Indus Script Cipher explained and validated with examples of inscriptions detailing wealth-accounting ledgers of the wealthiest nation on the globe
The enquiry of this monograph starts with an outline of orthography of X shape which signifiesdāṭu 'cross' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'. By orthographic finesse (impressive delicacy and skill) of breath-taking splendour, the scribe of Sarasvati Civilization documents an expansion of spoken parole, Meluhha semantic expressions.
Uniquely orthographed hieroglyph/hypertext explains Indus Script Cipher (Mohenjo-daro tablet 2847, identical tablets m494, m495 with identical inscription). Why is culm of millet, holcus sorghum used to create a Meluhha hypertext? The enquiry takes us from Vedic Sarasvati River Basin to Mari of 2400 BCE in Ancient Near East.
A stunning narrative of a sculptural marble frieze of Mari procession signifies this culm of millet as a flagstaff carrying aloft a one-horned young bull 'unicorn' atop a rein-ring. Meluhha rebus readings are: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS कशा a rein , bridle (शिशुपाल-वध)कषाf. (for कशा q.v.) a whip R. vi , 37 , 41 káśā f. ʻ whip ʼ RV., ʻ rein ʼ Śiś., ʻ string ʼ lex., kaśa -- m. ʻ whip, thong ʼ MBh.(CDIAL 2965) N. kã̄so ʻ bronze, pewter, white metal ʼ, kas -- kuṭ ʻ metal alloy ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ bell -- metal ʼ (CDIAL 2987), kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- kā ˊṁsya -- ; -- *kaṁsāvatī -- ?Addenda: kaṁsá -- 1 : A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kā ˊṁsya -- (CDIAL 2576) kāˊṁsya ʻ made of bell -- metal ʼ KātyŚr., n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Yājñ., ʻ cup of bell -- metal ʼ MBh., ˚aka -- n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ. 2. *kāṁsiya -- . [ka ṁsá -- 1 ]1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. (?) ʻ bronze ʼ, Pk. kaṁsa -- , kāsa -- n. ʻ bell -- metal, drinking vessel, cymbal ʼ; L. (Jukes) kã̄jā adj. ʻ of metal ʼ, awāṇ. kāsā ʻ jar ʼ (← E with -- s -- , not ñj); N. kã̄so ʻ bronze, pewter, white metal ʼ, kas -- kuṭ ʻ metal alloy ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, B. kã̄sā, Or. kãsā, Bi. kã̄sā; Bhoj. kã̄s ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, kã̄sā ʻ base metal ʼ; H. kās, kã̄sā m. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, G. kã̄sũ n., M. kã̄sẽ n.; Ko. kã̄śẽ n. ʻ bronze ʼ; Si. kasa ʻ bell -- metal ʼ.2. L. kã̄ihã̄ m. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, P. kã̄ssī, kã̄sī f., H. kã̄sī f.*kā ṁsyakara -- , kāṁsyakāra -- , *kāṁsyakuṇḍikā -- , kāṁsyatāla -- , *kāṁsyabhāṇḍa -- .Addenda: kāˊṁsya -- : A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ, or < ka ṁsá -- .(CDIAL 2987)Rebus: कष m. a touchstone , assay (निकष) Ka1s3. on Pa1n2. 3-3 , 119 Mr2icch. .1
Utsava bera processions of Indus Script and roots of gold standard in the writing system celebrated in Mari, c. 24th cent. BCE. These processions (utsava bera) of Indus Script symbols are matched by the Mari procession marble frieze, holding aloft a horned young bull on a flagstaff."The Royal Palace of Mari was the royal residence of the rulers of the ancient kingdom of Mari in eastern Syria. Situated centrally amidst Palestine, Syria, Babylon, Levant, and other Mesopotamian city-states, Mari acted as the “middle-man” to these larger, powerful kingdoms. Both the size and grand nature of the palace demonstrate the importance of Mari during its long history, though the most intriguing feature of the palace is the nearly 25,000 tablets found within the palace rooms. The royal palace was discovered in 1935, excavated with the rest of the city throughout the 1930s, and is considered one of the most important finds made at Mari André Parrot led the excavations and was responsible for the discovery of the city and the palace. Thousands of clay tablets were discovered through the efforts of André Bianquis, which provided archaeologists the tools to learn about, and to understand, everyday life at the palace and in Mari. The discovery of the tablets also aided in the labeling of various rooms in terms of their purpose and function...The palace reached its grandest state with its last renovation under king Zimri-Lim in the 18th century BCE; in addition to serving as the home of the royal family, the palace would have also housed royal guards, state workers, members of the military, and those responsible for the daily activities of the kingdom...The royal palace at Mari was decorated with frescoes and statues. Decoration different depending on the function of the room. Religious and royal scenes were placed in public areas, where the message of kingship and religion could easily be viewed by visitors and residents of the palace." 
Sign 137 with its unique orthography of four culms of millet (or, खोंड khōṇḍa'a variety of millet, holcus sorghum') signifies (1) karba kaṇḍ 'iron ore fire-altar, furnace '(2) dhatu kō̃da Rebus reading: kō̃da karba dhatu kaṇḍ 'iron mineral ore fire-altar' (producing)
khāṇḍā 'equipment, tools, metalware'.
Sign 137![]()
This variant of ![]()
![]()
Sign 149,150 isorthographed
This variant of 
Sign 149,150 isorthographedOverlaying hieroglyphs on this X-shape, a hypertext of parole (spoken language), with visual language expressions (Indus Script Cipher) is created using four culms of millet (holcus sorghum) on four arms of X, to further elaborate and specify the semantics of 1) type of mineral ore and 2) type of metallurgical processing involved to create a product of utility value.
Culm is the hollow stem of a grass or cereal plant, especially that bearing the flower. On one Ancient Near East plate, a culm of millet is shown flanked by two winged black drongo birds.There are at least 40 signs which include variant ligatures and representations of 'crop or plant' orthography.
dhatu kolimi'mineral ore smithy'
kolmo'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: dhatu kaṇḍ 'mineral ore fire-altar'. Thus, the basic signs ![]()
kolmo'rice-plant'![]()
kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' which appear with comparable ligatured occurrences signify four important organizational resources in metallurgical, lapidary processes:
kolmo'rice-plant'
kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' which appear with comparable ligatured occurrences signify four important organizational resources in metallurgical, lapidary processes: 1. kolimi 'smithy, forge'
2. kaṇḍ'fire-altar, furnace'
3. dhatu'mineral ore'
4. kō̃da'smelter'.
Thus, the hieroglyphs signifying these four semantic categories constitute the organizational princple to delineate wealth-production accounting categories (with ligatures signifying metallurgical/lapidary processes, additional resources involved). For example, ![]()
Sign 165 and ![]()
Sign 166 are hypertexts formed by two hieroglyphs which signify, respectively, kole.l, kolimi smithy/forge and kharādī, karaḍā turner/daybook. An extraordinary cultural institution in Kota village gets recognized: kole.l 'temple' where the guild of artisans produce wealth categories using metal-/lapidary-artisanal competence.
Sign 165 and 
Sign 166 are hypertexts formed by two hieroglyphs which signify, respectively, kole.l, kolimi smithy/forge and kharādī, karaḍā turner/daybook. An extraordinary cultural institution in Kota village gets recognized: kole.l 'temple' where the guild of artisans produce wealth categories using metal-/lapidary-artisanal competence.kolmo'rice-plant' Rebus: kolimi, kole.l 'smithy, forge'; kole.l 'temple'
Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-
A variant of Sign 176 (currycomb) gets ligatured as a short-tail of goat-antelopes on Indus Script Corpora:
For example, ![]()
seal is read rebus in Meluhha (Indian sprachbund, 'language union' or Indian linguistic area) as: mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu'copper' PLUS xolā 'tail' rebus: kol'working in iron' PLUS kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS aya'fish' rebus: ayas'alloy metal, iron' [steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])(Monier-Williams)] The wide-spread, curvy horns also signify: Tor. miṇḍ'ram', miṇḍā́l'markhor' (
seal is read rebus in Meluhha (Indian sprachbund, 'language union' or Indian linguistic area) as: mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu'copper' PLUS xolā 'tail' rebus: kol'working in iron' PLUS kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS aya'fish' rebus: ayas'alloy metal, iron' [steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])(Monier-Williams)] The wide-spread, curvy horns also signify: Tor. miṇḍ'ram', miṇḍā́l'markhor' (Thus, the seal signifies the message: copper alloy metal fire-altar, furnace.
