Banawali Indus Script inscriptions signify ranku 'tin' rango 'pewter', kol 'iron smelter', kundaṇa 'fine gold', kō̃da 'kiln, furnace'

April 21, 2019, 6:56 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/yxtde3mw

This monograph presents 29 Banawali inscriptions and starts with the decipherment of a unique seal impression from Banawali which signifies a composite animal of tiger looking back PLUS one-horned young bull PLUS short-horned bull PLUS a horned person with upraised hand. The inscription also contains a hypertext message with seven hieroglyphs. The one-horned young bull is also ligatured with buffalo horns with inlaid three long linear strokes. This ligature signifies a kolimi'smithy/forge' working in rango'pewter'.

This is an addendum to: Banawali (28), Bhirrana (4), Farmana (1), Kanmer (3), Gola Dhoro (6), Lakhianjodaro (1) Indus Script inscriptions (43), metalwork catalogues deciphered http://tinyurl.com/gubh8hx

Banawali inscriptions

Each of these hieroglyphs on a Banawali seal impression is read rebus, from r. as catalogues of metalwork competence, metalwork wealth:

The rebus reading is kancu kamsa : Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'. kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼAV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m.

ʻbellmetalʼ; A. kã̄h ʻgong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso

(= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756)

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Hieroglyph ḍhaṁkaṇa'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'

ayo'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

gaṇḍā m. ʻ a group of four, four cowries'Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware'

koḍa'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ'artisan's workshop (Kuwi)

karṇaka'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī'engraver'; Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship; a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale'

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y4vo6mqx Wim Borsboom cites this as a Banawali artifact. It is a seal impression. The unique feature of this artifact is that the third head of a composite animal is that of a tiger looking back (in addition to the two heads of short-horned bull or ox and one-horned young bull or unicorn). The tiger substitutes for the antelope which is the third head of composite animals shown in the following examples of 5 seals from 5 locations -- (Amri, Banawali, Dholavira, Dwaraka, Mohenjo-daro) of the civilization. krammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'artisan,smith' PLUS kola'tiger' rebus: kol'working in iron'kolhe'smelter'. Thus, tiger looking back signifies kol kamar'smelter, smith'. Short-horned bull or ox: barad, balad,'ox' rebus: bharata'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) Antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'.

The 'unicorn' or young bull is shown with a ligature of curved buffalo horns ligatured with three linear strokes. This ligatured hieroglyph or hypertext is read rebus: rango 'water buffalo' Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali). Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567)

Three long linear strokes: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the one-horned young bull with this ligature of buffalo horns and three long linear strokes signifies the workshop or smithy/forge where the artisan works.

On the examples of Banawali and Dholavira composite animals, a horned person is also ligatured. I suggest that he signifies khār 'blacksmith'.with a workshop: koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. On both examples, the smith is shown with his hand raised; this hieroglyph signifies: eraka 'shoulder, raised hand' rebus: eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state' fusion (Kannada), eraka molten, cast (as metal). Thus, he is an artisan-smith who knows the cire perdue (lost wax) casting method.

Amri06, Banawali 2Dholavira, Dwaraka (s'ankha seal), Mohenjodaro 1171,

Together, the triśiras, 'three-headed' is read as Tvaṣţā (father of Triśiras) rebus 1: त्वाष्ट्र 'copper' rebus 2: ṭhaṭṭhāra 'brass worker' (Prakritam) K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m(CDIAL 5473).

Banawali 2 Inscription text: Banawali 2 has an added set of hieroglyphs:

Ligature: rim of jar Rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo' karNika 'helmsman, merchantman'

Hieroglyphs: backbone + four short strokesPk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.( (CDIAL 2670) rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy' PLUS karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo'; karnika 'engraver, account'.

mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper'

The antelope glyph (as part of a composite animal with three heads) has been read a mr..eka and read rebus: milakkhu 'copper' barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of pewter, copper and tin'.

Abhidha_na Cinta_man.i of Hemachandra states that mleccha, mlecchas’a_varabheda_khyam and mleccha-mukha are three of the twelve names for copper: ta_mram (IV.105-6: ta_mram mlecchamukham s'ulvam rakt tam dvas.t.amudumbaram; mlecchas'a_varabheda_khyam markata_syam kani_yasam; brahmavarddhanam varis.t.ham si_santu si_sapatrakam).

Theraga_tha_ in Pali refers to a banner which was dyed the colour of copper: milakkhurajanam (The Thera andTheriga_tha_, PTS, verse 965: milakkhurajanam rattam garahanta_ sakam dhajam; tithiya_nam dhajam keci dha_ressanty avada_takam; K.R.Norman, tr., Theraga_tha_: Finding fault with their own banner which is dyed the colour of copper, some will wear the white banner of sectarians).[cf. Asko and Simo Parpola, On the relationship of the Sumerian Toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit Mleccha, Studia Orientalia, vol. 46, 1975, pp. 205-38).

Banawali 1 kondh ‘young bull’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’. sangaDa 'lathe, brazier' rebus: sangAta 'collection' (of metalwork) koTiya 'rings on neck' rebus: kotiya 'baghlah dhow, cargo boat'. Text inscription: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' Ara 'six' rebus: arA 'brass' dhatu 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'elements, minerals' koDi 'flag' rebus: koD 'workshop' Thus, copper,minerals workshop. sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'. Thus, metal workshop. kanka, karNaka, ' rim of jar Rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo' karNika 'helmsman, merchantman'. meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' PLUS karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' (a semantic determinant of the previous hieroglyph: rim of jar). koTiya 'rings on neck' rebus: kotiya 'baghah dhow, cargo boat'.

Banawali 2

9204 miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.)kolom 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'gaNDa 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Thus, an iron working smithy.

Banawali 2 kondh ‘young bull’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’. sangaDa 'lathe, brazier' rebus: sangAta 'collection' (of metalwork) koTiya 'rings on neck' rebus: kotiya 'baghlah dhow, cargo boat'.

Banawali 3 kondh ‘young bull’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’ khaNDa 'arrow' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' gaNDa 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. Thus brass, metal worker, metal implements

Banawali 4 mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' kolmo rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' PLUS ḍato =claws of crab (Santali); dhātu = mineral; kanka, karNaka, ' rim of jar Rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo' karNika 'helmsman, merchantman' . Thus, copper, minerals smithy/forge entrusted to Supercargo for shipment.

Banawali 5

9203 mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper'kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus copper, bronze workshop.

Banawali 6 barad, balas 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin'

Banawali 7 rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter' kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus pewter, bronze workshop.

Banawali 8 miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) dhāḷ 'a slope'; 'inclination' rebus: dhALako 'ingot' PLUS kANDa 'notch' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' PLUS kanka, karNaka, ' rim of jar Rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo' karNika 'helmsman, merchantman' .

Banawali 9 miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' gaNDa 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. Thus iron smithy implements.

Banawali 10

9204 As on Banawali 9 PLUS kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, a smithy for metal implements and iron working.

Banawali 11 Mẽḍha ‘antelope’; rebus: ‘iron’ (Ho.) aḍar 'harrow'; rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal' (Kannada)

Banawali 12 Mẽḍha ‘antelope’; rebus: ‘iron’ (Ho.) kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' gaNDa 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Thus, an iron working smithy.

Banawali 13 करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) krammara'look back' rebus: kamar'artisan,smith'. Thus a smith working with hard alloy.

Banawali 14

Banawali 15

9203 kANDA 'rhinoceros' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'brinze'. Thus, bronze implements workshop.

Banawali 16 karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' PLUS kamaTha 'bow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, cargo from mint handed to Supercargo for shipment.

Banawali 17

9201

This inscription is identical to the inscription found on a Rakhigarhi seal http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/05/rakhigarhi-banawali-seals-with_23.html

Banawari. Seal 17. Text 9201 Found in a gold-silversmith's residence.. Horned tiger PLUS lathe + portable furnace. Banawali 17, Text 9201 Find spot: “The plan of ‘palatial building’ rectangular in shape (52 X 46 m) with eleven units of rooms…The discovery of a tiger seal from the sitting room and a few others from the house and its vicinity, weights ofchert, and lapis lazuli beads and deluxe Harappan pottery indicate that the house belonged to a prominent merchant.” (loc.cit. VK Agnihotri, 2005, Indian History, Delhi, Allied Publishers, p. A-60)

Message on metalwork: kol ‘tiger’ (Santali); kollan ‘blacksmith’ (Ta.) kod. ‘horn’; kod. ‘artisan’s workshop’ PLUS śagaḍī = lathe (Gujarati) san:gaḍa, ‘lathe, portable furnace’; rebus: sangath संगथ् । संयोगः f. (sg. dat. sangüʦü association, living together, partnership (e.g. of beggars, rakes, members of a caravan, and so on); (of a man or woman) copulation, sexual union.sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस्), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. --karun -- करुन् । सामग्रीसंग्रहः m.inf. to collect the ab. (L.V. 17).(Kashmiri)

Hieroglyph multiplex: gaNDa 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements' aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' aDaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native metal'

Hieroglyph: sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'

Hieroglyph: dhāˊtu 'strand' Rebus: mineral: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M.dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773).

Alternative: Hieroglyhph: Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ Rebus: M. goṭ metal wristlet ʼ P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; (CDIAL 4271)

Hieroglyph-multiplex: body PLUS platform: meD 'body' Rebus: meD 'iron' PLUS Hieroglyhph: pī˜ṛī ʻplatform of lingamʼ Rebus: Mth. pĩṛ, pĩṛā ʻlumpʼ Thus, the message of the hieroglyph-multiplex is: lump of iron. कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', Rebus: karNika 'Supercargo'' merchant in charge of cargo of a shipment, helmsman, scribe. Rebus kañi-āra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe'.

Banawali 18 sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. kole.l 'temple' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze'. Thus, a bronze smithy.

Banawali 19 muh 'ingot' PLUSkanka, karNaka, ' rim of jar Rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo' karNika 'helmsman, merchantman'. Supecargo entrusted with (metal) ingots.

Banawali 20 khaNDa 'divisions' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'

Banawali 21

9205 gaNda 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus a smithy, forge for implements PLUS dhAl 'slope' rebus: dhALako 'ingots' PLUS dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'minerals'. Thus (smelted) mineral ingots. Together, ingots and implements constitute the shipment.

Banawali 25A Seal impression. This uses an assemblage of glyphs: a person standing with raised arm, a ram, a one-horned heifer, two glyphs: fish and arrow. Eache of these glyphs can be read rebus to complete the reading of the message conveyed by the inscription, as a bill of lading on a consignment, a trade package. Decoding: karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' PLUS meḍ ‘body’(Mu.); rebus: ‘iron’ (Ho.) eṛaka 'upraised arm' (Ta.); rebus: eraka = copper (Ka.)Glyph: kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar, furnace'. Glyph: aya 'fish'; rebus: aya 'metal' (G.) ayaskāṇḍa ‘excellent quantity of iron’ (Pāṇ.)koḍiyum ‘bull-calf’(G.) koḍe ‘bull-calf’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंडण [ kōṇḍaṇa ] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) koḍ 'workshop' (G.) Glyph: miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Rebus: meḍ iron (Ho.) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.)

kunda 'lathe' kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1] N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā

ʻsmoothly shapedʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻsmoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā,

kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ latheʼ, kũdibā,kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi. kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m. (CDIAL 3295). kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1] A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ(CDIAL 3297).

kõda'young bull' rebus:konda‘furnace’, kõdā'turner'kundaṇa'fine gold'. khōṇḍā 'cowl or hood' (pannier); koṭiyum = a wooden circle (ring) put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck (Gujarati) rebus: koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñ^ü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used.

कुन्द N. of विष्णु MBh. xiii. 7036; one of कुबेर's nine treasures

[N. of a गुह्यक (Demetrius Galanos's Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes)] मुकुन्द m. (cf. मुकु) N. of विष्णु (sometimes transferred to शिव) MBh. BhP.; of a partic. treasure Ma1rkP.; मुकुम्, मुकु m. = मुक्ति (a word formed to explain , मुकुन्-द as " giver of liberation " ; others assume मुकुम् ind. )

कुन्द one of कुबेर's nine nidhi or treasures [N. of a गुह्यक (Demetrius Galanos's Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes )]

According to Amarakośa, the nine nidhis are:

Mahapadma "great lotus flower"
Padma "lotus flower"
Śankha "conch"
Makara "crocodile"
Kachchhapa "tortoise"
Kumud "a particular precious stone"
Kunda "jasmine"
Nīla "sapphire"
Kharva "dwarf"

Thus, the Banawali seal impression connotes an assemblage of categories of copper (smelted metal); iron (native metal); iron (smelted metal); (turner's) workshop handed to a Supercargo. The load prepared in package decribes these categories of products.

Banawali 25B

Banawali 24

9211 kuTila 'curve' rebus: kuTila 'bronze' adaran 'lid' rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal' khond 'pannier' rebus: kundar 'turner'; Thus, turner of bronze and unsmelted metal.

kut.ila = bent, crooked (Skt.) kut.ila (Skt. Rasaratna samuccaya, 5.205)
kut.ila, katthi_l = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. a_ra-ku_t.a, ‘brass’ (Skt.)]

kuTila 'curve' rebus: kuTila 'bronze' kuTi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' Thus, cargo of bronze handed to Supercargo. kangha 'comb' rebus: kanga 'brazier' karNaka 'spread legs' meD 'body' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuTila 'curve' rebus: kuTila 'bronze'. Thus, bronze metal castings handed as cargo to Supercargo's responsibility for shipment.

Banawali 26A kamāṭhiyo=archer;kāmaṭhum =a bow; kāmaḍī ,kāmaḍum=a chip of bamboo (Gujarati) rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Banawali 26a See reading at Banawali 26

Banawali 28

9221 muh 'ingot' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?); dhAtu 'strands of rope' Rebus: dhAtu 'mineral, metal, ore'; baraDo spine' rebus: bharat 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' Thus, cargo of minerals, ingots, alloys out of the furnace.

Banawali 30 koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop'kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' (Products of workshop handed as cargo to Supercargo).

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Failaka stamp seal proclaims a supercargo merchant's metalwork competence in iron smelting & engraving

April 21, 2019, 10:09 pm

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≪ Previous: Banawali Indus Script inscriptions signify ranku 'tin' rango 'pewter', kol 'iron smelter', kundaṇa 'fine gold', kō̃da 'kiln, furnace'

https://tinyurl.com/yxrgwojr

Stamp seal with a boat scene. Steatite.L. 2 cm. W. 1.9 cm. Gulf region, Failaka F6758 Early Dilmun, ca. 2000-1800 BCE. National Council of Culture, Arts, and Letters, Kuwait National Museum, 1129 ADY. "The subject is a nude male figure standing in the middle of a flat-bottomed boat, facin right. The man's arms are bent at the elbow, perpendicular to his torso. Beside him two jars stand on the deck of the boat, each containing a long pole to which is attached a hatched square that represents a banner."After Frontispiece, Gulf Region seal Indus Valley culture style, Fig. 5, p. 14 in:

https://tinyurl.com/y6298hy6 Wim J Borsboom, 2017, "Worldwide Early Holocene Seafaring Migrations from the Indus Valley" Published in the peer reviewed Journal ARNAVA.

The hieroglyphs of Indus Script on the seal are:

1.Body of a person

2.Two jars

3.Two flag banners

4.Flat-bottomed boat

Meluhha rebus readings are:

1. meḍ 'body' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic)

2. dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting'

karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo--a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka 'steersman'; kaṇḍ kanka ‘rim of jar’; Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe’; kaṇḍ‘furnace, fire-altar’. Thus the ligatured Glyph is decoded: kaṇḍ karṇaka ‘furnace scribe'

3. Hieroglyph:OG. dhayavaḍa 'flag'; dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773) Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ)(CDIAL 6773)

4. bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.);bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.)

Thus, the Failaka stamp seal is a metalwork catalogue of a supercargo, steersman with the message of metalwork competence in iron smelting and engraving by a scribe.

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Horned persons under an arbour, with scarves, wristlets signify khar onager' khār šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'smiths, guild-masters'

April 22, 2019, 7:57 am

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https://tinyurl.com/yxpal7pp

This monograph identifies a person adored by adorants on Indus Script inscriptions, as a guild-master of smiths.

This is an addendum to:

1. Evidence of temple (smithy) hypertexts in Indus Script. Pratiṣṭhā of rasaśālā, artisans' mandiram; ಕಾಯಕವೇಕೈಲಾಸ -- Basava: work is worship.-- Rasa ratna samuccaya https://tinyurl.com/yaaagtxo

2. Itihāsa. With a large cache of Dilmun seals, Indus Script Corpora has grown to c. 30,000 insciptions of wealth-accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y8rj5xpd

Annex A is a note on harrow.hieroglyph

Annex B is a note on drummer.hieroglyph

Tablet reported from Harappa, by HARP from Trench II. Period 3B/3C 2400-2250 BCE

h1935 a,b,c identical to h1934 a,b,c

h1934a khar 'onager' rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS xolā 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic)

h1934c kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace'

barad, balad 'ox'rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) PLUS Blow on the head: ṭakkarā f. ʻ blow on the head ʼ Rājat. [Cf. *ṭakk -- 2] Pk. ṭakkara -- m. ʻ collision ʼ, K. ṭakara m.; S. ṭakaru m. ʻ knocking the head against anything, butting ʼ, ṭakiraṇu ʻ to knock against, encounter, be compared with ʼ; L. ṭakkaraṇ ʻ to meet, agree ʼ; P. ṭakkar f. ʻ pushing, knocking ʼ, ṭakkarṇā ʻ to collide, meet ʼ; Ku. ṭakkar ʻ shock, jerk, loss ʼ; N. ṭakar ʻ obstacle, collision ʼ; B. ṭakkar ʻ blow ʼ, Or. ṭakkara, ṭākara, H. G. M. ṭakkar f. Addenda: ṭakkarā -- : S.kcch. ṭakrāṇū ʻ to collide ʼ, G. ṭakrāvũ AKŚ 37. (CDIAL 5424) Rebus: ṭagara1 ʻ squinting ʼ lex. [Cf. ṭēraka -- ] H. ṭagrā ʻ cross -- eyed ʼ < *ṭaggara -- ? (CDIAL 5425) తగరము [ tagaramu ] tagaramu. [Tel.] n. Tin. తగరపు పెట్టె a tin box. தகரம்² takaram n. [T. tagaramu, K. tagara, M. takaram.] 1. Tin, white lead; வெள்ளீயம். (அக. நி.) 2. Metal sheet coated with tin; தகரம்பூசிய உலோகத்தகடு. Colloq. Ta. takaram tin, white lead, metal sheet, coated with tin. Ma. takaram tin, tinned iron plate. Ko. tagarm (obl. tagart-) tin. Ka. tagara, tamara, tavara id. Tu. tamarů, tamara, tavara id. Te. tagaramu, tamaramu, tavaramu id. Kuwi (Isr.) ṭagromi tin metal, alloy. / Cf. Skt. tamara- id. (DEDR 3001) తగడు [ tagaḍu ] tagaḍu. [Tel.] n. A plate or flat piece of metal. Gold leaf, brocade. రేకు A. iv. 132. M. VI i. 298. చీనాతగడు a tin plate. తగటు [ tagaṭu ] tagaṭu. [Tel.] n. Lace. ౛రీ, సరిగ. తగటుచీర a lace cloth. తగటి or తగటీ tagaṭi. adj. Laced సరిగగల. ??tákṣan (acc. tákṣaṇam RV., takṣāṇam Pāṇ.) m. ʻ carpenter ʼ. [√takṣ] Pk. takkhāṇa -- m., Paš. ar. tac̣an -- kṓr, weg. taṣāˊn, Kal. kaṭ -- tačon, Kho. (Lor.) tačon, Sh. thac̣&oarcacute;ṇ m., kaṭ -- th°, K. chān m., chöñü f., P. takhāṇ m., °ṇī f., H. takhān m.; Si. sasa ʻ carpenter, wheelwright ʼ < nom. tákṣā. -- With "intrusive" r: Kho. (Lor.) tračon ʻ carpenter ʼ, P. tarkhāṇ m. (→ H. tarkhān m.), WPah. jaun. tarkhāṇ. -- With unexpl. d -- or dh -- (X dāˊru -- ?): S. ḍrakhaṇu m. ʻ carpenter ʼ; L.drakhāṇ, (Ju.) darkhāṇ m. ʻ carpenter ʼ (darkhāṇ pakkhī m. ʻ woodpecker ʼ), mult. dhrikkhāṇ m., dhrikkhaṇī f., awāṇ. dhirkhāṇ m. (CDIAL 5624)

h1934b

One person sits on a low stool while the other person sits on a platform. மேடை mēṭai, n. [T. mēḍa.] Platform, raised floor'rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakrtam) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi PLUS karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

h1934d Horned person. Wristlets on arms. Scarf on headdress. Horns. Projecting feature from left shoulder may signify a quiver of arrows (of a hunter).

An arbour or arch decorated with ficus glomerata leaves may be called loha maṇḍa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani). When a star adorns the bottom end of this arch, the added signifier is a determinant of the loha, 'metal' worked on: मेढ [ mēḍha ] The polar star (Marathi). rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali). The person within the arbour or arch is the smith, smelter of mineral ores. The semantic determinative is the three-pronged bird's crest adoring his head; the same adornment occurs on the tail of antelopes or markhors: xolā 'tail' Rebus: kole.l 'smithy, temple' . Such an antelope becomes a sign of the script Sign 184 (with variants); the tail is a three-pronged ligature comparable to a bird's crest as shown on the horned person standing under the arch or arbour..

Image result for bharatkalyan97 antelope tail indus seal

H-95-2485 a,b A tablet with a narrative on both sides,without a boss or knob. The standing person has bird feet and bird crest; wears wristlets on the arms; an arch, arbour of ficus glomerata decorations h1951a,b

h1951a mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' kolomo'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Field symbols: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script' PLUS sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangara 'trade' jākaṛ 'invoiced on approval basis'. Derived expressions san:gatarāśū = stone cutter (S.) jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’(as aquirer of wealth into the commonwealth treasury); sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (G.) Thus, a key functionary, manager of the guild's wealth, engraver is signified by the hypertext. Precis: .कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script' PLUS jākaṛ 'sangar 'trade on approval basis'

Hieroglyph1:कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script'

Hiroglyph 2: sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangara 'trade', samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager'. sangaḍa 'joined parts of lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangar 'trade'

H جاکڙ जाकड़ jākaṛ [fr. S. यतं+कृ; cf. jakaṛnā], s.m. A deposit or pledge left with a vendor for goods brought away for inspection or approval; goods taken from a shop for approval, a deposit or pledge being left; a conditional purchase; articles taken on commission sale;—adv. On inspection, for approval:—jākaṛ-bahī, s.f. Account book of sales subject to approval of goods, &c.:—jākaṛ bećnā, v.t. To sell conditionally, or subject to approval:—jākaṛ le jānā, v.t. To take away goods on inspection, or for approval, leaving a deposit or pledge with the vendor. (Urdu)

h1951b *jhuṇṭa2 ʻ tangle, knot of hair, protuberance ʼ. 2. *jhōṇṭa -- . 3. *jhuṭṭa -- . 4. *jhūṭa -- 2. 5. *jhōṭṭa -- . [Cf. jūṭa -- and cūˊḍa -- 1: for list of poss. connected words see jáṭā -- ] 1. WPah. bhal. j̈huṇṭṛī f. ʻ woman's queue of hair ʼ; B. jhũṭ ʻ chignon, bird's crest, protuberance on back of ox or camel ʼ, Or. jhuṇṭi; H. jhũṭiyāf. ʻ lock of hair on crown of head ʼ. 2. A. zõṭ ʻ entanglement ʼ, zõṭiba ʻ to entangle ʼ; Mth. jhõṭī ʻ queue of hair ʼ; Bhoj. jhõṭā ʻ tuft of hair ʼ; M. j̈hõṭ f. ʻ knot of hanging hair ʼ.3. S. jhuṭu m. ʻ top knot ʼ.4. S. jhūṛo m. ʻ knot of hair ʼ, L. jhūṛā m.; G. jhuṛɔ m. ʻ bunch of false hair for making up a woman's hair ʼ, jhū˘ṛī f. ʻ bunch, bundle ʼ.5. S. jhoṭo m. ʻ tuft of hair on crown ʼ(CDIAL 5401)jūṭa m. ʻ twisted hair ʼ Mālatīm., ˚aka -- m. lex. 2. *juṇṭa -- . [Cf. cūˊḍa -- 1 and *jhuṇṭa -- 2: for list of poss. connected words see jáṭā-- ]1. Pk. jūḍa -- m. ʻ twisted hair ʼ; S. jūṛo m. ʻ hair tied in a knot on crown ʼ, L. jūṛā m.; P. jūṛā m. ʻ Sikh's knot of hair, broom ʼ, jūṛī f. ʻ small knot of hair, small broom, bundle of jute or tobacco leaves ʼ; N. juro ʻ woman's knot of hair, crest of bird, hood of snake, hump of bullock ʼ; A. zur ʻ leaves of jute plant tied together for cooking ʼ, zuri ʻ wisp of grass tied round a tree ʼ; Or. juṛā ʻ hair tied in a knot ʼ, Mth. jūrā, jūṛā← H. jūṛā m.; G. jū˘ṛī f. ʻ bunch, bundle ʼ; M. j̈uḷī f. ʻ bundle of leaves ʼ, j̈uḍā m., ˚ḍī f. ʻ knot of hair, bunch, bundle ʼ.2. S. juṇḍā m. pl. ʻ short hairs ʼ.*jūḍa -- ʻ cold ʼ see jaḍa -- .Addenda: jūṭa -- . 1. P. jūṛā m. ʻ top -- knot, broom ʼ (semant. cf. WPah.kṭg. ċvḷɔ < cūˊḍa -- 1). (CDIAL 5258)Ta. cuṭṭi tuft of hair. Ma. (Tiyya)

juṭṭu tuft of hair on shaven head. Ka. juṭṭa, juṭṭu, juṭlu the tuft of hair left on the crown of the head at the ceremony of tonsure, crest, tuft growing on an animal's head; (Hav.) joṭṭu hair-knot. Koḍ. jïṭṭï tuft of hair as worn by brahmans, etc., woman's backhair. Tu. juṭṭu tuft of hair on the head, cue. Te. juṭṭu long lock or tuft of hair, crest of a bird such as a peacock. Kol. (Br.) juṭṭituft of hair. Go. (Y.) cuṭṭi, (Tr. Ph.) cuṭṭī, (W. Ch.) cuṭṭiŋ (pl.) hair (Voc. 1346); (S.) juṭṭi topknot, cock's comb (Voc. 1434); (Su.) juṭṭī tuft of hair. Kur. cuṭṭī hair (of man or animals), bristles, mane. / Cf. Skt. jūṭa- twisted hair of ascetics and Śiva (Turner, CDIAL, no. 5258), and Turner, CDIAL, no. 4883, esp. 3 *cōṭṭa-; some of the items recorded here may be < IA. (DEDR 2655) Rebus;Ta. cuṇṭu (cuṇṭi-) to dry up, be evaporated by heat; boil (tr.), stew, simmer; n. sediment, that which adheres to a pot when boiling. Ko.cunḏ- (cunḏy-) to boil away (intr.); ? to starve oneself for one's children's sake. Ka. suṇḍu to evaporate; suṇḍisu to make evaporate, reduce in boiling. Te. cuṇḍu to be evaporated or dried up. / Cf. Skt. śuṇṭh- to become dry. (DEDR 2662)Ta. cutti, cuttiyal small hammer. Ma. cutti, cuttika, tutti hammer. Ka. suttige id. Tu. sutti, suttigè, suttiyè, suttè, suttyè id. Te. sutte id. Go. (A.) sutte id. (Voc. 3438). Kuwi (S.) suthi id. / Cf. Mar. sutkī an instrument of stone-splitters. (DEDR 2668)

h1951b manḍa'arbour,canopy' mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron'.

Hieroglyphs on headdress: xolā 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' PLUS dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. 'scarf' (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu 'minerals' (Santali); dhātu 'mineral' (Pali) Adorned with bracelets: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

On another comparable tablet, the ends of the canopy are signified by stars: मेढ [ mēḍha ] The polar star (Marathi). rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali)

Dholavira Seal 56 A horned person standing between two branches of a tree, each with three leaves on outer side and one at the top; a devotee kneels, hands touching the ground; R lower side, a goat with outstretched wavy horns, upturned tail. Vertical perforation.

The horned person within an arbou is:

karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles', khãr 'ironsmith' (Kashmiri).PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. The arbour is decorated with loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, iron';

manḍa 'arbour, canopy' mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'. Hence, the person adored is a lohakāra who makes an array of instruments.

Hieroglyph: kuṭhāru कुठारु [p= 289,1] m. a tree L.; a monkey Rebus: kuṭhāru कुठारु 'armourer'.

Hieroglyph: करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) G. karãḍɔ m. ʻ wicker or metal box ʼ,(CDIAL 2792) Rebus:kharada खरडें daybook; kharādī ' turner.. The adorants, armourer and turner, belong to the workshop.

Evidence of temple (smithy) hypertexts in Indus Script is presented Pratiṣṭhā of rasaśālā, artisans' mandiram is elucidated. ಕಾಯಕವೇ ಕೈಲಾಸ -- Basava: work is worship, which is a precis of Rasa ratna samuccaya, a text of 13th cent.

I submit that Indus Script Corpora with over 8000 inscriptions is evidence of pratiṣṭhā ofrasaśālā, as artisans' mandiram, 'temple' and of the wealth produced in these temples. This is emphasised in the exhortation by Basava: ಕಾಯಕವೇ ಕೈಲಾಸ 'work is worship' and attested in the 13th cent. text Rasa ratna samuccaya. This metaphor of a metals workshop as a temple is exemplified by extraordinary pictorial motifs in Indus Script Corpora. svastikḥस्वस्तिकः -कः, -कम् A mansion or temple of a particular form with a terrace in front. (Apte) I suggest that Signs 242, 243 are layout diagrams of a temple of svastika form, of a temple with a terrace in front. On Sign 243, the terrace in front is infixed with hieroglyph 'rimless pot'. A devakula is a temple. The expression has -kulasuffix which is cognate with kole.l 'temple'. देव--कुल deva kula n. " deity-house " , a temple (शाङ्खायन-गृह्य-सूत्र; वराह-मिहिर). The layout of Signs 242, 243 is comprable to the mandirm design of rasaśālā 'metals workshop' described in Rasa ratna samuccaya.

Signs 242, 243 signify kole.l 'temple' which is kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Kota langauge). Sign 243 has an infixed 'rimless pot': baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. Thus, a smithy/forge with a furnace. It is remarkable that the orthography of Signs 242, 243 provide a design which matches with the description of a mandiram detailed in Rasa ratna samuccaya.

Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith; (Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.) kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133) கொல்² kol Working in iron; கொற்றொழில். Blacksmith; கொல்லன். (Tamil)

The kneeling adorant shown on the following Indus Script seals is: బత్తుడు battuḍu 'worshipper'బత్తుడు battuḍu, baḍaga 'a professional title of five artificers' of Sarasvati Civilization presented on Indus Script Corpora · https://tinyurl.com/yafd8or2. baḍaga, baḍhi, varāha is venerated, worshipped as Veda puruṣa, yajñapuruṣa.

The animal fronting the worshipper is a signifier of the adorant's professional expertise. For e.g. mẽḍhā m. 'markhor'.(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: mẽḍh 'iron' (Mu.), med 'copper' (Slavic languages) mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron

The person worshipped in an arbour of ficus glomerala leaves is a blacksmith: dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS dhangar 'bull' rebus:dhangar 'blacksmith' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'metal, iron, copper'. Thus, the worshippers offers prayers to the lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, °rī -- f., °raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1] Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., °rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh° m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ. Addenda: lōhakāra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m.(CDIAL 11159) *lōhaśālā ʻsmithyʼ. [lōhá -- , śāˊlā -- ]Bi. lohsārī ʻ smithy ʼ.(CDIAL 11162). The person wearing scarf also has his head adorned with horns: koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.. Hence, the arbour of ficus glomerala leaves and pratima of a blacksmith signifies a workshop, a lōhaśālā ʻsmithyʼ.

Inscription on Nausharo pot

loa, ficus (Santali); loh ‘metal’ (Samskritam)

kol 'tiger' Rebus: kolhe 'smelters'; kol 'working in iron'

eraka 'wing' Rebus: eraka 'copper'

ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

Sign 243 PLUS lōhakāra. The wristlets worn on his hands signify: karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles', khãr 'ironsmith' (Kashmiri).

Scarf is ligatured as a pigtail to a standing, horned person wishin a pot decorated with ficus leaves as a torana. Part of the glyphs included in Seal m1186. dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'; thus, the standing person with wristlets is an ironsmith working with mineral ores. He is also a lohakara, 'metalworker'. Signified by loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, iron, metal' लोह--कार m. a worker in iron , smith , blacksmith R. Hit.; लोह--कारी f. N. of the तन्त्र goddess अतिबला (कालचक्र)

Scarf shown ligatured as a pigtail to a horned, standing person. Tablet.

bāhula बाहुल, 'pleiades' are shown in the top or bottom registers to signify rebus: bāhula बाहुल a. Manifold.bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ]

Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) boul, bolh, Sh. (Lor.) b*lle.(CDIAL 9195) बहुला f. of one of the मातृs attending on स्कन्द MBh.Rebus: bahulá ʻ large, thick ʼ RV. [~ bahura -- . -- bahú -- ]

Pa. Pk. bahula -- ʻ much, abundant ʼ; Gy. germ. buxlo ʻ wide ʼ, pal. bōl, bṓli ʻ much, great ʼ; A. bahul ʻ much, abundant ʼ; Or. bahuḷa ʻ much, thick ʼ; Si. bahula, bola ʻ thick, solid ʼ.(CDIAL 9194) बहुल mf(/आ)n. thick , dense , broad , wide , spacious , ample , large RV. &c Rebus: bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.)

m0442a,b; HR 4161

[Pleiades, (twigs as headdress) scarfed, framework, scarfed person, worshipper, markhor, ficus religiosa] Brief memoranda:

Hieroglyph: మండ [ maṇḍa ] manḍa. [Tel.] n. A twig with leaves on it. Rebus: mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. (CDIAL 9736) maṇḍa 'iron dross, slag' Sa. mE~R~hE~'d `iron'. ! mE~RhE~d(M). Ma. mErhE'd `iron'.Mu. mERE'd `iron'. ~ mE~R~E~'d `iron'. ! mENhEd(M).Ho meD `iron'.Bj. merhd(Hunter) `iron'.KW mENhEd (Munda)

bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ]Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) boul, bolh, Sh. (Lor.) b*lle.(CDIAL 9195) பாகுலம் pākulam , n. < bāhula. The month of Kārttikai = November-December; கார்த்திகை மாதம். (W.) పావడము [ pāvaḍamu ] pāvaḍamu. [Tel.] n. A present, gift. కానుక. बाहुल्य [ bāhulya ] n (S) Abundance, copiousness, plenty.

Rebus: Manifold: bāhula बाहुल a. Manifold. -लः Fire; शीतरुजं समये च परस्मिन् बाहुलतो रसिका शमयन्ती Rām. Ch.4.99. -2 The month Kārtika. -लम् 1 Manifoldness. -2 An armour for the arms, vantbrass. -ली The day of full moon in the month of Kārtika.

Rebus: பாகுடம் pākuṭam, n. < Pkt. pāuḍa < prābhṛta. [K. pāvuḍa.] 1. Gift, present; கையுறை. நரிப் படைக்கொரு பாகுடம்போலே (திவ். பெரியாழ். 4, 5, 8). 2. Royal revenue, impost, tribute; அரசிறை. (சூடா.)

Hieroglyph: bagala 'Pleiades' Rebus: బంగల [ baṅgala ] bangala. [Tel.] n. An oven. కుంపటి.(Telugu) பங்காரு paṅkāru , n. < T. baṅgāru. [K. baṅgāra.] Gold; பொன். Loc.
Pa. Pk. bahala-- ʻ dense, thick ʼ(CDIAL 9182)

bhaṭā 'brick kiln' (Assamese) بټ baṯṯ, s.m. (2nd) A large iron pan or cauldron for roasting grain, a furnace, a kiln.(Pashto)

bhuvɔ m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ (Gujarati) rather < bhr̥ta --(CDIAL 9554) Yājñ.com., Rebus: bhaṭā‘kiln, furnace’ Pk. bhuaga -- m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼPk. bhayaga -- m. ʻ servant ʼ, bhaḍa -- m. ʻ soldier ʼ(CDIAL 9558)

బత్తుడు battuḍu 'worshipper'బత్తుడు battuḍu, baḍaga 'a professional title of five artificers' of Sarasvati Civilization presented on Indus Script Corpora ·https://tinyurl.com/yafd8or2. baḍaga, baḍhi, varāha is venerated, worshipped as Veda puruṣa, yajñapuruṣa.

*bhr̥tagātu ʻ hero song ʼ. [bhr̥ta -- , gātú -- 2] Ku. bhaṛau ʻ song about the prowess of ancient heroes ʼ.(CDIAL 9590)

m0448 (Framework, tiger, scarfed person, worshipper, twig, horn, markhor, stool, ladle). FS 77 Fig. 113 From R. - a horned personage standing between two branches of a pipal tree; a ram : a horned personage kneeling in adorat ion: a low pedestal with some offerings.

h97

bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ]Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) boul, bolh, Sh. (Lor.) b*lle.(CDIAL 9195) பாகுலம் pākulam , n. < bāhula. The month of Kārttikai = November-December; கார்த்திகை மாதம். (W.) పావడము [ pāvaḍamu ] pāvaḍamu. [Tel.] n. A present, gift. కానుక. बाहुल्य [ bāhulya] n (S) Abundance, copiousness, plenty. Rebus: bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.) bagala is a dhow, a seafaring boat.

Hypertext:dāntā 'tooth, tusk' rebus: dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (ferrite ores, copper ores) {:PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith. Thus,mineral ores metalcaster blacksmith (synonym: dhokra kamar).

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) PLUS dula'pair' Rebus: dul'cast metal'. (See two ladles). Thus, the offering on the stool denotes: a metal ingot. Alternative: ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots.

kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'.

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Semantic determinative).

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements.

Meaning, artha: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of bagala 'pleiades' rebus: bangala 'portable furnace'; bagala 'arabian dhow seafaring vessel'..PLUS (wealth/business categories cited above).

m1186 (DK6847) [Pleiades, scarfed, framework, ficus religiosa , scarfed person, worshipper, twigs (on head), horn, markhor, human face ligatured to markhor, stool, ladle, frame of a building] Brief memoranda:

Seal depicting a deity with horned headdress and bangles on both arms, standing in a pipal (sacred fig) tree and looking down on a kneeling worshiper. A human head rests on a small stool. A giant ram and seven figures in procession complete the narrative. The figures wear a single plumed headdress, bangles on both arms and long skirts.

Several script signs are interspersed with the figures along the top of the seal and a single sign is placed at the base of the tree. This scene may represent a special ritual sacrifice to a deity with seven figures in procession. The seal has a grooved and perforated boss and the edges are worn and rounded from repeated use.

Material: fired tan steatite with traces of glaze
Dimensions: 4.06 x 3.95 cm, 0.8 cm thickness.
Mohenjo-daro DK 6847
Islamabad Museum, NMP 50.295
Mackay 1938: pl. XCIV, 430; pl. XCIX, 686a.

https://www.harappa.com/indus/34.html

The 13th cent. treatise of Vāgbhaṭa ācārya called Rasa ratna samuccaya, demonstrates expertise of ancient artisans, in the disciplines of of minerals and their properties, purification of minerals, extraction of metals, cruciblesand furnaces, metals, alloys, metal salts, and their properties.

Rasa ratna samuccaya (RSS) is a detailed manual of metallurgy in 30 chapters. A remarkable diagram is presented by Anil Kumar Biswas on the architectural layout ofrasaśālā.

· In RSS 2.1, it is noted: Abhraka (mica), vaikrānta (tourmaline), mākṣika (chalcopyrite), vimala (iron pyrite), śilajātu, saśyaka (copper sulphate), capala (bismuth selenium) and rasaka (catalime) are the eight mahārasa.

I submit that the expression rasaśālā signifies lōhaśālā 'smithy, forge' workshop -- working with iron and other metallic minerals to produce wealth. This is a temple where śivalinga and Bhairava pratimā are installed together with organized warehouses for equipment used in processing minerals and metals.

The ancient text, Rasa ratna samuccaya (RSS) 6.11 to 6.58 confirms the architectural form and function of the temple and wealth-producing activitries in this temple, which is a metals workshop producing the wealth of the nation. ( 1989 Jul; 24(3 Suppl):267-301.) Chapter 6 of the text details location and establishment of rasaśālā, preparation of Rasaliṅga, method of worship of Rasaliṅga and the initiation ceremony for metallurgists are mentioned in detail.

Indus Script Cipher, hieroglyphs: bāhula बाहुल 'Pleiades' Rebus: Manifold. manḍa 'arbour, canopy' mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments' http://tinyurl.com/np2hc8q

Unambiguous pictorial narratives of a worshipper, Pleiades, ficus benghalensis canopy or arbour and related hieroglyph-multiplexes of Indus Script Corpora are deciphered as manifold array of metal instruments from iron smelting work.

Indus script hieroglyph-multiplexes associated with 'Pleiades' hieroglyphs and a markhor with a human face, a worshipper in front of an arbour, canopy of ficus benghalensis point to iron smelting work. The specific words in Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) lexis are the cipher which lead to this decipherment: manifold array of metal instruments and metal castings.

Hieroglyph: bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ Rebus: bāhula बाहुल a. Manifold.

baTa 'ficus benghalensis, banyan' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace, kiln, smelter' dhatu 'scar' Rebus: dhatu 'iron mineral'. koD 'horn' Rebus: koD 'workshop' kuTi 'twig' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith, iron worker'.

The hieroglyph-multiplex denotes: iron smelter, iron worker.

Hieroglyph: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles: kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥1]Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779)

Hieroglyph: dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' Thus, dhatu + karã̄ Rebus: dhatu khār ' iron ore (mineral) worker'.

Hieroglyph: scarf: *dhaṭa2, dhaṭī -- f. ʻ old cloth, loincloth ʼ lex. [Drav., Kan. daṭṭi ʻ waistband ʼ etc., DED 2465]Ku. dhaṛo ʻ piece of cloth ʼ, N. dharo, B. dhaṛā; Or. dhaṛā ʻ rag, loincloth ʼ, dhaṛi ʻ rag ʼ; Mth. dhariā ʻ child's narrow loincloth ʼ.*dhaṭavastra -- .Addenda: *dhaṭa -- 2. 2. †*dhaṭṭa -- : WPah.kṭg. dhàṭṭu m. ʻ woman's headgear, kerchief ʼ, kc. dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu m. ʻ scarf ʼ, J. dhāṭ(h)u m. Him.I 105).(CDIAL 6707)

Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ iron smelter: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV.,ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]

Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773)

khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru -। लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji -ग&above;जि&below; or -güjü - । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü -), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü - । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü -। लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -म्य&above;च&dotbelow;ू&below; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu -न्यचिवु&below; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.(Kashmiri)

Hieroglyph: vaṭa1 m. ʻ the banyan Ficus indica ʼ MBh.Pa. vaṭa -- m. ʻ banyan ʼ, Pk. vaḍa -- , °aga -- m., K. war in war -- kulu m., S. baṛu m. (← E); P. vaṛ, baṛ m., vohṛ, bohṛ f. ʻ banyan ʼ, vaṛoṭā, ba° m. ʻ young banyan ʼ (+?); N. A. bar ʻ banyan ʼ, B. baṛ, Bi. bar (→ Or. bara), H. baṛ m. (→ Bhoj. Mth. baṛ), G. vaṛ m., M. vaḍ m., Ko. vaḍu.*vaṭapadra -- , *vaṭapātikā -- .Addenda: vaṭa -- 1: Garh. baṛ ʻ fig tree ʼ.(CDIAL 11211) *vaṭapadra ʻ a place -- name ʼ. [vaṭa -- 1, padrá -- ?] Pk. vaḍavadda -- n. ʻ name of a town in Gujarat ʼ, G. vaṛod ʻ Baroda ʼ ODBL 497. (CDIAL 11214) *vaṭapātikā ʻ falling from banyan ʼ. [vaṭa -- 1, pāta -- ]G. vaṛvāī f. ʻ hanging root of banyan tree ʼ.(CDIAL 11215) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā 'kiln' bhaṭhī 'furnace'.

bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj]Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh.bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.
bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ.*bhraṣṭrapūra ʻ gridiron -- cake ʼ. [Cf. bhrāṣṭraja -- ʻ pro- duced on a gridiron ʼ lex. -- bhráṣṭra -- , pūra -- 2]P. bhaṭhūhar, °hrā, bhaṭhūrā, °ṭhorū m. ʻ cake of leavened bread ʼ; -- or < *bhr̥ṣṭapūra -- .*bhraṣṭrāgāra ʻ grain parching house ʼ. [bhráṣṭra -- , agāra -- ]
P. bhaṭhiār, °ālā m. ʻ grainparcher's shop ʼ.(CDIAL 9656-9658)

kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore. In this Santali sentence bica denotes the hematite ore. For example, samṛobica, 'stones containing gold' (Mundari) meṛed-bica 'iron stone-ore' ; bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda). mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’(Munda. Ho.)

Meluhha rebus representations are: bica ‘scorpion’ bica ‘stone ore’.

Santali glosses

Hieroglyph: 'human face': mũhe ‘face’ (Santali)

Rebus: mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali)

kole.l 'temple' Rebu: kole.l 'smithy' (Kota) baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace, kiln'.

dhatu + bhaTa 'scarf + worshipper, bard' Rebus: dhatu bhaTa 'iron ore smelter'

Offering hieroglyph-multiplex: worshipper, scarfed + human face+ markhor: cast iron ingots

Hieroglyph: miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)

Hieroglyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) Rebus: mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali)

Offering and adorant glyphs of Indus script

கோடு kōṭu : •நடுநிலை நீங்குகை. கோடிறீக் கூற் றம் (நாலடி, 5). 3. [K. kōḍu.] Tusk; யானை பன்றிகளின் தந்தம். மத்த யானையின் கோடும் (தேவா. 39, 1). 4. Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21).
Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn, tusk, branch of tree, cluster, bunch, coil of hair, line, diagram, bank of stream or pool; kuvaṭu branch of a tree; kōṭṭāṉ, kōṭṭuvāṉ rock horned-owl (cf. 1657 Ta. kuṭiñai). Ko. kṛ (obl. kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. To. kwṛ (obl. kwṭ-) horn, branch, path across stream in thicket. Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr̤ horn. Tu. kōḍů, kōḍu horn. Te. kōḍu rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (DEDR 2200) Rebus: koḍ'workshop'; koḍ = the place where artisans work (G.)
Hieroglphs on text of inscription read rebus:

Smithy (temple), Copper (mineral) guild workshop, metal furnace (account)

Sign 216 (Mahadevan). ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) Vikalpa: erā ‘claws’; Rebus: era ‘copper’. Allograph: kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Skt.)
Sign 342. kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali): karṇaka rim of jar’(Skt.) Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Te.); gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) copper fire-altar scribe (account)(Skt.) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) Thus, the 'rim of jar' ligatured glyph is read rebus: fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account)
Sign 229. sannī, sannhī = pincers, smith’s vice (P.) śannī f. ʻ small room in a house to keep sheep in ‘ (WPah.) Bshk. šan, Phal.šān ‘roof’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12326). seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. śreṇi in meaning "guild"; Vedic= row] 1. a guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). -- 2. a division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. senā and seniya). (Pali)
'body' glyph. mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)
aya 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: aya 'iron' (G.); ayas 'metal' (Skt.)
sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.); Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali) ஆலை³ ālai, n. < šālā.
Varint of 'room' glyph with embedded rimless pot glyph (Sign 243 - Mahadevan corpus).
'Room' glyph. Rebus: kole.l* = smithy, temple in Kota village (Ko.) kolme smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.)(DEDR 2133) The ligature glyphic element within 'room' glyph (Variant Sign 243): baṭi 'broad-mouthed, rimless metal vessel'; rebus: baṭi 'smelting furnace'. Thus, the composite ligatured Sign 243 denotes: furnace smithy.

There are two seals of Indus script (m1186 and m0488) depicting a kneeling person with some offerings on a stool/tray. In a vivid orthographic analysis, John C. Huntington identifies the nature of the offering on m1186: it is a bowl with ladles. The offering kept on a stool on m0488 is likely to be a similar glyph, though analysis of a higher resolution image is not possible because the tablet with this glyph is worn-out.

m1186 seal. kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).

Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)

bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)
saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali)
miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ (Torwali) mẽḍhɔ 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)
heraka 'spy' (Samskritam) Rebus:eraka 'molten metal, copper'
maṇḍa'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maṇḍā'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)\karibha, jata kola Rebus: karba, ib, jasta, 'iron, zinc, metal (alloy of five metals)
maNDi 'kneeling position' Rebus: mADa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)

dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali)

The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)

Rebus reading of the 'face' glyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali)mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.) kaula mengro ‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) The Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha should literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss, mũh, as a suffix.

A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade caravans. This is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme: auṣṭrika 'belonging to a camel'. The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata: औष्ट्रिक a. Coming from a camel (as milk); Mb.8. 44.28; -कः An oil-miller; मानुषाणां मलं म्लेच्छा म्लेच्छाना- मौष्ट्रिका मलम् । औष्ट्रिकाणां मलं षण्ढाः षण्ढानां राजयाजकाः ॥ Mb.8.45.25. From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid disciplined life, Baudhāyana thus defines the word म्लेच्छः mlēcchḥ : -- गोमांसखादको यस्तु विरुद्धं बहु भाषते । सर्वाचारविहीनश्च म्लेच्छ इत्यभिधीयते ॥ 'A person who eatrs meat, deviates from traditional practices.'

The 'face' glyph is thus read rebus: mleccha mũh 'copper ingot'.

It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-vikalpa, lit. 'an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words.'

The long curving horns may also connote a ram on h177B tablet:
h177B 4316 Pict-115: From R.—a person standing under an ornamental arch; a kneeling adorant; a ram with long curving horns.

The ram read rebus: me~d. ‘iron’; glyph: me_n.d.ha ram; min.d.a_l markhor (Tor.); meh ram (H.); mei wild goat (WPah.) me~r.hwa_ a bullock with curved horns like a ram’s (Bi.) me~r.a_, me~d.a_ ram with curling horns (H.) miṇḍ 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhet iron (metal), meD 'iron' (Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)
Arbour, canopy: మండ [ maṇḍa ] manḍa. [Tel.] n. A twig with leaves on it. చెట్టుకొమ్మ. A small branch, ఉపశాఖ.MAṆḌ ʻ adorn ʼ. [Scarcely < *mr̥ndati ʻ rubs ʼ; nor is P. Thieme's derivation (ZDMG 93, 133) as MIA. < **mr̥ṁṣṭē* (√mr̥j) phonet. convincing. Prob. with J. Bloch BSOS v 741 ← Drav. (Tam.maṇṇu ʻ to decorate ʼ 9736 maṇḍa2 m. ʻ ornament ʼ lex. [√maṇḍ]Pk. maṁḍaya -- ʻ adorning ʼ; Ash. mōṇḍa, mōnda, mūnda NTS ii 266, mōṇə NTS vii 99 ʻ clothes ʼ; G. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ arrangement, disposition, vessels or pots for decoration ʼ, māṇ f. ʻ beautiful array of household vessels ʼ; Si. maḍa -- ya ʻ adornment, ornament ʼ.(CDIAL 9736) maṇḍa6 ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402).(CDIAL 9737) N. maṛher, maṛer ʻ one who carries ornaments &c. in the marriage procession ʼ.(CDIAL 9738) maṇḍana n. ʻ adorning ʼ MBh., maṇḍaná -- adj. Pāṇ. [√maṇḍ] Pa. maṇḍana -- n., Pk. maṁḍaṇa -- n. and adj.; OMarw. māṁḍaṇa m. ʻ ornament ʼ; G. mã̄ḍaṇ n. ʻ decorating foreheads and cheeks of women on festive occasions ʼ.(CDIAL 9739) maṇḍapa m.n. ʻ open temporary shed, pavilion ʼ Hariv., °pikā -- f. ʻ small pavilion, customs house ʼ Kād. 2. maṇṭapa -- m.n. lex. 3. maṇḍhaka -- . [Variation of ṇḍ with ṇṭsupports supposition of non -- Aryan origin in Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 212: see EWA ii 557. -- Prob. of same origin as maṭha -- 1 and maṇḍa -- 6 with which NIA. words largely collide in meaning and form] 1. Pa. maṇḍapa* -- m. ʻ temporary shed for festive occasions ʼ; Pk. maṁḍava -- m. ʻ temporary erection, booth covered with creepers ʼ, °viā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Phal. maṇḍau m. ʻ wooden gallery outside a house ʼ; K. manḍav m. ʻ a kind of house found in forest villages ʼ; S. manahũ m. ʻ shed, thatched roof ʼ; Ku. mãṛyā, manyā ʻ resthouse ʼ; N. kāṭhmã̄ṛau ʻ the city of Kathmandu ʼ (kāṭh -- < kāṣṭhá -- ); Or. maṇḍuā̆ ʻ raised and shaded pavilion ʼ, paṭā -- maṇḍoi ʻ pavilion laid over with planks below roof ʼ, muṇḍoi, °ḍei ʻ raised unroofed platform ʼ; Bi. mã̄ṛo ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, mãṛuā, maṛ°, malwā ʻ lean -- to thatch against a wall ʼ, maṛaī ʻ watcher's shed on ground without platform ʼ; Mth. māṛab ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, maṛwā ʻ open erection in courtyard for festive occasions ʼ; OAw. māṁḍava m. ʻ wedding canopy ʼ; H. mãṛwā m., °wī f., maṇḍwā m., °wī f. ʻ arbour, temporary erection, pavilion ʼ, OMarw. maṁḍavo, māḍhivo m.; G.mã̄ḍav m. ʻ thatched open shed ʼ, mã̄ḍvɔ m. ʻ booth ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ slightly raised platform before door of a house, customs house ʼ, mã̄ḍaviyɔ m. ʻ member of bride's party ʼ; M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ; Si. maḍu -- va ʻ hut ʼ, maḍa ʻ open hall ʼ SigGr ii 452.2. Ko. māṁṭav ʻ open pavilion ʼ.3. H. mã̄ḍhā, māṛhā, mãḍhā m. ʻ temporary shed, arbour ʼ (cf. OMarw. māḍhivo in 1); -- Ku. mã̄ṛā m.pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (or < maṇḍa -- 6?]chāyāmaṇḍapa -- .Addenda: maṇḍapa -- : S.kcch. māṇḍhvo* m. ʻ booth, canopy ʼ.(CDIAL 9740) maṇḍáyati ʻ adorns, decorates ʼ Hariv., máṇḍatē, °ti Dhātup. [√maṇḍ]Pa. maṇḍēti ʻ adorns ʼ, Pk. maṁḍēi, °ḍaï; Ash. mū˘ṇḍ -- , moṇ -- intr. ʻ to put on clothes, dress ʼ, muṇḍaāˊ -- tr. ʻ to dress ʼ; K. manḍun ʻto adornʼ, H. maṇḍnā;
(CDIAL 9741) G. mãḍāṇ n. ʻ wooden frame on a well for irrigation bucket ʼ?(CDIAL 9745) Ta. maṇṇu (maṇṇi-) to do, make, perform, adorn, beautify, decorate, polish, perfect, finish; maṇṇ-uṟu to polish as a gem; maṉai (-v-, -nt-) to make, create, form, fashion, shape. Ma.manayuka, maniyuka to fashion, form earthenware, make as a potter. (DEDR 4685) మండనము [ maṇḍanamu ] manḍanamu. [Skt.] n. Adorning, dressing, decorating, decoration. An ornament, jewel, భూషణము, అలంకరణము. మండనుడు manḍanuḍu. n. One who is dressed or ornamented. "ఏకాంతభక్తి మహితమండనుడు" he who is adorned with faith. BD. v. 1.

మండపము [ maṇḍapamu ] manḍapamu. [Skt.] n. A porch, a portico, స్తంభములమీద కట్టిన కట్టడము. A bower, pavilion, చావడి, సభాభేదము, నాలుగు కాళ్లమండపము a four pillared portico. ముఖమండపము a porch of a temple. మండపి or గర్భమండపి manḍapi. n. A shrine, a sanctuary. గర్భగృహము. A small portico. చిన్నమండపము. "గర్భమండపి గడిగిన కలశజలము." A. vi. 7.

మందాడు [ mandāḍu ] manḍ-āḍu. [Tel.] v. a. To beg, beseech, pray. బతిమాలుకొను, గో౛ాడు, దైవ్యముతో యాచించు. "ద్వి ఆవేళభయకంపితాత్ముడైనాడు. చండికి నీశ్వరేశ్వరునకునెరగి. మండాడబోయిన మరియొండుతగిలె. "పండి" ప్ర. i. మండాటము manḍ-āṭamu. n. The act of begging with great humulity. దైన్యముతో యాచించుట.

మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] n. Kneeling down with one leg, an attitude in archery, ఒక కాలితో నేలమీద మోకరించుట, ఆలీఢపాదము.

మండము [ maṇḍamu ] or మండాము manḍamu. [Skt.]An ornament, భూషణము.

मंडन (p. 626) [ maṇḍana ] n (S) corruptly मंडण n Ornament or decoration: also the adorning material; jewels, trinkets &c. 2 Adorning, dressing out, bedecking. 3 In disputation; as opp. to खंडन. Establishing, proving, maintaining (of a position). 4 A festive occasion in general. 5 (For मेघमंडन) Overspreading (of clouds); canopy. v घाल. मंडप (p. 626) [ maṇḍapa ] m (S) An open shed or hall adorned with flowers and erected on festive occasions, as at marriages &c.: also an arched way of light sticks for the vine &c. to climb and overspread. 2 An open building consecrated to a god. 3 fig. A canopy of clouds. Ex. पावसानें मं0 घातला. मंडपी (p. 626) [ maṇḍapī ] f (Dim. of मंडप) A canopy of light framework (to suspend over an idol &c.) Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ(CDIAL 9737)

Konḍa maṇḍi earthen pan, a covering dish. Pe. manḍi cooking pot. Kui manḍi brass bowl. Kuwi (S.) mandi basin; (Isr.) maṇḍi plate, bowl. Cf. 4682 Ta. maṇṭai.(DEDR 4678) Ta. maṇṭai mendicant's begging bowl, earthen vessel, head, skull, cranium, brain-pan, top portion as of palms, a standard of measure. Ma. maṇṭa skull; similar objects. Ko. maṇḍ head.To. maḍ id.
Ka. maṇḍe id.; (Hav.) maṇḍage a big jar. Koḍ. maṇḍe head. Tu. maṇḍè large earthen vessel, skull, head. Kor. (M.) maṇḍa, (O. T.) manḍe head. Cf. 4678 Konḍa maṇḍi. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) maṇḍa- head. (DEDR 4682)

Ta. maṇṭu (maṇṭi-) to blaze up, glow; maṭu (-pp-, -tt-) to kindle. Te. maṇḍu to burn, blaze, flame, cause or produce a burning pain, be angry, be in a fury or violent rage, be envious;maṇṭa flame, blaze, burning pain, anger, wrath, fury, envy; maṇḍincu to burn (tr.), inflame, provoke, irritate; maḍḍu great heat, redhot iron, brand; very hot; (K.) mrandu to be consumed by fire, burn. Kol. (Pat., p. 167) manḍeng to burn, scorch (intr.). Nk. manḍ- to burn (intr.). Go. (M.) maṛgānā to blaze; (Ma.) maṛg- to burn (intr.) (Voc. 2745); (Tr.) maṛūstānā to cook in oil (Voc. 2743); (ASu.) maṛū- (curry) to be charred. Kui mṛahpa (mṛaht-) to consume by fire, burn; n. destruction by fire.(DEDR 4680)

M. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. (CDIAL 9736)

மண்டவம் maṇṭavam, n. < Pkt. maṇḍava < maṇḍapa. Custom-house; சுங்கச்சாவடி. (W.)

manḍī मंडी f. an exchange, a place where merchants meet to transact business (Gr.M.).(Kashmiri) మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] [H.] n. A wholesale shop, భారీ సరుకులు అమ్మేచోటు. మండీలు manḍīlu. n. A sort of sweet cakes. మండిగండ్రలు manḍi-ganḍralu. n. A sort of grain. "మండిగండ్రలు, నాగమల్లెలు, తీగమల్లెలు." H. iv. 155.

mã̄ḍ माँड् । मिश्रीकरणम् f. mixing (Gr.Gr. 126), esp. mixing up or kneading (by rubbing with the palms of the hands) of flour or other food with water, buttermilk, etc. (Gr.Gr. 1); cf. mã̄ḍay and namda-mö̃ḍ. -- diñü-- (Kashmiri)

OMarw. māṁḍaï ʻ writes ʼ; OG.māṁḍīiṁ 3 pl. pres. pass. ʻ are written ʼ, G. mã̄ḍvũ ʻ to arrange, dispose, begin ʼ, M. mã̄ḍṇẽ, Ko. mã̄ṇḍtā. (CDIAL 9741)

Signs 45, 46 Mahadevan Concordance. In Sign 46, Sign 45 is ligatured with a pot held by the adoring hands of the kneeling adorant wearing a scarf-type pigtail. I suggest that the rimless pot held on Sign 46 is a phonetic determinant: baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. So, is the kneeling adorant, a worshippper of a person seated in penance, a bhaTa 'worshipper in a temple' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. For him the kole.l 'temple' is kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Kota language). If the ‘kneeling’ posture is the key hieroglyphic representation, the gloss is eragu ‘bow’ Rebus: erako ‘moltencast copper’. Thus moltencast copper furnace. + dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (Western Pahari) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu ‘minerals’ (Santali).

er-agu = a bow, an obeisance; er-aguha = bowing, coming down (Ka.lex.) er-agisu = to bow, to be bent; tomake obeisance to; to crouch; to come down; to alight (Ka.lex.) cf. arghas = respectful reception of a guest (by the offering of rice, du_rva grass, flowers or often only of water)(S’Br.14)(Skt.lex.) erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.) eruvai ‘copper’ (Ta.); ere dark red (Ka.)(DEDR 446). er-r-a = red; (arka-) agasāle, agasāli, agasālavāḍu = a goldsmith (Te.lex.)

