No satisfactory explanation is known for the marking, attested on several objects from the Royal Cemetery. The excavator, Sir Leonard Woolley, thought that it might be a hallmark or even an owner's mark.
No, it was not a hallmark. It was a Meluhha hieroglyph indicating an armourer, a Meluhha maker of weapons.
Hieroglyph on the six spearheads of Ur:
The hieroglyph is comparable to the axe of Tepe Gawra, shown below:
This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus:
Hieroglyph:kuṭhāra m. ʻ axe ʼ R., °raka -- m. VarBrS., °rī -- f. lex., °rikā -- f. Suśr. [kuṭhātaṅka -- m., °kā -- f. lex. Prob. ← Drav. and conn. with √kuṭṭ EWA i 223 with lit.]Pa. kuṭhārī -- f., Pk. kuḍhāra -- m., kuhāḍa -- m., °ḍī -- f. (for ṭh -- r ~ h -- ḍ see piṭhara -- ), S. kuhāṛo m., L. kuhāṛā m., °ṛī f., P. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f., WPah. bhal.kurhāṛi f., Ku. kulyāṛo, gng. kulyāṛ, B. kuṛā̆l, °li, kuṛul, Or. kuṛāla, kurāṛha, °ṛhi, kurhāṛi, kuṛāri; Bi. kulhārī ʻ large axe for squaring logs ʼ; H. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ axe ʼ, G. kuhāṛɔ m., °ṛī f., kuvāṛī f., M. kurhāḍ, °ḍī f., Si. keṇeri Hettiaratchi Indeclinables 6 (connexion, if any, with keṭeri, °ṭēriya ʻ long -- handled axe ʼ is obscure).WPah. ṭg. khəṛari , kəṛari f. ʻ axe ʼ. (CDIAL 3244).कुठार [ kuṭhāra ] m S An ax or a hatchet (Marathi)
Rebus: Rebus: kuṭhāru‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker), also an inscriber or writer.
Allographs: kuṭhāru कुठारु [p= 289,1] [L=51732]m. a tree L.[L=51733]a monkey L.[L=51734]an armourer L. (Monier Williams Sanskrit lexicon)
Go. (Ph.) kuṭār chaff (Voc. 729); (ASu.) kuṭṭār corn without grains. Kur. (Hahn) kuṭṭā chaff. (DEDR 1665).
Ta. kōṭaram monkey. Ir. kōḍa (small) monkey; kūḍag monkey. Ko. ko·ṛṇ small monkey. To. kwṛṇ monkey. Ka. kōḍaga monkey, ape. Koḍ. ko·ḍë monkey. Tu. koḍañji, koḍañja, koḍaṅgů baboon. (DEDR 2196). kuṭhāru = a monkey (Sanskrit)
Tree: kuṭhāru kuṭi ‘tree’ kuṭhi ‘smelter’.
Selected copper or bronze implements from Tepe Gawra, including sickles, axe, chisels and knife. The two needles are from Gawra stratum IV and the knife from stratum V; the other nine objects are from stratum VI. Gawra V-IV cover period ca 2100-1600 BCE; Gawra VI is second half of third millennium BCE. University Museum Collection.
Altar, offered by Tukulti-Ninurta I, 1243-1208 BC, in prayer before two deities carrying wooden standards, Assyria, Bronze Age. Atop the standard is the Meluhha (Assur) hieroglyph: nave of wheel, spokes of wheel [Note: The standards are comparable to the standards discovered in Nahal Mishmar dated to ca. 4400 BCE though made of arsenical copper using cire perdue (lost-wax) casting.] See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-standard-compares-with-nahal.html This monograph compares the standards of Nahal Mishmar with Meluhha standard (Indus writing).
Rebus readings of the hieroglyphs carried on standards or banners indicate alloyed copper weapons:
Hieroglyphs: era, er-a = eraka = ?nave of wheel; erakōlu = the iron axle of a carriage (Kannada.Malayalam.) arā 'spoke of wheel' (Vedic)
Rebus: arā ‘brass’, āra ‘brass’ as in ārakūṭa (Sanskrit.). eraka, era, er-a = syn. erka, copper, weapons (Kannada.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Kannada.Tulu.); erako molten cast (Tulu)
Tin moved from east to west
Tin (as tin oxide SnO2) is found within veins of quartz running hrough the granite rock. Alluvial tin deposits in stream-beds and found in the form of small black nuggets of cassiterite known as tin-stone. The tin-stone smelted together with charcoal freed the oxygen and reduced the oxide to metallic tin.