FS 36 
FS 32
FS 37
FS 38 (Frequency in M Corpus: 36) Goat-antelope with a short tail (and different types of boms), sometimes with a trough in front.
FS 34
The tail is a signifier of a blacksmith-smelter: Kur. xolā tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135) Rebus:Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan
blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. kolhe'smelter'.
m495 Prism tablet with three lines of inscription
2847b Bas-relief tablet m495, three-sided 
m495A
m495B
m495g
Line 2 (flipped horizontal) of 2847 Mohenjo-daro prism tablet. Two tablets m0494 and m0495 with identical inscriptions were discovered.
Multiple tablets, produced as bas-relief seal impressions, are indicators of an industrial scale operation with mineral ores detailed on the long inscriptions (#2847) with 23 hieroglyphs.
Processing in fire-altar, smelter
gaṇḍa,'four'; kã̄ṛ 'large millet stock' [rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar,furnace;] PLUS खोंड khōṇḍa 'a variety of holcus sorghum'[rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, smelter' ]. Thus, dhatu 'mineral ore' is subjected to smelting.
Mineral is iron ore
The mineral specified is: kaḍbā,karb 'culm of millet' (Marathi, Punjabi) rebus: karba 'iron'.
By chosing culms of millet, the scribe demonstrates that the mineral ore is iron ore, subjected to smelting and furnace work. Iron ore smelting gets semantically reinforced by a pair of black drongo (with emphasis on wings) clanking a culm of millet. *skambha2 ʻ shoulder -- blade, wing, plumage ʼ. [Cf. *skapa -- s.v. *khavaka -- ]S. khambhu, ˚bho m. ʻ plumage ʼ, khambhuṛi f. ʻ wing ʼ; L. khabbh m., mult. khambh m. ʻ shoulder -- blade, wing, feather ʼ, khet. khamb ʻ wing ʼ, mult. khambhaṛā m. ʻ fin ʼ; P. khambh m. ʻ wing, feather ʼ; G. khā̆m f., khabhɔ m. ʻ shoulder ʼ.(CDIAL 13640) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236) PLUS polaḍu'black drongo' rebus: polaḍu'steel' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul'metal casting'. Thus, steel casting.
Saccharum officinarum (1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen) Saccharum bengalense Retz. - India, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan Saccharum genus is widespread across tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions in Africa, Eurasia, Australia, the Americas, and assorted oceanic islands. Several species are cultivated and naturalized in areas outside their native habitats.Map showing centers of origin of Saccharum officinarum in New Guinea, S. sinensis in southern China and Taiwan, and S. barberi in India; dotted arrows represent Austronesian introductions. (Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185)
Hieroglyph 1:gaṇḍa'four' Hieroglyph 2: kã̄ṛ 'large millet stock' (Marathi) ganu
m. ʻ oar, haft of a tool ʼ, ˚no m. ʻ sweet stalks of millet ʼ(Sindhi): gaṇḍa2 m. ʻ joint of plant ʼ lex., gaṇḍi -- m. ʻ trunk of tree from root to branches ʼ lex. 2. *gēṇḍa -- . 3. *gēḍḍa -- 2 . 4. *gēḍa -- 1 . [Cf. kāˊṇḍa -- : prob. ← Drav. DED 1619]1. Pa. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ stalk ʼ, ˚ḍī -- f. ʻ sugarcane joint, shaft or stalk used as a bar ʼ, Pk. gaṁḍa -- m., ˚ḍiyā -- f.; Kt. gäṇa ʻ stem ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. gaṇḍīˊ ʻ stem, stump of a tree, large roof beam ʼ (→ Par. gaṇḍāˊ ʻ stem ʼ, Orm. goṇ ʻ stick ʼ IIFL i 253, 395), gul. geṇḍū, nir. gaṇīˊ, kuṛ. gã̄ṛo; Kal. urt. gəṇ ʻ log (in a wall) ʼ, rumb. goṇ (st. gōṇḍ -- ) ʻ handle ʼ, guṇḍík ʻ stick ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) gon, gonu, (Morgenstierne) gɔ̄ˋn ʻ haft of axe, spade or knife ʼ (or < ghaná -- 2 ?); K. gonḍu , grọ̆nḍu m. ʻ great untrimmed log ʼ; S. ganu m. ʻ oar, haft of a tool ʼ, ˚no m. ʻ sweet stalks of millet ʼ; P. gannā m. ʻ sugarcane ʼ (→ H. gannā m.), Bi. gaṇḍā, H. gã̄ṛā m., M. gã̄ḍā m. -- Deriv. Pk. gaṁḍīrī -- f. ʻ sugarcane joint ʼ; Bhoj. gãṛērī ʻ small pieces of sugarcane ʼ; H. gãḍerī f. ʻ knot of sugarcane ʼ; G. gãḍerī f. ʻ piece of peeled sugarcane ʼ; -- Pk. gaṁḍalī -- ʻ sugarcane joint ʼ; Kal. rumb. gaṇḍau (st. ˚ḍāl -- ) ʻ ancestor image ʼ; S. g̠anaru m. ʻ stock of a vegetable run to seed ʼ.2. Ku. gino ʻ block, log ʼ; N. gĩṛ ʻ log ʼ, gĩṛo ʻ piece of sugarcane ʼ (whence gẽṛnu, gĩṛ˚ ʻ to cut in pieces ʼ); B. gẽṛ ʻ tuber ʼ; Mth. gẽṛī ʻ piece of sugarcane chopped ready for the mill ʼ.3. Pk. geḍḍī -- , giḍḍiā -- f. ʻ stick ʼ; P. geḍī f. ʻ stick used in a game ʼ, H. geṛī f. (or < 4).4. N. gir, girrā ʻ stick, esp. one used in a game ʼ, H. gerī f., geṛī f. (or < 3), G. geṛī f.*gaṇḍāsi -- ; *agragaṇḍa -- , *prāgragaṇḍa -- . (CDIAL 3998) kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV., ʻ arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ cluster, heap ʼ (in tr̥ṇa -- kāṇḍa -- Pāṇ. Kāś.). [Poss. connexion with gaṇḍa -- 2 makes prob. non -- Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < kr̥ntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ ʻ joint of bamboo or sugarcane ʼ EWA i 197]Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , ˚aya -- m.n. ʻ knot of bough, bough, stick ʼ; Ash. kaṇ ʻ arrow ʼ, Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ, ãdotdot; Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, kuṛ. kō̃, dar. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ torch ʼ; Shum. kō̃ṛ, kō̃ ʻ arrow ʼ, Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Kho. kan ʻ tree, large bush ʼ; Bshk. kāˋ'n ʻ arrow ʼ, Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ Ḍ. kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales.
kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ (kān m. ʻ arrow ʼ ← Sh.?); S. kānu m. ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚no m. ʻ reed ʼ, ˚nī f. ʻ topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ʼ; L. kānã̄ m. ʻ stalk of the reed Sara ʼ, ˚nī˜ f. ʻ pen, small spear ʼ; P. kānnā m. ʻ the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp ʼ, kānī f. ʻ arrow ʼ; WPah. bhal. kān n. ʻ arrow ʼ, jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚ṛo ʻ rafter ʼ; A. kã̄r ʻ arrow ʼ; B. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚ṛā ʻ oil vessel made of bamboo joint, needle of bamboo for netting ʼ, kẽṛiyā ʻ wooden or earthen vessel for oil &c. ʼ; Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻ stalk, arrow ʼ; Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching)ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ wooden milkpail ʼ; Bhoj. kaṇḍā ʻ reeds ʼ; H. kã̄ṛī f. ʻ rafter, yoke ʼ, kaṇḍā m. ʻ reed, bush ʼ (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow ʼ, ˚ḍũ n. ʻ wrist ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ʼ; M. kã̄ḍ n. ʻ trunk, stem ʼ, ˚ḍẽ n. ʻ joint, knot, stem, straw ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, &c.) ʼ; Si. kaḍaya ʻ arrow ʼ. -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba ʻ to shoot with an arrow ʼ. kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV., ʻ arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ cluster, heap ʼ (in tr̥ṇa -- kāṇḍa -- Pāṇ. Kāś.). [Poss. connexion with gaṇḍa -- 2 makes prob. non -- Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < kr̥ntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ ʻ joint of bamboo or sugarcane ʼ EWA i 197]Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , ˚aya -- m.n. ʻ knot of bough, bough, stick ʼ; Ash. kaṇ ʻ arrow ʼ, Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ, ãdotdot; Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, kuṛ. kō̃, dar. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ torch ʼ; Shum. kō̃ṛ, kō̃ ʻ arrow ʼ, Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Kho. kan ʻ tree, large bush ʼ; Bshk. kāˋ'n ʻ arrow ʼ, Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ Ḍ. kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales. kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ (kān m. ʻ arrow ʼ ← Sh.?); S. kānu m. ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚no m. ʻ reed ʼ, ˚nī f. ʻ topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ʼ; L. kānã̄ m. ʻ stalk of the reed Sara ʼ, ˚nī˜ f. ʻ pen, small spear ʼ; P. kānnā m. ʻ the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp ʼ, kānī f. ʻ arrow ʼ; WPah. bhal. kān n. ʻ arrow ʼ, jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚ṛo ʻ rafter ʼ; A. kã̄r ʻ arrow ʼ; B. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚ṛā ʻ oil vessel made of bamboo joint, needle of bamboo for netting ʼ, kẽṛiyā ʻ wooden or earthen vessel for oil &c. ʼ; Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻ stalk, arrow ʼ; Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ wooden milkpail ʼ; Bhoj. kaṇḍā ʻ reeds ʼ; H. kã̄ṛī f. ʻ rafter, yoke ʼ, kaṇḍā m. ʻ reed, bush ʼ (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow ʼ, ˚ḍũ n. ʻ wrist ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ʼ; M. kã̄ḍ n. ʻ trunk, stem ʼ, ˚ḍẽ n. ʻ joint, knot, stem, straw ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, &c.) ʼ; Si. kaḍaya ʻ arrow ʼ. -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba ʻ to shoot with an arrow ʼ.(CDIAL 3023)Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 2 : S.kcch. gann m. ʻ handle ʼ; -- WPah.kṭg. gannɔ m. ʻ sugar -- cane ʼ; Md. ganḍu ʻ piece, page, playing -- card ʼ. Rebus: kaṇḍa'
dāṭu 'cross' Rebus: dhatu'mineral ore'. What type of mineral ore? To signify that iron ore is signified, a remarkable orthographic device is used. Four culms of millet are joined together to signify the semantics of dāṭu 'cross'. Four culms of millet are signified by: gaṇḍa set of four (Santali); rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace' (Santali) rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi) PLUS karba 'culm of millet' rebus: karba 'iron'. Image: stalk: karb, 'stalk or culm of millet' (Punjabi): '*kaḍappa ʻ collection ʼ. [Like kalāpa -- ← Drav.]Pk.kaḍappa
खोंड khōṇḍa is a variety of जोंधळा. कडबा kaḍabā m The culm or haum of जोंधळा dried for fodder. 2 fig. (Because कडबा is the mere culm without the head.) Refuse, rubbish, worthless stuff. Varieties of जोंधळा include a variety called खुंडी. jōndhaḷā m A cereal plant or its grain, Holcus sorghum. Eight varieties are reckoned, viz. उता- वळी, निळवा, शाळू, रातडी, पिवळा जोंधळा, खुंडी, काळबोंडी जोंधळा, दूध मोगरा. There are however many others as केळी, अरगडी, डुकरी, बेंदरी, मडगूप &c. Rebus reading for खोंड khōṇḍa is kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used.(Kashmiri)
kamaṭha m. ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. 2. *kāmaṭha -- . 3. *kāmāṭṭha -- . 4. *kammaṭha -- . 5. *kammaṭṭha -- . 6. *kambāṭha -- . 7. *kambiṭṭha -- . [Cf. Sign 10![]()
is a ligature of stool with Sign 1 'body'. Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. గడమంచె gaḍa-manche. n. A wooden frame like a bench to keep things on. గంపలు మొదలగువాటిని ఉంచు మంచె (DEDR 1179)..rebus: Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body, womb, back' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med'copper' (Slavic languages.
is a ligature of stool with Sign 1 'body'. Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. గడమంచె gaḍa-manche. n. A wooden frame like a bench to keep things on. గంపలు మొదలగువాటిని ఉంచు మంచె (DEDR 1179)..rebus: Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body, womb, back' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med'copper' (Slavic languages.
kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.
Variants of Sign 155![]()
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Sign 134 is ligatured to 'long linear stroke': ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, Sign 155 signifies dhakka koḍ 'blazing, bright metal workshop'.
Sign 134 is ligatured to 'long linear stroke': ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, Sign 155 signifies dhakka koḍ 'blazing, bright metal workshop'. Sign8 ![]()
Variants of Sign 8![]()
kamaḍha'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.
Variants of Sign 8
kamaḍha'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.
2847 m495; 1623 m494
There are two tablets with identical seal impressions which contain a long Indus inscription composed of 23 glyphs. Reported in Marshall 1931 (Vol. II, p.402); repeated in Vol. III, Pl. CXVI.23.
e. There can only be a conjecture as to why the prism tablets were mass produced with identical three lines of impression: it is likely that the tablets were used by artisans (Supercago or Helmsman) of a guild performing identical metal work for transporting packages with identical contents and hence, identical messages conveyed through the inscription.
m0494A![]()
m0494BC![]()
m0494BC
m0495A
m0495B
m0495C m0495cText of identical inscription in bas relief on two prism tablets:m0494, m0495 Text 1623/Text 2847
A reading of m0495G shown and discussed in
http://indusscriptmore.blogspot.com/2011/09/indus-signs-of-17-and-18-strokes.html with particular reference to the first sign read as 'X'. If the glyph is a composite glyphic of four forked sticks, a vikalpa (alternative) reading is: मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick, horn &c.) and attrib. such a stick, horn, bullock. मेढा [ mēḍhā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ.(Marathi)(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) gaṇḍa 'four'; rebus: kaṇḍa 'furnace, altar'. Thus, the composite glyphis is read rebus: iron (metal) furnace, meḍ kaṇḍa.
Inscription on tablet m0495 serves as a reinforcement of the reading of inscription on tablet m0494 (see the side shot of sides B and G reproduced above). The organizer of the photographic corpus, Asko Parpola and his photographer team, should be complimented for a painstaking effort to produce a high resolution reading of 3 lines of the text on the prism tablets (which almost look like five- sided object as may be seen from the photograph M-494F).
The reading of the text of the inscription on the two prism tablets provided in Mahadevan concordance is as follows:
Decoding the identical inscription on Prism tablets m0494 and m0495
Line 1 Turner, mint, brass-work, furnace scribe, smelter, gridiron smithy, smithy/forge
Line 2 Mineral (ore), furnace/altar, furnace scribe workshop; metal (a kind of iron), casting furnace; cast metal ingot; casting workshop
Line 3 Furnace scribe workshop; cast bronze; kiln; gridiron; casting workshop; smithy (with) furnace; cast bronze; native metal; metal turner; furnace scribe.
Thus, line 1 is a description of the repertoire of a smithy/forge including mint and brass-work; line 2 is a smelting, casting workshop for ingots; line 3 is furnace scribe workshop for caste bronze, with kiln, furnace and native metal turning.
Line 1
1.1 Corner (of a room) glyph.
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څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potter's wheel rebus arka'twelve, copper'. Alternative: kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kundam, kund a sacrificial fire-pit (Skt.) kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner (A.)
څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potter's wheel rebus arka'twelve, copper'. Alternative: kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kundam, kund a sacrificial fire-pit (Skt.) kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner (A.)sal ‘splinter’; rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali).Thus, together arka sal 'goldsmith workshop'.
S. kuṇḍa f. ʻcornerʼ; P. kū̃ṭ f. ʻcorner, sideʼ (← H.). (CDIAL 3898) Rebus: kundār turner (A.) kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295).
1.2 Crab glyph
Sign 57. Crab or claws of crab. kāru 'pincers' rebus: kāru 'artisan'. kamaṭha crab (Skt.) Rebus: kammaṭa = portable furnace (Te.) kampaṭṭam coiner, mint (Ta.) Vikalpa: ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral’ (Vedic); dhatu ‘a mineral, metal’ (Santali) Vikalpa: erā ‘claws’; Rebus: era ‘copper’.