Thus, the horned, scarfed, kneeling person is read rebus: eraka dhatu 'copper mineral'.

Decoding 'scarf' glyph: dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707)Rebus: dhatu ‘minerals’ (Santali)

Thus Sign 46 read rebus: moltencast copper minerals furnace.

FS 72 Fig. 108 Chanhudaro seal. Person kneeling under a tree facing a tiger. [Chanhudaro Excavations, Pl. LI, 18] 6118 Seal T-A-T ID 1743

FS 72 Fig. 108 kol pasar 'tiger open mouth' rebus: kol pasar iron smelter trader's shop' PLUS battuḍu 'worshipper' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild' PLUS kuṭi 'tree''water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'.

Decipherment of Chanhudaro seal

maṇḍi 'kneeling position' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani) māḍa'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali).Kneeling adorant: భక్తుడు. 'adorant, worshipper' rebus: బత్తుడు battuḍu The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230. Five categories of artificers: పాంచాలము pāñcālamu pānchālamu. [Skt.] पंचाळ pañcāḷa m (पांचाल S q. v.) A common term for five castes--सोनार, सुतार, लोहार, कांसार, पाथरवट. These all wear the जानवें. (Marathi) பஞ்சகம்மாளர் pañca-kammāḷar, n. < pañcantaṭṭāṉ, kaṉṉāṉ, ciṟpaṉ, taccaṉ, kollaṉ; தட்டான், கன்னான், சிற்பன், தச்சன் கொல்லன் என்ற ஐவகைப் பட்ட கம்மாளர். (சங். அக.) அஞ்சுபஞ்சலத்தார் añcu-pañcalattār, n. < அஞ்சு + பஞ்சாளத்தார். Pañca-kammāḷar, the five artisan classes; பஞ்சகம்மாளர். (I. M. P. Cg. 371.) Rebus:phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild'.

Rebus: artificer: బత్తుడు battuḍu The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230. Five categories of artificers: పాంచాలము pāñcālamu pānchālamu. [Skt.] n. The Punjab. The country north of Delhi, between the foot of the Himalayas and the Chambal. పంజాబుదేశము. పాంచాలి pānchāli. n. The daughter of the king of Pānchāla; a title of Draupadi, the wife of the five Pāndu princes. ద్రౌపది. పాంచాలిక pānchālika. n. A doll or puppet, an image carved on pillars, &c. బొమ్మ, నరమృగాదిరూపము. పాంచాలుడు pānchāluḍu. n. A member of any one of the five castes of artificers, viz., the carpenters, weavers, barbers, washermen, painters. వడ్లవాడు, సాలెవాడు, మంగలవాడు, చాకలవాడు, ముచ్చివాడు, ఈ అయిదు జాతులందు దేనిలోనైనను చేరినవాడు. వడ్రంగి, వడ్లంగి, వడ్లవాడు vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu or వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. వడ్రంగము, వడ్లపని, వడ్రము or వడ్లంగితనము vaḍrangamu. n. The trade of a carpenter. వడ్లవానివృత్తి. వడ్రంగిపని. వడ్రంగిపిట్ట or వడ్లంగిపిట్ట vaḍrangi-piṭṭa. n. A woodpecker. దార్వాఘాటము. వడ్లకంకణము vaḍla-kankaṇamu. n. A curlew. ఉల్లంకులలో భేదము. వడ్లత or వడ్లది vaḍlata. n. A woman of the carpenter caste. A వడ్లబత్తుడు is a శిల్పి சிற்பன் ciṟpaṉ , n. < šilpa. Brahmā, as one skilled in the art of creation; [சிருட்டித் தொழி லில் வல்லவன்] பிரமன். சிற்பனையெலாஞ் சிருட்டித்த (திருமந். 628). சிற்பாசாரி ciṟpācāri , n. < id. + ஆசாரி. See சிற்பி. (யாழ். அக.)சிற்பி ciṟpi , n. < šilpin. Mechanic, artisan, stone-cutter; கம்மியன். (சூடா.) சிப்பி² cippi, n. prob. šilpin. 1. See சிற்பி. 2. Tailor; தையற்காரன். (சிலப். 5, 32, அடிக்குறிப்பு). శిల్పము śilpamu ṣilpamu. [Skt.] n. An art, any manual or mechanical art. చిత్తరువు వ్రాయడము మొదలైనపని. శిల్పి or శిల్పకారుడు ṣilpi. n. An artist, artisan, artificer, mechanic, handicraftsman. పనివాడు. A painter, ముచ్చి. A carpenter, వడ్లంగి. A weaver, సాలెవాడు. (Usually) a stonecutter, a sculptor, కాసెవాడు. శిల్పిశాస్త్రము ṣilpi-ṣāstramu. n. A mechanical science; the science of Architecture. చిత్రాదికర్మలను గురించిన విధానము.

பஞ்சகம்மாளர் pañca-kammāḷar, n. < pañcan taṭṭāṉ, kaṉṉāṉ, ciṟpaṉ, taccaṉ, kollaṉ; தட்டான், கன்னான், சிற்பன், தச்சன் கொல்லன் என்ற ஐவகைப் பட்ட கம்மாளர். (சங். அக.) அஞ்சுபஞ்சலத்தார் añcu-pañcalattār

पंचाळ pañcāḷa m (पांचाल S q. v.) A common term for five castes--सोनार, सुतार, लोहार, कांसार, पाथरवट. These all wear the जानवें. (Marathi)

kola, kolum = a jackal (G.) kolhuyo (Dh.Des.); kulho, kolhuo (Hem.Des.); kroṣṭṛ (Skt.) kul seren = the tiger’s son, a species of lizard (Santali) kolo, koleā jackal (Kon.lex.) Rebus: kol metal (Ta.) kol = pan~calokam (five metals) (Ta.lex.) kol = pan~calokam (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhātu; Nānārtharatnākara. 82; Man:garāja’s Nighan.t.u. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) kol = kollan-, kamma_l.an- (blacksmith or smith in general)(Ta.lex.) kollar = those who guard the treasure (Ta.lex.) cf. golla (Telugu) khol, kholi_ = a metal covering; a loose covering of metal or cloth (G.) [The semant. expansions to kollāpuri or kolhāpur and also to 'kollāppan.t.i' a type of cart have to be investigated further]. kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan- blacksmith (Ta.);kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133)

dã̄ṭu = cross over; daṭ- (da.ṭ-t-) to cross (Kol.)(DEDR 3158) Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral’; rebus: dhatu = a mineral, metal (Santali)

gaṇḍe ‘to place at a right angle to something else, cross, transverse’; gaṇḍ gaṇḍ ‘across, at right angles, transversely’ (Santali) [Note: A slanted line Lahn.d.a writing of accounts connotes a quarter; a straight line connotes ‘one’.] Rebus: kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) kāṇḍa ‘iron’ as in ayaskāṇḍa ‘excellent iron’ (Pan.Skt.) kolmo ‘three’ (Mu.); rebus: kolimi ‘smithy’ (Te.)

kuṭī 'tree', 'water carrier' (Semantic determinative) rebus: kuṭhī 'smelter'

The evidence relates to the semantics of worker in wood and iron. He is called बढई baḍhī.

बढई baḍhī m ( H) A carpenter. (Marathi) పట్టడ paṭṭaḍa paṭṭaḍu. [Tel.] n. A smithy, a shop. కుమ్మరి వడ్లంగి మొదలగువారు పనిచేయు చోటు. వడ్రంగి, వడ్లంగి,వడ్లవాడు vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu or వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. వడ్రంగము, వడ్లపని, వడ్రము or వడ్లంగితనము vaḍrangamu. n. The trade of a carpenter. వడ్లవానివృత్తి. వడ్రంగిపని. వడ్రంగిపిట్ట or వడ్లంగిపిట్ట vaḍrangi-piṭṭa. n. A woodpecker. దార్వాఘాటము. వడ్లకంకణము vaḍla-kankaṇamu. n. A curlew. ఉల్లంకులలో భేదము. వడ్లత or వడ్లది vaḍlata. n. A woman of the carpenter caste. vardhaki m. ʻ carpenter ʼ MBh. [√vardh] Pa. vaḍḍhaki -- m. ʻ carpenter, building mason ʼ; Pk. vaḍḍhaï -- m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, °aïa -- m. ʻ shoemaker ʼ; WPah. jaun. bāḍhōī ʻ carpenter ʼ, (Joshi) bāḍhi m., N. baṛhaï, baṛahi, A. bārai, B. bāṛaï, °ṛui, Or. baṛhaï, °ṛhāi, (Gaṛjād) bāṛhoi, Bi. baṛahī, Bhoj. H. baṛhaī m., M. vāḍhāyā m., Si. vaḍ*u -- vā.**vārdhaka -- .Addenda: vardhaki -- : WPah.kṭg. báḍḍhi m. ʻ carpenter ʼ; kṭg. bəṛhe\i, báṛhi, kc. baṛhe ← H. beside genuine báḍḍhi Him.I 135), J. bāḍhi, Garh. baṛhai, A. also bāṛhai AFD 94; Md. vaḍīn, vaḍin pl.(CDIAL 11375)

baḍaga is a takṣa, divine tvaṣṭr̥ of R̥gveda, he is a yajña puruṣa as evidenced in Khajuraho monumental varāha sculpture.. He is the very embodiment of the Veda, Veda puruṣa. त्वष्टृ m. a carpenter , maker of carriages (= त्/अष्टृ) AV. xii , 3 , 33; " creator of living beings " , the heavenly builder , N. of a god (called सु-क्/ऋत् , -पाण्/इ , -ग्/अभस्ति , -ज्/अनिमन् , स्व्-/अपस् , अप्/असाम् अप्/अस्तम , विश्व्/अ-रूप &c RV. ; maker of divine implements , esp. of इन्द्र's thunderbolt and teacher of the ऋभुs i , iv-vi , x Hariv. 12146 f. R. ii , 91 , 12 ; former of the bodies of men and animals , hence called " firstborn " and invoked for the sake of offspring , esp. in the आप्री hymns RV. AV. &c MBh. iv , 1178 Hariv. 587 ff. Ragh. vi , 32 ; associated with the similar deities धातृ , सवितृ , प्रजा-पति , पूषन् , and surrounded by divine females [ग्न्/आस् , जन्/अयस् , देव्/आनाम् प्/अत्नीस् ; cf. त्व्/अष्टा-व्/अरूत्री] recipients of his generative energy RV. S3Br. i Ka1tyS3r. iii ; supposed author of RV. x , 184 with the epithet गर्भ-पति RAnukr. ; father of सरण्यू [सु-रेणु Hariv.; स्व-रेणु L. ] whose double twin-children by विवस्वत् [or वायु ? RV. viii , 26 , 21 f.] are यमयमी and the अश्विन्s x , 17 , 1 f. Nir. xii , 10 Br2ih. Hariv.545 ff. VP. ; also father of त्रि-शिरस् or विश्वरूप ib. ; overpowered by इन्द्र who recovers the सोम [ RV. iii f. ] concealed by him because इन्द्र had killed his son विश्व-रूप TS. ii S3Br. i , v , xii ; regent of he नक्षत्र चित्रा TBr. S3a1n3khGr2. S3a1ntik. VarBr2S. iic , 4 ; of the 5th cycle of Jupiter viii , 23 ; of an eclipse iii , 6 ; त्वष्टुर् आतिथ्य N. of a सामन् A1rshBr. ).

kuṭi; ‘water-carrier’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’

kuṭi ‘tree’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’

kol ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol‘working in iron’; kolhe ‘smelter’

bhaṭā G. bhuvɔ m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ rather < bhr̥ta --(CDIAL 9554) Yājñ.com., Rebus: bhaṭā‘kiln, furnace’

Obverse of the tablets m0478, 0479, 0480 show this narrative. Pict-111: From R.: A woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees in their hands; a person seated on a tree with a tiger below with its head turned backwards; a tall jar with a lid.

Reverse side of a two-sided tablets m0478, 0479, 0480. in bas relief. Kneeling adorant carrying a U-shaped rimless pot in front a tree. NOTE: The kneeling motif also occurs on Sit Shamshi bronze.

Three identical Mohenjo-daro tablets, with identical inscriptions. m 478-480.

Hieroglyph: मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)

meď 'copper' (Slovak)

Section A: Message on obverse of tablet

The narrative on the obverse (b) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid; Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch; Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle.

Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid (Tablet m478b to m480b)

An orthographic variant of a jar to focus on 'rim-of-jar' is provided by a Daimabad seal.

karnaka 'rim of jar' karn.aka = handle of a vessel; ka_n.a_, kanna_ 'rim, edge'
kan.t.u = rim of a vessel; kan.t.ud.iyo = a small earthen vessel
kan.d.a kanka = rim of a water-pot; kan:kha, kankha = rim of a vessel rebus: kanda, kanduka 'trench, furnace'.

Rebus: karNika 'Supercargo'' merchant in charge of cargo of a shipment, helmsman, scribe. Rebus kañiāra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe'.
Hieroglyph: ḍhakk ʻ cover ʼ. 2. ḍhaṅk -- . [Cf. ḍhakkana -- n. ʻ shutting ʼ Śīl.] 1. Pk. ḍhakkaï ʻ shuts ʼ; S. ḍhakaṇu ʻ to cover ʼ; L. ḍhakkaṇ ʻ to imprison ʼ; P. ḍhakkṇā ʻ to cover ʼ, Ku. ḍhakṇo, N. ḍhāknu, A. ḍhākiba, B. ḍhākā, Bhoj. ḍhākal, OMarw. ḍhakaï; -- Pk. ḍhakkiṇī -- f. ʻ lid ʼ, S. ḍhakkaṇī f., P. ḍhakṇā m., °ṇī f., WPah. bhad. ḍhakkaṇ n., Ku. ḍhākaṇ, N. ḍhakni, A. ḍhākni, B. ḍhākan, ḍhāknā, °ni; Bi. ḍhaknā ʻ cover of grain -- pot ʼ, Mth. ḍhākni; Bhoj. ḍhaknī ʻ lid ʼ. -- Poss. K. ḍākürü f. ʻ wide shallow basket ʼ; N. ḍhāki ʻ basket ʼ, ḍhākar ʻ a kind of large basket ʼ; Bi. mag. ḍhākā ʻ large open basket ʼ; -- P. ḍhakkā m. ʻ pass between two hills ʼ. 2. Pk. ḍhaṁkissaï ʻ will cover ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) ḍaṅgeik ʻ to cover, shut, bury ʼ; Phal. ḍhaṅg -- ʻ to bury ʼ; Or. ḍhaṅkibā ʻ to cover ʼ, H. ḍhã̄knā, Marw. ḍhã̄kṇo, G. ḍhã̄kvũ, M. ḍhã̄kṇẽ; -- Pk. ḍhaṁkaṇa -- n., °ṇī -- f. ʻ cover, lid ʼ, Or. ḍhāṅkuṇi, H. ḍhãknī f., G. ḍhã̄kṇũ n., °ṇī f., M. ḍhã̄kaṇ n., ḍhã̄kṇī f.Addenda: ḍhakk -- 1: S.kcch. ḍhakṇū ʻ to cover, shut (a door) ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhàkṇõ, Garh. ḍhakṇu; A. ḍhākiba* (phonet. dh -- ) ʻ to cover ʼ, G. ḍhākvũ, M. ḍhākṇẽ.(CDIAL 5574)

Hieroglyph: ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ* ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582)

RRebus: धक्क dhakka a (Imit.) Steady, enduring, unshaken (as under misfortune): hale, hearty, stanch, unflinching--man or animal: stout, sound, firm, fit to render good service--cloth, an article gen. 2 Brightshining, brilliant, very lustrous--metal, a gem, a firework. Hence 3 Bright and good, altogether excellent--a rupee or other coin. धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) dhagg ʻ throb, glitter ʼ. [Cf. dhagiti* ʻ at once ʼ Kād., dhagad -- dhagiti ʻ crack! ʼ HPariś., and ḍag -- 1]Pk. dhagadhagaï* ʻ flares ʼ, dhagadhaggamāṇa -- , dhaggīkaya -- ʻ blazing ʼ; H. dhagdhagānā ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; G. dhagdhagvũ ʻ to burn fiercely ʼ; M. dhagdhagṇẽ ʻ id., to beat (of heart) ʼ; -- S. dhakdhaki f. ʻ palpitation ʼ; N. dhakāunu ʻ to pant ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, dhakdhakāna ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ, dhakadhaka ʻ throbbing, blazing ʼ; H. dhakdhakānā, dhadhaknā ʻ to blaze ʼ, G. dhakdhakvũ; M. dhakdhakṇẽ ʻ to palpitate ʼ.dhagg -- : Ko. dhaggu ʻ heat ʼ, dhagdhagu ʻ blazing heat ʼ. (CDIAL 6704) dhakṣati ʻ burns ʼ [Cf. fut. part. vidhakṣyánt* -- , aor. part. dhákṣat RV. -- √dah]G. dhakhvũ ʻ to get into a passion ʼ, dhakhāvvũ ʻ to make hot ʼ, dhakh f. ʻ thirst ʼ.Addenda: dhákṣu -- : S.kcch. ḍakho m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ (rather than < dhagg -- ). (CDIAL 6703) Ta.* taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of boiling, bubbling. Ma. taka taka beating time. Ka. takatakane quickly (of dancing); taka pakane id., vehemently (used of boiling). Tu. takataka, takapakaagility in dancing; bubbling in boiling, nimbly, briskly. Te. takapikalāḍu to dance about, dangle. (DEDR 2997) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of dazzling, glowing, glittering. Ko. dag dag in- (iḏ-) (flame) burns brightly; dagdagn with a good light. Ka. daggane with a blaze. Tu. dagadaga, dagabaga brightly; dagga, dagganè (to blaze) suddenly. Te. dagadaga glitter; dagadagam-anu to glitter, shine. Kur. dagnā to light, set fire to, burn **(tr.); dagrnā** to catch fire, be burned. Malt. dagdagre to glitter, shine (or < IA). / MBE 1969, p. 293, no. 26, for areal etymology, with reference to Turner, CDIAL, no. 6704, dhagg-, Pkt. dhagadhagaï flares, H. dhagdhagānā to glitter, dhakdhakānā to blaze; add ibid. no. 5522(4) Panj. dagdagāuṇāto shine, no. 5522(1) Ass. ḍagmag sparkle, ḍagmagāiba to glitter, Beng. ḍagḍagiyā glowing, H. ḍagḍagānā, ḍagmagānā to burn brightly (DEDR 2998)

Alternative Rebus: dhakk* ‘an anvil’ (Kannada) dhakka ‘steady, stout’ (Marathi)

Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch (Tablet m478b to m480b)

ḍhaṁkhara — m.n. ʻbranch without leaves or fruitʼ (Prakrit) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

kōṭu branch of tree, Rebus: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.

Hieroglyph: Looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter.

eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) kola ‘tiger, jackal’ (Kon.); rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith, ‘alloy of five metals, panchaloha’ (Tamil) kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) heraka = spy (Skt.); er to look at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)

Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle (Tablet m478b to m480b)

The person standing between, thwarting and pushing two contestants wears wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles' Rebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).

Hypertext: daka, 'push'; erga, 'act of clearing jungle' (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees]; karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles. Rebus reading: dhagdhag 'glittering' erako 'moltencast metal', khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker'. Thus, blacksmith (maker of) glittering moltencast metal.
erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.)er-r-a = red; eraka = copper (Ka.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) erako molten cast (as metal) (Tulu) agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Telugu) Ta. eṟṟu (eṟṟi-) to throw out (as water from a vessel); iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to scatter (intr.), disperse; (-pp-, -tt-) to splash (tr.), spatter, scatter, strew, draw and pour out water, irrigate, bale out, squander; iṟaivai receptacle for drawing water for irrigation; iṟaṭṭu (iṟaṭṭi-) to sprinkle, splash. Ma. iṟekka to bale out; iṟayuka id., scatter, disperse; iṟava basket for drawing water; eṟiccil rainwater blown in by the wind. To. eṟ- (eṟQ-) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer).(DEDR 866)

dhakk ʻ push, strike ʼ. [dhakkayati* ʻ annihilates ʼ Dhātup.] K. daka m. ʻ a push, blow ʼ, S. dhaku m., L. P. dhakkā m.; Ku. dhakkā ʻ collision ʼ, dhã̄kā ʻ forcibly pushing ʼ; N. dhakkā ʻ collision, push ʼ; B. dhā̆kkā ʻ push ʼ, Or. dhakā; H. dhak m. ʻ shock, sudden terror ʼ, dhakkā m. ʻ push ʼ; OMarw. dhakā -- dhakī f. ʻ rush ʼ; G. dhakkɔ m. ʻ push ʼ, M. dhakā, ḍhakā m.; -- P. dhakkṇā ʻ to push, oust ʼ; -- S. dhakiṛaṇu ʻ to half -- clean rice by beating it in a mortar ʼ; -- Ku. dhakelṇo ʻ to push ʼ, N. dhakelnu, H. dhakelnā, ḍha°, G. dhakelvũ. S.kcch. dhakko ḍeṇo ʻ to push ʼ; WPah.kṭg. dhàkkɔ m. ʻ push, dash ʼ, J. dhākā m.((CDIAL 6701)
धकाधकी dhakādhakī f (धका by redup.) A general or a mutual shoving and pushing; a scuffle or tussle. धकाबुका dhakābukā m धकाबुकी f धकीबुकी f C Pushing and pommeling; shoving and cuffing. v कर, दे, मार. (Marathi)

Section B: Message on reverse of tablet

The narrative on the reverse (a) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Endless knot; Part 2. Text message; Part 3. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree

Part 1. Endless knot (Tablet m478a to m480a)

Endless knot hieroglyph: मेढा [ mēḍhā ]'twist, curl' rebus: medha ‘yajña' mẽṛhẽt, 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)'; 'copper' (Slavic languages). Together, the two hieroglyphs
signify a performer of medhā ‘yajña', acquirer of medhā 'dhanam, wealth', metalworker, ironsmith turner.

Part 2. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree (Tablet m478a to m480a)

kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter)', furnace (Santali)

On seal m1186A a kneeling adorant makes offerings. bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tu.) barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.) A similar kneeling adorant now holds a wide-mouthed, rimless pot and makes an offering to the tree. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched (Sindhi) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; l. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; p. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; s. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656) Thus, the reading of the composite glyph: kneeling adorant + pot is read rebus: meḍ pattar + bhaṭa 'iron urnace (of) merchant guild'.
Paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants; perh. Vartaka (Skt.)వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. బత్తుడు battuḍu. n. A worshipper. భక్తుడు. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230.(Telugu)

The merchant, battuḍu, pattar is shown in a worshipful state kneeling in adoration on many inscriptions.

kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).
Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)
The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)

Part 3. Text message (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Hieroglyphs (from. r to l):
battuḍu bhata, 'worshipper' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ PLUS OFFERING: barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).

Numeral four: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kand 'fire-altar'. PLUS bhata, 'pot' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, the 'four linear strokes PLUS rimless pot' signifies: 'fire-altar (in) artisan's workshop'.
Body hieroglyph read rebus:

Circumscript of two linear strokes for 'body' hieroglyph: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' koḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop' Thus, the circumscript signifies 'cast metal workshop' (with furnace) PLUS circumscribed body hieroglyph: meḍ 'body' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic).Together, the hypertext reds: dul meḍ koḍ 'metal casting, cast iron workshop'.

Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडघाशा kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड & घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें
kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. (Marathi).

The semantics of खरडें 'rough draft' explains why the hieroglyph occurs ONLY on tablets which are works-in-process documentation by scribes.

Thus, the inscriptions on tablets m478 to m480 complete the documentation of wealth-creating metalwork खरडा kharaḍā daybook.
Hieroglyph (alternative): aḍaren, ḍaren lid, cover (Santali)
miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ lex. [← Austro -- as. J. Przyluski BSL xxx 200: perh. Austro -- as. mēḍra ~ bhēḍra collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m. ʻ penis ʼ BhP., ʻ ram ʼ lex. -- See also bhēḍa -- 1, mēṣá -- , ēḍa -- . -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1, bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and bhēḍa -- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1, mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and mēṇḍa -- 1, mēṇḍha -- 2 (s.v. miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣá m. ʻ ram ʼ, °ṣīˊ -- f. ʻ ewe ʼ RV. 2. mēha -- 2, miha- m. lex. [mēha -- 2 infl. by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss. mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ (~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ?]1. Pk. mēsa -- m. ʻ sheep ʼ, Ash. mišalá; Kt. məṣe/l ʻ ram ʼ; Pr. məṣé ʻ ram, oorial ʼ; Kal. meṣ, meṣalák ʻ ram ʼ, H. mes m.; -- X bhēḍra -- q.v.2. K. myã̄ -- pūtu m. ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ; WPah.bhal. mei f. ʻ wild goat ʼ; H. meh m. ʻ ram ʼ.mēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr. [mēṣá -- , āsyà -- ](CDIAL 10334) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Mu.) Allograph: meḍ ‘body ' (Mu.)

bhaṭā G. bhuvɔ m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ rather < bhr̥ta --(CDIAL

9554) Yājñ.com., Rebus: bhaṭā‘kiln, furnace’
mū̃h ‘human face’ Rebus: mū̃h‘ingot’ (See human face ligatured to a markhor: Seal m1186) PLUS Dm. mraṅ m. ‘markhor’ Wkh. merg f. ‘ibex’ (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ‘ram’,miṇḍā́l‘markhor’ (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)
lo, no‘nine’ phonetic reinforcement of: loa‘ficus glomerata’ Rebus: lo‘copper’
dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (Western Pahari) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu‘minerals’ (Santali)
maṇḍa m. ʻ ornament ʼ Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)

baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati)
dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'

muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) PLUS dula'pair'

Rebus: dul'cast metal'. (See two ladles). Thus, the offering on the stool denotes: a metal ingot.
bagala ‘pleiades’ Rebus: bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.)

Detail of the seal.(Framework, ficus religiosa,* scarfed person, twig, horn) http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/webPresentations/harappanSeals.pdf

Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features.

Seal H-166 a & b

The hieroglyphs are:

1. Peacock with its tail down

2. snakes above the wings; hood of Cobra

3. three mountain peaks below the wings

4. fire-altar shaped like +

kaṇḍa 'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali)

maraka ‘peacock’ (Santali) mora peacock; morā ‘peafowl’ (Hindi); rebus: morakkhaka loha, a kind of copper, grouped with pisācaloha (Pali). [Perhaps an intimation of the color of the metal produced which shines like a peacock blue feather.] moraka "a kind of steel" (Sanskrit)

फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild',

paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild’ ...
Vikalpa: kulā hood of snake Rebus: kolle'blacksmith'

See bronze peacocks in Vatican: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/11/pine-cone-vatican-and-peacocks-samarra.html

dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'.

Allograph: నాగము [ nāgamu ] nāgamu. [Skt. from నగ a hill.]

Hieroglyph: nāgá1 m. ʻ snake ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ elephant ʼ BhP. [As ʻ ele- phant ʼ shortened form of *nāga -- hasta -- EWA ii 150 with lit. or extracted from nāga -- danta -- ʻ elephant tusk, ivory ʼ < ʻ snake -- shaped tusk ʼ]. 1. Pa. nāga -- m. ʻ snake ʼ, NiDoc. nāǵa F. W. Thomas AO xii 40, Pk. ṇāya -- m., Gy. as. nâ JGLS new ser. ii 259; Or. naa ʻ euphem. term for snake ʼ; Si. nay, nā, nayā ʻ snake ʼ. -- With early nasalization *nāṅga -- : Bshk. nāṅg ʻ snake ʼ. -- Kt. Pr. noṅ, Kal. nhoṅ ʻ name of a god < nāˊga -- or ← Pers. nahang NTS xv 283. 2. Pa. nāga -- m. ʻ elephant ʼ, Pk. ṇāya -- m., Si. nā. śiśunāka -- .(CDIAL 7039). నాగము [ nāgamu ] nāgamu. [Skt. from నగ a hill.] n. Lit: That which pertains to a mountain. A serpent, పాము. Particularly, a cobra. An elephant,

ఏనుగు. నాకిని a female supernatural being, a goddess, దేవతాస్త్రీ. నాకులు nākulu. n. The celestials, the gods. R. v. 35. 176. నాకేశుడు nāk-ēsuḍu. n. A name of Indra. நாகர்¹ nākar, n. < nāka. Celestials; தேவர். வழுத்த வரங்கொடுப்பர் நாகர் (நான்மணி. 62).(Tamil) నాగు, నాగులు, నాగువు or నాగుబాము nāgu. n. A cobra. నాగము.(Telugu)

நாகம்² nākam, n. < nāga. 1. Cobra. See நல்லபாம்பு. நன்மணியிழந்த நாகம் போன்று (மணி. 25, 195). 2. Serpent; பாம்பு. (பிங்.) ஆடுநாக மோட (கம்பரா. கலன்காண். 37).Rebus: நாகம்² nākam , n. < nāga. A prepared arsenic; பாஷாணவகை; Black lead; காரீயம். (Tamil) nāga2 n. ʻ lead ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. raṅga -- 3] Sh. naṅ m. ʻ lead ʼ (< *nāṅga -- ?), K. nāg m. (< *nāgga -- ?).(CDIAL 7040). నాగసింధూరము [ nāgasindhūramu ] nāga-sindhūramu. [Skt.] n. A red calx of lead. (Telugu) cf. anakku 'tin' (Akkadian), an alloying ore to create tin-bronzes.

Alternative: eruvai 'eagle' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) . Thus, fire-altar for copperwork.

h176

Field symbol hieroglyphs 1: barad, balad 'ox' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'

Field symbol hieroglyphs 2:

kol 'tiger' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter',kol 'working in iron' PLUS krammara 'look back' rebus;kamar 'smith'. Thus, iron smith.

kamaḍha 'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

mēḍa 'platform, hillock' rebus meḍ 'iron'.

āra 'spokes' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.Thus brass metalcastings.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'

Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).

h175

Field symbol: Hoofed legs of warrior: dhangar 'bull' dhangar 'blacksmith' bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements of copper, brass, bronze.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, supercargo of implements.

taṭṭal 'five' rebus:  ṭhaṭṭha brass (i.e. alloy of copper + zinc) *ṭhaṭṭha1 ʻbrassʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass?]N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ. *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 1.Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5491, 5493)

ḍhāla f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain rebus: ḍhālako 'ingot'

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots.

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass'  Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).  khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements of copper, brass, bronze. PLUD dula 'double' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metalcastings of bell-metal, bronze, brass.

Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).

h177

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus:sal 'workshop'. Thus bronze/bell-metal workshop.

koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots.

kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).

h178

Field symbol: Hoofed legs of warrior: dhangar 'bull' dhangar 'blacksmith' bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ. 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ(CDIAL 5428).Rebus: A. ṭāṅī ʻ wedge ʼ ṭaṅkaśālā-- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ. (CDIAL 5434)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'

khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa'bronze' (Telugu)

Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).

h179

Star at the bottom right of the arch with leaf-shaped decorations meḍha 'polar star' (Marathi). meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) . Bird's crest as headdress

Field symbol: Hoofed legs of warrior: dhangar 'bull' dhangar 'blacksmith'bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'

Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).

Annex A. A note on harrow hieroglyph

मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag. (Marathi) matyà n. ʻ club with iron points ʼ AV., ʻ a kind of harrow ʼ TS. 2. *matíya -- . 3. *madya -- 2. [Cf. matīkarōti ʻ harrows ʼ AitBr., Pa. su -- mati -- kata -- ʻ well harrowed ʼ; -- explanation of madi -- , madikā -- f. ʻ a kind of harrow or roller ʼ Kr̥ṣis., madī -- f. ʻ any agricultural implement (e.g. a plough) ʼ lex. as MIA. forms (EWA ii 566) does not account for *madya -- in NIA.]1. WPah.bhal. maċċ n. ʻ implement for levelling a rice -- field ʼ (whence maċċṇū ʻ to level ploughed ground ʼ).2. Pk. maïya -- n. ʻ harrow ʼ; L.awāṇ. may ʻ implement for levelling ʼ; WPah. (Joshi) moī f. ʻ implement for smoothing land after sowing ʼ; Ku. mayo ʻ harrow con<-> sisting of a plank for breaking up clods after ploughing ʼ, gng. me ʻ harrow ʼ; A. mai ʻ harrow ʼ (whence mayāiba ʻ to harrow ʼ), maiṭā ʻ single bamboo with its knot on used as a ladder ʼ; B. maï, moi ʻ harrow, ladder, ladder used as harrow ʼ; Or. maï ʻ ladderlike harrow ʼ; H. maī f. ʻ harrow ʼ; M. maĩd m. ʻ rude harrow or clod breaker ʼ (+ ?).3. K. maj (gender and spelling? for *maz?) ʻ harrow consisting of a log ʼ; P.ḍog. mãj̈ f. ʻ ladder ʼ.*vaṁśamatiya -- .Addenda: matyà -- . 2. *matíya -- : WPah.kṭg. m&tildemacrepsilon; f. (obl. -- i) ʻ a kind of harrow ʼ; J. moī f. ʻ a kind of plough to smoothe land after sowing ʼ.(CDIAL 9755)


















Wilhelm von Hevesy wrote about the Finno-Ugric-Munda kinship, like "Munda-Magyar-Maori, an Indian link between the antipodes new tracks of Hungarian origins" and "Finnisch-Ugrisches aus Indien". (DRIEM, George van: Languages of the Himalayas: an ethnolinguistic handbook. 1997. p.161-162.) Sumerian-Ural-Altaic language affinities have been noted. Given the presence of Meluhha settlements in Sumer, some Meluhha glosses might have been adapted in these languages. One etyma cluster refers to 'iron' exemplified by meD (Ho.). The alternative suggestion for the origin of the gloss med 'copper' in Uralic languages may be explained by the word meD (Ho.) of Munda family of Meluhha language stream:





Sa. <i>mE~R~hE~'d</i> `iron'.  ! <i>mE~RhE~d</i>(M).


Ma. <i>mErhE'd</i> `iron'.


Mu. <i>mERE'd</i> `iron'.


  ~ <i>mE~R~E~'d</i> `iron'.  ! <i>mENhEd</i>(M).


Ho <i>meD</i> `iron'.


Bj. <i>merhd</i>(Hunter) `iron'.


KW <i>mENhEd</i>


@(V168,M080)


http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/ETYM/Pinnow&Munda



— Slavic glosses for 'copper'


Мед [Med]Bulgarian


Bakar Bosnian


Медзь [medz']Belarusian


Měď Czech


Bakar Croatian


KòperKashubian


Бакар [Bakar]Macedonian


Miedź Polish


Медь [Med']Russian


Meď Slovak


BakerSlovenian


Бакар [Bakar]Serbian


Мідь [mid'] Ukrainian[unquote]


http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/element.php?sym=Cu 


Miedź, med' (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'.  



One suggestion is that corruptions from the German "Schmied", "Geschmeide" = jewelry. Schmied, a smith (of tin, gold, silver, or other metal)(German) result in med ‘copper’.








Annex B. A note on a drummer hieroglyph










See: Prayer postures on Indus Script Corpora and kole.l 'smithy,forge' as kole.l 'temple'

-- Indian sprachbund, 'speech union' http://tinyurl.com/y4rwd86n





This is an addendum to 

Indus Script hypertexts which signify pattar an artificer guild praying to Pitr̥ with जानु+ दक्षिणतः+आ* च्य 'with the right knee bent' (RV 10.15.6)  https://tinyurl.com/y4qncu6c









I have titled the category of these Indus Script hypertexts including 'script signs' as 'Prayer' postures. So, what was the temple of the civilization? 





In the following etyma of Indian languages, this etymon is significant and perhaps finds a rebus representation in Indus Script hieroglyphs: மந்தரம்¹ mantaram, n. < mandara.





The drummer on a tablet with svastika is called mandari 'drummer'






Proving that Svastika is NOT a syllable, but hypertext of logo-semantic Indus Script. History of svastika and its use on metalwork wealth-accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y69rudwsThe drummer hieroglyph is associated with svastika glyph on this tablet (har609) and also on h182A tablet of Harappa with an identical text.


h182A, h182B


--Tiger, drummer, five svastika signify mōṝẽ 'five' rebus mandari 'drummer' munda 'Toda village or assembly'  mondir 'temple  kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, forge, temple'

kole.l 'smithy, forge' rebus kole.l 'temple' (Kota language). A cognate word in Tamil is kovil 'temple'.  
kō-v-il கோவில் kō-v-il, n. < கோ³ + இல். [T. kōvila, M. kōvil.] Temple. See கோயில். 
 
kōvil-vīṭu கோவில்வீடு kōvil-vīṭu, n. < id. +. 1. A private chapel or shrine; வீட்டிலமைந்த குல தெய்வங்களின் கோயில். (G. Tp. D. I, 91.) 2. House given in endowment to a temple; கோயி லுக்குத் தருமமாக விடப்பெற்ற வீடு. Loc. kōyil-āḻvār கோயிலாழ்வார் kōyil-āḻvār, n. < id. +. (Vaiṣṇ.) 1. Box-shrine for private worship; ஆராதனைப்பெட்டி. 2. Inner sanctuary or sanctum sanctorum of a temple; கருப்பக்கிருகம். கோயிலாழ் வார்க்குள்ளே பெரியபெருமாள் கண்வளர்ந்தருளுகிற படி(திவ். திருமாலை, 21, வ்யா. 76).
kōyil கோயில் kōyil, n. < கோ³ + இல். [T. kōyila, M. kōyil.] 1. Palace, residence of a king or noble man; அரண்மனை. கோயின் மன்னனைக் குறுகி னள் (சிலப். 20, 47). 2. Temple, sanctuary, church, chapel; ஆலயம். அரும்பொகுட் டனைத்தே யண்ணல் கோயில்(பரிபா. பக். 174, செய்யுள், 2). 3. Sacred town of Chidambaram; சிதம்பரம். (தேவா.) 4. Šriraṅgam; ்ரீரங்கம். கோயிற்பிள்ளா யிங்கே போதராயே (திவ். பெரியாழ். 2, 9, 4). 5. Silver casket enclosing the liṅgam worn by Lingayats; வீரசைவர் தரிக்கும் இலிங்கசம்புடம். Loc. 6. Parish church, parish; கோயிற்பற்று. (J.) 7. (Mus.) A kind of time-measure; நாற்சீர்த்தூக்கு. (மணி. 2, 19, உரை.) 
kōyiṟ-kēḷvi கோயிற்கேள்வி kōyiṟ-kēḷvi, n. < id. +. Temple manager; கோயில் விசாரணைக்காரன். (I. M. P. N.A. 191.)  
kōyil-vāriyam கோயில்வாரியம் kōyil-vāriyam, n. < id. +. Managing committee of a temple; கோயில் விசாரணைச்சபை. ்ரீகோயில்வாரியம் . . . ராஜராஜ க்ரமவித்தனும் (S. I. I. iii, 188). SII = South Indian Inscriptions in Epigraphia  Indica series. 
h1977a   dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’. The 'drummer' hieroglyph thus announces a cast metal.
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' 
dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. 
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.
h1977b sal'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' 
Svastika hieroglyph PLUS kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l'smithy, forge'  Or, warehouse  kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse. Svastika rebus: Glosses for zinc are: sattu (Tamil), satta, sattva (Kannada) jasth जसथ् ।रपु m. (sg. dat. jastas ज्तस), zinc, spelter; pewter; zasath ् ज़स््थ् ्or zasuth ज़सुथ ्। रप m. (sg. dat. zastas ु ज़्तस),् zinc, spelter, pewter (cf. Hindī jast). jastuvu; । रपू्भवः adj. (f. jastüvü), made of zinc or pewter.(Kashmiri)
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'
dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. . kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.
Hieroglyphs: thread of three stands + drummer on a Kalibangan seal.
dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) dolutsu 'tumble' Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’
karaḍa 'double-drum' Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'.dhAtu 'strands of rope' Rebus: dhAtu 'mineral, metal, ore'
Kalibangan seal. k020 Hieroglyphs: thread of three strands + water-carrier + one-horned young bull.

↧

Roots of zabar, siparru 'bronze' in Latvian *BARiņš viz. VARiņš > bronze खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull' kō̃da कोँद 'furnace' kunda, mukunda 'treasure'

April 22, 2019, 6:51 pm

≫ Next: Harappa standard tablet documents ṭhākur 'blacksmith' karṇī 'Supercargo', kuṭhi 'smelter' kharada 'daybook entries'

≪ Previous: Horned persons under an arbour, with scarves, wristlets signify khar onager' khār šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'smiths, guild-masters'

https://tinyurl.com/y6qukk92

A copper bull from the Sumerian site of Al-Ubaid, in modern-day southern Iraq.

The Copper Bull is a copper sculpture found at the site of Tell al-'Ubaid near the ancient city of Ur, now in southern Iraq, by Sir Leonard Woolley in 1923. The sculpture, which dates from about 2600 BCE, is now in the British Museum. "The sculpture had been made by first making a wooden model of a bull. This had then been coated with bitumen. The parts of the bull were made in sections.The legs were shaped out of wood covered in copper plate and held in place using tacks. The legs were attached and then more copper sheet covered the main body, with a different sheet for the bull's shoulders. These sheets were held in place by flat-headed nails along the back of the legs, the haunches and the stomach. The body's sheets overlapped the places where the legs had been attached.Copper bolts attached the legs to the base and the head was attached with a wooden dowel. The horns and the ears were then attached to the head."(Maude de Schauensee, Two Lyres from Ur, 2002, p.37-42,) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Bull

Note the S-curved horns of the bull. This finds expression on many sculptures

of Ancient Near East. See, for e.g. decorated Ishtar Gate.

An aurochs above a flower ribbon.

I suggest that this shape of the horn was adopted for the 'unicorn'

one-horned young bull signified on thousands of Indus Script inscriptions.

It ain't NO unicorn, but a young bull.

See:

कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a ceramic furnace https://tinyurl.com/yydlmsq2
Detail of the Mari Ishtar temple victory parade: thestand topped by the
image of unicorn wild bull (excavationno. M-458), height 7cm.
(After Parrot 1935: 134, fig. 15).
Impressions of two seals of the Proto-Elamite culture (c. 3200-2600 BCE). (After Amiet 1980: nos. 514 and 515).

The Meluhh word which signifies the young bull: m A young bull, a bullcalf;

कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen. (Marathi)

· कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner' kundana 'fine gold' PLUS kōḍu'horn' rebus koḍ 'workplace' PLUS koḍiyum 'ring on neck' rebus: koḍ 'workplace' PLUS khōṇḍī खोंडी 'pannier sack' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, fine gold'. Thus, the hypertext composition signifies workshop of a goldsmith, lapidary (turner, engraver). A remarkable cognate etymon signifying a young bull is seen in Telugu (Indian sprahbund, 'speech union'): kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ. Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముంబలుగులరేడుతన్నికొని పోవుతెరంగు" రామా. vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు. A lover విటుడు. Rebus: kõdār 'turner' (Bengali). konda 'furnace, fire-altar' kō̃da कोँद'furnace for smelting': payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद।परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü -; ।परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषाf. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ -।परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -वोलु&below; ।धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान्।द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace.

On Indus Script hypertexts, three forms of bulls are signified:

1. Bos primigenius (unicorns as young bulls with one horn): khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold'
2. Bos primigenius Indicus (zebu): पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa], 'magnetite, ferrite ore''
3. Bos primigenius taurus (old bull or ox): ḍhangra 'bull'. Rebus: ḍhangar
'blacksmith'. barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).

One-horned young bull is NOT a mythical species said to be 'unicorn' but in the genre of Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius).

History of Metals

Background Material

The ancient terms for the metals are discussed by Armas Salonen"Alte Substrata- und Kulturwoerter im Arabischen",
Studia Orientalia, Vol. XVII, Helsinki, 1952).
Below, to Salonen's lists of the ancient terms for the metals in the Fertile Crescent, LexiLine has added the Baltic comparables
based on P. Schmidt's observation that:
"The ancient indigenous Baltic word for copper(Latvian vars, Lithuanian varias, Old Prussian wargien)
indicates that it was inherited from some ancient period, since it is not borrowed either from the
Slavic or Germanic peoples...."
The word vars was not "inherited" at all, but is indigenous to Baltic viz. Indo-European peoples
as one can see from the terms for "copper" below.

Copper

Sumerian KAxUD.BAR (or) UDxKA.BAR (or) SI.BAR
Latvian varš (pronounced "varsh"), dim. VARiņš
Lithuanian varis viz. varias
Old Prussian wargien
Latvian svars "weight" < *sa-VARS
Akkadian SIPARRU Hebrew SEPER
Arabic SIFRun
Latin KUPRUM

but here with a different word root
Sumerian URUDU ? ("copper, copper colored?)
Latvian RUDU- "copper colored"
Latvian RUDVARIS (var. RUDU VARA )

When we examine all of these ancient terms for metals,
we see that TWO basic roots are

BAR-VAR-PAR

Metals as products of smelting processes by fire

There is a first basic root of the form "BAR, VAR, PAR" and of course this is also the root of FERRO- "iron" in Latin,
which currently has a false etymology. The correct origin will be as in Indo-European e.g. Latvian VĀR- "to smelt, boil"...

Similarly, we see that origin of the English word BRONZEtraced back thus far only to Italian bronzo, has roots which go
back much further in BAR, perhaps in a form such as Latvian *BARiņš viz. VARiņš > BRONZE.

http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi139.htm

zabar [BRONZE] (810x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. zabar; zabar₃ "(to be) bright, pure; arrowhead; weapon; metal mirror; (to be) shiny; measuring vessel made of bronze; a metal bowl; bronze" Akk. ebbu; hutpu; kakku; mušālu; namru; qû; sappu; siparru

[1]		zabar
[2]		zabar₃
+	-0 (795x/98%); -ra (14x/2%); -re (1x/0%).

	3500	3000	2500	2000	1500	1000	(no date)
[1]		7	732	50			1
[2]		19

16 distinct forms attested.

Â Form	Â Base	Â Morph	Â Freq
zabar	zabar	~	681
zabar-ta	zabar	~,ta	69
zabar₃	zabar₃	~	19
zabar-ra	zabar	~,ak	14
zabar-Å¡e₃	zabar	~,ece	6
zabar-bi	zabar	~,bi	6
zabar-e	zabar	~,e	5
zabar-kam	zabar	~,ak.am	2
zabar-re	zabar	~,e	1
zabar-a-bi	zabar	~,ak.bi	1
zabar-zabar	RR#zabar-zabar	~	1
zabar-gin₇	zabar	~,gin	1
zabar-ba	zabar	~,bi.a	1
zabar-me	zabar	~,meÅ¡	1
zabar-ka	zabar	~,ak.a	1
zabar-da	zabar	~,da	1

1. (to be) bright, pure (810x/100%)

~ LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur zabar OB Nippur Ura 2 534; [[zabar]] = = U₄.KA.BAR = si₂-pa-ar-ru OB Diri Nippur 321; [[zabar]] = = = ka-ak-kum OB Diri Nippur 322; [[zabar]] = = =qu₃-um OB Diri Nippur 323. LEX/unknown/unknown gu₂-un zabar^# CBS 01862 r ii 23'. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu [1(aš@c)] zabar₃ dili₂ ma₂-dilmun VS 14, 013 o ii 2; 1(aš@c) sa zabar₃kuš gu₄ sumun VS 25, 075 r ii 8; 2(u@c) 5(aš@c) ha-zi zabar₃ VS 27, 091 o i 1; 2(u@c) 5(aš@c) a₂-gam NIG₂ zabar₃ VS 27, 091 o i 2; 1(aš@c) ma-na nagga zabar₃ Nik 1, 310 r iv 4; 5(aš@c) zabar₃ ku₃ luh-ha RA 06, p. 139, Enz. 1 r i 2. ELA/ED IIIb/Nippur sila₃ zabar-ta OSP 1, 064 o i 2. ELA/ED IIIb/unknown 3(u@c) la₂ 2(aš@c) 1/2(aš@c)^! ma-na an-nazabar ASJ 19, 054 o iii 2; 3(u@c) la₂ 2(aš@c) 1/2(aš@c) ma-na an-na zabar ASJ 19, 054 r ii 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/Adab 1(aš@c) gin₂ ku₃-babbar zabar Adab 0815 8. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1/2(aš@c) ma-na urudu zabar CT 50, 179 2; [1(diš)] 6(aš@c) ma-na la₂ 5(aš@c) gin₂ urudu^# zabar ITT 1, 01070 3; 2(aš@c) 1/3(aš@c)^ša ma^#-[na] 4(aš@c) gin₂zabar ITT 2, 04438 1. ELA/Old Akkadian/Lagash 1(aš@c) ma-na nagga zabar BM 025184 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/Nippur 1(u@c) 1(aš@c) zabar urudu TMH 5, 147 4; 1(aš@c) ha-zizabar urudu OSP 2, 044 o i 3; [1(diš)] zabar še-u₃-suh₅-[urudu] OSP 2, 045 o i 7; 1(aš@c) zabar še-u₃-suh₅ urudu OSP 2, 048 o i 10; 6(diš) zabar urudu OSP 2, 048 o i 9;[1(diš)] zabar nim urudu OSP 2, 049 o i 10; [...] zabar^? OSP 2, 065 1. ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma 2(u) zabar ku₃-babbar CT 50, 052 2; 1(aš@c) urudu a-LAK171-dilim₂ zabar CT 50, 052 4; 4(u) urudu zabar-zabar CT 50, 052 5. ELA/Old Akkadian/Ur 3(aš@c) zabar UET 2 supp 01 o i 2. ELA/Old Akkadian/unknown [2(diš)] urudu zabar MAD 4, 064 2; 2(aš@c)urudu zabar MAD 4, 069 2. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(diš) ma-sa₂-ab zabar uruda ki-maš^ki ur₂ ^dnin-kas₄ HU uruda ku₃-babbar AUCT 1, 078 1; 5(diš) gin₂ sa₁₀ zabar AUCT 1, 237 2;1(diš) ma-la₂ zabar AUCT 1, 296 5. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 7(aš) 2(barig) še gur lugal gur zabar^#-[ta] ASJ 03, 157 120 1; 1(aš) še gur lugal gur zabar-ta ASJ 03, 162 131 1; 1(aš) še gurzabar-ta ASJ 03, 162 131 1. ELA/Ur III/Nippur x nig₂ šu udu gan zabar 1(diš) tug₂ a-ga₂ x 1(diš) dug ru-[...] BE 03/1, 076 1; 1(diš) gi pisan gal zabar BE 03/1, 076 8; 1(diš) e₂šu-luh-ha zabar BE 03/1, 078 4. ELA/Ur III/Umma gur zabar-ta AAS 096 7'; gur^# zabar-ta AAS 096 12'; 6(diš) ur₅-dim zabar^# AAS 140 o i 8. ELA/Ur III/Ur e₂ eš₃ e₂ zabar-še₃UET 3, 0103 4; e₂ eš₃ e₂ zabar-še₃ UET 3, 0106 2; nig₂-dab₅ balag zabar^# UET 3, 0282 15. ELA/Ur III/unclear 8(geš₂) 5(u) 5(diš) kak zu₂ zabar AUCT 1, 321 1; 3(geš₂) 1(u)7(diš) kak zu₂ zabar ku₅ 2(diš)-ta AUCT 1, 321 2; 3(u) 3(diš) kak zu₂ zabar tur AUCT 1, 321 3. ELA/Ur III/unknown 3(diš) za₃-mi-ri₂-tum zabar geš-a du₃-a YOS 15, 181 1.ELA/Early Old Babylonian/unknown zabar-bi ba-ra-keš₂ BIN 09, 027 6; 2(diš) pisan gal zabar sag^? BIN 09, 183 3; 1(diš) ^geše₂ zabar BIN 10, 150 6. ELA/Old Babylonian/Nippurbalag^# li-li-eš₃ [zabar] OB Contracts, pl. A6 no. 5 10'. ELA/Old Babylonian/Umma 1(diš) 2/3(diš) ma-na zabar AUCT 3, 412 1; sag zabar-a-bi šu-a gi₄-gi₄-dam AUCT 3, 412 4.unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu 1(aš@c) zabar₃ dili₂ ma₂-dilmun DP 051 o ii 4; 1(aš@c) zabar₃ dili₂ ma₂-dilmun DP 069 o i 1; 1(aš@c) zabar₃ dili₂ ma₂-dilmun DP 069 o ii 6. unknown/ED IIIb/Nippur 1(aš@c) URI^urudu zabar OSP 1, 095 4; 8(aš@c) ha-[zi] zabar urudu OSP 1, 098 1; zabar mah-zu mu^#-URU^!? ASJ 16, p. 43-46 prism v 14. unknown/ED IIIb/unclear5(aš@c) zabar MC 4, 07 o i 4. unknown/ED IIIb/unknown 1(aš@c) ha-zi zabar₃ ITT 5, 09249 o i 1. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab 1(aš@c) ma-ša-lum zabar OIP 014, 100 1; 1(aš@c)šu-nig₂ zabar OIP 014, 103 1; 1(aš@c) kun-gag zabar OIP 014, 103 2. unknown/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(aš) zabar šu MVN 10, 137 1. unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown [...] zabar^# PBS 09, 072 2; 1(aš@c) pa₂-tar₂ zabar PBS 09, 132 3; sa₁₀ zabar-kam STTI 054 4; sa₁₀ zabar-kam STTI 054 2; 1/2(aš@c) ma-na 6(aš@c) gin₂ zabar STTI 054 2; 1(aš@c) pisan turzabar gu₂-ne-sag gal₂-a ITT 2, 04690 o ii 5. unknown/Ur III/Drehem 1(diš) ^zabarma₂-gur₈ zabar MVN 15, 226 1; 1(diš) šu-ša-gar zabar MVN 20, 031 1; 1(diš) kun-du₃ zabarMVN 20, 031 2. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 1(diš) 2/3(diš) ma-na 2/3(diš) gin₂ zabar ASJ 18, 166 8 r ii 13; 1(u) 2(diš) 1/3(diš) ma-na 5(diš) gin₂ zabar ASJ 18, 167 9 o ii 10; 1(u) 2(diš)2/3(diš) ma-na 5(diš) gin₂ zabar ASJ 18, 167 9 o i 8. unknown/Ur III/Nippur 8(diš) gin₂ zabar BBVO 11, 268, 5N-T500 1; 1(diš) ga-uh₃ gal zabar^# BBVO 11, 298, 6N-T717 5.unknown/Ur III/Umma 1(diš) kuš sa zabar LÕuomo 55 o i 19; ba-ri₂-ga zabar MVN 16, 0669 3; 1(diš) a₂-aš-gar zabar MVN 16, 1142 1. unknown/Ur III/Ur 1(diš) šu ša nig₂ zabarSAT 2, 0039 1'; 1(diš) kun-kak zabar SAT 2, 0039 2'; 4(diš) ^gešdur₂ zabar sumun SAT 2, 0039 4'; 1(diš) gir₂-ur₂-ra zabar sumun SAT 2, 0039 5'. unknown/Ur III/unclear [x] ma-di-tum zabar^# ba x x x x MVN 18, 618 5. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown 1(diš) ^gišgu-za ser₃^#-[da] zabar gar-ra TLB 5, 08 1.

~ hi[mix]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur zabar hi-a OB Nippur Ura 2 539. ELA/Ur III/Girsu ŠU+LAGAB 4(diš) gal za-hum zabar hi-a HSS 04, 005 r ii 2; 1(u) 5(diš) gal za-hum zabar hi-aMVN 17, 007 14; 6(diš) ha-zi zabar hi-a MVN 17, 007 18; [x] za-hum zabar hi-a OTR 244 16; 6(diš) ha-zi-in zabar hi-a TUT 126 o i 17; [x] la₂ 1(diš) gal za-hum zabar hi-a UDT 001 11. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab ŠU+LAGAB 3(u) 2(aš@c) zabar hi-a OIP 014, 103 4. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 3(diš) gal za-hum zabar hi-a ASJ 18, 167 9 r i 5; 3(diš) gal za-humzabar hi-a ASJ 18, 167 9 r i 16.

See: guza gar zabar ĝar; mar zabar; šu zabar du.

2. arrowhead

3. weapon

4. metal mirror

5. (to be) shiny

6. measuring vessel made of bronze

7. a metal bowl

8. bronze

Akk. ebbu "bright; pure; clean"; hutpu "bronze arrowhead"; kakku "stick; weapon"; mušālu "metal mirror"; namru "bright, shining"; qû "a capacity measure, as measuring vessel"; sappu "a bowl; a lance"; siparru "bronze".

[1992] P. Steinkeller and J.N. Postgate, LAT 48.

See ETCSL: zabar=bronze.
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/e6375.html

↧

Harappa standard tablet documents ṭhākur 'blacksmith' karṇī 'Supercargo', kuṭhi 'smelter' kharada 'daybook entries'

April 23, 2019, 4:53 am

≫ Next: 'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) ca. 5th-3rd m. BCE

≪ Previous: Roots of zabar, siparru 'bronze' in Latvian *BARiņš viz. VARiņš > bronze खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull' kō̃da कोँद 'furnace' kunda, mukunda 'treasure'

https://tinyurl.com/y6odxb6l

-- karṇī Supercargo's daybook entries ṭhākur 'blacksmith', kuṭhi 'smelter' goṭā 'ferrite, laterite ore' bharata 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'.

This monograph deciphers a unique Harappa tablet which can be called the 'Harappa standard' and contains two sided inscriptions documenting metalwork wealth.