[Davies, Norman de Garis: The tomb of two sculptors at Thebes (New York, 1925] The ingot painted in reddish-brown is ox-hide shape. This was copper ingot. The other ingot is a rectangular bar, bluish gray in colour. This was tin ingot. (Source: Muhly, James D. , Sources of tin and the beginnings of bronze metallurgy, American Journal of Archaeology 89 (1985), pp. 275-291.)
"...the first real use of tin bronze in Mesopotamia comes at the time of the Royal Cemetery of Ur, dated to E.D. IIIa or roughly the twenth-sixth century BCE...Tin appears in the Royal Cemetery, as at Ebla, together with gold and lapis lazuli. All three materials are to be found in Afghanistan...Oman...copper bun or plano-convex ingots...From the land of Magan located in Oman, the copper imported by the Sumerians must have gone north from the Gulf area. It is possible that the wealth of Afghanistan came into Mesopotamia by the sme route, with some of it continuing on up the Euphrates to Syria and the city of Ebla...Dilmun is almost certainly to be equated with the island of Bahrain, its role in the Gulf trade has long been understood to have been that of an emporium involved in the transhipment of materials...east-west movement of tin is documented in the numerous Old Assyrian texts from Kultepe, the ancient kārum Kanish...the tin was brought to Assur and from there shipped overland by donkey caravan to various Assyrian merchant colonies in Anatolia...The published analyses show that alongside arsenical copper, tin bronze was in regular use at Early Bronze Age sites such as Alaca Huyuk, Ahlathbel, Mahmutlar and Horoztepe. Some of the best evidence for the Early Bronze Age use of tin bronze comes, in fact, from the Early Bronze Age levels at Troy...For Western Asia Afghanistan has emerged as the most promising source for much of the tin in use during Bronze Age times.Its deposits of gold and lapis lazuli, both materials highly prized by the Sumerians during the third millennium BCE, may have led ancient prospectors of tin, which was also then exported to Sumer ... "(Muhly, James D. , Sources of tin and the beginnings of bronze metallurgy, American Journal of Archaeology 89 (1985), pp.281-290.) [1] For the trade involved, see Y. Majidzadeh, ‘Lapis Lazuli and the Great Khorasan Road,’ Paleorient 8.1 (1982) 59-69. Majidzadeh argues that lapis came into Mesopotamia not via the Great Khorasan Road, the ancient Silk Route, but by a southern route going across Kerman (Aratta), Fars (Anshan) and Khuzistan (Susa). A tin trade by the same route would explain the importance of Susa in the Mari letters dealing with the tin trade.
Meluhha hieroglyphs: 1. Dhokra kamar lost-wax metal caster; 2. Dance-step of Mohenjo-daro metal cast http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-hieroglyphs-1-dhokra-lost-wax.html
Cire perdue or lost-wax casting metallurgy spread from Meluhha into the Fertile Crescent (Nahal Mishmar). html http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-metallurgical-roots-and-spread.html
Tin Road stretched from Meluhha in the east into the Fertile Crescent (Kultepe, Anatolia) defining the Bronze Age. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-and-tracking-tin-road-after-all.
Example of a hieroglyph carried on a standard or banner
Tin Road stretched from Meluhha in the east into the Fertile Crescent (Kultepe, Anatolia) defining the Bronze Age. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/meluhha-and-tracking-tin-road-after-all.