Argument: Allographs of a leaf sign, ligature with crab sign [After Parpola, 1994, fig. 13.15] The archer shown on one copper tablet seems to be equivalent to a glyph on another copper plate -- that of ligatured U (rimless wide-mouthed pot) with leaves and crab’s claws. The archer has been decoded: kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.)
Sign 48. kaśēru ‘the backbone’ (Bengali. Skt.); kaśēruka id. (Skt.) Rebus: kasērā ʻmetal workerʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 2988, 2989) Spine, rib-cage: A comparable glyptic representation is on a seal published by Omananda Saraswati. In Pl. 275: Omananda Saraswati 1975. Ancient Seals of Haryana (in Hindi). Rohtak.” (I. Mahadevan, 'Murukan' in the Indus Script, The Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies, March 1999). B.B. Lal, 1960. From Megalithic to the Harappa: Tracing back the graffiti on pottery. Ancient India, No.16, pp. 4-24. baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) bhārata,'a factitious alloy of pewter, copper, tin'
1.4 Rim of jar glyph
kaṇḍa kanka (Santali); Rebus: kaṇḍa kanka ‘furnace scribe’. kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar, furnace’ (Santali); kan ‘copper’ (Ta.) karṇaka 'scribe, accountant' (Skt.) Vikalpa: kaṇḍ kanaka ‘gold furnace’. kánaka n. ʻ gold ʼ (Skt.) கன் kaṉ ,n. perh. கன்மம். 1. workmanship; வேலைப்பாடு. கன்னார் மதில்சூழ் குடந்தை (திவ். திருவாய். 5, 8, 3). 2. copper work; கன்னார் தொழில். (W.) 3. copper; செம்பு. (ஈடு, 5, 8, 3.) MBh. Pa. kanaka -- n., Pk. kaṇaya -- n., MB. kanayā ODBL 659, Si. kanā EGS 36.(CDIAL 2717) కనకము [ kanakamu ] kanakamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. (Telugu) கனகம் kaṉakam, n. < kanaka. 1. Gold; பொன். காரார்வண்ணன் கனகமனையானும் (தேவா. 502, 9 (Tamil) kanaka (nt.) [cp. Sk. kanaka; Gr. knh_kos yellow; Ags. hunig=E. honey. See also kañcana] gold, usually as uttatta˚ molten gold; said of the colour of the skin Bu i.59; Pv iii.32; J v.416; PvA 10 suvaṇṇa).-- agga gold -- crested J v.156; -- chavin of golden complexion J vi.13; -- taca (adj.) id. J v.393; -- pabhā golden splendour Bu xxiii.23; -- vimāna a fairy palace of gold VvA 6; PvA 47, 53; -- sikharī a golden peak, in ˚rājā king of the golden peaks (i. e. Himālayas): Dāvs iv.30. (Pali) Vikalpa: kaṉ ‘copper work’ (Ta.) The sequence of two glyphs discussed in 1.3 and 1.4 above occur with high frequency on copper tablets. The pair of glyphs is read rebus as: metal work, furnace scribe -- kasērā kaṇḍa kanka.
The following examples are of 8 copper tablets recovered in Harappa by HARP project. A third glyph on these tablets is an oval sign -- like a metal ingot -- and is ligatured with an infixed sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (G.) The inscription on these tablets is in bas-relief:
Copper tablet (H2000-4498/9889-01) with raised script found in Trench 43. Slide 351 harappa.com
Copper tablets with Indus script in bas-relief, Harappa. The three glyphs on the ingots are read in sequence: ḍhālako kasērā kaṇḍa kanka 'metal ingot, metal work, furnace scribe'.
This is a professional calling card of the artisan engaged in metal work.
1.5 Water-carrier glyph
kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ (Telugu); Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); krvṛI f. ‘granary (WPah.); kuṛī, kuṛo house, building’(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232) kuṭi ‘hut made of boughs’ (Skt.) guḍi temple (Telugu) A comparable glyptic representation is provided in a Gadd seal found in an interaction area of the Persian Gulf. Gadd notes that the ‘water-carrier’ seal is is an unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal. Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); [After Edith Porada, 1971, Remarks on seals found in the Gulf States. Artibus Asiae 33 (4): 331-7: pl.9, fig.5]; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476).
1.6 Three (rimless) pots
kolmo ‘three’ (Mu.); rebus: kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.)
S. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched, Rebus; bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) Vikalpa: meṛgo = rimless vessels (Santali) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (G.) baṭa = kiln (Santali); baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (Pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; L. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; S. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656)Rebus: meḍ iron (Ho.)
kolmo ‘rice plant’ (Mu.) Rebus: kolami ‘furnace,smithy’ (Te.) Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)
Line 2
2.1 Cross
dāṭu = cross (Te.); Rebus: dhatu = mineral (ore)(Santali) dhātu ‘mineral (Pali) dhātu ‘mineral’ (Vedic); a mineral, metal (Santali); dhāta id. (G.)
2.2 Arrow
kaṇḍa ‘arrow’; Rebus: kaṇḍ = a furnace, altar (Santali) khāṇḍā 'equipment, tools, metalware'.
2.3 Rim of jar + infixed short stroke
Rim of jar is decoded as: kaṇḍa kanka ‘furnace scribe’. Rebus: karNI 'Supercargo, scribe, script' (See line 1.4)
sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.); sal ‘workshop’ (Santali) Vikalpa: aṭar ‘a splinter’ (Ma.) aṭaruka ‘to burst, crack, sli off,fly open; aṭarcca ’ splitting, a crack’; aṭarttuka ‘to split, tear off, open (an oyster) (Ma.); aḍaruni ‘to crack’ (Tu.) (DEDR 66) Rebus: aduru ‘native, unsmelted metal’ Rebus: adaru = native metal (Ka.) aduru = gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddha_nti Subrahman.ya’ S’astri’s new interpretation of the Amarakos’a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p. 330)
Thus, the ligatured glyph is read rebus as: scribe (of) native,unsmelted metal furnace.
2.4 Body, spread legs
mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', karaṇī 'scribe, supercargo', kañi-āra 'helmsman'.
2.5 Bird (circumscribed in bracket) Decoding: Furnace for riveting metal (a kind of iron)
baṭa= quail (Santali) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (G.) baṭa = kiln (Santali) Vikalpa: pota ‘pigeon’; pot ‘beads’ (H.G.M.)(CDIAL 8403). Vikalpa: baṭṭai quail (N.) vartaka = a duck (Skt.)(CDIAL 11361). batak = a duck (G.) vartikā = quail (RV.); wuwrc partridge (Ash.); barti = quail, partridge (Kho.); vaṭṭaka_ quail (Pali); vaṭṭaya (Pkt.) (CDIAL 11361).
Rebus: vartaka ‘merchant’ (Skt.)
( ) A pair of enclosures: *jāḍa -- ʻ joining, pair ʼ. [← Drav. LM 333]; 2. S. jāṛo m. ʻ twin ʼ, L. P. jāṛā m.; M. j̈āḍī f. ʻ a double yoke ʼ. (CDIAL 5091) Rebus: *jaḍati ʻ joins, sets ʼ. 1. Pk. jaḍia -- ʻ set (of jewels), joined ʼ; K. jarun ʻ to set jewels ʼ (← Ind.); S. jaṛaṇu ʻ to join, rivet, set ʼ, jaṛa f. ʻ rivet, boundary between two fields ʼ; P.jaṛāuṇā ʻ to have fastened or set ʼ; A. zarāiba ʻ to collect ʼ; B. jaṛāna ʻ to set jewels, wrap round, entangle ʼ, jaṛ ʻ heaped together ʼ; Or. jaṛibā ʻ to unite ʼ; OAw.jaraï ʻ sets jewels, bedecks ʼ; H. jaṛnā ʻ to join, stick in, set ʼ (→ N. jaṛnu ʻ to set, be set ʼ); OMarw. jaṛāū ʻ inlaid ʼ; G. jaṛvũ ʻ to join, meet with, set jewels ʼ; M.j̈aḍṇẽ ʻ to join, connect, inlay, be firmly established ʼ, j̈aṭṇẽ ʻ to combine, confederate ʼ. (CDIAL 5091)
Vikalpa: dula दुल । युग्मम् m. a pair, a couple, esp. of two similar things (Rām. 966) (Kashmiri); dol ‘likeness, picture, form’ (Santali) Rebus: dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali) dul meṛeḍ cast iron (Mundari. Santali)
‘cast bronze’; it is a glyptic formed of a pair of brackets (): kuṭila ‘bent’; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)
2.6 Two over-lapping (or pair of) ovals: Oval is the shape of an ingot (of metal). Paired ovals (ingots) are decoded as ‘cast’ ‘metal ingots’.
mũh metal ingot (shaped like an oval) (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā me~r.he~t = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; kolhe tehen me~r.he~tko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.) kaula mengro ‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) paired: dul ‘likeness’; dul ‘cast (metal)’]
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, banglesRebus: khAr 'blacksmith, iron worker'.