This is an addendum to: 235 Harappa Indus Script tablets deciphered: भरत 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' ready as supercargo & for turners, from 1. smithy, 2. cast metal, 3. implements furnaces (workshops) http://tinyurl.com/h45ex2j

h1997 A,B Harappa Faience Tablet or Harappa Standard

A unique mold-made faience tablet or standard was found in the eroded levels west of the tablet workshop in Trench 54 at Harappa in 2000. On one side is a short inscription under a rectangular box filled with 24 dots. The reverse has a narrative scene with two bulls face-to-face under a thorny tree.

https://www.harappa.com/blog/unique-mold-made-faience-tablet

kuṭi 'tree' rebus kuṭhi'smelter'

Pk. ḍhaṁkhara -- m.n. ʻ branch without leaves or fruit ʼ (CDIAL 5524)

Rebus:
ḍānro = a term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.)(CDIAL 5524). ṭhākur = blacksmith (Mth.) (CDIAL 5488). This is a semantic determinative of:

khōṇḍa'leafless tree' (Marathi) कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner' kundana 'fine gold' PLUS kōḍu'horn' rebus koḍ 'workplace' PLUS koḍiyum 'ring on neck' rebus: koḍ 'workplace' PLUS khōṇḍī खोंडी 'pannier sack' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, fine gold'. Thus, the hypertext composition signifies workshop of a goldsmith, lapidary (turner, engraver). A remarkable cognate etymon signifying a young bull is seen in Telugu (Indian sprahbund, 'speech union'): kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ. Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముం బలుగులరేడుతన్ని కొని పోవుతెరంగు" రామా. vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు. A lover విటుడు. Rebus: kõdār 'turner' (Bengali). konda 'furnace, fire-altar' kō̃da कोँद'furnace for smelting': payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü -; ।परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषाf. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ -। परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -वोलु&below; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace.

rebus: खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. Rebus: Bos primigenius taurus (old bull or ox): ḍhangra 'bull'. Rebus: ḍhangar 'blacksmith'. barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin). कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen. (Marathi) khōṇḍa 'young bull' 'bull-calf'. kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold'.

The two bulls are read as: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata

Text message on h1997A contains a unique circumscribed rectangle with 24 raised dots and the most frequently expression composed of three hieroglyphs:Sign176, Sign342, Sign48

This remarkable hyperext presented or circumscribed within a rectangle is composed of 4x3 + 4X3 raised dots, i.e. a pair of 4X3 raised dots. The rebus reading is: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. The raised dots, in bas relief, signify goṭā 'round pebble, stone' Rebus: goṭā ''laterite, ferrite ore''gold braid' खोट [khōṭa] ‘ingot, wedge’; A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Marathi) khoṭ f ʻalloy' (Lahnda).

1. baraḍo 'spine' Rebus: भरत bharata 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin'.

2. karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karṇī, supercargo--a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'.

3. khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus:kharada खरडें daybook, wealth account ledger; kharādī ' turner' (G.)

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.

Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'.

Thus, the string of circmscribed 24 raised dots PLUS four hieroglyphs/hypertext reads in Meluhha:

goṭā ayo dhakka bharata karṇī kharada

Meaning: laterite, ferrite ore, bright alloy metal, भरत 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' cast metal implements/metalware from smithy/forge inscribed by supercargo (for seafaring merchants and for turners in smithy)and documented in daybook wealth-accounting ledger.

Note: (Frequency of occurrence of the expression: 41.) Frequency is in reference to Mahadevan concordance 1977. The occurrences will be more if HARP discoveries are reckoned.

Source: Yadav, Nisha, 2013, Sensitivity of Indus Script to type of object,SCRIPTA, Vol. 5 (Sept. 2013), pp. 67-103

↧

'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) ca. 5th-3rd m. BCE

April 23, 2019, 7:24 pm

≫ Next: Copenhagen Glyptotek shows three glazed brick reliefs from Ishtar Gate. 1. young bull, 2. lion and 3. animal, like a composite animal of Indus Script

≪ Previous: Harappa standard tablet documents ṭhākur 'blacksmith' karṇī 'Supercargo', kuṭhi 'smelter' kharada 'daybook entries'

https://tinyurl.com/yx9nkvxu

--'Unicorn' کار کند kār-kund 'manager'कारकून 'scribe' cylinder seal from Sumer, Flagpost of Mari mosaic panel demonstrate that Meluhha artisans/speakers moved into Ancient Near East, ca. 5th-3rd m. BCE

One-horned young bull is NOT a mythical species said to be 'unicorn' but in the genre of Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus).

Young bull is rebus کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager (Pashto), an expression which includes खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf (Marathi)

Ear of corn. Mésopotamie, room 1a: La Mésopotamie du Néolithique à l'époque des Dynasties archaïques de Sumer. Uruk period (4000 BCE–3100 BCE) MNB 1906 Sceau-cylindre Troupeau de boeufs dans un champ de blé Époque d'Uruk Musée du Louvre, Atlas database: entry 11336 Calcaire. Limestone. 3,8 x 2,3 cm

This cylinder seal is the clearest signifier of the word with two meanings: 1. Young bull; 2. holcus sorghum corn cob.खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. 2 A variety of जोंधळा (See Mari priest hoisting a young bul on a flagstaff which is a corncob of .जोंधळा, holcus sorghum millet.

This cylinder seal is also the clearest demonstration that Meluhha (Indian sprachbund, 'language union') speakers had settled in Mesopotamia between ca. 4000 to 3100 BCE. DNA evidence emphatically establishes the presence of Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus) 100,000 years BP. "The Indian aurochs diverged from the Eurasian aurochs (B. p. primigenius) about 100,000 - 200,000 years ago. This has been shown by comparison of DNA from zebus and taurine cattle breeds, the living descendants of these two aurochs forms."(Verkaar, Nijman, Beeke, Hanekamp & Lenstra: Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-breeding bovine species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin?. 2004.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_aurochs

This cylinder seal decipherment demonstrates that Meluhha artisans and Meluhha speakers had moved into Ancient Near East from Ancient India, Sarasvati Civilization, ca. 5th millennium BCE.

m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. The shoulder of the young bull has the image of a pannier or sack.

Frieze of a mosaic panel Circa 2500-2400 BCE Temple of Ishtar, Mari (Tell Hariri), Syria Shell and shale André Parrot excavations, 1934-36 AO 19820 (Fig.2) Indus Script Cipher provides a clue to the standard of Mari which is signified by a young bull with one horn. Hypertext on a procession depicted on a schist panel inlaid with mother of pearl plaques -- in Ishtar temple, Mari, Syria. 2400 BCE. The hypertext is composed of two hieroglyphs/hypertexts: 1. culm of millet or holcus sorghum and 2. one-horned young bull (which is a common pictorial motif in Harappa (Indus) Script Corpora. See: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a ceramic furnace https://tinyurl.com/yydlmsq2

Detail of the Mari Ishtar temple victory parade: thestand topped by the image of unicorn wild bull (excavationno. M-458), height 7cm.

(After Parrot 1935: 134, fig. 15).

The standard bearer looks like the priest shown on the Tell al Ubaid temple architectural frieze.

Figure 15.6. Tell al Ubaid, Temple of Ninhursag. Tridacna shell inlaid architectural frieze with bitumen

and black shale. Early Dynastic period (ca. 2600 b.c.) (Hall and Woolley 1927)

Figure 15.5. Tell al Ubaid, Temple of Ninhursag. Tridacna shell-inlaid architectural frieze with bitumen

and black shale. Early Dynastic period (ca. 2600 b.c.e.) (© The Trustees of the British Museum)

कोंडी (p. 102) kōṇḍī f (कोंडणें) A confined place gen.; a lockup house, a pen, fold, pound; a receiving apartment or court for Bráhmans gathering for दक्षिणा; a prison at the play of आट्यापाट्या; a dammed up part of a stream &c. &c. कोंडवाड (p. 102) kōṇḍavāḍa n f C (कोंडणें & वाडा) A pen or fold for cattle. कोंडण (p. 102) kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen. कोंडमार (p. 102) kōṇḍamāra or -मारा m (कोंडणें & मारणें) Shutting up in a confined place and beating. Gen. used in the laxer senses of Suffocating or stifling in a close room; pressing hard and distressing (of an opponent) in disputation; straitening and oppressing (of a person) under many troubles or difficulties; कोंडाळें (p. 102) kōṇḍāḷēṃ n (कुंडली S) A ring or circularly inclosed space. 2 fig. A circle made by persons sitting round. कोंड (p. 102) kōṇḍa m C A circular hedge or field-fence. 2 A circle described around a person under adjuration. 3 The circle at marbles. 4 A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. 5 Grounds under one occupancy or tenancy. 6 f R A deep part of a river. 7 f (Or कोंडी q. v.) A confined place gen.; a lock-up house &c.

Cylinder seal and impression: cattle herd at the cowshed. White limestone, Mesopotamia, Uruk Period (4100 BC–3000 BCE). A 25 (Klq 17) Louvre

A cow and a stable of reeds with sculpted columns in the background. Fragment of another vase of alabaster (era of Djemet-Nasr) from Uruk, Mesopotamia. Hieroglyphs: Quadrupeds exiting the mund (or mudhif) are pasaramu, pasalamu ‘an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped’ (Telugu) పసరము [ pasaramu ] or పసలము pasaramu. [Tel.] n. A beast, an animal. గోమహిషహాతి.

Mudhif is a cattle pen.

· Sumerian mudhif (reedhouse) http://www.laputanlogic.com/articles/2004/01/24-0001.html

· and modern mudhif structure (Iraq) compare with the Toda mund (sacred hut)

· The Uruk trough. From Uruk (Warka), southern Iraq. Late Prehistoric period, about 3300-3000 BC

· A cult object in the Temple of Inanna?

· This trough was found at Uruk, the largest city so far known in southern Mesopotamia in the late prehistoric period (3300-3000 BC). The carving on the side shows a procession of sheep approaching a reed hut (of a type still found in southern Iraq) and two lambs emerging. The decoration is only visible if the trough is raised above the level at which it could be conveniently used, suggesting that it was probably a cult object, rather than of practical use. It may have been a cult object in the Temple of Inana (Ishtar), the Sumerian goddess of love and fertility; a bundle of reeds (Inanna's symbol) can be seen projecting from the hut and at the edges of the scene. Later documents make it clear that Inanna was the supreme goddess of Uruk. Many finely-modelled representations of animals and humans made of clay and stone have been found in what were once enormous buildings in the centre of Uruk, which were probably temples. Cylinder seals of the period also depict sheep, cattle, processions of people and possibly rituals. Part of the right-hand scene is cast from the original fragment now in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

· J. Black and A. Green, Gods, demons and symbols of -1 (London, The British Museum Press, 1992)

· H.W.F. Saggs, Babylonians (London, The British Museum Press, 1995)

· D. Collon, Ancient Near Eastern art (London, The British Museum Press, 1995)

· H. Frankfort, The art and architecture of th (London, Pelican, 1970)

· P.P. Delougaz, 'Animals emerging from a hut', Journal of Near Eastern Stud-1, 27 (1968), pp. 186-7 http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_uruk_trough.aspx

· Life on the edge of the marshes (Edward Ochsenschlaer, 1998)

· Another black & white view of the trough.

· Sumerian mudhif facade, with uncut reed fonds and sheep entering, carved into a gypsum trough from Uruk, c. 3200 BCE (British Museum WA 12000). Photo source.

· See also: Expedition 40:2 (1998), p. 33, fig. 5b Life on edge of the marshes.

· Fig. 5B. Carved gypsum trough from Uruk. Two lambs exit a reed structure identifical to the present-day mudhif on this ceremonial trough from the site of Uruk in northern Iraq. Neither the leaves or plumes have been removed from the reds which are tied together to form the arch. As a result, the crossed-over, feathered reeds create a decorative pattern along the length of the roof, a style more often seen in modern animal shelters built by the Mi'dan. Dating to ca. 3000 BCE, the trough documents the extraordinry length of time, such arched reed buildings have been in use. (The British Museum BCA 120000, acg. 2F2077)

· End of the Uruk trough. Length: 96.520 cm Width: 35.560 cm Height: 15.240 cm

Image result for cylinder seal cattle pen sumer

Cylinder seal impression, Uruk period, Uruk?, 3500-2900 BCE. Note a load of livestock (upper), overlapping greatly (weird representation), and standard 'mudhif' reed house form common to S. Iraq (lower).

Cattle Byres c.3200-3000 B.C. Late Uruk-Jemdet Nasr period. Magnesite. Cylinder seal. In the lower field of this seal appear three reed cattle byres. Each byre is surmounted by three reed pillars topped by rings, a motif that has been suggested as symbolizing a male god, perhaps Dumuzi. Within the huts calves or vessels appear alternately; from the sides come calves that drink out of a vessel between them. Above each pair of animals another small calf appears. A herd of enormous cattle moves in the upper field. Cattle and cattle byres in Southern Mesopotamia, c. 3500 BCE. Drawing of an impression from a Uruk period cylinder seal. (After Moorey, PRS, 1999, Ancient mesopotamian materials and industries: the archaeological evidence, Eisenbrauns.)

Depictions of mudhifs have been found in Mesopotamia since the late Uruk Period c.3300BC. Some examples prior to 3,000BCE. Sumerian Mudhif and 3 reed banners. After Figure 15.1. Sealing with representations of reed structures with cows, calves, lambs, and ringed

bundle “standards” of Inana (drawing by Diane Gurney. After Hamilton 1967, fig. 1) Three rings on reed posts are three dotted circles: dāya 'dotted circle' on dhā̆vaḍ priest of 'iron-smelters', signifies tadbhava from Rigveda dhāī ''a strand (Sindhi) (hence, dotted circle shoring cross section of a thread through a perorated bead);rebus: dhāū, dhāv ʻa partic. soft red ores'. dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773)

कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen. (Marathi) goṭ = the place where cattle are collected at mid-day (Santali); goṭh (Brj.)(CDIAL 4336). goṣṭha (Skt.); cattle-shed (Or.) koḍ = a cow-pen; a cattlepen; a byre (G.) कोठी cattle-shed (Marathi) कोंडी [ kōṇḍī ] A pen or fold for cattle. गोठी [ gōṭhī ] f C (Dim. of गोठा) A pen or fold for calves. (Marathi) PLUS xolā 'tail' Rebus: kole.l 'smithy, temple'. This is consistent with the association of Mund with the sacred dairy.

कोंदण kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems is the work of a turner on a lathe. Bengali. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Oriya. kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ‘lathe’) (CDIAL 3295). कुन्द

[p= 291,2] a turner's lathe L. (Monier-Williams)

Such a kū̃d, l'athe' is presented in front of the young bull on many inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora. The gimlet is shown as producing drilled beads, working atop a portable furnace. खोंड khōṇḍa 'm A young bull, a bullcalf' is rebus: kundār ‘turner’.The lathe and gimlet in front of the young bull on many seals are signifiers of a lapidary's instrument to drill holes in beads or to infix or set gems in gold or metal sockets. kunda 'lathe' rebus: कोंदण (p. 102) kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a gem. Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725) குந்தனம் kuntaṉam, n. < T. kundanamu. 1. Interspace for enchasing or setting gems in a jewel; இரத்தினம் பதிக்கும் இடம். குந்தனத்தி லழுத்தின . . . ரத்தினங்கள் (திவ். திருநெடுந். 21, வ்யா. பக். 175). 2. Gold, fine gold; தங்கம். (சங். அக.) குந்தனக்காரன் kuntaṉa-k-kāraṉ, n. < T. kundanamu Loc.

కుందనము (p. 289) kundanamu kundanamu. [Tel.] n. Solid gold, fine gold. అపరంజి.

குந்தன் kuntaṉ, n. < Kunda. 1. Viṣṇu; திருமால். வல்வினைமாய்ந்தறச்செய் குந்தன்றன்னை (திவ். திருவாய். 7, 9, 7). 2. Holy person; தூயதன்மை யுடையவன். வண்டீங் கவிசெய்குந்தன் (திவ். திரு வாய். 7, 9, 7).

kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda) kāru-kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bull in its prime. खोंड [khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) గోద [ gōda ] gōda. [Tel.] n. An ox. A beast. kine, cattle.(Telugu)

kunda 'lathe' Rebus: कोंदण kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems and working with kundana 'fine gold'. Rebus: कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi)

· कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner' kundana 'fine gold' PLUS kōḍu'horn' rebus koḍ 'workplace' PLUS koḍiyum 'ring on neck' rebus: koḍ 'workplace' PLUS khōṇḍī खोंडी 'pannier sack' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, fine gold'. Thus, the hypertext composition signifies workshop of a goldsmith, lapidary (turner, engraver). A remarkable cognate etymon signifying a young bull is seen in Telugu (Indian sprahbund, 'speech union'): kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ. Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముం బలుగులరేడుతన్ని కొని పోవుతెరంగు" రామా. vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు. A lover విటుడు. Rebus: kõdār 'turner' (Bengali). konda 'furnace, fire-altar' kō̃da कोँद'furnace for smelting': payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü -; ।परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषाf. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ -। परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -वोलु&below; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace.

On Indus Script hypertexts, three forms of bulls are signified:

1. Bos primigenius (unicorns as young bulls with one horn): khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold'
2. Bos primigenius Indicus (zebu): पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu, dewlap' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa], 'magnetite, ferrite ore''
3. Bos primigenius taurus (old bull or ox): ḍhangra 'bull'. Rebus: ḍhangar
'blacksmith'. barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).

खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. 2 A variety of जोंधळा (See Mari priest hoisting a young bul on a flagstaff which is a corncob of .जोंधळा, holcus sorghum millet. जोंधळा jōndhaḷā m A cereal plant or its grain, Holcus sorghum. Eight varieties are reckoned, viz. उता- वळी, निळवा, शाळू, रातडी, पिवळा जोंधळा, खुंडी, काळबोंडी जोंधळा, दूध मोगरा. There are however many others as केळी, अरगडी, डुकरी, बेंदरी, मडगूप

खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) kõda 'young bull-calf'. Rebus: kũdār 'turner'; kundana 'fine gold' (Kannada).कुन्द [p= 291,2] one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यक Gal. ) L. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. (Pashto)

खुंडी khuṇḍī f A cloth doubled over and sewn at one end, forming a घोंगता, खोपा, or खोळ (an open or outspread shovel-form sack). Used in exposing grain in the market. खोंडरूं khōṇḍarūṃ n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl.खोंडा khōṇḍā m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. 2 fig. A hollow amidst hills; a deep or a dark and retiring spot; a dell.

खोंडा khōṇḍā (also खोंडी & खोंडें) A variety of जोंधळा. See under खुंडी. 2 A species or variety of जोंधळा. खुंडी khuṇḍīA species or variety of जोंधळा.(Marathi)

खोंडी khōṇḍī f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा, to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) *kōtthala ʻ bag ʼ. [Cf. *kōttha -- ] Pa. kotthalī -- f. ʻ sack (?) ʼ; Pk. kotthala -- m. ʻ bag, grainstore ʼ (kōha -- m. ʻ bag ʼ < *kōtha?); K. kŏthul, ˚lu m. ʻ large bag or parcel ʼ, kothüjü f. ʻ small do. ʼ; S. kothirī f. ʻ bag ʼ; Ku. kuthlo ʻ large bag, sack ʼ; B. kūthlī ʻ satchel, wallet ʼ; Or. kuthaḷi, ˚thuḷi, kothaḷi, ˚thiḷi ʻ wallet, pouch ʼ; H. kothlā m. ʻ bag, sack, stomach (see *kōttha -- ) ʼ, ˚lī f. ʻ purse ʼ; G. kothḷɔ m. ʻ large bag ʼ, ˚ḷī f. ʻ purse, scrotum ʼ; M. kothḷā m. ʻ large sack, chamber of stomach (= peṭā ċā k˚) ʼ, ˚ḷẽ n. ʻ sack ʼ, ˚ḷī f. ʻ small sack ʼ; -- X gōṇīˊ -- : S. g̠othirī f. ʻ bag ʼ, L. gutthlā m.(CDIAL 3511) Ta. kaṇṭāḷam travelling sack placed on a bullock, pack-saddle. Ka. kaṇṭale, kaṇṭāḷa, kaṇṭāḷe, kaṇṭle double bag carried across a beast. Te. kaṇṭalamu, kaṇṭlamu bullock-load consisting of two bags filled with goods. / Cf. Mar. kaṇṭhāḷī a bag having opening in the middle. (DEDR 1174)

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) koḍ ‘one’. Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn; Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn; Go. (Tr.) kōr (obl. kōt-, pl. kōhk) horn of cattle or wild animals; Ka. kōḍu horn (DEDR 2200). koḍ = place where artisans work (G.)

Sun's rays arka 'sun, rays of sun' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'moltencast'. Gold Pendant. Harappa. National Museum, New Delhi

The body of the young bull has the image shown on the gold pendant of Harappa which is a pictograph signifying arka 'rays of sun' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' eraka 'moltencast'. The word is cognate with څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه). (Pashto). The overflowing pot signifies the goldsmith artisan's repertoire of metalwork professional competence: lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware' (Marathi) Rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. khaṇḍa 'implements' (Santali) लोखंड (p. 423) lōkhaṇḍa n (लोह S) Iron. लोखंडकाम (p. 423) lōkhaṇḍakāma n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. लोखंडी (p. 423) lōkhaṇḍī a (लोखंड) Composed of iron; relating to iron. Overflow:

(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda )Allograph: loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy). rebus: loh ‘metal’ (Skt.) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) காண்டம் kāṇṭam , n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர்; kāṇṭam ‘ewer, pot’ கமண்டலம். (Tamil) Thus the combined rebus reading: Ku. lokhaṛ ʻiron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ(CDIAL 11171). khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’(Marathi) Hieroglyphs pot, dotted circle: sangaḍa खंड [ khaṇḍa ] A piece, bit, fragment, portion.(Marathi)काढतें [ kāḍhatēṃ ] n Among gamesters. An ivory counter &c. placed to represent a sum of money. (Marathi) Rebus: kandi ‘beads’ (Pa.)(DEDR 1215). khaṇḍ ‘ivory’ (H.)kaṇḍ = a furnace,altar (Santali.lex.)khaṇḍaran, khaṇḍrun ‘pit furnace’ (Santali)Allographs: kaṇḍa -- m.n. joint of stalk, lump(Pali) kaṇḍō a stool (Kurku); kanḍo stool, seat (Maltese). (DEDR 1179) kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) kaṇḍa = a pot of certain shape and size (Santali) Rebus: kaṇḍ = altar, furnace (Santali)लोहकारकन्दुः f. a blacksmith's smelting furnace (Grierson Kashmiri lex.) कन्दु [Monier-Williams lexicon, p. 250,1]mf. ( √स्कन्द् Un2. i , 15), a boiler , saucepan , or other cooking utensil of iron Sus3r. Ma1lav. Comm. on Ka1tyS3r. Nodule of stone ore: kāḍ ‘stone’. Ga. (Oll.) kanḍ, (S.) kanḍu (pl. kanḍkil) stone (DEDR 1298). mayponḍi kanḍ whetstone; (Ga.)(DEDR 4628). (खडा) Pebbles or small stones: also stones broken up (as for a road), metal. खडा [ khaḍā ] m A small stone, a pebble. 2 A nodule (of lime &c.): a lump or bit (as of gum, assafœtida, catechu, sugar-candy): the gem or stone of a ring or trinket: a lump of hardened fæces or scybala: a nodule or lump gen. kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ] Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; Wg. kaṇə ʻ ear -- ring ʼ NTS xvii 266; S. kano m. ʻ rim, border ʼ; P. kannā m. ʻ obtuse angle of a kite ʼ (→ H. kannā m. ʻ edge, rim, handle ʼ); N. kānu ʻ end of a rope for supporting a burden ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ brim of a cup ʼ, G. kānɔ m.; M. kānā m. ʻ touch -- hole of a gun ʼ. (CDIAL 2831) Rebus: káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻ doing ʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻ work ʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻ instrument ʼ; N. dan -- karnu ʻ toothpick ʼ, kan -- karnu ʻ ear -- pick ʼ; B. karnā, kannā ʻ work, duty ʼ; M. karṇẽ n. ʻ action, deed ʼ; Si. karaṇa ʻ occupation, trade, copulation ʼ; -- P. karnī f. ʻ mason's trowel ʼ (B. D. Jain PhonPj 116 < karaṇḍa -- ); H. karnī f. ʻ mason's trowel ʼ, M. karṇī f. (CDIAL 2790)Rebus: Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe.’ sangaḍa 'portable furnace', 'gimlet (turner's apparatus)' (Marathi) Rebus: sangar 'fortification' (Pashto)śang, hang ‘snail, mollusc’; rebus: sang ‘stone (ore)’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. saghaḍī = furnace (G.) Rebus: jaṅgaḍ ‘entrustment articles’जाकड़ ja:kaṛ (nm) on approval (purchases); —का माल goods/articles on approval. (Hindi); sangaḍa ‘association, guild’. jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’(Gujarati)sangad ചങ്ങാതം čaṇṇāδam (Tdbh.; സംഘാതം) 1. Convoy, guard; responsible Nāyar guide through foreign territories. ച. പോരുക to accompany as such. ച. പോന്ന വാരിയര്‍, എന്നെ ച'വും കൂട്ടി അയച്ചു TR. 2. income of Rājas from granting such guides; grant of land to persons liable to such service ച. കൊടുക്ക. 3. companion പന്നിയും കാട്ടിയും ച'മായി CG.—met. കംസനെ കൊന്ന ഗോപാലനെ കംസനു ച'മാ ക്കുവാന്‍ CG. to send him along, to kill likewise. ചങ്ങാതി (C. Te. സ —) companion, തുണക്കാ രന്‍; friend വീണാല്‍ ചിരിക്കാത്ത ച. ഇല്ല, ച. നന്നെങ്കില്‍ കണ്ണാടി വേണ്ട prov. ച. യായുള്ളു പണ്ടുപണ്ടേ CC.—also fem. ച ങ്ങാതിമാരായുള്ള അംഗനമാര്‍ CG.; vu. എ ന്‍റെ ചങ്ങായിച്ചീ TP. (Voc.) See also: ചങ്ങു V1. a small chain to which to hang keys etc. ചങ്ങാടം čaṇṇāḍam (Tu. ജംഗാല, Port. Jangada). Ferryboat, junction of 2 boats. ച. കെ ട്ടുക; ച'ത്തില്‍ കേററി TR. തോണികള്‍ ച'ങ്ങള്‍ വഞ്ചികള്‍ പടവുകള്‍ Bhr. also rafts. (Malayalam)Allographs: sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together (Marathi)(CDIAL 12859).śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah.)sangaḍa ‘bangles’ (Pali). Rim of jar as hieroglyph: kánaka n. ʻ gold ʼ (Skt.) கன் kaṉ ,n. perh. கன்மம். 1. workmanship; வேலைப்பாடு. கன்னார் மதில்சூழ் குடந்தை (திவ். திருவாய். 5, 8, 3). 2. copper work; கன்னார் தொழில். (W.) 3. copper; செம்பு. (ஈடு, 5, 8, 3.) MBh. Pa. kanaka -- n., Pk. kaṇaya -- n., MB. kanayā ODBL 659, Si. kanā EGS 36.(CDIAL 2717) కనకము [ kanakamu ] kanakamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. (Telugu) கனகம் kaṉakam, n. < kanaka. 1. Gold; பொன். காரார்வண்ணன் கனகமனையானும் (தேவா. 502, 9 (Tamil) kanaka (nt.) [cp. Sk. kanaka; Gr. knh_kos yellow; Ags. hunig=E. honey. See also kañcana] gold, usually as uttatta˚ molten gold; said of the colour of the skin Bu i.59; Pv iii.32; J v.416; PvA 10 suvaṇṇa).-- agga gold -- crested J v.156; -- chavin of golden complexion J vi.13; -- taca (adj.) id. J v.393; -- pabhā golden splendour Bu xxiii.23; -- vimāna a fairy palace of gold VvA 6; PvA 47, 53; -- sikharī a golden peak, in ˚rājā king of the golden peaks (i. e. Himālayas): Dāvs iv.30. (Pali) Vikalpa: kaṉ ‘copper work’ (Ta.)

Hieroglyph 1: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati).Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together' (Varahamihira) *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.(CDIAL 12845). Rebus: jangaḍ 'wealth in treasury, accounting of mercantile transaction'; jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati). Hieroglyph 2: కమటము kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్"హంస. ii. Rebus: kammata 'coiner, mint, coinage'.

kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) The hieroglyph clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper.

The expression signified by the overflowing pot is:

lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware' (Marathi)

sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' rebus jangadiyo 'military guard'; kamaṭamu 'portable furnace',kammata 'mint'

kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’; kundana ‘fine gold’ (Kannada). कुन्द [p= 291,2] one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यक Gal. ) L. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. (Pashto) कारकुन kārakuna m ( P A factor, agent, or business-man.) A clerk, scribe, writer. सवा हात लेखणीचा का0 A term of ironical commendation for a clerk. कारकुनी kārakunī f (कारकून) The office or business of Kárkún. 2 Remuneration to a Kárkún for service rendered. 3 The profits or fees (of Kárkúns) on services done, articles bought &c. 4 Any extra cess laid to pay Kárkún-service. 5 fig. Economizing; careful and thrifty management. 6 A plant, Embelia robusta. कारकुनी kārakunī a (कारकून) Relating to Kárkún--mode of writing &c. (Marathi)

The suffix -kunī, -kūn in कारकुनी, कारकून is a shortened form of कुन्द, kunda 'lathe'; kũdār ‘turner’.

The prefix kāra- in कारकुनी is cognate with: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस्त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭh^ü -ब॑ठू॒ । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkur^u -द्वकुरु॒ । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧjⁱ -ग॑जि॒ or -güj^ü -ग॑जू॒ । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höj^ü -हा॑जू॒), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūr^ü -कूरू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭ^u -क॑टु॒ । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭ^ü -क॑टू॒ । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më̆ʦ^ü 1 -म्य॑च़ू॒ । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see khāra 3), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuw^u -न्यचिवु॒ । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see khārun), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦ^añĕ -च़्ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 30). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. (Kashmiri).

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Copenhagen Glyptotek shows three glazed brick reliefs from Ishtar Gate. 1. young bull, 2. lion and 3. animal, like a composite animal of Indus Script

April 23, 2019, 11:44 pm

≫ Next: Mušḫuššu a composite animal, young bull, lion on Ishtar gate are Indus Script hypertexts, metalwork catalogues

≪ Previous: 'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) ca. 5th-3rd m. BCE

https://tinyurl.com/y2sp5god

The Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (NCG) in Copenhagen is in possession of three glazed brick reliefs from the Babylonian entrance complex (Fig. 1-3) acquired by the Museum in 1930 from the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. We can identiy the young bull and the lion.What is the third animal?

https://www.academia.edu/25465550/Babylonian_Blues_Studying_the_blue_and_turquoise-green_glazes_of_the_Ishtar_Gate_and_the_Processional_Way

Sign Buccarella et al, 2016, Babylonian Blues: Studying the blue and turquoise-green glazes of the Ishtar Gate and the Processional Way

[quote]Despite earlier studies of glazed bricks from Babylonia, the nature of especially the blue and turquoise pigments is still debated. The only published investigations into the colored glazes of the monumental gate complex were carried out in the 1980’s by Fitz and Matson . However, neither of the two studies includes bricks from the Ishtar Gate. Moreover, they are not conclusive concerning the identification of the pigments used for the blue and turquoise-green glazes.

The three reliefs in the NCG offer a rare opportunity to investigate the pigments used for the monumental structure. In this preliminary study, the blue and turquoise-green glazes on the reliefs have been examined using X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), polarised light microscopy, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).

Besides settling the discussion concerning the nature of the pigments, the identification of the constituents of the glazes will offer important insights into the trade of materials and crafts involved in the embellishment. [unquote]

1. Young bull:

'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) kundaṇa find gold (Tulu)

2. Lion: arya 'lion' (Akkadian) rebus: āra 'brass'.

?3. Composite animal of Indus Script?

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Mušḫuššu a composite animal, young bull, lion on Ishtar gate are Indus Script hypertexts, metalwork catalogues

April 24, 2019, 3:46 am

≫ Next: Bun-shaped cast iron ingots dul mūhā mẽṛhẽt are signified by unique 'two oval-shape' hieroglyphs Sign 403, Sign 375 of Indus Script

≪ Previous: Copenhagen Glyptotek shows three glazed brick reliefs from Ishtar Gate. 1. young bull, 2. lion and 3. animal, like a composite animal of Indus Script

https://tinyurl.com/yxrjc53f

This is an addendum to: Copenhagen Glyptotek shows three glazed brick reliefs from Ishtar Gate. 1. young bull, 2. lion and 3. animal, like a composite animal of Indus Script
https://tinyurl.com/y2sp5god

Three animals are prominently decorated on the Ishtar Gate and procession passageway: one-horned young bull, lion and a composite animal, mušḫuššu. All three are metalwork catalogues.

In Mesopotamian narratives, the association of the three hieroglyphs are with Marduk, Ishtar and Adad 'storm and rain divinity'. The memories of the metalwork of the Meluhha assur, ancestors result in the veneration of these divinities in the Ishtar temple and Ziggurat. It is notable that the stupa of Mohenjo-daro is also a ziggurat celebrated in Sit Shamshi Bronze as the veneration of the Sun divinity with water ablutions.

Veneration of Marduk is cognate with the veneration of Marut in R̥gveda. मरुत् gold(नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क i, 2);m. pl. (prob. the " flashing or shining ones " ; cf. मरीचि) the storm-gods (इन्द्र's companions and sometimes e.g. Ragh. xii , 101 = देवाः , the gods or deities in general ; said in the वेद to be the sons of रुद्र and पृश्नि q.v. , or the children of heaven or of ocean ; and described as armed with golden weapons i.e. lightnings and thunderbolts , as having iron teeth and roaring like lions , as residing in the north , as riding in golden cars drawn by ruddy horses sometimes called पृषतीः q.v. ; they are reckoned in Naigh. v , 5 among the gods of the middle sphere , and in RV. viii , 96 , 8 are held to be three times sixty in number ; in the later literature they are the children of दिति , either seven or seven times seven in number , and are sometimes said to be led by मातरिश्वन्) RV.

The ribbon of flowers below the young bull: करडई karaḍī f Safflower, Carthamus. 2 Its seed. करडी karaḍī f (See करडई) Safflower: also its seed. करडेल karaḍēla n (करडई& तेल) Oil of Carthamus or safflower. karaṭa2 m. ʻ Carthamus tinctorius ʼ lex. Pk. karaḍa -- m. ʻ safflower ʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a tree like the karañja ʼ; M. karḍī, °ḍaī f. ʻ safflower, Carthamus tinctorius and its seed ʼ.karaṭataila ʻ oil of safflower ʼ. [karaṭa -- 2, tailá -- ] M. karḍel n. ʻ oil from the seed of safflower ʼ.(CDIAL 2788, 2789) Rebus: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard fromalloy--iron, silver &c. Rebus 2: kharādī = turner (G.) Rebus 3: kharaḍa, brief memoranda of metalwork Rebus: kara*ṇḍi 'fire-god' (Remo)Remo <karandi>E155 {N} ``^fire-^god''.(Munda).

kōḍu 'horn' rebus koḍ 'workplace'

https://www.academia.edu/25465550/Babylonian_Blues_Studying_the_blue_and_turquoise-green_glazes_of_the_Ishtar_Gate_and_the_Processional_Way

Sign Buccarella et al, 2016, Babylonian Blues: Studying the blue and turquoise-green glazes of the Ishtar Gate and the Processional Way

1. Young bull:

'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) kundaṇa find gold (Tulu)

2. Lion: arya 'lion' (Akkadian) rebus: āra 'brass'.

?3. Composite animal of Indus Script?

bas-relief in the Pergamon Museum. (𒈲 MUŠ is the Sumerian term for "serpent". Rebus मूष 'crucible'.
mušḫuššu (𒈲𒄭𒄊; formerly also read as sirrušu, sirrush) is a creature from ancient Mesopotamian mythology. A mythological hybrid, it is a scaly dragon with hind legs resembling torso of a fish, the talons of an eagle with wings, feline fore paws, a long neck and tail of a snake, a horned head, a snake-like tongue, and a crest. The mušḫuššu most famously appears on the reconstructed Ishtar Gate of the city of Babylon, dating to the sixth century BCE.

The form mušḫuššu is the Akkadian nominative of the Sumerian𒈲𒄭𒄊 MUŠ.ḪUS, "reddish snake". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mušḫuššu

I submit that the representation is NOT that of a real animal nor is it a mythologized real animal, but an Indus Script hypertext, comparable to many types of composite animals which constitute Indus Script Corpora. The composite animals are read rebus as hypertexts composed of a variety of animals and hieroglyphs to signify a metalwork catalogue.

Thus, the components of the composite animal mušḫuššu is read rebus in Meluhha:

phaḍā 'serpent hood' rebus: phaḍā 'metals manufactory public officers'
nāga'serpent' rebus: anakku 'tin' नाग 'tin, lead'(भावप्रकाश)
śyena 'falcon' aśáni 'thunderbolt' rebusآهن ګر āhan gar, 'blacksmith' lit. thunderbolt-maker

panja 'feline paws' rebus; panja 'kiln, smelter'

Ka. eṟake, eṟaṅke, ṟakke, ṟekke wing; ṟaṭṭe, ṟeṭṭe wing, upper arm.Ta. ciṟai, ciṟaku, ciṟakar wing; iṟai, iṟaku, iṟakar, iṟakkai wing, feather. Ma. iṟaku, ciṟaku wing. Ko. rek wing, feather. Koḍ. rekke wing; raṭṭe upper arm. Tu. ediṅke, reṅkè wing. Te. eṟaka, ṟekka, rekka, neṟaka, neṟi id. Kol. reḍapa, (SR.) reppā id.; (P.) reṛapa id., feather. Nk. rekka, reppa wing. Pa. (S.) rekka id. Go. (S.) rekka wing-feather; reka (M.) feather, (Ko.) wing (Voc.3045). Konḍa ṟeka wing, upper arm. Kuwi (Su.) rekka wing.(DEDR 2591) eraka 'moltencast, copper' araka 'gold'

Hieroglyph: crest, crown: Pa. makuṭa -- m. ʻ crest ʼ; Pk. maüḍa -- , maüla -- m.n. ʻ diadem; ʼH. mauṛ, mauṛā m., maulī, maulṛī f. ʻ crown ʼ; OG. maüḍa m. ʻ crown ʼ(CDIAL 10144) Ta. mukaṭu top, highest part, ridge of a roof, hump of a camel, platform; mōṭu height, hill, eminence, top of a house, etc.;mucci crown of the head, tuft of hair on the head, crest. Ma. mukaṭu the head-end of a cloth; mukaḷ top, summit, ridge, roof. Ko.moyḷ ridge of roof. To. muxuḷ id. Ka. mogaḍu, mogaḷu, magil id. Tu. mugili turret, top as of a temple; mōḍu hill. Te. mogaḍuridge of roof; mōḍu raised or high ground; (Inscr.) mōru peak. Go. (W. Ph.) mukur comb of cock (Voc. 2864). / Cf. Skt.mukuṭa-, mauli- crest, diadem; BHS, Pali makuṭa- id.; Pkt. maüla- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10144.(DEDR 4888) Rebus: muhã 'quantity of metal produced out of smelter' (Santali)

kōḍu'horn' rebus koḍ'workplace'

beḍa hako (ayo) ‘fish’ (Santali); beḍa ‘either of the sides of a hearth’ (G.) Munda: So. ayo `fish'. Go. ayu `fish'. Go <ayu> (Z), <ayu?u> (Z),, <ayu?> (A) {N} ``^fish''. Kh. kaDOG `fish'. Sa. Hako `fish'. Mu. hai (H) ~ haku(N) ~ haikO(M) `fish'. Ho haku `fish'. Bj. hai `fish'. Bh.haku `fish'. KW haiku ~ hakO |Analyzed hai-kO, ha-kO (RDM). Ku. Kaku`fish'.@(V064,M106) Mu. ha-i, haku `fish' (HJP). @(V341) ayu>(Z), <ayu?u> (Z) <ayu?>(A) {N} ``^fish''. #1370. <yO>\\<AyO>(L) {N} ``^fish''. #3612. <kukkulEyO>,,<kukkuli-yO>(LMD) {N} ``prawn''. !Serango dialect. #32612. <sArjAjyO>,,<sArjAj>(D) {N} ``prawn''. #32622. <magur-yO>(ZL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish''. *Or.<>. #32632. <ur+GOl-Da-yO>(LL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish''. #32642.<bal.bal-yO>(DL) {N} ``smoked fish''. #15163. Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth.eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]).

Nebuchadnezzar's Inscription plaque

The cuneiform inscription of the Ishtar Gate in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar_Gate#/media/File:Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007085.jpg

Inscription:

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, the pious prince appointed by the will of Marduk, the highest priestly prince, beloved of Nabu, of prudent deliberation, who has learnt to embrace wisdom, who fathomed Their (Marduk and Nabu) godly being and pays reverence to their Majesty, the untiring Governor, who always has at heart the care of the cult of Esagila and Ezida and is constantly concerned with the well being of Babylon and Borsippa, the wise, the humble, the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the King of Babylon, am I.
Both gate entrances of the (city walls) Imgur-Ellil and Nemetti-Ellil following the filling of the street from Babylon had become increasingly lower. (Therefore,) I pulled down these gates and laid their foundations at the water table with asphalt and bricks and had them made of bricks with blue stone on which wonderful bulls and dragons were depicted. I covered their roofs by laying majestic cedars lengthwise over them. I fixed doors of cedar wood adorned with bronze at all the gate openings. I placed wild bulls and ferocious dragons in the gateways and thus adorned them with luxurious splendor so that Mankind might gaze on them in wonder.
I let the temple of Esiskursiskur, the highest festival house of Marduk, the lord of the gods, a place of joy and jubilation for the major and minor deities, be built firm like a mountain in the precinct of Babylon of asphalt and fired bricks.

Source: Marzahn, Joachim (1981). Babylon und das Neujahrsfest. Berlin: Berlin : Vorderasiatisches Museum. pp. 29–30.

https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007086.jpg

Keilschrift im Detail I (A.Schauervilla) by A.Schauervilla (flickr)Tags: berlin museum germany deutschland alemania schrift allemagne pergamonmuseum germania pergamon keilschrift

Detail of Nebuchadnezzar II's cuneiform inscription on the Ishtar Gate

Detail of the plaque.

Deutsch: Bauinschrift des Königs Nebukadnezar II. 604-562 v. Chr.

English: Building Inscription of King Nebukadnezar II, 604-562 BC. During the excavations of Babylon, in the immediate vicinity of the Ishtar Gate, numerous fragments of bricks with remains of white-glazed cuneiform characters have been found. These fragments obviously belonged to a building inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II at the gate. Their exact location is unknown but there is no doubt that the text refers to the construction of the gate. The text was restored by comparison to with another complete inscription on a lime stone block and gives three excerpts of this main inscription of the king. Abridged excerpt: "I (Nebuchadnezzar) laid the foundation of the gates down to the ground water level and had them built out of pure blue stone. Upon the walls in the inner room of the gate are bulls and dragons and thus I magnificently adorned them with luxurious splendour for all mankind to behold in awe."

[quote]In this photo, part of the so-called the inscription plaque (or building inscription) of the Ishtar Gate appears. The cuneiform inscriptions of the whole text read:

"I (Nebuchadnezzar) laid the foundation of the gates down to the ground water level and had them built out of pure blue stone. Upon the walls in the inner room of the gate are bulls and dragons and thus I magnificently adorned them with luxurious splendour for all mankind to behold in awe."

These glazed bricks were found near the main Ishtar Gate during the German excavations of the area, 1902-1914 CE. Neo-Babylonian period, circa 575 BCE. From Babylon (modern Babel Governorate), Mesopotamia, Iraq. (The Pergamon Museum, Berlin).[unquote]

https://www.ancient.eu/image/2990/nebuchadnezzars-inscription-plaque/

↧

Bun-shaped cast iron ingots dul mūhā mẽṛhẽt are signified by unique 'two oval-shape' hieroglyphs Sign 403, Sign 375 of Indus Script

April 24, 2019, 7:16 am

≫ Next: Hindu civilization in Binjor and in Laos attested by aṣṭāśri yūpa 'eight-corner pillar' as Viṣṇubhāga of Śivalinga

≪ Previous: Mušḫuššu a composite animal, young bull, lion on Ishtar gate are Indus Script hypertexts, metalwork catalogues

https://tinyurl.com/y4cdwtwn

h1977a dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’. The 'drummer' hieroglyph thus announces a cast metal.

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.

h1977b sal'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

Svastika hieroglyph PLUS kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l'smithy, forge' Or, warehouse kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse. Svastika rebus: Glosses for zinc are: sattu (Tamil), satta, sattva (Kannada) jasth जसथ् ।रपु m. (sg. dat. jastas ज्तस), zinc, spelter; pewter; zasath ् ज़स््थ् ्or zasuth ज़सुथ ्। रप m. (sg. dat. zastas ु ज़्तस),् zinc, spelter, pewter (cf. Hindī jast). jastuvu; । रपू्भवः adj. (f. jastüvü), made of zinc or pewter.(Kashmiri)

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. . kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.

Hieroglyphs: thread of three stands + drummer on a Kalibangan seal.

dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) dolutsu 'tumble' Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’

karaḍa 'double-drum' Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'. dhAtu 'strands of rope' Rebus: dhAtu 'mineral, metal, ore'

The drummer hieroglyph is associated with svastika glyph on this tablet (har609) and also on h182A tablet of Harappa with an identical text.




h182A, h182B

Text of 3 signs

Decipherment of the Indus Script inscription on h182 Harappa tablet & another identical tablet

Sign 403 is a duplication of

bun-ingot shape. This shape is signified on a zebu terracotta pratimā found at Harappa and is consistent with mūhā mẽṛhẽt process of making unique bun-shaped ingots (See Santali expression and meaning described below):

Sign 403 is read: dul mūhā mẽṛhẽt 'cast iron ingot'. mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali)

The pictorial motif and text message together signify rebus rendering of the following expressions:

jasta, sattva mund 'svastika, 'zinc' assembly';

dul mũhã̄ कर्ण karṇa metal casting zinc ingot account

Pictorial motif of five svastika and tiger

jasta, sattva 'svastika glyph' rebus jasta, sattva 'zinc' PLUS mōṝẽ 'five' rebus munda 'Toda village or assembly'

kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'alloy of five metals, pancaloha' (Tamil). kul ‘tiger’ (Santali); kōlu id. (Telugu) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.) कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [kōlhēṃ] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) kol ‘working in iron’ (Tamil) kōla1 m. ʻ name of a degraded tribe ʼ Hariv.Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith(Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë blacksmith.

Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.)kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge.(DEDR 2133).

Text message on h182

dul mũhã̄ ' metal casting, bun ingot' .

dul 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant vessel'; karṇika 'scribe, account'.

-- kol 'tiger' rebus kol 'alloy of five metals' kol 'working in iron', five, mōṝẽ svastika Indus Script hypertext signifies assembly, mondir temple

--Tiger, drummer, five svastika signify mōṝẽ 'five' rebus mandari 'drummer' munda 'Toda village or assembly' mondir 'temple.

Sign 403 is a duplication of 'oval or rhombus' hieroglyph Sign 267 which has the shape of a bun ingot: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' . Duplication signifies dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ ' metal casting, bun ingot' .

This semantics is reinforced by the two linear strokes || dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

The third sign of the text is a rim-of-jar Sign 342.

Rebus reading of Sign 342: kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'. Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa ix (कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र)

Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant vessel'.

pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith, guild'

kola 'tiger' rebus:kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe'smelter' kol 'working in iron'

Text messages: hieroglyph: bun-shaped ingot: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'. PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic languages).

Thus, on these three seals, the body hieroglyph ligatured to 'two oval shape' ingots is a semantic determinative of the metal with which ingots are formed; the metal is meḍ, mẽṛhẽt 'iron', dul mẽṛhẽt 'cast iron'.

Sign 38

The 'body' hieroglyph ligatured to 'harrow' or 'currycomb' hieroglyph (Sign 38) is also a semantic determinative indicating the nature of the metal: meḍ 'body' PLUS (semantic determinative) mainda'harrow' rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'cast iron'.

eraka 'raised hand'' rebus: erako'moltencast, copper' meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' PLUS ligaured currycomb: kangha (IL 1333) kãgherā comb-maker (H.) Rebus: kangar ‘portable furnace’ Alernative 1: khareDo 'currycomb' rebus: Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.); karaḍā 'hard alloy'; karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger' Alternative 2: kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa 'bronze' (Te.)

Sign 375 and variants may be cognate with Sign 403

Sign 403 and Sign 375 are a duplication of 'oval or rhombus' hieroglyph

Sign 267 which has the shape of a bun ingot: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'

. Duplication signifies dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus Sign 403 and Sign 375 read: dul mũhã̄ ' metal casting, bun ingot' .

m0415a Bison 2500 bicha 'scorpion' Rebus: bica'haematite, sandstone ferrite ore’ PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' ore' PLUS karṇī‘ears’ Thus, together, rebus: bica karṇī 'haematite ore supercargo, scribe' (lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Field symbol: barad, balad 'ox'rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) PLUS pattar‘trough’ rebus: pattar‘goldsmiths’ guild’

m0833 2281 Field symbol: kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild.

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.)

mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace’ PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin’ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

m01392185 Field symbol: kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild.

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.)

mēḍa 'platform, hillock' rebus meḍ 'iron'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.

PLUS sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop, school’

aya, ayo 'fish' rebus: aya'iron'ayas 'metal' PLUS adaren 'lid' rebus: aduru'unsmelted metal' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa'implements' Thus, metal implements of unsmelted metal.

mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

kolom‘three’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’.

↧

Hindu civilization in Binjor and in Laos attested by aṣṭāśri yūpa 'eight-corner pillar' as Viṣṇubhāga of Śivalinga

April 24, 2019, 7:08 pm

≫ Next: Chanhudaro seal of a trampling, in-heat bull & a supine long-legged person signify Meluhha rebus expression kammaṭa ḍhangar 'mint blacksmith'

≪ Previous: Bun-shaped cast iron ingots dul mūhā mẽṛhẽt are signified by unique 'two oval-shape' hieroglyphs Sign 403, Sign 375 of Indus Script

https://tinyurl.com/y55emtoe

Thanks to Pawan Sayam Gond for putting together exquisite images and his notes on Facebook.

aṣṭāśri yūpa 'eight-corner pillar' is an integral part of Śivalinga. The same shape finds expression in a fire-altar discovered in Binjor, on the banks of Sarasvati River, near Anupgarh.

I have posited that the octagonal shape of the linga is sourced from the Skambha,Yupa used in Soma Samstha yajna described in the veda texts. This is the pillar of flame, fire and light which infuses carbon element into molten metal to harden it. A celebration and veneration of an extraordinary metallurgical process of our Pitr̥-s. See 19 Yupas with inscriptions proclaiming performance of such yajna. The yuipas are octagonal in shape.aṣṭāśri is the term in the Veda.

See: Nr̥simha signifying a Skambha, Yupa with caṣāla 'wheat chaff' carbon infusion
https://www.academia.edu/…/Nr_simha_signifying_a_Skambha_Yu…

aṣṭāśri yūpa is a ketu, a sign of proclamation, of performance of Soma Samstha Yajna. Nineteen such pillars have been found all over India and in Borneo, incribed by Mūlavarman. This is an addendum to:

Archaeological attestation that aṣṭāśri yūpa is a metaphor to signifty infusion of carbon element into molten metal in a fire-altar to create aṣṭāśrī 'eight forms of wealth' https://tinyurl.com/y6jolc6p

[quote] Pawan Sayam Gond

April 3 at 2:35 PM

This new Kurukshetra of SE Asia remained a spiritual centre for sanskrit of Kambuja Desa for ~1000 yrs till the decline of Hinduism. On side note: read this Kurukshetra Mahatmya as inscribed on same ~1500 yrs old stele of king Devanika... But it wasn't like creating a new tirtha out of nowhere. There was a reason for Sanskritized ppl of the region to perceive it as holy. In 456CE Cham king Devanika issued an inscription recording consecration of the site near royal city Shreshthapur as Kurukshetra.

And it was the sanctity of mountain that was probably reflected in king's decision to consecrate the area as New Kurukshetra, A holy mt. known as Linga Parvata in ancient inscriptions of Laos, S E Asia. Note the natural linga (almost 10 meter high) on top of mt.! A new city called Linga puram was established nearby and a royal road directly linked this tirtha to new capital city of Angkor vat. Over time Khmer emperors endowed it with impressive temples, palaces tanks & roads. Today it is known as Vat Phou temple complex. Eventually it became the part of Khmer Empire of Kambuja Desa (modern Combodia) but the area retained same spiritual significance. All the structures were built in such a masterful manner so as to align entire complex with the Swayambhu linga on the top of the mountain.

A road flanked by lotus columns leading to the main shrine of Shiva on the mt. as if symbolizing journey from earth to heaven! Main shrine of Shiva on Lingaparvata. ShivaLinga consecrated in shrine was known as Bhadreshwara after the patron saint of Chams.

Some impressive carving on the walls of Vat phou complex 1)Indra on his Airavat 2)Kaliyadaman 3)Vishnu on Garuda 4)Shiva riding on Kala.Bronze image of Shiva and Parvati from the Vat Phou temple complex area. Large no. of Shiva Lingas were also found from the area. After the decline of Hinduism it vanished from the memory of the people and eventually converted into Thervada Buddhist temple.
However it shows how fame of Kurukshetra as important Sanakrit tirtha reached as far as South East Asia as early as 5th century/Gupta Age.And more than that it shows how well entrenched Sanskrit civilization was in South East Asia during ancient times. ------------- Courtesy by @@ #Adivaraha
10 Dec 2016 [unquote]

[quote]Standing at four ft tall, holding the pride of place among exhibits, the massive stone pillar is an awe-inspiring sight. On closer scrutiny, it is not a stone pillar but a Siva lingam and it is at the Museum of Vietnamese History, Hochi Minh city, Vietnam, and is a local find.

This isn’t some Vietnamese version of the Siva lingam, rather the one that has been perfectly sculpted as stipulated in the Agamas or the Iconographic canons.

The main stem of the Lingam that is seen here is paired with its pedestal called the Avudai to make up the lingam that one can see in all our temples. Further, the main stem of the lingam is made up of three distinct parts – the bottom most being square shaped denoting the Brahma Bagam, the middle being octagonal – Vishnu Bagam and the top most cylindrical, the Rudra Bagam. When matched with the Avudai, which is circular at the base and oval on top, with a hole bored through it in the middle to hold the stem, the Brahma Bagam would be below the Avudai, the Vishnu Bagam within it and the Rudra Bagam would be visible on top. The actual dimensions, proportions and further intricacies like inscribing the lines of the Brahma sutras are subjects of serious study but it is worthy to note that in the Vietnamese lingam, there is a face sculpted just above the Vishnu Bagam. Such are called Mukha Lingams though the Indian variants have more pronounced features.

For those who are already feeling heady it is worthy to point out that one of the world’s oldest Siva lingam is found in Gudimallam, situated about 21 kms from the Kalahasti temple. Dated between 2nd C BCE and 1st C BCE, this imposing Lingam measures an exact five ft in height and has one of most interesting sculptures carved on it.

The two armed figure, holds a ram by its hind legs with his right hand, holds a pitcher with his left hand and has an Axe slung over his left shoulder. The facial features are unique but for such an early date, the quality of the sculpture is splendid, especially the ornamentation, the necklace, earrings and detailing of the head dress.

Siva is standing on a massive demon, who is shown as kneeling down and supporting the weight with both his hands on his knees. His face is grotesque, ears are pointed like those of a bat and his cheeks marked with deep lines but he seems to be grinning with both rows of teeth exposed. His head dress and ornaments have been sculpted in style as well.

It is important to notice that this early Lingam does not have the three distinct bagams as advocated in the Agamas and thus the cannons must have evolved and crystallised sometime during the interim period.

(This monthly column that shares fascinating facts about various art and architectural splendours across the State, throws light on a Siva lingam seen in Vietnam)

--The Hindu, S. Vijay Kumar
18 JUNE 2015 18:00 IST
UPDATED: 18 JUNE 2015 18:28 IST

[unquote]https://www.facebook.com/pawansayam.gond

Image may contain: sky, mountain, tree, outdoor, nature and water

Image may contain: mountain, sky, outdoor and nature

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Kurukshetra and Linga Parvata in Laos

↧

Chanhudaro seal of a trampling, in-heat bull & a supine long-legged person signify Meluhha rebus expression kammaṭa ḍhangar 'mint blacksmith'

April 25, 2019, 1:24 am

≫ Next: Sohgaura copper plate and Audumbara coins are archaeological evidence for continued use of Indus Script Meluhha hypertexts & cipher

≪ Previous: Hindu civilization in Binjor and in Laos attested by aṣṭāśri yūpa 'eight-corner pillar' as Viṣṇubhāga of Śivalinga

https://tinyurl.com/y2p29ymk

-- Chanhudaro seal bison kamda, 'in heat' atop a dhanga = 'tall, long shanked'person rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'.

-- The Chanhudaro seal narrative is Indus Script hypertext, rebus kammaṭa ḍhangar'mint blacksmith'

Chanhu Daro depicting a bull in heat, trampling with hoofs, trampling over a prostrate person with long legs.

Archaeologist Allchin interprets the scene as Father Sky/Heaven (Dyaus Pitr) represented by the bull copulating with Mother Earth (Prthvi Matr)represented by the woman.

Avoiding speculations of this type, the orthographic styles of hieroglyphs on the Chanhudaro Indus Script Inscription are re-interpreted in the context of the decipherment of the Text message of the inscription rendered with signs/hypertexts which have been read rebus consistently in all 8000+ inscriptions as metalwork catalogue, wealth accounting ledger entries.

The Chanhu-daro Seal: Gaur Ravaging a Female

The Chanhu-daro Seal: Gaur Ravaging a Female image 1

Gregory Possehl, whose drawing is shown of seal, writes "Mackay found an extraordinary seal in his excavations at Chanhu-daro. It shows a short-horned bull, Bos gaurus, above a prostrate human figure. He thought that the scene depicted an attack by the bull, and the human on the ground was attempting a defense against the trampling animal. In an essay on the seal, F.R. Allchin explains that the gaur is standing on its hind legs, slightly elevated above a human figure; its front legs are shown in excited motion. The bull's erect penis is shown in correct anatomical position. The figure below the gaur is less clearly shown and consequently more difficult to interpret. Allchin and Mackay see a headdress to the far right bottom of the seal impression.

Seen from Allchin's perspective, the scene is very dynamic and excited; the bull is about to take a female goddess in an act that might be seen as sexual violence, and yet the clear appearrance of her open, exposed genitals tells that she is a willing partner in the deed."

Later, Possehl quotes Mackay's reading of the seal: "We are led to wonder whether the omnipresent 'bull,' whether unicorn, bison or zebu, may not be the symbolic representation of the Heaven Father, and just as the deity with the plant sprout emerging from head or genitals may not be Mother Earth."
https://www.harappa.com/blog/chanhu-daro-seal-gaur-ravaging-female

It is seen from an enlargement of the bottom portion of the seal impression that the ‘prostrate person’ may not be a person but a ligature of the neck of an antelope with rings on its necks or of a post with ring-stones. The head of the ‘person’ is not shown. So, I would surmise that this is an artist's representation of an act of copulation (by an animal) + a ligatured neck of another bovine or alternatively, a pillar with ring-stones ligatured to the bottom portion of a body. It is not uncommon in the artistic tradition to ligature bodies to the rump of, for example, a bull's posterior ligatured to a horned woman

FS 86, 87, 88

FS 103
(Pict. 103 Mahadevan) or standing person with horns and bovine features (hoofed legs and/or tail) -- Pict. 86-88 Mahadevan.

khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild'

pōḷā 'zebu' पोळ pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. rebus: pōḷa ‘magnetite ore, ferrite ore’ Rebus 1: pōḷa ‘magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4'.पोळ [ pōḷa ] ‘magnetite (ore)’ (Asuri) पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel (Marathi)

kuṭäˊheelʼ; khuṭo ʻleg, footʼ.Ta. kuracu, kuraccai horse's hoof. Ka. gorasu, gorase, gorise, gorusu hoof. Te. gorija, gorise, (B. also) gorije, korije id. / Cf. Skt. khura- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3906 (embedded). Ta. kuracu, kuraccai horse's hoof. Ka. gorasu, gorase, gorise, gorusu hoof. Te. gorija, gorise, (B. also) gorije, korije id. / Cf. Skt. khura- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3906.(DEDR 1770)*kuṭṭha ʻ knee ʼ. [Conn. √kuṭ1 ʻ bend ʼ Grierson Tor 162 with (?). But a long range of names for joints and limbs ʻ ankle -- heel -- foot -- leg -- knee -- wrist ʼ are characterized by the sequence of guttural -- u/ō -- retroflex: *kuṭṭha -- , *khuṭṭa -- 2, *khuḍa -- 1, *guṭṭha -- 2, *gōḍḍa -- , ghuṭa -- , ghuṇṭa -- 1] Ash. kuṭäˊ ʻ heel ʼ, Wg. kūṭewīˊ NTS ii 263; Dm. khuṭṭa ʻ knee ʼ, Paš. kōṭa, Bshk. kuṭ, kuṭh, Tor. kūṭh, Kand. kūṭhu, Phal. kuṭho, khūṭu, Sh. gil. kŭṭo m. (→ Ḍ. kuṭá prob. pl.), pales. koh. kūṭhu, jij. kuṭh, K. kŏṭhu m. (CDIAL 3243)

The mating posture of the bull shown on Chanhudaro seal echoes a zebu a covering or copulating bull: Ta. pulku (pulki-), pullu (pulli-) to embrace, copulate, be attached (to friends); poli (-v-, -nt-) to cover (bull or ram); poli, policcal, polippu, polivu covering (among animals). Ma. pulkuka, pulluka to embrace, copulate. (DEDR 4308) The Tamil expression is: பொலியெருது poli-y-erutu, n. < பொலி- +. 1. Bull kept for covering; பசுக்களைச் சினையாக்குதற் பொருட்டு வளர்க்கப்படும் காளை. (பிங்.) கொடிய பொலியெருதை யிருமூக்கிலும் கயி றொன்று கோத்து (அறப். சத. 42). 2. The leading ox in treading out grain on a threshing-floor; களத்துப் பிணையல்மாடுகளில் முதற்செல்லுங் கடா. (W.)