Electrum wolf's head from a Tomb at Tepe Gawra
"It has separately made ears, teeth (ca. 4th millennium BCE) and lower jaw and the whole stands only 23 mm high. It was probably attached to a wooden staff as there are two holes in the tubular neck and may have been a terminal to a ceremonial wand or staff of office." (Crawford, Harriet, 2004, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, Fig. 6.1)
Hieroglyph: huḍa -- , °ḍu -- m. ʻ ram ʼ lex. 2. huṇḍa -- 1 m. Kāśīkh. 1. Pk. huḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, WPah.bhal. huṛ, jaun. hūṛ. <-> L. huṛeāl, huṛeār m. ʻ the wild hill sheep or oorial ʼ, P. huṛiār m. 2. L. huṇḍū m. ʻ fighting ram ʼ, (Shahpur) hũḍḍu m., P. huṇḍū m. 3. †hulu -- ʻ ram ʼ lex.: WPah.kṭg. huḷ m. ʻ ram for breeding ʼ.(CDIAL 14135)*huḍahāra ʻ sheep -- taker ʼ. 2.*huṇḍahāra [huḍa -- , hāra -- . -- But Pk. huḍa -- m. ʻ dog ~ ram ʼ, Or. huṇḍā ʻ hyena ʼ; and semant. cf. H.bheṛī ʻ sheep ʼ ~ bheṛiyā ʻ wolf ʼ]1. Mth. huṛār ʻ wolf ʼ. 2. N. hũṛār ʻ wolf ʼ; Or. dial. hunã̄r ʻ wolf, hyena ʼ; Mth. H. hũṛār m. ʻ wolf ʼ. (CDIAL 14137)
Rebus: hunati (opt. hunēt Pañcar.) ʻ offers libation ʼ. [From pp. *huna -- ~ hutá -- (see prāhuṇa -- ). -- √hu] Pa. hunitabba -- ʻ to be sacrificed ʼ; Pk. huṇaï ʻ offers oblation ʼ, huṇia -- pp., huṇaṇa -- n.; MB. hune ʻ sacrifices ʼ ODBL 553, H. hunnā.(CDIAL 14139). ఉడుగర [ uḍugara ] uḍugara. [Tel.] n. A gift, a present, any present given to a bride or bridegroom during the celebration of their marriage, A. vi. 190. -కట్నము కానుక "గంధర్వులకుడుగరల్ దయనొసగు" N. ii. 126. లబాంధవులొసగిరపుడు కాంచన భూషలు చీరలు నరపతికింబొలతికినుడు గరలుముదము పొదలగనంతన్." Swa. v. 120. (Telugu)
S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
January 18, 2014
Thats the reason our ancestors says "History repeats and history never lies"
If AAPtards read with their brain open then they will know where they are leading the country to!
Oh Wait! Do they have brain! haha
Very authentic observation I can guarantee that anyone can test your views on MSM by just monitoring their reports. I can see now Daink bhaskar is giving daily front page coverup for RG I rarely find them reporting genuine local news. Irony is that very few peoples do such critical analysis before voting. Moreover, your articles are only published in English so it not hard to expect that very few peoples can able to see the truth.
" heard him talk he has reminded me of Michael Jackson’s ‘Smooth Criminal"This is too good..... I have had RUM PUNCH but this is a first time i am hearing PUNCH DRUNK... I always love the edition with movies as part of it.
I was watching the NEWS and the news TITLE was "AAM AADMI KI KAAS KABAR"...AAM AADMI is spreading like virus without any anti-dode. Frankly, i dont see light at the end of tunnel.
A simple fact would be, had there been atleast decent chances of Congress party coming to power then folks like Aruna Loy or Yogendra Yadav wouldn't have cared to leave NAC and would have remained at Madamji's feet. In Hindi, we have a great tag for them "Thaali Ke Baigan"..!!
But we got to appreciate Kejriwal for re-enacting "Special 26" in real life where real people are made fools and worst is, even after saying these people, that you are being fooled, they would not believe that they are getting fooled and continue to remain fool.
Good article.
Most of us Indians don’t even know what communism is, to understand how evil this ideology is read http://www.experienceproject.com/stories/Hate-Communism/1428263. The MSM will happily call AAP socialists but will not touch the word communists. But don’t you be fooled, they are nothing but hard core commies and we must stop romancing them, rather equate them with Dawood. The Naxals too want to change the system they do it through bullets and AAP has been assigned to do it through the ballot.
The AAP crew (A word used to describe Mafia Gangs) did not expect so many seats in the Delhi elections as Ravi has already pointed out, hence all these irresponsible statements before, during and after the results including the “Bachon Pe Kasam”. Now this is where the BJP made a huge tactical error, instead of forming a government and asking for support on the basis of fighting corruption, Dr Harshvardhan unilaterally announced that he will not form the govt. He fell into AK’s trap of “Jod Tod ka Sarkar”. I am pretty sure that it was a unilateral statement by Dr Harshvardhan because on the night of the result when all other BJP idiots were saying they will take a descion after meeting, this guy comes on national TV and transforms from Harshvardhan to Harishchandra (Shocked the shit out of me).