2.7 A pair of linear strokes (two long linear strokes) Decoded as casting workshop
dula ‘pair’; rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)(Santali) goṭ = one (Santali); goṭi = silver (G.) koḍa ‘one’ (Santali); koḍ ‘workshop’ (G.)
Line 3
3.1 Rim of jar + infixed short stroke as in Line 2.3 above. Decoded as: furnace scribe workshop.
3.2 Two bent (curved) lines. Decoded as ‘cast bronze’.
kuṭila ‘bent’; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)
dula ‘pair’; rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)(Santali)
3.3 Rimless pot. Decoded as: gridiron. See 1.6 above (for three rimless pots).
S. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched, Rebus; bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) Vikalpa: meṛgo = rimless vessels (Santali) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (G.) baṭa = kiln (Santali); baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (Pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; L. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; S. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656)Rebus: meḍ iron (Ho.)
3.4 Nave of spoked wheel. Decoded as (molten cast copper) turner, kundār ‘turner’.
era = knave of wheel; rebus: era = copper; erako = molten cast (G.) eraka, (copper) ‘metal infusion’; āra ‘spokes’; rebus: āra ‘brass’ as in ārakūṭa (Skt.) kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kundam, kund a sacrificial fire-pit (Skt.) kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Vikalpa: era, er-a = eraka = ?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.) [Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel, nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke] ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spoke of a wheel. See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்த வயில்வாய் நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253) (Tamil) 3.5 As in 2.7 above. A pair of linear strokes (two long linear strokes) Decoded as ‘casting workshop’. dula ‘pair’; rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)(Santali) goṭ = one (Santali); goṭi = silver (G.) koḍa ‘one’ (Santali); koḍ ‘workshop’ (G.) 3.6 Four + Three short strokes. Decoded as smithy (with) furnace. Four + three strokes are read (since the strokes are shown on two lines one below the other) : gaṇḍa ‘four’ (Santali); Rebus: kaṇḍa ‘furnace’ (Santali); kolmo ‘three’ (Mu.); rebus: kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) Vikalpa: ?ea ‘seven’ (Santali); rebus: ?eh-ku ‘steel’ (Te.) Vikalpa: pon ‘four’ (Santali) rebus: pon ‘gold’ (Ta.) 3.7 As in 3.2 above. Two bent (curved) lines. Decoded as ‘cast bronze’. kuṭila ‘bent’; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) dula ‘pair’; rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)(Santali) 3.8 Harrow aḍar ‘harrow’; rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ 3.9 Horned body (Body as in 2.4 above.) Decoded as ‘metal (iron) turner’. mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) kōḍ, kōṇḍa ‘horn’. Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn; Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr̤ horn Tu. kōḍů, kōḍu horn Ko. kṛ (obl. kṭ-)( (DEDR 2200) Paš. kōṇḍā́‘bald’, Kal. rumb. kōṇḍa ‘hornless’.(CDIAL 3508). Kal. rumb.khōṇḍ a‘ half’ (CDIAL 3792). Rebus: कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंदण [ kōndaṇa ] n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems.(Marathi) খোদকার [ khōdakāra ] n an engraver; a carver. খোদকারি n. engraving; carving; interference in other's work. খোদাই [ khōdāi ] n engraving; carving. খোদাই করা v. to engrave; to carve. খোদানো v. & n. en graving; carving. খোদিত [ khōdita ] a engraved. (Bengali) खोदकाम [ khōdakāma ] n Sculpture; carved work or work for the carver. खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work. खोदणावळ [ khōdaṇāvaḷa ] f (खोदणें) The price or cost of sculpture or carving. खोदणी [ khōdaṇī ] f (Verbal of खोदणें) Digging, engraving &c. 2 fig. An exacting of money by importunity. v लाव, मांड. 3 An instrument to scoop out and cut flowers and figures from paper. 4 A goldsmith's die. खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe. खोदाई [ khōdāī ] f ( H) Price or cost of digging or of sculpture or carving. खोदींव [ khōdīṃva ] p of खोदणें Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured. (Marathi) 3.10 Rim of jar. As in 1.4 above. Decoded as: kaṇḍa kanka ‘furnace scribe’.
Line1 (2847)
Sign 386 is a hypertext composed of 
Sign 373 and notch. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware' PLUS mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (oval-/rhombus-shaped like a bun-ingot).The hypertext Sign 386 reads two distinct wealth categories: muhã khāṇḍā 'ingots, equipment, tools, metalware'.
Variants of Sign 53 
ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (
Variants of Sign 48 
Sign 48 is a 'backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharataḷ = moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to
pour into (Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bhaṭ,
bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit. )baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)
Variants of Sign 12
kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.Sign 342![]()
'rim-of-jar' Variants of Sign 342
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'rim-of-jar' Variants of Sign 342
कर्णक m. (ifc. f(आ).) a prominence or handle or projection on the side or sides (of a vessel &c ) , a tendril S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. Rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman; m. pl. N. of a people VP. (Monier-Williams) rebus:karṇī 'supercargo', 'engraver' (
Triplets of Sign 328 ![]()
Sign![]()
Variants of Sign 169![]()
Variants of Sign 169
Line 2
Variant of Sign 137
Sign 155![]()
Variants of Sign 155![]()
Variants of Sign 155Variants of Sign 343
![]()
Sign 10 is a variant reading of![]()
Sign 12 on both tablets m494, m495. Thus, I suggest the same reading for both Sign 10, and Sign 12. kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.
Sign 10![]()
is a ligature of stool with Sign 1 'body'. Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. గడమంచె gaḍa-manche. n. A wooden frame like a bench to keep things on. గంపలు మొదలగువాటిని ఉంచు మంచె (DEDR 1179)..rebus: Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body, womb, back' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages.
Sign 12 on both tablets m494, m495. Thus, I suggest the same reading for both Sign 10, and Sign 12. kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.Sign 10
is a ligature of stool with Sign 1 'body'. Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. గడమంచె gaḍa-manche. n. A wooden frame like a bench to keep things on. గంపలు మొదలగువాటిని ఉంచు మంచె (DEDR 1179)..rebus: Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body, womb, back' rebus: med 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages.Sign 81![]()
Variants of Sign 81![]()
Variants of Sign 81
Bird hieroglyph: Hieroglyph: black drongo: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n (पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fūlād 'steel' (Arabic) The Prakritam gloss पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; poliya 'citizen, gatekeeper of town quarter'. Thus, the black drongo perched on a zebu, bos indicus as a hypertext signifies: magnetite, ferrite ore and steel.
Sign 403![]()
Variants of Sign 403![]()
Variants of Sign 403
Sign 403 is a duplication of 
dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'.Sign 87![]()
Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' (Semantic determinative)
Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' (Semantic determinative)Line 3
Variants of Sign 343 ![]()
khāṇḍā karṇī 'metalware supercargo'.
khāṇḍā karṇī 'metalware supercargo'.Sign 294![]()
Duplicated curves: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith Thus hypertext of Sign 294 signifies bronze castings. [bronze castings].
Duplicated curves: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith Thus hypertext of Sign 294 signifies bronze castings. [bronze castings].Sign 298![]()
baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.
baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. Sign 391 ![]()
The Signboard was discovered lying on the ground,near the gateway of Dholavira.
The three-part proclamation message of the Dholavira Signboard transcribed:
There are three proclamations on the signboard with three segments of messages.