Chanhudaro seal orthographically signifies both semantics: 1. bull kept for covering; and 2. leading ox in treading out grain on a threshing floor. Thus,both actions of covering and trampling under hoofs or legs are signified.

The protrate person is a long-legged person. This orthographic style is intended to signify the rebur reading: dhanga = 'tall, long shanked' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

ḍhanga = tall, long shanked; maran: ḍhangi aimai kanae = she is a big tall woman (Santali) S. ḍhaṅgaru m. ʻlean emaciated beastʼ; L. (Shahpur) ḍhag̠g̠ā ʻ small weak ox ʼ(CDIAL 5324)

Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (WPah.): ḍānro = a term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.)(CDIAL 5524) ṭhākur = blacksmith (Mth.); ṭhākar = landholder (P.); ṭhakkura – Rajput, chief man of a village (Pkt.); ṭhakuri = a clan of Chetris (N.); ṭhākura – term of address to a Brahman, god, idol (Or.)(CDIAL 5488). dhã̄gar., dhã̄gar = a non-Aryan tribe in the Vindhyas, digger of wells and tanks (H.); dhāngar = young servant, herdsman, name of a Santal tribe (Or.); dhangar = herdsman (H.)(CDIAL 5524). dhangar 'blacksmith' (Maithili.Nepali). Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5488) N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmithʼ(CDIAL 5324)

Semantics of trampling is conveyed by the root word: kaṇḍá. A cognate homonym conveys the semantics of 'copulation'. khamḍa, kamda

'copulation'. The rebus rendering is: kampaṭṭa'mint, coiner'; kammaṭi a coiner (Kannada)

Semantics of trampling: Kho. (Lor.) bortik ʻ to trample with the feet (in washing cloth) ʼ; vártatē ʻ turns, moves ʼ RV., ʻ takes place, is situated ʼ Mn. MBh. [√vr̥t1](CDIAL 11352) kaṇḍáyati, káṇḍati1 ʻ separates chaff from grain ʼ Dhātup. [√kaṇḍ1]Pk. kaṁḍaï, pres. part. ˚ḍiṁta -- ʻ threshes rice &c. ʼ; P. kaṇḍnā ʻ to beat mercilessly ʼ; A. kã̄riba ʻ to clean (grain) ʼ; B. kã̄ṛā ʻ to clean finely (as rice) ʼ; Or. kāṇḍibā, kã̄ṛibā ʻ to husk grain, beat ʼ, H. kã̄ḍnā, kã̄ṛnā ʻ to trample, tread on, crush ʼ; M. kã̄ḍṇẽ ʻ to husk rice by pounding in a mortar ʼ.
Addenda: kaṇḍáyati: A. kã̄riba also ʻ to husk paddy ʼ (CDIAL 2686)
*kṣundati ʻ crushes ʼ. [Cf. kṣuṇátti Pāṇ., kṣṓdati ʻ presses against ʼ, kṣōdáyati ʻ agitates by stamping ʼ RV.: √kṣud] Pk. khuṁdaï ʻ pounds, grinds ʼ; A. khundiba ʻ to pound, pulverize ʼ; Or. khundibā ʻ to ram in ʼ; H. khū̃dnā ʻ to trample on, paw up ʼ; G. khũdvũ ʻ to trample on ʼ, khũdṇũ n. ʻ running about ʼ.

Pk. chuṁdaï ʻ pounds, attacks ʼ; K. ċhunun ʻ to throw down, place, pour, thrust into, apply ʼ (← Ind.); G. chũdvũ ʻ to trample, tread ʼ; M. sũdṇẽ ʻ to crush, trample ʼ; Si. sin̆dinavā, hi˚ ʻ to express oil ʼ, sin̆denavā ʻ to be pressed out (of oil), be dried up (of water in well or river) ʼ.Ext. with -- l -- : H. khũdalnā ʻ to trample under foot ʼ → M. khũdaḷṇẽ ʻ to tread mortar, treat roughly, shake and toss ʼ (or poss. < skúndatē). -- X khura -- : M. khurãdaḷṇẽ, khurũd˚ ʻ to trample, crush ʼ. -- X rundhati q.v.KṢUP ʻ press ʼ. [For list of poss. enlargements of IE. *sqeu -- see √sku]*kṣupyatē; *avakṣōpa -- .Addenda: *kṣundati: S.kcch. khūndhṇū ʻ to trample ʼ; WPah.kṭg. ċhúnṇõ ʻ to crush, break, destroy ʼ (X chinná -- Him.I 69).(CDIAL 3717)

Semantics of copulation:

The narrative of 'copulation' (bison in heat) atop the long-legged person:

khamḍa, kamda 'copulation' (Santali) signifies Rebus: kampaṭṭa 'mint, coiner'; kammaṭi a coiner (Kannada). Thus, the narrative signifies mint (of) blacksmith:kammaṭa ḍhangar.

Alternative:

saṅghā, saṅgā copulation (of animals) (Or.); rebus: sangada ‘turner’s

lathe’.

barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'

FS 10 (Frequency in M Corpus 54) Bos indicus, zebu. Humped bull.

Text message of Indus Script inscription:

Hypertext:

This is a stylized rendering of 'three hills'.

Part 1 of hypertext:

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS ḍāngā = hill, dry upland (Bengali); ḍã̄g mountain-ridge (Hindi)(CDIAL 5476). Rebus: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili. Nepali)

karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus:karṇī 'su[ercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account'. Thus, blacksmith account. Thus, together, the two hieroglyphs signify: scribe's account for smithy/forge of blacksmith's work.

Part 2 of hypertext:

karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus:karṇī 'su[ercargo' -- a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale karṇaka 'scribe, account'.

A variant of Sign 216 is shown on the Chanhudaro seal

kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khārखार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Oval-shaped bun ingot PLUS || dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Variant of Sign 267 is a oval or lonzenge-shape seen on Sign 375 oval shapes

Sign 375 variants. The bun ingot: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'. The shape of the ingot with two sharp ends is described in the lexicon: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali)

See: Decipherment of bun-shaped ingots signified by Indus Script signs detailed in:

Bun-shaped cast iron ingots dul mūhā mẽṛhẽt are signified by unique 'two oval-shape' hieroglyphs Sign 403, Sign 375 of Indus Script https://tinyurl.com/y4cdwtwn

Variant of Sign 23 with a slanted stroke PLUS notch. dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS two slanted linear strokes (as phonetic determinative of dula 'two') PLUS orthographic signifier of ḍhāla 'slant' rebus: 'shield', ḍhālako, 'large ingot'. ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m. 2. Sh. ḍal (pl. ˚le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. ˚lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. Addenda: ḍhāla -- . 2. *ḍhāllā -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f.(CDIAL 5583) Thus large metalcasting ingots. PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool) Rebus: khāṇḍa, khaṇḍa. 'implements'.

Thus, implements, metalware workshoop and scribe's account of blacksmith's work.

Bison (gaur) trampling a prostrate person (?) underneath. Impression of a seal from Chanhujodaro (Mackay 1943: pl. 51: 13). The prostrate ‘person’ is seen to have a very long neck, possibly with neck-rings, reminiscent of the rings depicted on the neck of the one-horned bull normally depicted in front of a standard device.

Inscriptions signifying long-legged person (BMAC and Ur inscriptions)

Image result for bharatkalyan97 serpent tabernae montana

The classifier is the cobra hood hieroglyph/hypertext: फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

Cylinder seal with a zebu, scorpion, man, snake and tree. Enstatite.H. 2.6 cm (1 in.); diam. 1.55 cm (5/8 in.). Mesopotamia, Ur, U. 16220. Late 3rd millennium BCE. British Museum. BM 122947

Gadd seal 6. (cut down into Ur III mausolea from Larsa level; U. 16220), enstatite; Legrain, 1951, No. 632; Collon, 1987, Fig. 611 Cylinder seal; BM 122947;humped bull stands before a palm-tree, a thorny stone(?), tabernae montana (five-petalled fragrant flower); snake; person with long legs; behind the bull a scorpion ... Deciphered Indus writing: pola 'zebu, bos indicus'; pola ‘magnetite ore’ (Munda. Asuri); bichi 'scorpion'; 'hematite ore'; tagaraka 'tabernae montana'; tagara 'tin'; ranga 'thorny'; Rebus: pewter, alloy of tin and antimony; kankar., kankur. = very tall and thin, large hands and feet; kankar dare = a high tree with few branches (Santali) Rebus: kanka, kanaka = gold (Samskritam); kan = copper (Tamil) nAga 'snake' nAga 'lead' (Samskritam).

Eagles. A. snake (Sarianidi 1998: no. 1762.1); B. tortoise(?) (Sarianidi 1998: no. 1779.2; Fig. 3); C. Long-legged person (Sarianidi 1998: no. 1234; Fig. 3) D. long leg? + bird (Sarianidi 1998: no. 914.2; Fig. 3) After Fig. 11 in Eric Olijdam opcit.

poladu పోలడు 'black drongo' rebus: poladu 'steel' पोलाद pōlāda n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fUlAd 'steel' (Arabic) pōlāda 'steel', pwlad (Russian), fuladh (Persian) folādī (Pashto) Bulat steel blade of a knife "Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times; regularly being mentioned in Russian legends as the material of choice for cold steel. The name булат is a Russian transliteration of the Persian word fulad, meaning steel. This type of steel was used by the armies of nomadic peoples. Bulat steel was the main type of steel used for swords in the armies of Genghis Khan, the great emperor of the Mongolian Empire. The technique used in making wootz steel has been lost for centuries and the bulat steel used today makes use of a more recently developed technique...Carbon steel consists of two components: pure iron, in the form of ferrite, and cementite or iron carbide, a compound of iron and carbon. Cementite is very hard and brittle; its hardness is about 640 by the Brinell hardness test, whereas ferrite is only 200. The amount of the carbon and the cooling regimen determine the crystalline and chemical composition of the final steel. In bulat, the slow cooling process allowed the cementite to precipitate as micro particles in between ferrite crystals and arrange in random patterns. The color of the carbide is dark while steel is grey. This mixture is what leads to the famous patterning of Damascus steel.Cementite is essentially a ceramic, which accounts for the sharpness of the Damascus (and bulat) steel. "

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulat_steel "In the Muslim world of the 9th-12th centuries CE, the production of fuladh, a Persian word, has been described by Al-Kindi, Al-Biruni and Al-Tarsusi, from narm-ahanand shaburqan, two other Persian words representing iron products obtained by direct reduction of the ore. Ahan means iron. Narm-ahan is a soft iron and shaburqan a harder one or able to be quench-hardened. Old nails and horse-shoes were also used as base for fuladh preparation. It must be noticed that, according to Hammer- Purgstall, there was no Arab word for steel, which explain the use of Persian words. Fuladh prepared by melting in small crucibles can be considered as a steel in our modem classification, due to its properties (hardness, quench hardened ability, etc.). The word fuladh means "the purified" as explained by Al-Kindi. This word can be found as puladh, for instance in Chardin (1711 AD) who called this product; poulad jauherder, acier onde, which means "watering steel", a characteristic of what was called Damascene steel in Europe."

... ‘…’pulad’ of Central Asia. The oasis of Merv where crucible steel was also made by the medieval period lies in this region. The term ‘pulad’ appears in Avesta, the holy book of Zoroastrianism and in a Manicheen text of Chinese Turkestan. There are many variations of this term ranging from the Persian ‘polad’, the Mongolian ‘bolat’ and ‘tchechene’, the Russian ‘bulat’, the Ukrainian and Armenian ‘potovat’, Turkish and Arab ‘fulad’, ‘farlad’ in Urdu and ‘phaulad’ in Hindi. It is this bewildering variety of descriptions that was used in the past that makes a study of this subject so challenging.’ (p.30)

PWLẠD (پولاد) > BOLD RUSSIAN (ПОЛАД) ORIGIN: PERSIAN (TĀJĪK) / MONGOLIAN INDO-EUROPEAN > INDO-IRANIAN > INDO-ARYAN

This name derives from the Mongolian (Qalq-a ayalγu) “Bold”, from the Persian (Tājīk) "pwlạd", meaning “steel”. Bolad († 1313), was a Mongol minister of the Yuan Dynasty, and later served in the Ilkhanate as the representative of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and cultural adviser to the Ilkhans. Geographical spread:

http://www.name-doctor.com/name-polad-meaning-of-polad-25852.html

See: http://tinyurl.com/zadb5cz

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Sohgaura copper plate and Audumbara coins are archaeological evidence for continued use of Indus Script Meluhha hypertexts & cipher

April 25, 2019, 6:45 pm

≫ Next: Evidence from 184 excavated sites evaluated by Akinori Uesugi validates Indus Script decipherment as Meluhha metalwork catalogues

≪ Previous: Chanhudaro seal of a trampling, in-heat bull & a supine long-legged person signify Meluhha rebus expression kammaṭa ḍhangar 'mint blacksmith'

https://tinyurl.com/y59yhkaj

-- Audumbara coins with Indus Script hypertexts of rājanya gaṇa -- राजन्य kingly, princely, royal (R̥gveda), name of अग्नि or Fire

Location of the Audumbaras relative to other groups: the Kunindas, the Vemakas, the Vr̥ṣṇis, the Yaudheyas, the Pauravas and the Arjunayanas.
"They are the same people as the Odemboerce of Pliny. Hist Nat VI 23. Professor Lassen mentions them as the name of the people of Kutch of Gujarat state. They appear in the Gaṇapāṭha of Panini of 5th Century B.C. K K Das Gupta has attempted to show that they existed even in Brahmana period. They were enterprising people having prosperous trade and commerce...Their capital was Kotesvara or Kachchhesvara...(Ancient India, from the earliest times to the first century, A.D by Rapson, E. J. p.154 )Kotesvara was a celebrated place of pilgrimage on the western shore of Kachh, close to Indus and to the great ocean. It is on the bank of Kori branch of Indus." Dholavira is referred to Kotda village. Could this be Kotesvara of 3rd millennium BCE?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audumbaras

Silver coin of a "King Vr̥ṣṇi" of the Audumbaras.
Obv Pillar with half-lion and half-elephant, surmounted by a Triratna symbol and surrounded by Buddhist railing. Indian legend Vr̥ṣṇi Raja jnâgaṇyasya blubharasya
Rev Large Dharmachakra symbol. Arian legend Vr̥ṣṇi Rāja jnâganyasya blubharasya.

Source: Alexander Cunningham's Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century (1891) p.70).

Vr̥ṣṇi Janapada coin with hieroglyphs of iron mint and cakra. Harappa Script hieroglyphs on coins from Ancient Bharata mints. Unraveling pāradān 'mercury traders'& śrivatsa metaphor on coins and Bharhut/Sanchi sculptural friezes.

http://tinyurl.com/z57vd89

Spread & significance of Harappa Script hieroglyphs and profiles of metalworkers of Bharata on Bharhut and Sanchi friezes. It is demonstrated by systematic data ininining that all the hieroglyphs/hypertexts on ancient coins of Bharata are knowledge discovery of the tradition of Harappa Script cipher to render in rebus Meluhha, metalwork catalogues, documing the contributions of artisans/seafaring merchants to Bronze Age Revolution.

वृष्णि is a term in Rigveda. A Vr̥ṣṇi silver coin from Alexander Cunningham's Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century (1891) (loc.cit., Lahiri, Bela (1974). Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C.E to 320 C.E.), Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.242 3). वृष्णि [p= 1013,2] वृष्ण्/इ or व्/ऋष्णि, mfn. manly , strong , powerful , mighty RV.m. a ram VS. TS. S3Br.m. a bull L.m. a ray of light L.m. N. of शिव MBh.m. of विष्णु-कृष्ण L.m.of इन्द्र L.m. of अग्नि L.m. pl. N. of a tribe or family (from which कृष्ण is descended , = यादव or माधव ; often mentioned together with the अन्धकs) MBh. Hariv. &cn. N. of a सामन् A1rshBr. (Monier-Williams)

An identical ancient silver coin (perhaps produced from the same ancient mint) of Vr̥ṣṇi janapada ca. 10 CE with kharoṣṭhī, Brahmi inscriptions and Harappa Script hieroglyphs was sold in an auction in Ahmedabad (August 2016) for Rs. 27 lakhs. In fact, the treasure is priceless and defines the heritage of Bhāratam Janam, 'metalcaster folk' dating back to the 7th millennium of Vedic culture. It signifies a spoked wheel which is the centre-piece of Bharat's national flag.

I suggest that the successful bidder in Ahmedabad auction should volunteer to donate it to the National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi as a treasure to be cherished by the present and future generations of Bhāratam Janam.

It is a composite animal with ligatured elephant-tiger pictorial motifs. It signifies a skambha topped by a pair of fish-fins (khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint'.). It is a tiger (kola 'tiger' rebus: kol'blacksmith'). It is an elephant (karba, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'). It is a yupawith caṣāla signifying a Soma samsthā Yāga. It is a cakra, a vajra in Vedic tradition (eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: erako 'moltencast' eraka, arka 'copper, gold').arā 'spokes' rebus: āra 'brass' kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kunda 'turner' kundār turner (A.) It is a professional calling card of a metalcaster, e.g. dhokra kamar who is a śilpi, artificer of cire perdue bronze and metal alloy pratimā.

सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'joined animal', rebus: sangaDa ‘lathe’ sanghaṭṭana ‘bracelet’ rebus 1: .sanghāṭa ‘raft’ sAngaDa ‘catamaran, double-canoe’rebusčaṇṇāḍam (Tu. ജംഗാല, Port. Jangada). Ferryboat, junction of 2 boats, also rafts. 2 jangaḍia 'military guard accompanying treasure into the treasury' ചങ്ങാതം čaṇṇāδam (Tdbh.; സംഘാതം) 1. Convoy, guard; responsible Nāyar guide through foreign territories. rebus 3: जाकड़ ja:kaṛ जांगड़ jāngāḍ‘entrustment note’ जखडणें tying up (as a beast to a stake) rebus 4: sanghāṭa ‘accumulation, collection’ rebus 5. sangaDa ‘portable furnace, brazier’ rebus 6: sanghAta ‘adamantine glue‘ rebus 7: sangara ‘fortification’ rebus 8: sangara ‘proclamation’ 9: samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager'.

On the VRSNi coin, tiger and elephant are joined to create a composite hyperext. This is Harappa Script orthographic cipher.

Vr̥ṣṇi Silver Coin Realises A Whopping Rs. 27-Lakhs in Ahmedabad Auction

10 Aug 2016 Wed

A beautiful silver drachm issued by the Republic of Vr̥ṣṇi People between 10 and 40 CE was auctioned off by Classical Numismatic Gallery at the Coin and Currency Fair that was held between August 5th and 7th at Ahmedabad.

The obverse of this rare silver coin bears a standard topped by a nandipada finial with an elephant’s head and the forepart of a leaping lion below it in an ornamental railing. The Brahmi legend reads “(Vr)shni Rājana Gaṇasya Tratarasya”. The reverse bears an ornate 14-spoked wheel with a scalloped outer rim along with the legend in Kharoshthi which reads “Vrshni Rajana Gaṇasa (Trata)...”

While Classical Numismatic Gallery estimated the price between Rs. 1 Lakh and Rs. 1.5 Lakh, the final price realised in the auction was a jaw-dropping Rs. 27 Lakhs!

http://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/1702-vrishni-silver-coin-realises-27-lakhs-ahmedabad/

राजन्य m. pl. N. of a partic. family of warriors (वराह-मिहिर 's बृहत्-संहिता) Name of अग्नि or Fire (उणादि-सूत्र, Sāyaṇa)

गण troops or classes of inferior deities (especially certain troops of demi-gods considered as शिव's attendants and under the special superintendence of the god गणे*श ; cf. -देवता) Mn. Ya1jn5. Lalit. &c; m. a flock , troop , multitude , number , tribe , series , class (of animate or inanimate beings) , body of followers or attendants RV. AV.

Republic of the Vr̥ṣṇi Peoples (10-40AD), Silver Drachm, MIGIS Type 928 variation, 2.15g. Obv: Standard, topped by a Nandipada finial and an elephant's head and forepart of a leaping lion below it, in an ornamental railing; Brahmi legend (Vr̥ṣṇi Rājaña Gaṇasya Tratarasya (वृ)ष्णी राजञ गणस्य त्रतरस्य reading anticlockwise outwards below. Rev: Ornate 14-spoked wheel with scalloped outer rim; Kharoshthi legend from 3 o'clock to 9 o'clock "The Vr̥ṣṇis were known to Panini and to Kautilya; the latter describes them as a Sangha. In the Mahabharata they are counted amongst the Vratya brotherhood of Kshatriyas. As one of the Yadava clans they are closely associated with Krishna in myth and lore. It is said that they migrated to Dwaraka from Mathura, after Krishna's capital was besieged by the demon Kalayavana. The reference to 'Yavana' here and the subsequent migration from Mathura may have had some historical basis" The coins of the Vr̥ṣṇis are by far the rarest of the so-called 'Tribal' coins of India. Only one silver specimen, from the Alexander Cunningham collection, is known to exist in the British Museum and has been published by Mitchiner as Type 928 in MIGIS. http://classicalnumismaticgallery.com/advancesearch.aspx

Three hour-glass shaped vajra-s are shown in a cartouche below the yupa on the coin. Normally Vajrapani is shown such a vajra which has octagonal edges. kolom'three' rebus: kolimi, kole.l 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'temple'

It is a record of the performance of a Soma samsthā Yāga. It is Vr̥ṣṇi Janapada coin of ca. 10 CE.Cakra, pavi in Vedic tradition is also

a vajra. Rudra is vajrabāhu 'vajra weapon wielder'; said also of Agni and Indra.

वज्र [p=913,1] mn. " the hard or mighty one " , a thunderbolt (esp. that of इन्द्र , said to have been formed out of the bones of the ऋषि दधीच or दधीचि [q.v.] , and shaped like a circular discus , or in later times regarded as having the form of two transverse bolts crossing each other thus x ; sometimes also applied to similar weapons used by various gods or superhuman beings , or to any mythical weapon destructive of spells or charms , also to मन्यु , " wrath "RV. or [with अपाम्] to a jet of water AV. &c ; also applied to a thunderbolt in general or to the lightning evolved from the centrifugal energy of the circular thunderbolt of इन्द्र when launched at a foe ; in Northern Buddhist countries it is shaped like a dumb-bell and called Dorje ; » MWB. 201 ; 322 &c ) RV. &c; a diamond (thought to be as hard as the thunderbolt or of the same substance with it) , Shad2vBr. Mn. MBh. &c; m. a kind of column or pillar VarBr2S.; m. a kind of hard mortar or cement (कल्क) VarBr2S. (cf. -लेप); n. a kind of hard iron or steel (Monier-Williams)

British Museum. 2nd cent. Hoshiarpur, Punjab.

On some sculptural friezes, the 'fish-fin' hypertext is ligatured to the tip of the spokes of the wheel emanating

from the dotted circle. This signifies: ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'metal' aya 'iron'.

PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Bhaja Chaitya ca. 100 BCE. Hieroglyphs are: fish-fin pair; pine-cone; yupa: kandə ʻpine' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements, fire-altar' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' (Lahnda CDIAL 13640) Ta. kampaṭṭam, kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Yupa: Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: kāṇḍa,'implements'.

Ligature to 'mintwork' signifier is also shown on the wheel sculptural friezes of Amaravati -- spokes are ligatured on their tips with 'fish-fins' joined together:ayo kammaTa 'iron mintwork' ayo 'fish' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin'.;

Amaravati sculpturel friezes: cakra with ligatures.

Elaborate orthography on sanchi stupa relates the spoked wheel to 'fish-fin' hypertext (mintwork) and also to tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper'.

1. dotted circle

2. arrow (three)

3. twist (three) Some examples replace the 'twist' with 'buns-shaped ingots'. Thus, total six hypertexts emanate from dotted circle as spokes.

Four components of hypertext are read rebus in Meluhha:

1. Dotted circle is a Harappa Script hieroglyph and signifies a 'strand' of rope. dhāī˜ 'strand' rebus: dhāu'soft red stone, element'(ferrite ore)

2. Twist is: मेढा mēḍhā A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’(Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages) medha 'yajña, dhanam'. mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali).

3. Six spokes of wheel emanating from dotted circle: bhaṭa ‘six (hair-curls)’ Rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’.

4.. Hieroglyph: Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: kāṇḍa,'implements'.

Connection to a rope imagery is seen here: 'strand' of rope. dhāī˜ 'strand' rebus: dhāu 'soft red stone, element'(ferrite ore) PLUS मेढा mēḍhā A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’(Ho.) Thus, the signifiers are: meD dhAtu 'iron element' PLUS ayo khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus:aya kammaTa 'iron mint'. Eight spokes relate to अष्टाश्रि yūpo bhavati 'eight-corneres yupa' of a Soma Samsthā yāga

Thus, together, the hypertext of dotted circle linked to six spokes as the चषालः caṣāla or cakra signifies a weapon with multiple prongs orthographed by sculptors and mintworkers who punched symbols on punch-marked coins. The arrows and twists thus signify: implements and furnaced ingots of dhatu'(ferrite) minerals'.

Santali glosses

Hieroglyph: S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773).

Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

षट्--कोण [p= 1108,2] 'six-angled'; hexagon; a six-angled figure (रामतापनीय-उपनिषद्, पञ्चरात्र); the thunderbolt of इन्द्र (Monier-Williams)

arya 'lion' (Akkadian) Rebus: āra 'brass'. If a tiger is signified on the coins, the reading is kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'wmelter' PLUS panja 'claw of beast, feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln'

karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karb, ib 'iron'

The tiger or lion is leaping: the reading is: kõdā 'to leap' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace'

Hieroglyph: B. kũdā, kõdā 'to leap'; Or. kudibā ʻ to jump, dance ʼ; Mth. kūdab ʻ to jump ʼ, Aw. lakh. kūdab, H. kūdnā, OMarw. kūdaï, G. kūrda m. ʻ jump ʼ, gūrda -- m. ʻ jump ʼ Kāṭh. [√kūrd] S. kuḍ̠u m. ʻ leap ʼ, N. kud, Or. kuda, °dā, kudā -- kudi ʻ jumping about ʼ. kūˊrdati ʻ leaps, jumps ʼ MBh. [gūˊrdati, khūˊrdatē Dhātup.: prob. ← Drav. (Tam. kuti, Kan. gudi ʻ to spring ʼ) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 375]S. kuḍ̠aṇu ʻ to leap ʼ; L. kuḍ̠aṇ ʻ to leap, frisk, play ʼ; P. kuddṇā ʻ to leap ʼ, Ku. kudṇo, N. kudnu, (CDIAL 3411, 3412)

Rebus 1: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 133); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). -- khasüñü -- खस&above;ञू&below; । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 133, where the causal form of the verb is used. (Kashmiri) Rebus 2: kundana 'fine gold' Rebus 3: kundār 'turner'

څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه).(Pashto) څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. (Pashto) Rebus: arka, aka, aga ‘copper, gold’ as in akasāla ‘goldsmith’s shop’ (Kannada); అగసాలి or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు (Telugu); arukkam அருக்கம்¹ arukkam, n. < arka. (நாநார்த்த.) 1. Copper; செம்பு (Tamil); eraka 'metal infusion': Ta. eṟṟu (eṟṟi-) to throw out (as water from a vessel); iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to scatter (intr.), disperse; (-pp-, -tt-) to splash (tr.), spatter, scatter, strew, draw and pour out water, irrigate, bale out, squander; iṟaivai receptacle for drawing water for irrigation; iṟaṭṭu (iṟaṭṭi-) to sprinkle, splash. Ma. iṟekka to bale out; iṟayuka id., scatter, disperse; iṟava basket for drawing water; eṟiccil rainwater blown in by the wind. To. eṟ- (eṟQ-) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer). (DEDR 866)

Ta. ār̤i circle, ring, wheel, discus weapon. Ma. ār̤i roundness (as of disk, ring, etc.); funeral pile. Ka. ār̤i roundness, a circle, a discus; āṇi roundness. Te. āṇi spherical, round, globular (applied to pearls). ? Go. (SR.) āre potter's wheel (Voc. 138).(DEDR 398)

āre potter's wheel (Gondi) ārū आ॑रू॒ 'circle' (Kashmiri) ār̤i 'circle' (Tamil.Kannada) rebus āra 'brass' https://tinyurl.com/yxbc7d33

Coin of Dharaghosha, king of the Audumbaras, in the Indo-Greek style, circa 100 BCE.
Obv: Standing figure, probably of Vishvamitra, Kharoshthi legend, around: Mahadevasa Dharaghoshasa/Odumbarisa "Great Lord King Dharaghosha/Prince of Audumabara", across: Viçvamitra "Vishvamitra".
Rev: Trident battle-axe, tree with railing, Brāhmī legend identical in content to the obverse. Source: Ancient India, from the earliest times to the first century, A.D by Rapson, E. J. p.154

kuṭi ''tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'a furnace for smelting iron ore'

Lot 523

Audumbara coin (lot 523) featuring a horse and elephant.

https://www.spink.com/media/view?id=8 पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4'

karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'

Vemaka or Audumbara coins of 1st cent. BCE with Indus Script Hypertexts signify wealth-accounting ledgers

https://tinyurl.com/y932snag

The hieroglyphs/hypertexts of Indus Script Cipher on the Vemaka/Audumbara coins of Bhagavata mahadevasa rajarana are:

1. zebu, bos indicus पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4',

2. A dotted circle PLUS lotus dāya 'dot within circle, one in dice' rebus: dhāi 'mineral ore' PLUS vr̥tta, vaṭṭa 'circle'; together rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelter', PLUS tāmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tāmra'copper'.

3. elephant karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'

4. A currycomb PLUS flagpost kharedo 'a currycomb' rebus: करडा karaḍā 'hard alloy of iron' PLUS dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelter'.

I suggest that this hieroglyph signifies a cobrahood

5. phaḍā 'serpent hood' Rebus: phaḍā, paṭṭaḍe 'metals manufactory'

Thus, together, the hypertext message on the coin is: tāmra dhā̆vaḍ 'copper, iron smelter' PLUS karaḍā 'hard alloy of iron' dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelter'-- 'metals manufactory'. खरडा kharaḍā 'a day-book; a note-book'

On the Vemaka/Audumbura coins, Brāhmī Kharoṣṭhī syllables are used to signify the title and name of the ruler.

Coin of the Vemaka or Audumbaras tribe. Obverse: Bhagavata mahadevasa rajarana in Kharoṣṭhī. Reverse: Bhagavata-mahadevasa rajarana in Brāhmī. 1st century BCE

Audumbaras, "Mahadeva." Circa 1st century BC. AR Drachm (2.23 gm, 6h). "Bhagavata mahadevasa rajarana" in Karosthi, brahma bull standing left; lotus flower(?) before / "Bhagavata-mahadevasa rajarana" in Brahmi, Elephant standing right; trident before. Cf. Sharan pg. 246, 2 = BMCAI 13; MIG -; MACW -. Good VF, toned, softly struck.

https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=57595 See D. Handa, "Coins attributed to the Audumbara king Mahadeva," NumChron 1993, for a discussion on the potential attribution of these coins to the Vemaki tribe.

https://cngcoins.com/coin.aspx?coinid=57595

Vemaki: SIvaghosha ca. 1st cent. BCE - 1st CE http://hindujafoundation.org/antiquity-collection-listing.html?id=+VJAwCxdpbBDzsX+chLXAQ==

Audumbara Dynasty, Mahadeva (100 BC), Silver Drachma, Obv: elephant standing on platform facing to left, front of trident, around brahmi legend, "....va ta ma ha de va", Rev: humped bull facing right, with a spoked wheel in front and legend in kharoshti, "Bhagavata Mahadevasa Rajaraja", 2.13g, 21.52mm, (MACW # 4436), Lot 19

https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=2425&lot=19

Hieroglyph: spoked wheel: څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه).(Pashto) څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. (Pashto) Rebus: arka, aka, aga ‘copper, gold’ as in akasāla ‘goldsmith’s shop’ (Kannada); అగసాలి or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు (Telugu); arukkam அருக்கம்¹ arukkam, n. < arka. (நாநார்த்த.) 1. Copper; செம்பு (Tamil); eraka 'metal infusion': Ta. eṟṟu (eṟṟi-) to throw out (as water from a vessel); iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to scatter (intr.), disperse; (-pp-, -tt-) to splash (tr.), spatter, scatter, strew, draw and pour out water, irrigate, bale out, squander; iṟaivai receptacle for drawing water for irrigation; iṟaṭṭu (iṟaṭṭi-) to sprinkle, splash. Ma. iṟekka to bale out; iṟayuka id., scatter, disperse; iṟava basket for drawing water; eṟiccil rainwater blown in by the wind. To. eṟ- (eṟQ-) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer). (DEDR 866)

āre potter's wheel (Gondi) ārū आ॑रू॒ 'circle' (Kashmiri) ār̤i 'circle' (Tamil.Kannada) rebus āra 'brass' https://tinyurl.com/yxbc7d33

Audumbara? Tree in railing.Trident.

https://historum.com/threads/architecture-of-ancient-india.53159/page-12

kuṭi ''tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'a furnace for smelting iron ore'

Audumbara coin. Treein railing.Elephant. water. Temple? cakra dhvaja. ca. 1st cent. BCE

kuṭi ''tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'a furnace for smelting iron ore'

karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'

காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < காண்டம்² kāṇṭam n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16).. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16) (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, weapons, vessels’ (Marathi)

"Prakrit legends Aduinvarisa – ‘of the Audumvara’ appears on the copper coins and pieces of Audumbara tribe in Punjab. The word Audumvara refers either the people connected to the Fig tree, Audumvara or where the tree was grown in abundance."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audumbaras

Shiva temple with trident standard, Audumbara State, Punjab, 1st century BCE.

The building structure shown on the coin compares with the hieroglyph shown on top line (in Indus Script) of Shogaura copper plate. The structure is read rebus kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' The flag hieroglyph:dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773) Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter'.

Pre-Mauryan Sohgaura copper plate with Indus Script and Brāhmī inscriptions.

See: Sohgaura tāmra-sāsana with Indus Script hypertexts & Brahmī epigraph to protect metalwork wealth & merchandise of traders https://tinyurl.com/ybdljjzq

कोष्ठा* गार [p= 314,3] n. a store-room , store Mn. ix , 280 R. &c; a treasury. kṓṣṭha2 n. ʻ pot ʼ Kauś., ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ MBh., ʻ inner apartment ʼ lex., °aka -- n. ʻ treasury ʼ, °ikā f. ʻ pan ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. kōttha -- , kōtthala -- : same as prec.?] Pa. koṭṭha -- n. ʻ monk's cell, storeroom ʼ, °aka<-> n. ʻ storeroom ʼ; Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ°, koṭṭhaya -- m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ; Sv. dāntar -- kuṭha ʻ fire -- place ʼ; Sh. (Lor.) kōti (ṭh?) ʻ wooden vessel for mixing yeast ʼ; K. kōṭha m. ʻ granary ʼ, kuṭhu m. ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhü f. ʻ granary, storehouse ʼ; S. koṭho m. ʻ large room ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ storeroom ʼ; L. koṭhā m. ʻ hut, room, house ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ shop, brothel ʼ, awāṇ. koṭhā ʻ house ʼ; P. koṭṭhā, koṭhā m. ʻ house with mud roof and walls, granary ʼ, koṭṭhī, koṭhī f. ʻ big well -- built house, house for married women to prostitute themselves in ʼ; WPah. pāḍ. kuṭhī ʻ house ʼ; Ku. koṭho ʻ large square house ʼ, gng. kōṭhi ʻ room, building ʼ; N. koṭho ʻ chamber ʼ, °ṭhi ʻ shop ʼ; A. koṭhā, kõṭhā ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ factory ʼ; B. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ bank, granary ʼ; Or. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, °ṭhī ʻ factory, granary ʼ; Bi. koṭhī ʻ granary of straw or brushwood in the open ʼ; Mth. koṭhī ʻ grain -- chest ʼ; OAw. koṭha ʻ storeroom ʼ; H. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ granary, large house ʼ, Marw. koṭho m. ʻ room ʼ; G. koṭhɔ m. ʻ jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ large earthen jar, factory ʼ; M. koṭhā m. ʻ large granary ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ granary, factory ʼ; Si. koṭa ʻ storehouse ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kūṭhürü f. ʻ small room ʼ; L. koṭhṛī f. ʻ small side room ʼ; P. koṭhṛī f. ʻ room, house ʼ; Ku. koṭheṛī ʻ small room ʼ; H. koṭhrī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ; M. koṭhḍī f. ʻ room ʼ; -- with -- ra -- : A. kuṭharī ʻ chamber ʼ, B. kuṭhrī, Or. koṭhari; -- with -- lla -- : Sh. (Lor.) kotul (ṭh?) ʻ wattle and mud erection for storing grain ʼ; H. koṭhlā m., °lī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ; G. koṭhlɔ m. ʻ wooden box ʼ.kōṣṭhapāla -- , kōṣṭharūpa -- , kōṣṭhāṁśa -- , kōṣṭhāgāra -- ; kajjalakōṣṭha -- , duvārakōṣṭha -- , dēvakōṣṭha -- , dvārakōṣṭhaka -- .Addenda: kṓṣṭha -- 2: WPah.kṭg. kóṭṭhi* f. ʻ house, quarters, temple treasury, name of a partic. temple ʼ, J. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, koṭhī f. ʻ granary, bungalow ʼ; Garh. koṭhu ʻ house surrounded by a wall ʼ; Md. koḍi ʻ frame ʼ, <-> koři ʻ cage ʼ (X kōṭṭa -- ). -- with ext.: OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. koṭari ʻ room ʼ.kōṣṭhapāla m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ W. [kṓṣṭha -- 2, pāla -- ]M. koṭhvaḷā m.(CDIAL 3546, 3547)

Anvaya: logical connection of words in Brahmi epigraph: Indus Script hypertexts describe the facilities associated with two storehouses (with 3 rooms each), smelter, (furnaces) for implements, smithy/forge/crucible; mint, coinage; silver & fine gold engraving. The purpose of the edict is to protect -- during days of famine and distress -- the artisans and wealth-producing itinerant workers, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, silversmiths of metalwork guilds.

Line 1 in Indus Script hypertexts is further elucidated in the subsequent four lines of syllabic Brāhmi epigraph, giving the locus of the tri-junction of three main roads (See readings provided by JF Fleet, BM Barua and SN Chakravarti).

1. Two storehouses: ete duve koṭhagalani tighavani = ete duve koṭṭhāgārāni trigarbhāṇi = these two storehouses with three rooms each. The Indus Script hypertext clearly delineates the two storehouses with three rooms each.
2. Tree on the left: kuṭhi 'tree; rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'
3. మేడెము mēḍemu or మేడియము mēḍemu. [Tel.] n. A spear or dagger. ఈటె, బాకు. rebus:मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'metal, iron' (Samskrtam.Santali.Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic) Alternative: Arrowhead:kaṇḍa 'arrow; rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'
4. Mountain-range: dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' Alternative: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS mēṭu height, eminence, hillock; muṭṭu rising ground, high ground, heap. Ma. mēṭu 'rising' rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'metal, iron' (Samskrtam.Santali.Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: koṭhār 'treasury, warehouse'. Thus, iron warehouse.
5.Forked stake PLUS Śrivatsa (taurine) on Yūpa skambha: मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick, horn &c.) and attrib. such a stick, horn, bullock. मेढा [ mēḍhā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. kambha 'pillar, Indra-dhvaja', khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'coiner, coinage, mint' aya 'fish' rebus: aya, 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, ayo kammaṭa, 'alloy metal mint.'
6 Leafless tree: khōṇḍa 'leafless tree' (Marathi). Rebus 1: kõdār 'turner, engraver, lapidary' (Bengali); kundana 'fine gold'.
7. Round pebble: K. goṭh f., dat. °ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H. goṭ f. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, °ṭɔ m. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, goṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, °ṭilɔm. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H.goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ. Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (Gujarati)

The inscription has the top line showing Indus Script hypertexts and bottom lines written in Brahmi script.

Brahmi text has been deciphered as related to the facilities of two koṣṭhāgāra made available at the junction of three roads for merchants during the period of draught. The top line in Sarasvati hieroglyphs connotes these two koṣṭhāgāra (storehouses) and also indicate the facilities of furnaces made available to itinerant smiths-merchants.

Coins Attributed to the Audumbara King Mahādeva

DEVENDRA HANDA

The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-)

Vol. 153 (1993), pp. 206-211 (6 pages) https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667891

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Evidence from 184 excavated sites evaluated by Akinori Uesugi validates Indus Script decipherment as Meluhha metalwork catalogues

April 26, 2019, 2:43 am

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≪ Previous: Sohgaura copper plate and Audumbara coins are archaeological evidence for continued use of Indus Script Meluhha hypertexts & cipher

https://tinyurl.com/yxzk2oju

Akinori Uesugi (2018) presents a comprehensive list of 184 excavated sites and suggests a perspective of viewing the phases of evolution of the Sarasvati Civilization in three time segments:

Pre-Urban Indus Period (c. 3000-2600 BCE)

Early and Middle phases of the Urban Indus period (c. 2600-2300 BCE)

Late phase of the Urban Indus period (c. 2300 - 1900 BCE)

During all these three phases, Sarasvati River was a navigable river and provided the waterway which facilitated Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf maritime trade from sites of the civilization clustered on the river basin. Geometric seals presented in Figures 17 and 18 include the 'svastika' sign. This has been deciphered as sattva 'svastika sign' rebus: sattva 'zinc, pewter'. A + geometric sign may also signify a kand'fire-altar'. Similarly, the bull seal shown on Figure 17 related to the Early Harappan period signifies Indus Script hieroglyph dhangar'bull' rebus: dhangar, ṭhākur'blacksmith'.

A geometric symbol which relates to both metalwork and Indus Script is the spoked wheel. The symbol occurs on the earliest cire perdue object of Mehrgarh. The symbol also occurs on Dholavira signboard.

See: Mystery of 5th m. BCE Mehrgarh ornament solved; āre, ṯs̱arḵẖ 'wheel' rebus āra ‘brass’, eraka 'metal infusion' https://tinyurl.com/y245bxk7

āre potter's wheel (Gondi) ārū आ॑रू॒ 'circle' (Kashmiri) ār̤i 'circle' (Tamil.Kannada) rebus āra 'brass' https://tinyurl.com/yxbc7d33

British Museum. Mehrgarh, 5th millennium BCE. 2.2 cm dia. 5 mm reference scale. Perhaps coppper alloyed with lead.

The symbol is also celebrated on Tukulti-Ninurta I Fire altar, as a magnificent achievement of using metal infusion and lost wax technique to create metal sculptures..

See:

Spoked wheels on flagposts of Tukulti Ninurta I pedestal and Jaggayyapeta capitol pillar, Indus Script hypertexts proclaim metalwork https://tinyurl.com/y58vk9og

Pedestal of Tukulti-Ninurta I shows Ningirsu writing tablet and stylus and Indus Script hieroglyphs nave-of-wheel, safflower https://tinyurl.com/y6zqc397

One side of Tukulti Ninurta I pedestal (fire-altar) signifying spoked wheels atop flagposts and atop the heads of two flagpost carriers.

Image result for tukulti ninurta pedestal

[quote]Artifact: Stone monument; Provenience: Assur Period: Middle Assyrian period (ca. 1400-1000 BC) Current location: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin Text genre, language: Royal inscription; Akkadian CDLI page Description: Although the cult pedestal of the Middle Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta mentions in its short inscription that it is dedicated to the god Nuska, the relief on the front that depicts the king in a rare kind of narrative, standing and kneeling in front of the very same pedestal was frequently discussed by art-historians... (Klaus Wagensonner, University of Oxford) Editions: Grayson, A.K. 1987. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Assyrian Period, I: Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia B.C. (to 1115 B.C.), Toronto, p. 279ff.; Bahrani, Z. 2003. The Graven Image. Representation in Babylonia and Assyria.Philadelphia, 192ff. [unquote]

The symbol which also occurs four times on Dholavira sign board has been deciphered as a Meluhha expression:

Sign 391. The model for this orthography is seen in the Mehrgarh cire perdue (lost wax) castings of copper alloy wheels of 2.2 cm dia. Mehergarh, 5th millennium BCE. 2.2 cm dia. 5 mm reference scale. Perhaps coppper alloyed with lead. It is remarkable, that this six-spolked cire perdue copper alloy wheels made in Mehrgarh becomes a hieroglyph of Indus Script on Dholavira signboard. āra 'spoke of wheel' rebus: āra 'brass'; eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion', arka 'copper,gold'.

څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. 3. Circular motion, turn, revolution, the act of turning. 4. Fortune, chance. 5. The heavens, the sphere, the celestial globe. څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. يْ ey. (P چرخه).
(Pashto)

This Pashto word څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, is cognate with अर्क m. ( √ अर्च्) , Ved. a ray , flash of lightning RV.; the sun RV.; fire R̥gveda. ix , 50 , 4 शतपथ-ब्राह्मण; बृहद्-ारण्यक-उपनिषद्; 2 Nom. P. °कति, to become a sun rebus: अर्क copper; అగసాలి or
అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు (Telugu); arukkam அருக்கம்¹
arukkam, n. < arka. (நாநார்த்த.) 1. Copper; செம்பு (Tamil); eraka 'metal infusion'.

-- eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: arka, aka 'gold, copper'; eraka 'metal infusion'
eraka ‘knave of wheel’ rebus: arka, aka, aga ‘copper, gold’ as in akasāla ‘goldsmith’s shop’ (Kannada); అగసాలి or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు (Telugu); arukkam அருக்கம்¹ arukkam, n. < arka. (நாநார்த்த.) 1. Copper; செம்பு (Tamil); eraka 'metal infusion': Ta. eṟṟu (eṟṟi-) to throw out (as water from a vessel); iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to scatter (intr.), disperse; (-pp-, -tt-) to splash (tr.), spatter, scatter, strew, draw and pour out water, irrigate, bale out, squander; iṟaivai receptacle for drawing water for irrigation; iṟaṭṭu (iṟaṭṭi-) to sprinkle, splash. Ma. iṟekka to bale out; iṟayuka id., scatter, disperse; iṟava basket for drawing water; eṟiccil rainwater blown in by the wind. To. eṟ- (eṟQ-) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer). (DEDR 866)

After Figure 18 Diachronic changes of seals in the Greater Indus Valley (after Uesugi, A. 2011. "Development of the Inter-regional Interaction System in the Indus Valley and Beyond - A Hypothetical View towards the Formation of an Urban Society -", in T. Osada and M. Witzel eds. Cultural Relations between the Indus and the Iranian Plateau during the Third Millennium BCE. Harvard Oriental Series Opera Minora vol.7. Department of South Asian Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge. pp. 359-380)

After Figure 17 Spatial distribution of geometric seals in Southwest Asia in Uesugi,Akinori,2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesug, Akinori et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

Dotted circle geometric seals indicate smelter operations. The sites are indicated in FIgure 19.

After Figure 19 Spatial distribution of geometric seals in the Greater Indus Valley (The ones with an asterisk were recovered from the Urban period level; made by the author) in: in Uesugi,Akinori 2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, Akinori et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

It is also clear that the use of Indus Script inscriptions occurred in the Pre-Urban Indus period (c. 3000-2600 BCE). An evidence is provided by HARP team of a potsherd in Harappa with three Indus Script hieroglyphs dated to ca. 3300 BCE.

kolom'three', rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS tagaraka'tabernae montana' rebus: tagara'tin (ore)'. In interaction areas, tabernae montana glyph appears: 1. on an ivory comb discovered at Oman Peninsula site of Tell Abraq, 2. on a Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex stone flask and, 3. on a copper alloy shaft-hole axe-head of (unverified provenance) attributed to Southeastern Iran, ca. late 3rd or early 2nd millennium BCE 6.5 in. long, 1980.307 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

The ivory comb found at Tell Abraq measures 11 X 8.2 X .4 cm. Both sides of the comb bear identical, incised decoration in the form of two long-stemmed flowers with crenate or dentate leaves, flanking three dotted circles arranged in a triangular pattern. The occurrence of wild tulip glyph on the ivory comb can be explained.

The spoken word tagaraka connoted a hair fragrance from the flower tagaraka These flowers are identified as tulips, perhaps Mountain tulip or Boeotian tulip (both of which grow in Afghanistan) which have an undulate leaf. There is a possibility that the comb is an import from Bactria, perhaps transmitted through Meluhha to the Oman Peninsula site of Tell Abraq.

At Mundigak, in Afghanistan, only one out of a total of five shaft-hole axes analysed contained as much as 5% Sn. Such shaft-hole implements have also been found at Shah Tepe, Tureng Tepe, and Tepe Hissar in level IIIc (2000-1500 BCE).

Tell Abraq axe with epigraph (‘tulip’ glyph + a person raising his arm above his shoulder and wielding a tool + dotted circles on body) [After Fig. 7 Holly Pittman, 1984, Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 29-30].

tabar = a broad axe (Punjabi). Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ tagara ‘tabernae montana’, ‘tulip’. Rebus: tagara ‘tin’. Glyph: eṛaka ‘upraised arm’ (Tamil); rebus: eraka = copper (Kannada)

A rebus reading of the hieroglyph is: tagaraka, tabernae montana. Rebus: tagara ‘tin’ (Kannada); tamara id. (Skt.) Allograph: ṭagara ‘ram’. Since tagaraka is used as an aromatic unguent for the hair, fragrance, the glyph gets depicted on a stone flask, an ivory comb and axe of Tell Abraq.

The glyph is tabernae montana, ‘mountain tulip’. A soft-stone flask, 6 cm. tall, from Bactria (northern Afghanistan) showing a winged female deity (?) flanked by two flowers similar to those shown on the comb from Tell Abraq.(After Pottier, M.H., 1984, Materiel funeraire e la Bactriane meridionale de l'Age du Bronze, Paris, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations: plate 20.150) Two flowers are similar to those shown on the comb from Tell Abraq. Ivory comb with Mountain Tulip motif and dotted circles. TA 1649 Tell Abraq. [D.T. Potts, South and Central Asian elements at Tell Abraq (Emirate of Umm al-Qaiwain, United Arab Emirates), c. 2200 BC—AD 400, in Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio, South Asian Archaeology 1993: , pp. 615-666] Tell Abraq comb and axe with epigraph After Fig. 7 Holly Pittman, 1984, Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 29-30].

"A fine copper axe-adze from Harappa, and similar bronze examples from Chanhu-daro and, in Baluchistan, at Shahi-tump, are rare imports of the superior shaft-hole implements developed initially in Mesopotamia before 3000 BC. In northern Iran examples have been found at Shah Tepe, Tureng Tepe, and Tepe Hissar in level IIIc (2000-1500 BC)...Tin was more commonly used in eastern Iran, an area only now emerging from obscurity through the excavation of key sites such as Tepe Yahya and Shahdad. In level IVb (ca. 3000 BCE)at Tepe yahya was found a dagger of 3% tin bronze. (Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. and M., 1971, An early city in Iran, Scientific American, 1971, 224, No. 6, 102-11; Muhly, 1973, Appendix 11, 347); perhaps the result of using a tin-rich copper ore." (Penhallurick, R.D., 1986, Tin in Antiquity, London, Institute of Metals, pp. 18-32)

Akinori Uesugi provides significant insights into the functions served by seals with Indus Script. It is clear from the excerpt of his article which is embedded in this monograph, that A. Uesugi aargues that values and meaning of Indus seals are closely connected with the activities of the people. Since, as noted by A. Uesugi, no seals were found in graves, the assumption is that the seals may NOT signify names of owners of the seals.

I agree with this argument of A. Uesugi. My decipherment of almost all 8000+ Indus Script inscriptions relate to documentation of wealth-accounting ledgers of metalwork.The 'unicorn' counts 70 - 80 % of the total number of Indus seals, while the rest of them depict various animals such as humped bull, bison, buffalo, elephant, rhinoceros, tiger and so on. What is the meaning and value signified by thee animals? I have demonstrated that the 'unicorn' is a young bull, read rebus in Meluhha: khōṇḍa 'A young bull, a bullcalf' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary' kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace' कोंड [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste; kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold'. The water-buffalo signifies: Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567) Buffalo horn shape: Ta. tuttā̆ri a kind of bugle-horn. Ma. tuttāri horn, trumpet. Ka. tutūri, tuttāri, tuttūri a long trumpet. Tu. tuttāri, tuttūri trumpet, horn, pipe. Te. tutārā a kind of trumpet. / Cf. Mar. tutārī a wind instrument, a sort of horn.(DEDR 3316) துத்தாரி tuttāri , n. 1. [T. tutāra, K. M. tuttāri.] Long, straight pipe; ஊதுகுழல்வகை.துத்தரி tuttari, n. [T. tutāra.] See துத்தரிக் கொம்பு. கொம்பு துத்தரி கொட்டு முறைமையன் (கம்ப ரா. கங்கைப். 30).துத்தரிக்கொம்பு tuttari-k-kompu , n. < துத்தரி +. A kind of bugle-horn; ஒருவகை ஊதுகொம்பு. துத்தரிக்கொம்புந் துடியும் (சீவக. 434, உரை).Rebus: తుత్తము [ tuttamu ] or తుత్తరము tuttamu. [Tel.] n. sulphate of zinc. మైలతుత్తము sulphate of copper, blue-stone.తుత్తినాగము [ tuttināgamu ] tutti-nāgamu. [Chinese.] n. Pewter. inc. లోహవిశేషము (Telugu) (Spelter is commercial crude smelted zinc.a solder or other alloy in which zinc is the main constituent.). The buffalo-horn-shape is also signified by taṭṭhār, 'buffalo horn' Rebus: taṭṭār 'goldsmith guild'; ṭhaṭherā 'brass worker' (Punjabi).

Farmana seal.

Reading and translation Excellent quantity cast and forge metal pewterworkshop.

dul ayaskāṇḍa rango koḍ rāngo

rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’; rebus: raṅga 'tin, pewter, tin foil'

koḍ 'rings on neck').Hieroglyph: Rings on neck: koḍiyum (G.) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck (Gujarati) Rebus: koḍ 'artisan'sworkshop'(Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati)koṭhār 'storeroom (Gujarati)

kaṇḍa ‘arrow’; Rebus: kāṇḍā ‘metalware, tools, pots and pans’.

dul = pair (synonym: two strokes)(Mu.): rebus: dul (cast) beḍa ‘fish’; beḍa ‘hearth’

aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'metal alloy' aya 'iron' (Gujarati) Together, rebus: ayaskāṇḍa; ayaskāṇḍa a quantity of iron, excellent iron (Pāṇ.gaṇ)Thus, together, the hieroglyphs signify casting of alloy metal.

koḍ = place where artisans work (G.lex.) koḍiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koḍ = neck (G.lex.) kōḍu = horns (Ta.) rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter'

The seal thus denotes: iron metalcastings workshop with a hearth for casting pewter.

Hieroglyph: Rings on neck: koDiyum (G.) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck (Gujarati)

Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.lex.) OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ; Sv. dāntar -- kuṭha ʻ fire -- place ʼ; N. koṭho ʻ chamber ʼ, °ṭhi ʻ shop ; A. koṭhā, kõṭhā ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ factory ʼ; Or. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, °ṭhī ʻ factory; WPah.kṭg. kóṭṭhi f. ʻ house, quarters, temple treasury, name of a partic. temple ʼ; kṓṣṭha n. ʻ pot ʼ Kauś., ʻ granary, storeroom' (CDIAL 3546) G. koṭhār m. ʻ granary, storehouse ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kəṭhāˊr, kc. kuṭhār m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ, J. kuṭhār, kṭhār m.; -- Md. kořāru ʻ storehouse ʼ; kōṣṭhāgāra n. ʻ storeroom, store ʼ Mn. (CDIAL 3550)

koṭe 'forge' (Mu.)

koṭe meṛed = forged iron, in contrast to dul meṛed, cast iron (Mundari)

Metalwork catalogue depicted on the Farmana seal is unambiguous and complete. It is acelebration of the Tin-Bronze Age revolution brought about by metal castings and creation of alloys

The equivalence of wild-buffalo and bull is also signified by the Pashto word: ډنګر ḏḏangar, s.m. (5th) A bullock or buffalo. Pl. ډنګر ḏḏangœr. ډنګره ḏḏangaraʿh, s.f. (3rd). Pl. يْ ey. 2. adj. Thin, weak, lean, meagre, emaciated, scraggy, attenuated. rebus: dangar 'blacksmith'.

Farmana seal. The seal signifies a lapidary working as a smelter and in smithy, forge.dhā̆vaḍ ''iron-smelter' PLUS kolimi'smithy, forge'. The standard device is kammata 'portable furnace' PLUS kunda, sangada 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'wealth, treasure' PLUS sangarh 'fortification'. S سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments. Pl. سنګرونه sangarūnah. See باره (Pashto)

Sign 162 kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

Sign 396, Sign 397 dhāī˜ 'wisp of fibre in a twisted rope' (Lahnda); rebus: 'one in role of dice'.The circumference of a circle is slightly more than three times as long as its diameter. dhāī 'strand' PLUS vata, 'string'; together, the expression is:

a dotted circle + string which signifies dhā̆vaḍ ''iron-smelter' who performs the act of purification to win the wealth, the metal from mere earth and stone.

See: Orthography of a strand on Indus Script Sign 397 and orthographic variants of twisted rope ANE artifacts signify dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter’ https://tinyurl.com/y8se5as6

ANE – Ancient Near East

dhāī˜ 'wisp of fibre in a twisted rope' (Lahnda); rebus: 'one in role of dice'.The circumference of a circle is slightly more than three times as long as its diameter.

Sign 397 dhāī 'strand' PLUS vata, 'string'; together, the expression is:

a dotted circle + string which signifies dhā̆vaḍ ''iron-smelter' who performs the act of purification to win the wealth, the metal from mere earth and stone -- replicating the immeasurability of cosmic phenomena. This symbol is worn on the fillets of the Mohenjo-daro priest (on his forehead and on his right shoulder).

These signs (ASI 1977 Mahadevan corpus) may be semantic variants of the ‘dotted circle+ string’ orthography of Sign 397.

Field Symbol 118 is ‘dotted circle’.

Field Symbol figure 123

These hypertexts are also likely to be related to the orthography (and semantics) of ‘dotted circle + string’. Field Symbol figure 123 is associated with a ‘portable furnace’ indicating the possibility of production of ‘crucible steel’..