This is where the commie brigade steps in; they do a deal with the Congress who offer “unconditional” support in return for no prosecution for corruption and no bad mouthing the Congress and most important stopping the MODI juggernaut. The commies make AK risk the lives of his children realising that here is the perfect opportunity to continue the election campaign by being in govt. A drama for counting show of hands is arranged for and they are in power now. They then unleash a slew of populist measures and announce they are now ready for the LOK Sabha elections. The Binny, Bharati and Birla episode was in line with the same campaign mode. That they can even take on their own and shake the system (read cops, schools, and hospitals) for the people and keep the public memory fresh that they were honest. It is a different matter that the cops refused to play ball and Binny was treated as a rebel by the media rather than a crusader. They will continue in this manner, the next thing will be, the repair of the Lokayukt in Delhi. If they manage it, they will become heroes, if they fail they will blame the BJP in opposition. WIN WIN for the commies. Among other things they will wait until just before the code of conduct and start the Sheila investigation when the congress will pull support AAP will get sympathy win a few seats and STOP NAMO (Less messier than an assassination). What they don’t realise is that it is not the BJP that will be hurt it will be the regional parties Congress Clones like Mulayam, Nitish, Laloo Mamta etc. will be wiped out in this election unless AAP self-destructs before that. Either way, it’s a win win for India and all that the BJP morons have to do is continue their positive campaign and not go on every channel for a fixed shouting match.
Even if BJP had gone ahead and formed the Govt. AAP and Congress would have voted them out of any flimsy reason.
What BJP had done is right and their convictions proved right that AAP had no agenda, ideology or action plan to Govern the state, much less the country. The people of India would not have known what creature AAP is and its being part of the Govt had helped common citizens wake up of its agenda of anarchy. Why BJP voters who voted AAP (about 2% are back to BJP fold now), the neutral ones are also thinking and AAp has steadily lost its support in three weeks of 'nautanki' it called Governance AAP style.
This is really amusing---8:30 onwards for the next 5-6 minutes Ashutosh lectures Capt.Gopinath that he should have read the manifesto that AAP is against FDI in retail and should not have joined the party and he (Ashutosh) strongly believe in the philosophy that there should be no FDI in retail.
At 23:40 Kiran Bedi points out that before joining the AAP party, Ashutosh had tweeted that 'All those who oppose FDI in retail are idiots'. He was dumbstruck for sometime.
This is the level of an (ex-)editor.
(* it is well known that will surely happen when BJP with Modi will be at the helm of affairs.) Those times will be worse for India and its gullible people -- nutters.
There we had blind king Dhritarashtra who was not bad or corrupt but had compulsions which stopped him from speaking against the injustice happening right in front of him.
Bhishma, Dronacharya were all great people but they had their compulsions too and they couldn't go against the evil Duryodhana.
Gandhari loved her son and wanted him to be the king. She ignored all his shortcomings.
Duryodhana had the highest fear from Arjuna who was the most skilled warrior among all. Even if Duryodhana had answer to the rest of Pandavas, when it came to Arjuna, he was defenceless.
Duryodhana needed someone from outside the Kauravas clan who could counter the Arjuna factor.
He found the quintessential Aam Aadmi of the times - Karna, and gave him a small kingdom to get him on his side because the main prize was the bigger kingdom of Hastinapur.
Pandavas meanwhile had been living in exile and continuously hounded by Duryodhana during those 12 years. Same as Modi is being hounded for last 12 years by almost everyone in govt. and their mercenaries - media, NGOs, Lawyers, leaders within and outside the party.
Keep it up.
you got it wrong, you got it all wrong. arvind kejriwal is doing exactly what he was told to do and the most-unfortunate part of that is - he is right on that track - sorry to say, but thanks to 'weak - bjp' and extremely - extremely sorry to say - thanks to 'fool-bjp'.
regards
And there is another important question. With chants of " Arvind kejriwal as PM" , Will now AAP ready to take support of all other corrupt parties (like SP, Congress, DMK, BSP etc). Because frankly, they cannot expect AAP to have more than 20-30 seats. So what is AAP stand on coalition???????????????Are they comfortable aligning with corrupt parties to have Kejriwal as PM?????
I visit your blog so many times a day to see if you have posted a new one! And what an analysis!! As always, I regret that it is accessed and read only by a miniscule minority of Indians, while the vast majority of those are gullible ones, who keep thinking that this AAP and AK are the messiahs who are going to be the saviors and if we lose out this time (Modi I mean) it is going to cost our nation another decade or so, by which time so much of damage would have been already done.
