Aadhar technological revolution, breakthrough in a Nation -- Raoul Pal

April 7, 2017, 9:57 pm

≫ Next: Cellphone, suggestions for new applications for Bhāratam Janam

≪ Previous: Mlecchita vikalpa hypertext transfer protocol explained

Raoul Pal, Paying Attention

MARCH 29, 2017

When my friend Raoul Pal – mastermind of Global Macro Investor and partners with Grant Williams in Real Vision TV – has something to say, my ears perk up. And when he leads off a piece this way, I am ALL ears:

I’m going to blow your mind with this following article. My mind is still reeling from my discovery and from writing this piece.

Turns out he’s talking about India, and more specifically, about recent advances in that nation’s technological infrastructure.

(I)t is very rare indeed that a country develops an outsized technological infrastructure breakthrough that leaves the rest of the world far behind.

But exactly this has just happened in India... and no one noticed.

And Raoul wastes no time in telling us the implications of this development:

India is now the most attractive major investment opportunity in the world.

That’s quite a statement. So rather than tease his insight, I’ll just let Raoul make his case.

It is this sort of “How did you find that?” idea that Raoul is known for. He writes one of the most expensive macroeconomic letters in the world, and his subscriber list is short and extremely exclusive.

I first met Raoul maybe seven years ago in a small private hedge fund gathering to which he gave a presentation. We stayed in contact and begin to find ourselves together at various events, often ending up on panels and stages together. Raoul has become a good friend. Shane and I have been lucky enough to stay with him at his home on Little Cayman Island (total population 100 residents, with one bar and a few small hotels that cater to the serious scuba diving community. It is the ultimate libertarian paradise – no government! When something has to happen in the community, they simply get together at the bar, decide who’s going to pay for what, and get on with it.

Raul comes up with more unique ideas per year than any man I know. What’s fascinating is that he comes up with an idea and then you begin to see it filtering into the trading/hedge fund community.

This year at the Strategic Investment Conference, Raoul has agreed to let me utilize him a great deal more than in the past. Not only is he presenting with Grant Williams (a killer duo last year) but he will also be moderating and participating in a few panels. When you come to the conference (surely you are coming to the conference), you want to make sure to spend some time getting to know Raoul.

And with that, I’m going to dive back into my own research and see if I can come up with a few more ideas worthy of your attention. Maybe not mind-blowing, but hopefully worth your time. Have a great rest of the week, and we’ll touch base again this weekend.

Your just trying to keep up analyst,

John Mauldin, Editor
Outside the Box

subscribers@mauldineconomics.com

Get John Mauldin's Over My Shoulder

"Must See" Research Directly from John Mauldin to You

Be the best-informed person in the room
with your very own risk-free trial of Over My Shoulder.
Join John Mauldin's private readers’ circle, today.

India

By Raoul Pal
March 2017

I’m going to blow your mind with this following article. My mind is still reeling from my discovery and from writing this piece.

Let me enlighten you...

Companies that create massively outsized technological breakthroughs tend to capture the investing population’s attention and thus their share prices trade at huge multiples, as future growth and future revenues are extrapolated into the future.

From time to time, entire countries re-model their economies and shift their growth trajectory. The most recent example was the liberalisation of China’s economy and massive spending on infrastructure, which together created an incredibly powerful force for growth over the last two decades.

But it is very rare indeed that a country develops an outsized technological infrastructure breakthrough that leaves the rest of the world far behind.

But exactly this has just happened in India... and no one noticed.

India has, without question, made the largest technological breakthrough of any nation in living memory.

Its technological advancement has even left Silicon Valley standing. India has built the world’s first national digital infrastructure, leaping at least two generations of financial technologies and has built something as important as the railroad was to the UK or the interstate highways were to the US.

India is now the most attractive major investment opportunity in the world.

It’s all about something called Aadhaar and a breathtakingly ambitious plan with flawless execution.

What just blows my mind is how few people have even noticed it. To be honest, writing the article last month was the first time I learned about any of the developments. I think this is the biggest emerging market macro story in the world.

Phase 1 – The Aadhaar Act

India, pre-2009, had a massive problem for a developing economy: nearly half of its people did not have any form of identification. If you were born outside of a hospital or without any government services, which is common in India, you don’t get a birth certificate. Without a birth certificate, you can’t get the basic infrastructure of modern life: a bank account, driving license, insurance or a loan. You operate outside the official sector and the opportunities available to others are not available to you. It almost guarantees a perpetuation of poverty and it also guarantees a low tax take for India, thus it holds Indian growth back too.

Normally, a country such as India would solve this problem by making a large push to register more births or send bureaucrats into villages to issues official papers (and sadly accept bribes in return). It would have been costly, inefficient and messy. It probably would have only partially worked.

But in 2009, India did something that no one else in the world at the time had done before; they launched a project called Aadhaar which was a technological solution to the problem, creating a biometric database based on a 12-digit digital identity, authenticated by finger prints and retina scans.

Aadhaar became the largest and most successful IT project ever undertaken in the world and, as of 2016, 1.1 billion people (95% of the population) now has a digital proof of identity. To understand the scale of what India has achieved with Aadhaar you have to understand that India accounts for 17.2% of the entire world’s population!

But this biometric database was just the first phase...

Phase 2 – Banking Adoption

Once huge swathes of the population began to register on the official system, the next phase was to get them into the banking system. The Government allowed the creation of eleven Payment Banks, which can hold money but don’t do any lending. To motivate people to open accounts, it offered free life insurance with them and linked bank accounts to social welfare benefits. Within three years more than 270 million bank accounts were opened and $10bn in deposits flooded in.

People who registered under the Aadhaar Act could open a bank account just with their Aadhaar number.

Phase 3 – Building Out a Mobile Infrastructure

The Aadhaar card holds another important benefit – people can use it to instantly open a mobile phone account. I covered this in detail last month but the key takeaway is that mobile phone penetration exploded after Aadhaar and went from 40% of the population to 79% within a few years...

The next phase in the mobile phone story will be the rapid rise in smart phones, which will revolutionise everything. Currently only 28% of the population has a smart phone but growth rates are close to 70% per year.

In July 2016, the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), which administers Aadhaar, called a meeting with executives from Google, Microsoft, Samsung and Indian smartphone maker Micromax amongst others, to talk about developing Aadhaar compliant devices.

Qualcomm is working closely with government authorities to get more Aadhaar-enabled devices onto the market and working with customers – including the biggest Android manufacturers – to integrate required features, such as secure cameras and iris authentication partners.

Tim Cook, CEO of Apple, recently singled out India as a top priority for Apple.

Microsoft has also just launched a lite version of Skype designed to work on an unstable 2G connection and is integrated with the Aadhaar database, so video calling can be used for authenticated calls.

This rise in smart, Aadhaar compliant mobile phone penetration set the stage for the really clever stuff...