Cross-section view of a strand (say, through a bead), ‘dotted circle’: धातु ‘strand, element’ rebus: ‘primary element of the earth, mineral, metal’ dhātu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ(whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773)

dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’PLUS kolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolilmi ‘smithy, forge’. Thus, metal casting forge.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

m2089A m2089BC

dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus bronze/bell-metal workshop.

meḍ ‘body’ rebus: mẽṛhẽt ‘metal’, meḍ ‘iron, copper (red ores)’ (Mu. Ho. Slavic) < mr̥du ‘iron’ mr̥id‘earth, clay, loam’ (Samskrtam)

(Deśīnāmamālā)

m2090 dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus bronze/bell-metal workshop.

meḍ ‘body’ rebus: mẽṛhẽt ‘metal’, meḍ ‘iron, copper (red ores)’ (Mu. Ho. Slavic) < mr̥du ‘iron’ mr̥id‘earth, clay, loam’ (Samskrtam)
(Deśīnāmamālā)

m2091m2092 मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron'

(lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

meḍ ‘body’ rebus: mẽṛhẽt ‘metal’, meḍ ‘iron, copper (red ores)’ (Mu. Ho. Slavic) < mr̥du ‘iron’ mr̥id‘earth, clay, loam’ (Samskrtam)

(Deśīnāmamālā)

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

PLUS mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'

khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa'bronze' (Telugu) kharaḍa ‘account day-book’

dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā 'to send out, pour out, cast (metal)' (CDIAL 6771).

m2093 kolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolilmi ‘smithy, forge’. Thus, metal casting forge.

धातु ‘strand, element’ rebus: ‘primary element of the earth, mineral, metal’ dhātu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ(whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773)

m2094m2094A See m2093

m0352Am0352Cm0352Dm0352E m0352F dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'

m2112a dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS muh’ingot’ PLUS धातु ‘strand, element’ rebus: ‘primary element of the earth, mineral, metal’ dhātu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ(whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773)

koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' PLUS meḍ ‘body’ rebus: mẽṛhẽt ‘metal’, meḍ ‘iron, copper (red ores)’ (Mu. Ho. Slavic) < mr̥du ‘iron’ mr̥id ‘earth, clay, loam’ (Samskrtam)
(Deśīnāmamālā)

kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus bronze/bell-metal workshop.

m2113ABD धातु ‘strand, element’ rebus: ‘primary element of the earth, mineral, metal’ dhātu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ(whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773)

dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā 'to send out, pour out, cast (metal)' (CDIAL 6771).

dula ‘duplicated’ rebus; dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

m1654A ivory cubem1654B ivory cube m1654D ivory cube dhāˊtu 'strand' Rebus: mineral: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773).

Ivory counters. Mohenjo-daro. The hypertexts signify creation of hard alloys from mineral ores. Hieroglyphs: karaṇḍa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaṛa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)

dhāˊtu 'strand' Rebus: mineral: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773).

Ivory rod, ivory plaque with dotted circles. Mohenjodaro. [Musee National De Arts Asiatiques Guimet, 1988-1989, Les cites oubliees de l’Indus Archeologie du Pakistan.]

m1951a Hieroglyph: dhāˊtu 'strand' Rebus: mineral: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M.dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773).

m1272

Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrowʼ(CDIAL 3023) rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'.

aren,'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal’ PLUS ko

a 'one' rebus: ko

'workshop'

कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman' PLUS sal‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

m1350 2599 ranku antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’

कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman' PLUSखांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'.

(lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.

adar ‘harrow’ rebus: aduru ‘native metal’

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

dhāi 'strand' (R̥gveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a guild of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

kolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolilmi ‘smithy, forge’

m1381A1

m1381A2 1559 Seal Impression on a pot

dhāi 'strand' (R̥gveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’

kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS kolom‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’

m1648shell dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

m1684a Field symbol: kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild.

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.)

koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'

dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'; dhāvḍā 'smelter'

kolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolilmi ‘smithy, forge’.

m1744 Field symbol: kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild.

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.)

aya, ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS adaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal'

मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’

aDaren,'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal'.PLUS dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'; dhāvḍā 'smelter'

dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā 'to send out, pour out, cast (metal)' (CDIAL 6771) PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'.

kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa 'bronze' (Telugu) kharaḍa ‘account day-book’

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.)

aya, ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS adaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal'

मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’

aren,'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal'.PLUS dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'; dhāvḍā 'smelter'

kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa 'bronze' (Telugu) kharaḍa ‘account day-book’

m1916a Field symbol: kul ‘tiger’ (Santali); kōlu id. (Telugu) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Telugu) कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [kōlhēṃ] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) kol ‘working in iron’ (Tamil)

adaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal' PLUS dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'; dhāvḍā 'smelter' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus sal 'workshop'

मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ PLUS meḍ ‘body’ rebus: mẽṛhẽt ‘metal’, meḍ ‘iron, copper (red ores)’ (Mu. Ho. Slavic) < mr̥du ‘iron’ mr̥id ‘earth, clay, loam’ (Samskrtam)
(Deśīnāmamālā)

śrētrī ʻladderʼ rebus: seṭṭha 'guild-master'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

m1120 2362

Field symbol: पोळ [ pōḷa ] m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. पोळी [ pōḷī ] dewlap. पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'zebu, bos indicus taurus' rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'magnetite, ferrite ore: Fe3O4'

aren,'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal' PLUS dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a guild of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'

m1688a Field symbol: kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild.

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.)

ranku ‘liquid measure’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

mēṭu 'height, eminence, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS kolom ‘thricee’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’

Circumscript dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' (R̥gveda)

bicha 'scorpion' Rebus: bica 'hematite, sandstone ferrite ore' PLUS PLUS मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Semantic determinant)

kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage’

Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.)

ranku ‘liquid measure’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

mēṭu 'height, eminence, hillock' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) PLUS kolom ‘thricee’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’

Circumscript dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' (R̥gveda)

bicha 'scorpion' Rebus: bica 'hematite, sandstone ferrite ore' PLUS PLUS मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Semantic determinant)

kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage’

[quote] Since no seal has been found in the context of graves in the Greater Indus Valley, it appears that the values and meaning of Indus seals were closely connected with the activities of people in settlements including cities. However, there is no clear-cut distribution pattern related to any particular type of structure or context directly showing the function of seals… Although it is apparent that seals were valuable items for the people of the Indus society, their archaeological contexts do not demonstrate their values… The seals used during the Pre-Urban period were the geometric seals that probably had its origin in the Iranian plateau (Figures 17 and 18) (Uesugi 2011). It suggests that the Greater Indus Valley was a part of the interaction sphere connecting to the Iranian plateau during the Pre-Urban period. In this connection, the emergence of the seals with concentric patterns over the northeastern part of Balochistan, Punjab and the Ghaggar Valley during the early third millennium BCE is noteworthy (Uesugi 2011) (Figure 19). Since it was the time-period when the geometric seals expanded over Punjab and the Ghaggar, it is not unlikely that the expansion of the interaction network urged the society in Punjab and the Ghaggar Valley to invent their seal type. Thus, it seems that the connection with the Iranian plateau had an unignor able influence on the emergence of complex society/ ies over the Greater Indus Valley. The exanpation of geometric seals is likely to have been related to the Kot Diji culture. This culture that developed over the Indus Valley during the early third millennium BCE played a significant role in expanding the interaction network, as the archaeological evidence indicates that this culture penetrated the surrounding regions of the Indus Valley and expanded the connections between the regions (Figure 8:2). However, the stylistic gap between the Pre-Urban geometric seals and the Indus seals of the Urban period is too large to consider that the geometric seals were the prototype of the Indus seals. It appears that the Indus seal with its own design was invented at some point of time in the process of the emergence of the urban society. If the assumption that the seal was an indispensable tool for controlling the interaction system can be accepted, the invention of the Indus seal was of a political and economic aim of the urban society. Further studies are expected to reveal how and when the Indus seal made its appearance in connection with other elements of the material culture... For the iconography carved on seals, the unicorn counts 70 - 80 % of the total number of Indus seals, while the rest of them depict various animals such as humped bull, bison, buffalo, elephant, rhinoceros, tiger and so on. The preponderance of unicorns clearly indicates its special meaning in the iconography of the Indus seals (Kenoyer 2013). Unicorn does not have any representation during the Pre-Urban period suggesting that this animal was a part of the Urban Indus iconographic programme that emerged along with Indus seals around the beginning of the Urban period...The question is what the different animals and iconographic designs represent. It is certain that the unicorn was given some special meaning in the Indus society, but the other animals also had some special meaning due to its rareness. To date, the differentiated iconographic meanings that are likely to have been given to different animals have not been revealed by their archaeological contexts in sites, but future studies must focus on the different meanings or roles of various iconographic motifs. In connection to this, the predominance of short-horned bull on the Gulf type seals in Bahrain is noteworthy suggesting its special meaning or value. [unquote](Uesugi,Akinori,2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesug, Akinori et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018, pp. 24-27).

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology.

After Fig. 1 Distribution of Indus-related sites (white dots) and excavated sites (red dots)

in Uesugi, A. 2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A. et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018
https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

After Fig.2 Pakistani Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Uesugi, A. 2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A. et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

After Fig. 3 Baluchistan sites Uesugi,A. 2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A. et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018
https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

After Fig. 4 Indian Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Northern Rajasthan.Courtesy: Uesugi,A. 2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A. et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018
https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

After Fig.5 Rajasthan, Gujarat,Sindh Uesugi, A. 2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A. et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018
https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

List of 184 excavated Indus sites. Courtesy: Akinori Uesugi et al, 2018, iCurrent Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

After Fig. Pre-Urban Indus Period (c. 3000-2600 BCE) Diachronic changes of the spatial pattern of ceramic styles. Uesugi, A.2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A. et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

After Fig. Early and Middle phases of the Urban Indus period (c. 2600-2300 BCE) Diachronic changes of the spatial pattern of ceramic styles. Uesugi,A. 2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A.et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

After Fig. Late phase of the Urban Indus period (c. 2300 - 1900 BCE) Diachronic changes of the spatial pattern of ceramic styles. Uesugi, A.2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A. et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

After Fig. Post-Urban Indus period (c. 1900-1500 BCE) Diachronic changes of the spatial pattern of ceramic styles. Uesugi, A. 2018, Current Research and issues of Indus Archaeology -- Focussing on field researches and material cultural studies, in: Uesugi, A. et al, 2018, Current Research on Indus Archaeology, South Asian Archaeology Series 4, 2018

https://www.academia.edu/37736429/Current_Research_on_Indus_Archaeology

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Leaping tigers kolhe kō̃da कोँद 'smelter kiln', crocodile, pubes, dishevelled hair कारकुन kārakuna, کار کند kār-kund 'scribe, manager'

April 26, 2019, 6:51 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/y2f9t6lv -- Indus Script hypertexts on h180 signify کار کند kār-kund, कारकुन kārakuna 'scribe, manager' of rāca stone ore (meṛed-bica) kuṭhi smelter

Crocodile hieroglyph on Indus Script Corpora is consistently seen to signify Meluhha reading of kāru a wild crocodile or alligator rebus: khār 1 खार् 'blacksmith'. On an extraordinary Harappa two-sided tablet h180, a crocodile is seen in a narrative of copulation with its snout into pubes of a lying-in woman shown upside down. This orthographic rendering of copulation is rebus reading of hypertexts: kuṭhi = pubes. kola ‘foetus’ kuṭhi 'smelter' kol ‘working in iron'. Two standing tigers leap up: kol kõdā rebus: kolhe kō̃da कोँद 'smelter kiln' PLUS panja 'claw of beast, feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln' (Semantic determinative). On the obverse of the h180 tablet, a woman with dishevelled hair signifies rabca ‘dishevelled’ Rebus: రాచ rāca (adj.) Pertaining to a stone (ore) (perhaps bica 'haematite, ferrite ore' ( meṛed-bica = iron stone ore; since such a woman with dishevelled hair is shown in the context of bicha 'scorpion' on two Ur cylinder seal impressions

*ghaṇṭa ʻ throat ʼ. [Despite ghaṇṭikā -- f. ʻ uvula ʼ poss. < ʻ little bell ʼ, this is separate from ghaṇṭā -- and belongs to the group listed s.v. kaṇṭhá -- ]L. ghaṇḍī f. ʻ adam's apple ʼ, awāṇ. also ʻ soft palate ʼ; P. ghaṇḍ m., ˚ḍī f. ʻ adam's apple ʼ; A. ghãṭ ʻ protuberance on snout of crocodile ʼ; H. ghã̄ṭī f. ʻ throat, adam's apple, uvula, soft palate ʼ (→ N. ghã̄ṭi ʻ throat ʼ); G. ghã̄ṭɔ m. ʻ throat ʼ, ˚ṭī f. ʻ adam's apple ʼ; M. ghã̄ṭī f. ʻ throat, adam's apple, larynx ʼ.Addenda: ghaṇṭa -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ghàṇḍu m. ʻ throat ʼ.(CDIAL 4420) ghaṇṭika m. ʻ alligator ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. A. ghãṭ ʻ protu- berance on the snout of an alligator ʼ s.v. *ghaṇṭa -- ]S. ghaṛyālu m. ʻ long -- snouted porpoise ʼ; N. ghaṛiyāl ʻ crocodile ʼ; A. B. ghãṛiyāl ʻ alligator ʼ, Or. ghaṛiāḷa, H. ghaṛyāl, ghariār m.(CDIAL 4422) Vikalpa (alternative): perhaps, ghariyal: karabu 'crocodile''ghariyal' rebus: karb 'iron'.

m1429B and two other tablets showing the typical composite hieroglyph of fish + crocodile. Glyphs: crocodile + fish ayakāra ‘blacksmith’ (Pali) kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) aya 'fish' (Munda) The method of ligaturing enables creation of compound messages through Indus writing inscriptions. kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri); kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi).

Pali: ayakāra ‘iron-smith’. ] Both ayaskāma and ayaskāra are attested in Panini (Pan. viii.3.46; ii.4.10). WPah. bhal. kamīṇ m.f. labourer (man or woman) ; MB. kāmiṇā labourer (CDIAL 2902) N. kāmi blacksmith (CDIAL 2900).

Kashmiri glosses:

khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji or -güjü - लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü -हा&above;जू&below;), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu - लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 - लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wānवान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.

Thus, kharvaṭ may refer to an anvil. Meluhha kāru may refer to a crocodile; this rebus reading of the hieroglyph is.consistent with ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali) [fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Telugu)]

h180 The man has a sickle and a ring on his hands, signifiers rebus of a blacksmith: karã̄'wristlets, bangles', khãr 'blacksmith' 1265 Ta. karaṭu roughness, unevenness, churlish temper; karaṭṭu rugged, uneven, unpolished; karaṇ uneven surface in vegetables and fruits, scar; karu prong, barb, spike; karumai, karil severity, cruelty; karukku teeth of a saw or sickle, jagged edge of palmyra leaf-stalk, sharpness.Cf. Skt. karaṭa- a low, unruly, difficult person; karkara- hard, firm; karkaśa- rough, harsh, hard; krakaca-, karapattra- saw; khara- hard, harsh, rough, sharp-edged; kharu- harsh, cruel; Pali kakaca- saw; khara-

rough; saw; Pkt. karakaya- saw; Apabhraṃśa (Jasaharacariu) karaḍa- hard. Cf. esp. Turner, CDIAL, no. 2819. Cf. also Skt. karavāla- sword (DEDR 1265) Rebus:.khãr 'blacksmith'

Text 4304 Text on both sides of the tablet Hieroglyphs read rebus from r. to l.:

Hieroglyph: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773) Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter'. Alternative: koḍi 'flag' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kanda 'fire-altar' kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kanda 'fire-altar' karṇī 'supercargo' karNika 'scribe' khaṇḍa 'notch' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smith, forge' kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.

Two tigers: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'.

h180A

h180B4304 Tablet in bas-relief h180a Pict-106: Nude female figure upside down with thighs drawn apart and crab (?) issuing from her womb; two tigers standing face to face rearing on their hindlegs at L.
h180b
Pict-92: Man armed with a sickle-shaped weapon on his right hand and a cakra (?) on his left hand, facing a seated woman with disheveled hair and upraised arms.

<raca>(D) {ADJ} ``^dishevelled'' (Munda) rasāṇẽ n. ʻglowing embersʼ (Marathi). rabca ‘dishevelled’ Rebus: రాచ rāca (adj.) Pertaining to a stone (ore) Alternative: salae sapae = untangled, combed out, hair hanging loose (Santali) Rebus: sal workshop (Santali) The glyptic composition is decoded as kuṭhāru sal‘armourer workshop.’ eṛaka 'upraised arm' (Tamil). Rebus: eraka = copper (Kannada) Thus, the entire composition of these glyphic elements relate to an armourer’s copper workshop. Vikalpa: मेढा A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: mēḍ 'iron' (Munda)

<raca>(D) {ADJ} ``^dishevelled'' (Munda) rasāṇẽ n. ʻglowing embersʼ (Marathi). rabca ‘dishevelled’ Rebus: రాచrāca (adj.) Pertaining to a stone (ore) (bica).

The descriptive glyphics indicates that the smelting furnace is for bica, stone (ore). This is distinquished from sand ore.

The object between the outspread legs of the woman lying upside down is comparable orthography of a crocodile holding fiish in its jaws shown on tablets h705B and h172B. The snout of the crocodile is shown in copulation with the lying-in woman (as seen from the enlarged portion of h180 Harappa tablet).

kola ‘woman’; rebus: kol ‘iron’. kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.); kollë ‘blacksmith’ (Koḍ) kuṭhi 'vagina' rebus: kuṭhi 'smnelter' karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' khamDa 'copulation' rebus: kammaTa 'coin, mint'

The glyphic elements shown on the tablet are: copulation, vagina, crocodile.

Gyphic: ‘copulation’: kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) Vikalpa: kaṇḍa ‘stone (ore)’. Glyph: vagina: kuṭhi ‘vagina’; rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’. The descriptive glyphics indicates that the smelting furnace is for stone (ore). This is distinquished from sand ore. Glyph: ‘crocodile’: karā ‘crocodile’. Rebus: khār ‘blacksmith’. kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Te.) Rebus: kāruvu ‘artisan’

kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Te.) mosale ‘wild crocodile or alligator. S. ghaṛyālu m. ʻ long — snouted porpoise ʼ; N. ghaṛiyāl ʻ crocodile’ (Telugu)ʼ; A. B. ghãṛiyāl ʻ alligator ʼ, Or. Ghaṛiāḷa, H. ghaṛyāl, ghariār m. (CDIAL 4422) கரவு² karavu

, n. < கரா. cf. grāha. Alligator; முதலை. கரவார்தடம் (திவ். திருவாய். 8, 9, 9).

கரா karā , n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலை. கராவதன் காலினைக்கதுவ (திவ். பெரியதி. 2, 3, 9). 2. Male alligator; ஆண்முதலை. (பிங்.) கராம் karām , n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.)கரவா karavā , n. A sea-fish of vermilion colour, Upeneus cinnabarinus; கடல்மீன்வகை. Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

kuṭhi = pubes. kola ‘foetus’ [Glyph of a foetus emerging from pudendum muliebre on a Harappa tablet.] kuṭhi = the pubes (lower down than paṇḍe) (Santali) kuṭhi = the womb, the female sexual organ; sorrege kuṭhi menaktaea, tale tale gidrakoa lit. her womb is near, she gets children continually (H. koṭhī, the womb) (Santali.Bodding) kōṣṭha = anyone of the large viscera (MBh.); koṭṭha = stomach (Pali.Pkt.); kuṭṭha (Pkt.); koṭhī heart, breast (L.); koṭṭhā, koṭhā belly (P.); koṭho (G.); koṭhā (M.)(CDIAL 3545). kottha pertaining to the belly (Pkt.); kothā corpulent (Or.)(CDIAL 3510). koṭho [Skt. koṣṭha inner part] the stomach, the belly (Gujarat) kūti = pudendum muliebre (Ta.); posteriors, membrum muliebre (Ma.); ku.0y anus, region of buttocks in general (To.); kūdi = anus, posteriors, membrum muliebre (Tu.)(DEDR 188). kūṭu = hip (Tu.); kuṭa = thigh (Pe.); kuṭe id. (Mand.); kūṭi hip (Kui)(DEDR 1885). gūde prolapsus of the anus (Ka.Tu.); gūda, gudda id. (Te.)(DEDR 1891).

Glosses: Indian sprachbund

kāru ‘crocodile’ (Telugu). Rebus: artisan (Marathi) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri)

kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’.

Select orthographic hypertext devices are deployed in Indus Script Cipher to detail metalwork catalogues:

Tiger leaps: kol kõdā rebus: kolhe kō̃da कोँद 'smelter kiln' PLUS panja 'claw of beast, feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln' (Semantic determinative).

Thus, kol pasar 'tiger open mouth' rebus: kol pasar iron smelter trader's shop'.

कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [ kōlhēṃ ] 'tiger' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' (Santali) Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village; kolhali to forge (Kuwi)(DEDR 2133)

B. kũdā, kõdā 'to leap'; Or. kudibā ʻ to jump, dance ʼ; Mth. kūdab ʻ to jump ʼ, Aw. lakh. kūdab, H. kūdnā, OMarw. kūdaï, G. kūrda m. ʻ jump ʼ, gūrda -- m. ʻ jump ʼ Kāṭh. [√kūrd] S. kuḍ̠u m. ʻ leap ʼ, N. kud, Or. kuda, °dā, kudā -- kudi ʻ jumping about ʼ. kūˊrdati ʻ leaps, jumps ʼ MBh. [gūˊrdati, khūˊrdatē Dhātup.: prob. ← Drav. (Tam. kuti, Kan. gudi ʻ to spring ʼ) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 375]S. kuḍ̠aṇu ʻ to leap ʼ; L. kuḍ̠aṇ ʻ to leap, frisk, play ʼ; P. kuddṇā ʻ to leap ʼ, Ku. kudṇo, N. kudnu, (CDIAL 3411, 3412)

Rebus: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 133); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). -- khasüñü -- खस&above;ञू&below; । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 133, where the causal form of the verb is used. (Kashmiri)

FS Fig. 53

FS Fig. 52

FS Fig. 104 Scarfed, lady with markhor horn and twig ligatured to tiger: dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS kola 'lady' rebus: kol 'working in iron' (Semantic determinative) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS Markhor horns: miṇḍāl 'markhor' rebus: mẽṛhet 'iron' (Santali) med 'copper' (Slavic languages) PLUS kūdī 'twig' kuṭhi 'smelter'

Images show a figure strangling two tigers with his bare hands.

FS Fig. 105 Two tigers leap:dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS Tiger leaps: kol kõdā rebus: kolhe kō̃da कोँद 'smelter kiln' PLUS panja 'claw of beast, feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln' (Semantic determinative). kola 'lady' rebus: kol 'working in iron' The iris of the is plal 'iris of the eye' (Gaw.)(CDIAL 8711) a pronuciation variant is provided by pā̆hār ʻsunshine' in Nepali. If this phonetic form pāhār explains the hieroglyph 'iris of the eye', the rebus reading is: pahārā m. ʻgoldsmith's workshopʼ(Punjabi)(CDIAL 8835).

कारकुन kārakuna m ( P A factor, agent, or business-man.) A clerk, scribe, writer. सवाहातलेखणीचाका0 A term of ironical commendation for a clerk.

कारकुनी kārakunī f (कारकून) The office or business of Kárkún. 2 Remuneration to a Kárkún for service rendered. 3 The profits or fees (of Kárkúns) on services done, articles bought &c. 4 Any extra cess laid to pay Kárkún-service. 5 fig. Economizing; careful and thrifty management. 6 A plant, Embelia robusta.

कारकुनी kārakunī a (कारकून) Relating to Kárkún--mode of writing &c.

कारकुनीकावा kārakunīkāvā m कारकुनीमत n The astuteness, chicanery, or trickery pertaining to the Writerclass. Hence Craftiness or wiliness gen.

कारकुनीघटा kārakunīghaṭā m कारकुनीचिन्ह n Kárkún-callosity; the Kárkún-mark or badge; viz. the callosity on the left ankle of this class (arising from the compression of the part through their manner of sitting).

कारकुनीपेशा kārakunīpēśā m कारकुनकी f ( & P) Kárkún-service; the place, situation, office, or business of Kárkún.

Rebus: kō̃da 'fire-altar' (Kashmiri) payĕn-kō̃daपयन्-कोँद।परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (Kashmiri).A one-horned young bull frequently signified on Indus Script Corpora is signified below the feet of the horned person on Adda, scribe cylinder seal: the hypertext is: kō̃da 'young bull' rebus: kō̃da 'fire-altar' (Kashmiri) payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद।परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (Kashmiri).

3248 *kuḍḍha ʻ defective ʼ. [Cf. Pk. kuḍhiya -- ʻ blunt, fool ʼ: see list s.v. kuṇṭha -- ]
L. kuḍḍhā ʻ having horns pointing inwards ʼ; H. kūṛh ʻ stupid ʼ.

3295 kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1]
N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘ndaʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d˚ ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi. kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m. 3297 kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1]
A. kundār, B. kũdār, ˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ. 4862 *cundakāra m. ʻ turner ʼ. [Cf. kundakara -- . -- *cunda -- 1, kāra -- 1]
Pa. cundakāra -- m.; Ku. cunāro ʻ maker of wooden vessels ʼ, N. cunāro, can˚, cũdāro, cãd˚.

कुँद्नु kũdnu,vb. tr. To shape smoothly, smooth; carve, hew, fashion. [Sk. lex. kundaḥ m. lathe, kundakaraḥ m. turner: A. kund lathe, kundiba to turn, kundār turner, B. kũd, kũdā, kũdār; O. kundā lathe, kundibā to turn.] (Kashmiri)

P کار kār, s.m. (2nd) Business, action, affair, work, labor, profession, operation. Pl. کارونه kārūnah. (E.) کار آرموده .چار kār āzmūdah. adj. Experienced, practised, veteran. کار و بار kār-o-bār, s.m. (2nd) Business, affair. Pl. کار و بارونه kār-o-bārūnah. کار خانه kār- ḵẖānaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A manufactory, a dock- yard, an arsenal, a workshop. Pl. يْ ey. کاردیده kār-dīdah, adj. Experienced, tried, veteran. کار روائي kār-rawā-ī, s.f. (3rd) Carrying on a business, management, performance. Pl. ئِي aʿī. کار زار kār-zār, s.m. (2nd) Battle, conflict. Pl. کار زارونه kār-zārūnah. کار ساز kār-sāz, adj. Adroit, clever; (Fem.) کار سازه kār-sāzaʿh. کار ساري kār-sāzī, s.f. (3rd) Cleverness, adroitness. Pl. ئِي aʿī. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. کار کول kār kawul, verb trans. To work, to labor, to trade. په کار راتلل pah kār rā-tʿlal or راغلل rāg̠ẖ-lal, verb intrans. To be fit, to come into use, to be of use, to be proper or useful. په کار راوړل pah kār rā-wʿṟṟal, verb trans. To bring to use, to make use of, to expend. په کار دي pah kār daey, It is useful. په کار نه دي pah kār nah daey, It is useless.(Pashto)

3245 *kuḍa1 ʻ boy, son ʼ, ˚ḍī ʻ girl, daughter ʼ. [Prob. ← Mu. (Sant. Muṇḍari koṛa ʻ boy ʼ, kuṛi ʻ girl ʼ, Ho koa, kui, Kūrkū kōn, kōnjē); or ← Drav. (Tam. kur̤a ʻ young ʼ, Kan. koḍa ʻ youth ʼ) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 373. Prob. separate from RV. kŕ̊tā -- ʻ girl ʼ H. W. Bailey TPS 1955, 65. -- Cf. kuḍáti ʻ acts like a child ʼ Dhātup.]
NiDoc. ǵ ʻ boy ʼ, kuḍ'i ʻ girl ʼ; Ash. kūˊṛə ʻ child, foetus ʼ, istrimalī -- kuṛäˊ ʻ girl ʼ; Kt. kŕū, kuŕuk ʻ young of animals ʼ; Pr. kyǘru ʻ young of animals, child ʼ, kyurú ʻ boy ʼ, kurīˊ ʻ colt, calf ʼ; Dm. kúŕa ʻ child ʼ, Shum. kuṛ; Kal. kūŕ*lk ʻ young of animals ʼ; Phal. kuṛĭ̄ ʻ woman, wife ʼ; K. kūrü f. ʻ young girl ʼ, kash. kōṛī, ram. kuṛhī; L. kuṛā m. ʻ bridegroom ʼ, kuṛīf. ʻ girl, virgin, bride ʼ, awāṇ. kuṛī f. ʻ woman ʼ; P. kuṛī f. ʻ girl, daughter ʼ, P. bhaṭ. WPah. khaś. kuṛi, cur. kuḷī, cam. kǒḷāʻ boy ʼ, kuṛī ʻ girl ʼ; -- B. ã̄ṭ -- kuṛā ʻ childless ʼ (ã̄ṭa ʻ tight ʼ)? -- X pṓta -- 1: WPah. bhad. kō ʻ son ʼ, kūī ʻ daughter ʼ, bhal. ko m., koi f., pāḍ. kuā, kōī, paṅ. koā, kūī.

غوو g̠ẖo-o, s.m. (9th) Copulation, coition. Sing. and Pl. غوو کول g̠ẖo-o kawul or غوول g̠ẖo- wul, verb trans. To copulate with, to have coition. See غو for different inflections. (Pashto)

ول gūtawul, verb trans. To copulate with, to have connection with. See غوول and غیل(Pashto)

غو g̠ẖo or غوو g̠ẖo-o, s.m. (9th) Copulation, coition. Sing. and Pl. غو g̠ẖo or غوو کول g̠ẖo-o kawul, verb trans. To copulate, to have connection with; or غوول g̠ẖo-wul, verb trans. To copulate, to have coition. This verb is imperfect, and requires the imperfect infinitive غیل to make the conjugation complete. Pres. غیي g̠ẖa-yey (from غیل); past ؤ غوو wu-g̠ẖo-wo; fut. ؤ به غيي wu bah g̠ẖa-yey; imp. ؤ غیه wu-g̠ẖa-yah; act. part. غوونکيَg̠ẖo-wūnkaey or غوونيَ g̠ẖo-wūnaey; past part. غووليَ g̠ẖo-wulaey; verb. n. غوونه g̠ẖo-wunaʿh.(Pashto)

Two women with spread legs and dishevelled hair are shown in the context of stone ore smelting:


kola ‘woman’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’


kuṛī f. ʻ girl’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ 


Brass-worker catalog of implements and repertoire:There are five hieroglyphs on the cylinder seal (Figure 270): ‘dishevelled hair’, ‘pudendum muliebre’, ‘lizard’, ‘scorpion’, ‘woman’. The accent is on the sting of the scorpion: koṭṭu (koṭṭi-) to sting (as a scorpion, wasp) (Tamil) Rebus: Pk. koṭṭaga -- m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, koṭṭila -- , °illa -- m. ʻ mallet ʼ. (DEDR 3236). koṭṭu-k-kaṉṉār  brass-workers. the woman is shown with disheveled hair. A lizard is also shown in the field together with a scorpion (bica). <raca>(D)  {ADJ} ``^dishevelled'' (Munda) rasāṇẽ n. ʻglowing embersʼ (Marathi). rabca ‘dishevelled’ Rebus: రాచ rāca (adj.) Pertaining to a stone (ore) (bica).





The squatting woman on the Ur cylinder seal impression may be showing dishevelled hair providing for rebus reading: <rabca?>(D)  {ADJ} ``with ^dishevelled ^hair''.  Rebus:రాచ (adj.) Pertaining to a stone. bicha, bichā ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica ‘stone ore’ (Mu.) sambr.o bica = gold ore (Mundarica)  Thus, the reading of the Ur cylinder seal impression may depict: meṛed-bica‘iron stone-ore’ kuṭhi ‘smelter, furnace’.





kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, ‘they were feeding the furnace with ore’. (Santali) This use of bica in the context of feeding a smelter clearly defines bica as ‘stone ore, mineral’, in general. kuṭhi  ‘vagina’; rebus: kuṭhi  ‘smelting furnace bichā 'scorpion' (Assamese). Rebus: bica 'stone ore' as in meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.) dul 'pair, likeness' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' (Santali) Thus the hieroglyphs connote a smelter for smelting and casting metal stone ore.






Gyphic: ‘copulation’: kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭamcoinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) Vikalpa: kaṇḍa ‘stone (ore)’. Glyph: vagina: kuṭhi ‘vagina’; rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’. The descriptive glyphics indicates that the smelting furnace is for stone (ore). This is distinquished from sand ore. Glyph: ‘crocodile’: karā ‘crocodile’. Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’. kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Te.) Rebus: kāruvu ‘artisan’ 






kuṭhi = pubes. kola ‘foetus’ [Glyph of a foetus emerging from pudendum muliebre on a Harappa tablet.] kuṭhi = the pubes (lower down than paṇḍe) (Santali) kuṭhi = the womb, the female sexual organ; sorrege kuṭhi menaktaea, tale tale gidrakoa lit. her womb is near, she gets children continually (H. koṭhī, the womb) (Santali.Bodding) kōṣṭha = anyone of the large viscera (MBh.); koṭṭha = stomach (Pali.Pkt.); kuṭṭha (Pkt.); koṭhī heart, breast (L.); koṭṭhā, koṭhā belly (P.); koṭho (G.); koṭhā (M.)(CDIAL 3545). kottha pertaining to the belly (Pkt.); kothā corpulent (Or.)(CDIAL 3510). koṭho [Skt. koṣṭha inner part] the stomach, the belly (Gujarat)  kūti = pudendum muliebre (Ta.); posteriors, membrum muliebre (Ma.); ku.0y anus, region of buttocks in general (To.); kūdi = anus, posteriors, membrum muliebre (Tu.)(DEDR 188). kūṭu = hip (Tu.); kuṭa = thigh (Pe.); kuṭe id. (Mand.); kūṭi hip (Kui)(DEDR 1885). gūde prolapsus of the anus (Ka.Tu.); gūda, gudda id. (Te.)(DEDR 1891).




kuṭi, kuṭhi, kuṭa, kuṭha a tree (Kaus'.); kuḍa tree (Pkt.); kuṛā tree; kaṛek tree, oak (Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228).kuṭha, kuṭa (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.)  kuṭhāra, kuṭha, kuṭaka = a tree (Sanskrit) kut., kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khuṭ = id. (Or.) kuṭamu = a tree (Telugu)      


   


Rebus: kuṭhi ‘a furnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron’; kolheko kuṭhieda koles smelt iron (Santali) kuṭhi, kuṭi (Or.; Sad. koṭhi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith; kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of ēkuṭi has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kuṭhi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2’ 6” dia. At the base and 1’ 6” at the top. The hole in the centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6” to 7” in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari) kuṭhi = a factory; lil kuṭhi = an indigo factory (koṭhi - Hindi) (Santali.Bodding) 




kuṭhi = an earthen furnace for smelting iron; make do., smelt iron; kolheko do kuṭhi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an earthen furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing the bellows; tehen:ko kuṭhi yet kana, they are working (or building) the furnace to-day (H. koṭhī ) (Santali. Bodding)  kuṭṭhita = hot, sweltering; molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.) uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.) kuṭṭakam, kuṭṭukam  = cauldron (Ma.); kuṭṭuva = big copper pot for heating water (Kod.)(DEDR 1668). gudgā to blaze; gud.va flame (Man.d); gudva, gūdūvwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1715). dāntar-kuṭha = fireplace (Sv.); kōti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.); kōlhāhouse with mud roof and walls, granary (P.); kuṭhī factory (A.); koṭhā brick-built house (B.); kuṭhī bank, granary (B.); koṭho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse (G.); koṭhī lare earthen jar, factory (G.); kuṭhīgranary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse; a revenue office, in which dues are paid and collected; koṭhī a store-room; a factory (Gujarat) koḍ = the place where artisans work (Gujarati)

bichi , ‘hematite’ is denoted by hieroglyph bicha ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica ‘stone ore’ (Santali).

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Decipherment of Rakhigarhi cylinder seal explains why Rakhigarhi was the capital on the maritime riverine waterways of Sarasvati Civilization

April 26, 2019, 7:44 pm

≫ Next: Indus Script Cipher explains why (dh)makara is vāhana for Ganga rebus: ध्माकारः, धमकः 'blacksmith''bellowsblower'( R̥gveda)

≪ Previous: Leaping tigers kolhe kō̃da कोँद 'smelter kiln', crocodile, pubes, dishevelled hair कारकुन kārakuna, کار کند kār-kund 'scribe, manager'

https://tinyurl.com/y4txpd64

The Rakhigarhi cylinder seal is an indicator of contact with Ancient Near East since the unusual form of cylinder seal with Indus Script inscription affirms such contacts. This also indicates that Rakhigarhi was the capital of the civilization, the largest site, because of its location on the water divide between Ganga-Yamuna-Brahmaputra sites and Sarasvati-Sindhu sites and could have served as the riverine porttown linking these Himalayan riverine waterways (as also the riverine waterways of Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween in Ancient Far East tin belt of the globe) into Persian Gulf and into Tigris-Euphrates Doab.

Rakhigarhi cylinder seal. karā 'crocodile' rebus:khār 'blacksmith'.

Rakhigarhi Banawali seals with identical inscriptions signify Supercargo of merchant guild navigating on River Sarasvati

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/gubk7mp

Supercargo is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.

Cylinder seal found at Rakhigarhi
Fish+ crocodile: aya, ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; karA 'crocodile'rebus:khAr 'blacksmith' dATu 'cross' rebus: dhAtu 'ore,mineral' śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ.rebus: seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master (Pali) sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'.

Sign 186 *śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ. [Cf. śrētr̥ -- ʻ one who has recourse to ʼ MBh. -- See śrití -- . -- √śri]Ash. ċeitr ʻ ladder ʼ (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720)*śrēṣṭrī2 ʻ line, ladder ʼ. [For mng. ʻ line ʼ conn. with √śriṣ2 cf. śrḗṇi -- ~ √śri. -- See śrití -- . -- √śriṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ̄ -- f. ʻ line, row ʼ (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. ʻ id. ʼ. -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -- , śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. ʻ a partic. progression of arithmetical figures ʼ); K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ʻ ladder ʼ.(CDIAL 12724) Rebus: śrḗṣṭha ʻ most splendid, best ʼ RV. [śrīˊ -- ]Pa. seṭṭha -- ʻ best ʼ, Aś.shah. man. sreṭha -- , gir. sesṭa -- , kāl. seṭha -- , Dhp. śeṭha -- , Pk. seṭṭha -- , siṭṭha -- ; N. seṭh ʻ great, noble, superior ʼ; Or. seṭha ʻ chief, principal ʼ; Si. seṭa, °ṭu ʻ noble, excellent ʼ. śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild ʼ, °nī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a guild, banker ʼ, seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ; N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ; Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ; M. śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi° ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12725, 12726)

M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ.kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ]Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ(CDIAL 3058) This Supercargo is signified by the hieroglyph कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', 'person standing with spread legs'. This occurs with 48 variants. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/04/body-with-spread-legs-hypertexts-48-two.html Another hieroglyph which also signifies 'Supercargo' is 'rim-of-jar' hieroglyph', the most frequently occurring hypertext on Indus Script Corpora. See, for example, Daimabad seal. kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; Wg. kaṇə ʻ ear -- ring ʼ NTS xvii 266; S. kano m. ʻ rim, border ʼ; P. kannā m. ʻ obtuse angle of a kite ʼ (→ H. kannā m. ʻ edge, rim, handle ʼ); N. kānu ʻ end of a rope for supporting a burden ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ brim of a cup ʼ, G. kānɔ m.; M. kānā m. ʻ touch -- hole of a gun ʼ.(CDIAL 2831)

Thus, the two hieroglyphs: 1.spread legs and 2. rim of jar are conclusive determinants signifying language used by the artisans: Prakrtam (mleccha/meluhha) and the underlying language basse for the hypertexts of Indus Script Corpora.

Rakhigarhi extending over 350 hectares is the largest site of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Two seals with identical messages found in both Rakhigarhi and Banawali signify a karNika, Supercargo (functionary of the metalwork guild; Rebus kañi-āra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe'. ). This points to the possibility that Rakhigarhi and Banawali were both sites on Sarasvati River Basin which provided a navigable channel for seafaring artisans'/merchants' guilds (with a Supercargo, supervising the shipment), right upto Dholavira-Dwaraka and beyond through the Persian Gulf.

I suggest that both Rakhigarhi seal and Banawali seal convey the identical message signifying a Supercargo (karNika), with a seafaring vessel (cargo boat), supervising the merchandise of dhAtu 'strands of rope' rebus: dhAtu 'minerals' from a fire--altar; sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' (Hieroglyph: gaNDa 'four'Rebus: kanda 'fire-altar' khaNDa 'implements') PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron, ayas 'metal' PLUS adaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal'.PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coin, coiner, coinage'. The tiger is horned: koD 'horn' rebus: koD 'workshop' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith' Thus, horned tiger signified smelter-workshop of blacksmith. The Supercargo karNika, signified with the standing person with legs spread is shown as possessing a sangaDa 'a cargo boat'. Hieroglyph: सांगड sāṅgaḍa lathe, portable furnace Rebus: sangaDa 'cargo boat'.

Rakhigarhi seal replicates

Banawari. Seal 17. Text 9201 Found in a gold-silversmith's residence.. Hornd tiger PLUS lathe + portable furnace. Banawali 17, Text 9201 Find spot: “The plan of ‘palatial building’ rectangular in shape (52 X 46 m) with eleven units of rooms…The discovery of a tiger seal from the sitting room and a few others from the house and its vicinity, weights ofchert, and lapis lazuli beads and deluxe Harappan pottery indicate that the house belonged to a prominent merchant.” (loc.cit. VK Agnihotri, 2005, Indian History, Delhi, Allied Publishers, p. A-60)

Hieroglyph multiplex: gaNDa 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements' aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' aDaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native metal'

Hieroglyph: sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'

↧

Indus Script Cipher explains why (dh)makara is vāhana for Ganga rebus: ध्माकारः, धमकः 'blacksmith''bellowsblower'( R̥gveda)

April 27, 2019, 5:25 pm

≫ Next: Surprising validation of Indus Script Decipherment as 'wealth-acccounting ledgers' in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa

≪ Previous: Decipherment of Rakhigarhi cylinder seal explains why Rakhigarhi was the capital on the maritime riverine waterways of Sarasvati Civilization

https://tinyurl.com/y5s9sxnk

Makara is NOT a myth. It is an abiding reality, as close to truth as any civilizational narrative can get. It is a breath-taking orthographic rendering of activities resulting in the creation by artisan and merchant guilds of shared wealth of a nation. Ganga river basin of Sarasvati Civilization resonates with metalworkers, smelters. This reality is signified by (dh)makara vāhana rebus: ध्माकारः, धमकः 'blacksmith''bellowsblower, smelter'.

This monograph establishes the abiding reality of Indus Script Cipher enshrined in (dh)makara, 'a composite animal, rebus: dhmākara, 'bellows-blower, blacksmith, smelter'. These artisans are producers of the shared wealth of a nation. Makara is a treasure of Kubera, and one of the 8 treasures called पद्मिनी. It is a recitation over (metal) weapons.

This rebus reading is confirmed by many sculptural representations of makara disgorging from its mouth, an artisan, the smelter, smith.

(dh)makara is pronounced makara in वाजसनेयि-संहिता. मकर m. a kind of sea-monster (sometimes confounded with the crocodile , shark , dolphin &c ; regarded as the emblem of काम-देव [cf. मोकर-केतन &c below] or as a symbol of the 9th अर्हत् of the present अवसर्पिणी ; represented as an ornament on gates or on head-dresses) (वाजसनेयि-संहिता); N. of the 10th sign of the zodiac (Capricornus) Su1ryas. Var. &c; an army of troops in the form of a मकर Mn. vii , 187; an ear-ring shaped like a मकर BhP. (cf. मकर-कुण्डल); one of the 9 treasures of कुबेर; one of the 8 magical treasures called पद्मिनी Ma1rkP.; a partic. magical spell recited over weapons R. (Monier-Williams) mākara माकर a. (-री f.) Belonging to the sea-monster, Makara q. v. -री N. of the seventh day in the bright half of Māgha; तन्मे रोगं च शोकं च माकरी हन्तु सप्तमी Tithyādi. -Comp. -आकरः the sea. -आसनम् a particular posture in sitting. -व्यूहः a particular form of military array.(Apte) माकर mf(ई)n. relating or belonging to a मकर or sea-monster (with आकर m. mine of मकर , the sea Nalo7d. ; with आचन n. a partic. posture in sitting Cat. ; with व्यूह m. a partic. form of military array Hariv. ; with सप्तमी f. =मकर-सप्तमी;m. pl. N. of a people VarBr2S. (Monier-Williams)

The sememe dhma dates back to the days of R̥gveda (RV V.9.5), ca. 5th millennium BCE:

Wilson: RV V.9.5 Of whom smoke-emitting, the flames intensely collect; then, when diffused in the three regions, Agni inflates himself in the firmament, like the blower of a bellows, and sharpens (his flames), as (the fire blazes from the blast) of the blower. [When diffused in the three regions: yadi_m aha trito divi upadhama_ti = tris.u stha_n.esu vya_ptah, spread in the three regions; or, tria_i stha_na_ni ati_tya, having gone beyond the three regions; a_tma_nam upa vardhayati, he blows up or enlarges himself; as the fire blazes from the blast of the blower: the text has s'is'i_te dhma_tari, he sharpens as in a blower; i.e., like the fire, which in the proximity of one blowing with a bellows, blazes up, so Agni sharpens his flames,or of himself adds to their intensity].

Griffith: RV V.9.5 Whose flames, when thou art sending forth the smoke, completely reach the mark,

When Trita in the height of heaven, like as a smelter fanneth thee, even as a smelter sharpeneth thee.

"Trita ("the Third") is a minor deity of the Rigveda, mentioned 41 times. He is associated with the Maruts, with Vayu and with Indra, like Indra, or as Indra's assistant, fighting Tvaṣṭr̥, Vr̥tra and Vala. He is called Āptya, meaning "son of the deity of the Apas (waters)" and a friend of Indra.…In RV 1.105, Trita fallen into a well begs aid from the gods. Sāyaṇa on 1.105 comments that this relates to three rishis, Ekata, Dvita and Trita who found a well, and Trita, drawing water, was pushed down by the other two and imprisoned, where he composed a hymn to the gods, and managed miraculously to prepare the sacrificial Soma; this is alluded to in RV 9.34.4 and described in Mahabharata 9.2095."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trita त्रित is the repository of Soma ('prepares Soma, keeper of nectar' RV ix.34.4, vi.44.23), of wealth. N. of a Vedic deity (associated with the मरुत्s , वायु , and इन्द्र ; fighting like the latter with त्रित , वृत्र , and other demons ; called आप्त्य [q.v.] , " water-deity " , and supposed to reside in the remotest regions of the world , whence [ RV. viii , 47 , 13-15 AV. ] the idea of wishing to remove calamity to त्रित , and the view of the त्रितs being the keepers of nectar [ RV. vi , 44 , 23] , similarly L. [ RV. ii , 34 , 10 TS. i TBr.i] the notion of त्रित's bestowing long life ; also conceived as an inferior deity conquering the demons by order and with the help of इन्द्र [ RV. ii ; viii , 52 , 1 ; x] ; fallen into a well he begged aid from the gods [i , 105 , 17 ; x , 8 , 7] ; as to this last myth Sa1y. on i , 105 relates that 3 ऋषिs , एकत , द्वित , and त्रित , parched with thirst , looked about and found a well , and when त्रित began to draw water , the other two , desirous of his property , pushed him down and closed up the well with a wheel ; shut up there , त्रित composed a hymn to the gods , and managed miraculously to prepare the sacrificial सोम , that he might drink it himself , or offer it to the deities and so be extricated: this is alluded to in RV. ix , 34 , 4 [cf. 32 , 2 ; 38 , 2 ; 102 , 2] and described in MBh. ix , 2095 ; also Nir. iv , 6 makes him a ऋषि , and he is the supposed author of RV. i , 105 ; viii , 36 ; ix , 33 f. and 102 ; x , 1-7 ; in epic legends [ MBh. ix , xii f.] एकत , द्वित , and त्रित are described as 3 brothers , sons of गौतम or of प्रजा-पति or ब्रह्मा ; elsewhere त्रित is one of the 12 sons of मनु चाक्षुष by नड्वला BhP. iv , 13 , 16 ; cf. त्रैतन्/अ ; Zd. Thrita (Monier-Williams)

ध्मातृ m. a blower , smelter or melter (of metal) RV v , 9 , 5; n. a contrivance for blowing or melting ib. ध्माकारः dhmākārḥ ध्माकारः A blacksmith, smith; dhamakḥ धमकः A blacksmith.(Apte)

ध्मा to breathe out , exhale RV. ii , 34 , 1: THe Maruts...Glowing like flames of fire is thr meaning rendered in Griffith; resplendentas fire is the rendering by Wilson for the expression dhamanto...

Griffith RV ii, 34, THE Maruts of resistless might who love the rain, resplendent, terrible like wild beasts in

their strength,
Glowing like flames of fire, impetuous in career, blowing the wandering raincloud-, have disclosed
the kine.

Wilson RV ii, 34, 1The Maruts, shedders of showers, endowed with resistless might, like formidable lions, reverencing (the world) by their energies, resplendent as fires, laden with water, and blowing about the wandering cloud, give vent to its (collected) rain. [Laden with water: r.ji_s.in.ah = fr. f.ji_s.a, water; or it may mean, soma that has lost its strength: r.ji_s.a, apagata sa_rah somah].

ध्मा to kindle a fire by blowing RV. ii , 24 , 7 The kindled fire was left on the rock: Cast down with both their arms upon the rock they left the kindled fire

Wilson RV ii.24.7 Those sages, eminent for truth, having seen through the false (illusions of the asura), again pursued the main road thither, and with their hands cast against the rock the destructive fire, which, till then, was not there. [nakh s.o asti = that is not; i.e. so agnih pu_rvam tatra nakir asti, na vidyate, that fire formerly is not there, is not known; but they, of their own power, having produced the fire that was not known, or was not extant, threw it there: avidyama_nam agnim svasa_marthya_d utpa_dya tatra praciks.ipuh; this is an allusion to the dissemination of fire-worship by the an:girasas].

Griffith RV ii.24. 7 The pious ones when they had seen the falsehoods turned them back, the sages stood again uponthe lofty ways. Cast down with both their arms upon the rock they left the kindled fire, and said, No enemy is he.

टिप्पणी https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१०.९०

नारायणोपरि पौराणिकसंदर्भाः

पुरुषसूक्तोपरि पौराणिकसंदर्भाः

पुरुषसूक्तोपरि टिप्पणी

१०.९०.६

आज्योपरि टिप्पणी

इध्मोपरि पौराणिकसंदर्भाः

इध्मोपरि टिप्पणी

वराहपुराणे १८.२५ इध्मशब्दस्य निरुक्तिः विद्यते। ध्मा - प्रपूरणे, इ - आगति। वसन्तर्तौ इध्मस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति। वसन्तः समित्, सममिति अर्थे। अनेन कारणेन प्रपूर्णनस्य आवश्यकता नास्ति।

This is from Candi Sukuh temple, Java, Indonesia. Bhima is the smith, Arjuna is the bellows-blower. Gaṇeśa, scribe does a karana, 'dance step'. karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus karba, ib 'iron' (Meluhha). This is an example of Indus Script Hypertext. The narrative is from Bhimaswarga which is Javanese version of Mahābhārata.

इध्म m. (n. L. ) fuel in , general; fuel as used for the sacred fire RV. AV. S3Br.
Ka1tyS3r. A1s3vGr2. MBh. &c; N. of an आङ्गिरस GopBr. ([cf. Zd. aesma ;
Hib. adhmad.]) (Monier-Williams) idhmávant ʻ provided with fuel ʼ TBr. [idhmá -- m. ʻ fuel ʼ RV.: √indh]Wg. ε̄͂daté ʻ fire -- place ʼ or < *indhastha -- .(CDIAL 1568) 1583 índha m. ʻ kindling ʼ ŚBr. [√indh]*indhastha -- . 1584 indhana n. ʻ lighting, kindling, fuel ʼ MBh. [√indh]Pa. indhana -- n. ʻ fuel ʼ, Pk. iṁdhaṇa -- n., P. innhaṇ m., B. indhan (← Sk.?), Aw. lakh. ī˜dhanu, H. ī˜dhan m., G. ĩdhaṇ, ĩdhṇũ n., (North Gujarat) e_dhṇã̄ n. pl. -- Kal. idhōn ʻ tripod to put over the fire ʼ semant. difficult, poss. < uddhāna -- 1.*indhanakuṭaka -- . 1585 *indhanakuṭaka ʻ fuel -- store ʼ [indhana -- , kuṭī -- ]H. ĩdhauṛā m. ʻ room for storing wood ʼ. 1586 *indhastha ʻ fuel -- place ʼ. [índha -- , stha -- ]Wg. ε̄͂daté ʻ fire -- place ʼ or < idhmávant -- .

धम dhama धम a. (-मा, -मी f.) [धम् ध्माने-अच्] (Usually at the end of comp.) 1 Blowing; अग्निंधम, नाडिंधम. -2 Melting, fusing. -मः 1 The moon. -2 An epithet of Kṛiṣṇa. -3 Of Yama, the god of death. -4 Of Brahmā. धमकः dhamakḥ धमकः A blacksmith. धमधमा dhamadhamā धमधमा An onomatopoetic word expressive of the sound made by blowing with a bellows or a trumpet. धमधमाय् dhamadhamāy धमधमाय् Denom. To blaze; मे उदराग्निर्धमधमायते Nāg. 1.19,2. Māl.7.1/2. धमन dhamana धमन 1 A Blowing. -2 Cruel. -नः A kind of reed. -नम् Melting. धमनिः नी dhamaniḥ nī धमनिः नी f. 1 A reed, blow-pipe; वेणुधमन्या प्रबोध्य Vaiśvadeva. -2 A tube or canal of the human body, tubular vessel, as a vein, a nerve, &c. -3 Throat, neck. -4 A speech. -5 Turmeric. -Comp. -संतत a. emacia- ted, lank. धमनील dhamanīla धमनील a. Full veined. धमिः dhamiḥ धमिः f. The act of blowing. -Comp. -त्रम् an implement for kindling fire; see धमनी. (Apte) 6730 dhamá in cmpds. ʻ blowing ʼ Pāṇ., dhamaka -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ Uṇ.com. [√dham]

Pa. dhama -- , ˚aka -- m. ʻ one who blows ʼ, Pk. dhamaga<-> m.; K. dam m. ʻ blast of furnace or oven, steam of stewing ʼ; -- Kho. Sh.(Lor.) dam ʻ breath, magical spell ʼ ← Pers. dam.
vātaṁdhama -- .6731 dhámati ʻ blows ʼ RV. [√dham]Pa. dhamati ʻ blows, kindles ʼ, Pk. dhamaï, ˚mēi; K. damun ʻ to roar (of wind), blow up a fire ʼ; S. dhãvaṇu ʻ to blow (with bellows), beat (of pulse) ʼ; P. dhauṇā ʻ to blow (with bellows) ʼ, WPah.khaś. rudh. dhamṇū, G. dhamvũ. -- Kt. dəmō -- , Pr. -- lemo -- ʻ to winnow ʼ rather < dhmāyátē. -- Kho. (Lor.) damik ʻ to work a charm on ʼ deriv. dam ʻ charm ʼ ← Pers. rather than < *dhāmayati. -- Ext. -- kk -- or X MIA. phukk -- , phuṁk -- s.v. *phūtka -- : L. dhaũkaṇ ʻ to blow (with bellows) ʼ; P. dhauk(h)ṇā, dhaũk(h)ṇā ʻ to blow (with bellows), bellow, brawl ʼ; Ku. dhaũkṇo ʻ to blow, breathe ʼ, dhaũkalo ʻ bellows ʼ; H. dhaũknā ʻ to blow (with bellows), breathe on, pant ʼ. 6732 dhamana n. ʻ blowing with bellows ʼ lex. [√dham]K. damun m. ʻ bellows ʼ. -- Ash. ótilde; ʻ wind ʼ (→ Pr. dumūˊ), Kt. dyīmi, Wg. útildemacr; Bashg. damu; Paš.lauṛ. dāmāˊn, kuṛ. domón, uzb. damūn ʻ rain ʼ (< ʻ *storm ʼ → Par. dhamāˊn ʻ wind ʼ IIFL i 248): these Kaf. and Dard. forms altern. < dhmāna -- ? 6733 dhamáni f. ʻ vein, nerve ʼ AV., ʻ throat, neck ʼ lex. [√dham]Pa. dhamani -- f. ʻ vein ʼ, Pk. dhamaṇĭ̄ -- ; Kt. gəŕək -- də́mə ʻ adam's apple ʼ; Wg. damŕē̃, damə̃ŕ ʻ neck ʼ, Pr. lúmu, lümīˊ; L. dhauṇ, dhôṇ f. ʻ nape of neck ʼ, awāṇ. dhauṇ, ˚ṇī f. ʻ neck ʼ; P. dhauṇ, dhaun f. ʻ nape of neck ʼ. 6734 dhamanī f. ʻ bellows ʼ KātySm., ʻ sort of perfume ʼ Bhpr. [√dham]Pk. dhamaṇĭ̄ -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ, S. dhãvaṇi f., H. dhaunī f., G. dhamaṇi f. (whence dhamaṇvũ ʻ to blow with bellows ʼ); -- K. daman, dat. ˚müñü f. ʻ bad smell (esp. of stale curd or other bad food) ʼ.6737 dhamyátē ʻ is blown on ʼ RV. [√dham]L. dhammaṇ ʻ (night) to turn into dawn ʼ (< ʻ *to be kindled ʼ), dhammī, ˚mī˜ f. ʻ dawn ʼ < MIA. pp. *dhammiā sc. *rāttī.