Sign 391 is the opening statement of each of the three segments of Dholavira signboard message. This is a ligatured hieroglyph. ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka =?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel,nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = anymetal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka= copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a= syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spokeof wheel ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spokeof a wheel.See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய்நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம் brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.) pittal is cognate with 'pewter'.Sign 87 ![]()
Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' (Semantic determinative)
Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' (Semantic determinative)Sign 112![]()
Sign 112: Four count, three : gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware' PLUS
Sign 112: Four count, three : gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware' PLUS||| Number three reads: kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus,the hypertext of Sign 104 reads: kolami khaṇḍa 'smithy/forge (for) implements.'
Sign 294 ![]()
Duplicated curves: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith Thus hypertext of Sign 294 signifies bronze castings. [bronze castings].
Duplicated curves: dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥकौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith Thus hypertext of Sign 294 signifies bronze castings. [bronze castings].Sign 171![]()
Sign 171 N. dã̄de ʻ harrow S. ḍ̠andārī f. ʻ rake ʼ, L(Ju.) ḍ̠ãdāl m., °lī f. (CDIAL 6153) rebus:dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali) dhātu n. ʻsubstance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour)ʼ; dhāū, dhāvm.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(Marathi) धवड [ dhavaḍa ] m (Or धावड ) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron (Marathi)(CDIAL 6773).
Sign8 ![]()
Variants of Sign 8![]()
kamaḍha'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.
Variants of Sign 8kamaḍha'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.Sign 342![]()
Variants of Sign 342 ![]()
Variants of Sign 342 'rim-of-jar'कर्णक m. (ifc. f(आ).) a prominence or handle or projection on the side or sides (of a vessel &c ) , a tendril S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. Rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman; m. pl. N. of a people VP. (Monier-Williams) rebus:karṇī 'supercargo', 'engraver' (
Sign 331 ![]()
Variants of Sign 331![]()
The ligature of this unique pictorial motif with the rimless pot is significant. The rimless pot signifies baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus:bhaṭa 'furnace'. The ligaturing sign is Sign 169![]()
Variants of Sign 331
The ligature of this unique pictorial motif with the rimless pot is significant. The rimless pot signifies baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus:bhaṭa 'furnace'. The ligaturing sign is Sign 169
Variants of Sign 169![]()
I suggest that the ligaturing sign is a semantic determinant of bhaṭa 'furnace' to emphasise that what is signified is a smelter furnace. Sign 169 signifies. kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) Alternative:
I suggest that the ligaturing sign is a semantic determinant of bhaṭa 'furnace' to emphasise that what is signified is a smelter furnace. Sign 169 signifies. kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) Alternative: 
kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace'(Santali) Alternative:
ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar'. PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware'. Thus, the hypertext signifies smelter implements.
ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar'. PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware'. Thus, the hypertext signifies smelter implements.
h-48A kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware'. Thus, the hypertext signifies smelter implements. Field symbol: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.' कोंद kōnda 'kiln, furnace' PLUS sangaḍa 'lathe, portable brazier' PLUS [ kammaṭamu ] Same as కమటము 'portable furnace' rebus: sangarh 'fortification', sangar 'trade', kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. 
Shortugai, Bactria (Jarrige 1984) h-48A kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali)Alternative: 
m-2047 AB kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali)Alternative: 
n-1498AB (Copper tablet) 
m-543A (Copper tablet)Field symbol: pāṭroṛo, pattar 'feeding trough' rebus paṭṭī 'inventory' పట్ర paṭra, patta'village, hamlet, maritime town' pāṭan; pattar 'goldsmith guild' PLUS कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.' कोंद kōnda 'kiln, furnace' PLUS Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages) kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) Alternative:
m-546A (Copper tablet) kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali)Alternative: Referenced without comment, leaving the reader to judge the validity of the divergent translation/decipherment claims. See variant readings by Wim J Borsboom:
https://www.academia.edu/7751469/Decipherment_Interpretation_and_Translation_of_Indus_Script_Sign_430_Sinha "Decipherment, Interpretation and Translation of Indus Script Sign 430 (Sinha) "The Indus Script sign 430 (Sinha), consisting of four vertical uprights that look like sticks/twigs/branches and a number of cross-wise horizontals that look like woven-like twigs, had been identified by S. M. Sullivan in her “Indus Script Dictionary” (2011) as the phoneme ‘gat’, which together with ‘ja’ forms the Sanskrit word ‘jagat’ - ‘world’, ‘people’. Instead, I propose that it stands for the Sanskrit phoneme ‘gar’, as in ‘-nagar’, ‘garta’ - area, place (SP) and ‘gada’ - ‘fence’, ‘screen’, ‘enclosure’, (phonologically, the ‘d’ and ‘r’ are interchangeable). The grapheme resembles the way ‘wattle & daub’ walls and fences were constructed out of woven twigs." - Wim J Borsboom
https://www.academia.edu/7751469/Decipherment_Interpretation_and_Translation_of_Indus_Script_Sign_430_Sinha "Decipherment, Interpretation and Translation of Indus Script Sign 430 (Sinha) "The Indus Script sign 430 (Sinha), consisting of four vertical uprights that look like sticks/twigs/branches and a number of cross-wise horizontals that look like woven-like twigs, had been identified by S. M. Sullivan in her “Indus Script Dictionary” (2011) as the phoneme ‘gat’, which together with ‘ja’ forms the Sanskrit word ‘jagat’ - ‘world’, ‘people’. Instead, I propose that it stands for the Sanskrit phoneme ‘gar’, as in ‘-nagar’, ‘garta’ - area, place (SP) and ‘gada’ - ‘fence’, ‘screen’, ‘enclosure’, (phonologically, the ‘d’ and ‘r’ are interchangeable). The grapheme resembles the way ‘wattle & daub’ walls and fences were constructed out of woven twigs." - Wim J Borsboom
Lothal seal 97 presents a variant of Sign 169.’twig’.
Lothal 97 seal 
Text kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) Alternative: Meluhha rebus reading of Sign 190 kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass';gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace'. Thus, Lothal 97 seal is read rebus as: fire-altar, furnace, metal casting smithy, forge'.
Indus Script inscriptionss with ![]()
Sign 162, 'smithy/forge' and![]()
Sign 169, 'fire-altar' signifiers
Sign 162, 'smithy/forge' andSign 169, 'fire-altar' signifiers
m213 Text 1150 Field symbol: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS kunda kammata 'lathe portable furnace' rebus: kunda kammata 'fine gold mint'; mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus; loh 'copper, metal' PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe. This is a signifier of activity related to milakkhu 'copper' in smithy-forge workshop.
m708 Text 2666 Field symbol: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS kunda kammata 'lathe portable furnace' rebus: kunda kammata 'fine gold mint'; kamaḍha 'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' dhal 'slanted' rebus: dhalako 'large ingot' PLUS khaNDA 'notch' rebus: khanda 'implements' PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe. This is a signifier of activity of a mint, in smithy-forge workshop.