Phase 4 – UPI – A New Transaction System

But that is not all. In December 30^th 2016, Indian launched BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) which is a digital payments platform using UPI (Unified Payments Interface). This is another giant leap that allows non-UPI linked bank accounts into the payments system. Now payments can be made from UPI accounts to non-UPI accounts and can use QR codes for instant payments and also allows users to check bank balances.

While the world is digesting all of this, assuming that it is going to lead to an explosion in mobile phone eWallets (which is happening already), the next step is materializing. This is where the really big breakthrough lies...

Payments can now be made without using mobile phones, just using fingerprints and an Aadhaar number.

Fucking hell. That is the biggest change to any financial system in history.

What is even more remarkable is that this system works on a 2G network so it reaches even the most remote parts of India!! It will revolutionise the agricultural economy, which employs 60% of the workforce and contributes 17% of GDP. Farmers will now have access to bank accounts and credit, along with crop insurance.

But again, that is not all... India has gone one step further...

Phase 5 – India Stack – A Digital Life

In 2016, India introduced another innovation called India Stack. This is a series of secured and connected systems that allows people to store and share personal data such as addresses, bank statements, medical records, employment records and tax filings and it enables the digital signing of documents. This is all accessed, and can be shared, via Aadhaar biometric authentication.

Essentially, it is a secure Dropbox for your entire official life and creates what is known as eKYC: Electronic Know Your Customer.

Using India Stack APIs, all that is required is a fingerprint or retina scan to open a bank account, mobile phone account, brokerage account, buy a mutual fund or share medical records at any hospital or clinic in India. It also creates the opportunity instant loans and brings insurance to the masses, particularly life insurance. All of this data can also in turn be stored on India Stack to give, for example, proof of utility bill payment or life insurance coverage.

What is India Stack exactly?

India Stack is the framework that will make the new digital economy work seamlessly.

It’s a set of APIs that allows governments, businesses, startups and developers to utilise a unique digital infrastructure to solve India’s hard problems towards presence-less, paperless and cashless service delivery.

Presence-less: Retina scan and finger prints will be used to participate in any service from anywhere in the country.
Cashless: A single interface to all the country’s bank accounts and wallets.
Paperless: Digital records are available in the cloud, eliminating the need for massive amount of paper collection and storage.
Consent layer: Give secured access on demand to documents.

India Stack provides the ability to operate in real time, transactions such as lending, bank or mobile account opening that usually can take few days to complete are now instant.

As you can see, Smart phones will act as key to access the kingdom.

This is fast, secure and reliable; this is the future...

This revolutionary digital infrastructure will soon be able to process billions more transactions than bitcoin ever has. It may well be a bitcoin killer or at best provide the framework for how blockchain technology could be applied in the real world. It is too early to tell whether other countries or the private sector adopts blockchain versions of this infrastructure or abandons it altogether and follows India’s centralised version.

India Stack is the largest open API in the world and will allow for massive fintech opportunities to be built around it. India is already the third largest fintech centre but it will jump into first place in a few years. India is already organizing hackathons to develop applications for the APIs.

It has left Silicon Valley in the dust.

Phase 6 – A Cash Ban

The final stroke of genius was the cash ban, which I have also discussed at length in the past. The cash ban is the final part of the story. It simply forces everyone into the new digital economy and has the hugely beneficial side-effect of reducing everyday corruption, recapitalising the banking sector and increasing government tax take, thus allowing India to rebuild its crumbling infrastructure...

India was a cash society but once the dust settles, cash will account for less than 40% of total transactions in the next five years. It may eliminate cash altogether in the next ten years.

The cash ban digitizes India. No other economy in the world is even close to this.

Phase 7 – The Investment Opportunity

Everyone thinks they know about the Indian economy – crappy infrastructure, corruption, bureaucracy and antiquated institutions but with a massively growing middle class. Well, that is the narrative and has been for the last 15 years.

But that phase is over and no one noticed. So few people in the investment community or even Silicon Valley are even vaguely aware of what has happened in India and that has created an enormous investment opportunity.

The future for India is massive technological advancement, a higher trend rate of GDP and more tax revenues. Tax revenues will fund infrastructure – ports, roads, rail and healthcare. Technology will increase agricultural productivity, online services and manufacturing productivity.

Telecom, banking, insurance and online retailing will boom, as will the tech sector.

Nothing in India will be the same again.

FDI is already exploding and will rise massively in the years ahead as technology giants and others pour into India to take advantage of the opportunity...

I am long the telco sector (Bharti)...

And I am long the Nifty Banks Index...

I think India is going to offer an entire world of opportunity going forwards.

If I can sum up, it’s in this one chart: the SENSEX in US Dollars. It looks explosive for the next 10 years...

Incredible India indeed.

***Hot off the press***

I decided to test the waters on Twitter on Sunday and Monday to find out how many non-Indians were aware of India Stack/Aadhaar. I have 24,000 followers on Twitter, many of which are you guys, and hosts of others heavily engaged in financial markets i.e. it’s a decent data sample.

In the 12 hours since the survey began, around 900 people have responded. It appears that 90% of the investment world knows absolutely nothing about the biggest IT project ever accomplished and have never even heard of it.

Now, that is an informational edge.

http://www.mauldineconomics.com/outsidethebox/raoul-pal-paying-attention#

↧

Cellphone, suggestions for new applications for Bhāratam Janam

April 7, 2017, 10:20 pm

≫ Next: Money mafia, the New World Order -- Paul Hellyer (32:14)

≪ Previous: Aadhar technological revolution, breakthrough in a Nation -- Raoul Pal

The biggest technological revolution which has been absorbed seamlessly by Bhāratam Janam is the cellphone.

The cellphone has not only overcome the last-mile problem faced by the landline network, but has made the technology accessible even to a vegetable vendor.

When President Bill Clinton visited India, he reportedly asked: 'what is the propaganda machinery which makes over 50 million people assemble at a given place at a given time for a dip in the sacred Ganga?'

Little did he know that every vegetable vendor among Bhāratam Janam keeps a calendar. She knows the next amāvāsya day and delivers pumpkins at doorsteps of customers to ward off the evil eye.

Today that vegetable vendor not only uses the cellphone but knows how to reduce the phone charges by asking her customers to leave a 'missed call' because incoming calls are NOT charged in the Indian system of billing.

What have mobile application developers done to help that vegetable vendor?

I suggest that the following applications should be developed and loaded for free on every cellphone of every vegetable vendor:

1. The day's morning prices in the wholesale vegetable market of popular vegetables and fruits
2. News reports about delays if any in delivery trucks reaching wholesale markets (e.g. news reports of strikes or agitations by trucking companies)

I am sure the youth among Bhāratam Janam will also develop mobile applications for other specific uses and specific users:

1. Mobile app on weather conditions in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea alerting the seagoing fishermen and fisherwomen
2. Mobile app transmitting satellite images of fish schools detected in the oceans encircling Bhāratam so that the fishing trawlers can focus on the specified locations with precise GPS indicators

One application I have suggested is the adoption of the opensource code of Stellarium and create a Veda Stellarium to provide a daily calendar on a cellphone. This calendar should indicate the key panchanga info such as tithi, nakshatra and planetary skymap for any desired date. The propaganda machinery which Bill Clinton learnt about can be strengthened by declaring on the app the the next Kumbha Mela date in Prayag so that all pilgrims from the world over can gather in Prayag.