In the processing of Soma, angīrasa or angāra is the key element, carbon, which is added as a gaseous infusion, to harden iron ore metal fusion and create steel, through the fumes of godhuma (which is caṣāla atop the aṣṭāśri 'eight-cornered' yūpa), signified in iconography as a hieroglyph: caṣāla, 'the snout of the boar'. āṅgāra आङ्गार [अङ्गाराणां समूहः अण्] A multitude of firebrands, charcoal. (Apte) अङ्गारक aṅgâra-ka coal; N. of an Asura; -karma̮anta, m. charcoal-kiln. अङ्गार áṅgâra coal; stain; planet Mars; -nikara, m. heap of coals.(Monier-Wilson) áṅgāra m. n. ʻ glowing charcoal ʼ RV., ˚aka -- lex. 2. *iṅgāra -- , iṅgāla -- m. Vāsav. com.1. Pa. aṅgāra -- m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, Pk. aṁgāra -- , ˚aya -- , aṁgāla -- , ˚aya -- m., Gy. eur. angár ʻ charcoal ʼ, wel. vaṅārm. (v -- from m. article), germ. yangar (y -- from yag, s.v. agní -- 1); Ash. aṅāˊ ʻ fire ʼ, Kt. aṅǻ, Gmb. aṅāˊ, Pr. anéye, Dm. aṅgar (a < ā NTS xii 130), Tir. Chilis Gau. K. nār (n < ṅ -- , not ← Psht. nār ← Ar. AO xii 184), Paš. aṅgāˊr, Shum. ã̄r (← Paš. NOGaw 59), Gaw. Kal. Kho. aṅgāˊr, Bshk. äṅgāˊr, Tor. aṅā, Mai. agār, Phal. aṅgṓr, Sh. agāˊr, ha˚m.; S. aṅaru m. ʻ charcoal ʼ (a < ā as in Dm.), L. aṅgār m., P. aṅgyār, ˚rā m., EP. ãgeār (y or e from MIA. aggi < agní -- 1?), WPah. bhid. aṅgāˊrõ n., pl. -- ã, Ku. aṅār (ḍaṅār id. X ḍājṇo < dahyátē), N. aṅār, A. āṅgār, eṅgār, B. āṅgār, āṅrā, Or. aṅgāra; Bi. ãgarwāh ʻ man who cuts sugar -- cane into lengths for the mill ʼ (= pakwāh); OMth. aṁgāra, Mth. ãgor, H. ãgār, ˚rā m., G. ãgār, ˚rɔ m., M. ãgār m., Si. an̆gura. -- Wg. ãdotdot; ã̄īˊ ʻ fire ʼ (as opp. to aṅarīˊk ʻ charcoal ʼ, see aṅgāryāˊ -- ) poss. < agní -- 1, Morgenstierne NTS xvii 226.2. Pa. iṅghāḷa -- ʻ glowing embers (?) ʼ, Pk. iṁgāra -- , iṁgāla, ˚aya -- ; K. yĕngur m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, yĕnguru m. ʻ charcoal -- burner ʼ; M. ĩgaḷ, ĩgḷā m., Ko. ĩgḷo. -- Deriv. M. ĩgḷā m. ʻ a kind of large ant ʼ, ĩgḷī f. ʻ a large black deadly scorpion ʼ.aṅgāraka -- , aṅgāri -- , aṅgāryāˊ -- ; aṅgāradhānī -- , *aṅgāravarta -- , *aṅgārasthāna -- , *aṅgr̥ṣṭha -- .Addenda: áṅgāra -- : Md. an̆guru ʻ charcoal ʼ.(CDIAL 125)

Devatā of RV i.73 is Pavamāna Soma, the R̥ṣi is āṅgirasa आङ्गिरस a. (-सी f.) Descended from or referring to Aṅgiras. -सः 1 N. of Bṛihaspati, son of Aṅgiras; अध्यापयामास पितॄन् शिशुराङ्गिरसः कविः Ms.2.151. तं भासुरं चाङ्गिरसाधिदेवं यथावदानर्च तदायुषे सः Bu. Ch.2.36. -2Descendants of Aṅgiras (pl.). -3 A parti- cular Sūkta or hymn in the Atharvaveda -4 the soul; अधमास्ये$न्तरिति सो$यास्य आङ्गिरसो$ङ्गानां हि रसः Bṛi. Up.1.3.8. -5 A Kṣatriya by will of Brahmā and by profession. -6 N. of a particular year. cf. आङ्गीरसस्त्वब्दभेदे मुनिभेदे तदीरितम् । Nm. -Comp. सत्रम् The ब्रहस्पति Satra; सत्रमाङ्गिरसं नाम ह्यासते स्वर्गकाम्यया Bhāg.1.23.3.(Apte) आङ्गिरसः, पुं, (अङ्गिरस् + अण्) वृहस्पतिः ।इत्यमरः । (यथा मनुः । २ । १५१ ।“अध्यापयामास पितॄन् शिशुराङ्गिरसः कविः ।पुत्त्रका इति होवाच ज्ञानेन परिगृह्य तान्” ॥) https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः/

अङ्गिरस् पु० अङ्गति अगि--गतौ असि इरुट् । ब्रह्मणोमानस-पुत्रे स्वनामख्याते मुनिभेदे । भारते वन० मार्क०“ब्रह्मणो मानसाः पुत्त्रा विदिताः षण्महर्षयः मरीचि-रत्र्यङ्गिसौ पुलस्त्यः पुलहः क्रतुः” इति“त्वमग्ने प्रथमोऽङ्गिरा ऋषिर्देवानामिति” श्रुतौ अग्ने-रङ्गिरस्त्वमुक्तं तत्कथा भारते वन० मार्क० ।“यदा क्रुद्वो हुतवहस्तपस्तप्तुं वनं गतः ॥ तदा चभगवानग्निः स्वयमेवाङ्गिराभवत् । सन्तापयंश्च प्रभया नाशयंस्तिमिराणि च ॥ पुराङ्गिरा महावाहो! चचार तप उत्त-मम् । आश्रमस्थो महाभागो हव्यवाहं विशेषयन् ।तथा स भूत्वा तु तदा जगत् सर्व्वं व्यकाशयत् ॥ तपश्चरं-स्तु हुतभुक् सन्तप्तस्तस्य तेजसा । भृशं ग्लानश्च तेजस्वीन स किञ्चित् प्रजज्ञिवान् ॥ अथ सञ्चिन्तयामासभगवान् हव्यवाहनः । अन्योऽग्निरिह लोकानां ब्रह्मणासंप्रकल्पितः ॥ अग्नित्व विप्रनष्ट हि तम्पमानस्य मेतपः । कथमग्निः पुनरहं भवेयमिति चिन्त्य सः ।अपश्यदग्निवल्लोकांस्तापयन्त महामुनिम् ॥ सोऽपासर्प-च्छनैर्भीतस्तमुवाच तदाङ्गिराः । शीघ्रमेव भवस्याग्निस्त्वंपुनर्लोकभावनः । विज्ञातश्चासि लोकेषु त्रिषु संस्थान-चारिषु ॥ त्वमग्निः प्रथमं सृष्टो ब्रह्मणा तिमिरापहः ।स्वस्थानं प्रतिपद्यस्व शीघ्रमेव तमोनुद! ॥ अग्निरुवाच ।नष्टकीर्त्तिरहं लोके भवान् जातो हुताशनः । भवन्त-मेव ज्ञास्यन्ति पावकं न तु मां जनाः ॥ निक्षिपाम्यह-मग्नित्वं त्वमग्निः प्रथमो भव । भविष्यामि द्वितीयोऽहंप्रजापत्यक एव च ॥ अङ्गिरा उवाच । कुरु पुण्यंप्रजासर्गं भवाग्निस्तिमिरापहः । माञ्च देव! कुरुष्वाग्ने!प्रथमं पुत्त्रमञ्जसा ॥ मार्कण्डेय उवाच । तच्छुत्वाङ्गिरसोवाक्यं तवेदास्तथाकरोत् । राजन् वृहस्पतिर्नामतस्याप्यङ्गिरसः सुतः इति” ॥तस्य च यथा अग्निपुत्त्रत्वं येन येन रूपेण च आविर्भाव-स्तथोक्तमग्निशब्दे । अग्नौ च । “शिवो भव प्राजापत्योमानुषीभ्यामङ्गिरः इति य० अङ्गिरोमिः ऋषिभिःसम्पादितत्वात् अङ्गसौष्ठवाद्वा अङ्गिरा अग्निरूपःहे अङ्गिरः! अग्निरूपेति” वेददीपः । अङ्गिरसः गोत्रा-पत्यम् शिवा० अण् । आङ्गिरसः बहुषु लुक् ।अङ्गिरसस्तद्गोत्रापत्ये ब० व० । “सर्व्वे सान्ता अदन्ताःस्युः” इत्युक्तेः पृ० सलोपे अङ्गिरशब्दोऽप्यत्र,“येनानवग्वे अङ्गिरे” इति वेदः । मन्वत्रिविष्णुहारीतयाज्ञवल्क्योशनोऽङ्गिरा इति याज्ञ्य० “एवं त्यक्त्वा शरीरंतु परमे तपसि स्थितः । भृग्वङ्गिरादिभिर्भूयस्तप-साप्यायितस्तदेति” भार० ।आङ्गिरस पुंस्त्री० अङ्गिरसोऽपत्यम् अण् । १ अङ्गिरसऋषेरपत्ये “अध्यापयामास पितॄन् शिशुराङ्गिरसः कविः”मनुः । बहुत्वेऽणो लुक् । अङ्गिरसः स्त्रियां न लुक् ङीप् ।“आथर्वणीराङ्गिरसीर्दैवोर्मनुष्यजाउत” अथ० ८, ५, ९ ।२ वृहस्पतौ तस्य तदपत्यत्वम् भा० आ० प० ६६ अ० ।“अङ्गिरसस्त्रयः पुत्राः लोके सर्व्वत्र विश्रुताः ।वृहस्पतिरुतथ्यश्च संवर्त्तश्च धृतव्रतः” । अङ्गिरसा दृष्टम्अण् । अथर्ववेदोक्ते ३ सूक्तभेदे “अर्थर्घ्वाङ्गिरसं नीलरुद्रंदेव्यपराजिता । मधु सूक्तं रौधसञ्च शान्तिकाध्यायमेवच । अथर्व्वाणौ द्वारपालौ पठेतामुत्तराश्रितौ” दानपारि०पुरा० । तच्च सूक्तं अथर्वसंह्रितायां १८, १, ५८, ५९, ६०,६१ मन्त्र चतुष्कात्मकम्, “अङ्गिरसौ नः पितरः” इत्या-दिकम् । तच्च तुलादानादिपद्धतौ अस्माभिः १८५ पृ०दर्शितम् अङ्गिनामङ्गानां रसः सारः स्वार्थे अण् ।४ आत्मनि । “सोऽयास्य आङ्गिरसोऽङ्गानां हि रसः” इतिवृ० उ० । “आङ्गिरस आत्मा कार्य्यकरणानाम् कथमा-ङ्गिरसः! । प्रसिद्धं हि यदङ्गिनामङ्गानां रसत्वं तदपाये-शोषप्राप्तेरिति वक्ष्यामः यस्माच्चायमङ्गिरसत्वात् विशेषा-नाश्रयत्वाच्च कार्य्यकरणानां साधारण आत्मा विशुद्धश्चतस्माद् वागादीनपास्य प्राण एवात्मत्वेनांश्रयितव्य इतिवाक्यार्थः” श० भा० ।

आङ्गिरसेश्वर पु० आङ्गिरसेन प्रतिष्ठितः ईश्वरः । काशी-क्षेत्रस्थे आङ्गिरसप्रतिष्ठिते शिवलिङ्गभेदे ।अङ्गिरस्वत् पु० अङ्गिरा अग्निः सहायत्वेन विद्यतेऽस्य मतुप्मस्य वः सान्तत्वात् न पदत्वम् । वायौ “यमाय त्वाङ्गिर-स्वते पितृमाते स्वाहेति” यजुः । “अङ्गिरोयुक्ताय वाता-येति” वेददीपः ।https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम्/

RV ix, 73

Sāyaṇa/Wilson translation (RV 9.73)

9.073.01 (The streams) of the dripping effused (Soma) sound together on the jaw (of the sacrifice), the Soma-juices flow together to the place of sacrifice. The powerful (Soma) has made the three exalted worlds for the use (of men and gods); the ships of the truthful (Soma) satisfy the pious worshipper. [On the jaw of the sacrifice: srave = the plank of the Soma press, adhis.avan.a phalaka, which is the jaw of the sacrifice; the ships: i.e., the four pots for the a_ditya, a_grayan.a, ukthya and dhruva libations.
9.073.02 The mighty (priests) assembled together send forth (the Soma) together; desirous (of heaven) they drive it to the wave of the river; generating praise they nourish the previous body of Indra with the streams of the exhilarating Soma.
9.073.03 (The rays of the Soma) having the means of purification sit round the voice (of the firmament), their ancient father protects their (light-giving) work; Soma the all-developer has overspread the mighty firmament (with them); the skilful (priests) are able to conduct (the Soma) to the all-sustaining (waters). [The voice of the firmament: va_cam = voice of the firmament (or middle world) residing in the Soma; 'Soma stand in the firmament; the King Soma sit among the gandharvas'' (somo vai ra_ja_ gandharves.va_si_t) (Aitareya Bra_hman.a). The voice of the firmament is thunder, and the rays of the Soma refer to the moon or the Soma juices identified with the rain].
9.073.04 (The Soma rays) in the firmament of a thousand streams (unite with the earth) below; in the summit of heaven, sweet-tongued, in separate drops, his rays, swiftly moving, never shut their eyes; fixed each in his place, they are the molesters (of sinners). [His rays: spas'ah = sa_rabhu_ta_ ras'mayah; or, spies; never shut their eyes: 'but always keep watch to know the evil and the good, or always keep on alert as kings to guard against enemies; fixed each in his place: 'in every place there are barriers strewn with snares (to keep off and catch the wicked or the ra_ks.asas), or, prisons filled with fetters].
9.073.05 (The rays) which were manifested in heaven and earth, illumined by the hymn (of praise), consuming the impious (sacrificers), drive away by their wisdom from earth and heaven the black-skinned (ra_ks.asas) hated by Indra.
9.073.06 (The rays) which regulating praise and purposing rapidity of action, were manifested from the ancient firmament, them the blind and deaf avoid; the wicked traverse not the path of truth. [The blind and deaf: i.e., spiritually blind and deaf, those who do not see good objects-- those who do not hear the praise of the gods].
9.073.07 The intelligent sages extol the voice (of the firmament) in the purifying extended (Soma) with its thousand streams; the Rudras are their servants, swift-moving, inviolable, revered, of goodly aspect, the beholders of men. [Their servants: spas'ah = va_ca_ vas'inah (obedient voices)].
9.073.08 (Soma) the protector of the sacrifice, the doer of good deeds cannot be resisted; he places in his heart the three purifiers; he the all-wise looks over all worlds; he censures those who are hostile in action, who sacrifice not. [He places in his heart: i.e., combines in himself; the three purifiers are agni, va_yu and the sun].
9.073.09 The threads of the sacrifice spread over the filter extends by its act to the tip of Varun.a's tongue; the wise approaching reached it;but he who is incompetent for the rite sinks (to hell) even in this world. [Varun.a's tongue: i.e., the vasati_vari_ waters, which are on the tip of Varun.a's tongue; the wise...reached it: 'it' refers to the tip of Varun.a's tongue; the wise reach it by their praises or oblations.
Griffith translation RV 9.73)
Soma Pavamana. 73
1. THEY from the spouting drop have sounded at the rim: naves speed together to the place of sacrifice.
That Asura hath formed, to seize, three lofty heights. The ships of truth have borne the pious man across.
2 The strong Steers, gathering, have duly stirred themselvesand, over the streams' wave the friends sent forth the song.
Engendering the hymn, with flowing streams of meath, Indras' dear body have they caused to wax in strength.
3 With sanctifying gear they sit around the song: their ancient Father guards their holy work from harm.
Varuna hath overspread the mighty sea of air. Sages had power to hold him in sustaining floods.
4 Sweettongued-, exhaustless, they have sent their voices down togetlier, in heavens' vault that pours a thousand streams.
His wildlyrestless- warders never close an eye: in every place are found the bonds that bind man last.
5 Over Sire and Mother they have roared in unison bright with the verse of praise, burning up riteless men,
Blowing away with supernatural might from earth and from the heavens the swarthy skin which Indra hates.
6 Those which, as guides of song and counsellors of speed, were manifested from their ancient dwelling place,
From these the eyeless and the deaf have turned aside: the wicked travel not the pathway of the Law.
7 What time the filter with a thousand streams is stretched, the thoughtful sages purify their song therein. Brightcoloured- are their spies, vigorous, void of guile, excellent, fair to see, beholders of mankind.
8 Guardian of Law, most wise, he may not be deceived: three Purifiers hath he set within his heart.
With wisdom he beholds all creatures that exist: he drives into the pit the hated riteliess ones.
9 The thread of sacrifice spun in the cleansing sieve, on Varunas' tonguetip-, by supernatural might,
This, by their striving, have the prudent ones attained: he who hath not this power shall sink into the pit.

ध्म mfn. blowing , a blower (cf. तूण- , शङ्क-).
ध्मा or धम् cl.1 P. ध्/अमति (A1. °ते Up. MBh. ; p. ध्मान्तस् = धमन्तस् BhP. x , 12 , 7 ; perf. दध्मौ ,3. pl. A1. °मिरेMBh. ; aor. अध्मासीत् Ka1v. ; Prec. ध्मायात् or ध्मेयात् Gr. ; fut. धमिष्यति MBh. ; ध्मास्यति,ध्माता Gr. ; ind.p. -ध्म्/आय Br. ) to blow (either intrans. as wind [applied also to the bubbling सोम RV. ix , 73] or trans. as, to blow a conch-shell or any wind instrument) RV. &c ; to blow into (loc.) MBh. l , 813  ; to breathe out , exhale RV. ii , 34 , 1 MBh. xiv , 1732  ; to kindle a fire by blowing RV. ii , 24 , 7 MBh. ii , 2483  ; to melt or manufacture (metal) by blowing RV. &c  ; to blow or cast away MBh. v , 7209 : Pass. धम्यते , ep. also °ति , ध्माय्/अते , °ति ( S3Br. MBh. ) to be blown&c : Caus. ध्मापयति MBh. (aor. अदिध्मपत् Gr. ; Pass. ध्माप्यते MBh. ) to cause to blow or melt  ; to consume by fire , reduce to cinder MBh. Sus3r. : Desid. दिध्नासति Gr.:
Intens. देध्मीयते Pa1n2. 7-4 , 31  ;  दाध्मायते , p. °यमान being violently blown (conch-shell) BhP. i , 11 , 2. [cf. Slav. dumo " smoke "]; m. (?) blowing. (Monier-Williams)   ध्मा   dhmā ध्मा 1 P. (धमति, ध्मात; Caus. ध्मापयति) 1 To blow, breathe out, exhale. -2 To blow (as a wind-instru- ment), produce sound by blowing; शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान् Bg.1.12,18; R.7.63; Bk.3.34;17.7. -3 To blow a fire, excite fire by blowing, excite sparks; को धमेच्छान्तं च पावकम् Mb. -4 To manufacture by blowing. -5 To cast, blow, or throw away.(Apte)

ध्माकारः   dhmākārḥ ध्माकारः A blacksmith, smith.(Apte)

ध्मात mfn. blown , blown up or into RV. &c; inflamed , excited;n. a partic. wrong pronunciation of vowels (पतञ्जलि)(Monier-Williams) ध्मात   dhmāta ध्मात p. p. [ध्मा-क्त] 1 Blown (as a wind-instrument). ध्माता गिरेर्धातवः Bh. -2 Blown up or into, inflamed, blown, fanned, excited. -3 Inflated, puffed, puffed up.(Apte)

ध्मातृ m. a blower , smelter or melter (of metal) RV. v , 9 , 5; n. a contrivance for blowing or melting ib.
ध्मान n. blowing , puffing , swelling Sus3r. (Monier-Williams)  ध्मानम्   dhmānam ध्मानम् Blowing. (Apte)
ध्मापन (Caus. of √ धम्) n. the act of reducing to (powder , &c ) or any contrivance for it Car. (Monier-Williams) ध्मापनम्   dhmāpanam ध्मापनम् Inflating, swelling by blowing into.(Apte)
ध्मा° पित mfn. reduced to ashes , burnt to a cinder (क्षौम) Sus3r. (Monier-Williams) ध्मापित   dhmāpita ध्मापित a. Reduced to ashes, burnt to cinder.(Apte)
ध्मायत् mf(अन्ती)n. being blown , being melted &c

The following are excerps from https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम्
https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki//शब्दकल्पद्रुमः on the expressions including the sememes: मकर, धमm ध्मा:

मकर पुंस्त्री० मं विषं किरति कॄ--अच् । १ जलजन्तुभेदेअमरः स्त्रियां जातित्वात् ङीष् । स च गङ्गावाहनंकामस्य ध्वजश्च । मकराकरत्वात् २ मेषादितो दशमेराशौ । तद्राशिश्च उत्तराषाढाशेषपादययसहितं श्रवणंधनिष्ठार्द्धञ्चेति नवपादात्मकः । तद्राशिस्वरूपादिकंनी० ता० उक्तं यथा “मृगश्चरः क्ष्माऽर्द्धरवो यमाशास्त्री पिङ्गरूक्षः शुभभूमिशीतः । स्वल्पप्रजासङ्गसमीर-रात्रिरादौ चतुष्पात् विषमोदयो विट् । मकि--घञ्पृषो० मकं भूषणं राति ददाति रा--क । ३ निधिभेदेनिधिशब्दे ४६८ पृ० दृश्यम् ।

मकरकुण्डल पु० मकराकृति कुण्डलं कर्णभूषणम् । मकराकारे कर्णभूषणे ।

मकरकेतन पु० मकरः मकरचिह्नितं केतनं ध्वजो यस्य ।कन्दर्पे हेमच० मकरकेत्वादयोऽप्यत्र ।

मकरध्वज पु० मकरो ध्वजोऽस्य । कामदेवे अमरः ।

धम त्रि० धम--ध्माने अच् । १ शब्दकर्त्तरि २ अग्निसंयोगकर्त्तरि च ।धमक त्रि० ध्मा--क्वुन् धमादेशश्च । ध्मानकरे उज्ज्वल० ।

धमधम पु० धम + प्रकारे द्वित्वम् । पार्वत्याः क्रोधसंभूते कुमा-रानुचरगणभेदे । “उल्कामाली धमधमो ज्वालाजिह्वःप्रमर्द्दनः” हरिवं० १६८ अ० । कुमारामुचरमातृभेदे स्त्री“ख्याता दहदहा चैव तथा धमधमा नृप!” भा० श० ४७ अ० ।

धमन त्रि० धम--ध्माने सौ० युच् । १ भस्त्राध्मायके २ क्रूरे चमेदि० ३ नले तृणभेदे अमरः ।धमनि(नी) स्त्री धम--सौ० करणे अनि वा ङीप् ।नाड़ीभेदे सिराभेदे । २ हट्टविलासिन्याम् अमरः ।३ हरिद्रायां ४ ग्रीवायाम् हेमच० ५ पृश्निपर्ण्यां राजनि० ।६ नाड़िकायां शाकभेदे भावप्र० । ७ वाक्ये निरु० । सुश्रुतेधमनीभेदकार्य्यादिकमुक्तं तच्च कायशब्दे १९१६ पृष्ठादौदृश्यम् । ततः सिध्मा० लच् । धमनील तद्युक्ते त्रि० ।

ध्मा अग्निसंयुतौ दीर्घश्वासहेतुके शब्दभेदे अक० तादृशशब्देनवादने सक०भ्वा० पर० अनिट् । धमति अध्मासीत् । दध्मौध्मातः । ध्मापयति “मुखेनैव धमेदग्निं मुखादग्निःप्रजायते” सस्कारतत्त्वम् “शङ्खान् दध्मुः पृथक् पृथक्”गीता । ध्मायते । अध्मायि । “दह्यन्ते ध्मायमानानांधातूनां हि यथा मलाः” मनुः । “वाष्वग्निभ्यां यथालौहं ध्मातं त्यजति वै मलम्” भाग० ३ । २८ । ४० ।आ--स्फीततायाम् आध्मानशब्दे दृश्यम् ।

ध्माकार पु० ध्मा--इत्यव्यक्रशब्दस्य कारः । १ (ध्मा) इति शब्दकरणे । कृ--कर्त्तरि अण् । २ लोहकारके पु० नैघण्टुप्र०

ध्मा(ध्वा)क्ष आकाङ्क्षे सक० धोररवे अक० भ्वा० पर० सेट्इदित् । ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षति । अध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षीत् । दध्मा-(ध्वा)ङ्क्ष । पा० मते वोपधः ।

ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्ष पुंस्त्री ध्मा(ध्वा)क्षि--अच् । १ काके २ मत्स्यभक्षकेपक्षिभेदे अमरः । ३ भिक्षुके ४ तक्षके च मेदि० ५ कक्कोलि-कायां स्त्री गौ० ङीष् ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षजङ्घा ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षस्येव जङ्घा अस्याः । काकज-ङ्घायाम् राजनि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षजम्बु स्त्री ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षप्रिया जम्बुः । काकजम्ब्वां राजनि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षतुण्डी ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षस्येव तुण्डमस्याः ङीष् ।काकनासालतायां राजनि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षदन्ती स्त्री ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षस्येव दन्ता अवयवोऽस्याःङीष् । काकतुण्डीलतायां राजनि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षनखी स्त्री ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षस्येव नखा अस्या ङीष् ।कतुण्ड्यां राजनि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षनाम्नी स्त्री ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षं नामयति प्रियत्वात्नामि बा० मति । काकोदम्बरिकायां राजनि० ।

ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षनाशिनी स्त्री ६ त० । हपुषायां भावप्र०ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षनासा स्त्री ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षस्येव नासा यस्याः ।काकनासिकायाम् राजनि० । वा कप् अत इत्त्वम् ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षनासिकाऽपि तत्रार्थे ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षपुष्ट त्रि० ३ त० । कोकिले हारा० स्त्रियां जातित्वात् ङीष् ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षमाची ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षमचते मच--अण् काकमा-चीवत् साध्यम् । काकमाच्यां राजनि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षवल्ली स्त्री तन्नामा वल्ली । काकनासायाम् राजनि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षादनी स्त्री काकादनीवत् साध्यम् । काकतुण्ड्यांराजनि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षाराति पु० ६ त० । पेचके हारा० । तदरिप्रभृतयोऽपि तत्रार्थे ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षी स्त्री जातौ ङीष् । १ काक्यां २ काकोलिकायांच मेदि० ।ध्मा(ध्वा)ङ्क्षोली स्त्री काकोलीवत् साध्यम् । काकोल्यां राजनि० ।ध्मात त्रि० ध्मा--क्त । १ संधुक्षिते श्वासभूयिष्ठतया दीर्घभावेन२ लक्ष्यमाणे वर्णे च । ३ शब्दिते ४ वादिते च ।ध्मापन न० ध्मा--णिच् भावे ल्युट् । वृंहणे शब्दार्थचि० ।ध्मापित त्रि० धमापि--क्त । वृंहिते बहुलीकृते शब्दार्थचि० ।

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम्

मकरः, पुं, (कृणातीति । क हिसांयाम् । क +अच् । ततः मनुष्याणां करः हिंसकः । यद्वा,मुखं किरतीति । मुख + कॄ + कः । उभयत्रापिपृषोदरादित्वात् साधुः । इति अमरटीकायांरघुनाथचक्रवर्त्ती ।) जलजन्तुविशेषः इत्यमरः ।१ । १० । २० ॥ (पादिनां गणान्तर्गतो जल-जन्तुविशेषः ।“कुम्भीरकूर्म्मनक्राश्च गोधामकरशङ्कवः ।घण्टिकः शिशुमारश्चेत्यादयः पादिनः स्मृताः ॥”इति भावप्रकाशस्य पूर्व्वखण्डे द्वितीये भागे ।यथास्य गुणाः ।“मत्स्यानां मकरः श्रेष्ठो दीपनो वातनाशनः ।रुचिप्रदः शुक्रकरो ग्राही चोष्णविकारहा ।मूत्राश्मरीणां शमनो गुल्मातीसारनाशनः ॥”इति हारीते प्रथमस्थान एकादशेऽध्याये ॥)मकर इति गङ्गाया वाहनत्वेन ख्यातः । इतिसारसुन्दरी । यथा । सितमकरनिषण्णां शुभ्र-वर्णां त्रिनेत्रामित्यादि स्मृत्युक्तगङ्गाध्यानम् ॥स च कामदेवस्य ध्वजचिह्नम् । मकरध्वजइत्यमरकोषदर्शनात् । मेषादिद्वादशराश्यन्त-र्गतो दशमराशिः । तत्पर्य्यायः । आकोकेरः २ ।अस्य अधिष्ठातृदेवता मृगास्यमकरः । उत्त-राषाढायाः शेषपादत्रयं श्रवणासमुदायःधनिष्ठायाः पूर्ब्बार्द्धं एतन्नवपादेन भवति । स चपृष्ठोदयः भूमिराशिः अर्द्धशब्दकरः दक्षिण-दिक्स्वामी पिङ्गलवर्णः रूक्षः भूमिचारीशीतलस्वभावः अल्पसन्तानः अल्पस्त्रीसङ्गःवातप्रकृतिः वैश्यवर्णः श्लथाङ्गश्च । अत्र जातस्यफलम् । सदानन्दः । पितृमातृभक्तः श्रवणा-मकरजातश्चेत् बहुविवाहः । इति जातका-दयः ॥ अथ, रवियुक्तमकरजातफलम् ।“सदाटनो मित्रगणो विपक्षतांप्रयाति नूनं धनवर्ज्जितः स्यात् ।यद्युष्णरश्मिर्मकरोपगः स्यात्प्रसूतिकाले स तु भाग्यहीनः ॥”अथ चन्द्रयुक्तमकरजातफलम् ।“कलितशीतभयः किल गीतवित्-तमरुषा सहितो मदनातुरः ।निजकुलोत्तमवृत्तिकरः परंहिमकरे मकरे पुरुषो भवेत् ॥”अथ मङ्गलयुक्तमकरजातफलम् ।“पराक्रमप्राप्तवरः प्रतिष्ठःसदङ्गनाप्राप्तिवराङ्गनः स्यात् ।श्रिया समेतो मकरे महीजेप्रसूतिकाले कुलपालकश्च ॥”अथ बुधग्रहस्थितमकरजातफलम् ।“रिपुभयेन युतः कुमतिर्नरःस्मरविहीननरः परकर्म्मठः ।मकरगे सति शीतकरात्मजेव्यसनतः स नतः पुरुषो भवेत् ॥”अथ गुर्व्वाश्रितमकरजातफलम् ।“न मनोरथसिद्धिमुपैति नरोवचसामधिपे मकरोपगते ।भवयुक् कुमतिः परकर्म्मरतोबहुतोषयुतो मदनापहतः ॥”अथ शुक्राश्रितमकरजातफलम् ।“अतिरतिर्जनने त्वजनने नृणांव्ययभयं कृशता बहुचिन्तया ।भृगुसुते मृगराशिगते सदाकविजने विजनेऽपि मतिर्भवेत् ॥”अथ शनिग्रहस्थितमकरजातफलम् ।“मकरोपगतः खलु भानुमुतःकृपया सहितो नृपमानयुतः ।वरगन्धविभूषणभूषितगात्र-स्तरुणीरमणः पङ्कजनेत्रः ॥”इति कोष्ठीप्रदीपः ॥(व्यूहभेदः । यथा, कामन्दकीये नीतिसा रे ।१८ । ४८ ।“यायाद्व्यूहेन महता मकरेण पुरो भये ॥”)मकरकुण्डलं, क्ली, (कुण्डलम् मकर इवेत्युप-मितसमासः ।) मकराकृतिकर्णभूषणम् । यथा,“वनमालानिवीताङ्गो लसच्छ्रीवत्सकौस्तुभः ।महाकिरीटकटकः स्फुरन्मकरकुण्डलः ॥”इति श्रीभागवते ६ स्कन्धे ४ अध्यायः ३७ श्लोकः ॥स्फुरती मकरकुण्डले यस्य सः । इति तट्टी-कायां श्रीधरस्वामी ॥ मकरकेतनः, पुं, (मकरेण चिह्नितं केतनं ध्वजोयस्य ।) कन्दर्पः । इति मीनकेतनशब्दटीकायांभरतेन सङ्केतितम् ॥मकरध्वजः, पुं, (मकरेण चिह्नितो ध्वजो यस्य ।)कामदेवः । इत्यमरः । १ । १ । २७ ॥ (यथा,माधे । ३ । ६१ ।“शरीरिणा जैत्रशरेण यत्रनिशङ्कमूषे मकरध्वजेन ॥”)रससिन्दूरविशेषः । तस्य नामान्तरं चन्द्रो-दयः । तस्य करणप्रकारो यथा, --“पलं मृदु स्वर्णदलं रसेन्द्रंपलाष्टकं षोडशगन्धकस्य ।शोणैः सुकार्पासभवप्रसूनैःसर्व्वं विमर्द्द्याथ कुमारिकाद्भिः ॥तत् काचकुम्भे निहितं सुगाढेमृत्कर्पटैस्तद्दिवसत्रयञ्च ।पचेत् क्रमाग्नौ सिकताख्ययन्त्रेततो रजः पल्लवरागरम्यम् ॥निगृह्य चैतस्य पलं पलानिचत्वारि कर्पूररजस्तथैव ।जातीफलं सोषणमिन्द्रपुष्पंकस्तूरिकाया इह शाण एकः ॥चन्द्रोदयोऽयं कथितोऽस्य माषोभुक्तोऽहिबल्लीदलमध्यवर्त्ती ॥”अस्य गुणाः ।“मदोन्मदानां प्रमदाशतानांगर्व्वाधिकत्वं श्लथयत्यकाण्डे ।शृतं घनीभूतमतीव दुग्धंमृदूनि मांसानि समण्डकानि ।मांसानि मिष्टानि भवन्ति पथ्य-मानन्ददायीन्यपराणि चात्र ॥”बलीपलितनाशनस्तनुभृतां वयस्तम्भनःसमस्तगदखण्डनः प्रचुरयोगपञ्चाननः ।गृहेषु रसराडयं भवति यस्य चन्द्रोदयःस पञ्चशरदर्पितो मृगदृशां भवेद्वल्लभः ॥”इन्द्रपुष्पं लवङ्गम् । उक्तपरिमाणलक्षणमुप-लक्षणम् । दाक्षिणात्याः शोणकार्पासपुष्पद्रव-मेव गृह्णन्ति । पाश्चात्याः निर्वृन्ततत्पुष्पेणैवयावदार्द्रत्वं मर्द्दयन्ति । उभयथैव निष्पत्तेरदोषः ।तथैवेति सर्व्वत्रान्वयः । * । शास्त्रान्तराद्बिशेषोलिख्यते ।“रतिकाले रतान्ते च पुनः सेव्यो रसोत्तमः ।स्थावरं जङ्गमविषं जङ्गमं विषवारि वा ।न विकाराय भवति साधकेन्द्रस्य वत्सरान् ॥मृत्युञ्जयो यथाभ्यासात् मृत्युं जयति देहिनः ।तथाय साधकेन्द्रस्य जरामरणनाशनः ॥”शास्त्रान्तरे मकरद्धजो नाम । इति चन्द्रोदयः ।इति रसेन्द्रचिन्तामणिः ॥

धम, ध्माने । ध्वाने । इति कविकल्पद्रुमः ॥ (भ्वां-परं-अकं-सेट् ।) धमति । सौत्रधातुरयम् ।इति दुर्गादासः ॥धमः, त्रि, (धमतीति । धम + अच् ।) अग्नि-संयोगकर्त्ता । शब्दकर्त्ता । इति धमधातोःपचादित्वादन्प्रत्ययेन साध्यः ॥धमकः, पुं, (धमतीति । ध्मा शब्दाग्निसंयोगयोः +“घ्मो धम च ।” उणां २ । ३५ । इति क्वुन्धमादेशश्च ।) कर्म्मकारः । इत्युणादिकोषः ॥धमनः, पुं, (धम्यतेऽग्निरनेनेति । धम + करणेल्युट् ।) नलः । इत्यमरः । २ । ४ । १६२ ॥(अस्य पर्य्यायो यथा, --“नलः पोटगलः शून्यमध्यश्च धमनस्तथा ॥”इति भावप्रकाशस्य पूर्ब्बखण्डे प्रथमे भागे ॥धमतीति । धम + ल्युः ।) भस्त्राध्मापके क्रूरेच त्रि । इति मेदिनी । ने, ७८ ॥धमनिः, स्त्री, (धम्यते इति । धम + “अर्त्ति-शृधृधमीति ।” उणां २ । १०३ । इति अनिः ।)धमनी । इति शब्दरत्नावली ॥ (यथा, अथ-वेदे । ६ । ९० । २ ।“यास्ते शतं धमनयोऽङ्गान्यनु विष्ठिताः ॥”प्रह्रादभ्रातुर्ह्रादस्य त्नी । सा तु वातापे-ल्वलस्य च जननी । यथा, भागवते । ६ ।१८ । १५ ।“ह्रादस्य धमनिर्भार्य्यासूत वातापिरिल्वलम् ॥”धमतिर्गतिकर्म्मा । गत्यर्था बुद्ध्यर्थाः । गम्यतेज्ञायतेऽर्थोऽनया । ज्ञायते वा विद्बद्भिः साध्व-साधुविभागेन । यद्वा, ‘धमति’ इति वधकर्म्म-स्वपि पठ्यते धमति हन्त्यनया शापाक्रोशादि-रूपयेति । वाक् । शब्दः । इति निघण्टुः ।१ । ११ ॥ यथा, ऋग्वेदे । २ । ११ । ८ ।“दूरे पारे वाणीं वर्धयन्तइन्द्रेषितां धमनिं पप्रथन्नि ॥”)धमनी, स्त्री, (धमनि + वा ङीष् ।) नाडी ।(यथा, महाभारते । १२ । २१४ । १७ ।“दश विद्यात् धमन्योऽत्र पञ्चेन्द्रियगुणावहाः ।याभिः सूक्ष्माः प्रजायन्ते धमन्योऽन्याः सह-स्रशः ॥”यथा, --“ओजोवहाः शरीरे वा विधम्यन्ते समन्ततः ।येनौजसा वर्त्तयन्ति प्रीणिताः सर्व्वदेहिनः ॥यदृते सर्व्वभूतानां जीवितं नावतिष्ठते ।यत्सारमादौ गर्भस्य यौऽसौ गर्भरसाद्रसः ॥संवर्त्तमानं हृदयं समाविशति यत् पुरा ।यस्य नाशान्न नाशोऽस्ति धारि यद्धृदयाश्रितम् ॥यच्छरीरबलं देहः प्राणा यत्र प्रतिष्ठिताः ।तत्फला विविधा वाताः फलन्तीति महाफलाः ॥ध्मानाद्धमन्यः स्रवणात् स्रोतांसि सरणात्सिराः ॥”इति चरके सूत्रस्थाने त्रिंशेऽध्याये ॥“चतुर्व्विंशतिर्धमन्यो नाभिप्रभवा अभिहिताः ।तत्र केचिदाहुः सिरा धमनी स्रोतसामविभागःसिराषिकारा एव धमन्यः स्रोतांसि चेति ।तत्तु न सम्यक् । अन्या एव हि धमन्यः स्रोतांसिच सिराभ्यः कस्याद्ब्यञ्जनान्यत्वान्मूलसन्नियमात्कर्म्मवैशेष्यादागमाच्च केवलन्तु परस्परसन्नि-कर्षात् सदृशागमकर्म्मत्वात् सौक्ष्म्याच्च विभक्त-कर्म्मणामप्यविभाग इव कर्म्मसु भवति ॥तासान्तु नाभिप्रभवानां धमनीनामूर्द्ध्वगा दश-दश चाधोगामिन्यश्चतस्रस्तिर्य्यग्गाः । ऊर्द्ध्वगाःशब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धप्रश्वासोच्छ्वासजृम्भितक्षुद्ध-सितक्षुधितरुदितादीन्विशेषानभिवहन्त्यः शरीरंरयन्ति । तास्तु हृदयमभिप्रपन्नास्त्रिधाजायन्ते तास्त्रिंशत् । तासान्तु वातपित्तकफ-शोणितरसान् द्वे द्वे वहतस्ता दश शब्दरूपरस-गन्धानष्टाभिर्गृह्णीते । द्वाभ्यां भाषते च द्बाभ्यांघोषं करोति द्बाभ्यां स्वपिति द्वाभ्यां प्रतिबुध्यतेद्वे चाश्रुवाहिन्यौ । द्वे स्तन्यं स्त्रिया वहतःस्तनसंश्रिते । ते एव शुक्रं नरस्य स्तनाभ्यामभि-वहतः । तास्त्वेतास्त्रिंशत् सविभागा व्याख्याताएताभिरूर्द्ध्वं नामेरुदरपार्श्वपृष्ठोरःस्कन्धग्रीवा-बाहवो धार्य्यन्ते याप्यन्ते च ॥”“अधोगमास्तु वातमूत्रपुरीषशुक्रार्त्तवादीन्यधोवहन्ति । तास्तु पित्ताशयमभिप्रतिपन्नास्तत्रस्थ-मेवान्नपानरसं विपक्वमौष्ण्याद्विवेचयन्त्योऽभि-वहन्त्यः शरीरं तर्पयन्त्यर्पयन्ति चोर्द्ध्वगतानांतिर्य्यग्गतानां रसस्थानञ्चाभिपूरयन्ति मूत्रपुरीष-स्वेदांश्च विरेचयन्त्यामपक्वाशयान्तरे च त्रिधाजायन्ते तास्त्रिंशत् । तासान्तु वातपित्तकफ-शोणितरसान् द्बे द्वे वहतस्ता दश द्बे अन्न-वाहिन्यावन्त्राश्रिते तोयवहे द्बे मूत्रवस्तिमभि-प्रपन्ने मूत्रवहे द्वे शुक्रवहे द्बे शुक्रप्रादुर्भावायद्वे विसर्गाय ते एव रक्तमभिवहतो नारीणा-मार्त्तवसंज्ञम् । द्वेवर्च्चो निरसन्यौ स्थूलान्त्रप्रति-बद्धे । अष्टावन्यास्तिर्य्यग्गानां धमनीनां स्वेदमर्प-यन्ति । तास्त्वेतास्त्रिंशत् स विभागा व्याख्याताएताभिरधोनाभेः पक्वाशयकटीमूत्रपुरीषगुद-वस्तिमेढ्रसक्थीनि धार्य्यन्ते याप्यन्ते च ॥”“तिर्य्यग्गानान्तु चतसृणां धमनीनामेकैका शतधासहस्रधा चोत्तरोत्तरं विभन्वन्ते तास्त्वसंख्येया-स्ताभिरिदं शरीरं गवाक्षितं विबद्धमाततञ्च ।तासां मुखानि रोमकूपप्रतिबद्धानि यैः स्वेद-मभिवहन्ति रसञ्चापि सन्तर्पयन्त्यन्तर्बहिश्चतैरेव चाभ्यङ्गपरिषेकावगाहालेपनवीर्य्याण्यन्तःशरीरमभिप्रतिपद्यन्ते त्वचि विपक्वानि तैरेवस्पर्शसुखमसुखं वा गृह्णाति । तास्त्वेताश्चतस्रोधमन्यः सर्व्वाङ्गगताः सविभागा व्याख्याताः ॥”इति सुश्रुते शरीरस्थाने नवमेऽध्याये ॥ * ॥)हट्टविलासिनी । इत्यमरः ॥ हरिद्रा । ग्रीवा ।इति हेमचन्द्रः । ३ । २९५ ॥ पृश्निपर्णी । इतिराजनिर्घण्टः ॥ नलिका । इति भावप्रकाशः ॥

ध्मा, अग्नियुतौ । ध्वनौ । इति कविकल्पद्रुमः ॥(भ्वां-परं-सकं-अनिट् ।) युतिरिति वाहुल्यान्नदीर्घः । अग्नियुतिरग्निसंयोगः । ध्वनिः शब्दोत्-पत्तिहेतुभावः । धमति सुवर्णं बणिक् अग्नि-संयुक्तं करोतीत्यर्थः । धमति शङ्खं जनः सशब्दंकरोतीत्यथः । अग्निफुत्कृतौ च । मुखेनैव धमे-दग्निम् । इति दुर्गादासः ॥ध्माकारः, पुं, (ध्मा अग्निसंयोगस्तं करोतीति ।कृ + अण् ।) लोहकारकः । इति हलायुधः ॥ध्मामा, [न्] पुं, (ध्मा + “नामन्सोमन्निति ।”उणां ४ । १५० । इति मनिन्प्रत्ययेन निपा-तनात् साधुः । उज्ज्वलदत्तस्तु ध्यायतेर्मनिन्इत्युक्त्वा ध्यामन् इति शब्दमिच्छति ।) परि-माणम् । आलोकः । ध्यानम् । इति सिद्धान्त-कौमुद्यासुणादिवृत्तिः ॥

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki//शब्दकल्पद्रुमः

Makara on lentil from Sambor Prei Kuk temple, Kampong Thom City, Cambodia
A warrior in the jaw of makara in Kiradu temple, Rajasthan. Makara is human, karA 'crocodile' signifies khAr 'blacksmith'.

The artificer emerges out of the snout of the makara. Fragment in the shape of Asura rising up from the mouth of Makara water monster, carved sandstone, 10th-11th century CE. Quang Nam province, central Vietnam. Decoration exterior of roof corner of Cham temple.

Begram ivory. Artificer emerging out of the mouths of a pair of makara with fish-fins and feline paws. A youth, a boy emerges out of the pair of makara-s. koḍa 'boy' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln (a potter's, a lime kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a ceramic furnace; kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'; kundaṇa 'fine gold'. kundār 'turner, engraver, scribe' कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving; کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi).

https://tinyurl.com/yydlmsq2

A boy is shown riding the makara on two sculptural friezes, after he has emerged from the mouth of the composite animal.

A dwarf, kharva, of the gaṇa, with headband fighting a Makara. Torana of Stupa 3 in Sanchi.

Hero dwarf, kharva, of the gaṇa,with headband wrestling a Makara. Stupa 3 front architrave bottom panel right post.jpg

Makara and Kirtimukha protecting portal of Chennakesava Temple at Belur, India

Kirtimukha PLUS makara: Lakkundi, Lokki Gundi, Gadag Kāśī viśvanātha temple.

Makara Thoranam above the door of the to Garbhagriha of Chennakesava Temple at Belur. Two makaras are shown on either end of the arch.

Makara dhvaja fuses into kīrtimukha, 'glorious face', kola 'feline' rebuskolhe ‘smelter’, kol ‘working in iron’ panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja ‘kiln, furnace’ PLUS phaḍa 'cobra hood' to signify rebus phaḍa 'metals manufactory'.

Kāla-Makara, a Kirtimukha of 9th century Javanese SailendraBorobudur portal, Indonesia

The makara sculptures which fuses with kola 'feline' rebus kol 'iron working' PLUS phaḍa 'cobra hood' to signify rebus phaḍa 'metals manufactory' adorn many temples is a hieroglyph multiplex of elephant, crocodile, fish, feline, cobra hood: ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron'; makara'composite crocodile + fish fin' rebus dhmakara 'forge-blower' dhamaka'blacksmith' karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri); aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'alloy metal' ( R̥gveda). It is a hieroglyphic celebration of metalwork as the exemplar of creativity which is the quintessence of the temple-smithy: kole.l puccha 'fish tail' Rebus: puja'worship'. xolā 'tail' Rebus: kole.l 'smithy, temple' kol 'working in iron'kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

Makara. Bantey Srei.

Flip horizontal

Lintel. Provenance: Cambodia, Kompong Thom Province, Sambor Prei Kuk S7. Style of Sambor Prei Kuk. 1st half of the 7th century.Detail showing the edge of the lintel and a Marut, god of the storm and wind. Guimet Museum, Paris.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_897_03.jpg On this sculptural frieze, kīrtimukha kola 'feline' panja 'feline paw' rebus panja'kiln, furnace' get embellished with phaḍa 'cobra hood' to signify rebusphaḍa 'metals manufactory'. Thus, both smelters and metal manufactories are signified in the sculptural hypertext.

An expression of this hypertext is seen on Gardez Gaṇeśa Mūrti. See:

Broad strap antarīya on Gardez Gaṇeśa Mūrti is Indus Script hypertext to signify metals manufactory of Sarasvati Civilization https://tinyurl.com/y8dyvjv8

A tiger ligatured with cobra hoods signified on the broad strap worn by Gardez Gaṇeśa Mūrti. kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith' PLUS phaḍa 'cobra hood' rebus: phaḍa 'metals manufactory' PLUS paṭṭaḷe 'broad strap around the waist' rebus: phaḍa 'metals manufactory' paṭṭaḍe 'metals worshop, smithy, forge'

Makara disgorging a lion-like creature on corner of a lintel on one of the towers) surrounding the central pyramid at Bakong, Roluos, Cambodia. On this frieze, the artisan who emerges has the features of a tiger. This signifies kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'. This is also kīrtimukha, a tradition traceable to the artifacts of masks or feline figurines of Sarasvati (Indus) Civilization.

Image result for jarrige elephant buffalo tiger sculpture

Une tête d'éléphant en terre cuite de Nausharo (Pakistan) In: Arts asiatiques. Tome 47, 1992. pp. 132-136. Jarrige Catherine

http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arasi_0004-3958_1992_num_47_1_1330

Tiger or leopard figurine with incised facial features, including punctated dots on the face that could be whisker marks. This figurine depicts a normal feline without horns or human face and therefore probably represents the actual wild animal. Hand formed with applique eyes.

Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 5.7 cm height, 11.9 cm length, 4.5 cm width
Harappa, Lot 59-17
Harappa Museum, H87-339
Dales and Kenoyer 1990: fig. 62.3, Dales and Kenoyer 1991: fig. 13.14, 1

https://www.harappa.com/slide/tiger-figurine

Makara Disgorging a Warrior

A makara disgorging human figures, frequently a warrior, is a recurring theme in the history of Cham art. An early example cornes from the reredos of the Dông Du'o'ng temple (Boisselier 1963 a : Fig. 56). We find it here some two centuries later, where the makara head accentuates the pointed and spiky features, with a row of sharp teeth continued by a row of similarly shaped foliage decorations. The makara 's elephantine nose has been made into a towering curved spike that exactly mimics the animal's huge fangs. The drapery of the garment and the pointed headgear of the warrior brandishing a weapon, place the composition in the Thu Thiên group of the Chành Lô style. Some Remarkable Cham sculptures in American Museums" Natasha Eilenberg, Robert L. Brown Article de "La Lettre de la SACHA" n°6, décember 1999, page 10. http://www.sacha-champa.org/g/en/photo.php?cat=6&subcat=5&topic_id=25 Architectural decoration. Late XIth early XIIth century Chành Lô style, Thu Thiên group. Sandstone. H. 86.4 cm. Norton Simon Art Foundation, Pasadena, CA, M1977. 20 a. S.

Cham god Nāga emerging from mouth of Makara at the National Museum of Vietnamese History. A decorative theme that originated in Java, and from there emanated to other parts of Greater India, is that of the makara sea monster disgorging some other being.

Hoysaleswara Temple wall carved with sculpture of Makara mythical animal carrying lord Varuṇa god of rain and seafarers.

This is Temple wall carved with sculpture of Makara mythical animal carrying lord Varuna god of rain. This carving is in Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu, Karnataka, India which was built in 12th Century by Hoysala Empire. Disgorged from the mouth of makara is a smith, artisan. makara = elephant + tiger + crocodile Rebus reading: karabha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' + kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron', kolhe 'smelter' + karāvu 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'. Thus makara composite signifies a metalworker. Vāhana of the sacred Himalayan river Ganga 2) as the vāhana of Varuṇa, divinity of maritime activities of seafaring merchants, divinity of the oceans, of rain and 3) as a flag of Kāma?

See: Makara dhvaja is an Indus Script hypertext to signify puruṣārtha, human effort ttps://tinyurl.com/ydbsod8e

Ganga-Yamuna. National Museum. New Delhi. Gupta period. Sarasvati is shown atop a lotus on Ellora Cave 16 temple of River Goddesses. Ganga has makara vāhana and Yamuna has kūrma vāhana. kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, Ganga river basin shows smelters; Yamuna river basin shows mints of guilds of artisans and merchants.

Important cultural components of the early iron Naugarh kot suggest that large-scale iron bearing deposits, showing corded ware sherds, iron artefact, slag, smelting activities continued at these sites tuyere, stone and bone artefacts, painted and incised potsherds, for a long time. stone and terracotta beads. Period II, Malhar, Dist. Chandauli.
Highly corroded iron arrowhead, Period I, Dadupur, Dist. Lucknow.
Damaged circular clay furnace, comprising iron slag and tuyeres and other waste materials stuck with its body, exposed at lohsanwa mound, Period II, Malhar, Dist. Chandauli.
Iron artefacts, from the lower and middle levels of Period II, Malhar, Dist. Chandauli.
Iron artefacts, from the lower and middle levels of Period II, Raja Nala-ka-tila, Dist. Sonbhadra.
Map showing locations of the Early Iron Age sites in the Central Ganga Plain, the Eastern Vindhyas, and different regions of India. ca. 2nd m.BCE.

Ganga relief depicting the goddess atop her makara mount at Kelaniya Temple Sri Lanka.

Ganga on makara. Makara upholds a flaming torch, reinforcing the association with fire-altar, Soma SamsthA.

Photograph of the Hindu goddess Ganga, the deified Ganges River, atop her mount, the Makara, a mythical crocodile-like underwater creature (who often has an elephant-like trunk). Her left arm rests on a dwarf attendant's shoulder. In her right hand, she holds a kumbha, or pot of water. A small boy, or gana, symbolizing youthfulness and life, is shown engaging the makara. From Besnagar, Bhopal State (now part of Madhya Pradesh), India. Date of sculpture: Gupta Period India, 5th or 6th century CE. Photographer: Beglar, Joseph David. Date of photograph: 1875. Now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, United States.

Begram ivory, 2nd cent. BCE
http://museum.wa.gov.au/museums/perth/afghanistan-hidden-treasures/exhibition-highlights

Ganga on Makara. Dasavatara temple. Devgarh(देवगढ़) or old Deogarh is situated at the bank of Betwa river
http://puratattva.in/2011/08/09/devgarh-the-epitome-of-the-guptas-884
Next slide

Ma Ganga, standing on the makara (crocodile/dragon thing) that is her animal vehicle. The image is at least 8 feet tall, and is located on the facade of cave 21Ellora, Maharashtra.
http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/ElloraHindu2011/ellora3.html

Asian Art Museum of San Francisco: Ma Ganga on Makara

Ganga on Makara.5th cent. CE. Ajanta caves.

(Ảnh: makara Ấn Độ, nguồn: Courtesy: Robert Beer

Ganga on makara. Varuṇa on makara.Varuṇa on makara, Halebidu. Varuna on makara, Lakkundi, Lokki Gundi, Gadag. Association of makara with waters and seafaring is consistent with the metaphor of makara as human effort to acquire wealth by the artisanal work of dhmakara 'forge-blower' dhamaka 'blacksmith' and of Meluhha seafaring merchants.

Aihole. Durga Temple. karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba,ib 'iron'. The paws of makara are feline. panja 'feline paws' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'.

Varuna on his mount Makara, 1675-1700 Painted in: India, Rajasthan, Bundi, placed in LACMAmuseum

Varuna with Varunani. Statue carved out of basalt, dates back to 8th century CE, discovered in Karnataka. On display at the Prince of Wales museum, Mumbai.

You at your birth are Varuna, O Agni.
When you are kindled, you are Mitra.
In you, O son of strength, all gods are centered.
You are Indra to the mortal who brings oblation.
You are Aryaman, when you are regarded as having
the mysterious names of maidens, O Self-sustainer.
— Rigveda 5.3.1-2, Translator: Hermann Oldenberg

Varuna and Mitra are the gods of the societal affairs including the oath, and are often twinned Mitra-Varuna. (Hermann Oldenberg (1988). The Religion of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 95–98., p.51) Both Mitra and Varuna are classified as Asuras in the Rigveda (e.g. RV 5.63.3), although they are also addressed as Devas as well (e.g. RV 7.60.12). Varuna, being the king of the Asuras, was adopted or made the change to a Deva after the structuring of the primordial cosmos, imposed by Indra after he defeats Vrtra. ( F. B. J. Kuiper (1975), The Basic Concept of Vedic Religion, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Nov., 1975), pp. 107-120) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna.

Monument/Object: sculpture
Current Location: Indian Museum, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Subject: Varuna, on makara
Material: copper alloy; gold
Scan Number: 5675
Copyright: Huntington, John C. and Susan L.
Image Source: Huntington Archive

Location: Aihole, Bagalkot Dt., Karnataka, India
Site: Aihole
Monument/Object: sculpture
Current Location: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (CSMVS, formerly Prince of Wales Museum), Mumbai, Maharastra, India
Subject: Varuna and consort
Photo Depicts: front
Period: Calukya, Early Western
Date: ca. 8th - 9th century CE
Religious Affiliation: Hindu
Material: stone, gray
Scan Number: 6749
Photo Date: 1970
Copyright: Huntington, John C. and Susan L.
Image Source: Huntington Archive
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/images/huntington/HAfullsize/0001335_c.jpg

Kāmadeva with Rati, Flagpost with Makara as capitol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kama_Rati.jpg

“Makaradhvaja is a popular Kupipakwa Rasayana, prepared with the Swarna (gold), Parada (mercury) and Gandhaka (sulfur) in a specified ratio. It was first described by Rasendra Chintamani[1] by the name ofChandrodaya Rasa, although the word Makaradhvaja was first coined by Rasaratnakara. The term Makaradhvaja is composed of two words, i.e. Makara and Dhvaja. The term Makaradhvaja is also a synonymous of Kamadeva,[2] the God of beauty.” (Khedekar S, Patgiri BJ, Ravishankar B, Prajapati PK., 2011, Standard manufacturing process of Makaradhvaja prepared by Swarna Patra - Varkha and Bhasma. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):109-15.) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?

Temples dedicated to Makardhvaja can be found in India, especially in Gujarat, where Jethwas once ruled. Some noted temples in Gujarat are at

Odadar village near Porbandar.
Hanuman-Dandi at Bet Dwarka, where idols of Makardhvaja and Hanuman are worshiped together.^[7]
Chinchawan, Tq. Wadwani Wadwani, Dist.Beed (Maharashtra)
MP-GWALIOR-KARAHIYA

In Rajasthan, also there is temple known as

Balaji Makardhvaja Temple at Beawar, which is dedicated to both father-son duo in form of Balaji Hanuman and Makardhvaja." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makardhvaja.

Capricorn


Zodiac symbol	Fish–Goat Hybrid (Sea Goat)

"In Vedic Astrology Capricorn was associated with the Crocodile but modern astrologers consider Capricorn as Sea goat. Its symbol is based on the Sumerians' primordial god of wisdom and waters, Enki,with the head and upper body of a goat and the lower body and tail of a fish. Later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology, Enki was the god of intelligence (gestú, literally "ear"), creation, crafts; magic; water, seawater and lakewater (a, aba, ab)."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)

Suvannamaccha yields the association with gold, a material for wealth. Suvannamaccha, gold fish, macchanu fish (ayo, fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal') and makara dhvaja are all related to metalwork processes. Makaradhvaja in Rasayana, ancient alchemical traditionsis preparedwith svarna 'gold' parada (darada 'cinnabar', 'mercury') and gandhaka 'sulfur'.

This extraordinary links with metallurgy is what makes makara an extraordinary hieroglyph to signify wealth.

makara is the Meluhha mispronunciation or phonetic variant of the underlying word dhmakara 'bellows blower'. With its gaping mouth (like the trunk of an elephant), the composite animal signifying the iconographic rendering of the blowing bellows as the iron ore and other mineral ores get smelted. Ghariyal is a Gangetic crocodile. Crocodile is also a water-mammal of the seas and tanks.

Dhmakara as a composite animal is chosen to render rebus the wealth-accounting ledger entry in Indus Script cipher: ध्माकारः, धमकः 'blacksmith'; ध्मातृ 'bellowsblower, smelter (of metal)(RV V.9.5).

I submit that the choice is driven by an Indus Script cipheer rebus reading:
Hieroglyph makara -- (dh)makara-- rebus: ध्माकारः, धमकः 'blacksmith'; ध्मातृ 'bellowsblower, smelter (of metal)(RV V.9.5). This rca invokes Agni, comparing the divine to the bellows-blower using three cognate, semantically reinforcing expressions, dhmāta,dhamati,dhmātari.

Ganga on (dh)makara. Rebus: ध्माकारः, धमकः 'blacksmith'; ध्मातृ 'bellowsblower, smelter (of metal)(RV V.9.5) signifies a wealth-accounting ledger in Indus Script Cipher, resulting from iron ore smelting and related metalwork in a smithy, forge.

This choice of (dh)makara vāhana is made for Ganga river because, the river basin is replete with metalworkers, smiths, working with bellows, with iron ores. See: http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore

The hieroglyphs or metaphors which adorn the toraṇa and the temple precincts are a declaration of the smithy as temple for dharma-dhamma. The semantics of the temple architecture are a re-affirmation of the message of good work, of virtuous conduct, sanatana dharma-dhamma.

The hieroglyph multiplex of crocodile, elephant, tiger, fish is celebrated as mahākara, makara and makara toraṇa as a sculptural metaphor is explained in the context of veneration of Ganga as Ma Ganga, mother Ganga. This association of the Gavialis gangeticus – gharial with River Ganga is related to the life-activity of the people of the Gangetic plain as Bharatam Janam, metalcaster folk working with iron. This has been attested archaeologically by the discovery of iron smelters and iron work at Malhar, Raja-nal-ki-tila and Lohardiwa on the Ganga River basin.

See: http://archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/iron-ore

Map showing locations of the Early Iron Age sites in the Central Ganga Plain, the Eastern Vindhyas, and different regions of India.

Damaged circular clay furnace, comprising iron slag and tuyeres and other waste materials stuck with its body, exposed at lohsanwa mound, Period II, Malhar, Dist. Chandauli.

This correlation explains the veneration of Ma Ganga by Bharatam Janam which finds expression in the association of makara hieroglyph complex with the life-activities in Ganga River basin of the metalcasters.

Makara as a composite animal flows from the Indus Script pictographic narratives to signify wealth of a nation.

The following glyphics of m1431 prism tablet show the association between the tiger + person on tree glyphic set and crocile + 3 animal glyphic set.

Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.)कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali)

ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'. Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa 'rhimpceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.

Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

m0489A One side of a prism tablet shows: crocodile + fish glyphic on the top register. Glyphs: crocodile + fish Rebus: ayakāra ‘blacksmith’ (Pali)

One innovation in orthography to combine the animals shown in one file is to create a composite animal using distinctive parts of specific animals. This is well-illustrated by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale relating it to the concept of chimaera.

Image result for dennys frenez composite animal

In this composition, in a pictorial motif of a Mohenjo-daro seal, the composite animal is composed of horns of zebu, face of a human, trunk of elephant, forelegs of a bovine, hindlegs of a feline, body of a young bull, scarves on the shoulder, cobrahood as tail, cross-hatchings on the hiond thigh.