h257 Text 4315 (At least 14 miniaturetablets of Harappa contain this inscription).Canopy + pillar māṇḍhvo + skambha rebus: maṇḍā: 'array of instruments' :maṇḍapa m.n. ʻ open temporary shed, pavilion ʼ Hariv., ˚pikā -- f. ʻ small pavilion, customs house ʼ Kād. 2. maṇṭapa -- m.n. lex. 3. *maṇḍhaka -- . [Variation of ṇḍ with ṇṭ supports supposition of non -- Aryan origin in Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 212: see EWA ii 557. -- Prob. of same origin as maṭha -- 1 and maṇḍa -- 6 with which NIA. words largely collide in meaning and form]1. Pa. maṇḍapa -- m. ʻ temporary shed for festive occasions ʼ; Pk. maṁḍava -- m. ʻ temporary erection, booth covered with creepers ʼ, ˚viā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Phal. maṇḍau m. ʻ wooden gallery outside a house ʼ; K. manḍav m. ʻ a kind of house found in forest villages ʼ; S. manahũ m. ʻ shed, thatched roof ʼ; Ku. mãṛyā, manyā ʻ resthouse ʼ; N. kāṭhmã̄ṛau ʻ the city of Kathmandu ʼ (kāṭh -- < kāṣṭhá -- ); Or. maṇḍuā̆ ʻ raised and shaded pavilion ʼ, paṭā -- maṇḍoi ʻ pavilion laid over with planks below roof ʼ, muṇḍoi, ˚ḍei ʻ raised unroofed platform ʼ; Bi. mã̄ṛo ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, mãṛuā, maṛ˚, malwā ʻ lean -- to thatch against a wall ʼ, maṛaī ʻ watcher's shed on ground without platform ʼ; Mth. māṛab ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, maṛwā ʻ open erection in courtyard for festive occasions ʼ; OAw. māṁḍava m. ʻ wedding canopy ʼ; H. mãṛwā m., ˚wī f., maṇḍwā m., ˚wī f. ʻ arbour, temporary erection, pavilion ʼ, OMarw. maṁḍavo, māḍhivo m.; G. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ thatched open shed ʼ, mã̄ḍvɔ m. ʻ booth ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ slightly raised platform before door of a house, customs house ʼ, mã̄ḍaviyɔ m. ʻ member of bride's party ʼ; M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ; Si. maḍu -- va ʻ hut ʼ, maḍa ʻ open hall ʼ SigGr ii 452.2. Ko. māṁṭav ʻ open pavilion ʼ.3. H. mã̄ḍhā, māṛhā, mãḍhā m. ʻ temporary shed, arbour ʼ (cf. OMarw. māḍhivo in 1); -- Ku. mã̄ṛā m.pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (or < maṇḍa -- 6 ?]*chāyāmaṇḍapa -- .Addenda: maṇḍapa -- : S.kcch. māṇḍhvo m. ʻ booth, canopy ʼ. (CDIAL 9740) Rebus: maṇḍa2 m. ʻ ornament ʼ lex. [√maṇḍ ]Pk. maṁḍaya -- ʻ adorning ʼ; Ash. mōṇḍa, mōnda, mūnda NTS ii 266, mōṇə NTS vii 99 ʻ clothes ʼ; G. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ arrangement, disposition, vessels or pots for decoration ʼ, māṇ f. ʻ beautiful array of household vessels ʼ; M. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. ʼ; Si. maḍa -- ya ʻ adornment, ornament ʼ.(CDIAL 9736) skambha 'pillar' rebus:kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' sal 'splinter' ; kaṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kaṇḍa 'equipment'; ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish'fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint'; thus, alloy metal mint; kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. These are signifiers of mint activity producing array of instruments in fire-altar (furnace) workshop.
Surkotada 1 Seal 9091 Field symbol: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS kunda kammata 'lathe portable furnace' rebus: kunda kammata 'fine gold mint'; څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, āre 'potter's wheel rebus arka 'gold, copper' PLUS kamaḍha 'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'; thus, together, gold mint. kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' gaṇḍa,'four'; rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar,furnace PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; thus, together, smithy/forge workshop of fire-altar (furnace)
இடங்கசாலை
Sign 18 is body + notch: meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron'; PLUS khaNDA notch' rebus:kanda 'equipment'; thus, iron equipment. kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' 
Sign 25 is body + notch: meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron'; PLUS koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' Thigh + water-carrier hierglyphs signify mint + smelter: Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ. 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ(CDIAL 5428) टांग or टांगडी ṭāṅga or ṭāṅgaḍī f (टंग S through H) A low or light term for the leg. 2 esp. टांग A stride: also the stride as a measure of land Rebus: ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin. Thus, (1) the pair of hieroglyphs on m71 read: टंक [ ṭaṅka ] 'thigh,buttock' rebus: टंक [ ṭaṅka ] 'gold coin' PLUS kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' (Santali); and(2) the pair of hieroglyphs on m1690 read: टंक [ ṭaṅka ] 'thigh,buttock' rebus: टंक [ ṭaṅka ] 'gold coin' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'.PLUS mint smelter signified by the next two hieroglyphs of thigh + water-carrier.
m34 Text 1058 Field symbol: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS kunda kammata 'lathe portable furnace' rebus: kunda kammata 'fine gold mint'; kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'.
Sign 48 is a backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c; कटक kaṭaka 'link of a chain' rebus कटकम् kaṭakam '
Sign 193 maybe a warehouse platform kṓṣṭha2 n. ʻ pot ʼ Kauś., ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ MBh., ʻ inner apartment ʼ lex., ˚aka -- n. ʻ treasury ʼ, ˚ikā f. ʻ pan ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. *kōttha -- , *kōtthala -- : same as prec.?]
Pa. koṭṭha -- n. ʻ monk's cell, storeroom ʼ, ˚aka<-> n. ʻ storeroom ʼ; Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ˚, koṭṭhaya -- m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ; Sv. dāntar -- kuṭha ʻ fire -- place ʼ; Sh. (Lor.) kōti (ṭh?) ʻ wooden vessel for mixing yeast ʼ; K. kōṭha m. ʻ granary ʼ, kuṭhu m. ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhü f. ʻ granary, storehouse ʼ; S. koṭho m. ʻ large room ʼ, ˚ṭhī f. ʻ storeroom ʼ; L. koṭhā m. ʻ hut, room, house ʼ, ˚ṭhī f. ʻ shop, brothel ʼ, awāṇ. koṭhā ʻ house ʼ; P. koṭṭhā, koṭhā m. ʻ house with mud roof and walls, granary ʼ, koṭṭhī, koṭhī f. ʻ big well -- built house, house for married women to prostitute themselves in ʼ; WPah. pāḍ. kuṭhī ʻ house ʼ; Ku. koṭho ʻ large square house ʼ, gng. kōṭhi ʻ room, building ʼ; N. koṭho ʻ chamber ʼ, ˚ṭhi ʻ shop ʼ; A. koṭhā, kõṭhā ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ factory ʼ; B. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ bank, granary ʼ; Or. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, ˚ṭhī ʻ factory, granary ʼ; Bi. koṭhī ʻ granary of straw or brushwood in the open ʼ; Mth. koṭhī ʻ grain -- chest ʼ; OAw. koṭha ʻ storeroom ʼ; H. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, ˚ṭhī f. ʻ granary, large house ʼ, Marw. koṭho m. ʻ room ʼ; G. koṭhɔ m. ʻ jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse ʼ, ˚ṭhī f. ʻ large earthen jar, factory ʼ; M. koṭhā m. ʻ large granary ʼ, ˚ṭhī f. ʻ granary, factory ʼ; Si. koṭa ʻ storehouse ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kūṭhü rü f. ʻ small room ʼ; L. koṭhṛī f. ʻ small side room ʼ; P. koṭhṛī f. ʻ room, house ʼ; Ku. koṭheṛī ʻ small room ʼ; H. koṭhrī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ; M. koṭhḍī f. ʻ room ʼ; -- with -- ra -- : A. kuṭharī ʻ chamber ʼ, B. kuṭhrī, Or. koṭhari; -- with -- lla -- : Sh. (Lor.) kotul (ṭh?) ʻ wattle and mud erection for storing grain ʼ; H. koṭhlā m., ˚lī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ; G. koṭhlɔ m. ʻ wooden box ʼ.kōṣṭhapāla -- , *kōṣṭharūpa -- , *kōṣṭhāṁśa -- , kōṣṭhāgāra -- ; *kajjalakōṣṭha -- , *duvārakōṣṭha -- , *dēvakōṣṭha -- , dvārakōṣṭhaka -- .
Addenda: kṓṣṭha -- 2 : WPah.kṭg. kóṭṭhi f. ʻ house, quarters, temple treasury, name of a partic. temple ʼ, J. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, koṭhī f. ʻ granary, bungalow ʼ; Garh. koṭhu ʻ house surrounded by a wall ʼ; Md. koḍi ʻ frame ʼ, <-> koři ʻ cage ʼ (X kōṭṭa -- ). -- with ext.: OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. koṭari ʻ room ʼ.(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: *gōṭṭa ʻ something round ʼ. [Cf. guḍá -- 1 . -- In sense ʻ fruit, kernel ʼ cert. ← Drav., cf. Tam. koṭṭai ʻ nut, kernel ʼ, Kan. goṟaṭe &c. listed DED 1722]K. goṭh f., dat. ˚ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, ˚ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, ˚ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H. goṭ f. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, ˚ṭɔ m. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, ˚ṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, ˚ṭilɔ m. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, ˚ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ.*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- .Addenda: *gōṭṭa -- : also Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Ta. pōttu sapling, tender branch or shoot of tree; pōtu flower bud, freshness, beauty. Te. bōda young of bird. Pa. pottid twig.