(The need for adaptation of opensource Stellarium is this: Stellarium shows names of planets/stars using Latin names. The skymap output should show Veda names of planets and nakshatras. This means a simple concordance list of Latin names and Samskrtam names of planets/comets and stars of the constellation).

NaMo, I request you to announce special prizes for mobile app developers who develop the Veda Stellarium type mobile applications and other applications useful to specific categories of Bhāratam Janam to help pursue their life-activities with accurate and timely information which a cellphone is supposed to provide.

Namaskaram.

Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center

↧

Money mafia, the New World Order -- Paul Hellyer (32:14)

April 7, 2017, 11:17 pm

≫ Next: Results of attack on Syria's airbase -- Pentagon release

≪ Previous: Cellphone, suggestions for new applications for Bhāratam Janam

The Honorable Paul Hellyer, Canada's former Minister of Defense has recorded this address, which gets to the heart of the truth of how power works in the world. Hellyer has been around the block, at a very hale and hearty 93 years
old. Here are some choice words from this powerful announcement:

"The United States and much of the Western world is ultimately controlled by an unelected, unaccountable cabal. Its apex is the banking and financial cartel,
followed by the oil cartel, the CEOs of the largest and most powerful transnational corporations, major intelligence agencies, including the
CIA, the FBI, the NSA and a major slice of the US military.

"Their collective power and influence is incalculable and it is their plan for
the US and the rest of us that is so alarming. Their plan is an empire
greater in size and power than any empire before it. They call this the
"New World Order", which ironically is the same name Hitler used for
the smaller empire he imagined.

"One sure thing: the New World Order will end all pretense of government of

"By and For the People". It will be a dictatorship of by and for a small
minority of the rich and privileged elite. Much of its power lies in the
privately-owned banking system. Why monarchs and politicians allowed the
private cartel to become the monopoly supplier of new money, we will never
know but this power is almost absolute and can determine the fate of nations
and their people.

"A system, where nearly all money is  created as debt - and debt that has to
be repaid with interest - but where  noone creates any money, with which
to pay the interest. It's a dead end that  leaves debtors with no alternative but
to borrow the money to pay the interest  and go deeper and deeper into debt.
It's so wild the absurd, that a grade 10  student would only need a few minutes
to recognize it as one giant Ponzi  scheme!

"Banks can invest five million dollars and leverage it to create one hundred
million dollars in loans that have to be repaid with interest. In effect, they
skim ninety-five percent off the top of every loan that is the reason I called
them the 'Money Mafia'. Monetary is the most urgent of all essential reforms..."

Video: (30 mins):

Disturbing Message to All Americans from Former Defense Minister of Canada

http://forbiddenknowledgetv.net/disturbing-message-to-all-americans-from-former-defense-minister-of-canada/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWfKfuuj6Jo Disturbing Message To All Americans From Ex Defense Minister Of Canada

↧

Results of attack on Syria's airbase -- Pentagon release

April 8, 2017, 1:08 am

≫ Next: Monsanto sneaks in banned GM seeds -- Sandhya Jain

≪ Previous: Money mafia, the New World Order -- Paul Hellyer (32:14)

Damage to the Syrian army airbase broadcast on Syrian state television. SYRIAN TV via Reuters TV

Pentagon Pictures Detail The Results Of Trump’s Devastating Attack On Syria’s Airbase [PICTURES]

RUSS READ

Pentagon/Foreign Policy Reporter

Pentagon has released several aerial surveillance photos that detail the extensive damage done to a Syrian air base after President Donald Trump’s strike Thursday night. The photos detail the aftermath of the strike, which included 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles, pointing out particular impact craters and destroyed targets at the Syrian government’s al-Shayrat airbase.

The U.S. air strike on Syria targeted several hangars. Source: U.S. Department of Defense

Based on the pictures, it appears the strike specifically targeted the base’s aircraft shelters, which housed the planes reportedly responsible for Tuesday’s chemical weapons attack on civilians in Syria’s northwestern Idlib province. An estimated 72 people were killed in the sarin attack, while possibly hundreds sustained injuries.

A second view of the craters and destruction at the air base. Source: U.S. Department of Defense

The Tomahawk missiles used in the attack were launched by two Arleigh Burke class destroyers, the USS Ross and USS Porter, located in the eastern Mediterranean. The missiles were timed to strike the airbase within one minute of each other.

The airstrikes targeted aircraft believed to have been used to drop sarin gas on civilians in Syria’s Idlib province. Source: U.S. Department of Defense

Several videos and pictures taken at the scene of the attack show that the strike appeared to be highly successful in destroying many, if not all, of the aircraft located at the base. The Pentagon’s initial battle damage assessment report found that damage to the base was extensive.

“We are assessing the results of the strike. Initial indications are that this strike has severely damaged or destroyed Syrian aircraft and support infrastructure and equipment at Shayrat Airfield, reducing the Syrian Government’s ability to deliver chemical weapons,” said Navy Capt. Jeff Davis, the Pentagon’s spokesman, in a statement Thursday.

↧

Monsanto sneaks in banned GM seeds -- Sandhya Jain

April 8, 2017, 3:23 am

≫ Next: Explaining the rationale of Mlecchita vikalpa as Meluhha cipher

≪ Previous: Results of attack on Syria's airbase -- Pentagon release

Monsanto sneaks in banned GM seeds

Monsanto is doggedly pushing GM seeds in India despite the spectacular collapse of Bt Cotton

By Sandhya Jain -

April 8, 2017

Monsanto sneaks in GM seeds in India

Agriculture multinational, Monsanto, that is doggedly pushing Genetically Modified (GM) seeds in India despite the spectacular collapse of Bt Cotton, has been fraudulently introducing Round-Up resistant GMO Cotton in a number of States, without the knowledge and approval of the statutory bodies, most notably the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC). The affected States include Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Gujarat.

RRF is Bt cotton with the addition of a herbicide-resistant gene, which has specifically been banned by the Supreme Court. Monsanto is aggressively marketing its products in the hope of securing a post-facto approval, as when it entered India in 1995 and marketed Bt Cotton and lobbied the then government for approval, which it secured in 2002. Environmental activist, Vandana Shiva, had then gone to the Supreme Court, but the case was closed when Monsanto managed to secure government approval for Bollgard-I Bt Cotton. Recently, confident of managing approval for GM-Mustard with the help of a vocal lobby, it planned a merger with Bayer (which was buying it out); share prices began to rise when the Competition Commission of India put a spanner in the works.

