a guild with śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master' in smelting, alloying, casting, smithy/forge, turner/lapidary metalwork

I submit that six protomes on Mohenjo-daro seal m417 signify six metalwork specialists associated with a śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master', signified by Sign 17, hieroglyph of baṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.

Examples of 'unicorn' with two horns:

m1077 (after CISI 2:107)

m232 (after CISI 1:57)

‘Unicorn’ with two horns on tablet H-697B (after CISI2:316)

Six protomes arranged in a whorl m417, signify metalwork specialists of śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master'

Hypertext narrative of a seal with six protomes: Seal of a Metal guild-master. Hieroglyph: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin, seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace) are: blacksmith, turner, smelter, coppersmith, ironsmith (magnetite ore), Supercargo who is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.
https://tinyurl.com/y3hhr73v

-- Six protomes arranged in a whorl m417 Mohenjo-daro seal are artisan specialists who worki in a guild with śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master' in smelting, alloying, casting, smithy/forge, turner/lapidary metalwork

I submit that six protomes on Mohenjo-daro seal m417 signify six metalwork specialists associated with a śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master', signified by Sign 17, hieroglyph of baṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.

A protome (Greek προτομή) is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal. Six such protomes are put together in a whorl on m417 with the 'stairs' as a connecting hieroglyph in the centre, connecting the six protomes. Unfortunately, the seal is broken. Three protomes are clearly visible: 1. 'Unicorn' with one curved horn; 2. 'Unicorn' with two zebu-like horns; 3. short-horned bull. 4. tiger A fifth protome is also that of a 'unicorn' but the shape of horn(s) on this protome can only be guessed since this part of the seal is broken. Heads of the fifth and sixth protomes are also broken and can only be guessed.

One sign as a text message appears on this seal of six protomes.The sign (Sign 17) signifies a warrior with a staff on his left shoulder. The shoulders of the person are fused into a 'ficus glomerata'. One possible reading of this Sign 17 is: loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper,metal' PLUS कर्णक karṇaka m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic ... कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: कर्णक  karṇaka 'helmsman', karṇi 'supercargo' lohakāra,  lohakarṇaka
'metalsmith', metals helmsman or  loha karṇi 'metals supercargo '. lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, ˚rī -- f., ˚raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1]Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., ˚rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh˚ m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ.Addenda: lōhakāra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m. (CDIAL 11159) These Meluhha pronunciation variants and semantics signify that  lōhakāra is ʻcoppersmith, ironsmithʼ (Phonetic form attested in Pali).

This rebus reading indicates that the six protomes of the Mohenjo-daro seal whorl m417 relate to the work of a metalsmith. Based on this inference, the clearly identifiable protomes can be read rebus:

1. 'Unicorn' with one horn: kār-kunda 'adroit, clever, experienced, director,manager'. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager;  کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. (Pashto). A crumpled, twisted horn is mer̥ha deren rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) PLuS kunda 'turner, lapidary'. Thus, a metalwork manager is signified.

2. 'Unicorn' with two horns: khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundār 'lathe, lathe-worker' PLUS koḍ 'horns' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.  kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1]A. kundār, B. kũdār, ˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297) Thus, the workshop of a lapidary is signified.

3. Short-horned bull: barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin). Thus, an alloysmith is signified.

4. Tiger without horns: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' Thus, an iron smelter is signified.

5 and 6 protomes: Broken. One guess is that they may signify elephant and zebu. If so, the readings are: karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'; pola 'zebu' rebus: pola 'magnetite,ferrite ore'. Thus protomes 5 and 6 may signify iron smithy and magnetite metalwork. The basis for guessing the missing protomes as elephant and zebu is based on a composite animal of Mohenjo-daro seal m1175 which signifies the horns of a zebu and the trunk of an elephant ligatured to a human face:

m1175

Thus, all the six protomes on m417, together with only one sign, Sign 17 signifying a warrior, may convey the message of lōhakāra 'coppersmith, ironsmith' with distinct categories of artisans with distinct professional specialisations in working with: 1. lathe; 2. smithy/forge; 3. alloymmetal equipment workshop; 4. smelter or metalcasting workshop; 5. iron smithy; 6. magnetite metalwork.

Many variants of this 'warrior' hieroglyph have been identified in Indus Script Corpora. The rebus reading is: baṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. his single sign hieroglyph signifies that 'furnacework' is common to all the six artisan specialists signified by the six protomes.

Sign variants of Sign 17 of ASI 1977 Mahadevan Sign List

Source: Character mapping of Indus Font at http://mohenjodaroonline.net/index.php/indus-script

The ladder which unites the six protomes is: *śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ. [Cf. śrētr̥ -- ʻ one who has recourse to ʼ MBh. -- See śrití -- . -- √śri]Ash. ċeitr ʻ ladder ʼ (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720) *śrēṣṭrī2 ʻ line, ladder ʼ. [For mng. ʻ line ʼ conn. with √śriṣ2 cf. śrḗṇi -- ~ √śri. -- See śrití -- . -- √śriṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ̄ -- f. ʻ line, row ʼ (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. ʻ id. ʼ. -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -- , śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. ʻ a partic. progression of arithmetical figures ʼ); K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ʻ ladder ʼ.(CDIAL 12724) Rebus: śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild ʼ, °nī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a guild, banker ʼ, seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ; N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ; Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ; M.śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi° ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12726)

This denotes a mason (artisan) guild -- seni -- of 1. brass-workers; 2. blacksmiths; 3. iron-workers; 4. copper-workers; 5. native metal workers; 6. workers in alloys.

↧

kaṭakam kaḍaio singī lohaḷa khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa koṭiya 'caravan, seafaring dhow of masons, engraver, ornament goldsmiths furnace mint' of Seal m296

May 23, 2020, 5:35 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/yatdmjmd

This monograph presents the decipherment of an exquisite Seal m296 which conveys a comprehensive vākya,'sentence' describing and documenting the seafaring dhow of the caravan of artificers and seafaring merchants of Meluhha.

-- kaṭaka, lohaḻa'link of chain' rebus kaḍaio'mason'kaṭakam lohaḷa kammaṭa 'caravan of masons, gold-silversmiths mint' of Seal m296
-- Text message of inscription is in twoparts:1. kole.l ayaskāṇḍa 'equipment from smithy/forge'; 2. badiga 'artificer' arka sala kanac mũh 'goldsmith workshop bronze ingot'

-- karā'ear' rebus khār'blacksmith'

-- Rings on the neck of 'unicorn' protomes signify kodiyum
'rings on neck' (Gujarati); this is a semantic determinative of -- rebus: కోడియ kōḍiya Same as kode కోడె kōḍe kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ. Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముం బలుగుల రేడుతన్ని కొని పోవుతెరంగు"రామా. vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు. A lover విటుడు. కారుకోడె kārukōḍe karu-kode. [Tel.] n. A bull in its prime. (The prefix కారు is from Kashmiri khār'blacksmith'). koḍiya ‘rings on neck’, ‘young bull’ koḍ ‘horn’ rebus 1: koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel' khōṇḍī 'pannier sack' खोंडी [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा, to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) koḍ 'workshop' khōṇḍa,kōḍe ‘young bull’ rebus 2: konda ‘lapidary, engraver’; कोंद kōnda 'kiln,furnace' (Kashmiri) rebus 3: kundār ‘turner’ कोंड [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal.

The hieroglyph of link of chain is signified by two words:ଲୋହଳ— lohaḻa The principal link in a chain (Oriya) and कटक kaṭaka 'link of a chain'. The rebus Meluhha readings are: 1. kaḍiyo'mason' and कटकम् kaṭakam 'caravan'; 2. lohaḷa 'coppersmith, ironsmith'.

Thus, together, the sentence, vākya is: kaṭakam kaḍaio singī lohaḷa khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa koṭiya 'caravan, seafaring dhow of masons, engraver, ornament goldsmiths furnace mint'

Hieroglyph: kaḍī a chain; a hook; a link (Gujarati); kaḍum a bracelet, a ring (Gujarati) Ta. kaṭikai bolt, sliding catch. Ma. kaṭika peg tied to the well-rope to prevent its slipping from the bucket. Te. gaḍacīla wooden pin with which a bucket is fastened to the pole of a picottah.(DEDR 1130) Rebus: kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; kaḍiyaṇa, kaḍiyeṇa a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (Gujarati)

The two links of a chain shown on m296 seal as कटक kaṭaka 'link of a chain' rebus: कटकम् kaṭakam 'caravan, an army, a camp' (from a gold-silversmith mint) working with eraka, 'moltencast metals', ayas 'metal alloys', metal equipment [ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron,excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ)] in a kole.l 'smithy/forge'; 'temple'. कटकः कम् kaṭakḥ kam कटकः कम् 1 A bracelet of gold; कटकाकृतिमुपमृद्य स्वस्तिकः क्रियन्ते Mbh. on I.1.1. आबद्धहेमकटकां रहसि स्मरामि Ch. P.15; Śi.16.77; कटकान्यूर्मिकाश्चापि चित्ररत्न- चयाङ्किताः Śiva. B.17.44. -2 A zone or girdle. -3 A string. -4 The link of a chain. -12 A circle or wheel. -13 A ring placed as an ornament upon an elephant's tusk. Rebus: कटकः कम् kaṭakḥ kam An army, a camp; आकुल्यकारि कटकस्तुरगेण तूर्णम् Śi.5.59; Mu.5. -1 A royal capital or metropolis (राजधानी). -11 A house or dwelling-14 N. of the capital of Orissa. -Comp. -गृहः A lizard. कटकिन् kaṭakin कटकिन् m. A mountain. कटकः कम् kaṭakḥ kam -7 The side or ridge of a mountain; प्रफुल्लवृक्षैः कटकैरिव स्वैः Ku.7.52; R.16.31. -8 Table-land; स्फटिककटकभूमिर्नाटयत्येष शैलः Śi.4.65. (Apte) कटक mn. a royal camp Katha1s. Hit. &c; an army; mn. a multitude , troop , caravan Das3.; mn. collection , compilation Ka1d. 40 , 11; mn. N. of the capital of the Orissa (Cuttack)(Monier-Williams)

Hieroglyph: ଲୋହଳ— lohaḻa The principal link in a chain. (Oriya)

Rebus: lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, ˚rī -- f., ˚raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1]Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., ˚rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh˚ m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ.Addenda: lōhakāra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m.(CDIAL 11159) ଲୋହଳ— Lohaḻa ସଂ. ବି (ଲୋହ+ଲା ଧାତୁ=ପାଇବା+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅ)— 1। ଲୋହକାର; କମାର—1. Ironsmith. 2। ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳର ପ୍ରଧାନ ମୂଦିଆ—2. The principal link in a chain. ସଂ. ବିଣ— 1। ଖନା—1. Lisping. 2। ଅଷ୍ଫୁଟବାକ୍; ଅବ୍ଯକ୍ତଭାଷୀ; ଦରୋଟି କଥା କହୁଥିବା— 2. Speaking inarticulately. 3। ଲୌହନିର୍ମିତ— 3. Made of iron (M.W.) †*lōhahala -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , halá -- ]WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl ʻ an agricultural instrument ʼ; rather < †*lōhaphāla -- .(CDIAL 11163a)

-- కమటము kamaṭa 'portable furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint'.

sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals). 2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto.सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together.Rebus: sangaha 'collection' (of metalwork products). sangara 'trade'. Pali: Sanghara=saghara [sa4+ghara] one's own house J v.222. Sangharaṇa (nt.) [=saŋharaṇa] accumulation J iii.319 (dhana˚).Sangharati [=saŋharati] 1. to bring together, collect, accumulate J iii.261; iv.36 (dhanaŋ), 371; v.383.

<-> 2. to crush, to pound Ji.493.

Pali: Sanghāṭa [fr. saŋ+ghaṭeti, lit. "binding together"; on etym. see Kern, Toev. ii.68]

1. a raft J ii.20, 332 (nāvā˚); iii.362 (id.), 371. Miln 376. dāru˚ (=nāvā˚) J v.194, 195. -- 2. junction, union VvA 233. -- 3. collection, aggregate J iv.15 (upāhana˚); Th 1, 519 (papañca˚). Freq. as aṭṭhi˚ (cp. sankhalā etc.) a string of bones, i. e. a skeleton Th 1, 570; DhA iii.112; J v.256. -- 4. a weft, tangle, mass (almost="robe," i. e. sanghāṭī), in taṇhā˚ -- paṭimukka M i.271; vāda˚ -- paṭimukka M i.383 (Neumann "defeat"); diṭṭhi˚ -- paṭimukka Miln 390. <-> 5. a post, in piṭṭha˚ door --post, lintel Vin ii.120.

mēḍhā 'twisted', mer̥ha 'crumpled' horn of the young bull is rebus meḍ,med 'iron, copper'(Mu.Ho.Slavic languages);

mẽṛhẽt id. (Santali) mr̥du id. (Sanskrit)

medhā मेधा = धन (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क. ii , 10); मेध medha 'yajna, oblation, oblation, the juice of meat , broth , nourishing or strengthening drink RV. शतपथ-ब्राह्मण. कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र.) https://tinyurl.com/y2zjbmwy

Field Symbol 3 [ASI 1977 Concordance (Mahadevan)]Sign 391 The -āra- ān suffix signifies a performer, a person. Thus, kundār is a lathe turner, lapidary who works with the lathe, say, to pierce stone beads and create perforated beads. kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'; kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Field symbol: खोंड khōṇḍa singi, 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned young bull' rebus: konda singi 'furnace for ornament gold' PLUS kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold'PLUS kammata 'portable furnace' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage.

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel .(Pashto) Rebus: arka sal 'goldsmith's workshop'; arka 'copper, gold' arka 'sun's rays'.

The standard device depicted on m0296 is comparable to the

orthography on other seals, h098 and m1408. There are many variants used to
show this sangad.a ‘lathe, portable furnace’. h098 Text 4256 Pict-122

Standard device which is normally in front of a one-horned bull.

m1408At

शृङ्गिन् 'horned' (RV)(Monier-Williams)शृङ्गिन् śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् a. (-णी f.) [शृङ्गमस्त्यस्य इनि] 1 Horned.(Apte) Rebus: शृङ्गि gold used for ornaments (also -कनक) (Monier-Williams) शृङ्गिः śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः Gold for ornaments śṛṅgī शृङ्गी Gold used for ornaments (Apte)

Two शृङ्खला 'chain links' are also shown on an Indus Script seal (m296) together two 'unicorn' heads in profile.

These are: two ଲୋହଳ— Lohaḻa The principal link in a chain. (Oriya)

m296

The horns are spiny. Such spiny horns are signified by the Santali word singhin cognate with शृङ्गिन् 'horned' (RV)(Monier-Williams)शृङ्गिन् śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् a. (-णी f.) [शृङ्गमस्त्यस्य इनि] 1 Horned.(Apte)

Rebus readings are: शृङ्गि gold used for ornaments (also -कनक) (Monier-Williams) शृङ्गिः śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः Gold for ornaments śṛṅgī शृङ्गी Gold used for ornaments (Apte) Singī & singi (f.) [cp. Sk. śṛngī] 1. gold Vin i.38; S ii.234; J i.84.

-- nada gold Vv 64²⁸; VvA 284.-- vaṇṇa gold-coloured D ii.133. -- suvaṇṇa gold VvA 167.(Pali)

Two heads of 'horned young bulls': dol 'likeness, picture, form' (Santali) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast iron' (Santali) dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali) dul meṛeḍ cast iron (Mundari. Santali) PLUS kunda singi 'horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold, ornament gold'. kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñ^ü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used.

Hieroglyphs: śr̥ṅkhala m.n. ʻ chain ʼ rebus शृङ्गिः śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः Gold for ornaments śṛṅgī शृङ्गी Gold used for ornaments PLUS kaṛā 'ring' (Punjabi) rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः 'blacksmith, ironsmith' (Kashmiri) Pair: dul khār 'metalcaster smith'.PLUS Hieroglyph of portable furnace with round pebbles: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. Thus, the hypertext reads: dul gōṭī śṛṅgi khār 'silver, ornament gold metalcaster smith'.

Hieroglyph:Nine, ficus leaves: 1.loa 'ficus glomerata' (Santali) no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.) rebus: lo 'iron' (Assamese) loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lohakāra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali);lohāra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); loha = metal, esp. copper orbronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali) ଲୋହକାର; କମାର—1. Ironsmith.

kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭamcoinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)

Hieroglyph: Semantic determinative of portable furnace:

కమటము kamaṭamu kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్"హంస. ii. కమసాలవాడు (p. 246) kamasālavāḍu Same as కంసాలి. కమసాలవాడు kamasālavāḍu kaṃsāli or కంసాలవాడు kamsāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith or silversmith. కమ్మటము kammaṭamu Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236)

Text of the Indus Script inscription m296

1387

kana, kanac =corner (Santali); Rebus: kañcu, 'bell-metal' (Telugu) कंस mn. ( √कम् Un2. iii , 62), a vessel made of metal , drinking vessel , cup , goblet AV. x , 10 , 5 AitBr. S3Br. &c; a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal (Monier-Williams) The rhombus symbols is shaped like an ingot: mũh 'rhombus shape' rebus: mũh ingot'. Thus, bell-metal ingot.

Ligatured glyph. : څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's wheel' (Pashto) rebus arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion' arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka =?nave; erakōlu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Kannada)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel, nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ar ā, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Kannada) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tulu) Rebus: eraka 'metal infusion'; 'copper' (Ka.) eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a = syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spoke of wheel ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spoke of a wheel See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்த வயில்வாய்நேமியொடு

(சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம்brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.)

Sign 123: kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘iron smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) Alternative Sign 123 hieroglyph: badhi 'to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature' (Santali) rebus: badiga 'artificer' (Kannada)

Thus, Part 1 of the hypertext sequence connotes arkasala 'copper,goldsmith workshop' eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion' and kanac mũh 'a copper, bronze, brass smelter, ingot furnace'.

Ayo ‘fish’; kaṇḍa‘arrow’; rebus: ayaskāṇḍa. ayas 'alloy metal' The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron,excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta. ayirai, acarai, acalai loach, sandy colour, Cobitis thermalis; ayilai a kind of fish. Ma. ayala a fish, mackerel, scomber; aila, ayila a fish; ayira a kind of small fish, loach. ayir = iron dust, any ore (Ma.) aduru = gan.iyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddha_nti Subrahman.ya’ S’astri’s new interpretationof the Amarakos’a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p. 330) DEDR 192 Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir,

ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru nativemetal. Tu. ajirdakarba very hard iron अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c ; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold Naigh.; steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])(Monier-Williams) Thus, in R̥gveda, the falsifiable hypothesis is that ayas signified 'alloy metal' in the early Tin-Bronze Revolution.

kole.l 'temple, smithy' (Kota); kolme ‘smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan- blacksmith (Ta.); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace (Ka.) kol = pan~calo_ha (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhātu; Nānārtharatnākara. 82; Mangarāja’s Nighaṇṭu. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Telugu)Thus, Part 2 of hypertext reads: ayaskāṇḍa kole.l 'smithy/forge excellent quantity of iron'

Both Part 1 an Part 2 of hypertext together:

kamsa āra kuṭhi 'bronze (bell-meta), brass smelter'; ayaskāṇḍa kole.l 'smithy/forge excellent quantity of iron (alloy metal)'.

Thus, the pictorial motif and the text message on m296 Indus Script inscription signify a caravan of gold-silversmiths.

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Saluki dogs with falcon, Tepe Gawra cylinder seal, ca.4000 BCE koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ rebus: koṭiya ʻseafaring dhow' kol, kul 'tiger,jackal' rebus kol 'ironsmith'

May 23, 2020, 8:18 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/y8eohrw6

In addition to the pair of canines, two Indus Script hieroglyphs are depicted on the Tepe Gawra seal: 1. falcon; 2. tiger/jackal 3. Tiger looking back.

Hieroglyph 1: Falcon hieroglyph:

pajhar 'eagle'; rebus: pasra 'smithy'; pajra 'soma' pasara 'shop, goods from smithy/forge''

Hieroglyph 2: Jackal/leopard/tiger hieroglyph: kul 'tiger' kolupulu 'tiger' (Telugu) krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. Pāṇ. [√kruś]Pa. koṭṭhu -- , ˚uka -- and kotthu -- , ˚uka -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42; -- Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, ˚lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, ˚lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, ˚lā m.(CDIAL 3615) Rebus: kol 'working in iron' Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme firepit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith;(Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ.

kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.) kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge.(DEDR 2133) Alternative: Kol. keḍiak tiger. Nk. khaṛeyak panther. Go. (A.) khaṛyal tiger; (Haig) kariyāl panther (Voc. 999). Kui kṛāḍi, krānḍi tiger, leopard, hyena. Kuwi (F.) kṛani tiger; (S.) klā'ni tiger, leopard; (Su. P. Isr.) kṛaˀ ni (pl. -ŋa) tiger. / Cf. Pkt. (DNM) karaḍa- id.(DEDR 1132) Rebus: करडा karaḍā Hard from alloy—iron, silver &c.(Marathi)

(Santali)

I suggest that the saluki dogs are signified by the Meluhha word: कौलेय kauleya kaul-eya m. dog: -ka, m. id., esp. sporting dog; -kutumbinî, f. bitch.This word kauleya is used as a semantic determinative of kola 'tiger, jackal'.

Hieroglyph 3: Tiger looking back is a recurrent hypertext on Indus Script corpora. The rebus reading is: kammara 'turn back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith' PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'.Tiger looking back is a recurrent hypertext on Indus Script corpora. The rebus reading is: kammara 'turn back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith' PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'.

Bharatkalyan97: Itihāsa. Terracotta tablet of Nepal shows Arjuna ...

The canines are comparable to the jackals/tigers shown on Indus Script tablets. See the planoconvex molded tablet discovered by HARP team which shows a pair of jackals held back by the outstretched arms of a one-eyed person with six locks of hair.

See:

Indus Script hieroglyphs kola bhaṭa kaṇ-vaṭṭa 'woman, six locks,one-eyed' Meluhha rebus: kola bhaṭa kammaṭa 'working in iron, furnace, mint' https://tinyurl.com/yd96myhs

Bharatkalyan97: Indus Script inscriptions (43) deciphered, One eye ...

Bharatkalyan97: Mohenjodaro & Dr. W Mint brazier & smelter of ...

Planoconvex molded tablet from Harappa showing a deity battling two tigers. "The thick jungles of the Indus Valley were full of tigers and leopards, so it is not surprising that the image of a ferocious feline is a recurring motif in ritual narratives on seals as well as molded tablets... The figure strangling the two tigers may represent a female, as a pronounced breast can be seen in profile. Earlier discoveries of this motif on seals from Mohenjo-daro definitely show a male figure, and most scholars have assumed some connection with the carved seals from Mesopotamia that illustrate episodes from the famous Gilgamesh epic. The Mesopotamian epics show lions being strangled by a hero, whereas the Indus narratives render tigers being strangled by a figure, sometimes clearly males, sometimes ambiguous or possibly female. This motif of a hero or heroine grappling with two wild animals could have been created independently for similar events that may have occurred in Mesopotamia as well as the Indus valley." (Mark Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, p. 114)

Material: Terra Cotta
Dimensions: 3.91 Length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm Width
Harappa, Lot 4651-01
Harappa Museum, H95-2486

Meadow and Kenoyer 1997

https://www.harappa.com/blog/deity-strangling-tigers-tablet

Saluki with falcon, 4000 BCE from clay cylinder seal found in archaeological excavations in the 1930s, in Tepe Gawra, Iraq.

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/210965563780386051/

The Oldest Depictions of Canines and a Possible Early Breed of Dog ...

JOURNAL ARTICLE

The Oldest Depictions of Canines and a Possible Early Breed of Dog in Iran

Frank Hole and Cherra Wyllie

Paléorient

Vol. 33, No. 1, Time and Tradition: Problemes of Chronology in the 6th-4th millennia in the Levant and Greater Mesopotamia / Temps et tradition: Problemès de chronologie aux 6e-4e millénaires dans le Levant et en Mésopotamie septentrionale (2007), pp. 175-185

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41496803

Abstract

While dogs occur in Levantine Natufian sites as early as the 13th millennium BC, images of canines date only to the early 8th millennium. The oldest depictions of dogs and the first representations of a breed similar to that of the modern Persian Gazelle Hound or saluki are found in sites in Deh Luran and Khuzistan, Iran. This brief paper shows the oldest illustrations of canines and evidence for a saluki-like breed. We conclude with some possible social implications of dog depictions on the Susa A pottery. Alors que dès le 13 e millénaire BC des chiens sont présents sur les sites natoufiens du Levant, ce n' est qu 'au début du 8 e millénaire qu'apparaissent des images de canidés. Les plus anciennes représentations de chiens et de celles d'une race semblable aux sloughis actuels proviennent des sites du Deh Luran et du Khuzistan en Iran. Ce court article reprend les premières images de canidés et montre clairement la présence d'une race sloughi. En conclusion sont présentées quelques implications sociales que purent avoir ces représentations sur de la poterie Suse A.

Giovanni Padrone

Finally I find a text with a printed photo of the well-known 'seal with a saluki', found at the archaeological site of Tepe Gawra in Iraq, between 1932 and 1938. The seal should be in the PennMuseum of Phyladelphia, but it is impossible to find it online (not even in the museum database).

However, I discover a couple of things: meanwhile the seal is not 8500 years old as other texts suggested, but 7,000 years or something less. The seal is contemporary with a saluki skull found always on the same site and on the same level (the 13th). Finally, the 'seal with a saluki' is in reality the 'seal with two salukis', as they are 2 (plus a third unknown sighthound).

Oh ... of course I will also write about this on ORIGINS https://www.facebook.com/groups/416065382227600

https://www.facebook.com/groups/416065382227600

↧

Hieroglyphs of Indus Script on painted burial pots and lid Cemetery H Harappa and 'In Memoriam' Meluhha elegy

May 24, 2020, 5:13 am

≫ Next: Two unique Indus Script hieroglyph triplet sequences signify 1.tin smithy and 2.tin metal bar documentations of 87 inscriptions

≪ Previous: Saluki dogs with falcon, Tepe Gawra cylinder seal, ca.4000 BCE koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ rebus: koṭiya ʻseafaring dhow' kol, kul 'tiger,jackal' rebus kol 'ironsmith'

https://tinyurl.com/ycbclull

I submit that the Indus Script inscriptions on burial pottery of Cemetery H at Harappa are “In Memoriam” presented as an orthographic, Meluhha elegy, or a poem in memory and praise of one who has died, documenting the deceased person's metalwork competence and contributions the person made to the wealth of the guild and the nation..

A sherd of pottery with humped bull and birds, Indus Valley, Harappa, c2600 BC.

The composite animal of storage pot has the hieroglyphs: zebu, horns of markhor, black drongo, star, peacock.

The readings are:

पोळ pōḷa 'zebu' rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'

miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram (G.)(CDIAL 10120) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'

pōlaḍu, 'black drongo' rebus: pōlaḍ 'steel'

मेढ 'Polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda); medhā, 'yajña, dhanam'

May he go to heaven !!!: Parji. marp- (mart-)= to lighten; Kurux. merxā_ = sky, heaven; Malto. mergu = sky, heaven; see Te.merūmu = flash of lightning.

maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal'

Hieroglyph, signifier: mora, 'peacock' Rebus signified metalwork: morakkhaka loha, 'a kind of copper'; moraka 'a kind of steel'. mora peacock; morā ‘peafowl’ (Hindi); rebus: morakkhaka loha, a kind of copper, grouped with pisācaloha (Pali). [Perhaps an intimation of the color of the metal produced which shines like a peacock blue feather.] moraka "a kind of steel" (Samskritam)Thus, Rupaka or metaphor is: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal'.

Peacock as a Meluhha hieroglyph

The Munda word for peacock marak/mara "cryer, peacock", later Sanskrit māra (and Pali etc) 'death, God Death', the Munda peacock symbol = death, and the Cemetery H peacock pictures on urns with cremated bodies. Peacock and heaven (marak = peacock; merxā_ = sky, heaven ?may the soul go to heaven)

Parji. marp- (mart-)= to lighten; Kurux. merxā_ = sky, heaven; Malto. mergu = sky, heaven; see Te.merūmu = flash of lightning.

Late Harappan Period dish or lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar. It shows a Blackbuck antelope with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs, possibly representing stars. It is associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period, dating after 1900 BCE.

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/346706871314186507/

The composite animal and the narrative on the lid of storage pot has the hieroglyphs: zebu, horns of markhor, tail of antelope, flowing water, star.

The readings are: पोळ pōḷa 'zebu' rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'

miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram (G.)(CDIAL 10120) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'

xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter'

kāṇḍa 'water' rebus: khāṇḍā 'metal equipment'

मेढ 'Polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda); medhā, 'yajña, dhanam'

Late Harappan Period large burial urn with ledged rim for holding a bowl-shaped lid. The painted panel around the shoulder of the vessel depicts flying peacocks with sun or star motifs and wavy lines that may represent water. Cemetery H period, after 1900 BCE. These new pottery styles seem to have been introduced at the very end of the Harappan Period. The transitional phase (Period 4) at Harappa has begun to yield richly diverse material remains suggesting a period of considerable dynamism as socio-cultural traditions became realigned. https://www.harappa.com/indus2/164.html
May he go to heaven !!!: Parji. marp- (mart-)= to lighten; Kurux. merxā_ = sky, heaven; Malto. mergu = sky, heaven; see Te.merūmu = flash of lightning.

maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal'

Cemetery H pottery

A painted burial jar on display at the Harappan Civilisation Gallery at the National Museum, Delhi. (Arun Sharma/HT PHOTO)

Painted burial pot Cemetery H Harappa.https://www.harappa.com/blog/national-museum-delhi

May he go to heaven !!!: Parji. marp- (mart-)= to lighten; Kurux. merxā_ = sky, heaven; Malto. mergu = sky, heaven; see Te.merūmu = flash of lightning.

maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal'

मेढ 'Polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda); medhā, 'yajña, dhanam'

kāṇḍa 'water' rebus: khāṇḍā 'metal equipment'

पोळ pōḷa 'zebu' rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Person with dishevelled hair: rabca 'dishevelled' Rebus: రాచ rāca (adj.) Pertaining to a stone (Telugu)

meRh 'tied rope' meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formeḍinto an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)

kohlũ, ˚lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ (Gujarati) kolhā, ˚lā (Marathi)(CDIAL 3615) The common spoken form of Meluhha word is kola Rebus: kol 'working in iron'.