A comparable composition is achieved in the composition of makara. The body of a crocodile, fins of fish, trunk of elephant, forepaws of a feline, hindlegs of an elephant. An example of such a composition is seen on a Bharhut medallions.

click to open a full-size photo (2-7 MB)

Medallion. Bharhut. Joined animal parts: fish, fish-fin, elephant trunk & legs, crocodile (All the hieroglyphs signify metalwork catalogues; see discussions in this monograph). karNa 'ear' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' dala 'leaf' rebus: dhALa 'large ingot'. See: http://www.photodharma.net/Guests/Kawasaki-Bharhut/Bharhut.htm

Ligatured elephant + crocodile glyph on Bharhut sculpture. A joined animal is sangada. Rebus: sāngada 'double-canoe, seafaring vessel'. Hence, makara as sangada is the vAhana of Ganga which was a navigable waterway. Cargo were products out of khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage', made by karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith'; karibha 'elephant trunk' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'. Makara is the quintessential proclamation of the life-work of artisans of the Bronze Age revolution. These artisans created the Bharhut, Sanchi stupa and other temples as monuments, celebrating their life-activities signified by these metaphors, these Indus Script hie

Makara jhasa. medda 'ram' rebus: medha 'yajna' medhA 'dhanam'. med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) The curves tying up the central fish on śrivatsa glyph or making up the makara composition are cephalopod spirals to denote that the glyphs are maritime/riverine treaures sippi 'mollusc' rebus: sippi 'artificer'. The artificer works with metals: karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Makara Bharhut, c. 100 BC Indian Museum, Calcutta Something of the origin of the makara, or at least its early composition in India, can be seen here. The water beast, confined beneath a ledge with kneeling rams that represent the realm of land, is pictured here with the snout of a crocodile, the head and forequarters of an elephant, the body of a snake, and the fins and tail of a fish. http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/calcutta/cm13.html

The shell component of this motif may be read as: sippi 'mollusc' rebus: sippi 'artificer' Alternative: ha_ngi snail (K.); sa~_khi possessing or made of shells (B.); ho~gi pearl oyster shell, shell of any aquatic mollusc (K.); ha_ngi snail (K.)(CDIAL 12380). gongha = snail’s shell (Santali). Cf. conch (English). Cypraea moneta or a cowrie used as a coin. Rebus: kangar ‘portable furnace’ (K.) A possible depiction of a kaula mangra ‘blacksmith’ working with s’ankha ‘shell’ and and indicaton of jhasa ‘fish’; rebus: jasa ‘prosperity, fame’.

This hypertext of Amaravati sculptural panel shows a makara attached to a leoglyph. The rebus renderings are:

kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' PLUS makara 'artificer, double-canoe': karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' karibha 'trunk of elephant' rebus: karba 'iron'. Thus the hypertext signifies artificers,workers in iron and smithy and seafaring merchants..

https://www.tripadvisor.in/ShowUserReviews-g298085-d454979-r637550007-Da_Nang_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture-Da_Nang.html#photos;aggregationId=101&albumid=101&filter=7&ff=318760759
File:Makara head, 7th-8th century, Quang Nam - Museum of Cham Sculpture - Danang, Vietnam - DSC02013.JPG

Cham sculpture at the Museum of Cham Sculpture, Da Nang, Vietnam. This artwork is in the public domain because the artist died more than 70 years ago. Photography was permitted in the museum without restriction.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Makara_head,_7th-8th_century,_Quang_Nam_-_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture_-_Danang,_Vietnam_-_DSC02013.JPG

Plate XXXIX. End of coping. Bharhut Stupa

roglyphs as rebus metonymy (sculptural or orthographic metaphors of a writing system).

Makara with fish-tails and emergence of a smith, ivory-carver, artificer. Plaque from Casket V. Begram. Site 2, Chamber 10. Ivory. Inv. no.: MG 1901. Makara, eagle panel. Begram. Site 2, Chamber 13. Ivory. Inv. nos.: MA 209, 210.Musee Guimet. Th winged bird emerging out of the mouths of makara: eruvai 'eagle' rebus: eruvai 'copper'. The devatā of r̥ca RV 4.26.4-7 is śyena (suparṇātmā brahma) and of r̥ca RV 4.27.1-5 is śyena, 'falcon' aśani ‘thunderbolt’ cognate śyena ‘falcon’, sena ‘thunderbolt’. The semantics of aśani ‘thunderbolt’ leads to the expression āhangar ‘blacksmith’. (Pashto. Kashmiri).

Sanchi aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

Sanchi

Bharhut

Plate XXXVI. 10 Medallion Bharhut Stupa

Click the image to open in full size.

Makara. Bali. Penataran Sasih temple

Northern Qi dynasty, ca. 550 CE (Exhibitd at National Gallery of Victoriain Melbourne, Australia)

Makara with elephant trunk (Exhibited in Indian Museum, Kolkata)

Makara Bharhut, Thailand, Cambodia (Bakong, Roluos) sculptural friezes ca. 3rd cent. BCE. Makara = mahA kara (Great kara, 'crocodile')

The makara sculptures which adorn many temples is a hieroglyph multiplex of elephant, crocodile, fish: ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron'; mahākara, karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri); aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Rigveda). kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'. It is a hieroglyphic celebration of metalwork as the exemplar of creativity which is the quintessence of the temple-smithy: kole.l puccha 'fish tail' Rebus: puja 'worship'. xolā 'tail' Rebus: kole.l 'smithy, temple' kol 'working in iron' kolimi 'smithy, forge'. khambhaṛā 'fish-fin kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

Makara and merchant ship. Narrative on Borobodur sculptural frieze..

This is makara-dhvaja, fragment of the makara capital pillar (now in Allahabad Museum). Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh. C.2nd Century BCE Shunga Dimensions: 00105 (1), 00105 (2). NM-ALH-82159 Fragment of a makara capital. The animal is damaged, but was originally endowed with only two front legs. The snout is broken; the open mouth, filled with saw teeth, is bordered by ridged lips. The eyes are bulging and have thick curling eyebrows. The finlike ears are adorned with pendants, each consisting of four strands of beads held together by a rectangular plaque. The flat modeling of the curled tail, the top and side surfaces of which meet almost at right angles, are strongly reminiscent of Bharhut sculpture of the 2nd century B.C.E. The makara probably crowned a votive column (dhvaja stambha) before a temple or site sacred to Pradyumna, one of the Pancavr̥ṣṇi-s. An image of the same period has also been discovered at Besnagar, ancient Vidisa.

http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/antiquity_search.do?

"The animal is damaged, but was originally endowed with only two front legs. The snout is broken; the open mouth, filled with saw teeth, is bordered by ridged lips. The eyes are bulging and have thick curling eyebrows. The finlike ears are adorned with pendants, each consisting of four strands of beads held together by a rectangular plaque. The flat modeling of the curled tail, the top and side surfaces of which meet almost at right angles, are strongly reminiscent of Bharhut sculpture of the 2nd century B.C. The makara probably crowned a votive column (dhvaja stambha) before a temple or site sacred to Pradyumna, one of the Pancavrsnis. An image of the same period has also been discovered at Besnagar, ancient Vidisa."

http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/alh_ald-AM-SCL-59-3541

Besnagar. Makara dhvaja with makara.on capital of pillar.

These two pillars with hieroglyph hypertexts in Indus Script tradition, are two proclamations of services provided by artificers at the workshops of Besnagar.

Two pillars with capitals of Besnagar (ca. 2nd cent. BCE) signify two proclamations of services offered in the city workshop complex: ayo 'fish' rebus:" aya 'metal, iron' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint'; hence, ayo kammaTa 'iron mint' and kāraṇikā 'pericarp of lotus' rebus: karaṇī 'scribe, supercargo'. Supercargo is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.

Proclamation 1: kambha 'pillar' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' as a semantic determinative. Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236) kammaTa is also a Pali word with the same meaning, attested by Mahavams'a. Confirmation for this decipherment is provided by Mahaavams'a, XXV, 28, which uses an expression: ayo-kammata-dvAra, translated as "iron studded gate" (of a city), but more accurately should translate as: iron mint gate.

Proclamation 2: कर्णक kárṇaka, 'pericarp of lotus' karaṇī 'scribe, supercargo', kañi-āra 'helmsman'.

Makara. Da Nang Museum.
Sikhara of Jaina temple, Arana, Rajasthan.
Ganga-Yamuna. National Museum. New Delhi. Gupta period. Sarasvati is shown atop a lotus on Ellora Cave 16 temple of River Goddesses. Ganga has makara vAhana and Yamuna has kUrma vAhana. kamaTha 'turtle' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.
Plaque with a makara, or aquatic monster (EA1971.13) Ashmolean Museum
Stair stringer with makara-headed mythical creature Sikri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 2nd–3rd century CE Schist H. 7 5/16 x W. 10 1/4 x D. 1 3/4 in. (18.5 x 26 x 4.5 cm). Lahore Museum, G-218
Ganga Ma on her Makara. Charbangla temple (North), Baranagar, Dist. Murshidabad, West Bengal
Makara.

Makara Bharhut, Thailand, Cambodia (Bakong, Roluos) sculptural friezes ca. 3rd cent. BCE. Makara = mahA kara (Great kara, 'crocodile')

Makara on sculptures is useed on torana, gateways of monuments. On many ancient sculptural friezes, makara yields a creeper as a decorative ornament on the temple gateway.

Some see in a makara, body parts of six or seven animals such as the trunk of the elephant, jaws of thecrocodile, ears of the mouse or ape, extruding teeth of wild swine, the tail plume of the peacock and feet of the lion. Clough, B. (1997). Sinhalese English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. p. 163.

Hieroglyph: makara 'crocodile' rebus: mukura 'flower-bud'

Makara, Thap Mam, 13th century, Binh Dinh - Museum of Cham

Makara. Bantey Srei.

Rows of elephants, makara on the base of Chennakesava tempe, Beluru. karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron'.

Makara, ca. 14th cent.

Khajuraho. Makara, hieoglyph components: jaw of a crocodile, trunk of elephant, ears of lion, horns of ram, and tail of fish. Vahana of Ma Ganga.

Makara. Khajuraho.

makara kundala on Vithoba at Pandharpur Maharashtra

Makara at Nanpaya Temple, Bagan, Burma

Makara on lintel from Sambor Prei Kuk temple, Kampong Thom City, Cambodia

Makara from Northern Qi Dynasty (CE 550-577), China

Makara. Da Nang Museum.
Sikhara of Jaina temple, Arana, Rajasthan.
Makara on lentil from Sambor Prei Kuk temple, Kampong Thom City, Cambodia
A warrior in the jaw of makara in Kiradu temple, Rajasthan. Makara is human, karA 'crocodile' signifies khAr 'blacksmith'.
Plaque with a makara, or aquatic monster (EA1971.13) Ashmolean Museum
Stair stringer with makara-headed mythical creature Sikri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 2nd–3rd century CE Schist H. 7 5/16 x W. 10 1/4 x D. 1 3/4 in. (18.5 x 26 x 4.5 cm). Lahore Museum, G-218
Ganga Ma on her Makara. Charbangla temple (North), Baranagar, Dist. Murshidabad, West Bengal
Makara.

Makara Bharhut, Thailand, Cambodia (Bakong, Roluos) sculptural friezes ca. 3rd cent. BCE. Makara = mahA kara (Great kara, 'crocodile')

“Makaradhvaja is a popular Kupipakwa Rasayana, prepared with the Swarna (gold), Parada (mercury) and Gandhaka (sulfur) in a specified ratio. It was first described by Rasendra Chintamani[1] by the name ofChandrodaya Rasa, although the word Makaradhvaja was first coined by Rasaratnakara. The term Makaradhvaja is composed of two words, i.e. Makara and Dhvaja. The term Makaradhvaja is also a synonymous of Kamadeva,[2] the God of beauty.” (Khedekar S, Patgiri BJ, Ravishankar B, Prajapati PK., 2011, Standard manufacturing process of Makaradhvaja prepared by Swarna Patra - Varkha and Bhasma. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):109-15.) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?

Suvannamaccha yields the association with gold, a material for wealth. Suvannamaccha, gold fish, macchanu fish (ayo, fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal') and makara dhvaja are all related to metalwork processes. Makaradhvaja in Rasayana, ancient alchemical traditionsis preparedwith svarna 'gold' parada (darada 'cinnabar', 'mercury') and gandhaka 'sulfur'.

This extraordinary links with metallurgy is what makes makara an extraordinary hieroglyph to signify wealth.

Makara on sculptures is useed on torana, gateways of monuments. On many ancient sculptural friezes, makara yields a creeper as a decorative ornament on the temple gateway.

Some see in a makara, body parts of six or seven animals such as the trunk of the elephant, jaws of thecrocodile, ears of the mouse or ape, extruding teeth of wild swine, the tail plume of the peacock and feet of the lion. Clough, B. (1997). Sinhalese English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. p. 163.

Hieroglyph: makara 'crocodile' rebus: mukura 'flower-bud' Hence the lavi

Makara and Kirtimukha protecting portal of Chennakesava Temple at Belur, India

Makara Thoranam above the door of the to Garbhagriha of Chennakesava Temple at Belur. Two makaras are shown on either end of the arch.

Ganga relief depicting the goddess atop her makara mount at Kelaniya Temple Sri Lanka

:Makara, Thap Mam, 13th century, Binh Dinh - Museum of Cham

Makara. Bantey Srei.

Rows of elephants, makara on the base of Chennakesava tempe, Beluru. karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron'.

Makara, ca. 14th cent.

Khajuraho. Makara, hieoglyph components: jaw of a crocodile, trunk of elephant, ears of lion, horns of ram, and tail of fish. Vahana of Ma Ganga.

Makara. Khajuraho.

Karava Makara flag from Sri Lanka with elephant/fish head and peacock tail. Karava may be cognate kaurava of Mahabharata. Both makara and peacock are metalwork catalogues. karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' moraka 'peacock' morakkaka loha 'a form of copper'.

makara kundala on Vithoba at Pandharpur Maharashtra

Makara with peacock tail at Lakuddi near Gadag, Karnataka

Image result for Makara torana. Khajuraho

Makara torana. Khajuraho. Makara, hieoglyph components: jaw of a crocodile, trunk of elephant, ears of lion, horns of ram, and tail of fish. Vahana of Ma Ganga.

Makara at Nanpaya Temple, Bagan, Burma

Makara on lintel from Sambor Prei Kuk temple, Kampong Thom City, Cambodia

Makara from Northern Qi Dynasty (CE 550-577), China

Qi Dynasty. Glazed tile. 6th cent.

Glazed tile, Northern Qi dynasty, 6th century

Drawing of a silver model of a shrine from the Tianfen pagoda, 13th century http://www.artwis.com/articles/the-aeoefishdragonae%C2%9D-the-makara-motif-in-chinese-art-and-architectural-decorations/4/

See: https://japanesemythology.wordpress.com/tag/crocodile-wani-sea-deities-ryugu-dragon/

The curious crocodile “wani” connection between the Watasumi sea god and Hooderi and Hoori brothers royal myth

Makara at Wat ThatPhun, Vientiane, Laos

Makara from 7th century CE at National Museum Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Makara and Kirtimukha at Hindu temple in Kathmandu, Nepal
Nataraja - at the Aihole Museum (Open air Gallery)

Kirtimukha and Nataraja. Aihole Open Air Gallery

Makara with Nagas, Wat Suthat, Bangkok, Thailand

Makara Serpent Images at Wat Chedi Luang a Buddhist Temple in Chiang Mai

Makara 12th cent. Sandstone

Cham god Nāga emerging from mouth of Makara at the National Museum of Vietnamese History

Varuna on Makara, Halebidu.

Varuna on makara, Lakkundi, Lokki Gundi, Gadag
Ganga on makara.:

Ganga on makara. Makara upholds a flaming torch, reinforcing the association with fire-altar, Soma SamsthA.

Asian Art Museum of San Francisco: Ma Ganga on Makara

Begram ivory, 2nd cent. BCE
http://museum.wa.gov.au/museums/perth/afghanistan-hidden-treasures/exhibition-highlights

Ganga on Makara. Dasavatara temple. Devgarh(देवगढ़) or old Deogarh is situated at the bank of Betwa river
http://puratattva.in/2011/08/09/devgarh-the-epitome-of-the-guptas-884

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Ganga on Makara. Kelaniya Temple. Sri Lanka.

Asian Art Museum of San Francisco: Ma Ganga on Makara

Ganga on Makara.5th cent. CE. Ajanta caves.
Gupta era terracotta of Ganga Devi; found at Ahichchhatra, UP - now in the National Museum, New Delhi, India

Gupta era terracotta of Ma Ganga. Ahichchhatra, UP - now in the National Museum, New Delhi, India

Row of Makara in base of Chennakesava Temple at Belur, Karnataka. Note Makara standing vertical at corner.

Trimurti at the centre, Makara on top. Hoysalesvara temple, Halebidu.

‏ @wiavastukala

14)Rare Nandi embedded in wall. Here he is shown as four handed and riding on his Vahana Makara which is somewhat unique depiction. Note emotion of Nandi displayed through scuplture. Work of genius indeed.

Makara on lentil from Sambor Prei Kuk temple, Kampong Thom City, Cambodia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_897_03.jpg

Hieroglyph: makara 'composite animal' rebus: dhamá in cmpds. ʻ blowing ʼ Pāṇ., dhamaka -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ Uṇ.com. [√dham]Pa. dhama -- , ˚aka -- m. ʻ one who blows ʼ, Pk. dhamaga<-> m.; K. dam m. ʻ blast of furnace or oven, steam of stewing ʼ; -- Kho. Sh.(Lor.) dam ʻ breath, magical spell ʼ ← Pers. dam. (CDIAL 6730)

Hieroglyph: †*ḍagga -- 3 ʻ cattle ʼ. 2. †*ḍhagga -- 2. [Cf. *ḍaṅgara -- 1, *daṅgara -- ]
1. WPah.kṭg. ḍɔggɔ m. ʻ a head of cattle ʼ, ḍɔgge m.pl. ʻ cattle ʼ, sat. (LSI ix 4, 667) ḍōgai ʻ cattle ʼ.2. S.kcch. ḍhago m. ʻ ox ʼ, L(Shahpur) ḍhaggā m. ʻ small weak ox ʼ, ḍhaggī f. ʻ cow ʼ, Garh. ḍhã̄gu ʻ old bull ʼ. (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ(N.)(CDIAL 5524).

Makara is an Indus Script hypertext. makara 'composite crocodile+elephant' rebus: dhmakara 'bellows-blower, blacksmith' The hypertext composite is composed of hieroglyphs read rebus in Meluhha (Bharatiya sprachbund, speech union): karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus karba, ib 'iron' PLUS karā rebus:khār 'blacksmith' .

I submit that the breath-taking iconography is prayer by the artisan, seafaring maritime trade merchant to Varuṇa, the divinity of the ocean. The sculpture repeats the message on three segments of the stone.

To the right of Varuṇa is Viṣṇu on Garuḍa. garuḍa 'eagle' rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'.

karat.i, karut.i, kerut.i fencing, school or gymnasium where wrestling and fencing are taught (Ta.);garad.i, garud.i fencing school (Ka.); garad.i, garod.i (Tu.); garid.i, garid.i_ id., fencing (Te.)(DEDR 1262).

Rebus 1: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard fromalloy--iron, silver &c. Rebus 2: khara_di_ = turner (G.)

वरुण N. of a partic. magical formula recited over weapons R. (v.l. वरण) Rebus: m. (once in the TA1r. वरुण्/अ) " All-enveloping Sky " , N. of an आदित्य (in the वेद commonly associated with मित्र [q.v.] and presiding over the night as मित्रover the day , but often celebrated separately , whereas मित्र is rarely invoked alone ; वरुण is one of the oldest of the Vedic gods , and is commonly thought to correspond to the Îá½ÏÎ±Î½ÏÏ of the Greeks , although of a more spiritual conception ; he is often regarded as the supreme deity , being then styled " king of the gods " or " king of both gods and men " or " king of the universe " ; no other deity has such grand attributes and functions assigned to him ; he is described as fashioning and upholding heaven and earth , as possessing extraordinary power and wisdom called माया , as sending his spies or messengers throughout both worlds , as numbering the very winkings of men's eyes , as hating falsehood , as seizing transgressors with his पाश or noose , as inflicting diseases , especially dropsy , as pardoning sin , as the guardian of immortality ; he is also invoked in the वेद together with इन्द्र , and in later Vedic literature together with अग्नि , with यम , and with विष्णु ; in RV. iv , 1 , 2, he is even called the brother of अग्नि; though not generally regarded in the वेद as a god of the ocean , yet he is often connected with the waters , especially the waters of the atmosphere or firmament , and in one place [ RV. vii , 64 , 2] is called with मित्र , सिन्धु-पति , " lord of the sea or of rivers " ; hence in the later mythology he became a kind of Neptune , and is there best known in his character of god of the ocean ; in the MBh. वरुण is said to be a son of कर्दम and father of पुष्कर , and is also variously represented as one of the देव-गन्धर्वs , as a नाग , as a king of the नागs , and as an असुर ; he is the regent of the western quarter [cf. लोक-पाल] and of the नक्षत्र शतभिषज् [ VarBr2S. ] ; the जैनs consider वरुण as a servant of the twentieth अर्हत् of the present अवसर्पिणी) RV. &c &c (cf. IW.10 ; 12 &c ); the ocean; water; pl. (prob.) the gods generally AV. iii , 4 , 6 (Monier-Williams)

Makara-Torana of Mukteshwar Deul, Bhubaneswar https://tinyurl.com/ybwm5ppb

Here recessed semicircular form is used for Torana. Note Makara. All forms of arches are Makara-Torana. They can be built using 'true arch' or corbelling or carving. They could be bow shaped(pointed), semicircular etc. pic.twitter.com/xfikLEjlR5

dhmakara = makara.ध्म blowing , a blower (cf. तूण- , शङ्क-)धमक" a blower " , blacksmith (as blowing the forge) Un2. ii , 35 Sāyaṇa. Celebration of creation of wealth of the nation.

Sanchi. Makara frieze. Makara torana, Indus Script proclamation of nation's wealth creation by dhmakara, metalsmith artisans See Sanchi makara, karibha, ibha 'elephant' karba, ib 'iron' karā 'crocodile' khār 'blacksmith' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' This is the signature tune of

Makara sculpture, Jain Museum, Khajuraho

Makara sculptures at the Candi Kalasan Temple, Indonesia
File:'Head of a Makara', 13th-14th century, Museum of Cham Sculpture.JPG

'Head of a Makara', 13th-14th century, Museum of Cham Sculpture

Makara' is a Sanskrit word which means "sea dragon" or "water-monster" and in Tibetan language it is called the "chu-srin".:

A Gilt Bronze Makara Finial Tibet, 13th/14th Century The mythical creature with crocodile body elaborately cast with gaping mouth and coiled trunk, its tail rising up in a finely detailed foliate swirl, thickly cast from high copper content bronze with rich gilding, the base plate with two prongs 15½ in. (39.3 cm.) high https://www.pinterest.com/pin/308215168221862948/

nāga is emerging from the jaws of another creature, makara.Wat Prasat, Thailand

"The door jambs of the sukhanasa and garbhagriha carry across intricately carved Makara toranas on the exterior. Its has a fine figure of Lakshmi-Narayana in the centre has excellent filigree work. The Makaras at the side bear Varuna and his consort on the back." http://rsubbu-thoughts.blogspot.in/2016_03_01_archive.html

Bharhut coping from stupa, Cleveland Museum, Sunga, India, 2nd Century, B.C., Sculpture and painting- The Cleveland Museum, ACSAA

On this Bharhut frieze, the blacksmigh is shown at work.

kāraṇikā 'pericarp of lotus' rebus: karaṇī 'scribe, supercargo', kañi-āra 'helmsman' The seafaring merchants had copper metal castings of the mint as cargo

mogge 'sprout, bud' Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali) From the flower emerges the torana. Many hieroglyphs adorn the torana. One is the hieroglyph: khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. atop tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper'. The fish-fins are shown in pair: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, metal castings emerging out of the work of the khAr 'blacksmith' hieroglyph: karA 'crocodile'.

Hieroglyph 1: mákara1 m. ʻ crocodile ʼ VS.Pa. makara -- m. ʻ sea -- monster ʼ; Pk. magara -- , mayara<-> m. ʻ shark ʼ, Si. muvarā, mōrā, Md. miyaru. -- NIA. forms with -- g -- (e.g. H. G. magar m. ʻ crocodile ʼ) or -- ṅg<-> (S. maṅgar -- macho m. ʻ whale ʼ, maṅguro m. ʻ a kind of sea fish ʼ → Bal. māngar ʻ crocodile ʼ) are loans from Pk. or Sk. or directly from non -- Aryan sources from which these came, e.g. Sant. maṅgaṛ ʻ crocodile ʼ.(CDIAL 9692) Hieroglyph 2: makura, makula, mukula 'bud'.mukula n. ʻ bud ʼ Suśr., makula -- 2 n. lex. 2. mukura -- , makura -- 2 n. lex. 3. *bakula -- 2. [Cf. similar interchange of initial in bakula -- 1. -- ← Drav., Tam. mokkuḷ &c., DED 4007; also mudgara -- 2 m. ʻ bud ʼ lex. with same variation of -- k -- ~ -- dg -- as in mukuṣṭha -- ]
1. Pa. makula -- m. ʻ bud ʼ, Pk. maüla -- m.n.; S. mora f. ʻ budding ʼ, morṛo m. ʻ fresh new leaf ʼ.
2. Pk. maüra -- m.n. ʻ bud ʼ; H. maur m. ʻ bud, blossom ʼ; G. mɔhɔr m. ʻ blossom ʼ.
3. MB. baula, B. bol ʻ bud, blossom of fruit tree, knob of a wooden clog ʼ; Or. baüḷa ʻ mango bud ʼ; Aw.lakh. baur ʻ mango blossom ʼ. *mukurayati, mukulayati, mukulāyatē.(CDIAl 10146) mukulayati ʻ *blossoms ʼ. 2. *mukurayati. 3. mukulāyatē. [mukulayati (tr.), °lāyatē (intr.) ʻ closes (like a bud) ʼ Kāv., °litá -- R., °lāyita -- Kāv. ʻ having blossoms ʼ, mukurita -- ʻ id.? ʼ Pāṇ.gaṇa. -- mukula -- ] 1. Pk. maülēi ʻ blossoms ʼ; S. morjaṇu ʻ to sprout ʼ; P. maulnā ʻ to blossom, bud ʼ; Ku. maulṇo ʻ to flourish ʼ, N. maulanu; B. maulā ʻ to blossom ʼ, H. maulnā.
2. H. maurnā ʻ to blossom ʼ, G. mɔrvũ. 3. Pk. maülāaï ʻ blossoms ʼ, N. maulāunu, H. maulānā.(CDIAL 10147)
Darada is a gold producing area

Apparatus for the distillation of cinnabar, Alchimia, 1570
"As the most common source of mercury in nature,cinnabar has been mined for thousands of years, even as far back as the Neolithic Age.During the Roman Empire it was mined both as a pigment,^[14]^[15] and for its mercury content.To produce liquid mercury (quicksilver), crushed cinnabar ore is roasted in rotary furnaces. Pure mercury separates from sulfur in this process and easily evaporates. A condensing column is used to collect the liquid metal, which is most often shipped in iron flasks." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar

Martín-Gil, J.; Martín-Gil, F. J.; Delibes-de-Castro, G.; Zapatero-Magdaleno, P.; Sarabia-Herrero, F. J. (1995). "The first known use of vermillion". Experientia. 51 (8): 759–761.
Vitruvius, De architectura VII; IV–V
Pliny, Natural History; XXXIII.XXXVI–XLII
Pouring liquid mercury bionerd.jpg

Mercury, ₈₀Hg Mercury was found in Egyptian tombs that date from 1500 BCE "In November 2014 "large quantities" of mercury were discovered in a chamber 60 feet below the 1800-year-old pyramid nown as the "Temple of the Feathered Serpent,""the third largest pyramid of Teotihuacan," Mexico along with "jade statues, jaguar remains, a box filled with carved shells and rubber balls.". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/24/liquid-mercury-mexican-pyramid-teotihuacan

Terracotta toys from Mehergarh (ca. 7th millennium?) Vermilion or powdered cinnabar (sindhur) in the part of her hair. Choker and pendant necklaces are also painted with red pigment Ornaments are painted golden. Hair is painted black. Sindhu at the hair-parting is painted red, like cinnabar red.

Hematite is a more reddish variety of iron oxide, and is the main ingredient of red ochre. When limonite is roasted, it turns partially to the more reddish hematite and becomes red ochre or burnt sienna.
"Ochre (/ˈoʊkər/ oh-kər; from Greek: ὠχρός, ōkhrós, (pale yellow, pale), also spelled ocher, see spelling differences) is a natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide, which ranges in color from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colors produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow.A variant of ochre containing a large amount of hematite, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as "red ochre". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre

Trefoil hieroglyph painted red because it signifies dhāī 'strand' rebus: dhāu 'red ochre, ore of copper': dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV.,ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter'.

Detail of terracotta bangle with red and white trefoil on a green background (H98-3516/8667-01 from Trench 43). Trefoil motifs are carved on the robe of the so-called "priest-king" statuette from Mohenjo-daro and are also known from contemporary sites in western Pakistan, Afghanistan, and southern Central Asia.

The ritual of applying the sindoor as part of a Hindu Indian wedding
"Modern sindoor mainly uses vermilion, an orange-red pigment. Vermilion is the purified and powdered form of cinnabar, which is the chief form in which mercury sulfide naturally occurs."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindoor

Cinnabar from Almaden District, Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha, Spain

Cinnabar, mercury ore from Nevada, USA

" The largest natural source of mercury is cinnabar, its only known ore, and the richest deposits are found in Spain and Italy. This reddish mineral containing mercury and sulfur has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. Cinnabar dating from 500 BC has been identified at a Mayan site in Guatemala, and prehistoric skulls painted with cinnabar have been found in Italy...In the ancient art of alchemy, mercury, sulfur, and salt were the Earth's three principle substances. The Hindu word for alchemy is "Rasasiddhi", meaning "knowledge of mercury." Believing that mercury was at the core of all metals, alchemists supposed that gold, silver, copper, tin, lead and iron were all mixtures of mercury and other substances. While alchemists in different cultures had different beliefs, one of the central themes to European alchemy was the belief that the correct combination of mercury and other ingredients would yield riches of gold...The line between alchemy and medicine was not always clear. In 2nd century China, the study of mercury centered on a search for an elixir of life to confer longevity or immortality. The prominent Chinese alchemist Ko Hung, who lived in the 4th century, believed that man is what he eats, and so by eating gold he could attain perfection. Yet, he reasoned, a true believer was likely to be poor, and so it was necessary to find a substitute for the precious metal. This, in his estimation, could be accomplished by making gold from cinnabar." Ho Hung

Ko Hung, Alchemist
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/mercury/history.html

pārada m. ʻ quicksilver ʼ Suśr., pārata -- m. Kathās., pāra -- 2 m. lex. [← Ir. cf. Pers. paranda EWA ii 257]Pk. pāraya -- m. ʻ quicksilver ʼ, S. pāro m., L.awāṇ. P. pārā m., Ku.gng. pār, N. pāro, A. B. Or. pārā, OAw. pāra m., H. M. pārā m., G. pārɔ m. (CDIAL 8104) "Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑːrdʒərəm/). Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as cinnabar (mercuric sulfide). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just aboveroom temperature.The red pigment vermilion is obtained by grinding natural cinnabar or synthetic mercuric sulfide." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)

दर° द [p= 470,1]m. pl. N. of a people (living above Peshawar ; also called °द् Ra1jat. ) Mn. x , 44 MBh. Hariv. 6441 R. iv VarBr2S. Va1yuP. i , 45 , 118 darád f. ʻ bank, precipice, mountain ʼ lex. [√d&rcirclemacr;?] - But perh. of non -- Aryan origin, cf. darád -- ʻ a people adjoining Kashmir ʼ Pat., darada -- MBh., dara -- ʻ name of a mountain ʼ ViṣṇuP., and dardara -- ʻ a mountain in the south ʼ MBh., Pa. daddara -- (poss. ← Drav. EWA ii 21)]
M. daraḍ f. ʻ steep acclivity or high ground, bank ʼ.(CDIAL 6191)

दर° द n. red lead Bhpr. v , 26 , 93 ; vii , 1 , 227

Daradas were a people who lived north to the Kashmir valley. Their kingdom is identified to be the Gilgit region in Kashmir along the river Sindhu or Indus. They are often spoken along with the Kambojas. The Pandava hero Arjuna had visited this country of Daradas during his northern military campaign to collect tribute forYudhishthira's Rajasuya sacrifice. Herodotus and Strabo also connect the Daradas with the gold producing area located in the west of Tibet. There is an evidence that the Daradas, in ancient times, had their colonies located inBaltistan and Leh also.

Darada king is mentioned as a Bahlika ruler in the Bahlika region in the Mahabharata.

Rebus is a mlecchita vikalpa (meluhha cipher) metaphor. The metaphor uses similar sounding words to pictorially convey meaning of metalwork catalogues in Indus Script

Alchemical treatises are full of metaphors. So is Soma SamsthA in vedic tradition an alchemical metaphor. Hence, Soma Skanda as S'iva, the aSTAs'ri yupa (octagonal pillar of light and fire), an object of veneration and puja. See: Kalyanaraman, S., 2004, Indian Alchemy, soma in the Veda, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal.

Hanuman is the son of Anjana (antimony). Makara dhvaja is son of Hanuman

nāˊkra m. ʻ a kind of aquatic animal ʼ VS., nakra -- 1 m. ʻ crocodile, alligator ʼ Mn. [← Drav. and poss. conn. with makara -- J. Bloch BSOS v 739] Pa. nakka -- m. ʻ crocodile ʼ, Pk. ṇakka -- m., Ku. nāko m., H. nākā m., Si. naku. -- H. nākū m. ʻ crocodile ʼ associated by pop. etym. with nāk ʻ nose ʼ < *nakka -- , cf. Ku. nakku ʻ long -- nosed ʼ.(CDIAL 7038) Ka. negar̤, negar̤e alligator. Tu. negaḷů id.; negarů a sea-animal, the vehicle of Varuṇa. Te. (B.) negaḍu a polypus or marine animal supposed to entangle swimmers. / Cf. Skt. nakra- crocodile;nākra- a kind of aquatic animal (DEDR 3732) mákara1 m. ʻ crocodile ʼ VS.Pa. makara -- m. ʻ sea -- monster ʼ; Pk. magara -- , mayara<-> m. ʻ shark ʼ, Si. muvarā, mōrā, Md. miyaru. -- NIA. forms with -- g -- (e.g. H. G. magar m. ʻ crocodile ʼ) or -- ṅg<-> (S. maṅgar -- macho m. ʻ whale ʼ, maṅguro m. ʻ a kind of sea fish ʼ → Bal. māngar ʻ crocodile ʼ) are loans from Pk. or Sk. or directly from non -- Aryan sources from which these came, e.g. Sant. maṅgaṛ ʻ crocodile ʼ(CDIAL 9692) P نهنګ nahang, s.m. (5th) A crocodile, alligator, or shark. 2. A water-dragon or other such like monster. Pl. نهنګان nahangān.(Pashto) magar 2 मगर् in magar-maʦh मगर्-मछ्&dotbelow; सामुद्रिकमत्स्यविशेषः m. a crocodile (Gr.M.). Cf. makar 1.magar 1 मगर् in magar lagun मगर् लगुन् । अत्यासक्तयानुयोगः m.inf. continually to follow a person, to dog his footsteps, to follow on the skirts (of), beset (e.g. in the hope of obtaining something, or of a thief, or some disease or calamity). -- rōzun -- रोज़ुन् । अनुप्रेरणम् m. inf., id. -- thawun -- थवुन् । अनुनियोजनम् m.inf. to set a person to follow, as ab.(Kashmiri) <moGgo>(P) {?} ``?''. Cf. <kumirO>. *Kh.<moGgor>(P) `crocodile, alligator', Sa.<maGgaR>, H.<mAgArA>, O.<mOgOrO>. %22401. #22231. <karsa mOGgO>(P),,<kaLasa mOGgO> {N} ``^chameleon [P], ^lizard [M]''. |<karsa> `??'. *$H.<gIrAgITA>. *H.<gIrAgITA>, So.<bomaG>, <gamaG>/-maG>?,<maGgar>(AB),,<moGgor>(P) {NA} ``^crocodile''. *@. ??VAR. #21081. <maGgar>(AB),,<moGgor>(P) {NA} ``^crocodile''. *@. ??VAR. #21081.<moGgor>(B),,<mogor>(B) {N} ``^crocodile''. See <muGgur>. *Des. @B21680. #23311.muGgur>(H) {N} ``^crocodile''. !{Sk.<makara>. @B21060. #23961.(Munda etyma)

Dadhivamana temple of Jagannatha, Koilo Garudadhvaja

http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=orctk0690001

Garudadhvaja. Jagannatha temple.

"The four hands of the God are damaged so that none of the attributes can be seen. On top, just above the crown, is an image of Yogasana Visnu with the fish and turtle avataras and Maladharadevas on either side. The pilasters flanking the god support niches with images of Brahma and Siva to his right and left respectively; and at their base are female and male attendant figures in front of whom are small seated figures of Buddha and Kalki on a horse. The offset to the right has, from top to bottom, a small figure of Varaha, a makara, a vyala motif, a large figure of Rama holding a bow, and a seated figure of Vamana. Similarly, to the gods' left, we have a mutilated image of Narasimha, and at the base the serpent hooded Balarama leaning on a club in front of whom is a seated image of Parasurama. The central projection of the pancaratha pedestal carries a male and female figure in anjalimudra at the sides." http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/antiquity_search.do?method=explore_antiquity_search&id_link_mat=22&?w=&pager.offset=2300

Mathura. pink sandstone. h. 18.5 in. Lucknow state museum. Frieze fragment with makara carved in shallow relief Hungtingon scan0004425

Architrave fragment with makara, dragon-legged composite figure, and lotus rhizome, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; ca. 50-20 BCE. Bluff sandstone; h. 8" x L. 2'11/2" (20 X 66 cm). Govt. Museum, Mathura; M2 Photo: American Institute of Indian Studies.

Anjana

Antimony
añjana ʻ anointing, ointment ʼ ĀśvŚr. [√añj] P. añjaṇ f. ʻ collyrium ʼ; Si. an̆danā ʻ anointing, painting, putting on (clothes) ʼ.(CDIAL 170) Unguent of tutty is also called añjana One type is antimony."A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb₂S₃). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony
Anjana

An idol of Anjani Mata having son Hanuman in her lap in the Anjani Mata temple, Choumu

"Añjanā (Tamil: Anchanai, Malay: Anjani or Anjati, Thai: Sawaha) was the mother of Hanuman, one of the heroes of the Indian epic, the Ramayana. According to one version of the story, Añjanā was an apsara named Puñjikastalā, who was born on earth as monkey princess and married Kesari, a monkey chief. Vayu, god of the wind, carried the divine power ofLord Shiva to Anjana's womb, and thus Hanuman was himself an incarnation of Lord Shiva. In Himachal Pradesh is the Goddess worshiped as family deity by several people.There is one temple dedicated to her at Masrer near Dharamsala District Kangra. " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Añjanā

Makara dhvaja, son of Hanuman (Anjaneya) kesari & suvannam,accha, brother of Macchanu

Published on Mar 18, 2016

Makaradhvaja is the famous Ayurvedic medicine made up of Gold Bhasma and Mercury. The particular heating sequence is the most crucial factor in preparation of Makaradhvaja. Rasashastra is the pharmaceutical specialty of Ayurveda that describes the method of pharmaceutical preparation of Makaradhvaja. The category of Makaradhvaja id Kupipakwa Rasayana . Makaradhvaja is prepared by two methods, Antardhum and Bahirdhum. Bahirdhum method is much faster, but the product obtained is sublimed hence does not contain any Gold. Whereas Antardhum method requires 72 hours of heating and product obtained contains high quality medicated gold. This medicine is very potent yet not toxic at therapeutic dose. Dr. Pranit Ambulkar (MD, PhD Ayurveda) gives brief introduction of preparation of Makaradhvaja in this video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_50S-brl9Ic

Makardhvaja Temple at Odadar village nearPorbandar, Gujarat

"The Jethwa clan of Kshatriyas claim their descent from Makardhvaja. As per folk tales of their clan, Makardhvaja had a son named Mod-dhvaja and he had a son named Jethi-dhvaja.^[4] Jethwas claim descant from Jethi-dhvaja and worship Hanuman as their Iṣṭa-devatā.^[4] The Jethwa dynasty of Gujarat, who once ruled major part of Kathiawar and later the princely state of Porbandar, therefore, had the image of Hanuman on their Royal flag.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Temples[edit]

Temples dedicated to Makardhvaja can be found in India, especially in Gujarat, where Jethwas once ruled. Some noted temples in Gujarat are at

Odadar village near Porbandar.
Hanuman-Dandi at Bet Dwarka, where idols of Makardhvaja and Hanuman are worshiped together.^[7]
Chinchawan, Tq. Wadwani Wadwani, Dist.Beed (Maharashtra)
MP-GWALIOR-KARAHIYA

In Rajasthan, also there is temple known as

Balaji Makardhvaja Temple at Beawar, which is dedicated to both father-son duo in form of Balaji Hanuman and Makardhvaja." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makardhvaja

"Story of Lord Hanuman and Suvannamaccha, the golden mermaid or golden fish. Suvarnamatsya is the equivalent word in Sanskrit. The story of Suvarnamatsya is not found in Valmiki Ramayana. It appears in the Cambodian and Thai versions of Ramayana. Suvarnamatsya was a daughter of Ravana. She was half fish and half human in her body. "
http://www.hindudevotionalblog.com/2014/03/story-suvannamaccha-golden-mermaid.html
"Story of Makaradhvaja, son of Hanuman. According to Hinduism, Makaradhvaja is the son of Lord Hanuman. Makardhvaja makes his first appearance in epic Ramayana. The story of Makardhvaja and Hanuman has several versions...Makaradhvaja claimed that he was the son of Hanuman. Hanuman was amused at this and said that he himself was Hanuman, but he could not be his son, as he was born celibate. A duel between Hanuman and Makaradhvaja took place. Hanuman defeated Makaradhvaja in the duel and proceeded further. Finally, Hanuman killed Ahiravana and rescued Srirama and Lakshmana.

Later, on the advice of Srirama, Hanuman installed Makaradhvaja, as the King of Patala and all the three returned to Lanka, to continue the war with Ravana."
Makaradhwaja Son of Hanuman

http://www.hindudevotionalblog.com/2013/09/story-makaradhwaja-son-of-hanuman.html
"Macchanu (Thai: มัจฉานุ; rtgs: Matchanu) is son of Hanuman as per that appears in the Cambodian, Thai and other versions of the Ramayana....As per these versions of Ramayana, during one of the battles with Ravana's army, Hanuman encounters one powerful opponent, who looked like vanara from waist-up but had tail of a fish. After a fierce battle, as Hanuman was about to hit the creature with his weapons, a golden star shining in the sky above, reveals by way ofaakashwani that the enemy, whom he is going to harm is his own son born by his union with Suvannamaccha, the mermaid daughter of Ravana. Hanuman, immediately holds his weapons in mid-air and father-son duo recognize each other"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchanu

Boiling gold in gold mercury amalgam (kajjali) to yi9eld swarna sindhur

See also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe0AhvZLgLk (1:41:11) Alchemie, Rasa S'Astra.

Mahabharata has a flag bearing Hanuman atop Arjuna's chariot with Krishna as charioteer. Hanuman is the metaphor which appears in the two Great Epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Sundara Kāṇḍa in sculpture. Hanuman finds Sita. Charcoal rubbing from a carved stone relief at Angkor Wat http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/07/rama-personifiedf-dharma-evidences-for.html

Meluhha hieroglyphs: makara toraṇa (rope, garland), trefoil on Mohenjo-daro shawl of priest encode, venerate dhamma, dharma

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/phnumqf

Hieroglyph: dāmā 'rope, garland' (Hindi) Rebus: dhamma 'virtious conduct, dharma'

Rebus: dhárma m. ʻ what is established, law, duty, right ʼ AV. [dhárman -- n. RV. -- √dhr̥] Pa. dhamma -- m. (rarely n.), Aś.shah. man. dhrama -- , gir. kāl. &c. dhaṁma -- ; NiDoc. dham̄a ʻ employment in the royal administration ʼ; Dhp. dharma -- , dhama -- , Pk. dhamma -- m.; OB. dhāma ʻ religious conduct ʼ; H. kāmdhām ʻ work, business ʼ; OSi. dama ʻ religion ʼ (Si. daham ← Pa.).(CDIAL 6753)

There are two artistic depictions of the rope/garland to signify dharma-dhamma:

1. trefoil

2. garland, rope as on a toraṇa in the Hindu tradition of temple arch or architrave architecture.

kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kole.l 'smithy, temple' (Kota) Thus, the rope or garland with three strands may connote: dhāma kole.l 'dharma temple'. It is significant that a gloss damha signifies 'fireplace' thus making the reading consistent with the semantics: kole.l 'smithy' (Kota language).

Trefoil inlay decorated on a bull calf. Uruk (W.16017) ca. 3000 BCE. kõdā 'young bull calf' Rebus: kõdā 'turner-joiner' (forge),

damkom = a bull calf (Santali) Rebus: damha = a fireplace; dumhe = to heap, to collect together (Santali)

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/04/sivalinga-in-dholavira-depicted-as.html

Late Harappan Period dish or lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar. It shows a Blackbuck antelope with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs, possibly representing stars. It is associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period, dating after 1900 BC. Credit Harappa.com

Stone base for Sivalinga.Tre-foil inlay decorated base (for linga icon?); smoothed, polished pedestal of dark red stone; National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi; After Mackay 1938: I, 411; II, pl. 107:35; Parpola, 1994, p. 218.

Two decorated bases and a lingam, Mohenjodaro.

If one end of a tape or belt is turned over three times and then pasted to the other, a trefoil knot results. (Shaw, George Russell (MCMXXXIII). Knots: Useful & Ornamental, p.11.)

Sculpture slab from the lower monastery at Nutta, Peshawar

Wavy garland with bearers from Shrine at Miran in China

Bass relief from Musee Guimet, Paris

Amaravati Stupa rail copings with garland motif

"The Avatamsaka Sūtra (Sanskrit: महावैपुल्यबुद्धावतंसकसूत्र >Mahāvaipulya Buddhāvatamsaka Sūtra) is one of the most influential Mahayana sutras of East Asian Buddhism."

https://chandrashekharasandprints.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/garland-bearers-of-the-buddha/

Garland bearing Yaksha. Amaravathi stupa.

fragment of relief with garland, bearers and winged figure Northwest frontier Kusana

Date: 1st-2nd c. CE, 1 CE - 300 CE Huntington Scan. 0009717

garland upheld by ganas and interspersed with Buddha figures

Country: India

Site Name: Amaravati

Monument: coping fragment or frieze

Subject of Photo: garland upheld by ganas and interspersed with Buddha figures

Locator Info. of Photo: coping fragment or frieze

Photo Orientation: detail of first section from left

Iconography: Buddha, unidentified

Dynasty/Period: Satavahana

Date: ca. late second to third century CE, 150 CE - 300 CE

Material: white marble

Architecture: structural

Current Location: Madras Government Museum, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Scan Number: 0026936

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/01/iron-smelter-and-smith-at-forge-as-gana.html

The sculptural metaphors speak, declare *saṁhati, *saṅghati, through mlecchita vikalpa hieroglyphs of kole.l 'smithy, temple'.

Just as Indus Script Corpora embody speech, Meluhha speech, the metaphors of ancient temples are a continuum in the mlecchita vikalpa tradition of writing, engraving, carving, sculpting.

The messaging cipher, mlecchita vikalpa, of Meluhha artisan explains the grammar of dharma-dhamma sanatana: dharmasamkathA pl. pious conversation; dhamakArya 'any act of duty or religion, good work, virtuous conduct (Samskritam)

Meluhha artisan emerges out of Makara. Ganga fish-eating ghara 'snout of crocodile', aya 'fish'; āhan gar,ayakara 'metalsmith'; ayo meḍh 'goat-fish''iron merchant'.

Molluscs and Makara hieroglyphs. The iron worker, blacksmith āhan gar, ayakara has created a smithy, a temple: kole.l 'smithy'; kole.l 'temple'.

Makara composition and Makara toraṇa hieroglyph multiplex in the semantics messaging traditions of Indian sprachbund is rebus-metonymy-layered cipher in Meluhha.

The toraṇa which emerges out of the snout of the makara is thus a chord, a garland which carries the mesage like the waves of an ocean, dama rebus: dhamma 'virtuous conduct'.

See:http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/02/vajra-sanghata-binding-together.html

"Makara Torana: The ornate Makara Torana (Capricorn Arch or festoon) carved out of a single stone with four opposed fierce makara-heads (crocodile heads) adorns above the entrance of the sanctum. It reminds us the Pallava style Makara torana at the Satrumallesvara rock-cut cave temple at Dalavanur and Draupadi ratha at Mamallapuram. Two opposing capricon heads, (facing north and south) are carved at the center of the door lintel and they appear spitting warriors (in miniature size) holding swords and shields. A male image seated on lotus flower flanked by two chauris is shown within the floral ring located at the center between two makara heads. The parallel pair of opposing makara heads are placed one each in the southern and northern corners of the festoon. The intricately coiled feathers appear spread across the entire door lintel." http://know-your-heritage.blogspot.in/search/label/Architecture

Makara Torana (4 opposed Capricorn Heads)

Makara Torana: Center Figure

Makara Torana: Figure at Side

Makara Torana: Figure enlarged

Source: http://know-your-heritage.blogspot.in/search/label/Architecture

Ancient Champa

Cham sculptures of makara in American museums.

Makara, mythical creatures, sandstone sculptures, Thap Mam style

Cham sculptures found in Binh Dinh, Vietnam, held in the Musée Guimet in Paris, France.

Torana of Jagannath Temple, Puri (Photo, 1890)

Makara Angkor Complex, Cambodia.

Makara metaphor is so central to the artists' message that the makara torana (architrave) is an abiding image to support sculptural friezes of many divinities. In this composition, Indra on Airavata elephant is supported by the makara ensemble ligatured with kīrtimukha. So, karā becomes mahā karā, (dh)makara in the writing tradition which started from the mlecchita vikalpa cipher of Indus Script Corpora. Out of the snouts of the makara emerge the garlands, an offering of puja to the paramātman.

(Ảnh: makara Ấn Độ, nguồn: Robert Beer)

Ganga on makara. VaruNa on makara.. Varuna on makara, Halebidu. Varuna on makara, Lakkundi, Lokki Gundi, Gadag

Finial, makara, early-md 16th cent., Ayutthaya Period (1350-1767), Sawankhalok, stoneware, brown & white glaze, 67.5x19.5 cm. South Australian Govt. Grant, 1979

Relief depicting a Makara with Nagas, Wat Suthat, Bangkok, Thailand.

Makara carving. Krishna temple. Hampi. Out of this makara snout emerge a composition of molluscs. sanghin 'mollusc, shell' Rebus: pilgrim: saṅgin ʻ attached to, fond of ʼ MBh. [saṅgá -- ]

Pk. saṁgi -- , saṁgilla -- ʻ attached to ʼ; S. L. P. saṅgī m. ʻ comrade ʼ (P. also ʻ one of a party of pilgrims ʼ), N. saṅi, Or. sāṅga, °gī, H. saṅgī m., M. sãgyā, sāgyā m. *saṅghati ʻ tells ʼ
WPah.kṭg. (kc.) sɔ́ṅgi m. ʻ friend ʼ, kṭg. sɔ́ṅgəṇ, kc. sɔṅgiṇ f., J. saṅgī, saṅgu m. (prob. ← H. Him.I 212).(CDIAL 13084) 12842 sáṁkhyāti (*saṁkśāti) ʻ reckons ʼ ŚBr. (samakhyata ʻ appeared ʼ RV., sáṁkhyāpayati ʻ causes to be observed ʼ TS.). [Derivation of RV. khyā -- < kśā -- (Indo -- ir., cf. esp. ásaṁkhyāta -- AV. = Av.ahaͅxšta -- ) preserved in MaitrS. and Kāṭh. (EWA i 313 with lit.) is supported by Aś.gir. sachāya = shah. saṁkhaya, the development of kś > khy and cch being parallel with that of kṣ > kkh and c̣c̣h (NW.),cch (SW.). -- √khyā] Pa. saṅkhāti, saṅkhāyati ʻ reckons, appears ʼ; Aś. shah. saṁkhaya, kāl. saṁkhaye, gir. sachāya (< *saṁkśāya Hultzsch As 26 n. 6) ʻ having regard to ʼ; Pk. saṁkhāi ʻ counts, knows ʼ, absol. saṁkhāya, caus. pp. saṁkhāviya -- , (orig. NW.?) saṁghaï, sagghaï ʻ says ʼ (J. Bloch BSL xxxi 62 < IE. *sengwh -- , Gk. o)mfh/ &c.); Kal.rumb. saṅghāˊam ʻ I hear ʼ (→ Kt. seṅā -- ); Or. sāṅgibā ʻ to tell, speak ʼ; M. sã̄gṇẽʻ to declare, bid ʼ, sã̄g m. ʻ order ʼ. -- Pk. sāhēi, °haï ʻ says, orders ʼ (Bloch loc. cit. connects with Germ. sagen) < saṁhaï ʻ says ʼ with abnormal sound -- change in a verb of ʻ saying ʼ (see ākhyāti) <saṁghaï?
Pk. saṁhaï, sāhaï, sāhēi, saṁghaï, sagghaï ʻ says ʼ, uvasāhaï ʻ tells ʼ, saṁsāhaṇa -- n. ʻ conversation ʼ with Kal. Or. M. rather < *saṁhati, *saṅghati < IE. *senghw -- (Bloch); Pk.āsaṁghā -- f. ʻ wish ʼ formed after Sk. āśaṁsā -- .But saṁhaï, saṁghaï, sāhaï < śáṁsati

RV., saṁsāhaṇa -- < saṁśaṁsati Br., āsaṁghā -- < āśaṁsā -- Pāṇ., with abnormal dev. in verb of ʻ saying ʼ ~ākhyāti, is a simpler hypothesis. J.C.W.).(CDIAL 12842)

The message of the mollusc hieroglyphs is thus, saṁhati -- the sculptures speak as the floral garlands emerge out of the snout of the makara.

The semantics 'says, speaks' may explain the hieroglyph which is a homonym of this gloss: *saṁhati, *saṅghati. The hieroglyph is sanGaDa 'lathe, portable furnace'.

Image result for indus hieroglyphs lathe portable furnace

sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' (Gujarati. Desi) m0008 Mohenjo-daro seal. This shows the bottom bowl of the 'standard device' superimposed with dotted circles. Since the top portion of the 'device' is a drill-lathe, these dotted circles are orthographic representations of drilled beads which were the hallmark of lapidaries' work of the civilization. Rebus reading of the kandi 'beads' (Pa.) is: kaND, kandu 'fire altar, smelting furnace of a blacksmith' (Santali.Kashmiri)Glyphs of dotted circles on the bottom portion of the 'standard device': kandi (pl. -l) beads, necklace (Pa.); kanti (pl. -l) bead, (pl.) necklace; kandit. bead (Ga.)(DEDR 1215). Rebus: लोहकारकन्दुः f. a blacksmith's smelting furnace (Grierson Kashmiri)See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/09/meluhha-epigraphia-indus-language.html

Photograph of a statue of Ganga in the Jagannatha Temple at Puri, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections, taken by Poorno Chander Mukherji in the 1890s. The temple was founded in the 12th Century by Anantavarman Chodaganga (r.1077-1147) of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.

Harappa tablet h180 (section). One glyph composition enlarged to show the crocodile ligature close to pudendum muliebre of the female with thighs apart and shown lying upside down.

P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهن ګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهن ګران āhan-garān. آهن ربا āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.); (W.) Pl. آهن رباوي āhan-rubāwī. اوسپنه aos-panaʿh, s.f. (3rd) Iron. Also used as an adjective to qualify another noun, signifying, Iron-like, hard. Pl. يْ ey. اوسپنخړيَ aos-panḵẖaṟṟaey, s.m. (1st) The dross of iron left after melting. Pl. يِ ī.

kola ‘woman’; rebus: kol ‘iron’. kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.); kollë ‘blacksmith’ (Koḍ)

The glyphic elements shown on the tablet are: copulation, vagina, crocodile. h180 tablet.

The glyph showing the image of a crocodile issuing forth from a female with thighs drawn apart is one side of a tablet h180. Same text is repeated on both sides.

The glyphic elements shown on the tablet are: copulation, vagina, crocodile. h180 tablet.

Hieroglyphic composition: ‘copulation’: kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) Vikalpa: kaṇḍa ‘stone (ore)’.

Glyph: vagina: kuṭhi ‘vagina’; kuṭhi ‘pudendum muliebre’ (Mu.) khoḍu m. ‘vulva’ (CDIAL 3947). rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Mu.)khŏḍ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ḍü f. ‘small pit’ (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947)

The descriptive glyphics indicates that the smelting furnace is for stone (ore). This is distinquished from sand ore.

Crocodile (copulating with or) issuing forth from the womb: karā 'crocodile' (Telugu) khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

, n. < கரா. cf. grāha. Alligator; முதலை. கரவார்தடம் (திவ். திருவாய். 8, 9, 9).

கரா karā , n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலை. கராவதன் காலினைக்கதுவ (திவ். பெரியதி. 2, 3, 9). 2. Male alligator; ஆண்முதலை. (பிங்.)

கராம் karām , n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.)

கரவா karavā , n. A sea-fish of vermilion colour, Upeneus cinnabarinus; கடல்மீன்வகை.

mahā kara = मकर [ makara ] m (S) An aquatic monster understood usually of the alligator, crocodile, and shark, but, properly, a fabulous animal. It is the emblem of the god of love. (Marathi) H گهڙيال घड़ियाल ghaṛiyāl [S. घण्टिका+आलः or आलु], s.m. A crocodile; the Gangetic alligator, Lacerta gangetica (cf. magar).H مگر मगर magar [Prk. मकरो; S. मकरः], s.m. An alligator; a crocodile. mahā kara = मकर [ makara ] is a hieroglyph multiplex composed of a number of hieroglyph components:

1. Crocodile snout, ghara Rebus: khār ‘blacksmith’

2. Fish-tail, xolā Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith'

3. Elephant trunk as snout, ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron'

కారుమొసలి a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu).

Rebus: khār ‘blacksmith’ khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru -द्वकुरु‍&below; । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji -ग&above;जि&below; or -güjü -ग&above;जू&below; । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü -हा&above;जू&below;), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü -कूरू‍&below; । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu -क&above;टु&below; । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü -क&above;टू&below; । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -म्य&above;च&dotbelow;ू&below; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu -न्यचिवु&below; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is only a fish-eater. Gharial is one of three crocodilians (apart from the mugger crocodile and the saltwater crocodile) native to India and once inhabited all the major Himalayan glacier river systems of the Indian Subcontinent, from the Irrawaddy River in the east to the Sindhu River in the west. "They inhabit foremost flowing rivers with high sand banks that they use for basking and building nests. They usually mate in the cold season. The young hatch before the onset of the monsoon." (Whitaker, R., Members of the Gharial Multi-Task Force, Madras Crocodile Bank (2007). "The Gharial: Going Extinct Again" /Iguana 14 (1): 24–33.) http://www.ircf.org/downloads/Iguana14_1%20Gharial%20Going%20Extinct%20Again.pdf)
The average body weight of the species is from 159 to 250 kg (350 to 550 lb). Males commonly attain a total length of 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16 ft), while females are smaller and reach a body length of up to 2.7 to 3.75 m (8.9 to 12.3 ft). http://crocodileworld.blogspot.in/2012_11_01_archive.html

In 2009, gharial occurrences were reported at Sabujdwip and Balagarh of Hooghly district; Nabadwip; Patuli-Agradwip; and Ketugram II block of Burdwan District in Ganga River, West Bengal.http://innovativeindiatours.com/conservation/

Head of Gavial or Gangetic Crocodile (Gavialis Gangeticus). Illustration for Blackie's Modern Cyclopedia (1899).