The discovery of Round-Up resistant Cotton has been scientifically validated by the Central Institute for Cotton Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Maharashtra, which tested samples of seed-cotton from nine fields of seven villages in Nagpur district. All tested positive for Bollgard-II and EPSPS, Round-Up-Ready-Flex (RRF).

Further, seeds from the samples were subjected to 270 tests (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) and found positive, barring a handful. RRF is Bt cotton with the addition of a herbicide-resistant gene, which has specifically been banned by the Supreme Court.

Enraged at Monsanto habitually bypassing the mandatory screening and scientific processes before releasing new forms in agriculture, and getting them approved post facto, the RSS think tank, Swadeshi Jagran Manch, and leading environment organisation, Navdanya (of Vandana Shiva), have urged Prime Minister Narendra Modi to order a criminal investigation into the matter and ban Monsanto from operating in India, after exacting fines and due compensation for the damage done to farmers whose soil has been contaminated.

India regulates GM crops under The Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous micro-organisms, Genetically engineered organisms or cells, issued under sections 6, 8 and 25 of the EPA.

On World Health Day (7 April) it is pertinent to point out that Round-Up, a glyphosate-based herbicide, has been declared a “probable carcinogen” by the World Health Organisation; it is banned in several European countries in all forms and combinations. Sri Lanka banned glyphosate after over 20,000 people died and two lakh experienced kidney failure in a short period. Scientists linked the deaths directly to the use of this herbicide.

RRF Bt Cotton represents a major health hazard for citizens as well as the soil which, once contaminated, could infect other crops grown in the same fields. SJM co-convener, Ashwani Mahajan, says Round-Up is highly toxic and is known to cause cancer, kidney failure, autism, DNA damage, and even disrupts the endocrine system. Argentina has seen a sharp rise in birth defects, cancers, kidney failures, infertility and other diseases due to unchecked use of Round-Up.

Vandana Shiva says GM crops do not have higher yields or better nutrition. In fact, they render the soil dead, destroy biodiversity and cause death and diseases in plants, animals and human beings. Monsanto has deceived Indian farmers and the Government by illegally introducing RRF Bt Cotton, and must be brought to account for its reckless profiteering.

Indian agriculture rests on biodiversity. The Indian farmer harvests and uses every bit of biodiversity, from the grass on the boundaries of farms to feed cows, to eating seasonal green leafy vegetables. Round-up will not only kill all this biodiversity, but will bequeath cancer to farmers and consumers, besides robbing India of food self-sufficiency and ruining the food culture of millions of rural Indians.

This is why the Technical Expert Committee of the Supreme Court had concluded that Herbicide-tolerant crops should not be allowed in India as they kill all plants. In a land of rich biodiversity, they can destroy the food security and livelihood of small farmers. Herbicide-resistant traits can also contaminate crops of which India is a centre of Diversity.

Since its entry in 1995, Monsanto has extracted Rs 7000 crore from poor cotton farmers and is directly responsible for pushing farmers into debt and suicide. Since 1995, over 3,10,000 farmers have committed suicide, most of which are from the cotton belt of India.

India regulates GM crops under The Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous micro-organisms, Genetically engineered organisms or cells, issued under sections 6, 8 and 25 of the EPA. These permissions mandate Monsanto to ensure that there is no escape of genetically modified seeds into the environment.

It is, therefore, shocking that Monsanto released Round-Up-Ready-Flex (RRF Bt Cotton) seeds across lakhs of acres in various districts of Gujarat, Odisha, Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It seems to have released RRF trait after transferring it into several local varieties, to induce farmers to grow herbicide resistant cotton so as to sell the herbicide Round-Up in large quantities. This is a prelude to pressure the Government/GEAC to approve the RRF trait on grounds that it is popular with cotton farmers.

The release of seeds with unapproved genetically modified traits in vast areas of important cotton-growing States violates various provisions of the Environment Protection Act and is punishable under Section 15 of the EPA. Monsanto must be investigated for such serious breach of conditions they are supposed to adhere to while handling hazardous micro organisms and genetically modified traits. It must also be made to pay fines to clean the environment from the pollution caused by the unauthorised release of RRF trait in cotton, which could run into thousands of crores of rupees.

Monsanto should also be charged under relevant sections of the Biodiversity Act which has been violated, as in the case of Bt Brinjal, as it has used Indian cotton Germplasm without the approval of the Biodiversity Authority to transfer trait and released them into the environment. India with its rich biodiversity does not need GM crops; however, those committed to the claims of this fraudulent science should first develop a robust and independent biosafety assessment system to evaluate and monitor the same.

Sandhya Jain Sandhya Jain is a writer of political and contemporary affairs. A post graduate in Political Science from the University of Delhi, she is a student of the myriad facets of Indian civilisation. Her published works include Adi Deo Arya Devata. A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface, Rupa, 2004; and Evangelical Intrusions. Tripura: A Case Study, Rupa, 2009. She has contributed to other publications, including a chapter on Jain Dharma in “Why I am a Believer: Personal Reflections on Nine World Religions,” ed. Arvind Sharma, Penguin India, 2009.

https://www.pgurus.com/monsanto-sneaks-banned-gm-seeds/

↧

Explaining the rationale of Mlecchita vikalpa as Meluhha cipher

April 8, 2017, 4:41 am

≫ Next: Cartouche with 24 dots numeric mlecchita vikalpa dul kolami khāṇḍā, 'cast metal weapons, implements smithy'

≪ Previous: Monsanto sneaks in banned GM seeds -- Sandhya Jain

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/kwdox6g

https://www.facebook.com/srini.kalyanaraman/posts/10156106372254625

A cipher NEED NOT be a secret. It is simply a substitution method. In this case, the script is mlecchita vikalpa, a substitution by mleccha 'copper' workers.

The substitution is simple. Two homonyms are signified: one in cipher text by a hieroglyph/hypertext with hieroglyph components and the second in plain text by a Meluhha (mleccha) word or expression. It is as simple as Nar-Mer substitution in Egyptian hieroglyphs.

So, the cognitive issue is not a hurdle. Any meluhha speaker or meluhha translator (like Shu ilishu) would have seen and understood the substitution method INSTANTLY.

Image result for shu ilishu cylinder seal

The rollout of Shu-ilishu's Cylinder seal. Courtesy of the Department des Antiquites Orientales, Musee du Louvre, Paris.