Image result for bharatkalyan97 marakaka

*mayūrapakṣala -- .Addenda: mayūˊra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) mōr ʻ peacock ʼ.(CDIAL 9865) Ta. maññai, mayil peacock. Ma. mayil. Ko. mi·l. To. mi·s̱. Ka. mayla, maylu. Koḍ. maylï. Tu. mairů. Pa. mañjil, mañil. Ga. (Oll.) mañgil; (S) mayŋīl, (P.) mayŋil. Go. (Tr. W. Ph. Mu. Ma. etc.) mal, (S. Koya Su.) mallu (Voc. 2749). Konḍa (BB) mīril, (K. Sova dial.) mrīlu. Pe. mal (pl. -ku). Manḍ. mel (pl. -ke). Kuimeḍu, melu. Kuwi (F.) mellū, (S.) mellu, (Isr.) melu. / Cf. Skt. mayūra- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 9865. (DEDR 4642)
I suggest that the early form of the word for peacock is: māˊrā (Savara); maraka 'peacock' with likely roots in Austro-Asiatic word forms. This may explain the signifier of peacock on Karen bronze drum as a catalogue item of metalwork. This may also explain the signifier of two bronze peacocks flanking a bronze pine cone, on a Vatican monument in the area around Hadrian's Mausoleum (117-138 C.E.) known today as Castel Sant'Angelo. It was a fountain in which pilgrims could wash themselves formed of the great bronze pine cone which now forms the focal point of the Cortile della Pigna in the Vatican Museums.

Black drongo bird

A Black drongo in Rajasthan state, northern India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_drongo

Meluhha words signifying the black drongo

పోలడు [ pōlaḍu ] , పోలిగాడు or దూడలపోలడు pōlaḍu. [Tel.] n. An eagle. పసులపోలిగాడు the bird called the Black Drongo. Dicrurus ater. (F.B.I.)(Telugu) పసులపోలిగాడు pasula-pōli-gāḍu. n. The Black Drongo or King crow, Dicrurusater. (F.B.I.) ఏట్రింత. Also, the Adjutant. తోకపసులపోలిగాడు the Raquet-tailed Drongo shrike. Jerdon. No. 55. 56. 59. కొండ పనులపోలిగాడు the White bellied Drongo, Dicrurus coerulescens. వెంటికపనుల పోలిగాడు the Hair-crested Drongo, Chibia hottentotta. టెంకిపనుల పోలిగాడు the larger Racket-tailed Drongo, Dissemurus paradiseus (F.B.I.) పసులవాడు pasula-vāḍu. n. A herdsman, గొల్లవాడు. "With short legs, they sit upright on thorny bushes, bare perches or electricity wires. They may also perch on grazing animals."(Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 155–157.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_drongo

పసి (p. 730) pasi pasi. [from Skt. పశువు.] n. Cattle. పశుసమూహము, గోగణము. The smell of cattle, పశ్వాదులమీదిగాలి, వాసన. పసిపట్టు pasi-paṭṭu. To scent or follow by the nose, as a dog does a fox. పసిగొను to trace out or smell out. వాసనపట్టు. మొసలి కుక్కను పసిపట్టి when the crocodile scented the dog. పసులు pasulu. n. plu. Cattle, గోవులు. పసిగాపు pasi-gāpu. n. A herdsman, గోపకుడు పసితిండి pasi-tinḍi. n. A tiger, పెద్దపులి.

"With short legs, they sit upright on thorny bushes, bare perches or electricity wires. They may also perch on grazing animals."(Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 155–157.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_drongo

Hieroglyph: eagle పోలడు [ pōlaḍu ] , పోలిగాడు or దూడలపోలడు pōlaḍu. [Tel.] n. An eagle. పసులపోలిగాడు the bird called the Black Drongo. Dicrurus ater. (F.B.I.)(Telugu)

Peacock

mayūˊra m. ʻ peacock ʼ VS., in cmpds. RV., mayūrīˊ -- f. ʻ peahen ʼ RV. 2. *mōra -- . 3. *majjūra -- (< *mayyūra<-> with early eastern change -- yy -- > -- jj -- ?). [mayūka -- , marūka -- 1 m. lex. -- J. Bloch BSL 76, 16 ← Drav. (cf. DED 3793); J. Przyluski BSL 79, 100 ← Austro -- as. (cf. also Savara māˊrā ʻ peacock ʼ Morgenstierne); H. W. Bailey BSOAS xx 59, IL 21, 18 connects with Khot. murāsa -- as orig. an Indo -- ir. colour word. -- EWA ii 587 with lit.]1. Pa. mayūra -- m. ʻ peacock ʼ, Pk. maūra -- , maūla -- m.; Sh. (Lor.) maiyūr m. ʻ cock munāl pheasant ʼ; A. mairā ʻ peacock ʼ, B. maür, maur, Or. maïra m., °rī f., Si.mayurā, miyurā.2. Pa. mōra -- m., mōrinī -- f., Aś.gir. mora -- , Pk. mōra<-> m., °rī -- f., K. mōr m., S. moru m., L. P. mōr m., Ku. Mth. Bhoj. mor, OAw. mora m., H. mor m., °rī, °rin f., OMarw. moraḍī f., G. M. mor m., Si. mōrā; <-> H. (dial.) mhor, murhā m., Ko. mhōru.3. Aś.shah. man. majura -- , kāl. majula -- , jau. majūla -- , N. majur, mujur, Or. (Bastar) mañjura, OAw. maṁjūra m., Si. modara, monara.

Image result for bird zebu fish bull indus seal

A zebu bull tied to a post; a bird above. Large painted storage jar discovered in burned rooms at Nausharo, ca. 2600 to 2500 BCE.

पोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus' pōlaḍu, 'black drongo' rebus: pōlaḍ 'steel'; पोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus' of Sarasvati Script corpora is rebus: pōlāda'steel', pwlad (Russian), fuladh (Persian) folādī (Pashto)

meRh 'tied rope' meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formeḍinto an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)

पोळ pōḷa 'zebu' rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'

pōlaḍu 'black drongo' Rebus: polad 'steel'.

kanku 'crane, egret, heron' rebus: kangar 'portable furnace'

↧

Two unique Indus Script hieroglyph triplet sequences signify 1.tin smithy and 2.tin metal bar documentations of 87 inscriptions

May 24, 2020, 11:34 pm

≫ Next: Indus Script inscriptions (73) including Lothal sealings detail arkasala 'goldsmith workshop' products

≪ Previous: Hieroglyphs of Indus Script on painted burial pots and lid Cemetery H Harappa and 'In Memoriam' Meluhha elegy

https://tinyurl.com/ydd8shqn

On Indus Script Corpora, two unique hieroglyph triplet sequences occur as signature tune category expressions,ranku kor̤u kárṇaka 'tin metal bar scribe' (documented), ranku kolimi kárṇaka 'tin smithy scribe' (ducumented). These expressions are prefixed by other metalwork attributes.

Paul Yule presents evidence of metal bars used as ingots.

http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/1/yule_man_envir_2001.pdf This complements his book: Paul Yule, 1989, The copper hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation, in: Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 36, 1989 (1992).

The list of OCP and Copper Hoard Sites in Upper Ganga Valle includes over 120 sites: Adinga, Aghiana, Ahar, Ahichchatra, Akrabas, Alipura, Ambkheri, Angaikhera, Anwarpur Baroli Asanwali, Atranjikhera, Badal Kaithwada, Badhaikalan, Bahadarabad, Baharia, Baherakhurd, Bahupura, Bakaraka Mound, Balua, Banti Khera, Bundki, Bazidpur, Bhatpura, Bhedki, Bholni, Bithur, Budha Khera Ahir, Chandan, Chandausi, Chhajpura, Chhapar Heri, Chilhera, Chunehti Shekh, Daudpur, Daulatpur, Deoti, Dhaka, Dungar, Fatehgarh, Fatehpur, Fatehpur Jat, Fatehpur Saharanpur, Gandhauli, Ghana Khandi, Gulariya, Hardi, Hastinapura, Hussinpur Bopada, Huzur Nagar, Indilapur, Jainer, Jainpur, Jahkera, Jaula, Jhal, Jhinjhana, Kabirpur, Kailaspur, Kamalapur, Kamalapur Hardoi, Kannauj, Kaul Heri, Kauriaganj, Kausambi, Khanjahanpur, Khatauli, Kheda Jat Kiratapur, Kolkikalan, Kridhni, Kudana, Kulheri, Ladava, Lakhmanti Kalan, Lal Qila, Madanpur, Mahmoodpur, Majhadpur, Mandla, Mandowala, Mathura, Matki Jhrauli Mohuiuddinpur, Mujahidpur, Mulaheri, Nakarahiya, Nala, Nasirpur Saharanpur, Niorai, Nirpalpur, Pajrana, Pariar, Piki, Pinjaura, Pipalsa Pur BalianRafiabbad, Rajdhana, Reri Malakpur, Sadabad, Saipai, Saket Colony, Salepur Bhokri, Sarkari Kumar, Sarkari Sheikh, Sarthauli, Saruppur Taga, Shahabad, Shamli-Shamla, Sheorajpur, Sherpur, Shikarpur, Shukartal,, Sikra Saharanpur, Singauli Taga, Sirsa There, Tahirpur, Tauli, Toda (pp.155 to 173).

Note on OCP theories

“B.B.Lal (1969:7) states, ‘Then there is the problem of Ochre Coloured Ware, is it late Harappan? Or, is it an altogether different industry dominating the Ganga Valley, there being, however, interactions between these wares and the Harappan? There is another and I dare say, a no less important aspect of the problem of the Ochre Colour Ware. At a number of placessuch asBahadrabad, Nasirpur, Jhinjhana, Hastinapur, Noh, Ahichchhatra, Atranjikhera, etc., these wares have been noticed to occur sporadically. Otherwiseclean plain, which imperceptivity merge into natural soil. Indications are that these deposits may be water-laid. Are we then faced here with a huge deluge covering hundreds of miles of the Ganga-Yamuna basin? Chronologically, this deluge may have to be placed some time about the middle of the second millennium B.C. Again, though there is a strong circumstantial evidence that this ware may have associated with the Copper-Hoards.”

may have associated with the Copper-Hoards.” The evidences indicate that the Upper Ganga plains were no doubt originally inhabited by the Late Harappansand Ochre Coloured Pottery using people immediately before the beginning of the 1st millennium B.C. The excavations at Saipai (Lal and Wahal,1971) and at many other sites by other scholars demonstrate that this culture was associated with Copper-Hoards. About the cultural association of the Hoards with O.C.P., however, three major theories are common among the scholars, which are: (i) They represent the traces of Vedic Aryans (ii) Theywere Harappan refugees on the move to the Upper Ganga Valley (iii) They are the original inhabitants of the Upper Ganga Valley.”(opcit.,pp 67-67)

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36863/5/chapter%204.pdf”

This monograph presents examples of such documented inscriptions in two sections.

Section 1. Examples of inscriptions with

ranku kolimi kárṇaka 'tin smithy scribe' PLUS

Section 2. Examples of inscriptions with

ranku kor̤u kárṇaka 'tin metal bar scribe' PLUS

kor̤u 'sprout' rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal'; ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'; कर्णक kárṇaka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: कर्णक kárṇaka 'helmsman, scribe'. Thus, the plain text expression is: ranku kor̤u kárṇaka 'tin metal bar scribe' (documented)

kolom 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge';ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'. कर्णक kárṇaka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: कर्णक kárṇaka 'helmsman, scribe'. Thus, the plain text expression is: ranku kolimi kárṇah75ka 'tin smithy scribe' (ducumented).

The two categories of hieroglyph triplet sequences are terminated by 'currycomb' hieroglyph as documented of a daybook of the guild activity of producing wealth/trade products.

Sign 176

khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

h75 Text 4161 (4690 not illustrated)

h816A,B Text 4602 On this tablet, the additional attributes are: 'rimless pot' bhati 'rimless pot' rebus: bhati 'furnace' PLUS kolmo 'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge'

m472 Text 1615 On this tablet,the additional attributes are:

Sign 389 mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'bun-ingot shape (oval) + kor̤u 'sprout' rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal',Thus, the expression hypertext is mũhã̄ kor̤u: bars of metal (ingots) produced from a smelter.

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'; aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'excellent, blazing, bright metal';

h754 Text 4716 The rebus reading is identical to m472.

h753 Text 5231 The rebus reading is identical to m472.

h755 Text 5287

h204 Text 5211 The rebus reading is identical to m472. (Texts 5232, 5259 not illustrated, identical)

h752 Text 5275

Section 1. Examples of inscriptions with ranku kolimi kárṇaka 'tin smithy scribe' PLUS

File:Indus seal found in Kish by Langdon 1931.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

Kish seal and seal impression with hieroglyph sequence

PLUS

(duplicated)

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'; sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'; dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; karã̄ n. pl. 'wristlets, bangles' rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'; मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag. (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali).PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting', thus, iron castings. Field symbol: singī khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa 'ornament gold, furnace, fine gold mint, seafaring dhow'

Seal of the type found at gonur and used in the Indus Valley The Gonur excavations provide one possible answer: that the items originated in the region around Gonur. For the artefacts to have spread to lands thousands of kilometres apart indicate the presence of an active trade network consisting of artisans, traders, merchants, an extensive road network and possibly even bazaars.

Gonur seal.

PLUS

(Variant

ligatured with Sign 169

) kamāṭhiyo 'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'coiner, mint'; aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'; aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'excellent, blazing, bright metal'; sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop';

Sign 272 cyphertext is a composite of Sign 267

and smoke, flame signifying a portable furnace. Lozenge, corner, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. Lozenge or oval shapes are mũhã̄ 'bun-ingot' shapes. kammaṭa 'portable furnace to melt metals', rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236). Thus, kancu mũh kammaṭa bronze, bell-metal ingot mint PLUS ligatured sign 169: kor̤u'sprout' rebus: kor̤u'bar of metal'. Thus, kancu mũh kor̤u kammaṭa 'bronze, bell-metal ingot, bar metal mint'. Field symbol: karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'.

Hulas tablet (seal impression) कर्णक kárṇaka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: कर्णक kárṇaka 'helmsman, scribe'; kolom 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge';ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'. Thus, the plain text expression is: ranku kolimi kárṇaka 'tin smithy scribe'.

Allahdino कर्णक kárṇaka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: कर्णक kárṇaka 'helmsman, scribe'; kolom 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge';ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'. Thus, the plain text expression is: ranku kolimi kárṇaka 'tin smithy scribe'. Field symbol: singī khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa 'ornament gold, furnace, fine gold mint, seafaring dhow'.

Section 2. Examples of inscriptions with ranku kor̤u kárṇaka'tin metal bar scribe' PLUS

In the following ten inscriptions on 2-sided Harappa tablets, the field symbol is crocodile + fish: aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'alloy metal' (RV) PLUS கரா karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.

h873Text5227 The rebus reading of the sequence of hieroglyphs preceding the triplet expression are:

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag. (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 72 is a hypertext to signify: aya ḍhālako 'alloy metal ingot'.

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'.

khāra, šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'squirrel' Rebus: plaintext: khār 'blacksmith'. śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master'. Thus, blacksmith guild master.

मेंढा mēṇḍhā 'A crook or curved end (of a stick)' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)

dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhātu'ore,mineral'. Thus, the triplet sequence of documented metalwork is preceded by a catalogue of metal products: bar of metal, iron, alloy metal ingots, tin ore, brass, from the guild (controlled by) blacksmith guild-master.

h278A

h278B

h279A

h279B

Text 5256 h279

h280A

h280B

h281A

h281B

h282A

h282B

h283A

h283B

h284A

h284B

h871A

h871B

h872B

h873A

h873B

Other examples of metalwork catalogues

Lothal 028 Text 7045 PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'

badhi 'to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature' (Santali) rebus: badhi 'artificer', baḍiga 'artificer' badhi 'worker in wood and iron' Rebus 2: vāḍhi 'merchant'

kárṇaka 'scribe' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

PLUS ranku kor̤u kárṇaka 'tin metal bar scribe' (documented)

Kalibangan seal.dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal' PLUS ranku kor̤u kárṇaka 'tin metal bar scribe' (documented). Field symbol: singī khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa 'ornament gold, furnace, fine gold mint, seafaring dhow'.

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.

Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'

Copper tablets 6 examples of A1a This inscription of 6 copper tablets is modified in A1b copper tablet by adding the triplet sequence

Copper tablet 1 example of A1b (which is m1452)

Text 2912 Line 1:

कर्णक kárṇaka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: कर्णक kárṇaka 'helmsman, scribe'; kor̤u 'sprout' rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal'; ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'. Thus, the plain text expression is: ranku kor̤u kárṇaka 'tin metal bar scribe'

Line 2:

This sequence of four hieroglyphs which occur on 7 copper tablets (A1a, A1b types) reads rebus a catalogue of metalwork repertoire documented by scribe: aya ḍhālako 'alloy metal ingot'; mũhã̄ kor̤u: bars of metal (ingots) produced from a smelter; bharata 'alloy of copper, zinc, tin'; kárṇaka 'scribe' (docmented)

Sign 72

Modifier on Sign 72: sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati). Sign 59

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 72 is a hypertext to signify: aya ḍhālako 'alloy metal ingot'.

Variants of Sign 48

Sign 48 is a 'backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharataḷ = moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into (Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit. ) baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

m1452A

m1452B

Desalpur tablet kancu mũhã̄ 'bell-metal ingot' sal 'workshop' kammaṭa 'mint' aya ḍhālako 'alloy metal ingot' ranku 'tin ore' kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) कर्णक kárṇaka 'helmsman, scribe' (documented)

Sign 267

and smoke, flame signifying a portable furnace. Lozenge, corner, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. Lozenge or oval shapes are mũhã̄ 'bun-ingot' shapes PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Sign 67

This is a hypertext, ligaturring 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph: khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner,coinage' PLUS Sign 59

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 67 signifies alloy metal mint.

Sign 72

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 72 is a hypertext to signify: aya ḍhālako 'alloy metal ingot'.

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'

कर्णक kárṇaka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: कर्णक kárṇaka 'helmsman, scribe' (documented).

m94 Text 2594 Field symbol: Field symbol: singī khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa 'ornament gold, furnace, fine gold mint, seafaring dhow'

Attribute 1 2594 kolmo 'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

Attribute 2 9822 (Not illustrated)

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag. (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS karã̄ n. pl. 'wristlets, bangles' rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS badhi 'to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature' (Santali) rebus: badhi 'artificer', baḍiga 'artificer' badhi 'worker in wood and iron' Rebus 2: vāḍhi 'merchant'
kárṇaka 'scribe' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

h816A,B Text 4602

h733 A,B Text 5222(5233 not illustrated)

h734 A,B Text 5286 (4646 not illustrated)

Attribute 3a, 3b 4602, 5222, 5223, 5286, 4646

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph

Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal' PLUS kolmo 'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS bhati 'rimless pot' rebus: bhati 'furnace'

Attribute 4 1433 Sign 267

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

m449 Text 4082 Field symbol: Field symbol: singī khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa 'ornament gold, furnace, fine gold mint, seafaring dhow'

Rimless pot PLUS notch PLUS flame bhati 'rimless pot' rebus: bhati 'furnace' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

कर्णक kárṇaka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: कर्णक kárṇaka 'helmsman, scribe' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

Sign 72

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 72 is a hypertext to signify: aya ḍhālako 'alloy metal ingot'.

m900 Text 2335 Field symbol: Field symbol: Field symbol: singī khōṇḍa (kōḍe) kammaṭa 'ornament gold, furnace, fine gold mint, seafaring dhow'

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel .(Pashto) Metath. cakra 'wheel' (Samskrtam) rebus: arka 'gold, copper' eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, together:

అగసాలి or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు.akka-cālaiyar * அக்கசாலையர் akka-cālaiyar , n. < id. +. Goldsmiths, jewellers; தட்டார். (பிங்.); அக்கசாலை akka-cālai , n. < arka +. 1. Metal works; பொன் முதலிய உலோக வேலை செய்யு மிடம். (சிலப். 16, 126, உரை.) 2. Mint; நாணயசாலை. (W.)
arka अर्क a. [अर्च्-घञ्-कुत्वम् Uṇ.3.4.]. Fit to be worshipped (अर्चनीय). -र्कः 1 A ray of light, a flash of lightning (Ved.). -2 The sun; आविष्कृतारुणपुरःसर एकतो$र्कः Ś.4.2. -3 Fire. य एवमेतदर्कस्यार्कत्वं वेद Bṛi. Up. 1.2.1. -4 A crystal; पुष्पार्ककेतकाभाश्च Rām.2.94.6. -5 Copper. (Apte)

The identification of 'sun's rays' hieroglyph on the Dholavira seal impression,leads to a re-evaluation of the hieroglyph used in a unique hypertext composition on a Mohenjo-daro seal impression. In an earlier note, this hieroglyph was wrongly identified comparing with ujjain symbol and six-spoked dotted circle on early punch-marked coins. The correct identification of this hieroglyph in the hypertext composition is 'sun's rays'.

mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'bun-ingot shape (oval) PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph ligature as infix: खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'. Thus, the hypertext signifies ingots and equipment.

ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crab Rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali).

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag. (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

Sign 72

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 72 is a hypertext to signify: aya ḍhālako 'alloy metal ingot'.

m12

m12 Text 3031

pota 'gold bead' PLUS dāra 'string' (strung through the perforated bead); thus, the expression is pōtadāra who is পোদ্দার pōddāra ପୋଦାର୍— Podār [synonym(s): পোদ্দার पोहार] ବୈଦେ. ବି. (ଫା. ଫୌତା=ଭୁକର, ଖଜଣା; ଫୋତାହାର=ୟେ ରାଜସ୍ବ ଟଙ୍କା ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରେ)— 1। ଟଙ୍କା କୃତ୍ରିମ କି ଭଲ ତାହା ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି— 1. A person who sets coins; poddar. 2। ତହବିଲ୍ଦାର୍ କର୍ମଚାରୀ—2. A cash keeper; cashier. 3। ବଣିଆ; ସ୍ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୌପ୍ଯ ବ୍ୟବସାଯୀ ବଣିକ— 3. Goldsmith; jeweller. 4। ମୁଦ୍ରା ବ୍ୟବସାଯୀ; ଅର୍ଥବଣିକ— 4. Money-changer; banker. ପୋଦ୍ଦାର୍— Poddār [synonym(s): পোদ্দার पोहार] ବୈଦେ. ବି. (ଫା. ଫୌତା=ଭୁକର, ଖଜଣା; ଫୋତାହାର=ୟେ ରାଜସ୍ବ ଟଙ୍କା ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରେ)— 1। ଟଙ୍କା କୃତ୍ରିମ କି ଭଲ ତାହା ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି— 1. A person who sets coins; poddar. 2। ତହବିଲ୍ଦାର୍ କର୍ମଚାରୀ—2. A cash keeper; cashier. 3। ବଣିଆ; ସ୍ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୌପ୍ଯ ବ୍ୟବସାଯୀ ବଣିକ— 3. Goldsmith; jeweller. 4। ମୁଦ୍ରା ବ୍ୟବସାଯୀ; ଅର୍ଥବଣିକ— 4. Money-changer; banker. ପୋଦାରୀ— Podārī [synonym(s): পোদ্দারী पोद्दारी] ବୈଦେ. ବି. (ଫା.)

— ପୋଦାରର କର୍ମ— The work or post of Poddār.

ପୋଦ୍ଦାରୀ— Poddārī [synonym(s): পোদ্দারী पोद्दारी] ବୈଦେ. ବି. (ଫା.)— ପୋଦାରର କର୍ମ— The work or post of Poddār.(Oriya) पोतदार pōtadāra m ( P) An officer under the native governments. His business was to assay all money paid into the treasury. He was also the village-silversmith. पोतदारी pōtadārī f ( P) The office or business of पोतदार: also his rights or fees.पोतनिशी pōtaniśī f ( P) The office or business of पोतनीस. पोतनीस pōtanīsa m ( P) The treasurer or cash-keeper.(Marathi)

kamaḍha 'bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus; kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS muh 'buningot shape' rebus: muh 'ingot' Thus, metal cast bell-metal ingot.

dhayavaḍa 'flag' rebus meḍ dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter

Sign 72Modifier on Sign 72: sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati). Sign 59 aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 72 is a hypertext to signify: aya ḍhālako 'alloy metal ingot'.

Lothal 198 Seal impressionsText 7215

Sign 286 variants څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel .(Pashto) Metath. cakra 'wheel' (Samskrtam) rebus: arka 'gold, copper' eraka 'metal infusion' circumscript of hieroglyph 'four' strokes: gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' Thus, four corners are kanac khaṇḍa 'bell-metal implements' PLUS arkasal 'copper, goldsmith workshop'

kaṇḍa arkasal (āra) eraka kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'fire-altar (for) brass, moltencast copper, gold, bell-metal ingot, implements (goldsmith) workshop.' PLUS dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting'.

m432A,B Field symbol: elephant? karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus:karba, ib 'iron'

m432 Text 1624 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' (Santali) PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus iron furnace ingot (for) smithy/forge'

m933 Text 2160 څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel .(Pashto) Metath. cakra 'wheel' (Samskrtam) rebus: arka 'gold, copper' eraka 'metal infusion' arkasal 'copper, goldsmith workshop' (dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; thus, goldsmith's metalcasting workshop'

Sign 343 = Sign 342+notch infix hieroglyph. Sign 343 = kárṇaka 'scribe' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

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Indus Script inscriptions (73) including Lothal sealings detail arkasala 'goldsmith workshop' products

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Decipherment of the following 7 Kalibangan inscriptions which included the hypertext Sign 121

arka 'twelve' has been presented in:

Seven identical seal impressions of Kalibangan, k69 to k75 relate to metalcasting mint work in arkaśālā 'goldsmith workshops' https://tinyurl.com/ycdw9jte

The rebus Meluhha reading of these seven inscriptions is: dulkhaḍmeḍ karaṇi ‘cast iron supercargo’;

arkasala ‘goldsmith workshop’;dul mẽṛhẽt kammaṭa‘cast iron mint’;singi ‘ornament gold’ konda ’furnace’.

Pair of 'twelve strokes': dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' PLUS eraka 'metal infusion'. This together with the next hieroglyph of 'splinter' reads:

arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'.

Hieroglyph: splinter: sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' śāˊlā f. ʻ shed, stable, house ʼ AV., śālám adv. ʻ at home ʼ ŚBr., śālikā -- f. ʻ house, shop ʼ lex.Pa. Pk. sālā -- f. ʻ shed, stable, large open -- sided hall, house ʼ, Pk. sāla -- n. ʻ house ʼ; Ash. sal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, Wg. šāl, Kt. šål, Dm. šâl; Paš.weg. sāl, ar. šol ʻ cattleshed on summer pasture ʼ; Kho. šal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, šeli ʻ goatpen ʼ; K. hal f. ʻ hall, house ʼ; L. sālh f. ʻ house with thatched roof ʼ; A. xāl, xāli ʻ house, workshop, factory ʼ; B. sāl ʻ shed, workshop ʼ; Or. sāḷa ʻ shed, stable ʼ; Bi. sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; H. sāl f. ʻ hall, house, school ʼ, sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; M. sāḷ f. ʻ workshop, school ʼ; Si. sal -- a, ha˚ ʻ hall, market -- hall ʼ.(CDIAL 12414)

A pair of 'twelve short linear strokes' PLUS 'splinter' hieroglyph signified arkasala'goldsmith workshop'. Another pair of signs which signifies is

: arkasala 'goldsmith workshop' as in the following hieoglyph sequences on Indus Script inscriptions.

Sign 121

by itself, reads rebus: arka'twelve' rebus: arka'copper, gold'; rebus 2: arka'sun's rays'.

h57

h57 Text4086 Decipherment: Field symbol: singhin'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa'mint, coiner'

Text message: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS kuṭhi ‘smelter’, thus, mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters PLUS equipment (from) arka 'copper, gold' smelter. Thus, the seal h57 inscription conveys the message that ingots and equipment are produced from

arka'copper, gold' smelter.

The hieroglyphs of 'split parentheses' and 'water carrier' occur on Gadd Seal 1 of Ur

Ur (Upenn; U.16747); dia. 2.6, ht. 0.9 cm.; Gadd, PBA 18 (1932), pp. 11-12, pl. II, no. 12; Porada 1971: pl.9, fig.5; Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). An unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal. The parenthesis is split oval or lozenge shape which is an Indus Script hypertext: mũh 'lozenge-shape' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali)

The reading of the Ur seal is: kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ meḍha

‘polar star’ rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ dula ‘pair’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS mũh 'lozenge-shape (split parentthesis)' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) Thus, the Ur seal signifies seafaring cargo of iron metalcasting ingots from smelter.

On Harappa Seal 57, the water-carrier Sign 12 is further embellished with an arrowhead to create a variant Sign 14

The arrow-head is signified rebus in Meluhha: kāˊṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: khaṇḍa'equipment'. Thus, Sign 14 reads: The plain text Meluhha reading of the Ur seal is: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS kuṭhi ‘smelter’, thus, equipment (from) smelter.

Text6225 Chanhudaro (Object not illustrated)

Text1079 (Object not illustrated) Text 1079 adds some attributes to the Text message on Harappa seal 57 h57

Decipherment of added attributes: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal';

: arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

Text 2186 (Object not illustrated) Text 2186 adds some attributes to the Text message on Harappa seal 57

Decipherment of added attributes:

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus:dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Lothal 115

Lothal 115 Text 7065

dhayavaḍa 'flag' (Old Gujarati) rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'

dul arkasala 'metalcasting goldsmith workshop'

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot, quantity of metal got out of a iron smelter furnace'

maṇḍa 'raised platform' rebus: māṇḍa 'warehouse' maṇḍa 'ornaments'

m1369

m1369 Text 1478 Field Symbol: 'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

Text message decipherment:

: arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

badhi 'to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature' (Santali) batā bamboo slips (Kur.); bate = thin slips of bamboo (Malt.)(DEDR 3917) Rebus: badhi 'worker in iron and wood' badiga 'artificer'.