Read carefully.. There is something at the end of the article...
Jayanthi Natarajan said in one of the TV channels that the Congress performance these last ten years was "phenomenal". I think she meant "phenome-null".
Rahul's speech was at the "Talkatora" stadium. Knowing about Rahul's past performances, Siddu apparently was not sure if delegates from Karnataka would "Tadkotara" ('tolerate' in Kannada) Rahul's speeches and would quickly "Talkotara" ('make a stealthy exit' in Kannada) from the venue!
Sonia's glee and facial expressions when listening to Rahul's speech at Talkatora were a hoot! She was grinning from ear to ear and thumping the table like a little child. Yesterday, SONIA was the acronym for "Son's Obnoxious Nonsense I Applaud"! In Kannada there is a saying "Hetta Thayige Heggana Muddu" that translates into "Even a bandicoot is beautiful for the mother who bears it". It was very much on display yesterday.
Situation will be more or less like what was shown in Movie Tango Charlie where Commies pronounce Jamindar Guilty..Watch sequence from 7:55 Minutes to next 2 Minute from the clip which is from same Movie.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNMEpW8cMjw
Delhi has seen them coming and going - Remember Indira Gandhi's kitchen cabinet? Raj Narayan? H N Bahuguna? H K Surjeet? Amarsingh? now we have this AK.Wait for his AAP to fall flat in 2014 Ls elections.Then wait for his minority govt to be dismissed.then wait to see him sliding in to oblivion.
Thanks
I have removed your comment because it has no relevance to this post. Keep comments relevant. This is not a public message board to post all kinds of links to irrelevant topics..
Thanks
I have neither authorised nor given anyone permission to translate or reproduce my posts. Please delete your translated post and do not attempt any further translation without my authorisation. While you may be enthusiastic in doing this such acts are fraught with nuisance and this undue enthusiasm to translate posts despite my repeated assertion of no interest in such translation I would consider it unwanted nuisance. Therefore, please take down your post and do not undertake any more translations..
Thanks..
I hope you are not suggesting when saying "If we want to change India, someone got to play the game differnet way" that crowds should take law in their own hand. That is what leads to mobs lynching whoever comes in their way.
Excellent article as always.. I am a fan of your article but hardly post comments.. Here i would like add something; which is not related to the topic of discussion; but something relevant..
I see that in the article you have used the word "thug" to denote the anti-social elements. But i have heard in many forums that "thug" was a tribe in North India who opposed British and later they added it to the dictionary that meant "criminal". I see the following definition when i searched in google as well
" a member of a fraternity of professional robbers and murderers in India, suppressed by the British in the 19th century."
So don't you think we Indians should start using a different word to describe the "anti-social elements"?
It is becoming increasingly amusing to watch the growing uneasiness in behaviour of Arvind Kejriwal for past few days. Here are some points which I think we must understand :
1) A few days back there was a panel discussion on Timesnow where Mrs Anjali Damaniya from AAP commented that most of people joining AAP from Maharashtra are from BJP & NCP ! Although this statement is completely crap, It seems she was giving an indirect message to Congress that they are still working on the Congress plan to divide BJP votes.
2) During an interview with Burka Dutt Mr Arvind Kejriwal challenged Congress to remove their support while claiming he is working on Common Wealth files & will prosecute Congress leaders. This is a clear 2 point strategy where they are claiming they do not want Congress support while in reality they are sending signals to Congress that AAP is their only hope in trying to divide BJP votes in some cities.
3) In the end, Mr Arvind Kejriwal's only hope is to achieve martyrdom by resigning in April claiming that Congress is not allowing it to work properly & Congress denying all these charges. Congress feels it can benefit by AAP martyrdom by actually diverting a few gullible BJP voters in Delhi to AAP.
it seems you have gone complete blind in aap-bhakti. get your eyes checked or rather get you mind checked immediately at some reputed hospital near you.
and just do not - read carefully - just do not forget to take some aap-minister along with you - one more reminder - media persons along with camera - must - why ?
don't you know lot of corruption in hospitals as well - you can have great pictures & videos of your ministers shouting at those ' corrupt - doctors'. sorry, but one more reminder - do it 'late at night as late as possible' - after all - aap-ministers at available only late at night and naturally - it will have more impact and then as a 'fundamental right' the entire 'aap-govt.' along with 'God - Kejriwal' can sit at 'dharna' this time along with you for you as always.
great going – aap-bhakts
special regards to you