The cuneiform text reads: Shu-Ilishu EME.BAL.ME.LUH.HA.KI (interpreter of Meluhha language). Apparently, the Meluhhan is the person carrying the antelope on his arms. I suggest that the antelope is a hieroglyph which signifies 'mleccha, meluhha'

Hieroglyph: antelope: Ka. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat.(DEDR 5087) Rebus: meluhha (mleccha, 'copper' merchant')

Cylinder seal of Shu-ilishu, interpreter for Meluhha. Cuneiform inscription in Old Akkadian. Serpentine. Mesopotamia ca 2220-2159 BCE H. 2.9 cm, Dia 1.8 cm Musee du Louvre, Departement des Antiquites, Orientales, Paris AO 22310 “Based on cuneiform documents from Mesopotamia we know that there was at least one Meluhhan village in Akkad at that time, with people called ‘Son ofMeluhha‘ living there. The cuneiform inscription (ca. 2020 BCE) says that thecylinder seal belonged to Shu-ilishu, who was a translator of the Meluhhan language. “The presence in Akkad of a translator of the Meluhhan language suggests that he may have been literate and could read the undeciphered Indus script. This in turn suggests that there may be bilingual Akkadian/Meluhhan tablets somewhere in Mesopotamia. Although such documents may not exist, Shu-ilishu’s cylinder seal offers a glimmer of hope for the future in unraveling the mystery of the Indus script.”

(Gregory L. Possehl,Shu-ilishu’s cylinder seal, Expedition, Vol. 48, Number 1, pp. 42-43).http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/48-1/What%20in%20the%20World.pdf

For a non-Meluhhan, the meanings of substituted codes are irrelevant; he or she just knows that a Meluhhan transaction has been documented.

Let me provide a model by citing an example.

Here is a hypertext on a Karen bronze drum.

The substitution codes are hieroglyphs: elephant, peacock, frog. These codes are 'meaningful' to a Meluhhan. For a Non-Meluhhan, they are mere decorative pieces filling the space of a Karen bronze drum. The Meluhhan instantly reads the hieroglyphs and the cipher: karabha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' marakaka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka loha 'copper alloy, calcining metal'; mūxā 'frog' rebus: muhã 'ingot or quantity of metal taken out of a furnace at one time'. So, my thesis is simple. Meluhhan uses the 'script metaphors' or substitution codes using the objects with which he is familiar. A mleccha, 'copper' worker is familiar with metalwork catregories like ingot, iron (ferrite) or calcining metal. Hence, I submit that the messaging was intended to be read and understood by Meluhha speakers or agents of merchants/artisans along the Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi to Haifa. For a Non-Meluhhan reader, the message is clear that some transaction some message exchange is taking place between and among Meluhhans. To this extent, the writing system was NOT intended to be a 'universally' recognizable system of coding. The message was restricted to Meluhha repertoire.S. KalyanaramanSarasvati Research Center April 8, 2017

↧

Cartouche with 24 dots numeric mlecchita vikalpa dul kolami khāṇḍā, 'cast metal weapons, implements smithy'

April 8, 2017, 6:48 pm

≫ Next: India’s first community radio still makes the right connect -- R. Avadhani

≪ Previous: Explaining the rationale of Mlecchita vikalpa as Meluhha cipher

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/lrtjddl
https://www.facebook.com/srini.kalyanaraman/posts/10156108575889625

A cartouche with 24 dots on a faience tablet of Harappa is deciphered with the dots signifying खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). I suggest that the jagged shaping of the faience tablet, variant shape of a ficus glomerata leaf loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper' --is a signifier -- a semantic determinant -- of this word, khāṇḍā'A jag, notch' rebus: lokhāṇḍā'metal implements'. The implements could be weapons because the tree hieroglyph on the obverse of the tablet is: kuṭhāra 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'.कुठारु [p= 289,1] an armourer L. (Monier-Williams)

A unique leaf-shaped, mold-made faience tablet or standard with jagged edges (H2000-4483/2342-01) was found in the eroded levels west of the tablet workshop in Trench 54. On one side is a short inscription under a rectangular box filled with 24 dots. The reverse has a narrative scene with two bulls fighting under a thorny tree. https://www.harappa.com/category/slide-subject/narrative

Metalwork documentation of extraordinary fidelity is realized by ancient artisans among Bhāratam Janam, 'metalcaster folk'.

The assemblage of 24 dots are viewed as a pair of 12 dots. The group of 12 dots as a unit of meaning is a tradition of counting using 12 phalanges of a palm.

Karl Menninger cites a remarkable instance. In the Bhāratiya tradition, finger signals were used to settle the price for a trade transaction.

Finger gestures were a numeric Meluhha cipher (mlecchita vikalpa)!

A pearl merchant of South India settling price for a pearl using finger gestures under a handkerchief. Cited in Karl Menninger, 1969, Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers, MIT Press, p.212. http://tinyurl.com/26ze95s

Image result for counting twelve on palm

Sign 121, Sign 121 variants, The number words in the 24 dots or a pair of 12 dots or notches are identified in three groups (rows) of four notched/dots on each row.

gaṇḍā 'an aggregate of four' rebus: khāṇḍā 'implements' as in lokhāṇḍā 'metal implements'
kolmo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

Thus, three groups (rows) of four dots/notches in each row are read as: kolami khāṇḍā 'smithy (for) implements'.

A pair of 12 dots/notches (as a group) is signified by dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

Thus, a pair of 12 dots/notches or a total of 24 dots/notches in a cartouche signifiy dul kolami khāṇḍā, 'cast metal weapons, implements smithy'

Sign 122 (Mahadevan concordance). That the twelve notches in three rows is a hieroglyph is further exemplified by hypertext Sign 122 which combines parenthetical marks to enclose the set of 3 rows of 4 notches in each row, i.e., a total of 12 notches. The use of parenthesis is also shown on the famous Gadd Seal of a water-carrier flanked by two stars and two parenthetical marks.

Thus, the use of parenthetical marks in hypertext Sign 122 indicates that the twelve 'notches' are NOT a numeric count but a hieroglyph word read rebus to signify meaning. Parenthetical marks are a split lozenge which is the shape of an ingot. The word for an ingot is mũh, muha ̃'ingot' or muha ̃ 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' Thus, together, the hypertext of Sign 122 reads:dul kolami khāṇḍā mũh, 'cast metal, weapons, implements, ingots smithy'

Gadd Seal 1 of water-carrier found in Ur confirms the hieroglyphic nature of the writing system.

This hypertext Sign 15 is composed of two hieroglyphs: 1. rim of jar' 2. water-carrier For Sign 15, the hypertext transfer protocol is: Step 1: kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' (Santali). Thus, the reading of plain text is: supercargo (a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale) of smelter (output), scribed (accounted) Step 2: mēḍha ] ‘polar star‘ rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Santali.Ho.Munda) dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. PLUS (treating parenthetical marks as split lozenge to signify an ingot) mũh, muha ̃ 'ingot' or muha ̃ 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' Thus, together, the hypertext on Gadd seal reads: dul mẽṛhẽt mũh kuṭhi'cast iron ingot smelter'

खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā m A kind of sword, straight, broad-bladed, two-edged, and round-ended. 2 A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).(Marathi). खाडा (p. 116) khāḍā m Intermission, a break, a gap, a vacant day. Ex. त्या कामास चार रोज खाडा पडला; त्या महिन्यांत तुझे चार खाडे झाले. 2 A hole, pit, hollow, any sunken or depressed spot.खांड (p. 116) khāṇḍa f (खंड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound; a crack or fissure in a wall &c. 2 A jag, indentation, denticulation. 3 A gap in the teeth. (Marathi)

गंडा (p. 124) gaṇḍā m An aggregate of four (cowries or pice).(Marathi)

कांडें (p. 86) kāṇḍēṃ n (कांड S) A joint or knot, an articulation. 2 The portion included between two knots, an internodation. 3 A piece (as of sugarcane or bamboo) comprising three or four knots. 4 The whole stem or trunk of a plant, or esp. up to the shooting of the branches. (Marathi)

Such dots are seen on many metallic artefacts of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization.