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone Rebus: गोटी [gōṭī ] 'A lump of silver' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khaṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'

bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: baṭa'iron' (Gujarati) bhaṭa 'furnace'

gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' PLUS ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'

arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

m1053

m1053 Text 2163

Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'

Sign 254 Orthography of two notches PLUS three horizontal lines: Sign 254 Two notches PLUS three horizontal lines: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus dul khaṇḍa kolimi 'cast equipment smithy, forge'

arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

The most frequently used hypertext on Indus Script Corpora is Sign 342: káraṇa bāṭī = karaṇa + splinter hieroglyph = śalá m. ʻ staff ʼ TBr., ʻ dart, spear ʼ lex. [~ śará -- 1: cf. śilī -- ]S. sarī f. ʻ a stick forming part of a waterwheel ʼ; Or. saḷa ʻ pin, thorn ʼ; Bi. sar ʻ sticks used in setting up the warp ʼ, Mth. sarkā; H. sal m. ʻ stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty ʼ; G. saḷī f. ʻ small thin stick ʼ, saḷiyɔ m. ʻ bar, rod, pricker ʼ; -- Kho. šoḷ ʻ reed ʼ < *śōṭha2 -- rather than X noḷ < naḍá -- .(CDIAL 12343) Rebus: śāˊlā f. ʻ shed, stable, house ʼ AV., śālám adv. ʻ at home ʼ ŚBr., śālikā -- f. ʻ house, shop ʼ lex.(CDIAL 12414)

Pa. Pk. sālā -- f. ʻ shed, stable, large open -- sided hall, house ʼ, Pk. sāla -- n. ʻ house ʼ; Ash. sal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, Wg. šāl, Kt. šål, Dm. šâl; Paš.weg. sāl, ar. šol ʻ cattleshed on summer pasture ʼ; Kho. šal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, šeli ʻ goatpen ʼ; K. hal f. ʻ hall, house ʼ; L. sālh f. ʻ house with thatched roof ʼ; A. xāl, xāli ʻ house, workshop, factory ʼ; B. sāl ʻ shed, workshop ʼ; Or. sāḷa ʻ shed, stable ʼ; Bi. sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; H. sāl f. ʻ hall, house, school ʼ, sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; M. sāḷ f. ʻ workshop, school ʼ; Si. sal -- a, ha˚ ʻ hall, market -- hall ʼ.

m1650 Ivory Stick

m1650 Text 3505

Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'

arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati)

Kalibangan30 Field symbols: ox + feeding trough: barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, zinc, tin' pattar 'feeding trough' rebus; pattar 'goldsmith guild'

Kalibangan30 Text 8002 Text message:

The parenthesis is split oval or lozenge shape which is an Indus Script hypertext: mũh 'lozenge-shape' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) PLUS arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'.Thus, copper, gold ingots.

h661

h661 Text 4279

Sign 169 is kor̤u 'sprout' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal'

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Together with the infixed Sign 169, the rebus reading is: mũhã̄ kor̤u 'bar of metal ingot'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

m43 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

m43 Text 2584

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khaṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khaṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Lothal 193A1 Seal impressions

Lothal 193A2 Seal impressions.Field symbols:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

Lothal 193 Text 7253

Line 1: sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Variant of Sign 286

The reaiding of hypertext of Sign 286 is:

kaṇḍa arkasala (āra eraka) kancu mũh khaṇḍa 'fire-altar (for) brass, moltencast copper, bell-metal ingot, implements.'

Line 2: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild'

kamaḍha 'archer' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

Line 3: Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot, quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' (Santali)

Ta. meṭṭu mound, heap of earth; mēṭu 'height' Rebus: meḍh 'helper of merchant' (Gujarati) meḍ iron (Ho.Mu.)

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khaṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'

खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khaṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Hieroglyph: stature of person: kāḍ 'stature', kāṭi 'body stature' rebus: khad 'iron stone' PLUS med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' PLUS karNaka 'spread legs' rebus:karNaka 'helmsman'

Lothal 190A Lothal 190 has text identical to the Text on Lothal 193

Lothal 190A Text 7236 identical to Text 7253 (Line 2)

Line 2: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild' PLUS kuṭilika 'bent, curved' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Lothal 191A

Lothal 191A Text 7249 Line 1 of Text message is similar to Line 1 of Lothal 193 seal impression.

Line 2: kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' PLUS Fish + lid: aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloyed metal' PLUS ḍhakk 'cover or lid of pot' rebus: dhakk 'blazing, bright metal'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Hieroglyph: stature of person: kāḍ 'stature', kāṭi 'body stature' rebus: khad 'iron stone' PLUS med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' PLUS karNaka 'spread legs' rebus:karNaka 'helmsman'

Lothal 195A

Lothal 195 Text 7258

śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild'

kuṭilika 'bent, curved' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

The word for a mould is: Alternative 1: Ta. karu mould, matrix; karukku engraving, carving, embossed work. Ma. karu figure, mould; karukku-paṇi embossed work; karaṭu the original of a copy. Ka. karu embossed work, bas-relief; karuv-iḍu to put bosses or raised figures, mould, model. Tu. karu, garu, karavi a mould. Te. karugu, karuvu id. Kuwi (S.) garra form, mint; ḍālugara womb (for ḍālu, see 1123).(DEDR1280)

Alternative 2: sã̄ca साँच । आकृतिनिष्पत्त्युपकरणम् m. a mould, matrix (Kashmiri).Ta. accu

mould, type. Ma. accu id. Ko. ac mould for casting iron. Ka. accu mould, impression, sign, type, stamp. Koḍ. acci cake of jaggery sugar with hollow in middle (formed in a mould). Tu. acci form, model. Te. accu stamp, impression, print, mould. / ? Cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 13096, Skt. sañcaka-, Panj. sañcā, saccā mould; Burrow 1967.41.sañcaka m.n. ʻ mould, figure ʼ Naiṣ. [Sanskritization of MIA. *saṁcaa -- < saṁcaya -- (moulds being made in mounds of earth LM 418) is unlikely in view of A. B. Or. < *sañca -- , P. < *saccaa -- , WPah. < *śacca -- ]P. sañcā, saccā m. ʻ mould ʼ, WPah.bhad. śeccu n., Ku. N. sã̄co, A. xã̄s, B. sã̄c, chã̄c, Or. chã̄ca, Bi. H. sã̄cā m. (→ P. sã̄cā m., S. sã̄co m., K. sã̄ca m.), G. sã̄cɔ m.; M. sã̄ċā m. ʻ mould, quantity cast in a mould ʼ. (CDIAL 13096)

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Lothal 212A

Lothal 212 Text 7261

bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: baṭa'iron' (Gujarati) bhaṭa 'furnace'

Parenthesis hieroglyph:: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS poLaDu 'black drong' rebus: poLaD 'steel'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

h131

h131 Text 4271 One of the longest inscriptions on tablet with at least 13 hieroglyphs

ċima 'ant' rebus: ċiməkára 'coppersmith'

गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone Rebus: गोटी [gōṭī ] 'A lump of silver' PLUS ligature of four directions: gaNDa 'four' rebus: kaNDA 'furnace' khaNDa 'equipment'

maṇḍa 'raised platform' rebus: māṇḍa 'warehouse' maṇḍa 'ornaments'

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot, quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' (Santali)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, alloy metal ingot.

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith, iron worker'

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Text 1003 Mohenjo-daro (Not illustrated)

ċima 'ant' rebus: ċiməkára 'coppersmith'

koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop'

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, alloy metal ingot.

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot, quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' (Santali)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kāˊṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'.

m1273

m1273 Text 2679

Variant of Sign 241 is Sign 238 with two dividers within the narrow space.

Sign238 Inscriptions which deploy this hieroglyph are four (including Text 2679 presented on m1273 tablet) The Sign 238 occurs together with 'fish' hieroglyphs, 'corner' hieroglyphs, 'sprout' hieroglyph, 'rice plant' hieroglyph which are all related to metalwork. the to dividing short hortizontal strokes are sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' The narrow space may signify a narrow space in front of a smithy/forge where work with an anvil are carried our to forge implements. Thus, Sign 238 may signify an araNasala 'smithy-anvil workshop':

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m117 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

m117 Text1105

: arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

Sign 169 is kor̤u 'sprout' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal'

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Together with the infixed Sign 169, the rebus reading is: mũhã̄ kor̤u 'bar of metal ingot'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot, quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' (Santali)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kāˊṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'.

h14 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

h14 Text 4106

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag' (Marathi) rebus: rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)

khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag' (Marathi) rebus: rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' ligatured to rimless pot: bhaṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'furnace', baṭa 'iron' Thus, smithy/forge iron furnace.

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

h270 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

h270 Text 4014

khaṇḍa 'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal castings'. Thus, metalcastings of metalware.

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' (Semantic determinative of the workshop area)

Sign 387 is a composite of Sign 162 (kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge') and Sign 373, oval/lozenge-shaped bun-ingot type signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, the reading is mũhã̄ kolimi 'bun ingot smithy, forge'.

ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag' (Marathi) rebus: rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

ḍhakk 'cover or lid of pot' rebus: dhakk 'blazing, bright metal'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m1265

m1265 Text 2227

Sign 169 is kor̤u 'sprout' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal'

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Together with the infixed Sign 169, the rebus reading is: mũhã̄ kor̤u 'bar of metal ingot'

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m638 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

m638 Text 1404

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'

khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m29 Seal impression Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

m29 Text2033

Ta. meṭṭu mound, heap of earth; mēṭu 'height' Rebus: meḍh 'helper of merchant' (Gujarati) meḍ iron (Ho.Mu.)

धाव dhāva 'ores' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus: धावड dhāvaḍa 'smelter'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Sign 169 is kor̤u 'sprout' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal'

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Together with the infixed Sign 169, the rebus reading is: mũhã̄ kor̤u 'bar of metal ingot'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'

khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Sign 233 This sign occurs in this context on 5327 text tablet with two sides.

h796A

h796B

h796 Text 5367 Line 1: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron'

Line 2: bead PLUS string: The cargo is from पोतदार pōtadāra 'assayer of metals'

pota 'gold bead' PLUS dāra 'string' (strung through the perforation) Rebus: पोतदार pōtadāra m ( P) An officer under the native governments. His business was to assay all money paid into the treasury. He was also the village-silversmith.पोतदारी pōtadārī f ( P) The office or business of पोतदार: also his rights or fees पोतनिशी pōtaniśī f ( P) The office or business of पोतनीस.पोतनीस pōtanīsa m ( P) The treasurer or cash-keeper.

I sugest that Sign 233 is an orthographic variant of a trefoil, tridhatu 'three mineral ores' which are assayed by potr, 'purifier priest'. Since Sign 238 is a stylized combination of three dotted circles, the reading is: धाव dhāva 'ores' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus, together धावड dhāvaḍa, an iron smelter who is a purifier of the ferrite mineral ores. Thus, the suggest rebus reading is: धाव dhāva 'ores' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus: धावड dhāvaḍa 'smelter'

m847 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

m847 Text 1156

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, alloy metal ingot.

aya 'fish' rebus; ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS notch' Hieroglyph खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m397

m397 Text 1415

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, alloy metal ingot.

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

मुष्टिका 'wrist, knuckles' rebus, rupaka: मुष्टिका 'goldsmith'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m1081a Seal impression Field symbols: ox + feeding trough: barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, zinc, tin' pattar 'feeding trough' rebus; pattar 'goldsmith guild'

m1081a Text 2129

bead PLUS string: The cargo is from पोतदार pōtadāra 'assayer of metals'

गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone Rebus: गोटी [gōṭī ] 'A lump of silver'. Thus, the hypertext reads: seṭh 'guild-master' dul 'metalcasting' gōṭī 'silver'.Thus, silver-metalcasting guild-master. PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, alloy metal ingot.

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

Text 2427 Mohenjo-daro (Object not illustrated)

kamaḍha 'bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop' (Semantic determinative)

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) ( P چرخ ). 2. A wheeled-carriage, a gun-carriage, a cart. Pl. څرخونه ṯs̱arḵẖūnah. څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (Pashto) Rebus: arka 'copper, gold'eraka'metal infusion' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

dhayavaḍa 'flag' (Old Gujarati) rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'

Text 4833 Harappa (Object not illustrated)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

m399

m399 Text 1414

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot, quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' (Santali)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m252 Field symbols: ox + feeding trough: barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, zinc, tin' pattar 'feeding trough' rebus; pattar 'goldsmith guild'

m252 Text 2423

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing, bright metal'

Sign 10 The standing person is upholding a small platform. Hieroglyph: stature of person: kāḍ 'stature', kāṭi 'body stature' rebus: khad 'iron stone' PLUS Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metalware' PLUS कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: कर्णक 'scribe, helmsman' PLUS notch hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'

Fish + lid: aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloyed metal' PLUS ḍhakk 'cover or lid of pot' rebus: dhakk 'blazing, bright metal'

arka 'twelve' rebus; arka 'copper, gold'

khaṇḍa 'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal castings'. Thus, metalcastings of metalware.

khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati)

Text 9801 (Object not illustrated)

cīmara 'black ant' (Telugu) ċiməkára 'coppersmith'. †cīmara -- ʻ copper ʼ in cīmara -- kāra -- ʻ coppersmith ʼ in Saṁghāṭa -- sūtra Gilgit MS. 37 folio 85 verso, 3 (Pali)

kuṭilika 'bent, curved' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)

खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'

khara Equus hemionus, 'Indian wild ass' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus; arka 'copper, gold'

Sign 10 PLUS 'notch'. The standing person is upholding a small platform. Hieroglyph: stature of person: kāḍ 'stature', kāṭi 'body stature' rebus: khad 'iron stone' PLUS Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metalware'

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: कर्णक 'scribe, helmsman'

Fish + lid: aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloyed metal' PLUS ḍhakk 'cover or lid of pot' rebus: dhakk 'blazing, bright metal' PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph: (Semantic determinative) खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag' (Marathi) rebus: rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, iron castings.

m1308

m1308 Text2697

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Text7212 (Lothal Object not illustrated)

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

Lothal 129 Seal impression. Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

Lothal 128 Text 7239

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Lothal 126 Seal impression: Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

Lothal 126 Text 7242

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Lothal 198

Lothal 198 Text 7215

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Lothal 125 Seal impression: Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

Lothal 125 Text 7241

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

Lothal 124 Seal impression

Lothal 124 Text 7224

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

Lothal 206

Lothal 206 Text 7265

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

arka 'twelve' rebus:arka 'copper, gold' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'worksho; together, arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

m807 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

m807 Text 2669

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m381

m381 Text 2162

: arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'

dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

h386 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

h386 Text 4025

śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone Rebus: गोटी [gōṭī ] 'A lump of silver'. Thus, the hypertext reads: seṭh 'guild-master' dul 'metalcasting' gōṭī 'silver'.Thus, silver-metalcasting guild-master. badhi 'to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature' (Santali) batā bamboo slips (Kur.); bate = thin slips of bamboo (Malt.)(DEDR 3917) Rebus: badhi 'worker in iron and wood' badiga 'artificer'. Thus, guild-master of iron-wood artificer guild.

ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag' (Marathi) rebus: rebus: mẽṛhẽt,med .'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

h703A

h703B Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

h703 A,B Text4595

Line 1: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS bhaṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'furnace', baṭa 'iron' Thus, smithy/forge iron furnace.

Line 2:

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

khār śrēṣṭhin 'squirrel' rebus: khār śrēṣṭhin 'blacksmith-guild-master'

मेंढा mēṇḍhā 'A crook or curved end (of a stick)' rebus:Rebus 1: meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) Rebus 2: medho 'helper of a merchant'

h209A

h209B

h209 A,B Text4348

Line 1: bhaṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'furnace', baṭa 'iron' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'. Thus, metal casting iron furnace.

Line 2:

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

khār śrēṣṭhin 'squirrel' rebus: khār śrēṣṭhin 'blacksmith-guild-master'

मेंढा mēṇḍhā 'A crook or curved end (of a stick)' rebus:Rebus 1: meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) Rebus 2: medho 'helper of a merchant'

dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali)

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati)

m1266

m1266 Text1470 The Text message is: copper, gold, blazing alloy metal, alloy metal ingot, mould (documented).

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

dhakka 'lid' rebus:dhakka 'blazing,bright metal'.PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, blazing alloy metal.

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, alloy metal ingot.

I suggest that Sign259 signifies a mould. Hieroglyph/Rebus of symbol:

T: sã̄ca साँच 'mould, matrix'. This symbol occurs on oxhide ingots of shipwrecks.

Alternative 2: sã̄ca साँच । आकृतिनिष्पत्त्युपकरणम् m. a mould, matrix (Kashmiri).Ta. accu

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

h25 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

h25 Text4081

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus:aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot, quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' (Santali)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Sign 169 is kor̤u'sprout' Rebus: kor̤u'bar of metal'

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Together with the infixed Sign 169, the rebus reading is: mũhã̄ kor̤u 'bar of metal ingot'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kuṭika— 'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

h14 Text4106 (Presented in the earlier sequences)

Text8215 (Not illustrated)

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'.Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati)

m18 Field symbol:'one-horned young bull': Field symbol: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'; khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' rebus: konda 'kiln' PLUS standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

m18 Text 1548

Sign318

I submit that this is an orthographic representation of the arched warehouse. maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool, arch' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse'. The two slanted 'strokes' signify dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting'.Thus, warehouse of metalcastings of ingots. The lid is a ligature to signify attributes of the metalcast ingots: dhakka 'lid' rebus:dhakka 'blazing,bright metal'.

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Text6305 Chanhudaro (Not illustrated)

Line1:

गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone Rebus: गोटी [gōṭī ] 'A lump of silver'

Line 2:

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Text 3155 Mohenjo-daro (Not illustrated) Line 1: bead PLUS string: The cargo is from पोतदार pōtadāra 'assayer of metals'

Line 2:

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

: arkasala 'goldsmith workshop'

m368

m368 Text 2336

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith, iron worker' PLUS (infix of 3 notches): खांडा [ khāṇḍā]A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans'

kor̤u 'sprout' rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal'

Text 3509 Mohenjo-daro

arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace'. Thus,metalcasting furnace of smithy, forge.

Text 9701 Line 1

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot, quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace' (Santali)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Sign18

Ligature on Sign 18 also signifies eraka 'shoulder' rebus: eraka 'molten cast,metal infusion' PLUS kāḍ 'stature', kāṭi 'body stature rebus: khad 'iron stone'. Thus, iron stone ore metal infusion or wrought iron

kāˊṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'

मेंढा mēṇḍhā 'A crook or curved end (of a stick)' Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) Rebus 2: medho 'helper of a merchant'.

Text 9701 Line 2

Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'

aya 'fish' rebus; ayas 'alloy metal'PLUS notch' Hieroglyph खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'

ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali).

Text 9701 Line 3

khār śrēṣṭhin 'squirrel' rebus: khār śrēṣṭhin 'blacksmith-guild-master'

मेंढा mēṇḍhā 'A crook or curved end (of a stick)' rebus:Rebus 1: meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) Rebus 2: medho 'helper of a merchant'

dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Thus, Line 3 reads; iron ore (from) blacksmith-guild-master

(Object 9701 is not illustrated; could be sealing from Lothal)

↧

Human faces in composite animals of Indus Script are catalogues of mũhã 'ingots' of iron, metal manufactories, equipment, ornament workshops

May 26, 2020, 9:06 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/y9a4bn9u

This monograph appends the following sections to explain the orthography of specific hieroglyphs related to the composite animal hypertext:

Section 1. Orthography of long-shanked person on Chanhudaro Seal

Section 2. Decipherment of Sign 233: tridhatu

Section 3. Huntington identifies the offerings on Indus Script inscriptions

--ayaskāṇḍasal अयस्काण्डशाला 'excellent iron equipment workshop' read on Banawali Indus Script seal hypertext

Banawali 25a seal impression is unique since it shows a markhor with a human face (as on five other seals of Indus Script Corpora). miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ (Tōrwālī Dardic) rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali). Banawali seal is a hypertext seal because it shows a composition composed of hieroglyphs.Three artificers are documented: blacksmith, turner, merchant.

--Examples of 'human face' hieroglyph component on Indus Script inscriptions

--Six Indus Script hypertexts, with human face, markhor or zebu horns; such compositions are called सांगड sāṅgaḍa Rebus 1: samgara'catalogue, bargain, transaction of sale'; Rebus 2: गड sāṅgaḍa'catamaran, seafaring dhow'

-- other parts joined in the composition are: bovine body, one ear, scarves, elephant trunk, feline thighs, cobra hood or short tail

-- dhanga = 'tall, long shanked' person rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' ḍhangar 'blacksmith'

mũhã mẽṛhẽt meḍho 'pig iron ingot merchant', singi konda 'ornament gold turner' identified on Banawali seal

m1179 Human-faced markhor with long wavy horns, beard, with neck-bands and a short tail

m1179 Text 2606 bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop' (of) dul kuṭila 'bronze metal castings'

Field symbol: Short tail: xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron'

The combined animal has a beard. Rebus reading: kōṭ 'beard' rebus: khōṭa 'mass of metal'

kōṭḥ कोटः [कुट्-घञ्] A beard (Apte) Ta. kaṭṭam chin; keṭṭam beard (< Te.). Ka. gaḍḍa the beard about the chin, the chin; gadda chin. Koḍ. gëḍḍa beard (< Ka.). Tu. gaḍḍa chin, beard. Te. gaḍḍamu id.; gadduva chin. Kol.gaḍḍam chin, (Kin. also) beard. Nk. gaḍḍam

beard. Pa. gaḍḍom (pl. gaḍḍocil) beard, moustache; (S) gaḍḍal (pl. beard. Ga. (S.2)

geḍḍam id. Go. (M.) gaḍḍo id.; (Ko.) gaḍḍok (pl.) id., chin; (S.) gaḍḍem beard (Voc. 1030); (W. Ph.) kaṭṭe whiskers (Voc. 479). Konḍa gaḍemku (pl.) beard. Kuwi (S.) gaḍemu bānanga whiskers. / Cf. Pkt. (DNM) khaḍḍa- = śmaśru-(DEDR 1156)

Bshk. khoṭ ʻ embers ʼ, Phal. khūṭo ʻ ashes, burning coal ʼ; L. khoṭ f. ʻ alloy, impurity ʼ, °ṭā ʻ alloyed ʼ, awāṇ. khoṭā ʻ forged ʼ; P. khoṭ m. ʻ base, alloy ʼ (PhonPj 117 < kauṭya -- ), G. khoṭ f. ʻ mistake, loss, want ʼ, °ṭũ ʻ alloyed, bad, lazy ʼ; M. khoṭā ʻ false, alloyed ʼ(CDIAL 3931) खोट khōṭa f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. खोटा (p. 121) khōṭā Debased, alloyed, bad--money. Pr. खोटा तरी गांठ- चा वेडा तरी पोटचा If the money be bad, it is yet out of one's own purse: if the child be mad, it is yet from one's own belly; "one's own is faultless." (Marathi)

Rebus: G. koṭhārī m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ.(CDIAL 3551) kōṭḥ कोटः [कुट्-घञ्] 1 A fort. -2 A hut, shed. kṓṣṭha2 n. ʻ pot ʼ Kauś., ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ MBh., ʻ inner apartment ʼ lex., °aka -- n. ʻ treasury ʼ, °ikā f. ʻ pan ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. *kōttha -- , *kōtthala -- : same as prec.?] Pa. koṭṭha -- n. ʻ monk's cell, storeroom ʼ, °aka<-> n. ʻ storeroom ʼ; Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ°, koṭṭhaya -- m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ; Sv. dāntar -- kuṭha ʻ fire -- place ʼ; Sh. (Lor.) kōti (ṭh?) ʻ wooden vessel for mixing yeast ʼ; K. kōṭha m. ʻ granary ʼ, kuṭhu m. ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhü f. ʻ granary, storehouse ʼ; S. koṭho m. ʻ large room ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ storeroom ʼ; L. koṭhā m. ʻ hut, room, house ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ shop, brothel ʼ, awāṇ. koṭhā ʻ house ʼ; P. koṭṭhā, koṭhā m. ʻ house with mud roof and walls, granary ʼ, koṭṭhī, koṭhī f. ʻ big well -- built house, house for married women to prostitute themselves in ʼ; WPah. pāḍ. kuṭhī ʻ house ʼ; Ku. koṭho ʻ large square house ʼ, gng. kōṭhi ʻ room, building ʼ; N. koṭho ʻ chamber ʼ, °ṭhi ʻ shop ʼ; A. koṭhā, kõṭhā ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ factory ʼ; B. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ bank, granary ʼ; Or. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, °ṭhī ʻ factory, granary ʼ; Bi. koṭhī ʻ granary of straw or brushwood in the open ʼ; Mth. koṭhī ʻ grain -- chest ʼ; OAw. koṭha ʻ storeroom ʼ; H. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ granary, large house ʼ, Marw. koṭho m. ʻ room ʼ; G. koṭhɔ m. ʻ jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ large earthen jar, factory ʼ; M. koṭhā m. ʻ large granary ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ granary, factory ʼ; Si. koṭa ʻ storehouse ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kūṭhürü f. ʻ small room ʼ; L. koṭhṛī f. ʻ small side room ʼ; P. koṭhṛī f. ʻ room, house ʼ; Ku. koṭheṛī ʻ small room ʼ; H. koṭhrī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ; M. koṭhḍī f. ʻ room ʼ; -- with -- ra -- : A. kuṭharī ʻ chamber ʼ, B. kuṭhrī, Or. koṭhari; -- with -- lla -- : Sh. (Lor.) kotul (ṭh?) ʻ wattle and mud erection for storing grain ʼ; H. koṭhlā m., °lī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ; G. koṭhlɔm. ʻ wooden box ʼ. kōṣṭhapāla -- , *kōṣṭharūpa -- , *kōṣṭhāṁśa -- , kōṣṭhāgāra -- ; *kajjalakōṣṭha -- , *duvārakōṣṭha -- , *dēvakōṣṭha -- , dvārakōṣṭhaka -- .Addenda: kṓṣṭha -- 2: WPah.kṭg. kóṭṭhi f. ʻ house, quarters, temple treasury, name of a partic. temple ʼ, J. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, koṭhī f. ʻ granary, bungalow ʼ; Garh. koṭhu ʻ house surrounded by a wall ʼ; Md. koḍi ʻ frame ʼ, <-> koři ʻ cage ʼ (X kōṭṭa -- ). -- with ext.: OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. koṭari ʻ room ʼ.(CDIAL 3546)

dhatu mũhã mẽṛhẽt kō̃da iron ore smelted (in) furnace by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends.

dhaṭu'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'

mũh 'human face' rebus: mũhã 'quantity of iron produced at one time from a smelting furnace'

miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ (Tōrwālī Dardic) rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali).

The body is of a young bovine: खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull (Marathi)కోడె kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull.కారుకోడె kāru-kōḍe. n. A bull in its prime.(Telugu) Rebus: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñ^ü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used.(Kashmiri)

Text message: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS Pa. kuṭila— 'bent', n. 'bend'; Pk. kuḍila— 'crooked' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin). Thus, bronze metal castings.

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

The most frequently used hypertext on Indus Script Corpora is Sign 342: káraṇa bāṭī = karaṇa + splinter hieroglyph = śalá m. ʻ staff ʼ TBr., ʻ dart, spear ʼ lex. [~ śará -- 1: cf. śilī -- ]S. sarī f. ʻ a stick forming part of a waterwheel ʼ; Or. saḷa ʻ pin, thorn ʼ; Bi. sar ʻ sticks used in setting up the warp ʼ, Mth. sarkā; H. sal m. ʻ stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty ʼ; G. saḷī f. ʻ small thin stick ʼ, saḷiyɔ m. ʻ bar, rod, pricker ʼ; -- Kho. šoḷ ʻ reed ʼ < *śōṭha2 -- rather than X noḷ < naḍá -- .(CDIAL 12343) Rebus: śāˊlā f. ʻ shed, stable, house ʼ AV., śālám adv. ʻ at home ʼ ŚBr., śālikā -- f. ʻ house, shop ʼ lex.(CDIAL 12414)

Bharatkalyan97: Banawali Indus Script seal impression धम्म ...

Banawali25a Banawali seal shows two animals facing the cobra hood and tall person with upraised arm: The animals are: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' khonda 'young bull' and mũh mēṇḍhā miṇḍāˊl 'human face markhor with curved horns'. Rebus readings are: singi kõdār 'ornament gold turner' କୁନ୍ଦକର— Kundakara ସଂ. ବି. (କୁନ୍ଦ+କୃ ଧାତୁ+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅ)— କୁନ୍ଦିବା ୟନ୍ତ୍ରରେ କାମ କଲାବାଲା କାରିଗର— A turner (Oriya) খরাদ [আ̣◦-খ̣রাদ] বি, কাষ্ঠাদি চাঁচিয়া মসৃণ বা গোল করার কাজ। ̃ী-যার ঐ কাজ করে turner. কুন্দ kunda: a (turner's) lathe. ̃কার n. a turner (Bengali) and mũhã mẽṛhẽt meḍho 'iron ingot (pig iron) merchant'. The cobra hood signifies their place of work: फडा phaḍā, paṭṭaḍe 'metals manufactory'. The tall-shanked person with long legs is thus फडकरी phaḍakarī 'A superintendent or master of a फड or public place'. The suffix - karī is signified by the 'arm' hieroglyph: kara'hand' (Pali.Pkt.)

The human face on the markhor is a signifier of: mũh 'face' (Lahnda) Rebus: mũhã̄ 'metal ingot from smelting furnace'

múkha n. ʻ mouth, face ʼ RV., ʻ entrance ʼ MBh.Pa. mukha -- m.; Aś.shah. man. gir. mukhato, kāl. dh. jau. ˚te ʻ by word of mouth ʼ; Pk. muha -- n. ʻ mouth, face ʼ, Gy. gr. hung. muy m., boh. muy, span. muí, wel. mūī f., arm. muc̦, pal. mu', mi', pers. mu; Tir. mū ʻ face ʼ; Woṭ. mū m. ʻ face, sight ʼ; Kho. mux ʻ face ʼ; Tor. mū ʻ mouth ʼ, Mai. mũ; K. in cmpds. mu -- ganḍ m. ʻ cheek, upper jaw ʼ, mū -- kāla ʻ having one's face blackened ʼ, rām. mūī˜, pog. mūī, ḍoḍ. mū̃h ʻ mouth ʼ; S. mũhũ m. ʻ face, mouth, opening ʼ; L. mũh m. ʻ face ʼ, awāṇ. mū̃ with descending tone, mult. mũhã m. ʻ head of a canal ʼ; P. mū̃h m. ʻ face, mouth ʼ, mū̃hã̄ m. ʻ head of a canal ʼ; WPah.śeu. ùtilde; ʻ mouth, ʼ cur. mū̃h; A. muh ʻ face ʼ, in cmpds. -- muwā ʻ facing ʼ; B. mu ʻ face ʼ; Or. muhã ʻ face, mouth, head, person ʼ; Bi. mũh ʻ opening or hole (in a stove for stoking, in a handmill for filling, in a grainstore for withdrawing) ʼ; Mth. Bhoj. mũh ʻ mouth, face ʼ, Aw.lakh. muh, H. muh, mũh m.; OG. muha, G. mɔ̃h n. ʻ mouth ʼ, Si. muya, muva. -- Ext. -- l<-> or -- ll -- : Pk. muhala -- , muhulla -- n. ʻ mouth, face ʼ; S. muhuro m. ʻ face ʼ (or < mukhará -- ); Ku. do -- maulo ʻ confluence of two streams ʼ; Si. muhul, muhuna, mūṇa ʻ face ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 179.; -- -- ḍ -- : S. muhaṛo m. ʻ front, van ʼ; Bi. (Shahabad) mohṛā ʻ feeding channel of handmill ʼ. -- Forms poss. with expressive -- kkh -- : see múkhya -- . -- X gōcchā -- s.v. *mucchā -- Addenda: múkha -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) mū̃ (with high level tone) m. (obl. -- a) ʻ mouth, face ʼ; OMarw. muhaṛaü ʻ face ʼ.(CDIAL 10158)

Text message: 1. kāˊṇḍa 'arrowhead'; 2. aya 'fish'; 3. sal 'splinter'. The rebus Meluhha readings are: kāˊṇḍa 'equipment' aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' sal 'workshop'; thus, ayas kāˊṇḍa sal alloymetal equipment workshop. ayaskāṇḍa m.n. ʻ a quantity of iron, excellent iron ʼ Pāṇ. gaṇ. [áyas -- , kāˊṇḍa -- ]Si. yakaḍa ʻ iron ʼ.(CDIAL 591) अयस्--काण्ड is attested in Pāṇini: " a quantity of iron " or " excellent iron " , (g. कस्का*दि q.v.) अयस् iron , metal RV.; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])(Monier-Williams)

Arrow: kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV., ʻ arrowʼ; Pa. kaṇḍa -;

Ash. kaṇ ʻ arrow ʼ, Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ, ãdotdot; Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, kuṛ. kō̃, dar. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ torch ʼ; Shum. kō̃ṛ, kō̃ ʻ arrow ʼ, Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Bshk. kāˋ'n ʻ arrow ʼ, Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ Ḍ. kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales. kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ (kān m. ʻ arrow ʼ ← Sh.?); S. kānu m. ʻ arrow ʼ;P. kānnā m. ʻ kānī f. ʻ arrow ʼ; WPah. bhal. kān n. ʻ arrow ʼ, jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ; B. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ,G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow ʼ, ˚ḍũ n. ʻ wrist ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ʼ; Si. kaḍaya ʻ arrow ʼ. -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba ʻ to shoot with an arrow ʼ. (CDIAL 3023) *kāṇḍakara ʻ worker with reeds or arrows ʼ. [kāˊṇḍa -- , kará -- 1]L. kanērā m. ʻ mat -- maker ʼ; H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers ʼ.(CDIAL 3024)

मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] 'curved horns' rebus: meḍho 'helper of merchant'

Curved horns of the ram or markhor: मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick, horn &c.) This is a semantic determinative of the 'ram': miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ[Tōrwālī (Dard.)] mẽḍhā 'markhor'(Marathi)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: mẽḍh 'iron' (Mu.), med 'copper' (Slavic languages) mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali) Rebus: meḍho 'helper of merchant'.