Konḍa bōdel bride, young lady. Kui podeli sapling, young green branch; bōda
child. Kuwi pōde (F. S.) girl, (Su.) woman, girl; (Isr.) pōti small girl; pōdi pōti small children, young boys and girls; (F.) pōdipōda boys and girls. / Cf. Skt. pota- young of animal or plant; Turner, CDIAL, no. 8399. (DEDR 4587)pṓta -- 1 , ˚aka -- m. ʻ young of animal or plant ʼ MBh. 2. *pōtara -- . 3. *pōtala -- , pōtalaka -- m. ʻ young animal ʼ BHSk., gō -- pōtalikā -- f. ʻ heifer ʼ Pat. 4. *pōtāla -- . 5. *pōtta -- 1 . 6. *pōṭṭa -- 3 . 7. *pōna -- 1 . 8. *pōttha -- 1 . 9. *phōta -- . 10. *phōtta -- 2 . [Variety of form points to non -- Aryan origin (scarcely with Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 591 < putrá -- ): prob. with T. Burrow BSOAS xii 386 ← Drav. Tam. pōttu &c. DED 3748. -- Cf. pōṭā -- f. ʻ female slave ʼ, pōṭaka -- m. ʻ servant ʼ KātyŚr. com. -- See also *pōṅga -- 2 ]1. Pa. pōta -- , ˚aka -- m. ʻ young of an animal ʼ, Aś. potake nom. sg. m.; NiDoc. ǵ ʻ young (of camel) ʼ; Pk. pōa -- , ˚aya -- m. ʻ young snake, child ʼ; Dm. pâi ʻ son ʼ; Paš. ōya ʻ boy, child, daughter ʼ < *wōyā with special development in word of address (IIFL iii 3, 188 sandhi form < pōtaka -- ); Bshk. pō, pɔ̈̄ ʻ son, boy ʼ; Tor. pō m. ʻ child ʼ; Sh.koh. gur. pē ʻ sons ʼ (pl. of puc̣h < putrá -- ) → Ḍ. pe_ (pl. of pūc̣); P. poā m. ʻ tender twig ʼ; Ku.gng. pōi ʻ budding of trees in spring ʼ; A. B. po ʻ son ʼ; Or. po, poa, pua ʻ son, shoot of plaintain ʼ, puā ʻ plaintain seedling ʼ, poi ʻ small girl, shrimp ʼ; Mth. poā ʻ tobacco seedling ʼ; Bhoj. pōi ʻ sugarcane sapling ʼ; H. poā m. ʻ young of an animal ʼ; G. poī f., M. poy f. ʻ spike of coconut or other palms containing the spadix ʼ; M. povā m. ʻ young snake ʼ; OSi. povā pl. ʻ youths ʼ, Si. povuvā (st. pov -- , pō -- ) ʻ young of an animal ʼ. -- X *kuḍa <-> q.v. '
2. G. porɔ m. ʻ insect ʼ, porī f. ʻ little girl ʼ, poriyɔ m. ʻ boy ʼ; M. por m. f. n. ʻ young child or animal ʼ.3. Pk. pōalaya -- m. ʻ child ʼ; Gaw. pōlá, f. ˚lī ʻ small ʼ, poliṛá ʻ younger ʼ; A. puli ʻ young plant ʼ; B. polā ʻ child, son ʼ; M. poḷ m. ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ; Si. pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ.4. Pk. pōāla -- m. ʻ child, bull ʼ; A. powāli ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ.
5. K. pọ̆tu m. ʻ son (esp. an only son), child ʼ, pūtu m. ʻ young chick ʼ, ḍoḍ. pōtō ʻ bird ʼ, kash. ċāwali -- pūt ʻ goat's kid ʼ; H. potī f. ʻ young female of any animal ʼ.
6. H. poṭā m. ʻ young of animal, unfledged bird ʼ.7. A. B. ponā ʻ young fish ʼ (A. also ʻ affectionate term of address to a child ʼ).8. Ku. potho ʻ any young animal ʼ, pothilo ʻ young of a bird ʼ; N. pothi ʻ hen bird ʼ, pothro ʻ young tree, bush ʼ.9. Phal. phō ʻ boy ʼ, phoyīˊ, phōī ʻ girl ʼ.10. Ku. photo m. ʻ young child, small cucumber, testicle ʼ, photi f. ʻ girl ʼ, phwātā -- photi ʻ children ʼ.(CDIAL 8399) Rebus: pōtrá1 ʻ *cleaning instrument ʼ (ʻ the Potr̥'s soma vessel ʼ RV.). [√pū ]Bi. pot ʻ jeweller's polishing stone ʼ(CDIAL 8344) पोतृ प्/ओतृ or पोतृ, m. " Purifier " , N. of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice (the assistant of the Brahman ; = यज्ञस्य शोधयिट्रि Sa1y. ) RV. Br. S3rS. Hariv. PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe.
h68 Text 4141 Field symbol: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS kunda kammata 'lathe portable furnace' rebus: kunda kammata 'fine gold mint'; dhakka koḍ 'blazing, bright metal workshop' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe.PLUS कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 rebus: karNI 'supercargo' rebus: karṇika कर्णिक 'steersman'.
Variants of Sign 155![]()
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Sign 134 is ligatured to 'long linear stroke': ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, Sign 155 signifies dhakka koḍ 'blazing, bright metal workshop'.
Sign 134 is ligatured to 'long linear stroke': ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, Sign 155 signifies dhakka koḍ 'blazing, bright metal workshop'. 
h75 Text 4161 Field symbol: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS kunda kammata 'lathe portable furnace' rebus: kunda kammata 'fine gold mint'; ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus kharada खरडें daybook.
Text 8201 Kalibangan pottery inscription ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus kharada खरडें daybook.
Text 2600, ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe' Text 5123 ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' PLUS kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. Text 4650 ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin ore' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe'
9204 Banawali kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' PLUS xolā 'tail' rebus: kol 'working in iron' PLUS kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS The wide-spread, curvy horns also signify: Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, workshop'.and kã̄ṛ 'large millet stock' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar,furnace'; both signs are complemented by ||| three linear strokes: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Semantic determinativee); |||| four linear strokes: gaṇḍa,'four' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar,furnace'; ||||| five linear strokes taTTal 'five' rebus: taTTar 'brass worker'; 4+3 linear strokes: gaṇḍa,'four' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar,furnace';PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' ; 4+4 linear strokes gaṇḍa,'four' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar,furnace; PLUS gaṇḍa,'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'equipment' 2127 m283 is associated with Field Symbol: elephant. karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'. Thus iron furnace (produced) iron equipment are signified by the inscription.
1025 m673 
Text 7072 Lothal 97
Text 9205 Banawali 21 dāṭu 'cross' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS kuṭi 'slice' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smith, forge' PLUS Sign 190 kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass';gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace'
Text 5310 
Text 6222 chanhudaro 16 Field symbol: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS kunda kammata 'lathe portable furnace' rebus: kunda kammata 'fine gold mint'PLUS kuṭṭi 'pupil of eye'rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.PLUS kuṭil 'curve' rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin).PLUS kuṭi 'slice' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'PLUS kanda kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: fire-altar, equiipment scribe' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smith, forge' PLUS Sign 190 kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace'. Bronze worker'scatalogue of metalwork. in smithy/forge 
Text 4122 h70 Field symbol: khonda singi 'spiny-horned young bull' rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold,ornament gold'; konda 'fire-altar, furnace' PLUS kunda kammata 'lathe portable furnace' rebus: kunda kammata 'fine gold mint' dāntā'tooth, tusk' rebus: dhāˊtu'ore of red colour' (ferrite ores, copper ores) PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smith, forge' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smith, forge'. (Semantic determinative) Text 3079 dāntā 'tooth, tusk' rebus: dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (ferrite ores, copper ores) PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smith, forge' PLUS Sign 190 kã̄ṛā ʻstem of muñja grass' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace'. Bronze worker's catalogue of metalwork.of fire-altar furnace.