Illustration for Blackie's Modern Cyclopedia (1899).
ghariyal-chitwan

Gharial crocodile at Chitwan National Park Annapurna Conservation Area. Nepal. Stretches to over 900 sq km,

As the Sanchi toraṇa declares in the centre-piece: these belong to the smithy, kole.l, 'temple' of dhoraṇi-vaThAra-dhamma (elephant-gait-spoked-wheel), architrave dharma quarter of the town of Vidisa.

Ganga, right, the deified Ganges River, in terracotta on a door pillar from U.P., India, Pratihara, 10th century CE. Following iconographic prescription, Ganga stands on her mount, the Makara, a stylized mythological crocodile-like aquatic monster (which unfortunately has been damaged in this piece) and (likely) holds a kumbha, a full pot of water, in her hand (which too has been damaged), while an attendant holds a parasol over her. She leans in the tribhanga pose on a dwarf attendent, while a male guard (or consort?) stands nearby. The dimensions of the art-work are: height: 63 cm (25 in), width: 39 cm (15 in), depth: 26 cm (10 in). From the National Museum of India, New Delhi.

Ganga Ma on her Makara. Charbangla temple (North), Baranagar, Dist. Murshidabad, West Bengal

Celtic forge bellows replica from Museum Für Urgeschichte (Austria), V-I BCE.
Crucible being heated; below right – the bellows in action
empty furnace

Woman blacksmith Gadelia Lohar gypsy

Relief of Makara at Candi Gedong Songo , Bandungan , Semarang , Central Java , Indonesia

Makara with Nagas, Wat Suthat, Bangkok, Thailand

Mathura. pink sandstone. h. 18.5 in. Lucknow state museum. Frieze fragment with makara carved in shallow relief Hungtingon scan0004425. Early makara iconography included crocodile, elephant (trunk) and fish-fin hieroglyphs. Related image

Halebidu makara is embellished with peacock feathers. maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka loha 'copper calcining metal'.

See: Bronze peacocks and pinecones of the Vatican

Bronze peacocks in the Vatican are made by Bharatam Janam and an Indus Script hieroglyph 'a type of steel' http://tinyurl.com/z2xcphj

मोरकम् 1 A kind of steel. मोरक [p= 835,3] n. a kind of steel L. (Samskrtam) Mora [the contracted, regular P. form of Sk. mayūra, viâ ma -- ūra>mora. See also Geiger, P.Gr. § 27 & Pischel, Prk. Gr. § 166. -- Vedic only mayūrī f. pea -- hen] a peacock J ii.275 Perhaps also as morakkha "a peacock's eye" at VbhA 63 (morakkhaka loha, a kind of copper, grouped with pisācaloha). It is more likely however that morakkha is distorted fr. mauryaka, patronymic of mura, a local (tribal) designation (cp. murala), then by pop. etym. connected with mora peacock. With this cp. Sk. moraka "a kind of steel" BR. (Pali) mayūˊra m. ʻ peacock ʼ VS., in cmpds. RV., mayūrīˊ* -- f. ʻ peahen ʼ RV. 2. mōra -- . 3. majjūra -- (< **mayyūra<-> with early eastern change -- yy -- > -- jj -- ?). [mayūka* -- , marūka -- 1 m. lex. -- J. Bloch BSL 76, 16 ← Drav. (cf. DED 3793); J. Przyluski BSL 79, 100 ← Austro -- as. (cf. also Savara māˊrā ʻ peacock ʼ Morgenstierne); H. W. Bailey BSOAS xx 59, IL 21, 18 connects with Khot. murāsa -- as orig. an Indo -- ir. colour word. -- EWA ii 587 with lit.]1. Pa. mayūra -- m. ʻ peacock ʼ, Pk. maūra -- , maūla -- m.; Sh. (Lor.) maiyūr m. ʻ cock munāl pheasant ʼ; A. mairā ʻ peacock ʼ, B. maür, maur, Or. maïram., °rī f., Si. mayurā, miyurā.2. Pa. mōra -- m., mōrinī -- f., Aś.gir. mora -- , Pk. mōra<-> m., °rī -- f., K. mōr m., S. moru m., L. P. mōr m., Ku. Mth. Bhoj. mor, OAw. mora m., H. morm., °rī, °rin f., OMarw. moraḍī f., G. M. mor m., Si. mōrā; <-> H. (dial.) mhor, murhā m., Ko. mhōru.3. Aś.shah. man. majura -- , kāl. majula -- , jau. majūla -- , N. majur, mujur, Or. (Bastar) mañjura, OAw. maṁjūra m., Si. modara, *monara.**mayūrapakṣala -- .Addenda: mayūˊra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) mōr ʻ peacock ʼ.(CDIAL 9865)

Hieroglyph components of makara, Halebidu: body of a fish, trunk of an elephant, feet of a lion, eyes of a monkey, ears of a pig, and the tail of a peacock.

The hieroglyphs declare saṁhati, saṅghati:These are hieroglyph components of the multiplex cipher read in rebus-metonymy-layers: ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron'; aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'metal', arye 'lion' rebus: arA 'brass', kuṭhāru 'monkey' rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer', baDhi 'boar' rebus: baRea 'merchant'; maraka 'peacock' rebus: makara loha 'copper alloy calcining metal'.

Makara with peacock tail at Lakuddi near Gadag, Karnataka
Aihole Durga temple. Association of makara with iron smelter/furnace work.
Varuna on Makara (Rain God on Crocodile) - at Aihole Museum . kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' PLUS kammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'.

Location: Ellora, Aurangabad District, Maharashtra State, India
Site: Ellora
Monument/Object: Ellora Caves complex, Cave 16 ("Kailasanatha Temple")
Current Location: same as site location
Subject: Karttikeya, Agni, Vayu, and Varuna
Photo Depicts: niches 7-11 (starting 2nd niche from left)
Locator Information: gopura, left gateway
Period: Rastrakuta
Date: ca. 3rd quarter of 8th century CE
Religious Affiliation: Hindu, Saivite
Material: stone
Scan Number: 7805
Photo Date: 1970
Copyright: Huntington, John C. and Susan L.
Image Source: Huntington Archive

Location: Sanchi, Raisen Dt., Madhya Pradesh, India
Site: Sanchi
Monument/Object: Sanchi Buddhist Monastery complex, sculpture
Current Location: Sanci Site Museum, Madhya Pradesh, India
Subject: Varuna
Photo Depicts: front
Period: Rajput Dynasties, north India (dynasty unknown)
Date: ca. 11th century CE
Religious Affiliation: Buddhist
Material: sandstone, beige
Scan Number: 1335
Photo Date: 1969
Copyright: Huntington, John C. and Susan L.
Image Source: Huntington Archive

Of commerce and Cupid

↧

Surprising validation of Indus Script Decipherment as 'wealth-acccounting ledgers' in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa

April 28, 2019, 7:45 pm

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≪ Previous: Indus Script Cipher explains why (dh)makara is vāhana for Ganga rebus: ध्माकारः, धमकः 'blacksmith''bellowsblower'( R̥gveda)

https://tinyurl.com/y4mtv9g2

--lists Eight Nidhi of Padmini with presiding divinity Lakṣmī (Ch. 68)

As i have endeavoured to trace the nava-nidhi and Padmini, 'eight treasures or magical arts' in ancient Hindu traditions, I came across an astonishing evidence from a text in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chapter 68, Padmini).

This chapter 68 describes the eight magical arts which are wealth-giving products worked on by artisans. This list of eight magical arts include a wealth-yielding object called sattva.

Surprise!

Sattva is an Indus Script hieroglyph, 'svastika' rendered rebus as sattu, sattuvu, 'pewter, zinc'.

With this decipherment, this monograph posits that the roots of all nava-nidhis of Kubera are traceable to Indus Script Corpora, using, in some cases, synonyms of the underlying expressions used in Meluhha, Indian sprachbund 'speech union'. For example, the expressions which replace Samskrtam words kacchapa 'turtle, tortoise' and padma 'lotus' are: kamaṭha and tāmarasa, tāmra

Eight Nidhi named Padmini, which brings all objects of desire, are explained in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chapter 68). The objects listed as Padmini, knowledge of special wealth-producing arts, are also listed in the nava-nidhi, list of 9 treasures of Kubera. The list of eight nidhi-s or objects detailed in Padmini cluster includes a remarkable nidhi called sattva. I have demonstrated that sattva signifies 'svastika' hieroglyph rendered rebus as sattva, sattuva, sattu 'pewter, zinc'. Thus, the eight Nidhi-s of Padmini and nine nidhi-s of Kubera are metalwork wealth-generation objects produced or handled as cargo by ancient artisans/merchants.

Sattva does not appear in the nava-nidhi list of nine Kubera's treasures and appears only in the list of precious, wealth-giving objects clustered as Padmini.

Since the text, Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa is in Samskrtam, it uses synonyms for the words kamatha 'turtle, tortoise' and tamarasa 'lotus'; the synonyms in Saskrtam used in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa are: kacchapa and padma, respectively.

Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa clearly states that mahāpadma is a synonym of sattva. I suggest that this word sattuva, sattu signifies 'zinc mineral ore'. The hieroglyph used to signify this rebus Meluhha rendering is: svastika on Indus Script seals and inscriptions.

Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chapter 68, Padmini) also provides insights linking a nidhi called Nīla with indigo dye worked on by artisans of Sarasvati (Indus) Civilization. This ancient text links the possessor of Nīla, 'indigo dye' with clothes merchant of the civilization.

Excerpts from: Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press, pages 288 to 29:

Excerpts from: Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press, pages 288 to 29

Nava nidhi of Kubera are:

1. padma one of the 8 treasures connected with the magical art called पद्मिनी MBh. Hariv. &c; one of the 9 treasures of कुबेर (also personified) R. A synonym is indicated in: “Padma… possessor…He gets gold and silver and copper and all other metals, in very large quantities, and also trades in them.”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 23, p.289). The synonym is : tāmarasá n. ʻ red lotus ʼ MBh., ʻ copper ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrá -- ]Pk. tāmarasa -- n. ʻ lotus ʼ; Si. tam̆bara ʻ red lotus ʼ, Md. taburu.(CDIAL 5774) Rebus: 5779 tāmrá ʻ dark red, copper -- coloured ʼ VS., n. ʻ copper ʼ Kauś., tāmraka -- n. Yājñ. [Cf. tamrá -- . -- √tam?]Pa. tamba -- ʻredʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk. lām ʻ copper, piece of bad pine -- wood (< ʻ *red wood ʼ?); Phal. tāmba ʻ copper ʼ (→ Sh.koh. tāmbā), K. trām m. (→ Sh.gil. gur. trām m.), S. ṭrāmo m., L. trāmā, (Ju.) tarāmã̄ m., P. tāmbā m., WPah. bhad. ṭḷām n., kiũth. cāmbā, sod. cambo, jaun. tã̄bō, Ku. N. tāmo (pl. ʻ young bamboo shoots ʼ), A. tām, B. tã̄bā, tāmā, Or. tambā, Bi tã̄bā, Mth. tām, tāmā, Bhoj. tāmā, H. tām in cmpds., tã̄bā, tāmā m., G. trã̄bũ, tã̄bũn.;M. tã̄bẽ n. ʻ copper ʼ, tã̄b f. ʻ rust, redness of sky ʼ; Ko. tāmbe n. ʻ copper ʼ; Si. tam̆ba adj. ʻ reddish ʼ, sb. ʻ copper ʼ, (SigGr) tam, tama. -- Ext. -- ira -- : Pk. taṁbira -- ʻ coppercoloured, red ʼ, L. tāmrā ʻ copper -- coloured (of pigeons) ʼ; -- with -- ḍa -- : S. ṭrāmiṛo m. ʻ a kind of cooking pot ʼ, ṭrāmiṛī ʻ sunburnt, red with anger ʼ, f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; Bhoj. tāmrā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; H. tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā ʻ coppercoloured, dark red ʼ, m. ʻ stone resembling a ruby ʼ; G. tã̄baṛ n., trã̄bṛī, tã̄bṛī f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; OM. tāṁbaḍā ʻ red ʼ. -- X trápu -- q.v.tāmrika -- ; tāmrakāra -- , tāmrakuṭṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭaka -- , tāmracūḍa -- , *tāmradhāka -- , tāmrapaṭṭa -- , tāmrapattra -- , tāmrapātra -- , *tāmrabhāṇḍa -- , tāmravarṇa -- , tāmrākṣa -- .Addenda: tāmrá -- [< IE. *tomró -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65]S.kcch. trāmo, tām(b)o m. ʻ copper ʼ, trāmbhyo m. ʻ an old copper coin ʼ; WPah.kc. cambo m. ʻ copper ʼ, J. cāmbā m., kṭg. (kc.) tambɔ m. (← P. or H. Him.I 89), Garh. tāmu, tã̄bu. 5780 tāmrakāra m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ lex. [tāmrá -- , kāra -- 1]Or. tāmbarā ʻ id. ʼ. 5781 tāmrakuṭṭa m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ R. [tāmrá -- , kuṭṭa -- ]N. tamauṭe, tamoṭe ʻ id. ʼ.Addenda: tāmrakuṭṭa -- : Garh. ṭamoṭu ʻ coppersmith ʼ; Ko. tāmṭi.tāraká -- 1 see tārā -- Add2.

5782 *tāmraghaṭa ʻ copper pot ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 1]

Bi. tamheṛī ʻ round copper vessel ʼ; -- tamheṛā ʻ brassfounder ʼ der. *tamheṛ ʻ copper pot ʼ or < next?

5783 *tāmraghaṭaka ʻ copper -- worker ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 2]Bi. tamheṛā ʻ brass -- founder ʼ or der. fr. *tamheṛ see prec. 5784 tāmracūḍa ʻ red -- crested ʼ MBh., m. ʻ cock ʼ Suśr. [tāmrá -- , cūˊḍa -- 1]Pa. tambacūḷa -- m. ʻ cock ʼ, Pk. taṁbacūla -- m.; -- Si. tam̆basiluvā ʻ cock ʼ (EGS 61) either a later cmpd. (as in Pk.) or ← Pa. 5785 *tāmradhāka ʻ copper receptacle ʼ. [tāmrá -- , dhāká -- ]Bi. tamahā ʻ drinking vessel made of a red alloy ʼ. 5786 tāmrapaṭṭa m. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ Yājñ. [Cf. tāmrapattra -- . -- tāmrá -- , paṭṭa -- 1]M. tã̄boṭī f. ʻ piece of copper of shape and size of a brick ʼ. 5787 tāmrapattra n. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrapaṭṭa -- . -- tāmrá -- , páttra -- ]Ku.gng. tamoti ʻ copper plate ʼ. 5788 tāmrapātra n. ʻ copper vessel ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , pāˊtra -- ]Ku.gng. tamoi ʻ copper vessel for water ʼ. 5789 *tāmrabhāṇḍa ʻ copper vessel ʼ. [tāmrá -- , bhāṇḍa -- 1]Bhoj. tāmaṛā, tāmṛā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; G. tarbhāṇũ n. ʻ copper dish used in religious ceremonies ʼ (< *taramhã̄ḍũ). 5790 tāmravarṇa ʻ copper -- coloured ʼ TĀr. [tāmrá -- , várṇa -- 1]Si. tam̆bavan ʻ copper -- coloured, dark red ʼ (EGS 61) prob. a Si. cmpd.

5791 tāmrākṣa ʻ red -- eyed ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , ákṣi -- ]Pa. tambakkhin -- ; P. tamak f. ʻ anger ʼ; Bhoj. tamakhal ʻ to be angry ʼ; H. tamaknā ʻ to become red in the face, be angry ʼ. 5792 tāmrika ʻ coppery ʼ Mn. [tāmrá -- ]Pk. taṁbiya -- n. ʻ an article of an ascetic's equipment (a copper vessel?) ʼ; L. trāmī f. ʻ large open vessel for kneading bread ʼ, poṭh. trāmbīf. ʻ brass plate for kneading on ʼ; Ku.gng. tāmi ʻ copper plate ʼ; A. tāmi ʻ copper vessel used in worship ʼ; B. tāmī, tamiyā ʻ large brass vessel for cooking pulses at marriages and other ceremonies ʼ; H. tambiyā m. ʻ copper or brass vessel ʼ. (CDIAL 5779 to 5792)

2. mahāpadma m. (with जैनs) N. of a partic. treasure inhabited by a नाग; m. N. of a नाग dwelling in the महा-पद्म treasure mentioned above Hariv. VP. &c; m. name of one of the 8 treasure connected with the पद्मिनी magical art मार्कण्डेय-पुराण. 68, 13-16; n. N. of a city on the right bank of the Ganges MBh. According to Markandeya Purana , a synonym is satva. “…Nidhi, the receptacle of the great Satwa, spoken of as Mahapadma…”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press, p.289). sattva 'svastika hieeroglyph' rebus: sattu, 'pewter', satuvu 'pewter, zinc'.

3. makara, mākara 'composite animal' dhmākara 'bellows blower (Smelter), blacksmith'. The results of the work in a smelter are described as: “Makara…possessor…He gains arrows, swords, swords, double-edged swords, bows and shields, prepare binding instruents (Paashas) and attains friendship with kings.””(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 18,-19 4 p.289).

4. śankha mn. (ifc. f(आ).) a shell , (esp.) the conch-shell (used for making libations of water
5. kacchapa 'a turtle , tortoise' कमठ m. ( Un2. i , 102) a tortoise BhP. Pan5cat. &c kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. I suggest that this synonym is referenced (as a mint, a place of various building, business activities) in: “” kacchapa…possessor…He performs works of various kinds shorn of righteousness, and builds all sorts of palaces for business…”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 234 p.289).

6.mukunda kunda 'a turner's lathe, one of कुबेर's nine treasures'. A reference to metallic wires of ferrous oxide used for the tympanum of mrdanga and for iron wires is suggested: “Mukunda…possessor..He gets Vina, flute, Mrdanga, etc., the four kinds of musical instruments, and settles pensions on singers and gives (money) to dancers…”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 15-26, p.290).

7. nanda or కుంద, குந்தம்⁶ kuntam, n. < kunda 'lathe' One of the nine treasures of Kubera; nanda 'name of one of कुबेर's 9 gems' . Nanda as a metals precious stones merchant/lapidary is signified: “Nanda…possessor…He gains all kinds of metals and precious stones and also pure and pleasant foog grains etc. and also performs their sale and barter.”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68,, 30,-26, p.290).

8. nīla m. the sapphire L. (with मणि R. iii , 58 , 26) indranīla m. ʻ sapphire ʼ Kālid. [índra -- , nīˊla -- ]Pa. indanīla -- m.n., Pk. iṁdaṇīla -- m.n., Si. iňdunil Geiger EGS 22, but prob. ← Pa.(CDIAL 1579) nīlamaṇi m. ʻ sapphire ʼ Dhūrt. [nīˊla -- , maṇí -- 1]Pa. nīlamaṇi -- m. sapphire ʼ, Pk. ṇīlamaṇi -- m.f., Si. nilmiṇa.(CDIAL 7565)nīlam நீலம் nīlam, n. < nīla. 1. Blue, azure or purple colour; நீலநிறம். (திவா.) 2. Blue dye, indigo; நீலச்சாயம். 3. Sapphire, one of nava-maṇi, q.v.; நவமணியிலொன்று. (பிங்.) (திருவாலவா. 25, 18.) 4. A kind of gem; மாணிக்கவகை. பது மமு நீலமும் (சிலப். 14, 186). 5. One of the nine treasures of Kubēra; நவநிதியிலொன்று. (நாமதீப. 387.). The link to clothing as merchandise handled by the precious stones merchant or a nāga involved in building canals and waterworks, is signified with a clear link to Nila as indigo for colouring cloth prints: “Nila…possessor.He gains...cloths and cotton, and foodgrains etc. and fruits and flowers, and also pearls and corals and conches and mother of pearls…He makes lakes and ponds and likewise gardens, and bunds, and canals, and plants trees; he grows by enoying scents and flowers.“ (Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 38-40, p.291)

9. kharva mfn. (cf. /अ- , त्रि-) mutilated , crippled , injured , imperfect TS. ii , 5 , 1 , 7; dwarfish; karba 'iron'

పద్మ, మహాపద్మ, శంఖ, మకర, కచ్ఛప, ముకుంద, కుంద, నీల, వర

Padmalānchana 'Kubera, sun, Brahma'

मकर one of the 8 magical treasures called पद्मिनी which is a partic. magical art (मार्कण्डेय-पुराण)

Ashtamangala Groupings of eight auspicious symbols were originally used in India at ceremonies such as an investiture or coronation of a king. An early grouping of symbols included: throne, swastika, handprint, hooked knot, vase of jewels, water libation flask, pair of fishes, lidded bowl.

The Hindu tradition lists them as:

Group 1

lion

bull

elephant

water-jar

fan

flag

trumpet

lamp

Group 2

Here is the sequential order of the Eight Auspicious Symbols of Nepali Buddhism:

Endless knot
Lotus flower
Dhvaja
Dharmachakra (fly-whisk in Nepali Buddhism)
Bumpa
Golden Fish
Parasol
Conch

The sequential order for Chinese Buddhism was defined[10] in the Qing dynasty as:

Dharmachakra
Conch
Dhvaja
Parasol
Lotus flower
Bumpa--The bumpa (Standard Tibetan: བུམ་པ་), or pumpa, is a ritual vase with a spout used in Tibetan Buddhist rituals and empowerments.
Golden Fish
Endless knot

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Indus Script inscriptions relate to lapidary, metal work wealth only, comparable to Rosetta stone, Padmini (Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa) of eight nidhi treasures

April 29, 2019, 2:44 am

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≪ Previous: Surprising validation of Indus Script Decipherment as 'wealth-acccounting ledgers' in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa

https://tinyurl.com/y6jz2kyf

This is an addendum to:

Surprising validation of Indus Script Decipherment as 'wealth-acccounting ledgers' in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa https://tinyurl.com/y4mtv9g2

A valid doubt is expressed about the decipherment presented, while accepting the assumption that the Indus Script inscriptions relate to documentation of trade activities of ancient artisans. The doubt is: "how come every inscription is connected with minerals and metal working according to the decipherment. Surely there were other items of trade?"

My arguments are as follows: Why do the eight nidhi of Padmini also refer only to lapidary, metalwork categories of wealth?

I submit that Padmini is a Rosetta stone which validates Indus Script Cipher.

It is certainly possible that the trade activities from ca. 5th m. BCE, covered cotton clothings, ayurvedic herbals, agricultural and forest products.
The decipherment presented in over 1500 monographs at https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman is based on over 8000 Indus Script inscriptions. I have reported what I have found on these 8000+ inscriptions.

One assessment is that on Persian Gulf sites along, the total number of such inscriptions could be over 30,000. Maybe, some inscriptions will come to light which document trade in cotton, food and forest products.

Should we wait for a Rosetta Stone to validate the decipherment? In my view, the pictorial motif of one-horned young bull is a Rosetta Stone; I think the one-horned young bull as a hypertext is the clincher because this Rosetta stone appears on 75-80% of inscriptions. I have read this hypertext as khōṇḍayoung bull, bull-calf (so-called 'unicorn') Allograph (reinforcing pictograph or hieroglyph): khōṇḍa 'holcus sorghum'; Rebus: kō̃daकोँद'kiln, furnace'; kunda'a treasure of Kubera'; kundaṇa'fine gold'.

In my view, there is another Rosetta stone validating the decipherment. I submit that Gardez Vināyaka is a Rosetta stone for Indus Script cipher.

Apart from the kol tiger rebus kol 'working in iron', and panja 'feline paw',rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'; the elephant face is also read rebus:karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'. He is the guild master of iron worker dwarfs kharva rebus karba 'iron'. mũh 'face' rebus: mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace'; dul mũhã̄ mẽṛhẽt 'cast iron ingot'. This cipher explain choice of the iconographic features of the pratimā. It cannot be mere chance that 8000+ inscriptions use this cipher rendering metalwork in Meluhha, mleccha (mispronunciations)
sprachbund, 'speech union'.

Another argument is that in the following monograph, a detailed excerpt from Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chapter 68, Padmini) has been presented.
Surprising validation of Indus Script Decipherment as 'wealth-acccounting ledgers' in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa https://tinyurl.com/y4mtv9g2

The eight treasures or magical arts related to Padmini are:

1.mahāpadma synonym: sattva, pronounced as svastika rebus: sattuvu, sattu, 'zinc, pewter'
2. kacchapa 'turtle, tortoise' synonym: kamaṭha rebus: kammata'mint, coiner, coinage'
3. padma 'lotus' synonym: tāmarasa, rebus: tāmra 'copper'
4. Nīla, saffire gem, 'indigo dye'
5. makara synonym: (dh)makara 'composite animal' rebus: dhmākara'bellows blower, smelter of mineral ores'
6. śankha'conch-shell' synonym: śippi, cippi'mollusc' rebus: śilpi'artisan'
7. mukunda 'ferrite wire for lutes', tympanum of mr̥dangam (ferrite oxide)
8. Nanda as a metals precious stones merchant/lapidary is signified: “Nanda…possessor…He gains all kinds of metals and precious stones and also pure and pleasant foog grains etc. and also performs their sale and barter.”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68,, 30,-26, p.290). As one of nine Kubera's treasures, nanda or కుంద, குந்தம்⁶ kuntam, n. is equated with kunda 'lathe'

From this list of eight wealths or magical arts called Padmini, the wealth components traded seem to relate principally metalwork supported by gem stones and work of lapidary, turner. The inclusion of hieroglyph: śippi, cippi 'mollusc' rebus: śilpi 'artisan' is a remarkable reference to the mastery of cire perdue (lost-wax) technique to make metal bronze artifacts like the dancing girl or a lady with a dance-step (karaṇa) of Mohenjo-daro.

I do not know why other articles of trade are not listed in the magical arts called Padmini nidhi. There is a possibility that the nidhi called Nīla, referred to 1) saffire gem, and 2) 'indigo dye' used for dyeing clothings. Since the other 7 nidhi-s are related to metalworker and lapidary's work and artifacts, this nidhi may relate to the blue stone of lapiz lazuli which is archaeologically attested as a traded item with Ancient Near East, obtained from Sarasvati Civilization contact area of Badakshan, Afghanistan.

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UAE academics reconstructing 'revolutionary' Bronze Age boat

April 29, 2019, 6:28 am

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≪ Previous: Indus Script inscriptions relate to lapidary, metal work wealth only, comparable to Rosetta stone, Padmini (Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa) of eight nidhi treasures

UAE academics reconstructing 'revolutionary' Bronze Age boat

Using historical sources, university lecturers and students are piecing together a reconstruction of a primitive ship that caused a trade revolution in the Arabian Gulf

Robert Parthesius and Eric Staples at NYU Abu DhabiÂ during the official launch of a Bronze Age Boat Project. Antonie Robertson. — Robert Parthesius and Eric Staples at NYU Abu Dhabi during the official launch of a Bronze Age Boat Project. Antonie Robertson.

Daniel Sanderson

April 28, 2019

In the Bronze Age, maritime trade in the Gulf was revolutionised by the invention of boats capable of shipping goods hundreds of miles.

About 4,000 years later, academics and university students have launched an ambitious attempt to build a working reconstruction of the type of vessel that, for the first time in history, could sail from what is now Iraq, through the Arabian Gulf, reaching as far as the coastline of India

A lack of physical remains mean little is conclusively known about the structures of the first boats capable of long-distance travel, with the natural materials used to build them having long since disintegrated.

But experts are using a combination of historical sources, including miniature models found in graves and a “shopping list” of items etched into an ancient stone tablet, to recreate an eight-metre-long vessel that they hope will prove seaworthy.

It is hoped that the project, launched in a collaboration between New York University Abu Dhabi and Zayed University, will be completed within a year. Construction is already under way, and it is hoped that it will lead to a greater understanding of a crucial development in human history.

Boat builders Sajid Valappil and Abdul SalamÂ show a visitor the techniques used to manufactureÂ a Bronze Age Boat. Antonie Robertson, — Boat builders Sajid Valappil and Abdul Salam show a visitor the techniques used to manufacture a Bronze Age Boat. Antonie Robertson,

“We are exploring the origins of long-distance trade in the region, which we really saw develop in the Bronze Age in the Gulf and into the Indian Ocean, connecting Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley,” said Eric Staples, assistant professor at Zayed University and co-director of the boat project.

“This was a commercial revolution. It required ships that could actually make the voyage and carry goods there and back. This is about exploring the maritime technology at the time, considering different sets of evidence to solve the puzzle of what a vessel might have looked like.

“Actually building a boat is an excellent way of gaining further information about these vessels, considering the limited evidence we have. You’re forced to confront and analyse the evidence in much greater depth and detail than you otherwise would, and re-examine your assumptions.”

It is believed that the crescent-shaped boats would have been directed with a single steering oar. A sail would have been made out of goat hair or a form of natural matting. Two expert boat builders have been brought in to assist with the project, which has been going on for a year, and about 80 students have already contributed to.

An Experimental Archaeological Reconstruction of a Bronze Age Boat.Â Â Antonie Robertson. — An Experimental Archaeological Reconstruction of a Bronze Age Boat. Antonie Robertson.

Bitumen, used for waterproofing, reeds and natural wood found in the region are among the other materials that will be used.

It is hoped that by early next year the boat will be ready to be tested in the water, and, if successful, it could even set sail on a long voyage, although its primitive nature means extensive safety measures would have to be in place. International museums have already shown an interest in displaying the completed replica.

“It wouldn’t have been the safest, let’s put it that way,” Dr Staples said. “This is the earliest origins of what you would call long-distance boat technology, so inevitably there were problems. By modern standards, it would be considered dangerous, although we don’t have exact mortality figures.”

The boat project is part of a wider drive to improve understanding of the UAE’s maritime heritage, with the Middle East seen as a crossroads of civilisations for centuries. For thousands of years, the coastline of the country has been a key mercantile route.

New efforts are under way to learn far more about the UAE’s history by exploring under the sea, said Robert Parthesius, who is also co-director of the boat project.

“I think we know the orbits now much better than the ocean,” Dr Parthesius said. “The places that are still to be discovered are underwater. We are looking now at rising sea levels as a big issue. The Gulf faced the same problem 15,000 years ago and a lot of communities that were living on the banks of rivers are now on the sea floor.A course he teaches at NYUAD, Shipwrecks and Seascapes, introduces students to maritime archaeology.

“There was a migration that took place, so the biggest discoveries about the culture of this country are still to be made underwater.

“Heritage is an important component of the UAE's national identity. Learning more and getting a richer understanding of the maritime connections of this country will enrich that.”
https://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-academics-reconstructing-revolutionary-bronze-age-boat-1.854350?fbclid=IwAR1EYlWBBLbn13MgWOodZ4WAxQmmMuEJ6ZL-6JN_53vfy0icXhUTzBh05co

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To validate Indus Script Cipher do we need a Rosetta stone when we have thousands of evidences of continuum into historical periods?

April 29, 2019, 5:52 pm

≫ Next: Eight sources of Padmini nidhi, wealth according to Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (2 translations)

≪ Previous: UAE academics reconstructing 'revolutionary' Bronze Age boat

https://tinyurl.com/yxud8sfj

--We have thousands of ancient coins, Gardez Vināyaka, Anthropomorphs, Sohgaura Copper plate,Sanchi, Bhaja, Amaravati sculptures which demonstrate that the Indus Script Cipher continued to be used in historical periods

This is an addendum to:

1. Indus Script inscriptions relate to lapidary, metal work wealth only, comparable to Rosetta stone, Padmini (Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa) of eight nidhi treasures https://tinyurl.com/y6jz2kyf

2. Surprising validation of Indus Script Decipherment as 'wealth-acccounting ledgers' in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa https://tinyurl.com/y4mtv9g2

3. फड, phaḍa 'metalwork manufactory artisan guild', kuṭhi 'smelter' signified as Indus Script hypertexts on Amaravati sculptural friezes https://tinyurl.com/y7ycqvdl

4. Anthropomorphs as Indus Script hypertexts, professional calling cards and Copper Hoard Cultures of Ancient India https://tinyurl.com/y7qc7t73

5. Indus Script anthropomorph with upraised hand signifies metalcaster blacksmith, helmsman; other anthropomorphs signify alloy metalworkers, goldsmiths, merchants https://tinyurl.com/y7eoo6e2

6. Brāhmī inscription on Indus Script anthropomorph reads: symbol of मांझीथा Majhīthā sadya 'member of mã̄jhī boatpeople assembly (community)' https://tinyurl.com/y85lflto

These monographs had shown that
--Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chapter 68) which details the nidhi, 'eight treasures' called Padmini,
--Gardez Vināyaka with Indus Script hieroglyphs of tiger, feline paw and cobrahood (फड, phaḍa 'cobra hood' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork manufactory artisan guild')--Anthropomorphs of copperhoard cultures are professional calling cards which signify expressions in Indus Script Cipher of a blacksmith who is also अहन्-गार्'blacksmith, thunderbolt maker', vaḍḍhaï, baḍaga'.

aśáni f. ʻthunderbolt ʼ RV., °nī -- f. ŚBr. [Cf. áśan -- m. ʻ sling -- stone ʼ RV.] Pa. asanī -- f. ʻ thunderbolt, lightning ʼ, asana -- n. ʻ stone ʼ; Pk. asaṇi -- m.f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ; Ash. ašĩˊ ʻ hail ʼ, Wg. ašē˜ˊ, Pr. īšĩ, Bashg. "azhir", Dm. ašin, Paš. ášen, Shum. äˊšin, Gaw. išín, Bshk. ašun, Savi išin, Phal. ã̄šun, L. (Jukes) ahin, awāṇ. &circmacrepsilon;n (both with n, not ṇ), P. āhiṇ, f., āhaṇ, aihaṇ m.f., WPah. bhad. ã̄ṇ, hiṇi f., N. asino, pl. °nā; Si. sena, heṇa ʻthunderbolt ʼ Geiger GS 34, but the expected form would be ā̤n; -- Sh. aĩyĕˊr f. ʻhail ʼ (X ?). -- For ʻ stone ʼ> ʻhailstone ʼ cf. upala -- and A. xil* s.v.śilāˊ -- . (CDIAL 910) vajrāśani m. ʻ Indra's thunderbolt ʼ R. [vájra -- , aśáni -- ]Aw. bajāsani m. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ prob. ← Sk.(CDIAL 11207) Rebus: P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهنګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهنګران āhan-garān. آهنربا āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.); (W.) Pl. آهنرباوي āhan-rubāwī. See اوسپنه. (Pashto) ahan-gār अहन्-गार् (= ) m. a blacksmith (H. xii, 16).(Kashmiri)

Brāhmī inscription on an anthropomorph has been deciphered

Brāhmī inscription on Indus Script anthropomorph reads (on the assumption that Line 3 is an inscription with Indus Script hypertexts):

śam ña ga kī ma jhi tha mū̃h baṭa baran khāṇḍā

samjñā 'symbol, sign'

kī ma jhi tha 'of Majhitha'

Sha (?) Da Ya शद sad-a 'produce (of a country)'.-shad-ya, m. one who takes part in an assembly, spectator

Meaning:

Line 1 (Brāhmī syllables): samjñā 'symbol, sign' (of)

Line 2 (Brāhmī syllables): kī ma jhi tha 'of Majhitha locality or mã̄jhī boatpeople community or workers in textile dyeing: majīṭh 'madder'. The reference may also be to mañjāḍi (Kannada) 'Adenanthera seed weighing two kuṉṟi-mani, used by goldsmiths as a weight'.

Line 3 (Indus Script hieroglyphs): baṭa 'iron' bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) mū̃h'ingots' khāṇḍā 'equipments'.

Alternative reading of Line 3 (if read as Brāhmī syllables): Sha (?) Da Ya शद sad-a signifies: 'produce (of a country' or -shad-ya, m. one who takes part in an assembly, spectator.

Thus,an alternative reading is that the threelines may signify symbol of मांझीथा Majhīthā sadya 'assembly participant' or member of mã̄jhī boatpeople assembly (community).

Thus, this is a proclamation, a hoarding which signifies the Majitha locality (working in) iron, mixed alloys (bharat) ingots and equipments. Alternative reding is: symbol (of) produce of Majhitha locality or community.

Sohgaura copper plate is also a Rosetta stone with both Indus Script and Brāhmī inscriptions.

In addition to these Rosetta stones, tens of thousands of ancient coins of historical periods (many used with the syllabic scripts of Brāhmī and Kharoṣṭhī) also prove the continuity of Indus Script Cipher deployed to signify wealth-creation in ancient mints.

Two examples suffice: a) Vr̥ṣṇi coins; b) Kuninda coins

a) Vr̥ṣṇi coins with inscriptions in 3 scripts: indus script, Kharoṣṭhī, Brāhmī, dul ayo karba, kol, meḍ, goṭā, vajra, āra kammaṭa 'mint for metal casting, alloys, meḍ iron smelter, gold braid, weapons, brass' (वृ)ष्णी राजञ गणस्य https://tinyurl.com/ybz29mlg

b) Kuninda coins, Bhaja Caitya, Sanchi and Amaravati sculptural friezes

Image result for Magadha janapada, Silver karshapana, c. 4th century BCE

Magadha janapada, Silver karshapana, c. 4th century BCEWeight: 3.45 gm., Dim: 25 x 23 mm.Five punches: sun, 6-arm, and three others / Banker's mark

Ref: GH 48.

karibha 'elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron'

eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: erako 'moltencast, copper'; arA 'spokes, rebus: Ara 'brass' khaNDa 'division'

rebus: kaNDa 'implements' arka 'sun' rebus: arka, eraka 'copper'. Six-spoked hypertext emanating from

dotted circle is: dhAu 'element, mineral ferrite' PLUS muhA 'furnace quantity, ingot' PLUS kANDa 'arrow'

rebus: kaNDa 'implements;. Thus, the five PMC hypertexts signify mintwork with iron, molten cast copper,

iron implements, ingots, furnace work.

On some sculptural friezes, the 'fish-fin' hypertext is ligatured to the tip of the spokes of the wheel emanating

from the dotted circle. This signifies: ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'metal' aya 'iron'.

PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Bhaja Caitya ca. 100 BCE. Hieroglyphs are: fish-fin pair; pine-cone; yupa: kandə ʻpine' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements, fire-altar' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' (Lahnda CDIAL 13640) Ta. kampaṭṭam, kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Yupa: Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: kāṇḍa,'implements'.

Amaravati sculpturel friezes: cakra with ligatures.

Elaborate orthography on sanchi stupa relates the spoked wheel to 'fish-fin' hypertext (mintwork) and also to tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper'.

1. dotted circle

2. arrow (three)

3. twist (three) Some examples replace the 'twist' with 'buns-shaped ingots'. Thus, total six hypertexts emanate from dotted circle as spokes.

Four components of hypertext are read rebus in Meluhha:

1. Dotted circle is a Harappa Script hieroglyph and signifies a 'strand' of rope. dhāī˜ 'strand' rebus: dhāu'soft red stone, element'(ferrite ore)

2. Twist is: मेढा mēḍhā A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’(Ho.)med 'copper' (Slavic languages) medha 'yajña, dhanam'. mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali).

3. Six spokes of wheel emanating from dotted circle: bhaṭa ‘six (hair-curls)’ Rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’.

4.. Hieroglyph: Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: kāṇḍa,'implements'.

Santali glosses

Hieroglyph: S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773).

षट्--कोण [p= 1108,2] 'six-angled'; hexagon; a six-angled figure Ra1matUp. Pan5car; the thunderbolt of इन्द्र L..

Silver coin of the Kuninda Kingdom, c. 1st century BCE.
Obv: Deer standing right, crowned by two cobras, attended by Lakshmi holding a lotus flower. Legend in Prakrit (Brahmi script, from left to right): Rajnah Kunindasya Amoghabhutisya maharajasya ("Great King Amoghabhuti, of the Kunindas").
Rev: Stupa surmounted by the Buddhist symbol triratna, and surrounded by a swastika, a "Y" symbol, and a tree in railing. Legend in Kharoshti script, from righ to left: Rana Kunidasa Amoghabhutisa Maharajasa, ("Great King Amoghabhuti, of the Kunindas").

Triratna? on Taxila coin 185-168 BCE detail http://www.cngcoins.com

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triratna_on_Taxila_coin_185-168_BCE_detail.jpg#/media/File:Triratna_on_Taxila_coin_185-168_BCE_detail.jpg

వడము (p. 1124) vaḍamu vaḍamu. [Tel.] n. A very thick rope. మోకు. A garland, దండ. సమర్థతగల. తేరివడము a rope used to drag a car. vaṭa2 ʻ string ʼ lex. [Prob. ← Drav. Tam. vaṭam, Kan. vaṭi, vaṭara,] N. bariyo ʻ cord, rope ʼ; Bi. barah ʻ rope working irrigation lever ʼ, barhā ʻ thick well -- rope ʼ, Mth. barahā ʻ rope ʼ.vaṭāraka -- , vaṭin -- ; *karṇavaṭikā -- , *yantravaṭa -- .(CDIAL 11212) vaṭāraka -- , varāṭaka -- m. ʻ string ʼ MBh. [vaṭa -- 2]Pa. sa -- vaṭākara -- ʻ having a cable ʼ; Bi. baral -- rassī ʻ twisted string ʼ; H. barrā m. ʻ rope ʼ, barārā m. ʻ thong ʼ. (CDIAL 11217) वराटक [p= 921,1] a rope , cord , string (only ifc. , with f(आ).) MBh. xii , 2488 v.l. वरारका वरारक [p= 923,2] n. a diamond L.*karṇavaṭikā ʻ side -- cord ʼ. [kárṇa -- , vaṭa -- 2]WPah. bhal. k*lnɔṛi f. ʻ knots between upper and lower parts of a snow -- shoe, rope pegs to which the distaff in a spinning -- wheel is attached ʼ.(CDIAL 2842) *yantravaṭa ʻ cord of a machine ʼ. [Cf. Pa. yantasutta- n. -- yantrá -- , vaṭa -- 2]WPah.bhal. jaṇṭḷoṛ m. ʻ long string round spinning wheel ʼ.(CDIAL 10413) Ta. vaṭam cable, large rope, cord, bowstring, strands of a garland, chains of a necklace; vaṭi rope; vaṭṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to tie. Ma. vaṭam rope, a rope of cowhide (in plough), dancing rope, thick rope for dragging timber. Ka. vaṭa, vaṭara, vaṭi string, rope, tie. Te. vaṭi rope, cord. Go. (Mu.) vaṭiya strong rope made of paddy straw (Voc.3150). Cf. 3184 Ta. tār̤vaṭam. / Cf. Skt. vaṭa- string, rope, tie; vaṭāraka-, vaṭākara-, varāṭaka- cord, string; Turner, CDIAL, no. 11212.(DEDR 5220) வடம்¹ vaṭam , n. < vaṭa. 1. Cable, large rope, as for drawing a temple-car; கனமான கயிறு. வடமற்றது (நன். 219, மயிலை.). 2. Cord; தாம்பு. (சூடா.) 3. A loop of coir rope, used for climbing palm-trees; மரமேறவுதவுங் கயிறு. Loc. 4. Bowstring; வில்லின் நாணி. (பிங்.) 5. String of jewels; மணிவடம். வடங்கள் அசையும்படி உடுத்து (திருமுரு. 204, உரை). (சூடா.) 6. Strands of a garland; chains of a necklace; சரம். இடை மங்கை கொங்கை வடமலைய (அஷ்டப். திருவேங்கடத் தந். 39). 7. Arrangement; ஒழுங்கு. தொடங்கற் காலை வடம்பட விளங்கும் (ஞானா. 14, 41). தாழ்வடம் tāḻ-vaṭam , n. < id. +. 1. [M. tāḻvaṭam.] Necklace of pearls or beads; கழுத் தணி. தாவி றாழ்வடம் தயங்க (சீவக. 2426). 2. String of Rudrākṣa beads; உருத்திராக்கமாலை. மார்பின்மீதிலே தாழ்வடங்கள் மனதிலே கரவடமாம் (தண்டலை. சத. 29).

వటగ (p. 1122) vaṭaga , వటారి or వఠారి vaṭaga. [Tel.] adj. Clever, skilful, నేర్పుగల

वराटक m. a cowry , Cypraea Moneta (= 1÷20 of a काकिणी or of a पण) Ka1v. Katha1s. Sa1h. &c (also f(इका).(Monier-Williams)

वराटक the seed vessel of a lotus-flower Naish. (Monier-Williams)

dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ;-- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) धातु 1[p= 513,3]m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3.

constituent part, ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. त्रि-ध्/आतु , threefold &c ; cf. त्रिविष्टि- ,सप्त- , सु-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c element , primitive matter (= महा-भूत L. ) MBh. Hariv. &c (usually reckoned as 5 , viz. ख or आकाश , अनिल , तेजस् , जल , भू; to which is added ब्रह्म Ya1jn5. iii , 145 ; or विज्ञान Buddh. )a constituent element or essential ingredient of the body (distinct from the 5 mentioned above and conceived either as 3 humours [called also दोष] phlegm , wind and bile BhP. [cf. पुरीष , मांस , मनस् , ChUp. vi , 5 , 1] ; or as the 5 organs of sense, इन्द्रियाणि [cf. s.v. and

MBh. xii , 6842 , where श्रोत्र , घ्राण , आस्य , हृदय and कोष्ठ are mentioned as the 5 धातु of the human body born from the either] and the 5 properties of the elements perceived by them , गन्ध , रस , रूप , स्पर्श andशब्द L. ; or the 7 fluids or secretions , chyle , blood , flesh , fat , bone , marrow , semen Sus3r. [ L. रसा*दि or रस-रक्ता*दि, of which sometimes 10 are given , the above 7 and hair , skin , sinews BhP. ])primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral , are (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e.

grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists धातु means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [धातु-लोक] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relicsL. [cf. -गर्भ]). dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf.tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]

M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to ironʼ); (CDIAL 6773) धावड (p. 250) dhāvaḍa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. In these parts they are Muhammadans. धावडी (p. 250) dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron.

Archaeological evidences for the evolution of the tied fish-fin hypertext

The 'tied fish-fin' hypertext shown on the Vr̥ṣṇi coins is traceable to the early signifer of a fish tied with a rope with circumscript molluscs. The word for rope is dã̄wrī rebus: dhavaḍa 'iron smelter'.

BEgram ivory. Hackin 1954, p.169, figs.18 Ivory? Size: 10.6 x 15.8 x 0.4 cm Rectangular plaque depicting three palmettos with curled-up ends, held together by rings made up of lotus petals. Between the palmettos elongated fruit is shown . This scene is bordered by a band depicting a series of four-leaved flowers set in a square frame. The centre-piece is 'fish' tied with molluscs.

Image result for fish fin mint bharatkalyan97

The expressions for the hieroglyph multiplex are:

khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.
ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

śrivatsa symbol [with its hundreds of stylized variants, depicted on Pl. 29 to 32] occurs in Bogazkoi (Central Anatolia) dated ca. 6th to 14th cent. BCE on inscriptions Pl. 33, Nandipāda-Triratna at: Bhimbetka, Sanchi, Sarnath and Mathura] Pl. 27, Svastika symbol: distribution in cultural periods] The association of śrivatsa with ‘fish’ is reinforced by the symbols binding fish in Jaina āyāgapaṭas (snake-hood?) of Mathura (late 1st cent. BCE). śrivatsa symbol seems to have evolved from a stylied glyph showing ‘two fishes’. In the Sanchi stupa, the fish-tails of two fishes are combined to flank the ‘śrivatsa’ glyph. In a Jaina āyāgapaṭa, a fish is ligatured within the śrivatsa glyph, emphasizing the association of the ‘fish’ glyph with śrivatsa glyph.

(After Plates in: Savita Sharma, 1990, Early Indian symbols, numismatic evidence, Delhi, Agama Kala Prakashan; cf. Shah, UP., 1975, Aspects of Jain Art and Architecture, p.77)

Khandagiri caves (2nd cent. BCE) Cave 3 (Jaina Ananta gumpha). Fire-altar?, śrivatsa, svastika

(hieroglyphs) (King Kharavela, a Jaina who ruled Kalinga has an inscription dated 161 BCE) contemporaneous with Bharhut and Sanchi and early Bodhgaya.

Tree shown on a tablet from Harappa.

[Pl. 39, Savita Sharma, opcit. Tree symbol (often on a platform) on punch-marked coins; a symbol recurring on many tablets showing Sarasvati hieroglyphs].

Torana from Mathura and Mathura lion capital which incorporates many hieroglyph elements later to be found in Bharhut-Sanchi: Pair of tigers (lions?), molluscs, srivatsa, i.e. kampaṭṭa 'mint' PLUS sippi 'shell' rebus: sippi 'artisan, sculptor, architect'

Sanchi and Bharhut stupa reliefs on a torana. Two mahouts ride on two elephants. One mahour carries a flagpost with a standard of 'srivatsa' hieroglyphmultiplex. This has been explained as metalcraftsmanship.

Kushana period, 1st century C.E.From Mathura Red Sandstone 89x92cm
books.google.com/books?id=evtIAQAAIAAJ&q=In+the+image...

āyāgapaṭṭa, Kankāli Tila, Mathura.

"Jain homage tablet. The tablet was set up by the wife of Bhadranadi, and it was found in December 1890 near the centre of the mound of the Jain stupa at Kankali Tila. Mathura has extensive archaeological remains as it was a large and important city from the middle of the first millennium onwards. It rose to particular prominence under the Kushans as the town was their southern capital. The B
uddhist, Brahmanical and Jain faiths all thrived at Mathura, and we find deities and motifs from all three and others represented in sculpture. In reference to this photograph in the list of photographic negatives, Bloch wrote that, "The technical name of such a panel was ayagapata [homage panel]." The figure in the centre is described as a Tirthamkara, a Jain prophet." http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/readinghall/UniversalHistory/INDIA/Cambridge/I/CHAPTER_XXVI.html

Hieroglyph: daürā 'rope' Rebus: dhāvḍā 'smelter'

Hieroglyph: daũ̈rā, daürā ʻ rope ʼ(Oriya): dāˊman1 ʻ rope ʼ RV. 2. dāmana -- , dāmanī* -- f. ʻ long rope to which calves are tethered ʼ Hariv. 3. *dāmara -- . [**dāmara* -- is der. fr. n/r n. stem. -- √dā2]
1. Pa. dāma -- , inst. °mēna n. ʻ rope, fetter, garland ʼ, Pk. dāma -- n.; Wg. dām ʻ rope, thread, bandage ʼ; Tir. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Paš.lauṛ. dām ʻ thick thread ʼ, gul. dūm ʻ net snare ʼ (IIFL iii 3, 54 ← Ind. or Pers.); Shum. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Sh.gil. (Lor.) dōmo ʻ twine, short bit of goat's hair cord ʼ, gur. dōm m. ʻ thread ʼ (→ Ḍ. dōṅ ʻ thread ʼ); K. gu -- dômu m. ʻ cow's tethering rope ʼ; P. dã̄u, dāvã̄ m. ʻ hobble for a horse ʼ; WPah.bhad. daũ n. ʻ rope to tie cattle ʼ, bhal. daõ m., jaun. dã̄w; A. dāmā ʻ peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ʼ; B. dām, dāmā ʻ cord ʼ; Or. duã̄ ʻ tether ʼ, dāĩ ʻ long tether to which many beasts are tied ʼ; H. dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ, dāmā m. ʻ id.,garland ʼ; G. dām n. ʻ tether ʼ, M. dāvẽ n.; Si. dama ʻ chain, rope ʼ, (SigGr) dam ʻ garland ʼ. -- Ext. in Paš.dar. damaṭāˊ, °ṭīˊ, nir. weg. damaṭék ʻ rope ʼ, Shum.ḍamaṭik, Woṭ. damṓṛ m., Sv. dåmoṛīˊ; -- with -- ll -- : N. dāmlo ʻ tether for cow ʼ, dã̄wali, dāũli, dāmli ʻ bird -- trap of string ʼ, dã̄wal, dāmal ʻ coeval ʼ (< ʻ tied together ʼ?); M. dã̄vlī f. ʻ small tie -- rope ʼ.
2. Pk. dāvaṇa -- n., dāmaṇī -- f. ʻ tethering rope ʼ; S. ḍ̠āvaṇu, ḍ̠āṇu m. ʻ forefeet shackles ʼ, ḍ̠āviṇī, ḍ̠āṇī f. ʻ guard to support nose -- ring ʼ; L. ḍã̄vaṇ m., ḍã̄vaṇī, ḍāuṇī(Ju. ḍ̠ -- ) f. ʻ hobble ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ strip at foot of bed, triple cord of silk worn by women on head ʼ, awāṇ. dāvuṇ ʻ picket rope ʼ; P. dāuṇ, dauṇ, ludh. daun f. m. ʻ string for bedstead, hobble for horse ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ gold ornament worn on woman's forehead ʼ; Ku. dauṇo m., °ṇī f. ʻ peg for tying cattle to ʼ, gng. dɔ̃ṛ ʻ place for keeping cattle, bedding for cattle ʼ; A. dan ʻ long cord on which a net or screen is stretched, thong ʼ, danā ʻ bridle ʼ; B. dāmni ʻ rope ʼ; Or. daaṇa ʻ string at the fringe of a casting net on which pebbles are strung ʼ, dāuṇi ʻ rope for tying bullocks together when threshing ʼ; H. dāwan m. ʻ girdle ʼ, dāwanī f. ʻ rope ʼ, dã̄wanī f. ʻ a woman's orna<-> ment ʼ; G. dāmaṇ, ḍā° n. ʻ tether, hobble ʼ, dāmṇũ n. ʻ thin rope, string ʼ, dāmṇī f. ʻ rope, woman's head -- ornament ʼ; M. dāvaṇ f. ʻ picket -- rope ʼ. -- Words denoting the act of driving animals to tread out corn are poss. nomina actionis from dāmayati2.3. L. ḍãvarāvaṇ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ã̄v°* ʻ to hobble ʼ; A. dāmri ʻ long rope for tying several buffalo -- calves together ʼ, Or. daũ̈rā, daürā ʻ rope ʼ; Bi. daũrī ʻ rope to which threshing bullocks are tied, the act of treading out the grain ʼ, Mth. dã̄mar, daũraṛ ʻ rope to which the bullocks are tied ʼ; H. dã̄wrī f. ʻ id., rope, string ʼ, dãwrī f. ʻ the act of driving bullocks round to tread out the corn ʼ. Addenda: dāˊman -- 1. 1. Brj. dã̄u m. ʻ tying ʼ. 3. dāmara -- : Brj. dã̄wrī* f. ʻ rope ʼ.(CDIAL 6283)

Rebus: dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ (Marathi) धवड [ dhavaḍa ] m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron.धावड [ dhāvaḍa ] m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावडी [ dhāvaḍī ] a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron. (Marathi) dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ strand of rope ʼ (cf.tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu* -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773).

↧

2. Itihāsa. With a large cache of Dilmun seals, Indus Script Corpora has grown to c. 30,000 insciptions of wealth-accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y8rj5xpd

Dholavira Seal 56 A horned person standing between two branches of a tree, each with three leaves on outer side and one at the top; a devotee kneels, hands touching the ground; R lower side, a goat with outstretched wavy horns, upturned tail. Vertical perforation.

FS 72 Fig. 108 Chanhudaro seal. Person kneeling under a tree facing a tiger. [Chanhudaro Excavations, Pl. LI, 18] 6118 Seal T-A-T ID 1743

The evidence relates to the semantics of worker in wood and iron. He is called बढई baḍhī.

See: Prayer postures on Indus Script Corpora and kole.l 'smithy,forge' as kole.l 'temple'-- Indian sprachbund, 'speech union' http://tinyurl.com/y4rwd86n

2. arrowhead

3. weapon

4. metal mirror

5. (to be) shiny

6. measuring vessel made of bronze

7. a metal bowl

8. bronze

h1997 A,B Harappa Faience Tablet or Harappa Standard

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) koḍ ‘one’. Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn; Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn; Go. (Tr.) kōr (obl. kōt-, pl. kōhk) horn of cattle or wild animals; Ka. kōḍu horn (DEDR 2200). koḍ = place where artisans work (G.)

'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) kundaṇa find gold (Tulu)2. Lion: arya 'lion' (Akkadian) rebus: āra 'brass'.?3. Composite animal of Indus Script?

'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) kundaṇa find gold (Tulu)2. Lion: arya 'lion' (Akkadian) rebus: āra 'brass'.?3. Composite animal of Indus Script?

Nebuchadnezzar's Inscription plaque

Thanks to Pawan Sayam Gond for putting together exquisite images and his notes on Facebook.

aṣṭāśri yūpa is a ketu, a sign of proclamation, of performance of Soma Samstha Yajna. Nineteen such pillars have been found all over India and in Borneo, incribed by Mūlavarman. This is an addendum to:

[quote] Pawan Sayam Gond

The Chanhu-daro Seal: Gaur Ravaging a Female

khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild'

Vr̥ṣṇi Janapada coin with hieroglyphs of iron mint and cakra. Harappa Script hieroglyphs on coins from Ancient Bharata mints. Unraveling pāradān 'mercury traders'& śrivatsa metaphor on coins and Bharhut/Sanchi sculptural friezes.

See: Sohgaura tāmra-sāsana with Indus Script hypertexts & Brahmī epigraph to protect metalwork wealth & merchandise of traders https://tinyurl.com/ybdljjzq

Coins Attributed to the Audumbara King Mahādeva

See: Mystery of 5th m. BCE Mehrgarh ornament solved; āre, ṯs̱arḵẖ 'wheel' rebus āra ‘brass’, eraka 'metal infusion' https://tinyurl.com/y245bxk7

British Museum. Mehrgarh, 5th millennium BCE. 2.2 cm dia. 5 mm reference scale. Perhaps coppper alloyed with lead.

The symbol which also occurs four times on Dholavira sign board has been deciphered as a Meluhha expression:

See: Orthography of a strand on Indus Script Sign 397 and orthographic variants of twisted rope ANE artifacts signify dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter’ https://tinyurl.com/y8se5as6

Makara on lentil from Sambor Prei Kuk temple, Kampong Thom City, CambodiaA warrior in the jaw of makara in Kiradu temple, Rajasthan. Makara is human, karA 'crocodile' signifies khAr 'blacksmith'.

Hoysaleswara Temple wall carved with sculpture of Makara mythical animal carrying lord Varuṇa god of rain and seafarers.

'Head of a Makara', 13th-14th century, Museum of Cham Sculpture

Temples[edit]

Of commerce and Cupid

Ashtamangala Groupings of eight auspicious symbols were originally used in India at ceremonies such as an investiture or coronation of a king. An early grouping of symbols included: throne, swastika, handprint, hooked knot, vase of jewels, water libation flask, pair of fishes, lidded bowl.

UAE academics reconstructing 'revolutionary' Bronze Age boat

1. Indus Script inscriptions relate to lapidary, metal work wealth only, comparable to Rosetta stone, Padmini (Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa) of eight nidhi treasures https://tinyurl.com/y6jz2kyf

4. Anthropomorphs as Indus Script hypertexts, professional calling cards and Copper Hoard Cultures of Ancient India https://tinyurl.com/y7qc7t73

5. Indus Script anthropomorph with upraised hand signifies metalcaster blacksmith, helmsman; other anthropomorphs signify alloy metalworkers, goldsmiths, merchants https://tinyurl.com/y7eoo6e2

6. Brāhmī inscription on Indus Script anthropomorph reads: symbol of मांझीथा Majhīthā sadya 'member of mã̄jhī boatpeople assembly (community)' https://tinyurl.com/y85lflto

See: Prayer postures on Indus Script Corpora and kole.l 'smithy,forge' as kole.l 'temple'

-- Indian sprachbund, 'speech union' http://tinyurl.com/y4rwd86n

'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) kundaṇa find gold (Tulu)

2. Lion: arya 'lion' (Akkadian) rebus: āra 'brass'.

?3. Composite animal of Indus Script?

'Unicorn' is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کند kār-kund 'manager' (Pashto) कारकून 'scribe' (Marathi) kundaṇa find gold (Tulu)

2. Lion: arya 'lion' (Akkadian) rebus: āra 'brass'.

?3. Composite animal of Indus Script?

Makara on lentil from Sambor Prei Kuk temple, Kampong Thom City, Cambodia
A warrior in the jaw of makara in Kiradu temple, Rajasthan. Makara is human, karA 'crocodile' signifies khAr 'blacksmith'.