Hieroglyph: Hand: kara 'hand': kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥1]
Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779) WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khɔ́rɔ ʻ great, good, excessive ʼ; J. kharā ʻ good, well ʼ; OMarw. kharaü ʻ extreme ʼ(CDIAL 3819) Rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस्त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭh^ü -ब॑ठू॒ । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkur^u -द्वकुरु॒ । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧjⁱ -ग॑जि॒ or -güj^ü -ग॑जू॒ । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höj^ü -हा॑जू॒), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūr^ü -कूरू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭ^u -क॑टु॒ । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭ^ü -क॑टू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më̆ʦ^ü 1 -म्य॑च़ू॒ । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see khāra 3), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuw^u -न्यचिवु॒ । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see khārun), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦ^añĕ -च़्ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 30). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.(Kashmiri)

1. A cobrahood just below the upraised left arm of the long-legged person. This is read rebus Meluhha as: फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. Ta. patam cobra's hood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45. (DBIR 47)phaṭa n. ʻ expanded hood of snake ʼ MBh. 2. *phēṭṭa -- 2. [Cf. phuṭa -- m., ˚ṭā -- f., sphuṭa -- m. lex., ˚ṭā -- f. Pañcat. (Pk. phuḍā -- f.), sphaṭa -- m., ˚ṭā -- f., sphōṭā -- f. lex. and phaṇa -- 1. Conn. words in Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 386]1. Pk. phaḍa -- m.n. ʻ snake's hood ʼ, ˚ḍā -- f., M. phaḍā m., ˚ḍī f.2. A. pheṭ, phẽṭ. (CDIAL 9040) Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop.(DEDR 3865) फडकरी phaḍakarī 'A superintendent or master of a फड or public place' Manufactory:

फड phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room; The spot to which field-produce is brought, that the crop may be ascertained and the tax fixed; the depot at which the Government-revenue in kind is delivered; a place in general where goods in quantity are exposed for inspection or sale. 3 Any office or place of extensive business or work,—as a factory, manufactory, arsenal, dock-yard, printing-office &c. 4 A plantation or field (as of ऊस, वांग्या, मिरच्या, खरबुजे &c.): also a standing crop of such produce. 5 fig. Full and vigorous operation or proceeding, the going on with high animation and bustle (of business in general). v चाल, पड, घाल, मांड. 6 A company, a troop, a band or set (as of actors, showmen, dancers &c.) 7 The stand of a great gun. फड पडणें g. of s. To be in full and active operation. फडकरी phaḍakarī m A man belonging to a company or band (of players, showmen &c.) 2 A superintendent or master of a फड or public place. See under फड. 3 A retail-dealer (esp. in grain). फडझडती phaḍajhaḍatī f sometimes फडझाडणी f A clearing off of public business (of any business comprehended under the word फड q. v.): also clearing examination of any फड or place of public business. 2 fig. Scolding vehemently; paying off. v काढ, घे g. of o. 3 Search of or inquiry at the several फड q.v.; taking the accounts of the several फड (as to arrivals of goods, sales, rates &c.) 4 Altercation or dispute of two फड or companies of तमाशेगीर (showmen or sportmen). 5 Freely. Examining or sifting rigorously. फडणिशी phaḍaṇiśī, फडणिसी phaḍaṇisī

& फडणीस Preferably फडनिशी or सी & फडनीस.फडनिशी phaḍaniśī, फडनिसी phaḍanisī f The office or business of फडनीस. फडनीस phaḍanīsa m ( H) A public officer,—the keeper of the registers &c. By him were issued all grants, commissions, and orders; and to him were rendered all accounts from the other departments. He answers to Deputy auditor and accountant. Formerly the head Kárkún of a district-cutcherry who had charge of the accounts &c. was called फडनीस. फडपूस phaḍapūsa f

(फड & पुसणें) Public or open inquiry.फड्या phaḍyā m ( H) One who sells (grain &c.) in small quantities, a retail-dealer.

2. a long-shanked, tall person with an upraised arm. eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion' PLUS dhanga 'tall, long-shanked person' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' engaged in metal infusion, i.e. cire perdue lost-wax casting.

Two hieroglyphs confront the blacksmith: singi kondar 'ornament gold turner'; mēṇḍha2 m. ʻ ram ʼ, ˚aka -- , mēṇḍa -- 4, miṇḍha -- 2, ˚aka -- , mēṭha -- 2, mēṇḍhra -- , mēḍhra -- 2, ˚aka -- m. lex. 2. *mēṇṭha- (mēṭha -- m. lex.). 3. *mējjha -- . [r -- forms (which are not attested in NIA.) are due to further sanskritization of a loan -- word prob. of Austro -- as. origin (EWA ii 682 with lit.) and perh. related to the group s.v. bhēḍra -- ]1. Pa. meṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, ˚aka -- ʻ made of a ram's horn (e.g. a bow) ʼ; Pk. meḍḍha -- , meṁḍha -- (˚ḍhī -- f.), ˚ṁḍa -- , miṁḍha -- (˚dhiā -- f.), ˚aga -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, Dm. Gaw. miṇ Kal.rumb. amŕn/aŕə ʻ sheep ʼ (a -- ?); Bshk. mināˊl ʻ ram ʼ; Tor. miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ; Chil. mindh*ll ʻ ram ʼ AO xviii 244 (dh!), Sv. yēṛo -- miṇ; Phal. miṇḍ, miṇ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍṓl m. ʻ yearling lamb, gimmer ʼ; P. mẽḍhā m., ˚ḍhī f., ludh. mīḍḍhā, mī˜ḍhā m.; N. meṛho, meṛo ʻ ram for sacrifice ʼ; A. mersāg ʻ ram ʼ ( -- sāg < *chāgya -- ?), B. meṛā m., ˚ṛi f., Or. meṇḍhā, ˚ḍā m., ˚ḍhi f., H. meṛh, meṛhā, mẽḍhā m., G. mẽḍhɔ, M. mẽḍhā m., Si. mäḍayā.2. Pk. meṁṭhī -- f. ʻ sheep ʼ; H. meṭhā m. ʻ ram ʼ.3. H. mejhukā m. ʻ ram ʼ.*mēṇḍharūpa -- , mēḍhraśr̥ṅgī -- .Addenda: mēṇḍha -- 2: A. also mer (phonet. mer) ʻ ram ʼ AFD 235. 10311 *mēṇḍharūpa ʻ like a ram ʼ. [mēṇḍha -- 2, rūpá -- ]Bi. mẽṛhwā ʻ a bullock with curved horns like a ram's ʼ; M. mẽḍhrū̃ n. ʻ sheep ʼ.(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ,Or. dhāṅgaṛ ʻ young servant, herdsman, name of a Santal tribe ʼ, dhāṅgaṛā ʻ unmarried youth ʼ, ˚ṛī ʻ unmarried girl ʼ, dhāṅgarā ʻ youth, man ʼ; H. dhaṅgar m. ʻ herdsman ʼ, dhã̄gaṛ, ˚ar m. ʻ a non -- Aryan tribe in the Vindhyas, digger of wells and tanks ʼ; M. dhã̄gaḍ ʻ rude, loutish ʼ, f. ʻ hoyden ʼ(CDIAL 5524)

-- In Meluhha spoken form such a composition resulting in a hypertext of hieroglyphs is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together

-- जंगडी jaṅgaḍī, जंगड jaṅgaḍa f Strong attachment; inseparableness (esp. among animals) of them that have always been yoked together. Hence close or thick friendship; close confederation or concert. जांगड jāṅgaḍa Linking together (of beasts): joining or attaching (as a scholar to a superior one, in order to learn). v घाल, कर. Also the state, linkedness, co-yokedness, attachment, association.

-- The key semantic signifier is 'association'. On this image, the association is provided by the appurtenances associated with metal- and lapidary-work of artisans. This association will be demonstrated in this monograph by presenting decipherment of the Indus Script hypertexts composed of hieroglyph components.

-- Hieroglyph 1: M. sãgaḍ f. part of a turner's apparatus ʼ; sã̄gāḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ(CDIAL 12859) The device which appears in front of one-horned young bull on thousands of Indus Script inscriptions is sã̄gāḍā 'joined parts, lathe'.

-- Hieroglyph 2: जांगांड jāṅgāṇḍa, जांघड jāṅghaḍa, जांघाड jāṅghāḍa n A slighting form of जांघ Thigh. That सांगड sāṅgaḍa is the message communicated by the hypertext is signified by the hashed hind thighs which show a feline, on this seal m300A.

Field symbol of m300 signifies the following hieroglyphs which create a composite animal:

Ligaturing components: horns of zebu, human face, tail, hood of serpent, elephant tusk, scarves on neck, bovine forelegs, feline hind legs.

Mahadevan's reading: Composite animal: human face, zebu's horns, elephant tusks and trunk, ram's forepart, unicorn's trunk and feet, tiger's hindpart and serpent-like tail

फडा phaḍā,'cobra hood' rebus: फडा phaḍā, paṭṭaḍe 'metals manufactory'.

panja 'feline paw' rebus:panja 'kiln or furnace'

kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'

खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull (Marathi) కోడె kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull.కారుకోడె kāru-kōḍe. n. A bull in its prime.(Telugu) Rebus: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln

dhaṭu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'

karibha, ibha'elephant' rebus:; karba, ib'iron'

Horns of zebu: पोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus' Rebus: पोळ pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrite ore'

kāra ʻearʼ Rebus: khār'blacksmith'

mũh 'human face' rebus: mũhã 'quantity of iron produced at one time from a smelting furnace'

Forepart of a ram: miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ (Tōrwālī Dardic) rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) mẽḍhā 'ram', मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] 'curved horns' rebus: meḍho 'helper of merchant'

Short tail on some inscriptions: xoli 'fish-tail' rebus; kol 'working in iron'

Source: .(Dennys Frenez & Massimo Vidale, 2012, South Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, September 2012, p.115. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/ancient-near-east-figurines-cylinder.html

m299 Text message:1261

bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: baṭa'iron' (Gujarati).bhaṭa 'furnace'; karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith, iron worker'

m301 baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

m302 Text message:

kāˊṇḍa 'arrowhead' Rebus: kāˊṇḍa 'equipment'

Sign 70 'fish PLUS notch' Hieroglyph खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'.

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS dhakka 'lid' rebus: dhakka 'blazing,bright metal'

m303 (The hump is a semantic determinative of zebu

Text message:

kāˊṇḍa 'arrowhead' Rebus: kāˊṇḍa 'equipment'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' PLUS muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace'

baḍhi 'ligature' rebus: baḍhi 'a caste who work both in iron and wood'

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, 'potter's wheel';(Pashto) arka 'sun's rays' Rebus: arka 'gold, copper' arka sal 'goldsmith workshop

m0488bhaṭa 'kneeling adorant' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

Hieroglyph: kneeling on one knee: Ta. maṇṭi kneeling, kneeling on one knee as an archer. Ma. maṇṭuka to be seated on the heels. Ka. maṇḍi what is bent, the knee. Tu. maṇḍi knee. Te. maṇḍī̆ kneeling on one knee. Pa.maḍtel knee; maḍi kuḍtel kneeling position. Go. (L.) meṇḍā, (G. Mu. Ma.) minḍa knee (Voc. 2827). Konḍa(BB) meḍa, meṇḍa id. Pe. menḍa id. Manḍ. menḍe id.

Kui menḍa id. Kuwi (F.) menda, (S. Su. P.) menḍa, (Isr.) meṇḍa id. Cf. 4645 Ta. maṭaṅku (maṇi-forms). / ? Cf. Skt. maṇḍūkī- part of an elephant's hind leg; Mar. meṭ knee-joint.(DEDR 4677)

Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) med 'copper' (Slavic)

Offering: muka 'ladle' mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. rebus: kanda 'implements'. Thus, the offering by the adorant shown on the Indus Script inscription is of ingot for implements.

manḍa 'arbour, canopy' Rebus: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments' maṇḍa 'ornaments'

Horned person standing: ṭhākur 'blacksmith'(Mth.)(CDIAL 5488)

m300A

Text 2521

Decipherment of Text message: څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, 'potter's wheel';(Pashto) arka 'sun's rays' Rebus: arka 'gold, copper' arka sal 'goldsmith workshop' baḍhi 'ligature' rebus: baḍhi 'a caste who work both in iron and wood'; खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) rebus: खांडा [ khāṇḍā] 'equipment'; ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'

bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'

Rebus 1: सांगड sāṅgaḍa is samgara 'catalogue'. All Indus Script Inscriptions are metalwork catalogues, wealth-accounting ledgers.

Rebus 2: सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam , n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.)

ചങ്ങാടം čaṇṇāḍam (Tu. ജംഗാല, Port. Jangada). Ferryboat, junction of 2 boats. ച. കെ ട്ടുക; ച'ത്തില്‍ കേററി TR. തോണികള്‍ ച'ങ്ങള്‍ വഞ്ചികള്‍ പടവുകള്‍ Bhr. also rafts. The Tamil word describes the nature of tied/stitched construction (using coir ropes).: கட்டுமரம் kaṭṭu-maram கட்டுமரம் kaṭṭu-maram, n. < id. +. 1. Catamaran, used for deep sea fishing; raft made of logs of wood lashed or joined together; மீன்

பிடிப்பதற்காக மரங்களாற் பிணைக்கப் பட்ட மிதவை. 2. Post to which is bound Arāvāṉ to be offered as a sacrifice in the festival of kūttāṇṭai held to commemorate certain incidents in the Mahabharata; கூத்தாண்டை என்ற பாரதக்கதைபற்றிய

விழாக்கொண்டாட்டத்தில், அரவானைப் பலியாகக்கொணர்ந்து கட்டும் மரம். Cm.The Ayn Sukhna evidence is stunning; it is dated to ca. 19th cent.BCE.

Rebus 3: In Gujarati, the word jangadiyo means 'a military guard carryiing accompanies treasure stored in the treasury/warehouse of the state'. ചങ്ങാതം čaṇṇāδam

(Tdbh.; സംഘാതം) 1. Convoy, guard; responsible Nāyar guide through foreign territories. ച. പോരുക to accompany as such. ച. പോന്ന വാരിയര്‍, എന്നെ ച'വും കൂട്ടി അയച്ചു TR. 2. income of Rājas from granting such guides; grant of land to persons liable to such service ച. കൊടുക്ക. 3. companion പന്നിയും കാട്ടിയും ച'മായി CG.—met. കംസനെ കൊന്ന ഗോപാലനെ കംസനു ച'മാ ക്കുവാന്‍ CG. to send him along, to kill likewise. ചങ്ങാതി (C. Te. സ —) companion, തുണക്കാ രന്‍; friend വീണാല്‍ ചിരിക്കാത്ത ച. ഇല്ല, ച. നന്നെങ്കില്‍ കണ്ണാടി വേണ്ട prov. ച. യായുള്ളു പണ്ടുപണ്ടേ CC.—also fem. ച ങ്ങാതിമാരായുള്ള അംഗനമാര്‍ CG.; vu. എ ന്‍റെ ചങ്ങായിച്ചീ TP. (Voc.)

Rebus 4: जांगड jāṅgaḍa ad Without definitive settlement of purchase—goods taken from a shop. जांगड jāṅgaḍa f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken. Yet another rebus reading is: the ancient accounting system used for invoicing precious commodities on approval basis called: The jangad/Challan made out by the defendant and stated to be signed by the plaintiff as receiver of the goods shown therein evidences the written contract between the parties...https://www.casemine.com/search/in?q=invoice+written+contract

12855 saṁghaṭayati ʻ strikes (a musical instrument) ʼ R., ʻ joins together ʼ Kathās. [√ghaṭ]
Pa. saṅghaṭita -- ʻ pegged together ʼ; Pk. saṁghaḍia<-> ʻ joined ʼ, caus. saṁghaḍāvēi; M. sã̄gaḍṇẽ ʻ to link together ʼ.Addenda: saṁghaṭayati: A. sāṅoriba (phonet. x -- ) ʻ to yoke together ʼ AFD 333, sāṅor (phonet. x -- ) ʻ yoking together ʼ 223.

12858 *saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ. [Cf. ságr̥ha<-> ĀpŚr. -- ghara -- ]
Pa. saṅghara -- ʻ with one's own family (?) ʼ; L. sagghrā ʻ accompanied by one's own family ʼ; H. sã̄ghar m. ʻ wife's son by former husband ʼ.

12859 saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ]Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s˚ ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , ˚ḍaga -- m., ˚ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; Ku. sĩgāṛ m. ʻ doorframe ʼ; N. saṅār, siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ; Or. saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ; Bi. sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ; H. sĩghāṛā m. ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ; G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g˚ ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.Addenda: saṁghāṭa -- : Md. an̆goḷi ʻ junction ʼ?

12860 saṁghāṭayati ʻ joins together ʼ Sarvad., ʻ causes to collect ʼ Kathās. [√ghaṭ]
Or. saṅghāṛibā ʻ to mix up many materials, stir boiling curry, tie two cattle together and leave to graze ʼ.

12861 saṁghāṭī f. ʻ a kind of garment ʼ Suśr., ʻ monk's waistcloth ʼ BHS ii 549. [√ghaṭ]
Pa. saṅghāṭī -- f. ʻ one of the three garments of a monk ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍī -- f. ʻ outer garment ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa, ha˚ ʻ double cloth of monks ʼ.

12862 saṁghātá m. ʻ close union, mass ʼ TS., ʻ closing (a door) ʼ VS., ʻ dashing together ʼ MBh. [Cf. saṁhata<-> with similar range of meanings. -- ghāta -- ]

Pa. saṅghāta -- m. ʻ killing, knocking together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāya -- m. ʻ closeness, collection ʼ; Or. saṅghā, saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding inside triangular thatch, crossbeam of thatched house, copulation (of animals) ʼ; -- adj. ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ < *saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā -- ?

12863 saṁghātayati ʻ strikes together, kills ʼ MW. [ghāta -- ]
Pa. saṅghātanika -- in cmpd. ʻ binding together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāyaï ʻ strikes together, joins ʼ; S. saṅghāhaṇu ʻ to kill ʼ; Or. saṅghāibā ʻ to cause to meet or be joined, put a cow to bull ʼ (whence ʻ (of a bull) to copulate ʼ).

m1180A I submit that the plant shown in front of the compositeanimal is: Holcus sorghum. Eight varieties are reckoned, viz. उतावळी, निळवा, शाळू, रातडी, पिवळा जोंधळा, खुंडी, काळबोंडी जोंधळा, दूध मोगरा. The variety chosen is खुंडी which has two meanings: खुंडी khuṇḍīf A cloth doubled over and sewn at one end, forming a घोंगता, खोपा, or खोळ (an open or outspread shovel-form sack). Used in exposing grain in the market. 2 A species or variety of जोंधळा. Thus, the word signifies the hieroglyphs of 'pannier' shown on one-horned bull and also the holcus sorghum or variety of जोंधळा signified in front of the composite animal on m1180 seal. The rebus reading is: kundar 'turner'. Thus, this hieroglyph of a variety of holcus sorghum is a word which sounds similar to kunda 'lathe' which is part of the standard device shown frequently in front of the forward-thrusting, spiny horned young bull. On m1180 seal, the body of a young bull is used to ligature it with a human face and scarves on the shoulder. dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' Tail: xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kol 'working in iron'.

Decipherment of Text message>

Text 1303 on m1180 khuṇḍī 'variety of holcus sorghum' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' kunda 'lathe'

Sign 15 reads:

Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS

Sign 342 kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'. bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'.

Thus, the composite hypertext of Sign 15 reads: kuṭhi bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'smelter, furnace writers' workshop'

सांगाडा [ sāṅgāḍā ] m The skeleton, box, or frame (of a building, boat, the body &c.), the hull, shell, compages. सांकाटा (p. 839) [ sāṅkāṭā ] m (Commonly सांगाडा) The skeleton, box, or frame (of a building, boat, cart, the body). 2 A frame or texture of sticks (as for the covering of a मंडप or shed, for the flooring of a loft &c.); a crate, a hurdle, or similar thing. Rebus: सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float

Five linear strokes: taṭṭal 'five' rebus: ṭhaṭṭha'brass-worker' தட்டல் taṭṭal , n. < தட்டு Five, a slang term; ஐந்து என்பதன் குழூஉக்குறி. (J.)(Tamil Lexicon of Madras University)

Kalibangan35 Text message is unclear. Field symbol is:

Body of young bull: खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull (Marathi)కోడె kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull.కారుకోడె kāru-kōḍe. n. A bull in its prime.(Telugu) Rebus: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñ^ü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used.(Kashmiri)

Short tail: xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron'

The combined animal has a beard. Rebus reading: kōṭ 'beard' rebus: khōṭa 'mass of metal'

beard. Pa. gaḍḍom (pl. gaḍḍocil) beard, moustache; (S) gaḍḍal (pl. beard. Ga. (S.2)

Rebus: G. koṭhārī m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ.(CDIAL 3551) kōṭḥ कोटः [कुट्-घञ्] 1 A fort. -2 A hut, shed.

Section 1. Orthography of long-shanked person on Chanhudaro Seal

-- Chanhudaro seal bison kamda, 'in heat' atop a dhanga = 'tall, long shanked' person rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'.

-- The Chanhudaro seal narrative is Indus Script hypertext, rebus kammaṭa ḍhangar'mint blacksmith'

Chanhu Daro depicting a bull in heat, trampling with hoofs, trampling over a prostrate person with long legs.

Avoiding speculations of this type, the orthographic styles of hieroglyphs on the Chanhudaro Indus Script Inscription are re-interpreted in the context of the decipherment of the Text message of the inscription rendered with signs/hypertexts which have been read rebus consistently in all 8000+ inscriptions as metalwork catalogue, wealth accounting ledger entries.

Chanhudaro seal of a trampling, in-heat bull & a supine long-legged person signify Meluhha rebus expression kammaṭa ḍhangar 'mint blacksmith'

https://tinyurl.com/y2p29ymk -- Chanhudaro seal bison kamda, 'in heat' atop a dhanga = 'tall, long shanked'person rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'. -- The Chanhudaro seal narrative is Indus Script hypertext, rebus kammaṭa ḍhangar'mint blacksmith' Chanhu Daro depicting a bull in heat, trampling with hoofs, trampling over a prostrate person with long legs. Archaeologist Allchin interprets the scene as Father Sky/Heaven (Dyaus Pitr) represented by the bull copulating with Mother Earth (Prthvi Matr)represented by the woman. Avoiding speculations of this type, the orthographic styles of hieroglyphs on the Chanhudaro Indus Script Inscription are re-interpreted in the context of the decipherment of the Text message of the inscription rendered with signs/hypertexts which have been read rebus consistently in all 8000+ inscriptions as metalwork catalogue, wealth accounting ledger entries.

The Chanhu-daro Seal: Gaur Ravaging a Female

Hypertext:

This is a stylized rendering of 'three dotted circles'.

Part 1 of hypertext:

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS Alternative 1: धाव dhāva 'ores' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus, together धावड dhāvaḍa, an iron smelter who is a purifier of the ferrite mineral ores. Thus, the suggest rebus reading is: धाव dhāva 'ores' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus: धावड dhāvaḍa 'smelter'. Alternative 2: dhanga 'mountain' rebus:dhangar 'blacksmith'. Thus, blacksmith forge or iron smelter forge

karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus:karṇī 'su[ercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account'. Thus, blacksmith account. Thus, together, the two hieroglyphs signify: scribe's account for smithy/forge of blacksmith's work.

Part 2 of hypertext:

karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus:karṇī 'su[ercargo' -- a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale karṇaka 'scribe, account'.

A variant of Sign 216 is shown on the Chanhudaro seal

kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khārखार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Oval-shaped bun ingot PLUS || dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Variant of Sign 267 is a oval or lonzenge-shape seen on Sign 375 oval shapes

Sign 375 variants. The bun ingot: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'. The shape of the ingot with two sharp ends is described in the lexicon: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali)

See: Decipherment of bun-shaped ingots signified by Indus Script signs detailed in:

Bun-shaped cast iron ingots dul mūhā mẽṛhẽt are signified by unique 'two oval-shape' hieroglyphs Sign 403, Sign 375 of Indus Script https://tinyurl.com/y4cdwtwn.

Variant of Sign 23 with a slanted stroke PLUS notch. dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS two slanted linear strokes (as phonetic determinative of dula 'two') PLUS orthographic signifier of ḍhāla 'slant' rebus: 'shield', ḍhālako, 'large ingot'. ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m. 2. Sh. ḍal (pl. ˚le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. ˚lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. Addenda: ḍhāla -- . 2. *ḍhāllā -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f.(CDIAL 5583) Thus large metalcasting ingots. PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) Rebus: khāṇḍa, khaṇḍa. 'implements'.

Thus, implements, metalware workshoop and scribe's account of blacksmith's work.

Chanhudaro seal orthographically signifies both semantics: 1. bull kept for covering; and 2. leading ox in treading out grain on a threshing floor. Thus,both actions of covering and trampling under hoofs or legs are signified.

The protrate person is a long-legged person. This orthographic style is intended to signify the rebur reading: dhanga = 'tall, long shanked' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

ḍhanga = tall, long shanked; maran: ḍhangi aimai kanae = she is a big tall woman (Santali) S. ḍhaṅgaru m. ʻlean emaciated beastʼ; L. (Shahpur) ḍhag̠g̠ā ʻ small weak ox ʼ(CDIAL 5324)

Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (WPah.): ḍānro = a term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.)(CDIAL 5524) ṭhākur = blacksmith (Mth.); ṭhākar = landholder (P.); ṭhakkura – Rajput, chief man of a village (Pkt.); ṭhakuri = a clan of Chetris (N.); ṭhākura – term of address to a Brahman, god, idol (Or.)(CDIAL 5488). dhã̄gar., dhã̄gar = a non-Aryan tribe in the Vindhyas, digger of wells and tanks (H.); dhāngar = young servant, herdsman, name of a Santal tribe (Or.); dhangar = herdsman (H.)(CDIAL 5524). dhangar 'blacksmith' (Maithili.Nepali). Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5488) N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmithʼ(CDIAL 5324)

Semantics of trampling is conveyed by the root word: kaṇḍá. A cognate homonym conveys the semantics of 'copulation'. khamḍa, kamda

'copulation'. The rebus rendering is: kampaṭṭa 'mint, coiner'; kammaṭi a coiner (Kannada)

Semantics of trampling: Kho. (Lor.) bortik ʻ to trample with the feet (in washing cloth) ʼ; vártatē ʻ turns, moves ʼ RV., ʻ takes place, is situated ʼ Mn. MBh. [√vr̥t1](CDIAL 11352) kaṇḍáyati, káṇḍati1 ʻ separates chaff from grain ʼ Dhātup. [√kaṇḍ1]Pk. kaṁḍaï, pres. part. ˚ḍiṁta -- ʻ threshes rice &c. ʼ; P. kaṇḍnā ʻ to beat mercilessly ʼ; A. kã̄riba ʻ to clean (grain) ʼ; B. kã̄ṛā ʻ to clean finely (as rice) ʼ; Or. kāṇḍibā, kã̄ṛibā ʻ to husk grain, beat ʼ, H. kã̄ḍnā, kã̄ṛnā ʻ to trample, tread on, crush ʼ; M. kã̄ḍṇẽ ʻ to husk rice by pounding in a mortar ʼ.

Addenda: kaṇḍáyati: A. kã̄riba also ʻ to husk paddy ʼ (CDIAL 2686)
*kṣundati ʻ crushes ʼ. [Cf. kṣuṇátti Pāṇ., kṣṓdati ʻ presses against ʼ, kṣōdáyati ʻ agitates by stamping ʼ RV.: √kṣud] Pk. khuṁdaï ʻ pounds, grinds ʼ; A. khundiba ʻ to pound, pulverize ʼ; Or. khundibā ʻ to ram in ʼ; H. khū̃dnā ʻ to trample on, paw up ʼ; G. khũdvũ ʻ to trample on ʼ, khũdṇũ n. ʻ running about ʼ.

Pk. chuṁdaï ʻ pounds, attacks ʼ; K. ċhunun ʻ to throw down, place, pour, thrust into, apply ʼ (← Ind.); G. chũdvũ ʻ to trample, tread ʼ; M. sũdṇẽ ʻ to crush, trample ʼ; Si. sin̆dinavā, hi˚ ʻ to express oil ʼ, sin̆denavā ʻ to be pressed out (of oil), be dried up (of water in well or river) ʼ.Ext. with -- l -- : H. khũdalnā ʻ to trample under foot ʼ → M. khũdaḷṇẽ ʻ to tread mortar, treat roughly, shake and toss ʼ (or poss. < skúndatē). -- X khura -- : M. khurãdaḷṇẽ, khurũd˚ ʻ to trample, crush ʼ. -- X rundhati q.v.KṢUP ʻ press ʼ. [For list of poss. enlargements of IE. *sqeu -- see √sku]*kṣupyatē; *avakṣōpa -- .Addenda: *kṣundati: S.kcch. khūndhṇū ʻ to trample ʼ; WPah.kṭg. ċhúnṇõ ʻ to crush, break, destroy ʼ (X chinná -- Him.I 69).(CDIAL 3717)

Semantics of copulation:

The narrative of 'copulation' (bison in heat) atop the long-legged person:

khamḍa, kamda 'copulation' (Santali) signifies Rebus: kampaṭṭa 'mint, coiner'; kammaṭi a coiner (Kannada). Thus, the narrative signifies mint (of) blacksmith:kammaṭa ḍhangar.