Rectangle with 24 dots on Harappa faience tablet; deciphered: metalcasting artisans

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS baroṭi 'twelve' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'. Thus together, copper-pewter-tin-alloy metal casting. PLUS कारु [ kāru 'twelve' Rebus: 'artisans' Thus, metal casting artisans.

Hieroglyph: A pair of twelve dots: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS कारु [ kāru ] m (S) A common term for the twelve बलुतेदार q. v. Also कारुनारु m pl q. v. in नारुकारु. Rebus: कारु [ kāru ] m (S) An artificer or artisan. बाराकारू (p. 576) [ bārākārū ] m pl The twelve कारू or बलतेदार. See बलुतेदार.बलोतें, बलोतेदार, बलोता or त्या (p. 567) [ balōtē, mbalōtēdāra, balōtā or tyā ] Commonly बलुतें &c.

Hieroglyph: गोटा [ gōṭā ] m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) Rebus 1: खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. Rebus 2: goTa 'laterite (ferrous ore)' [ khōṭasāḷa ] a (खोट & साळ from शाला) Alloyed--a metal. (Marathi) Bshk. khoṭ ʻ embers ʼ, Phal. khūṭo ʻ ashes, burning coal ʼ; (CDIAL 3931)

PLUS कारु [ kāru ] 'twelve' Rebus: 'artisan' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' Thus, the 24 dots signify: ingot, laterite metalcasting artisan. The faience tablet of Harappa on both sides signifies through hieroglyph-multiplexes a catalogue of metallurgical competence of the metalsmiths, laterite (ferrous) metalcasters.

Rebus 2: गोठघोळणी [ gōṭhaghōḷaṇī ] f A goldsmith's instrument for forming गोठ (metal bracelet).गोट [ gōṭa ] m ( H) A metal wristlet. An ornament of women. 2 Encircling or investing

Pair of bulls deciphered as copper-pewter-tin-alloy metalcasters

Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree (DEDR 2200). Rebus 2: खोट [khōṭa] alloyed ingot (Marathi). koḍ ‘artisan’s workplace’.

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Hieroglyph: barad, balad 'ox' Rebus: भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत.भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. Thus, the pair of bulls (ox) signified: copper-pewter-tin-alloy metalcasters

Leafless tree on faience tablet. Deciphered: metal alloy turner

Hieroglyph: khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus 1: kõdār ’turner’ (Bengali) खोदणें (p. 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave (Marathi); thus, engraver.

I suggest that the leafless tree hieroglyph signifies that the cast metal implements are engraved.

Hieroglyph: kuṭi, kuṭhi, kuṭa, kuṭha a tree (Kaus'.); kuḍa tree (Pkt.); kur̥a_ tree; kar̥ek tree, oak (Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228). kuṭha, kuṭa (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.) kuṭhāra, kuṭha, kuṭaka = a tree (Samskritam) kuṭ, kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khuṭ = id.(Or.) kuṭamu = a tree (Telugu) Rebus 1: kuṭhi 'smelter' Rebus 2: kuṭhāru 'armourer'.कुठारु [p= 289,1] an armourer L. (Monier-Williams)

Text on Harappa faience tablet deciphered. alloy metal, copper-pewter-tin alloy, supercargo-scribe, portable furnace.

From r. aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'metal (alloy)' PLUS aḍaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) Thus, together, unsmelted alloy metal mint.

baraDo 'spine' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'; karṇīka 'rim of jar' Rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' karṇīka 'scribe'; karava narrow-necked jar' Rebus: karba 'iron' kharva 'nidhi of Kubera'. कंकवा (p. 123) [ kaṅkavā ] m A sort of comb. See कंगवा. कोंगें (p. 180) [ kōṅgēṃ ] n A long sort of honeycomb.Rebus: kanga 'portable furnace' Rebus: kangar 'large brazier': *kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ. [Cf. kāgni -- m. ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop.: ka -- 3 or kā -- , aṅgāri -- ] K. kã̄gürü, kã̄gar f. ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m. ʻ large do. ʼ (or < *kāṅgāra -- ?); H. kã̄grī f. small portable brazier ʼ.(CDIAL 3006)

Who are the 12 बलुतेदार, public servants of a village in ancient India?

बलुतेदार or बलुता (p. 567) [ balutēdāra or balutā ] or त्या m (बलुतें &c.) A public servant of a village entitled to बलुतें. There are twelve distinct from the regular Government officers पाटील, कुळकरणी &c.; viz. सुतार, लोहार, महार, मांग (These four constitute पहिली or थोरली कास or वळ the first division. Of three of them each is entitled to चार पाचुंदे, twenty bundles of Holcus or the thrashed corn, and the महार to आठ पाचुंदे); कुंभार, चाम्हार, परीट, न्हावी constitute दुसरीor मधली कास or वळ, and are entitled, each, to तीन पाचुंदे; भट, मुलाणा, गुरव, कोळी form तिसरी or धाकटी कास or वळ, and have, each, दोन पाचुंदे. Likewise there are twelve अलुते or supernumerary public claimants, viz. तेली, तांबोळी, साळी, माळी, जंगम, कळवांत, डवऱ्या, ठाकर, घडशी, तराळ, सोनार, चौगुला. Of these the allowance of corn is not settled. The learner must be prepared to meet with other enumerations of the बलुतेदार (e. g. पाटील, कुळ- करणी, चौधरी, पोतदार, देशपांड्या, न्हावी, परीट, गुरव, सुतार, कुंभार, वेसकर, जोशी; also सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, कुंभार as constituting the first-class and claiming the largest division ofबलुतें; next न्हावी, परीट, कोळी, गुरव as constituting the middle class and claiming a subdivision of बलुतें; lastly, भट, मुलाणा, सोनार, मांग; and, in the Konkan̤, yet another list); and with other accounts of the assignments of corn; for this and many similar matters, originally determined diversely, have undergone the usual influence of time, place, and ignorance. Of the बलुतेदार in the Indápúr pergunnah the list and description stands thus:--First class, सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, महार; Second, परीट, कुंभार, न्हावी, मांग; Third, सोनार, मुलाणा, गुरव, जोशी, कोळी, रामोशी; in all fourteen, but in no one village are the whole fourteen to be found or traced. In the Panḍharpúr districts the order is:--पहिली or थोरली वळ (1st class); महार, सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, दुसरी or मधली वळ (2nd class); परीट, कुंभार, न्हावी, मांग, तिसरी or धाकटी वळ (3rd class); कुळकरणी, जोशी, गुरव, पोतदार; twelve बलुते and of अलुते there are eighteen. According to Grant Duff, theबलतेदार are सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, मांग, कुंभार, न्हावी, परीट, गुरव, जोशी, भाट, मुलाणा; and the अलुते are सोनार, जंगम, शिंपी, कोळी, तराळ or वेसकर, माळी, डवऱ्यागोसावी, घडशी, रामोशी, तेली, तांबोळी, गोंधळी. In many villages of Northern Dakhan̤ the महार receives the बलुतें of the first, second, and third classes; and, consequently, besides the महार, there are but nine बलुतेदार. The following are the only अलुतेदार or नारू now to be found;--सोनार, मांग, शिंपी, भट गोंधळी, कोर- गू, कोतवाल, तराळ, but of the अलुतेदार & बलुते- दार there is much confused intermixture, the अलुतेदार of one district being the बलुतेदार of another, and vice versâ. (The word कास used above, in पहिली कास, मध्यम कास, तिसरी कास requires explanation. It means Udder; and, as the बलुतेदार are, in the phraseology of endearment or fondling, termed वासरें (calves), their allotments or divisions are figured by successive bodies of calves drawing at the कास or under of the गांव under the figure of a गाय or cow.)(Marathi)