It is seen from an enlargement of the bottom portion of the seal impression that the ‘prostrate person’ may not be a person but a ligature of the neck of an antelope with rings on its necks or of a post with ring-stones. The head of the ‘person’ is not shown. So, I would surmise that this is an artist's representation of an act of copulation (by an animal) + a ligatured neck of another bovine or alternatively, a pillar with ring-stones ligatured to the bottom portion of a body. It is not uncommon in the artistic tradition to ligature bodies to the rump of, for example, a bull's posterior ligatured to a horned woman

FS 86, 87, 88

FS 103
(Pict. 103 Mahadevan) or standing person with horns and bovine features (hoofed legs and/or tail) -- Pict. 86-88 Mahadevan.

khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild'

pōḷā 'zebu' पोळ pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. rebus: pōḷa ‘magnetite ore, ferrite ore’ Rebus 1: pōḷa ‘magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4'.पोळ [ pōḷa ] ‘magnetite (ore)’ (Asuri) पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel (Marathi)

barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'

kuṭäˊheelʼ; khuṭo ʻleg, footʼ.Ta. kuracu, kuraccai horse's hoof. Ka. gorasu, gorase, gorise, gorusu hoof. Te. gorija, gorise, (B. also) gorije, korije id. / Cf. Skt. khura- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3906 (embedded). Ta. kuracu, kuraccai horse's hoof. Ka. gorasu, gorase, gorise, gorusu hoof. Te. gorija, gorise, (B. also) gorije, korije id. / Cf. Skt. khura- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3906.(DEDR 1770)*kuṭṭha ʻ knee ʼ. [Conn. √kuṭ1 ʻ bend ʼ Grierson Tor 162 with (?). But a long range of names for joints and limbs ʻ ankle -- heel -- foot -- leg -- knee -- wrist ʼ are characterized by the sequence of guttural -- u/ō -- retroflex: *kuṭṭha -- , *khuṭṭa -- 2, *khuḍa -- 1, *guṭṭha -- 2, *gōḍḍa -- , ghuṭa -- , ghuṇṭa -- 1] Ash. kuṭäˊ ʻ heel ʼ, Wg. kūṭewīˊ NTS ii 263; Dm. khuṭṭa ʻ knee ʼ, Paš. kōṭa, Bshk. kuṭ, kuṭh, Tor. kūṭh, Kand. kūṭhu, Phal. kuṭho, khūṭu, Sh. gil. kŭṭo m. (→ Ḍ. kuṭá prob. pl.), pales. koh. kūṭhu, jij. kuṭh, K. kŏṭhu m. (CDIAL 3243)

The mating posture of the bull shown on Chanhudaro seal echoes a zebu a covering or copulating bull: Ta. pulku (pulki-), pullu (pulli-) to embrace, copulate, be attached (to friends); poli (-v-, -nt-) to cover (bull or ram); poli, policcal, polippu, polivu covering (among animals). Ma. pulkuka, pulluka to embrace, copulate. (DEDR 4308) The Tamil expression is: பொலியெருது poli-y-erutu, n. < பொலி- +. 1. Bull kept for covering; பசுக்களைச் சினையாக்குதற் பொருட்டு வளர்க்கப்படும் காளை. (பிங்.) கொடிய பொலியெருதை யிருமூக்கிலும் கயி றொன்று கோத்து (அறப். சத. 42). 2. The leading ox in treading out grain on a threshing-floor; களத்துப் பிணையல்மாடுகளில் முதற்செல்லுங் கடா. (W.)

*kāra ʻ ear ʼ. [Connexion with kárṇa -- is not clear]Wg. kār ʻ ear ʼ (← Kho. kār), Kt. kōr, Dm. kâar Morgenstierne FestskrBroch 150, NTS xii 173; -- Ash. karmuṭäˊ ʻ ear ʼ, Kt. karmútə ʻ lobe of ear ʼ, Gaw. kumtak ʻ ear ʼ NTS ii 261 (or poss. all three < karṇapattraka -- ).Addenda: *kāra -- 6: Kho. kār ʻ ear ʼ certainly not ← Wg. BKhoT 69.(CDIAL 3056)

Section 2. Decipherment of Sign 233: tridhatu

Sign 233 This sign occurs in this context on 5327 text tablet with two sides.

h796A

h796B

h796 Text 5367 Line 1: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron'

Line 2: bead PLUS string: The cargo is from पोतदार pōtadāra 'assayer of metals'

I suggest that Sign 233 is an orthographic variant of a trefoil, tridhatu 'three mineral ores' which are assayed by potr, 'purifier priest'. Since Sign 238 is a stylized combination of three dotted circles, the reading is: धाव dhāva 'ores' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus, together धावड dhāvaḍa, an iron smelter who is a purifier of the ferrite mineral ores. Thus, the suggest rebus reading is: धाव dhāva 'ores' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus: धावड dhāvaḍa 'smelter'.

Section 3. Huntington identifies the offerings on Indus Script inscriptions

There are two seals of Indus script (m1186 and m0488) depicting a kneeling person with some offerings on a stool/tray. In a vivid orthographic analysis, John C. Huntington identifies the nature of the offering on m1186: it is a bowl with ladles. The offering kept on a stool on m0488 is likely to be a similar glyph, though analysis of a higher resolution image is not possible because the tablet with this glyph is worn-out. cf. https://www.academia.edu/13633362/Harappan_Seals_Iconographic_considerations_Web_Presentation_ John Huntington, Harappan Seals, Iconographic considerations (Web Presentation)

m1186A Text2430

Composition: horned person with a pigtail standing between the branches of a pipal tree; a low pedestal with offerings (? or human head?); a horned person kneeling in adoration; a ram with short tail and curling horns; a row of seven robed figures, with twigs on their pigtails.

m1186 seal. kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).

Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)

bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)

saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali)

minDAl 'markhor' (Torwali) meDho 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) Field symbol: ram, ibex, markhor 1. ram मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] m (मेष S through H) A male sheep, a ram or tup.(Marathi) meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.) PLUS xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' mũh,’face’ rebus: muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'

maNDa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maNDA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani) loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, metal'

maNDi 'kneeling position' Rebus: mADa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)

dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali)

The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)

The long curving horns may also connote a ram or markhor on h177 tablet:

h177A,B 4316 Pict-115: From R.—a person standing under an ornamental arch; a kneeling adorant; a ram with long curving horns. Field symbol: manḍa 'arbour, canopy' Rebus: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments' maṇḍa 'ornaments'. bhaṭa 'kneeling adorant' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

Text 4316

The ram read rebus: me~d. ‘iron’; glyph: me_n.d.ha ram; min.d.a_l markhor (Tor.); meh ram (H.); mei wild goat (WPah.) me~r.hwa_ a bullock with curved horns like a ram’s (Bi.) me~r.a_, me~d.a_ ram with curling horns (H.)

miṇḍ 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhet iron (metal), meD 'iron' (Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) Field symbol: ram, ibex, markhor 1. ram मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] m (मेष S through H) A male sheep, a ram or tup.(Marathi) meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.) PLUS xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' mũh,’face’ rebus: muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'

manḍa 'arbour,canopy' rebus: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'

Similar to the composite animals on h177 and m1186 is the following tablet:

One triangular terracotta tablet (Md 013); surface find at Mohenjo-daro in 1936. Dept. of Eastern Art, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. See: Three-sided Terracotta Seal By StephanieV. July 1st, 2015 "This beautiful three-sided terracotta sealing from 2000 BCE depicts a male cult figure seated in a yogic posture on a throne, a bull-like animal, and five characters in the Indus script. Today, the seal resides in the Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford." https://www.harappa.com/blog/three-sided-terracotta-seal

The composite animal is comparable tothe pictorial motif onm1186, h177B which show a markhor adorned with scarves on the neck. The Meluhha rebus readings are: miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ (Torwali) mẽḍhɔ 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) PLUS dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral'

kuṭila, kuṭika— 'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' (Sanskrit)

ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali)

kanac 'corner' rebus: kanac 'bronze'

bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread' rebus: कर्णक 'helmsman'. Thus, the text message of the inscription is a wealth-accounting ledger of a helmsman'smetalwork with bronze, minerals, brass furnaces

Triangular tablet. Horned seated person. crocodile. Split ellipse (parenthesis). On this tablet inscription, the hieroglyphs are: crocodile, fishes, person with a raised hand, seated in penance on a stool (platform). eraka 'raised hand' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, copper' arka 'copper'. manca 'platform' rebus: manji 'dhow, seafaring vessel' karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith'
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'. Thus, cast iron.
Hieroglyph: kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakrit) kamaḍha, kamaṭha, kamaḍhaka, kamaḍhaga, kamaḍhaya = a type of penance (Prakrit)
Rebus: kamaṭamu, kammaṭamu = a portable furnace for melting precious metals; kammaṭīḍu = a goldsmith, a silversmith (Telugu) kãpṛauṭ jeweller's crucible made of rags and clay (Bi.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Tamil)

kamaṭhāyo = a learned carpenter or mason, working on scientific principles; kamaṭhāṇa [cf. karma, kām, business + sthāna, thāṇam, a place fr. Skt. sthā to stand] arrangement of one’s business; putting into order or managing one’s business (Gujarati)

The composition of two hieroglyphs: kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) + kamaḍha 'a person seated in penance' (Prakrit) denote rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri); kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi) + kamaṭa 'portable furnace'; kampaṭṭam 'coinage, coin, mint'. Thus, what the tablet conveys is the mint of a blacksmith. A copulating crocodile hieroglyph -- kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) + kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) -- conveys the same message: mint of a blacksmith kāru kampaṭṭa 'mint artisan'.

m1429B and two other tablets showing the typical composite hieroglyph of fish + crocodile. Glyphs: crocodile + fish ayakāra ‘blacksmith’ (Pali) kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) aya 'fish' (Munda) The method of ligaturing enables creation of compound messages through Indus writing inscriptions. kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri); kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi).

Pali: ayakāra ‘iron-smith’. ] Both ayaskāma and ayaskāra are attested in Panini (Pan. viii.3.46; ii.4.10). WPah. bhal. kamīṇ m.f. labourer (man or woman) ; MB. kāmiṇā labourer (CDIAL 2902) N. kāmi blacksmith (CDIAL 2900).

Kashmiri glosses:

khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji or -güjü - लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü -हा&above;जू&below;), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu - लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 - लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wānवान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.

Thus, kharvaṭ may refer to an anvil. Meluhha kāru may refer to a crocodile; this rebus reading of the hieroglyph is.consistent with ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali) [fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Telugu)].

↧

Documented, daybook of arkaśālā 'goldsmith workshop' ayas bharata kāraṇī kharaḍā 'blazing bharata alloy metal'

May 27, 2020, 6:24 am

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≪ Previous: Human faces in composite animals of Indus Script are catalogues of mũhã 'ingots' of iron, metal manufactories, equipment, ornament workshops

https://tinyurl.com/y6we7joq

-- muṭṭikka'butting' bulls rebus muṭṭi'goldsmith'
-- khōṇḍa A stock or stump (Marathi) 'leafless tree' (Marathi) rebus: kō̃daकोँद 'furnace'
-- 24 dots on a cartouche signify arkaśālā 'goldsmith workshop'

A catouche is an ornate frame around a design or inscription. Such a cartouche is

A tablet shaped like a gmelina arborea leaf with Indus Script bas-relief inscription of a silversmith's lapidary metalwork repertoire

https://tinyurl.com/y3nfxyk7

Field symbol and gmelina arborea leaf shape of tablet explained

---- kumuda 'gmelina arborea leaf' rebus: kumuda 'silver'. Since the scribe documents details of blazing, bright products of goldsmith's workshop, it is apposite that he chose a word which signifies silver and also the leaf of gmelina arborea tree. Using the characteristic depiction of two bulls in a pose of butting, the scribe communicates information about muṭṭikka 'butting' bulls rebus muṭṭi 'goldsmith' (on side A) furnace khōṇḍa A stock or stump (Marathi) 'leafless tree' (Marathi) rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace' AND

arkaśālā goldsmith workshop products as text message (on side B)

File:Gmelina arborea 1.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

Gmelina arborea leaves compare with the shape of Harappa tablet.

शिवण śivaṇa, शिवणी śivaṇī f A timber-tree, Gmelina arborea. Rox. The wood is light yet strong. It is much used in the Konkan̤ for net-floats. †śrīparṇī -- f. ʻ the tree Gmelina arborea ʼ Hcat., ˚ṇikā<-> f. ʻ Myristica malabarica and Myrica sapida ʼ Bhpr., ˚ṇa -- n. ʻ Premna spinosa or longifolia ʼ Hcat. [śrīˊ -- , parṇá -- ] Pk. sīvaṇṇī, sīvannī -- f. ʻ a partic. kind of tree ʼ; M. śivan, śivnī f. ʻ a partic. timber -- tree ʼ, śivaṇ, śivṇī f. ʻ Gmelina arborea (a timber -- tree) ʼ, hal. sivnā ʻ a partic. tree ʼ (T. Burrow 18.6.79).(CDIAL 12710) kārṣmaryà m. ʻ the tree Gmelina arborea ʼ TS., kārśmarī -- f. lex., kāśmarya -- m., ˚marī -- f. MBh., ˚mīrī -- , kambhārī -- , gambhārī, ˚rikā -- f. lex. [← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 372, EWA i 202]N. khamāro, ˚ri, gambāri ʻ Gmelina arborea ʼ, A. gamārī, B. gāmbhārī, gāmārī, Or. gambhārī, H. kambhārī, kha˚, ga˚ f.; M. khãbārī ʻ the plant Costus speciosus ʼ (similar confusion in M. śivṇī f. ʻ Gm. arborea and C. speciosus ʼ); -- poss. Paš. kašmīr, kašpīr ʻ wild fruit tree with red berries, Sugeretia oppositifolia (?) ʼ see kāśmīra -- 2.(CDIAL 3082)3117 kāśmīrá1 ʻ coming from Kashmir ʼ MBh., kāˊśmīraka- Pāṇ., MBh. [káśmīra -- ]K. kôśyuru, f. köśirü ʻ of or belonging to or coming from Kashmir ʼ BSOS ix 41. 3118 kāśmīra2 ʻ name of various plants ʼ.Paš. ar. kašmīr, dar. kašpīr ʻ wild fruit tree with red berries, Sugeretia oppositifolia (?) ʼ IIFL iii 3, 99 prob. ← Sk. or Psht. kašmīr ← IA.; -- or poss. eventually < kārṣmaryà -- .

I suggest that this cartouche signifies: arkaśālā 'goldsmith workshop'. Rectangle with 12 dots on Harappa faience tablet; deciphered: metalcasting artisans working in a goldsmith workshop.

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS arka 'twelve' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' PLUS Ta. cāl furrow in ploughing, track of a sower while passing and repassing in sowing; cālai street, avenue, road. Ma. cāl furrow, channel, track, line, direction. Ko. ca·l furrow. To. so·l id. Ka. sāl a continuous line, a furrow. Koḍ. ca·llï line, furrow, one complete ploughing of a field, people related in any way by descent. Tu. sālů line, row, furrow. Te. cālu id., groove, track; cālupu line, row, series. Ga. (S.3) sālu furrow made by plough. Go. (Ko.) āl furrow (< Te.; Voc. 140). Konḍa (BB, 1972) sāl id. (DEDR 2471) Rebus: śāˊlā f. ʻ shed, stable, house ʼ AV., śālám adv. ʻ at home ʼ ŚBr., śālikā -- f. ʻ house, shop ʼ lex.

Pair of butting bulls deciphered as copper-pewter-tin-alloy metalcasters

muṭṭikka 'butting' മുട്ടുക muṭṭuγa 'to butt' (Malayalam) Rebus: muṭṭi 'goldsmith' (Tamil) मुष्टिकः muṣṭikaḥ [मुष्टिर्मोषणं प्रयोजनमस्य कन्] 1 A goldsmith.-काः (pl.) N. of an outcast race (the Dombas); श्वमांसनियताहारा मुष्टिका नाम निर्वृणाः Rām.1.59.19. मौष्टिकः mauṣṭikaḥ A goldsmith.(Apte) Muṭṭhika [fr. muṭṭhi] a sort of hammer J v.45.(Pali) ବଜ୍ର ମୁଠି— Bajra muṭhi ଦେ. ବି. (ବଣିଆ ଶବ୍ଦ)— କୁନ୍ଦନ କାମ କରିବାରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହତିଆର—Name of an instrument used by goldsmiths in setting gem on gold (Oriya)

ମୁଷ୍ଟିକ— Mushṭika Crucible. (ମୁଷ୍ଟି +ପ୍ରଯୋଜନ ଏହାର, ଏହି ଅର୍ଥରେ କ) ସ୍ବର୍ଣ୍ଣକାର; ବଣିଆ—. Goldsmith.

Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree (DEDR 2200). Rebus 2: खोट [khōṭa] alloyed ingot (Marathi). koḍ ‘artisan’s workplace’.

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Hieroglyph: barad, balad 'ox' Rebus: भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत.भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. Thus, the pair of bulls (ox) signified: copper-pewter-tin-alloy metalcasters, goldsmiths

Lealess tree on faience tablet. Deciphered: metal alloy turner

khōṇḍa A stock or stump (Marathi) 'leafless tree' (Marathi). खडणें khaḍaṇēṃ v i To be shed or cast, or to fall--the leaves of a tree: also to be leafless from having cast its leaves--a tree.(Marathi) Rebus: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi) kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñ^ü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used.(Kashmiri)

Hieroglyph: khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus 1: kõdār ’turner’ (Bengali) कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner' kunda 'fine gold' Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725)

Hieroglyph: kuṭi, kuṭhi, kuṭa, kuṭha a tree (Kaus'.); kud.a tree (Pkt.); kur.a_ tree; kar.ek tree, oak (Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228). kuṭha, kuṭa (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.) kuṭha_ra, kuṭha, kuṭaka = a tree (Samskritam) kuṭ, kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khut. = id.(Or.) kut.amu = a tree (Telugu) Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'.

A unique mold-made faience tablet or standard (H2000-4483/2342-01) was found in the eroded levels west of the tablet workshop in Trench 54 of Harappa by HARP Team. On one side is a short inscription under a rectangular box filled with 24 dots. The reverse has a narrative scene with two bulls fighting under a thorny tree.
Source: https://www.harappa.com/indus3/205.html

Ta. kumir̤ coomb teak, small cashmere tree; kūmpal coomb teak, Gmelina arborea. Ma. kumir̤, kumpiḷ G. asiatica. Ka.(Lush.) kumuḷe, kumbuḍi, kūḷe G. arborea. Koḍ. kummi, kumbïḷi id. Te. (Lush.) gummuḍu, gumuḍu G. arborea and asiatica; (Inscr.) kumaḍu G. arborea. Kol. (Kin.) kumre G. arborea. Pa. gumṛi id. Go. (Tr.) gummur marā the kumīn tree, Careya arborea (Voc. 1149); (Koya Lush.) gumudu G. arborea; (LuS.) koomooree the koombhee tree. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) kumudā- G. arborea. (DEDR 1742)  कु-मुदा f. the plant Gmelina arborea (Monier-Williasms)  कुमुदिक   kumudika कुमुदिक a. Abounding in Kumudas. -का N. of a plant (कट्फला). -2 A small tree (the seeds to which are aromatic).कुमुदः-गन्ध्या f. a woman having the smell of a कुमुद to her body. (Apte) குமுதை kumutai , n. 1. Coomb teak, Gmelina arborea; குமிழ்
மரவகை. Pond. (Tamil)

The tablet is inscribed in bas-relief; the term for such writing is: குமிழ்-தல் kumiḻ- , 4 v. intr. To be embossed or worked in relief; சித்திரவேலை செதுக் கப்படுதல். மரத்திற் குமிழ்ந்த் யானை.Thus, the kumir̤, kumuda, gmelina arborea leaf signifies bas-relief writing.

Rebus: कु-मुद 'silver' (Monier-Williams)

Thus, the gmelina arborea leaf shape signifies kumuda 'silver'. With this decipherment, the entier Indus Script inscription on sides of the Harappa tablet is read rebus:
khōṇḍa 'leafless tree' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS  kuṭi, 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS  barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. Thus, the pair of bulls (oxen) signifies: copper-pewter-tin-alloy metalcasters.

The text message PLUS 24-dots of a text box read rebus:
24-dot text box as hypertext: The four-signs of the text message read from r. to l.

1. ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'
2. baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)
3.kaṇḍa kāraṇī which reads ‘rim of jar’ rebus: ‘equipment cargo, scribe’
4. karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner'.

Thus, the text message trogether with the text-box of 24 dots conveys the details of the wealth cargo: alloy metal, equipment cargo, wealth-accounting ledger of metals turner. silver and alloy metal smelter, PLUS

Text on Harappa faience tablet deciphered. bright, blazing alloy metal, copper-pewter-tin alloy, supercargo-scribe, portable furnace.

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.

Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'

Sign 48 Sign 48 is a 'backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharataḷ = moulded; an article made

in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into

(Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bhaṭ,

bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit. ) baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

This kaṇḍa kāraṇī which reads ‘rim of jar’ rebus: ‘equipment cargo, scribe’ signifies bill of lading when used as sealings of seals on cargo packages. This explains the reason why this hypertext is the most frequently on Indus Script Corpora.

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: kharaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: kanahār'helmsman', karaNI 'scribe, account''supercargo'. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'; meṛed 'iron' rebus: meḍh 'merchant' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; 2. कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', kāraṇi 'supercargo' Indicative that the merchant is seafaring metalsmith. karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman ʼ.(CDIAL 2836) Decipherment: कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic). Thus the body hieroglyph signifies mē̃d कर्णक karṇi 'an iron helmsman seafaring, supercargo merchant.'

baraDo 'spine' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'; karNIka 'rim of jar' Rebus: karaNI 'supercargo' karNIka 'scribe'; karava narrow-necked jar' Rebus: karba 'iron' kharva 'nidhi of Kubera'. कंकवा (p. 123) [ kaṅkavā ] m A sort of comb. See कंगवा. कोंगें (p. 180) [ kōṅgēṃ ] n A long sort of honeycomb.Rebus: kanga 'portable furnace' Rebus: kangar 'large brazier': *kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ. [Cf. kāgni -- m. ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop.: ka -- 3 or kā -- , aṅgāri -- ] K. kã̄gürü, kã̄gar f. ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m. ʻ large do. ʼ (or < *kāṅgāra -- ?); H. kã̄grī f. small portable brazier ʼ.(CDIAL 3006)

The narrative of butting bulls is vividly presented on another four-sided molded tablet of Harappa, which shows a man butting against a bull

Tin, alloy metal repertoire of muṭṭi 'goldsmith' deciphered in Indus inscription on four-sided Harappa molded tablet

https://tinyurl.com/ybpu9erc

Harappa four-sided molded tablet

Side A: The hero wears horns and a scarf. dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'.

koḍ 'horns' rebus; koḍ 'workshop'

He wears bangles, wristlets: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār 'blacksmith, iron worker'

Side B: A bull (ox) is shown in opposition to a fighting person. barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).PLUS bhaṭa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' The fighting person butts against the ox: This signifies muṭṭikai 'butting' rebus: muṭṭi 'jeweller, jeweller's hammer, goldsmith'; muṭṭikai 'small jeweller's hammer' Ta. muṭṭu (muṭṭi-) to dash against, butt, oppose, meet, assault, attack, fight; n. battering, butting; muṭṭikai jeweller's small hammer. Ma. muṭṭu knocking, tapping, butting, dunning; muṭṭuka to dash against, knock, tap, butt, strike as a bell or clock; muṭṭikka to press, harass, make to hit, knock, dash, etc.; muṭṭi hammer. Ko. muṭ- (muc-) to meet, harm; miṭk small hammer. To. -milmuṭy (to quarrel) about (for -mil, see 5086); ? muṭ- (muṭy-) to outstrip. Ka. moṭṭu to rap the head (of another) with the knuckles of the fist; n. a rap with the knuckles of the fist. Koḍ. muṭṭ- (muṭṭi-) to bump against. Te. moṭṭu to give a blow or stroke with the knuckles, esp. on the head, give a blow or knock on one hard body with another that is smaller; moṭṭu, moṭṭukāya a knock with the knuckles, a blow on a hard body with one that is smaller. Pa. muṭṭ- to hammer; muṭka blow with fist. Ga. (P.) muṭa fist. Go. (Mu.) muṭ, (Ko.) muṭiya hammer; (Mu.) muṭka a blow (Voc. 2874). Pe. muṭla hammer. Manḍ. muṭla id. Kuwi (Su.) muṭla id.

Kur. muṭga'ānā to deal a heavy blow with the fist; muṭgā, muṭkā clenched hand or fist, hammering with the fist; muṭka'ānā to hit or hammer at with the fist. / Cf. Skt. muṭ- to crush, grind, break; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10186. .Ta. muṭṭu (muṭṭi-) to hinder, be hindered, prevented; n. hindrance, obstacle, impediment, difficulty as in passing, prop, support; muṭakku (muṭakki-) to prevent, hinder; n. hindrance, delay; muṭakkam restraint, hindrance; muṭukkaṭi hindrance, objection, thwarting, straits, difficulties; muṭaṅku (muṭaṅki-) to be hindered, frustrated. Ma. muṭṭu impediment, stoppage; muṭṭuka to be hindered, stopped; muṭṭikka to stop, hinder, block up; muṭaṅṅuka to be hindered, obstructed; muṭakkam hindrance, stop, suspension; muṭakku prohibition, suspension; muṭakkuka to stop, impede, arrest, forbid. Ka. muṭṭu impediment, hindrance, stoppage; prop, stay. Go. (Tr.) mūṛānā to be blocked, of a bamboo or gunbarrel; (A.) mur- to be blocked up; muh- to block up; (SR.) muhānā to plug; (Ph.) muhtānā to block up with earth (Voc. 2895, 2935). Br. mūṛk stopper, bung; mūṛk tining to stop up.(DEDR 4932, 4933)

Side C: Two persons seated on platform, stool: kaṇḍo 'stool, seat' Rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment'; maṇḍa 'platform' rebus: maṇḍa 'warehouse'. Thus equipment in warehouse. One person is seated in penance: kamaḍha 'penance' rebus kammaṭa 'mint'

Side D: Text message inscription: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS 'rim-of-jar' hieroglyph; alternative: khara Equus hemionus, 'Indian wild ass' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith': See:

A tribute with 10 deciphered signs and homage to the late Iravatham Mahadevan whose life mission was decipherment of Indus Script

https://tinyurl.com/yb94vr86

Sign 342 karaṇaka 'rim of jar'; detailed rebus reading:

Meluhha: bhāṭi kaṇḍa karaṇa sāla 'furnace equipment writers' workshop'.Sign48 baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)khār खार 'backbone, spine' rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'stature, standing person: kāḍ 'stature', kāṭi 'body stature rebus: khad 'iron stone' PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). Thus, meḍ Thus, meḍ khad 'iron stone ore'

Molded tablets from Trench 11 at Harappa sometimes have impressions on one, two, three or four sides. This group of molded tablets shows the complete set of motifs. One side is comprised entirely of script and has six characters, the first of which (on the very top) appears to be some sort of animal. A second side shows a human figure grappling with a short horned bull. A small plant with at least six branches is discernible behind the individual. The third panel portrays a figure seated on a charpoy or throne in a yogic position, with arms resting on the knees. Both arms are covered with bangles, and traces of a horned headdress and long hair are visible on some of the impressions. A second individual, also with long hair and wearing bangles, is seated on a short stool to the proper left of the individual on the "throne." The fourth panel shows a deity standing with both feet on the ground and wearing a horned headdress. A branch with three pipal leaves projects from the center of the headdress. Bangles on seen on both arms. Source: https://www.facebook.com/AncientIndus/posts/10158284040639846

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Itihāsa. History has been made by the discovery of three ancient शिवलिंग in My Son, Ayodhya and Karempudi, Guntur

May 27, 2020, 5:15 pm

≫ Next: Indus Script & archaeological evidences for temples in Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization; शिवलिंग as Skambha, अष्टाश्रि 'having eight corners' (Vedic) yupa

≪ Previous: Documented, daybook of arkaśālā 'goldsmith workshop' ayas bharata kāraṇī kharaḍā 'blazing bharata alloy metal'

Thanks to Hon'ble Dr. S. Jaishankar ji, Minister of External Affairs for the tweet.

With this tweet, between February and May, discovery of three ancient शिवलिंग have been

reported. Karempudi शिवलिंग relates to Megalithic Civilization. My Son शिवलिंग relates to

9th century Khmer Civilization. Ayodhya शिवलिंग is yet to be dated; it venerates the birthplace

of Sri Rama.

Kalyanaraman

Archaeological Survey of India discovers

9th century sandstone Shiva linga in Vietnam

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar also congratulated the ASI on their discovery, which was excavated in an ancient Hindu temple complex in Vietnam.

TARAN DEOL 27 May, 2020 5:26 pm IST

The ancient Shiva linga found in Vietnam | Twitter | @DrSJaishankar

New Delhi: The Archeological Survey of India (ASI) recently discovered a monolithic sandstone Shiva linga from the 9th century CE, during the ongoing conservation project at Mỹ Sơn — a cluster of abandoned and partially ruined Hindu .External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar also applauded the ASI on the discovery, calling it “a great cultural example of India’s development partnership”. He also said that the artefact reaffirmed the “civilisational connect” between India and Vietnam.

Dr. S. Jaishankar

@DrSJaishankar

May 27, 2020

Reaffirming a civilisational connect.  Monolithic sandstone Shiv Linga of 9th c CE is latest find in ongoing conservation project. Applaud @ASIGoI team for their work at Cham Temple Complex, My Son, #Vietnam. Warmly recall my visit there in 2011.

A great cultural example of India’s development partnership.   @AmbHanoi@ITECnetwork@FMPhamBinhMinh11:20 AM · May 27, 2020

https://theprint.in/india/archaeological-survey-of-india-discovers-9th-century-sandstone-shiva-linga-in-vietnam/430366/

Siva linga discovered atop hillock at A.P. temple

P. Samuel Jonathan

GUNTUR , FEBRUARY 19, 2020 06:57 IST

A view of the Siva linga sighted atop a hillock in Kadapa.

It was believed to have been formed during Neolithic age

An 18-foot Siva linga has been discovered by a freelance archaeologist at the Bhairaveswara Swamy Temple atop the Mopuru hillock, in Vemula mandal of A.P.’s YSR Kadapa district.

The linga was believed to have been naturally formed (‘swayambhu’) during the Neolithic age dated back to 3,000 - 2,800 B.C.

The sighting of the Siva linga on the banks of the Mogameru rivulet, close on the heels of the discovery of stone implements such as axes and other tools used by the Megalithic civilisation by the Archaeology Department, has created further interest.

“The discovery of the Siva linga has thrown light on the religious practices of Neolithic civilisations during which people used to worship idols of Gods and Goddesses in standing posture. Earlier, Megalithic burial sites have also been found on the river bank,” says freelance archaeologist Kadiyala Venkateswara Rao.

Mr. Rao, who retired as deputy director in the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh (SAAP), has discovered rock menhirs at Karempudi village in Guntur district which revealed the religious practices of megalithic civilisation.

Locals believe that the idol was not manmade, but a natural formation.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/siva-linga-discovered-atop-hillock-at-ap-temple/article30857094.ece

हुआ चमत्कार मिला आशीर्वाद निकले भगवान् ||| Five-foot शिवलिंग discovered at Ayodhya during construction work.
See the शिवलिंग with Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra भाग

https://tinyurl.com/y7y56o4h

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93LcWcWSYlg (3:37)

राम जन्मभूमि परिसर के समतलीकरण का काम चल रहा है. इस दौरान कई पुरातात्विक मूर्तियां, खंभे और शिवलिंग

मिलने का दावा किया गया है.. श्री रामजन्मभूमि तीर्थ क्षेत्र के महामंत्री चम्पत राय ने कहा कि मलबा हटाने के दौरान

कई मूर्तियां और एक बड़ा शिवलिंग मिला है.

- May 21 2020, 11:15 am,

Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi: Five-Foot Shivaling,

Broken Idols, Carved Pillars Discovered During Construction Work

by Swarajya Staff

In a major development, a five-foot Shivaling, seven pillars of black touchstone, six pillars of

red sandstone and broken idols of Devi-Devtas were found at Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi

temple site, reports Republic World.

The development was made public by Champat Rai, General Secy, Sri Ram Janmabhoomi

Tirth Kshetra Trust, Ayodhya, who said that since past 10 days, debris is being removed

and land being levelled at the site. It was during this process that pillar and other structures

were discovered.

Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra tweeted, “The work started on May 11, 2020.

Since then many objects have been discovered during excavation. It include many

objects of archaeological importance like flowers made of stone, Kalash, Aamalak,

Doorjamb etc.”

The findings hold significance as the presence of a temple beneath the overground

structures was a bone of contention for decades and was later resolved by the Supreme

Court of the country.

It should be noted that ASI findings had stated that there were remains of an ancient temple

beneath the site where the Babri Masjid was erected.

https://swarajyamag.com/insta/ayodhya-ram-janmabhoomi-five-foot-shivaling-broken-idols-carved-pillars-discovered-during-construction-work

EVIDENCE OF EXISTANCE OF RAM MANDIR AT AYODHYA DURING RAM MANDIR

RECONSTRUCTION

EVIDENCE OF EXISTANCE OF RAM MANDIR AT AYODHYA DURING RAM MANDIR

RECONSTRUCTION

Ayodhya: Carved stone pillars, Hindu sculptures, broken idols and a Shivling excavated

during Ram Mandir construction work.

Ayodhya: Carved stone pillars, Hindu sculptures, broken idols and a Shivling excavated

during Ram Mandir construction work

During the excavation carried out for the construction works for the temple in the

Ram Janmabhoomi in Ayodhya, the remains of Hindu stone sculptures, including a

Shivling, broken-idols of Hindu deities, and carved pillars have been found near the site.

According to Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra, as the work for levelling of land and

removal of the gangway in Shri Ramjanmabhumi Complex was resumed on Wednesday

after the coronavirus lockdown, the workers at the site unearthed the remains of pillars

adorned with old Hindu carvings, likely of a temple during the excavation.

The objects included various archaeological artefacts and stone pillars with carvings

of flowers, Kalash, Aamalak, etc, said Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra trust.

Shri Champat Rai, General Secretary of the trust said that during the excavation,

a 5 feet Shivaling, 7 carved pillars of Black touchstone, 6 carved pillars of red

sandstone and broken idols of Hindu gods were also found. The trust said that the

work is still continuing at a slow pace due to the restrictions.

The findings will further testify the presence of Hindu temples beneath the overground

structures, which was a bone of contention for decades and was later resolved by the

Supreme Court of the country. ASI findings had stated that there were remains of an

ancient temple beneath the site where the Babri Masjid was erected.

On Tuesday, the Uttar Pradesh government had allowed construction activity to

resume the work on clearing up the site of Ram temple construction in Ayodhya,

which was stopped due to coronavirus lockdown.

The first phase of construction had earlier begun on March 25, when the Uttar Pradesh

CM Yogi Adityanath had then gone to Ayodhya and participated in the “Pran-Pratishtha”

rituals with saints and seers in Ayodhya city. He had also taken part in the ritual for

shifting of the Ram Lalla idol to the new makeshift structure on March 2, just a day before Navratri.

https://www.facebook.com/1562929943918762/posts/2662326787312400/?sfnsn=scwspmo&extid=kXvnvqqvhSXhEjl1

↧

Indus Script & archaeological evidences for temples in Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization; शिवलिंग as Skambha, अष्टाश्रि 'having eight corners' (Vedic) yupa

May 27, 2020, 7:14 pm

≫ Next: Mohenjo-daro tablet m411 bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop' documents pōlaḍu 'black drongo' rebus poladu 'steel' and other metalwork products

≪ Previous: Itihāsa. History has been made by the discovery of three ancient शिवलिंग in My Son, Ayodhya and Karempudi, Guntur

https://tinyurl.com/y9lsh46b

The शिवलिंग discovered in MySon, Vietnam reported on May 27 by Dr. S. Jaishanker, Hon'ble Minister MEA is unique since the linga presents a Skambha, yupa on the Rudra Bhaga in lieu of a mukha 'face'. This Yupa is a ketu, a proclamation of the performance of a Soma yajna.

This Yupa is archaeologically evidenced and dated to Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization, thanks to archaeological evidence of अष्टाश्रि 'having eight corners' (Vedic) yupa discoverred from the site of Binjor, Anupgarh, on the banks of River Sarasvati. At Anupgarh, the LANDSAT image shows the palaeo-channel of River Sarasvati forking into two streams, one stream flows southwards towards Jaisalmer and another flows westwards towards Ganweriwala, Cholistan which is 7 kms. from the site of Anupgarh across the Indo-Pakistan border.

The Skambha is described in Veda texts as a fiery pillar of light and flame. The uniqueness of the eight-angled yupa is explained together with चषालः caṣāla top ring on Yupa, made of wheat straw, to infuse carbon element into molten iron metal in the fire-altar, to produce steel.

Such a yupa, शिवलिंग is venerated from the days of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization. That the presence of शिवलिंग signifies a temple is explained by the following Indus Script hieroglyphs, Sign 242 and Sign 243:

kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'

kole.l 'temple'rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron'; bhaṭa 'furnace'. Thus Sign 243 signifies a smithy, forge with a furnace. The word for a temple is kole.l. The word for a smithy, forge is also kole.l. Thus, kole.l 'smithy, forge' is a kole.l 'temple'. And this temple, this smithy, forge is embellished with a furnace.

This temple is at a home or workplace level. For the settlement of people as a whole,there is also a larger structure called the ziggurat which is archaeologically evidenced by what is called 'stupa' or 'dagoba, dhatugarbha' in Mohenjo-daro. This ziggurat is an accumulated mound of earth and stone rising upto the hesvens. Thus womb of elements, mineral ores is called dhatugarbha and venerated as a representation of a cosmic phenomenon to link up the earth and heaven. The Mohenjo-daro ziggurat temple compares with Ur ziggurat.

Mohenjo-daro ziggurat (several images and views)

Ur Ziggurat.

Left :शिवलिंग MySon, Vietnam, 9th cent. CE. Right: Skambha as शिवलिंग flanked by Brahma, Vishnu, Ajmer Museum
चित्र:Workship-of-Siva-Linga-by-the-Gandharvas-Mathura-Museum-11.jpg

चित्र:Workship-of-Siva-Linga-by-the-Gandharvas-Mathura-Museum-11.jpg

Bharatkalyan97: Indus Script Corpora and early mukhalinga signify ...

Worship of Shiva Linga by Gandharvas - Shunga Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 3625 This is worship by kharva 'dwarfs' gaNa of Siva, celebrating Kubera's nidhi also called kharva Rebus: karb 'iron' (Tulu)

Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE

Bhutes'var sculptural friezes show an Ekamukha शिवलिंग venerated by gaNa, dwarfs. The शिवलिंग is atop the roof of a smelter. The semantic determiative is the tr
ee in the background. kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhī 'warehouse, factory, smelter'

(Santali)

Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE shows a gaNa, dwarf with tuft of hair in front, a unique tradition followed by Dikshitar in Chidambaram. The gaNa is next to the smelter identified by the ekamukha sivalinga. mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). kharva is a dwarf; kharva is a nidhi of Kubera. karba'iron' (Tulu)

shrI-sUktam of Rigveda explains the purport of the yaSTi to signify a baton of divine authority:

ArdrAm yaHkariNIm yaShTim suvarNAm padmamAlinIm |

sUryAm hiraNmayIm lakSmIm jAtavedo ma Avaha || 14

Trans. Oh, Ritual-fire, I pray you to invite shrI-devi to me, an alter-ego of everyone, who makes the environ holy let alone worship-environ, wielder of a baton symbolizing divine authority, brilliant in her hue, adorned with golden garlands, motivator of everybody to their respective duties like dawning sun, and who is manifestly self-resplendent in her mien.

http://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/giirvaani/giirvaani/ss/ss.htm

A remarkable discovery is the octoganal brick which is a yaṣṭi.in a fire-altar of Bijnor site on the banks of Vedic River Sarasvati. Thi yaṣṭi attests to the continuum of the Vedic tradition of fire-altars venerating the yaṣṭi as a baton, skambha of divine authority which transforms mere stone and earth into metal ingots, a manifestation of the cosmic dance enacted in the furnace/smelter of a smith. Bhuteswar sculptural friezes provide evidence to reinforce this divine dispensation by describing the nature of the smelting process displaying a tree to signify kuTi rebus: kuThi 'smelter' with kharva 'dwarf' adorning the structure with a garland to signify kharva 'a nidhi or wealth' of Kubera.

Why is a Skambha venerated? Atharva Veda explains in Skambha Suktam. शिवलिंग have been found in Harappa, dated to ca. 2500 BCE. cf. MS Vats Archaeological report.
Sex Worship' in Indus Valley | Tamil and Vedas

Sex Worship' in Indus Valley | Tamil and Vedas

indianhistorypics on Twitter: "1920s :: Lingam Excavated In ...

(Source :: Report of Archaeological Excavations at Harappa Carried Out by M.S.Vats Between 1920-21 & 1933-34 )
5,000 Year Old Shiva Linga Found at Harappa

1940, archaeologist M.S. Vats discovered three Shiva Lingas at Harappa, dating more than 5,000 years old. This rare archival photo shows that ancient Shiva Linga as it was being excavated from the Harappa site. Lingam, grey sandstone in situ, Harappa, Trench Ai, Mound F, Pl. X (c) (After Vats). "In an earthenware jar, No. 12414, recovered from Mound F, Trench IV, Square I... in this jar, six lingams were found along with some tiny pieces of shell, a unicorn seal, an oblong grey sandstone block with polished surface, five stone pestles, a stone palette, and a block of chalcedony..." (Vats,MS, Excavations at Harappa, p. 370)

Tre-foil inlay decorated base (for linga icon?); smoothed, polished pedestal of dark red stone; National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi; After Mackay 1938: I, 411; II, pl. 107:35; Parpola, 1994, p. 218.

Two decorated bases and a lingam, Mohenjodaro.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/08/bronze-age-kanmer-bagasra.html
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/04/dholavira-1-signboard-and-2-stone.html

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/04/sivalinga-in-dholavira-depicted-as.html

After Fig. 8.305 RS Bisht. Dholavira. Details of free standing columns.
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/skambha-sivalinga-temple-in-dholavira.html

Naga worshippers of fiery pillar, Amaravati stupa Smithy is the temple of Bronze Age: stambha, thãbharā fiery pillar of light, Sivalinga. Rebus-metonymy layered Indus script cipher signifies: tamba, tã̄bṛā, tambira 'copper'

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/smithy-is-temple-of-bronze-age-stambha_14.html

Railing crossbar with monks worshiping a fiery pillar, a symbol of the Buddha.

Atharva Veda Skambha Sukta predates archaeology of Sarasvati Sindhu civilization. The civilization dates from ca. 8th millennium BCE (pace BR Mani's article) https://friendsofasi.wordpress.com/writings/the-8th-millennium-bc-in-the-lost-river-valley/ There is no mention of linga in Rigveda. S'is'nadeva is wrongly interpreted as phallus worshipper. Yaska's and Sayana's seems to be the correct interpretation. Gopinatha Rao and RS Bisht ar in error when they deduce phallus-worship. What is worshipped is the temple which is the smithy-forge-- kole.l This is consistent with the decipherment of the entire Indus Script Corpora ascatalogus catalogorum of metalwork. and the veneration of skambha as sivalinga in Bhuteswar and Mathura and in Amaravati

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/indus-script-cipher-and.html

“The Dhruvaberas in all Siva temples is the Linga surmounted upon the Yoni or the piNDikA (pedestal)...Int he praise of Skambha, we meet with the following passages, namely, 'Where Skambha, generating brought PurANapurusha into existence' and 'Skambha in the beginning shed forth that gold (hiraNya, out of which HiraNyagarbha arose) in the midst of the world' and lastly 'He who knows the golden reed standing in the waters is the mysterious PrajApati.' From the first two of the three passages quoted above, we see that one of the functions of Skambha is to beget HiraNyagarbha, or PurANapurusha, the god of reproduction. He pours forth his golden seed in begetting PrajApati. The original of the third passage runs thus: Yo vetasam hiraNyayam tishThantam salile veda sa vai guhyah PrajApatih.”(pp.56-57)

“...a brief account contributed by Mr. RD Banerji to the Annual of the Director General of Archaeology for 1909-1910. About the linga of Bhita Mr. Banerji writes, 'The top of it is shaped as the bust of a male holding a vase in his left hand, while the right is raised in the abhaya mudrA posture. Below this bust, where the waist of the figure should have been, are four human heads, one at each corner. From the mode of dressing the hair and the large rings worn in the lobes of the ears, it appears that these are the busts of females. They are more or less defaced, but still retain sufficient detail to admit of identification. The upper part of the hed of the male is broken, only the portion below the nose being extant. The male figure wears a loth which is thrown over the left shoulder, the folds being shown by a double line running over the breast. The vase held in the left hand resembles to some extent, the ointment vessel found in the figures of Bodhisatvas of the Gandhara school. The left ear of the male figure bears the circular pendants, which may be earrings. In front, immediately below the heads of two females, the phallus is marked by deeply drawn lines. To the upper left of this is the inscription...The lower part of the tsone is shaped as a tenon to be fitted in a mortice. The inscription is in a good state of preservation, and with the exception of the last three letters, can be deciphered very easily.' The translation of the inscription is given by Mr. Banerji as follows: 'The lings of the sons of Khajahuti, was dedicated by Nagasiri, the son of VaseThi. May the deity be pleased.' (The text of this inscription reads as follows: Khajahuti putanam l[im]go patiThApito vAseThi-putena NagasirinA piyayta[m] d[e]vatA.). From the description given by Mr. Banerji it is evident that it is a Mukhalinga having five faces corresponding to the Is'Ana, Tatpurusha, Aghora, Vamadeva and Sadyojata aspects of Siva. In the description of Mukhalingas given...the face representing Is'Ana should be on the top, while the other four should face the east, south, west and north respectively. The four faces of the four cornes which Mr. Banerji believes may be of females are really those of male figures...With the help of the (inscription) characters, Mr. RD Banerji has correctly guessed the age of the Linga to be the first century BCE. The second most ancient Linga is the one discovered by me (T Gopinatha Rao) at Gudimallam.”(pp.63-65)
Three views of the Bhita lingam: stone. ca. 1st cent. BCE
Five-headed Mukhalinga embedded in a yoni;Budanilkantha, Nepal

Peninsular Siam lingas ca. 7th century CE
Photograph from Malleret, L., L'archaeologie du delta du Mekong, Paris, 1959;
Ekamukhalinga from JaiyA, National Museum, Bangkok
Ekamukhalinga from Vat Sak Sampou

“The JaiyA ekamukhalinga is divided into three parts in accordance with the prescriptions in the Siva Agamas. The base, BrahmabhAga, is cubic in form and is 47.8 cms. High. The middle section, the ViSNubhAga, is octagonal in shape and is approximately 43 cm. High. The topmost section, the RudrabhAga, is cylindrical and is approximately 51 cms high, while the superimposed face measures 29.5 cms from the bottom of the chin to the top of the jaTA. The two lower sections of the linga would not normally be visible, since they would be enclosed in the pedestal (pIThikA)...One of the singular features of these pre-Angkorian mukhalingas is the fusing of the jaTA with the filet on the gland of the RudrabhAga (fig.2)...There is, however, an ekamukhalinga from Vat Sak Sampou (fig. 3) which displays a coiffure which is very muh like that worn on the JaiyA linga.” (O'Connor, SJ, 1961, An ekamukhalinga from Peninsular Siam,  The Journal of the Siam Society. The Siam Society. pp. 43-49).
http://www.siameseheritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_054_1e_OConnor_EkamukhalingaFromPeninsularSiam.pdf
Linga with One Face of Shiva (Ekamukhalinga), Mon–Dvaravati period, 7th–early 8th century. Thailand (Phetchabun Province, Si Thep) Stone; H. 55 1/8 in.
Octagonal form of ViSNubhAga and the occurrence of pancamukhalinga is consistent with the tradition of pancaloha 'five dhAtu or five mineral alloy' images as utsavaberas.
I suggest that the mukha on the linga is read rebus from the hieroglyph:
mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh,muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' This reaffirms the association of the octagonal brick of Binjor fire-altar with the Skambha as linga or vajra which participates in the process of smelting dhAtu, 'ores'.
A terracotta cake is a piṇḍa पिण्ड [p=625,2] m. (rarely n.) any round or roundish mass or heap , a ball , globe , knob , button , clod , lump , piece (cf. अयः-. , मांस- &c ) RV. (only i , 162 , 19 and here applied to lumps of flesh) TS. S3Br.&c; n. ( L. ) iron; steel (Monier-Williams. Samskritam). What archaeometallurgical functions were served by the terracotta cakes offered as piṇḍa पिण्ड in fire-altars? One possibility is that the terracotta cakes (of circular and triangular shapes) served the functions of piṇḍikaa which is a support base for the Sivalinga which is a divine impeller of the cosmic dance of transmutation occurring in a fire-altar.   http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/12/archaeometallurgy-of-cementation.html
I suggest that the mukha on the linga is read rebus from the hieroglyph:
mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh,muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' This reaffirms the association of the octagonal brick of Binjor fire-altar with the Skambha as linga or vajra which participates in the process of smelting dhAtu, 'ores'.
Face on Bhuteswar sivalinga & face with body of a hunter on Gudimallam sivalinga
A terracotta cake is a piṇḍa पिण्ड [p=625,2] m. (rarely n.) any round or roundish mass or heap , a ball , globe , knob , button , clod , lump , piece (cf. अयः-. , मांस- &c ) RV. (only i , 162 , 19 and here applied to lumps of flesh) TS. S3Br.&c; n. ( L. ) iron; steel (Monier-Williams. Samskritam). What archaeometallurgical functions were served by the terracotta cakes offered as piṇḍa पिण्ड in fire-altars? One possibility is that the terracotta cakes (of circular and triangular shapes) served the functions of piṇḍikaa which is a support base for the Sivalinga which is a divine impeller of the cosmic dance of transmutation occurring in a fire-altar.   http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/12/archaeometallurgy-of-cementation.html

Siva stands on the shoulders of a stumpy dwarf or goblin, gaNa. Ananda Coomaraswamy sees similarity of the goblin figure with 'kupiro yakho' (Kubera yaksha) of Bharhut.
Plate V. “The figure of Siva has two arms, in the right one of which a ram is held by its hind legs and with its hed hanging downwards (fig.4, Pl. V); in the left one is held a water-pot (fig. 3, Pl. V); and a battle-axe (paqras'u) rests upon the left shoulder (fig. 2, Pl.V)”(Gopinatha Rao, TA, 1997, Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol. 2, Pt 1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsiddass, p.66).
Seal discovered in Binjor.

Veda archaeology in 19 yupa inscriptions and Binjor aṣṭāśri octoganal pillar, associated Indus Script seal

https://tinyurl.com/y7mu3rdl
This is a tribute to the brilliant ongoing work of documenting Veda textual tradition. See links in:
https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१ The very first r̥ca reads:

ॐ अ॒ग्निमी॑ळे पु॒रोहि॑तं य॒ज्ञस्य॓ दे॒वमृ॒त्विज॑म् ।
होता॑रं रत्न॒धात॑मम् ॥१॥

I submit that there is abundant archaeological attestation of Veda tradition in many archaeological sites of Greater India. One site of Binjor (near Anupgarh) has yielded stunning evidence of a Yupa and an associated inscription on an Indus Script Seal which documents a metalwork catalogue.

The earliest evidence of Veda archaeology (ca. 2500 BCE) comes from Binjor (near Anupgarh) --where an aṣṭāśri octoganal pillar was found in situ, on the banks of River Sarasvati.

Shapes of Yupa: A. Commemorative stone yupa, Isapur – from Vogel, 1910-11, plate 23; drawing based on Vedic texts – from Madeleine Biardeau, 1988, 108, fig. 1; cf. 1989, fig. 2); C. Miniature wooden yupa and caSAla from Vaidika Samsodana Mandala Museum of Vedic sacrificial utensils – from Dharmadhikari 1989, 70) (After Fig. 5 in Alf Hiltebeitel, 1988, The Cult of Draupadi, Vol. 2, Univ. of Chicago Press, p.22).

Almost all yupa inscriptions, all are aṣṭāśri octoganal pillars (19 including 5 of Mulavarman in Borneo) refer to performance of a Soma Samsthā yajña. One Mulavarman inscription cites from Rāmāyaṇa the expression bahusuvarṇaka..,.There is also archaeological evidence of śyena citi from Purola, Uttarakhand. Most emphatic veda continuum.
See: Binjor Indus Script Seal & Mulavarman yupa inscription, relate to yajna for बहुसुवर्णक, bahusuvarṇaka, 'to possess many gold pieces' Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/z2q2rk6 http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2015/12/binjor-indus-script-seal-mulavarman.html
बहुसुवर्णक, bahusuvarṇaka, is a metaphor for the creation of wealth using fire, fire-altars as furnaces/smelters and yupa as invocations to Cosmic pillar to the Cosmic Dancer, the Paramatman to transmute mere earth and stones into metal, a form of wealth. The entire Vedic corpus is in nuce (nutshell) in the processing of Soma, which is NOT a herbal but a mineral. A synonym for Soma is ams'u with the cognate ancu 'iron' (Tocharian).

The key expressions on the Mulavarman Yupa inscription (D.175) are in Samskritam and one fragment reads: yaṣṭvā bahusuvarṇakam; tasya yajñasya yūpo ‘yam. This means "from yaṣṭi to possess many gold pieces; this Yupa is a commemoration of that yajna." The interpretation is comparable to the Indus Script seal found in Binjor in the context of a fire-altar with an octagonal brick, yaṣṭi. The seal can be seen as an inscription detailing metalwork catalogue of the bahusuvarṇnakam 'to possess many gold pieces' that was produced by the smelter/furnace operations using the fire-altar.

Prof. Kern identified the expression with bahuhiraNya, a particular Soma yajna. Balakanda of Ramayana has this citation: nityam pramuditAh sarve yatha kRitayuge tathA as'vamedha s'atair ishTvA tathA bahusuvarNakaih (Balakanda I,95) The referene is to the as'vamedha sattra desirous of possessing many pieces of gold. In reference to Meghanada's yajna, the reference reads:
agniSTomo 's'vamedha ca yajno bahusuvarNakah
rAjasUyas tathA yajno gomedho vaishNavas tathA mahes'vare

(UttrakANDa, XXV, 87-9) A rajasuya yajna with prayers to mahesvara is also linked to many pieces of gold.

Another translation: "Thereupon that foremost of twice born ones Usanas of austere penances, wishing the prosperity of the sacrifice, said to Ravana the Rakshasa chief "Hear,I shall relate to thee everything, O king ;thy son hath met with the fruits of many a sacrifice Agnistoma, Asvamedha,
Bahusuvarnaka." (vrm 7.30)

(B.Ch. Chhabra, Yupa Inscriptions, in: Jean Ph. Vogel, 1947,India antiqua, Brill Archive, p.82).

Generosity associated with the performance of yajna is referenced in a yupa inscription. “Let the foremost amongst the priests and whatsoever pious men (there be) hear of the generous deed of Mulavarman, let them hear of his great gift, his gift of cattle, his gift of a kalpavRkSam, his gift of land'.”

Thus, Yupa inscriptions of Mulavarma are delineation of an economic institution. Vogel also notes: “Both the scholarship and the workmanship of our yupa inscriptions bear testimony of a considerable degree of Hindu culture in Eastern Borneo during the period to which they belong.” Mulavarman's grandfather KuNDungga had the cooperation of Hindu priests 'who had come here from different parts' (Vogel, 1918, pp. 167-232).

The names of yajnas are clearly related to the 'fruits of the yajna' which is to yield बहुसुवर्णक, bahusuvarṇaka, 'many pieces of gold'. That this is recognized as a Soma yajna reaffirms Soma not as a herbal but a mineral smelted, furnaced through fire-altars, yajñakuṇḍa.

Indus Script Cipher and Jyotirlinga,aniconic Skambha, fiery pillar of light

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/pgorkyo

Some scholars have advanced erroneous arguments suggesting non-Aryan phallus worship to explain the traditions of linga worship. Such arguments run counter to the references to jyotirlinga temples for worship of Sivalinga as fiery pillar of light as detailed in the Atharva Veda Skambha Sukta. Archaeological evidence, iconograhic evidence from scores of temples and evidence from Indus Script cipher to decipher the Candi Suku Sivalinga are presented to counter such fallacious arguments.

The chronology of Hindu tradition from the days of Atharva Veda is that iconic form of Mahesvara Siva emerges out of the aniconic Skambha (linga) or pillar of light and fire. What we find in the seven Sivalingas of Harappa is the aniconic form. Sivalinga appeared as a flame. Brahma, as hamsa, searches for the end in the heavens. Vishnu, as Varaha, searches for the beginning in the bowels of the earth. This Lingodbhava narrative is in many Puranas.

Appar, Shaiva saint of the 7th century, provides a similar narrative for this Lingodbhava. Tirugnana Sambandar refers to Brahma and Vishnu who set out on a search and comprehend Siva as the nature of light.

I submit that the most abiding form of worship is that which is displayed architecurally in Amaravati where Naga venerate the Skambha, the fiery pillar of light with the adornment of Srivatsa as the capital. The Srivatsa is a Indus Script hieroglyph of a pair of fish-tails: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Kur. xolā tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135) The hooded snake which adorns as headgear is also read rebus: kula 'hooded snake' M. khoḷ f. ʻ hooded cloak ʼ(CDIAL 3942) A. kulā ʻ winnowing fan, hood of a snake ʼ(CDIAL 3350) Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelters'.
Naga worshippers of fiery pillar, Amaravati stup Smithy is the temple of Bronze Age: stambha, thãbharā fiery pillar of light, Sivalinga. Rebus-metonymy layered Indus script cipher signifies: tamba, tã̄bṛā, tambira 'copper'

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/smithy-is-temple-of-bronze-age-stambha_14.html
Railing crossbar with monks worshiping a fiery pillar, a symbol of the Buddha,

The iconographic signifiers of linga are consistent with the early semantics of linga which relate to: लिङ्ग[p= 901,3] n. (once m. in Nr2isUp.; ifc. f(आ)., f(ई).
only in विष्णु-लिङ्गी ; prob. fr. √ लग् ; cf. लक्ष , लक्षण) a mark , spot , sign , token , badge , emblem , characteristic (ifc. = तल्-लिङ्ग , " having anything for a mark or sign ") Up. MBh. &c. Linga as meaning 'organ of generation' occurs in Mn. Hariv. Pur. &c. The context of Atharva Veda Skambha Sukta is NOT in reference to linga but as a pillar of light, jyotis or a लक्षण of light or fire. The linga as an Indus Script hieroglyph has been explained in the context of Candi Suku iconography of four balls at the tip of a 6 ft. tall linga as a cipher for lokhāṇḍā, 'metal tools, pots and pans of copper'.
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/bronze-age-lokhnda-metal-tools-pots.html Some scholars cite RV 7.21.5 and RV 10.99.3 references to s'is'nadeva as a reference to 'phallus worshippers'. This view is in error and will be explained based on Sayana's translations of the Rigvedic rica-s.

RV 7.021.05 Let not th ra_ks.asas, Indra, do us harm; let not the evil spirits do harm to our progeny, most powerful (Indra); let the sovereign lord, (Indra), exert himself (in the restraint) of disorderly beings, so that the unchaste may not disturb our rite. [Let not the ra_ks.asas: na vandana vedyabhih = vandana_ni, ra_ks.a_m.si, prajabhyah; the unchaste: s'is'nadevah, abrahmacharya ityarthah (Yaska 4.19)].

RV 10.099.03 Going to the battle, marching with easy gait, desiring the spoil, he set himself to the acquisition of all (wealth). Invincible, destroying the licentious, he won by his prowess whatever wealth (was concealed in the city) with the hundred gates. [s'is'nadeva_n is a tatpurus.a compound; hence, the meaning would perhaps be: incontinent or licentious].

Gopinatha Rao erroneously interprets s'is'na as non-aryans, phallus-worshippers "The worship of the Phallus which the non-Aryans of India shared with other nations who inhabited on the borders of the Mediterranean sea, has survived in India to this day. The Dhruvaberas in all Siva temples is the Linga surmounted upon the Yoni or the piNDika (pedestal). It is only in very rare instances we meet with the anthropomorphic representations of Siva set up as the principal deity in Siva temples. This non-Aryan phallic emblem seems to have been identified at a later period with Skambha of the Vedas, wherein Skambha is conceived as co-extensive with the universe and comprehends in him the various parts of the material universe, as also the abstract qualities, such as tapas, faith, truth and divisions of time. He is distinct from Prajapati, who founds the universe upon him...The gods who form part of him do homage to him."(pp.55-56 opcit.) This interpretation is based on the meaning given to s'is'na: शिश्न [p= 1076,3] m. n. (cf. शिशन् ; said to be fr. √ श्नथ् , " to pierce ") a tail , (esp.) the male generative organRV. &c.