बलुतें (p. 567) [ balutēṃ ] n A share of the corn and garden-produce assigned for the subsistence of the twelve public servants of a village, for whom see below. 2 In some districts. A share of the dues of the hereditary officers of a village, such as पाटील, कुळकरणी &c. बलोतें, बलोतेदार, बलोता or त्या [ balōtē, mbalōtēdāra, balōtā or tyā ] Commonly बलुतें &c.

Derived from अलात [ alāta ] n The blade of an oar. áritra (arí° ŚBr.) n. ʻ oar ʼ RV.Pa. aritta -- n. ʻ punting -- pole ʼ; Pk. aritta -- n. ʻ rudder ʼ, alitta -- , āl° n. ʻ oar ʼ; Si. riṭa, °ṭi ʻ long pole used as an oar ʼ Geiger GS 32 but without explanation of ṭ < tr.(CDIAL 608)

बारकें [ bārakēṃ ] n An aggregate of twelve (as of bamboosticks &c.)

बारनिशी or सी [ bāraniśī or sī ] f ( P) The office or duty of बारनीस. बा0 करणें g. of o. To enter upon the books.

बारनीस [ bāranīsa ] m ( P) The officer of the state whose business it was to affix the word बार (Entered) to notes, bills, orders, letters &c. which had been duly copied or registered in the दफतर. This entering, as well as the registering book, is called बारनिशी.

On the shape of the tablet: leaf-shaped, mold-made faience tablet or standard with jagged edges may perhaps suggst a ficus : loa 'ficus leaf' rebus: loh 'copper'

dvāˊdaśa ʻ twelve ʼ RV. 2. duvāˊdaśa RV.\1. Pa. dvādasa, bārasa, Aś.shah. badaya (Hultsch badaśa), gir. dbādasa, NiDoc. dvadaśa, badaśa, Pk. bārasa, bāraha, Ash. bäis, bās, Wg. bāš, Niṅg. bas, Dm. báš, Tir. bọ̈̄, Niṅg. bas, Shum. bās, Woṭ. bārō̃, Gaw. bāš, Bshk. bāh, Sv. bā̆š, Phal. bāš, bōš, Sh. bāĭ (→ Ḍ. baī), K. bāh, S. ḇārãhã (ḇāraho m. ʻ the figure 12 ʼ < Pk.bārasaya -- n.), L. bār(h)ã, khet. bārhā̆, P. bārã̄, bhaṭ. bārā, WPah. bhad. bāhrē, bhal. bāre, pāḍ bārah, paṅ. cur. bāhrā, Ku. N. A. B. Or. bāra, Mth. bārah, Bhoj. bārē, Aw.lakh. bārā, H. bārah, bārā, OMarw. bārā, G. bār, M. Ko. bārā, Md. bāra.2. Aś.man. duvaḍaśa, kāl. duvāḍasa, jau. duvadasa, dh. duvādasa, Pk. duvālasa, Kt. dyīċ, Pr. wṳ̄zu, üz, Paš. duwāˊi, Tor. duāš, Kand. dwālaš, Mai. dwālaš, ky.duwāˊleš, Si. doḷasa, doḷaha, Md. doḷos.dvādaśá -- , dvādaśama -- .Addenda: dvāˊdaśa: WPah.kṭg. (kc.) bāra ʻ 12 ʼ, Garh. bāra, Md. (old) doḷas (bāra ← Ind.).(CDIAL 6658) dvādaśama ʻ twelfth ʼ MBh. [dvāˊdaśa]Pa. dvādasama -- , Pk. duvālasama -- , bārasama -- , S. ḇārhõ, N. bāraũ, H. bārahwã̄, G. bārmũ, M. bārāvā.(CDIAL 6660)

Bi. bārā ʻ opening in a bangle -- maker's furnace ʼS. L. (Ju.) ḇārī f. ʻ small window ʼ, L.awāṇ. bārī f.; P. bār m. ʻ door, mouth of a vessel ʼ, bārī f. ʻ window ʼ; WPah.bhal. bhid. jaun. dār n. ʻ door ʼ; Ku. bār ʻ household, family ʼ; N. ghar -- bār ʻ family ʼ (whence ghar -- bāri ʻ married ʼ);OAw. bāru m. ʻ door ʼ; H. ghar -- bār, -- dār m. ʻ house and home ʼ; OMarw. bāra m. ʻ door, house ʼ; G. bār n. ʻ door, courtyard in front of house ʼ, bārũ n. ʻ door, gate, harbour ʼ, bārī f. ʻ window ʼ; M. dār n. ʻ door ʼ, dārẽ, bārẽ n. ʻ hole in a fence to carry a water -- channel ʼ, bārī f. ʻ window, passage through hedge or fence ʼ.(CDIAL 6663)

*dula ʻ hole ʼ. [√dal1?]Ku. dulo m., °li f., dulno m. ʻ hole, cavity, animal's den ʼ; N. dulo ʻ hole, animal's hole (e.g. of a mouse) ʼ, nāka ko dulo ʻ nostril ʼ, dulko ʻ little hole ʼ; -- M. ḍuḷū̃ n. ʻ little hole ʼ, ḍolā m.; -- poss. Ash. dūra ʻ hole ʼ (kāsāradūˊra ʻ nostril ʼ, dum -- durḗk ʻ smoke -- hole ʼ); Wg. dúri, dorīˊg ʻ smoke -- hole ʼ: but these poss. < dúr -- . -- Connexion, if any, with P. duḍ(h) f. ʻ wolf's den ʼ, ḍuḍḍ f. ʻ mouse -- hole ʼ (CDIAL 6452)

dula 'second' (Prakritam):*dutīya ʻ second ʼ. 2. *dutīyā -- f. ʻ second day of lunar fortnight ʼ. [~ dvitīˊya -- . -- dav -- ]1. Pa. dutiya -- , °aka -- ʻ second ʼ, dutiyyatā -- f. ʻ friend<-> ship ʼ; Aś. dutiya -- , kq. dutīya -- ʻ second ʼ, Pk. dula -- , duijja -- ; Woṭ. dūi m. f. adj. ʻ other ʼ; Tor. duī ʻ second ʼ; Sv. dūi ʻ other ʼ, Phal. dūi, dĭ̄; L. dūjā, mult. dūjhā, (Ju.) ḍ̠ujhā, P. dūjjā, dūjā, dūā, bhaṭ. duwwā, WPah.cur. dūã̄, bhad. duijaũ, A. dūjā; MB. duaja ʻ second ʼ, B. doj -- bare ʻ a bridegroom for second time ʼ (← west ODBL 805); Or. dui, duā, dujā ʻ second ʼ, duj -- bara ʻ remarried widow ʼ; Mth. dujai ʻ secondly ʼ; OAw. H.dūjā ʻ second ʼ; G. dujũ ʻ other, different ʼ; M. duj̈ā ʻ second ʼ.2. K. dŏy f. ʻ second day of lunar fortnight ʼ, P. dūj f., OAw. dūija, H. dūj f.*dutīyajanī -- .Addenda: *dutīya -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) dujjɔ ʻ second ʼ, J. dujā.(CDIAL 6402) Rebus: dul 'metal casting' (Santali)

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast (metal).Rebus 1: dul ‘to cast in a mould’; dul mẽṛhẽt, dul meṛeḍ, 'cast iron'; koṭe meṛeḍ ‘forged iron’ (Santali) Bshk. ḍōl ʻ brass pot (CDIAL 6583).

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

April 9, 2017

↧

India’s first community radio still makes the right connect -- R. Avadhani

April 8, 2017, 8:29 pm

≫ Next: Bhishma Stuti Sanskrit and Transliterations in 5 languages and English Subtitles

≪ Previous: Cartouche with 24 dots numeric mlecchita vikalpa dul kolami khāṇḍā, 'cast metal weapons, implements smithy'

India’s first community radio still makes the right connect

R. Avadhani

MACAHANOOR (TELANGANA) APRIL 08, 2017 21:20 IST

Leading lights H. Narsamma and N. Narsamma who run the community radio station at Machnoor Village in Sangareddy district of Telangana.

Sangam, which went on air in 2008, continues its two-hour broadcast in Telugu and reaches out to people of 150 villages in Telangana

Musligari Nagamani, a farmer, is listening to the radio sitting a few inches away from her as she cooks dinner on firewood in her tiled-roof house. The broadcast in Telugu is peppered with local colloquialisms and slang. This is how evenings are spent in most houses in Pastapur, a village in the Jarasangam mandal of the Sangareddy district, ever since the very popular Sangam Radio, the first community radio in India, was launched in 2008 after decade-long efforts to get the license for it.

Off the main road of Zaheerabad, it takes 10 kilometres down a right turn to reach the radio station, which cannot be seen from the road since it is surrounded by trees. The tower that broadcasts eagerly awaited transmissions for two hours every evening sticks out from over them.

“We relax and listen to the radio while preparing dinner. We hear our language in our way of speaking. It makes me feel like one of our neighbours is talking to us about different things,” says Nagamani who, like her mother M. Ratnamma, prefers to listen to the radio than sit in front of the TV.

“Villagers feel happy when they hear their voice on the radio in the form of songs or discussions. They will also share this joyfully with their neighbours. The song the community radio plays depends on the season, whether it time to plough, plant seeds, irrigate or harvest. The songs recall our tiring work at the field in the morning,” says Begari Sammamma of the village of Bidakanne. Over the years, Sangam has collected of about 2,500 songs sung by members of the community, often with instrumental accompaniment. Apart from songs, programmes can feature farming practices, how to observe festivals, birthday wishes and health tips.

Interactive mode

The last half hour is allotted for listeners who want to call broadcasters and share their views with them. For example, missing cattle are reported and traced with the help of listeners. “The owners contact the radio to thank the listeners,” she added.

Sangam reaches about 150 villages in Jarasangam, Zaheerabad and Raikod, and parts of Kohir and Nyalkal, everyday from 7 p.m. to 9. p.m. Each village has a population of between 600 to 1,200 people. Transmission has never been disrupted in the last eight years, except on four days due to a short circuit.

Empowering facilitator

The Pastapur-based Deccan Development Society (DDS), an NGO working on issues related to farmers, sees community radio as a facilitator for two-way communication, as opposed to the one way of conventional media.

As early as 1999, Sangam had started narrow-casting, in which recordings made on a tape (some of their early recordings are still in this format) is broadcast for a limited audience in a place where the community can gather. DDS also established an FM radio station, a transmission tower and recording facilities, with the support of UNESCO, in the same year. Thereafter, it waited for permission from the government, which took nine years to arrive.

P.V. Satheesh, director, DDS, recalls, “While it used to cost about ₹5 crore to establish an FM radio station at that time, we were able to do it with only ₹20 lakh. Our transmission radius is about 30 kilometres, whereas for the All India Radio, it is 100 kilometres.”

Hyderabad Narsamma and Nalugindla Narasamma, the two Dalit women (another first) behind the Sangam radio broadcasts, are educated up to Class X. By day, they are farmers working in the fields, by night, they turn broadcasters.

The radio runs with about eight reporters — three men and five women, none of whom have yet completed Class X at school. All staff are on the rolls of the DDS.

Hyderabad Narsamma studied at the Pachasala, a school run by the DDS, where Mr. Satheesh would call her 'General' for her leadership and organisation skills, a sobriquet that stuck — most people know her as General Narasamma instead of Hyderabad Narasamma.

Village visits

“When we plan to visit a village, it will be in such a way that we spend almost the entire day meeting different sections of the people and recording their observations on various issues. If we meet elderly people, we record their experiences of farming when they were young, the songs they sang while working in the fields or during weddings and festivals. They know such a lot and we are sharing that abundant knowledge with others,” ‘General’ Narasamma told this reporter.

And guess how much it costs to run Sangam? ₹10,000 per month — that’s their power and phone bill.
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-first-community-radio-still-makes-the-right-connect/article17894370.ece?homepage=true

↧

Bhishma Stuti Sanskrit and Transliterations in 5 languages and English Subtitles

April 9, 2017, 12:55 am

≫ Next: Warrant Against Madhu Kishwar: Is Freedom of Expression only for Secessionists?

≪ Previous: India’s first community radio still makes the right connect -- R. Avadhani

Bhishma Stuti English Transliteration With Subtitles