Gopinatha Rao has erred because, following Yaska, Sayana interprets s'is'nadeva of both these ricas as unchaste men. Durgacharya also applies the word to those who dally carnally with prostitutes, forsaking Vedic observances. The veneration of Skambha an aniconic form of Mahesvara is NOT related to Skambha as a शिश्न but the jyotirlinga, the pillar of fire and light as the primordial explanation for the phenomena of the Universe like an axis Mundi linking earth and heaven.

'Skambha in the beginning shed forth that gold (hiraNya, out of which HiraNyagarbha arose) in the midst of the world.' This passage in the Skambha Sukta of Atharva Veda DOES NOT 'pour forth his golden seen in begetting Prajapati' as interpreted wrongly by Gopinatha Rao but explains the term HiraNyagarbha in relation to Skambha. The word vetasa used in the Sukta refers to a reed and NOT to a membrum virile, vetasa does NOT refer to an identity of the Linga, as wrongly interpreted by Gopinatha Rao who further adds: "At a later time a sort of philosophical clothing is given to the primitive Linga: by a section of scholars the LInga and its pedestal are viewed, with some justification, as the representation of the araNis, the two pieces of wood which were rubbed together by the Vedic Indian in making fire." I submit that this view of Gopinatha Rao is speculative with no basis in philology or tradition. Skambha is a pillar of light and fire and hence, the appellation Jyotirlinga given to the 12 holy sites of Siva temples in ancient India.

Image of Lingodbhava in the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram, 10th century CE
Siva Lingodbhavamurti, Shiva apperaing in the falming linga, Tamil Nadu, Chola period, 12th-13th century, basalt. Musee Guimet.mg07 100112181 j r
Shiva, Lingodbhava Story (Cave 16 Ellora)
Lingodbhava, the god rappers as a pillar of fire in the ocean; Brahma and Vishanu search for a beginning and Shiva for its beginning and end.
Shiva the god as cosmic dancer.
Siva as Lingodbhava Murti. c. 900 CE. Height: 138 cm (54.3 in). British Museum. Asia OA 1955.10-18.1
Lingodbhava. Early Chola. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4422848
Siva as Lingodbhava, with Vishnu worshipping him. Thanjavur Brihadeesvara Temple
A second century BCE Lingodbhava cult of Lord Shiva, Gudimallam Chittoor district
Rajasimhesvara (Kailasanatha) Temple: ca. 730. West wall: Lingodbhava (Shiva emerging from the linga) & Linga installed in sanctum
Emerging from Jyotirlingam, Skambha of Light.
Lingodbhava. Tirumayam. Pudukkottai. Tamil Nadu
Lingodbhava, Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal, Karnataka
Lingodbhava.
Linga with One Face of Shiva (Ekamukhalinga), Mon–Dvaravati period, 7th–early 8th century. Thailand (Phetchabun Province, Si Thep) Stone; H. 55 1/8 in.
Lingodbhava, Swarga Brahma temple, Alampur, Andhra Pradesh.

Arunachala.

Brahma flying up to find the top of the Column of Light

Vishnu burrowing downwards to find the bottom of the Column of Light

Siva Lingodbhavamurti. The Lingodbhavamurti, in which Siva is represented as Candrakasekhara emerging out of fiery Skambha Early Cola period (c. 850-1014CE.
Lingodbhava. Ellora.
Lingodbhavamurti. Stone. Dasavatara cave, Ellora. (After TA Gopinatha Rao, 1997, Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol.2, Pt.1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, Plate XIV, Fig.1, p. 109)
Lingodbhavamurti. Stone. Ambar-Magalam. (After TA Gopinatha Rao, 1997, Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol.2, Pt.1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, Plate XIV, Fig.2, p. 109)

Lingodbhavamurti. Stone. Lingodbhavamurti. Stone. Kailasanathaswamin Temple, Conjeevaram (After TA Gopinatha Rao, 1997, Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol.2, Pt.1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, Plate XIII, Fig.1, p. 109)

Why do Hindus Worship Shiva Linga? Kanchi Paramacharya’s Talk

Compiled by London Swaminathan
Post No. 870 dated 26th February 2014

“ God is Omnipresent and All-pervasive. By the very nature of these qualities, He cannot have any form. He is, therefore, formless (Arupa). But in order to bless us, He assumes innumerable forms (Rupa). The Linga form in which we worship Isvara is symbolic of both His formlessness and form. It is symbolic of form because it has a particular shape; It is symbolic of formlessness because it has neither head nor limbs. The very conception of a Linga denotes something which has neither beginning nor end; the literal meaning of Linga is symbol.
Banalinga, part of Panchayatana Puja, is egg shaped. It serves to remind us Isvara(God) has neither beginning nor end. The shape of the sky is another example. Looking at the horizon we feel that the sky and the earth meet at a particular point. We may circle the earth and return to the point from which we started, without coming to the point where the sky and the earth meet. If we go into the significance of the symbol of Linga, we will realise that it is intended to bring the Unknown within our mental comprehension.

Lingodbhava Moorthi
Isvara assumes various forms in pursuance of His Divine Leela. The prime manifestation with a form of the formless Isvara, is known as the Lingodbhava Moorthi, and He made his appearance in that form exactly at midnight on Sivaratri. That is why all devotees keep vigil during the night of Sivaratri, and worship Isvara at midnight. If we go to any important Siva temple, we will find a niche, in the outer wall of the sanctum sanctorum, exactly behind the spot where the deity is installed. In that niche we can find a representation of the Lingodbhava Moorthi—a form emerging out of a linga. We can see neither the top half of the head nor the bottom half of the legs of that form. All the other attributes of Siva, like the axe, the deer etc. will be found sculptured. We will find also depicted a swan in flight at the top of the linga, and a boar burrowing the earth at the bottom.
According to tradition, Brahma took the form of a swan to find the crown of Siva’s head and failed. Similarly Vishnu took the form of a varaha/ boar and burrowed deep into the bowels of the earth to locate the feet of Siva and failed.
Thus in Lingodbhava Moorthi, we find the unique combination of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva, impressing in our minds the Advaitic tatva that God is One, Full and All Pervasive. Both the Arupa and Rupa aspects of Isvara are thus depicted.
(Significance of Sivaratri, Talk delivered by Kanchi Shankaracharya Sri Chandra Sekarendra Sarasvati on 16th February 1958 in Madras.)
Source: Pages 105- 107 of Acharya’s Call, Madras Discourses 1957- 1960, B G Paul & Co., Madras 1, 1968 publication.
Hindu Gods in Japan
Interview between Paramacharya and Hajme Nakamura, Professor of Philosophy, University of Tokyo
His Holiness: Is Shiva Linga found anywhere in Japan
Professor Hajme Nakamura: No. there is neither Shiva Linga nor images of Vishnu. But there is Ganapathi, Saraswathi, Indra, Brahma and even Varuna. But also there is a crocodile, which is regarded as the vehicle (Vahana) of the Ganges. The meaning of the Japanese names of
Ganapathi = Arya deva
Saraswathi = Goddess of eloquence
Indra = Chakra deva
Varuna = God of water
Picture of Linodbhava
Shiva 50% + Vishnu 50%
“We Hindus regard both Siva and Vishnu as the same and this is evident from the fact that in the ecstasy of our devotion, when we are alone or in groups, we exclaim Haro-Hara and Govinda Govinda which names come to our lips spontaneously.
The holy days of Sivaratri and Janmashtami, are divided from each other by exactly 180 days, and this seems to indicate that god in his aspect as Siva protects us during one half of the year and his aspect as Vishnu , in the other half.
The traditional practice of boys and girls collecting oil for their vigil on Sivaratri and Janmashtami nights , singing in chorus a song which means Sivaratri and Sri Jayanthi/Janmashtami are the same, is another pointer to the identity of these two manifestations of the divine.”
(Paramacharya has pointed out in another talk that only two stars out of 27 stars has the honorific prefix “Thiru=Sri” in Tamil. They are Arudra and Onam. Both of them are associated with Shiva and Vishnu respectively. Big celebrations are held in Siva and Vishnu temples on those days. (Arudra= Thiruvathirai; Onam= Thiruvonam )

मेधा = धन 'यज्ञो वै मेधः'इति श्रुतेः yajna is medhā is wealth; Sarasvati civilization is Veda culture

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/js8z7ta

In the Yupa sukta (RV 3.8.8) yupa is declared as the ketu, 'flag, emblem' of yajña.

मेधा = धन Naigh. ii , 1; धन [p= 508,2]n. the prize of a contest or the contest itself (lit. a running match , race , or the thing raced for ; हित्/अं धानम् , a proposed prize or contest ; धनं- √जि , to win the prize or the fight) RV.any valued object , (esp.) wealth , riches , (movable) property , money , treasure , gift RV. &ccapital (opp. to वृद्धि interest) Ya1jn5. ii , 58= गो-धन Hariv. 3886

Sarasvati civilization is Veda culture
http://tinyurl.com/zdqqnds

अष्टाश्रि 'having eight corners' (Vedic) yupa of Bijnor yajña kuNDa signifies the performance of a soma yajña -- the pillar is meṛha rebus: medha 'yajña'. यूपं or skambha or .meḍhā 'stake' covered with cashAla (godhuma, wheat chaff) in the carburization process to produce hard metal out of the working with fire.áṅgāra m. n. ʻ glowing charcoal ʼ RV., °aka -- lex. 2. iṅgāra -- , iṅgāla -- m. Vāsav. com.1. Pa. aṅgāra -- m. ʻcharcoal.ʼ
अष्टाश्रि 'having eight corners' (Vedic) yupa in Indus Script tradition signifies medha,अहीन सत्त्र soma yajña. अहीन [p= 125,3] m. (fr. /अहन् Pa1n2. 6-4 , 145) "lasting several days", a sacrifice lasting several days AitBr. A1s3vS3r. &c; mfn. unimpaired , whole , entire , full S3Br. AitBr. &c.
अष्टा* श्रि [p= 117,1] mfn. having eight corners S3Br. MBh iii, 10665 अश्रि [p= 114,2] f. the sharp side of anything , corner , angle (of a room or house) , edge (of a sword) S3Br. Ka1tyS3r
At the Vājapeya yajña of Soma Samsthā, the yūpa is eight-angled (as in Binjor), corresponding to the eight quarers (Sat.Br. V.2.1.5 aSTās'rir yūpo bhavati)
yajña अन्तःपूर्वेण यूपं परीत्यान्तःपात्यदेशे स्थापयति Kāty. Trans. A Yupa is enshrined before completion of yajña. Examples of सोम--संस्था are seven: अग्निष्टोम, अत्यग्निष्टोम, उक्थ, षोढशी, अतिरात्र, आप्तोर्याम and वाजपेय.
Vajapeya is one of 7 samstha (profession) for processing/smelting soma (a mineral, NOT a herbal).
Such a yupa, a post fixed in the middle of the sacrificial ground is used in yajña. अन्तःपूर्वेण यूपं परीत्यान्तःपात्यदेशे स्थापयति Kāty. -पातित,-पातिन् (Apte. Samskrtam). This is clearly an invocation to the paramaatman. meḍhā m. ʻpost, forked stake'.
'यज्ञो वै मेधः'इति श्रुतेः । एकविंशति- मेधान्ते Mb.14.29.18.i.e., at the endof 21 yajña, enshrineअष्टाश्रि yupa (com. मेधो युद्धयज्ञः । 'यज्ञो वै मेधः'इति श्रुतेः ।) At the top, while touching the head of the post, the yajñika says: 'We have reached Heaven' (Taittiriya Samhita, SBr. Etc.) 'I have attained to heaven, to the gods, I have become immortal' (Taittiriya samhita 1.7.9) 'In truth, the yajñika makes himself a ladder and a bridge to reach the celestial world' (Taittiriya Samhita VI.6.4.2). “The post is either wrapped up or bound up in 17 cloths for Prajapati is 17-fold.' The top of the Yupa carries a wheel called cas'Ala in a horizontal position. The indrakila too is adorned with a wheel-ike object made of white cloth, but it is placed in a vertical position. Notes taken from 'The symbolism of the Indrakila' Senarat Paranavitana, Leelananda Prematilleka, Johanna Engelberta van Lohulzen-De Leeuw, 1978, Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume, BRILL 1978, p.247)
ईशोप- निषद्; the only instance of an upaniṣad included in a Saṁhitā (Vāj.4.1).or ईशा*वास्य, n. 'to be clothed or pervaded by the Supreme'.kásminn áṅge tápo asyā́dhi tiṣṭhati kásminn áṅga r̥tám asyā́dhy ā́hitamkvà vratáṃ kvà śraddhā́sya tiṣṭhati kásminn áṅge satyám asya prátiṣṭhitam (Atharva Veda Skambha Sukta X.7.1)
Which of his members is the seat of Fervour: Which is the base of Ceremonial Order? Where in him standeth Faith? Where Holy Duty? Where, in what part of him is truth implanted?
A s'ivalinga is meḍhā -- with a unique octagonal/quadrangular shape as prescribed in Vedic texts -- rebus medha 'yajña'. Scores of s'ivalingas are found in India, Nepal, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand with such s'ivalinga and ekamukha s'ivalinga of octagonal shape in rudra bhAga (middle). Images of such lingas of octagonal shape in rudra bhAga are presented for ready reference.
On some linga-s mukha 'face' is ligatured in the middle of the linga -- the rebus Meluhha reading is: mũh 'face' rebus: mũhe 'ingot' rebus: muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS meḍhā 'stake, yupa' rebus: medha 'yajña'.
चषालः caṣāla on Yupa, is an Indus Script hieroglyph like a crucible to carburize ores into steel/hard alloys (vajra), i.e. calcine metals.
From Binjor (4MSR) on the banks of Vedic River Sarasvati, a yajña kuNDa with an अष्टाश्रि 'having eight corners' (Vedic) yupa (brick pillar) was discovered in April 2015 by a young team of students from Institute of Arcaheology, National Museum, New Delhi led by Dr. Sanjay Manjul.
The yupa is a conclusive evidence of Veda culture in the Binjor (4MSR) site on the banks of Vedic River Sarasvati. This is specially described in Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa & Rigveda.
The key expressions on the Mulavarman Yupa inscription (D.175) are in Samskritam and one fragment reads: yaṣṭvā bahusuvarṇakam; tasya yajñasya yūpo ‘yam. This means "from yaṣṭi to possess many gold pieces; this Yupa is a commemoration of that yajna."
In exposition by Sadhashiv A Dange: “the yūpa is described as being the emblem of the sacrifice (RV III.8.8 yajñasya ketu). Though it is fixed on the terrestrial plane at the sacrifice, it is expected to reach the path of the gods. Thus, about the many sacrificial poles (fixed in the Paśubandha, or at the Horse-sacrifice) it is said that they actually provide the path for reaching the gods (ib., 9 devānām api yanti pāthah). They are invoked to carry the oferings to the gods (ib., 7 te no vyantu vāryam devatrā), which is the prerogative of the fire-god who is acclaiemd as ‘messenger’ (dūta); cf. RV I.12.1 agrim dūtam vṛṇimahe). In what way is the yūpa expected to carry the chosen offering to the gods? It is when the victim is tied to the sacrificial pole. The prallelism between the sacrificial fire and the yūpa is clear. The fire carries it through the smoke and flames; the yūpa is believed to carry it before that, when the victim is tied to it, as its upper end is believed to touch heaven. A more vivid picture obtains at the yajapeya. Here the yūpa is eight-angled, corresponding to the eight qurters. (śat. Br. V.2.1.5 aṣṭāśrir yūpo bhavati; the reason given is that the metre Gayatri has eight letters in one foot; not applicable here, as it is just hackneyed. At Taitt.Sam. I.7.9.1, in this context a four-angled yūpa is prescribed.) The one yūpa is conceived as touching three worlds: Heaven, Earth and the nether subterranean. The portion that is above the caṣāla (ring) made of wheat-dough (cf.śat. Br. V.2.1.6 gaudhūmam caṣālam bhavati) represents Heaven. This is clear from the rite of ascending to the caṣāla, made of wheat-dough, in the Vajapeya sacrifice. The sarificer ascends to it with the help of a ladder (niśrayaṇī); and, while doing so, calls upon his wife, ‘Wife, come; let us ascend to Heaven’. As soon as he ascends and touches the caṣāla, he utters, ‘We have reached Heavven, O gods’ (ib., 12). According to Sāyaṇa on the Taiit.Sam. I.7.9.1, the sacrificer stretches his hands upwards when he reaches the caṣāla and says, ‘We have reached the gods that stay in heaven’ (udgṛhītābhyām bāhubhyām). Even out of the context of the Vajapeya, when the yūpa is erected (say in the Paśubandha), it is addressed, ‘For the earth you, for the mid-region you, for heaven you (do we hoist you)’ (Taitt. Sam. I.3.6.1-3; cf. śat. Br. III.7.1.5-6). The chiselled portion of the yūpa is above the earth. So, from the earth to heaven, through the mid-region the yūpa represents the three-regions. The un-chiselled portion of the yūpa is fixed in the pit (avaṭa) and the avaṭa, which represents the subterranean regions, is the region of the ancestors (ib.4).The yūpa, thus, is the axis mundi…Then, it gave rise to various myths, one of them being that of the stūpa of Varuṇa, developing further into Aśvattha tree, which is nothing but a symbol of a tree standing with roots in the sun conceived as the horse (aśva-stha = aśvattha), a symbol obtaining at varius places in the Hindu tradition. It further developed into the myth of the churning staff of the mountain (Amṛta-manthana); and yet further, into the myth of Vasu Uparicara, whom Indra is said to have given his yaṣṭi (Mb.Adi. 6y3.12-19). This myth of the yaṣṭi was perpetuated in the ritual of the Indra-dhvaja in the secular practice (Brhatsamhita, Chapter XLII), while in the s’rauta practice the original concept of the axis mundi was transformed into the yūpa that reached all regions, including the under-earth. There is another important angle to the yūpa. As the axis mundi it stands erect to the east of the Uttaravedi and indicates the upward move to heaven. This position is unique. If one takes into account the position of the Gārhapatya and the āhavaniya fireplaces, it gets clear that the march is from the earth to heaven; because, the Gārhapatya is associated with this earth and it is the household fire (cf. gṛhā vai gārhapatyah, a very common saying in the ritual texts), and the seat of the sacrificer’s wife is just near it, along with the wives of the gods, conceptually. From this fire a portion is led to the east, in the quarter of the rising sun (which is in tune with such expressions as prāñcam yajñam pra nayatā sahāyah, RV X.101.2); where the Ahavaniya fireplace is structured. As the offerings for the gods are cast in the Ahavaniya, this fire is the very gate of heaven. And, here stands, the yūpa to its east taking a rise heavenwards. This is, by far, the upward rise. But, on the horizontal plane, the yūpa is posted half-inside, half-outside the altar. The reason is, that thereby it controls the sacred region and also the secular, i.e. both heaven and earth, a belief attested by the ritual texts. (Tait. Sam. VI.6.4.1; Mait. Sam. III.9.4).”(Dange, SA, 2002, Gleanings from Vedic to Puranic age, New Delhi, Aryan Books International, pp. 20-24).
The Sukta RV X.101 reads, explaining the entire yajña as a metaphor of golden-tinted soma poured into a wooden bowl, a smelting process yielding weapons of war and transport and implements of daily life (Translation of RV X.101):
10.101.01 Awake, friends, being all agreed; many in number, abiding in one dwelling, kindle Agni. I invoke you, Dadhikra, Agni, and the divine Us.as, who are associated with Indra, for our protection. [In one dwelling: lit., in one nest; in one hall].
10.101.02 Construct exhilarating (hymns), spread forth praises, construct the ship which is propelled by oars, prepare your weapons, make ready, lead forth, O friends, the herald, the adorable (Agni).
10.101.03 Harness the ploughs, fit on the yokes, now that the womb of earth is ready, sow the seed therein, and through our praise may there be abundant food; may (the grain) fall ripe towards the sickle. [Through our praise: sow the seed with praise, with a prayer of the Veda; s’rus.t.i = rice and other different kinds of food].
10.101.04 The wise (priests) harness the ploughs, they lay the yokes apart, firmly devoted through the desire of happiness. [Happiness: sumnaya_ = to give pleasure to the gods].
10.101.05 Set up the cattle-troughs, bind the straps to it; let us pour out (the water of) the well, which is full of water, fit to be poured out, and not easily exhausted.
10.101.06 I pour out (the water of) the well, whose cattle troughs are prepared, well fitted with straps, fit to be poured out, full of water, inexhaustible.
10.101.07 Satisfy the horses, accomplish the good work (of ploughing), equip a car laden with good fortune, pour out (the water of) the well, having wooden cattle-troughs having a stone rim, having a receptable like armour, fit for the drinking of men.
10.101.08 Construct the cow-stall, for that is the drinking place of your leaders (the gods), fabricate armour, manifold and ample; make cities of metal and impregnable; let not the ladle leak, make it strong.
10.101.09 I attract, O gods, for my protection, your adorable, divine mine, which is deserving of sacrifice and worship here; may it milk forth for us, like a large cow with milk, giving a thousand strreams, (having eaten) fodder and returned.
10.101.10 Pour out the golden-tinted Soma into the bowl of the wooden cup, fabricate it with the stone axes, gird it with ten bands, harness the beast of burden to the two poles (of the cart).
10.101.11 The beast of burden pressed with the two cart-poles, moves as if on the womb of sacrifice having two wives. Place the chariot in the wood, without digging store up the Soma.
10.101.12 Indra, you leaders, is the giver of happiness; excite the giver of happiness, stimulate him, sport with him for the acquisition of food, bring down here, O priests, Indra, the son of Nis.t.igri_, to drink the Soma. [Nis.t.igri_ = a name of Aditi: nis.t.im ditim svasapatni_m girati_ti nis.t.igri_raditih].
Thus, what has been discovered in Binjor is in Rigveda tradition of a yupa topped by caṣāla (godhuma, wheat chaff smoke) to carburize metal in furnace, fire-altar. The yupa is RV III.8.8 yajñasya ketu, the signature tune of the prayer, the signifier. Hieroglyph for caṣāla is the snout of varāha, the Veda Purusha. caṣāla and yupa are the vajra, which yield the adamantine glue, sanghgāta which is signified by the hieroglyphs: sangaDa, 'chain, lathe-portable furnace' in Indus Script tradition of data archiving. The Binjor seal with inscription is a data archive of metalwork by the artisans of Binjor (4MSR) who are engaged in a Cosmic process of creating wealth out of mere stone and rock mediated by fire and yaj, 'prayer'.

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Mohenjo-daro tablet m411 bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop' documents pōlaḍu 'black drongo' rebus poladu 'steel' and other metalwork products

May 28, 2020, 4:39 am

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https://tinyurl.com/ybzzmwl6

m0411

m0411 in colour

m0411 Text 1431 Decipherment of inscription:

pōlaḍu 'black drongo' (Telugu) rebus: poladu 'steel' poladu 'steel' पोलाद pōlāda n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fUlAd 'steel' (Arabic) pōlāda 'steel', pwlad (Russian), fuladh (Persian) folādī (Pashto) Bulat steel blade of a knife.

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Sign 344 is Sign 342 bhāṭi 'pot' karaṇa 'rim', i.e. 'rim of jar' rebus: bhāṭi karaṇa + sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus the expression of Sign 344 is: bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'.

Sign 67

This is a hypertext, ligaturing 'fish-fin' to 'fish' Sign 59 hieroglyph: khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner,coinage' PLUS Sign 59

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, Sign 67 signifies alloy metal mint.

karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

On पोलाद pōlāda 'steel'

"Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times; regularly being mentioned in Russian legends as the material of choice for cold steel. The name булат is a Russian transliteration of the Persian word fulad, meaning steel. This type of steel was used by the armies of nomadic peoples. Bulat steel was the main type of steel used for swords in the armies of Genghis Khan, the great emperor of the Mongolian Empire. The technique used in making wootz steel has been lost for centuries and the bulat steel used today makes use of a more recently developed technique...Carbon steel consists of two components: pure iron, in the form of ferrite, and cementite or iron carbide, a compound of iron and carbon. Cementite is very hard and brittle; its hardness is about 640 by the Brinell hardness test, whereas ferrite is only 200. The amount of the carbon and the cooling regimen determine the crystalline and chemical composition of the final steel. In bulat, the slow cooling process allowed the cementite to precipitate as micro particles in between ferrite crystals and arrange in random patterns. The color of the carbide is dark while steel is grey. This mixture is what leads to the famous patterning of Damascus steel.Cementite is essentially a ceramic, which accounts for the sharpness of the Damascus (and bulat) steel. "

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulat_steel "In the Muslim world of the 9th-12th centuries CE, the production of fuladh, a Persian word, has been described by Al-Kindi, Al-Biruni and Al-Tarsusi, from narm-ahanand shaburqan, two other Persian words representing iron products obtained by direct reduction of the ore. Ahan means iron. Narm-ahan is a soft iron and shaburqan a harder one or able to be quench-hardened. Old nails and horse-shoes were also used as base for fuladh preparation. It must be noticed that, according to Hammer- Purgstall, there was no Arab word for steel, which explain the use of Persian words. Fuladh prepared by melting in small crucibles can be considered as a steel in our modem classification, due to its properties (hardness, quench hardened ability, etc.). The word fuladh means "the purified" as explained by Al-Kindi. This word can be found as puladh, for instance in Chardin (1711 AD) who called this product; poulad jauherder, acier onde, which means "watering steel", a characteristic of what was called Damascene steel in Europe."

... ‘…’pulad’ of Central Asia. The oasis of Merv where crucible steel was also made by the medieval period lies in this region. The term ‘pulad’ appears in Avesta, the holy book of Zoroastrianism and in a Manicheen text of Chinese Turkestan. There are many variations of this term ranging from the Persian ‘polad’, the Mongolian ‘bolat’ and ‘tchechene’, the Russian ‘bulat’, the Ukrainian and Armenian ‘potovat’, Turkish and Arab ‘fulad’, ‘farlad’ in Urdu and ‘phaulad’ in Hindi. It is this bewildering variety of descriptions that was used in the past that makes a study of this subject so challenging.’ (p.30)

PWLẠD (پولاد) > BOLD RUSSIAN (ПОЛАД) ORIGIN: PERSIAN (TĀJĪK) / MONGOLIAN INDO-EUROPEAN > INDO-IRANIAN > INDO-ARYAN

This name derives from the Mongolian (Qalq-a ayalγu) “Bold”, from the Persian (Tājīk) "pwlạd", meaning “steel”. Bolad († 1313), was a Mongol minister of the Yuan Dynasty, and later served in the Ilkhanate as the representative of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and cultural adviser to the Ilkhans. Geographical spread:

http://www.name-doctor.com/name-polad-meaning-of-polad-25852.html

पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel (Marathi)

m0411 Bird. I suggest that the split wing-tail indicates this to be black drongo. The hieroglyph of 'black drongo' is ligatured with wings.

Black drongo.

↧

sã̄go 'caravans' of seafaring merchant guilds of goldsmiths, coppersmiths, alloymetalsmiths documented on composite animal seals

May 28, 2020, 7:44 am

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https://tinyurl.com/y9vtn2dl

--Indus Script सांगड sāṅgaḍa ' A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together' Rebus: sã̄go ʻ(seafaring traders') caravan'

The heads of animals so joined to compose a composite animal hypertext of Indus Script are in clear and distinctive formations:1. One forward-thrusting, spiny-horned young bull'; 2. butting ox; 3. goat or antelope and 4. young bull + rhinoceros + standard device.

I suggest that emerging specialisations of artisan functions from ca. 4th millennium BCE, are demonstrated on seals detailed in the following sections:

1. Forward-thrusting spiny-horned young bull PLUS butting ox: ornament gold, alloy metal

2. Forward-thrusting spiny-horned young bull PLUS butting ox: ornament gold, alloy metal PLUS forward-thrusting horned goat

3.Butting ox: ornament gold, alloy metal PLUS forward-thrusting horned goat PLUS backward turned horned antelope

4. Young bull PLUS Rhinoceros PLUS standard device

सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig. (Marathi) Rebus: sã̄go ʻcaravan' (Sindhi): *sāṅgaka ʻ relating to a company ʼ. [saṅgá -- ]S. sã̄go m. ʻ companionship, caravan ʼ.(CDIAL 13328) saṁghá m. ʻ association, a community ʼ Mn. [√han1]Pa. saṅgha -- m. ʻ assembly, the priesthood ʼ; Aś. saṁgha -- m. ʻ the Buddhist community ʼ; Pk. saṁgha -- m. ʻ assembly, collection ʼ; OSi. (Brāhmī inscr.) saga, Si. san̆ga ʻ crowd, collection ʼ. -- Rather < saṅga -- : S. saṅgu m. ʻ body of pilgrims ʼ (whence sã̄go m. ʻ caravan ʼ), L. P. saṅg m.(CDIAL 12854)

Such a sã̄go ʻcaravan' is formed by joining heads of two or more animals to the body of a young bovine: खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull (Marathi) rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'blacksmith furnace, kiln' (Kashmiri)

1. Forward-thrusting spiny-horned young bull PLUS butting ox: ornament gold, alloy metal

On one seal m0298 only two animal heads are joined together: 'one-horned young bull' and 'butting ox': The decipherment of the field symbol is: singhin 'forward thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold' khōṇḍa, kondh 'young bull'. kũdār 'turner, brass-worker'.kō̃da 'kiln, furnace' PLUS barad, balad 'ox' rebus: भरत bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi) baran 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) PLUS muṭṭuka, muṭṭikka 'to dash' (Malayalam) मुष्टिका 'wrist, knuckles' rebus, rupaka: मुष्टिका 'goldsmith'. The only text message is a fish: ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, the inscription m0298 documents goldsmith caravan working with alloy metal..

m0298

The rebus Meluhha readings of the composition with three animal heads (on the following unprovenienced seal) are are: 1. The readings as above for m0298 for 'one-horned young bull' singhi kunda 'ornament gold furnace' and 'ox' bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' PLUS forward-thruting horned goat which is read as: mr̤ēka (Telugu); mēḻẖ 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper'

2. Forward-thrusting spiny-horned young bull PLUS butting ox: ornament gold, alloy metal PLUS forward-thrusting horned goat

Unprovenienced seal. Text message:

Line 1. kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'; thus,bronze workshop

Line 2: aya 'fish' rebus; aya 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236)

Sign 342: bāṭī káraṇa sala 'pot, rim, splinter' rebus: bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'.

Sign 1 karaṇa 'dance posture' rebus karaṇa 'scribe'; mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.); kāḍ 'stature', kāṭi 'body stature rebus: khad 'iron stone'; कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: कर्णक 'helmsman,scribe'; karaṇi 'supercargo'

This seal has the commonly occurring composition of three animal heads: goat, youngbull, ox and are presented in the following examples wherein the field symbol is read as: caravan of products (from/of) 1. 'one-horned young bull' singhi kunda 'ornament gold furnace'; 2.'ox' bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'; and 3. forward-thruting horned goat which is read as: mr̤ēka (Telugu); mēḻẖ 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper'.

Dwaraka turbinella pyrum;m1171

Decipherment of Kalibangan43

Kalibangan43
Pict-59:Composite motif: body of an ox and three heads: of a one-horned bull (looking forward), of antelope (looking backward), and of short-horned bull (bison) (looking downward).
Kalibangan43 Text 8039

Pict-59:Composite motif: body of an ox and three heads: of a one-horned bull (looking forward), of antelope (looking backward), and of short-horned bull (bison) (looking downward).

The goat looking backward is also a hieroglyph: క్రమ్మరు krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go back. మరలు. క్రమ్మరించు or క్రమ్మరుచు krammarinṭsu. v. a. To turn, send back, recall. To revoke, annul, rescind. క్రమ్మరజేయు. క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు

Same as క్రమ్మరు. Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith' Thus, the goat with forward-thrusting horns and looking backwards signifies a coppersmith.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.PLUS dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’

kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’ Thus, dhokra kamar, cire perdue lost-wax casting smith.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.PLUS dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’

sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’ PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.

Field symbol: sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangara 'trade', samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager'. sangaḍa 'joined parts of animal, lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangar 'trade'

H جاکڙ जाकड़ jākaṛ [fr. S. यतं+कृ; cf. jakaṛnā], s.m. A deposit or pledge left with a vendor for goods brought away for inspection or approval; goods taken from a shop for approval, a deposit or pledge being left; a conditional purchase; articles taken on commission sale;—adv. On inspection, for approval:—jākaṛ-bahī, s.f. Account book of sales subject to approval of goods, &c.:—jākaṛ bećnā, v.t. To sell conditionally, or subject to approval:—jākaṛ le jānā, v.t. To take away goods on inspection, or for approval, leaving a deposit or pledge with the vendor. (Urdu)

कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script'

barad, balad 'ox'rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’

Meaning, artha: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.).

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.

Decipherment of Mohenjodaro m1169

m1169 Pict-58: Composite motif: body of an ox and three heads: of a one-horned bull (looking forward), of antelope (looking backward), and of short-horned bull (bison) (looking downward).

m1169text 2024

Pictorial motif of three combined animals:

Hieroglyph: sangaḍa 'joined parts of animals' (Marathi) rebus: संगर sangar 'trade',

barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata 'factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin'

कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner'.(metalworker)

melh 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali) mleccha 'copper' (Samskrtam)

Same as క్రమ్మరు. Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith' Thus, the goat with forward-thrusting horns and looking backwards signifies a coppersmith.

Text message:

Text 2024 (Mahadevan Concordance)

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'

పోలడు [ pōlaḍu ] , పోలిగాడు or దూడలపోలడు pōlaḍu. [Tel.] n. An eagle. పసులపోలిగాడు the bird called the Black Drongo. Dicrurus ater. (F.B.I.)(Telugu) rebus: पोळ [ pōḷa ] 'magnetite', ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4 (Asuri) पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fUlAd 'steel' (Arabic) The Marathi gloss pōlāda may be formed with pōḷa+hlād = magnetite ore + rejoice.

Parenthesis which encloses the bird is a split lozenge or ingot shape: mũh 'a face' in Indus Script Cipher signifies mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus the hypertext composed of four hieroglyphs: bird, ingot, parenthesis, splinter is a Meluhha expression which signifies: workshop (for) magnetite, ferrite ore, steel ingot .

Hieroglyph: kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.

Hieroglyph: ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'alloy metal' (Rigveda) PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'coiner, coinage, mint (Kannada)

Hypertext: baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) PLUS muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali)

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

The inscription on Mohenjodaro seal m1169 is thus a repository of technical information about metalwork produced by the artisan guild of smithy/forge and transacted for trade. The metalwork catalogue documents the wealth created and traded by working with 1. magnetite (ferrite) ore in furnaces to produce hard iron (steel); 2 bharata, alloy of copper, pewter, tin; 3. copper, ayas metal alloy; 5. metals engraving/sculpting using cire perdue (lost-wax) technique to produce ingots and metal implements.

One, two, or three heads? – GUJARAT, DAMAN, and DIU

Dholavira The text message on this seal reads rebus: kor̤u 'sprout' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' Alternative: खोंडी khōṇḍī खुंडी. 2 A species or variety of जोंधळा खोडवा khōḍavā m sometimes खोडांवा m The second crop of sugarcane; canes sprouting from the left stock: also the stock left to reshoot. Also खोडव्याचा ऊस After-canes. खोडवा taken up by some designating word (as मिरच्याचा-वांग्याचा-शाळूचा-तमाखूचा) expresses After-shoots, or the remaining roots and stock (the मूळखंडें) after the first gathering. Hence, metaphorically, खोडवा comes to be applied (as in N. D.) to the Plantation or field (wherein the roots and stock are left). Also खोडव्याचा-शाळू-तमाखू-वांगीं-ताग-अंबाडी &c.Rebus: कोंद kōnda 'kiln, furnace' PLUS arká1 m. ʻ flash, ray, sun ʼ RV. [√arc]

Pa. Pk. akka -- m. ʻ sun ʼ, Mth. āk; Si. aka ʻ lightning ʼ, inscr. vid -- äki ʻ lightning flash ʼ.(CDIAL 623) arka 'sun's rays' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'.Thus, copper,gold furnace.

On all examples which include the protome of a goat (forward-thrusting horns of goat), the animal's head is shown looking backwards. The goat looking backward is also a hieroglyph: క్రమ్మరు krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go back. మరలు. క్రమ్మరించు

or క్రమ్మరుచు krammarinṭsu. v. a. To turn, send back, recall. To revoke, annul, rescind. క్రమ్మరజేయు. క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడుSame as క్రమ్మరు. Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith' Thus, the goat with forward-thrusting horns and looking backwards signifies a coppersmith.

Dholavira. On this seal, the three-animal composition is further embellished with a person with upraised arm. This is a hypertext:kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥1]Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779) Rebus: Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Dholavira The text message on this Dholavira seal:

Sign 342: bāṭī káraṇa sala 'pot, rim, splinter' rebus: bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'.

Variants of Sign 48

Sign 48 is a 'backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharataḷ =

moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to

pour into (Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bhaṭ,

bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit. )baran, bharat ‘m

Sign 48 khār खार 'backbone, spine' rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

3.Butting ox: ornament gold, alloy metal PLUS forward-thrusting horned goat PLUS backward turned horned antelope

On one seal m1170 three animal heads are joined together; they are forward-thrusting horns goat, backward turning horns antelope, and 'unicorn' which is shortened form for 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' young bull. I submit that the forward-thrusting horns signify a goat; while the backward turned horns signify an antelope. Thus, the field symbol of m1170 reads: 1.Goat: mr̤ēka (Telugu); mēḻẖ 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper'; 2. Antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'; 3. barad,balax 'ox' butting मुष्टिका,muTTika 'wrist, knuckles' rebus: मुष्टिका, muTTi 'goldsmith'. The text message on m1170 reads: kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb'; खरड्या kharaḍyā a (खरडणें) That writes or shaves rudely and roughly; a mere quill-driver; a very scraper. rebus kharada खरडें 'daybook' ; करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c.; kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati,Marathi). Thus, m1170 is a daybook wealth-accounting ledger of a caravan of goldsmiths and smiths working in copper and tin ores in smithy/forge.

m1170
m1170 Text 1382

4. Young bull PLUS Rhinoceros PLUS standard device

m1135 Pict-50 Composite animal: features of an ox and a rhinoceros facing the standard device Field symbol: khōṇḍa 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'कोंद kōnda 'kiln, furnace' PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold' PLUS gaṇḍa 'rhinoceros'; Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metalware' PLUS kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kamata 'portable goldsmith furnace' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236)

m1135 Text 2140 Text message: Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS

khareḍo 'a currycomb'; खरड्या kharaḍyā a (खरडणें) That writes or shaves rudely and roughly; a mere quill-driver; a very scraper. rebus kharada खरडें 'daybook' ; करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c.; kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati,Marathi) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, khareḍo sal 'turner's daybook workshop' PLUS

badhi 'to ligature, to bandage, to splice, to join by successive rolls of a ligature' (Santali) batā bamboo slips (Kur.); bate = thin slips of bamboo (Malt.)(DEDR 3917) Rebus: baḍhi, వడ్ర, baḍaga, yajña puruṣa. ... baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi 'a caste who work both in iron and wood' PLUS

Sign 342: bāṭī káraṇa sala 'pot, rim, splinter' rebus: bhāṭi karaṇa sāla 'furnace writers' workshop'.

Ka. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id.

Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat.(DEDR 5087) Rebus: rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali) mleccha 'copper'

करडूं karaḍūm, करडें karaḍēm n A kid.; कराडूं karāḍūm n (Commonly करडूं) A kid.(Marathi) Rebus: करडा karaḍā m The arrangement of bars or embossed lines (plain or fretted with little knobs) raised upon a तार of gold by pressing and driving it upon the अवटी or grooved stamp. Such तार is used for the ornament बुगडी, for the hilt of a पट्टा or other sword &c. Applied also to any similar bar-form or line-form arrangement (pectination) whether embossed or indented; as the edging of a rupee &c. करडा karaḍā Hard from alloy—iron, silver &c (Marathi)

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सांगड sāṅgaḍa Indus Script hieroglyph rebus sã̄go ʻ(seafaring traders') caravan'; markhor with human face and composition of three animal heads

May 29, 2020, 6:20 am

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≪ Previous: sã̄go 'caravans' of seafaring merchant guilds of goldsmiths, coppersmiths, alloymetalsmiths documented on composite animal seals

https://tinyurl.com/y9khqejn

This is an addendum to:

sã̄go 'caravans' of seafaring merchant guilds of goldsmiths, coppersmiths, alloymetalsmiths documented on composite animal seals

https://tinyurl.com/y9vtn2dl

Human faces in composite animals of Indus Script are catalogues of mũhã 'ingots' of iron, metal manufactories, equipment, ornament workshops

https://tinyurl.com/y9a4bn9u

--Indus Script सांगड sāṅgaḍa ' A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together' Rebus: sã̄go ʻ(seafaring traders') caravan'

Composition of three animal heads

Composition of three animal heads: goat, youngbull, ox and are presented in the following example

m1430A Pict-101: Field symbol: Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot on its head; three persons standing near a tree at the center.

kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhī 'warehouse, factory, smelter' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS med 'body' rebus: med 'iron'

Hieroglyph: rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.

Hieroglyph: kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī, °dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)

Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'..Hieroglyph: kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)mēṛsa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali)

kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.) •kolhe (iron smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.lex.)•kol‘to kill’ (Ta.)

m1430B

Field symbol: Composite animal with trunk of elephant, horns of zebu. karibha, ibha'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite, ferrite ore

m1430C Pict-60: Composite animal with the body of an ox and three heads [one each of one-horned bull (looking forward), antelope (looking backward) and bison (looking downwards)] at right; a goat standing on its hindlegs and browsing from a tree at the center. Field symbols: Side C. सांगड sāṅgaḍa rebus sã̄go ʻ(seafaring traders') caravan. Caravan of products (from/of) 1. 'one-horned young bull' singhi kunda 'ornament gold furnace'; 2.'ox' bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'; and 3. forward-thruting horned goat which is read as: mr̤ēka (Telugu); mēḻẖ 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper'.

Goat and tree: mr̤ēka (Telugu); mēḻẖ 'goat' (Brahui) rebus: milakkhu 'copper' PLUS kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhī 'warehouse, factory, smelter'

m1430Text2819 The text message is comparable to the message on the following seal:

This seal signifies the wealth repertoire of Meluhha artisans: Fine gold, ornament gold, metal equipment are signified by Indus Script hieroglyphs: Horned youn bull, ficus, rim of jar.

There are three hypertexts on this seal: 1. ficus; 2. rim-of-jar; 3. horned young bull. each hypertext is read rebus in Meluhha. See: Proving the Indus Script Cipher to be logo-semantic https://tinyurl.com/yypxsmfm

1. Ficus

sign 326 loa 'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh 'copper, iron,metal'.

2. Rim of jar

This hieroglyph signifies two combined pictographs: 1. pot; 2. rim-of-jar Both are read rebus: kaṇḍa kankha 'rim of jar'

Together, the ficus leaf Sign 326 and rim-of-jar Sign 342 read: lokhaṇḍa 'metal equipment' PLUS kanka, kāraṇikā ‘judge, scribe, helmsman, supercargo’ PLUS कर्णिक, kāraṇikā ‘judge, scribe, helmsman, supercargo’

1. kaṇḍa 'jar' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'; khandha 'fire-altar'

2. karṇaka 'rim of jar' Rebus: kāraṇikā ‘judge, scribe, helmsman, supercargo’

कर्णक m. (ifc. f(आ).) a prominence or handle or projection on the side or sides (of a vessel &c ) , a tendril S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. (Monier-Williams) kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ] Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; Wg. kaṇə ʻ ear -- ring ʼ NTS xvii 266; S. kano m. ʻ rim, border ʼ; P. kannā m. ʻ obtuse angle of a kite ʼ (→ H. kannā m. ʻ edge, rim, handle ʼ); N. kānu ʻ end of a rope for supporting a burden ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ brim of a cup ʼ, G. kānɔ m.; M. kānā m. ʻ touch -- hole of a gun ʼ.(CDIAL 2831) kárṇa m. ʻ ear, handle of a vessel ʼ RV., ʻ end, tip (?) ʼ RV. ii 34, 3. (CDIAL 2830)

Rebus: कर्णिक a steersman (Skt.) कारणी or कारणीक kāraṇī or kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &38;c. 2 Useful, serviceable, answering calls or occasions.(Marathi)

3. Hieroglyphs: One-horned young bull

Hieroglyphs: Horned young bull: khoṇḍa 'young bull' singi 'horned'. Rebus: kunda ‘fine gold’ singi ‘ornament gold’

Hieroglyph: horned: शृङ्गिन्   śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् a. (-णी f.) [शृङ्गमस्त्यस्य इनि] 1 Horned.

Rebus: शृङ्गिः   śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः Gold for ornaments.  शृङ्गी   śṛṅgī शृङ्गी 1 Gold used for ornaments.

खोंड   khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)  खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving.
Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725). कुन्द one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यकDemetrius Galanos's Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes)

Markhor with human face

dhatu mũhã mẽṛhẽt kō̃da iron ore smelted (in) furnace by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends.

dhaṭu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'

mũh 'human face' rebus: mũhã 'quantity of iron produced at one time from a smelting furnace'

miṇḍāˊl ʻmarkhorʼ (Tōrwālī Dardic) rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali).

Tablet in bas-relief. Side b: Text +One-horned bull + standard. Side a: From R.: a composite animal; a person seated on a tree with a tiger below looking up at the person; a svastika within a square border; an elephant (Composite animal has the body of a ram, horns of a zebu, trunk of an elephant, hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail). Side c: From R.: a horned person standing between two branches of a pipal tree; a ram; a horned person kneeling in adoration; a low pedestal with some offerings.

m488C 2802 Prism: Tablet in bas-relief. Side b: Text +One-horned bull + standard. Side a: From R.: a composite animal; a person seated on a tree with a tiger below looking up at the person; a svastika within a square border; an elephant (Composite animal has the body of a ram, horns of a zebu, trunk of an elephant, hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail). Side c: From R.: a horned person standing between two branches of a pipal tree; a ram; a horned person kneeling in adoration; a low pedestal with some offerings.

Field symbol Side C

saman 'offering' rebus: samanom 'gold'

bhaTa 'adorant' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'

dhatu mũhã mẽṛhẽt kō̃da iron ore smelted (in) furnace by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends.

manḍa 'arbour, canopy' Rebus: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'; rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)

m488A Field symbol Side A: One-horned young bull + standard कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'कोंद kōnda 'kiln, furnace' PLUS singhin 'forward thrusting,spiny horned' Rebus: singi 'ornament gold' PLUS kunda 'lathe'rebus: kunda 'finegold' PLUS kamaTa 'portable gold furnace' rebus:kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

m488B Field symbol Side B: karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' svastika hieroglyph: sattva rebus: sattva jasta 'zinc'

kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhī 'warehouse, factory, smelter'

heraka 'spy' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion'

m488Text2802 bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'

med 'body' rebus: med 'iron' PLUS maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'

khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus kharada खरडें daybook

khāra, šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'squirrel' Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'. śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master'

मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a horn, stick etc.) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

khaṇḍa 'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware

Kneeling adorant with a pot in hand in front of a tree on Indus Script inscriptions is पूतभृत् pūtábhr̥ta 'soldier carries purified soma'

https://tinyurl.com/y39d9cut

--Kneeling adorant carrying a pot on Indus Script inscriptions is पूतभृत् pūtábhr̥ta 'soldier offering purified soma in a smelter'

--पूतभृत् pūtábhr̥ta 'Soma purified, carried in a vessel) by a worshpper, soldier signifed on Indus Script

पूतभृत् m. a kind of vessel which receives the सोम juice after it has been strained (तैत्तिरीय-संहिता, वाजसनेयि-संहिता, ब्राह्मण)(Monier-Williams) pūtá1 ʻ cleaned ʼ RV. [√pū]Pk. pūa -- ʻ purified ʼ; Si. pū karaṇavā ʻ to winnow ʼ.(CDIAL 8320) पू pū पू a. (At the end of comp.) Purifying, cleansing, refining; as in खलपू &c. पूत pūta पूत p. p. [पू-क्त] 1 Purified, cleansed, washed (fig. also); दृष्टिपूतं न्यसेत् पादं वस्त्रपूतं जलं पिबेत् । सत्यपूतां वदेद् वाचं मनःपूतं समाचरेत् ॥ Ms.6.46; त्रैविद्या मां सोमपाः पूतपापा यज्ञै- रिष्ट्वा स्वर्गतिं प्रार्थयन्ते Bg.9.2. -2 Threshed, winnowed. -3Expiated. -4 Contrived, invented. -5 Stinking, putrid, fetid, foul-smelling. -तः 1 A conch-shell. -2 White Kuśa grass. -तम्Truth. -ता An epithet of Durgā. -Comp. -आत्मन् a. pureminded. (-m.) 1 an epithet of Viṣṇu. -2 a purified man, saint, sage. -क्रतायी Śachī the wife of Indra; पूतक्रतायीमभ्येति सत्रपः किं न गोत्रभित् Bk.5.28. -क्रतुः N. of Indra; घोषस्यान्ववदिष्टेव लङ्का पूतक्रतोः पुरः Bk.8.29. -तृणम् white Kuśa grass. -द्रुः the tree called पलाश. -धान्यम् sesa- mum. -पत्री holy basil (तुलसी). -पाप, -पाप्मन् a. freed from sin. -फलः the bread fruit tree (पनस).(Apte) भृत mfn. borne , carried &c (Monier-Williams) bhaṭa 'soldier': bhr̥ta ʻ carried, brought ʼ MBh. 2. ʻ hired, paid ʼ Mn., m. ʻ hireling, mercenary ʼ Yājñ.com., bhr̥taka -- m. ʻ hired servant ʼ Mn.: > MIA. bhaṭa -- m. ʻ hired soldier, servant ʼ MBh. [√bhr̥]1. Ash. 3 sg. pret. bəṛə, f. ˚ṛī ʻ brought ʼ, Kt. bŕå; Gaw. (LSI) bṛoet ʻ they begin ʼ.2. Pa. bhata -- ʻ supported, fed ʼ, bhataka -- m. ʻ hired servant ʼ, bhaṭa -- m. ʻ hireling, servant, soldier ʼ; Aś.shah. man. kāl. bhaṭa -- ʻ hired servant ʼ, kāl. bhaṭaka -- , gir. bhata -- , bhataka -- ; Pk. bhayaga -- m. ʻ servant ʼ, bhaḍa -- m. ʻ soldier ʼ, bhaḍaa -- m. ʻ member of a non -- Aryan tribe ʼ; Paš. buṛīˊ ʻ servant maid ʼ IIFL iii 3, 38; S. bhaṛu ʻ clever, proficient ʼ, m. ʻ an adept ʼ; Ku. bhaṛ m. ʻ hero, brave man ʼ, gng. adj. ʻ mighty ʼ; B. bhaṛ ʻ soldier, servant, nom. prop. ʼ, bhaṛil ʻ servant, hero ʼ; Bhoj. bhar ʻ name of a partic. low caste ʼ; G. bhaṛ m. ʻ warrior, hero, opulent person ʼ, adj. ʻ strong, opulent ʼ, ubhaṛ m. ʻ landless worker ʼ (G. cmpd. with u -- , ʻ without ʼ, i.e. ʻ one without servants ʼ?); Si. beḷē ʻ soldier ʼ < **baḷaya, st. baḷa* -- ; -- Pk. bhuaga -- m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ, G. bhuvɔ m. (rather than < bhūdēva -- ).bhārta -- ; abhr̥ta -- ; subhaṭa -- .Addenda: bhr̥ta -- : S.kcch. bhaṛ* ʻ brave ʼ; Garh. (Śrīnagrī dial.) bhɔṛ, (Salānī dial.) bheṛ ʻ warrior ʼ. 9589 bhr̥takarman ʻ soldier -- work ʼ. [bhr̥ta -- , kárman -- 1]Si. baḷām* ʻ warfare ʼ. 9590 bhr̥tagātu ʻ hero song ʼ. [bhr̥ta -- , gātú -- 2]Ku. bhaṛau* ʻ song about the prowess of ancient heroes ʼ.(CDIAL 9588, 9589, 9590)

Hieroglyph of 'kneeling adorant' or 'worshipper' is such an abiding message that Mahadevan concordance treates the hieroglyph as a text 'sign'.

Signs 45, 46 Mahadevan Concordance. In Sign 46, Sign 45 is ligatured with a pot held by the adoring hands of the kneeling adorant wearing a scarf-type pigtail. I suggest that the rimless pot held on Sign 46 is a phonetic determinant: baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. So, is the kneeling adorant, a worshippper of a person seated in penance, a bhaTa 'worshipper in a temple' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. For him the kole.l 'temple' is kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Kota language). Sign 46 shows a person wearig a scarf-type pigtail. I suggest that this iconography signifies a soldier. Bot Signs 45 and 46 show a kneeling adorant carrying a pot.

Obverse of the tablets m0478, 0479, 0480 show this narrative. Pict-111: From R.: A woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees in their hands; a person seated on a tree with a tiger below with its head turned backwards; a tall jar with a lid.

Reverse side of a two-sided tablets m0478, 0479, 0480. in bas relief. Kneeling adorant carrying a U-shaped rimless pot in front a tree. NOTE: The kneeling motif also occurs on Sit Shamshi bronze.

Three identical Mohenjo-daro tablets, with identical inscriptions. m 478-480.

Hieroglyph: मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)

meď 'copper' (Slovak)

kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter)', furnace (Santali)

1. kuṭila ‘bent’; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, ‘brass’ (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230)

2. Glyph of ‘rim of jar’: kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)

3. khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (G.)

On seal m1186A a kneeling adorant makes offerings. bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tu.) barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.)   A similar kneeling adorant now holds a wide-mouthed, rimless pot and makes an offering to the tree. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched (Sindhi) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; l. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; p. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; s. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656) Thus, the reading of the composite glyph: kneeling adorant + pot is read rebus: meḍ pattar + bhaṭa 'iron urnace (of) merchant guild'.

Paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants; perh. Vartaka (Skt.)వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. బత్తుడు battuḍu. n. A worshipper. భక్తుడు. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230.(Telugu)

The merchant, battuḍu, pattar is shown in a worshipful state kneeling in adoration on many inscriptions.

Part 3. Text message (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Hieroglyphs (from. r to l):
battuḍu bhata, 'worshipper' rebus:  bhaṭa ‘furnace’ PLUS OFFERING: barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).

Numeral four: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kand 'fire-altar'. PLUS bhata, 'pot' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, the 'four linear strokes PLUS rimless pot' signifies: 'fire-altar (in) artisan's workshop'.
Body hieroglyph read rebus:

Circumscript of two linear strokes for 'body' hieroglyph: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' koḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop' Thus, the circumscript signifies 'cast metal workshop' (with furnace) PLUS circumscribed body hieroglyph: meḍ 'body' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic).Together, the hypertext reds: dul meḍ koḍ 'metal casting, cast iron workshop'.

Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडघाशा  kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड & घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें
kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. (Marathi).

The semantics of खरडें 'rough draft' explains why the hieroglyph occurs ONLY on tablets which are works-in-process documentation by scribes.

Thus, the inscriptions on tablets m478 to m480 complete the documentation of wealth-creating metalwork खरडा kharaḍā daybook.
Hieroglyph (alternative): aḍaren, ḍaren lid, cover (Santali)
m1186 Offering and adorant glyphs of Indus script

There are two seals of Indus script (m1186 and m0488) depicting a kneeling person with some offerings on a stool/tray. In a vivid orthographic analysis, John C. Huntington identifies the nature of the offering on m1186: it is a bowl with ladles. The offering kept on a stool on m0488 is likely to be a similar glyph, though analysis of a higher resolution image is not possible because the tablet with this glyph is worn-out.

m1186 seal. kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).

Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)

bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)
saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali)
miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ (Torwali) mẽḍhɔ 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)
heraka 'spy' (Samskritam) Rebus:eraka 'molten metal, copper'
maNDa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maNDA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)\karibha, jata kola Rebus: karba, ib, jasta, 'iron, zinc, metal (alloy of five metals)
maNDi 'kneeling position' Rebus: mADa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)

dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali)

The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)

The long curving horns may also connote a ram on h177B tablet:
h177B 4316 Pict-115: From R.—a person standing under an ornamental arch; a kneeling adorant; a ram with long curving horns.
The ram read rebus: me~d. ‘iron’; glyph: me_n.d.ha ram; min.d.a_l markhor (Tor.); meh ram (H.); mei wild goat (WPah.) me~r.hwa_ a bullock with curved horns like a ram’s (Bi.) me~r.a_, me~d.a_ ram with curling horns (H.)  miṇḍ 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhet iron (metal), meD 'iron' (Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)

manḍa 'arbour, canopy' Rebus: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'; rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)

↧

Three monographs of Aleksandr Andreyevich Semenenko on the dispersal of zebu cattle from India into Ancient Near East and references to Watery Humpback cattle in Rgveda are presentedm for ready reference, in the following three sections:

Section 1. Semenenko, Aleksandr Andreyevich. The spread of zebu cattle from South Asia to the East Mediterranean region as a marker of Indo- European population dispersal

Section 2. Dr. A. A. Semenenko Indo-European dispersal map updated variant 19/01/2020

Section 3. Semenenko А.А. Watery Humpback Cattle Pattern in Rigveda and Archaeology of the Ancient East

Section 1. Semenenko, Aleksandr Andreyevich. The spread of zebu cattle from South Asia to the East Mediterranean region as a marker of Indo-European population dispersal

Section 2. Dr. A. A. Semenenko Indo-European dispersal map updated variant 19/01/2020

Section 3. Semenenko А.А. Watery Humpback Cattle Pattern in Rigveda and Archaeology of the Ancient East

Caste And Class In Colonial India

A Linguistic Transplant

The Best Possible Term

The Mandal Era

See: Homa, śyena, anzu 'eagle', गरुडी सुपर्णी carries off amśu अंशु, soma, ayojālāni, ambrosia from palace of Indra.(Rāmāyaṇa araṇya kāṇḍa 3.35.35)https://tinyurl.com/ydca9t3n

Sign 67 = Variants Signs 74, 79:Sign 74Sign 69

Pasu [Vedic paśu, cp. Lat. pecu & pecunia, Gr. pe/kos fleece, Goth. vieh, E. fee] cattle M i.79; J v.105; Pv ii.1312 (˚yoni); Miln 100; PvA 166 (˚bhāva); n. pl. pasavo S i.69; Sn 858; gen. pl. pasūnaŋ Sn 311; Pv ii.25. -- dupasu bad cattle Th 1, 446.Pasuka=pasu Vin ii.154 (ajaka+).(Pali)

Examples of 'unicorn' with two horns:m1077 (after CISI 2:107)m1077Text 2359 m1077Unicorn of Indus Script with two horns !!!

Another tablet with inscription identical to that of h1100 is h697h697AText 4314 h697A‘Unicorn’ with two horns on tablet H-697B (after CISI2:316)

In addition to the pair of canines, two Indus Script hieroglyphs are depicted on the Tepe Gawra seal: 1. falcon; 2. tiger/jackal 3. Tiger looking back.

The Oldest Depictions of Canines and a Possible Early Breed of Dog in Iran

Abstract

Giovanni Padrone

A sherd of pottery with humped bull and birds, Indus Valley, Harappa, c2600 BC.

मेढ 'Polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda); medhā, 'yajña, dhanam'

kāṇḍa 'water' rebus: khāṇḍā 'metal equipment'

मेढ 'Polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda); medhā, 'yajña, dhanam'

May he go to heaven !!!: Parji. marp- (mart-)= to lighten; Kurux. merxā_ = sky, heaven; Malto. mergu = sky, heaven; see Te.merūmu = flash of lightning.maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal'

मेढ 'Polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda); medhā, 'yajña, dhanam'

kāṇḍa 'water' rebus: khāṇḍā 'metal equipment'

meRh 'tied rope' meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formeḍinto an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)

Meluhha words signifying the black drongo

Lothal 198 Seal impressionsText 7215

kaṇḍa arkasal (āra) eraka kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'fire-altar (for) brass, moltencast copper, gold, bell-metal ingot, implements (goldsmith) workshop.' PLUS dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting'.

The reading of the Ur seal is: kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ meḍha

kaṇḍa arkasala (āra eraka) kancu mũh khaṇḍa 'fire-altar (for) brass, moltencast copper, bell-metal ingot, implements.'

khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild'

shrI-sUktam of Rigveda explains the purport of the yaSTi to signify a baton of divine authority:

Why do Hindus Worship Shiva Linga? Kanchi Paramacharya’s Talk

Pasu [Vedic paśu, cp. Lat. pecu & pecunia, Gr. pe/kos fleece, Goth. vieh, E. fee] cattle M i.79; J v.105; Pv ii.13¹² (˚yoni); Miln 100; PvA 166 (˚bhāva); n. pl. pasavo S i.69; Sn 858; gen. pl. pasūnaŋ Sn 311; Pv ii.2⁵. -- dupasu bad cattle Th 1, 446.Pasuka=pasu Vin ii.154 (ajaka+).(Pali)

Examples of 'unicorn' with two horns:

m1077 (after CISI 2:107)
m1077

Text 2359 m1077

Unicorn of Indus Script with two horns !!!

Another tablet with inscription identical to that of h1100 is h697

h697A

Text 4314 h697A
‘Unicorn’ with two horns on tablet H-697B (after CISI2:316)

May he go to heaven !!!: Parji. marp- (mart-)= to lighten; Kurux. merxā_ = sky, heaven; Malto. mergu = sky, heaven; see Te.merūmu = flash of lightning.

maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal'