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Three Mohenjo-daro inscritpions signify warehouse of iron metalcasting mint workshop of a goldsmith

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m91m1101
https://tinyurl.com/y3a4q9nq













 m393 

The field symbol of seal m91 is spiny-horned young bull PLUS standard device. The field symbol is read rebus as khonda singi 'young bull, spiny-horned' rebus: kunda, konda 'fire-altar'; kunda 'fine gold' PLUS singi 'ornament gold' PLUS सांगड   sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. rebus: sangarh 'fortification' PLUS the joined together parts as hieroglyphs: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kuna 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable furnace' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.  Thus, the field symbol of m91 is a fortified mint of fine gold, ornament gold..

From these Indus Script inscriptions (m91, m1101 and m393, the folllwing hypertexts are given as examples of multiple arms of deva (in Sullivan's readings of the inscriptions).:

Sullivan tries to explain the hieroglyphs as deva with multiple arms. An alternative reading in Meluhha rebus metalwork categories is presented in this monograph.

m393 has a hypertext  which is composed of Sign 150 ligatured with harrow hieroglyph and two splinters on top and bottom registers of Sign 150.

This composition is read rebus: dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS 
Hieroglyph: harrow: maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'. Thus, iron ore workshop (for iron casting) is signified with the addition of " splinter sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS dula 'duplicated splinter' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, iron casting workshop is signified.

m1101. This seal shows a hypertext Sign 393.
  The Sign 393 is composed of the hieroglyphs: " splinter hieroglyph; arch hieroglyph' spoked wheel hieroglyph.
Sign 391 Spoked wheel hieroglyph.

Arch hieroglyph: manḍa 'arbour,canopy' Rebus:  maNDA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)\

M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion' maṇḍa6 ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402). If so, it may belong to maṇḍapá -- and maṭha -- ] Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (if not < *mã̄ṛhā < *maṇḍhaka -- s.v. maṇḍapá -- ).(CDIAL 9737) maṇḍapa m.n. ʻ open temporary shed, pavilion ʼ Hariv., ˚pikā -- f. ʻ small pavilion, customs house ʼ Kād. 2. maṇṭapa -- m.n. lex. 3. *maṇḍhaka -- . [Variation of ṇḍ with ṇṭ supports supposition of non -- Aryan origin in Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 212: see EWA ii 557. -- Prob. of same origin as maṭha -- 1 and maṇḍa -- 6 with which NIA. words largely collide in meaning and form]1. Pa. maṇḍapa -- m. ʻ temporary shed for festive occasions ʼ; Pk. maṁḍava -- m. ʻ temporary erection, booth covered with creepers ʼ, ˚viā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Phal. maṇḍau m. ʻ wooden gallery outside a house ʼ; K. manḍav m. ʻ a kind of house found in forest villages ʼ; S. manahũ m. ʻ shed, thatched roof ʼ; Ku. mãṛyāmanyā ʻ resthouse ʼ; N. kāṭhmã̄ṛau ʻ the city of Kathmandu ʼ (kāṭh -- < kāṣṭhá -- ); Or. maṇḍuā̆ ʻ raised and shaded pavilion ʼ, paṭā -- maṇḍoi ʻ pavilion laid over with planks below roof ʼ, muṇḍoi˚ḍei ʻ raised unroofed platform ʼ; Bi. mã̄ṛo ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, mãṛuāmaṛ˚malwā ʻ lean -- to thatch against a wall ʼ, maṛaī ʻ watcher's shed on ground without platform ʼ; Mth. māṛab ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, maṛwā ʻ open erection in courtyard for festive occasions ʼ; OAw. māṁḍava m. ʻ wedding canopy ʼ; H. mãṛwā m., ˚wī f., maṇḍwā m., ˚wī f. ʻ arbour, temporary erection, pavilion ʼ, OMarw. maṁḍavomāḍhivo m.; G. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ thatched open shed ʼ, mã̄ḍvɔ m. ʻ booth ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ slightly raised platform before door of a house, customs house ʼ, mã̄ḍaviyɔ m. ʻ member of bride's party ʼ; M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ; Si. maḍu -- va ʻ hut ʼ, maḍa ʻ open hall ʼ SigGr ii 452.

2. Ko. māṁṭav ʻ open pavilion ʼ.3. H. mã̄ḍhāmāṛhāmãḍhā m. ʻ temporary shed, arbour ʼ (cf. OMarw. māḍhivo in 1); -- Ku. mã̄ṛā m.pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (or < maṇḍa -- 6?]
*chāyāmaṇḍapa -- .Addenda: maṇḍapa -- : S.kcch. māṇḍhvo m. ʻ booth, canopy ʼ.(CDIAL 9740)

ara 'spokes' rebus: ara 'brass';cf. erka = ekke (Tbh of arka), aka (Tbh. of arka 'copper (metal), crystal' (Kannada); expanded in expression agasale as goldsmith workshop. erako 'moltencast copper' Splinter as duplicate: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. THus, copper, brass casting, work in gold. The field symbol zebu signifies: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'zebu, bos indicus taurus' rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. Thus, the inscription m1101 is a metalwork catalogue of a goldsmith working with magnetite ferrite ore, metal castings of copper, brass and indicating a goldsmith's workshop.

Earliest depiction of a multiple limbed deva: two heads, four arms, four legs. Decipherment according to Sue Sullivan's book "Indus Script Dictionary".First posted by Wim Borsboom in 2011.
Image may contain: text
Hieroglyph: harrow: maĩdʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'
 This sign 172 is read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'. Thus, together, read rebus as: dul mẽṛhẽt cast iron -- attested as a Santali expression meaning 'cast iron'..

Sign 403 is a duplication of Sign 373;
 Sign 407 is a duplication Sign 373 with an inlaid slanted
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS  mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a furnace. PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'. Thus, Sign 407 is read as: mũhã̄ dhāḷako 'bun- or oval-shaped ingot'.
aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dhal 'slanted' rebus: dhalako 'large metal ingot'.. Thus the Sign 59 with an infix of slant signifies large alloy metal ingot.
pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus:pasra'smithy, forge' (Santali)
Duplicated Sign 171 is Sign 172 PLUS lozenge shape: muh rebus: muh 'ingot'. Thus the ligatured hypertext, 5th sign from right reads: ingot smithy. The last sign reads pajhar 'sprout' rebus: pasra 'smithy, forge'.
Text 310 m0391

m0391  List of workshop supercargo items:  smithy/forge metal ingots, metal castings, bronze castings, metal castings with minerals, Supercargo, scribe, account. Bronze metal castings, bronze and alloy metal ingots,  Ingot smithy, guild.

kolom 'sprout, rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' pajhar 'sprout' rebus: pasra 'smithy'

  mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Thus, cast metal ingot.

Notes: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Ellipse is split into two curves of parenthesis:  (  ) Thus, dula 'cast metal' signified by the curves joined into an ellipse. 
dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)’ PLUS kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kañcu = bronze (Telugu) Thus, cast bronze or bronze casting.

dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' PLUS  N. dã̄t (< *dã̄d in N. dã̄de ʻ harrow' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Thus, a phonetic determinative) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Together, the hypertext reds; dul dhatu 'metal casting with minerals'.

kanka, karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo, scribe, account' 

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) PLUS mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) Thus, cast bronze ingots.

kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS DhAL 'slanted' rebus ḍhāḷako 'large ingot' .Thus, alloy metal ingot.


  mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) PLUS (infixed) kolom 'sprout, rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Thus, ingot smithy 

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' Thus, bronze workshop.
kAru 'pincer' rebus: kAru 'artisan'
Or. khura ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, °rā ʻ hoof, leg ʼ; Mth. khūr, khurī ʻ hoof ʼ, Bhoj. khur; H. khur m. Rebus:khũṭ 
‘community, guild’ (Santali)

 

https://tinyurl.com/y6thjmw8

This is an addendum to:
Khirsara provides archaeometallurgical evidence of 
1. rudimentary, practical knowledge of litharge, 2. metaphor of Samudramanthanam narrative and 3. an evolutionary History of Hindu Chemistry


Thanks to Nirjhar Mukhopadhyaya for identifying the continuity of an Indus Script hieroglyph on punch-marked coins on this Facebook post:

Harappan seal from Khirsara with Indus script symbols. Note the symbol in the circle, now the same symbol occurs in later punch-marked coins of Magadha Janapada. Keezhadi isn't the only site with symbols resembling Indus signs. Via A.S.
See also: https://www.facebook.com/groups/416065382227600/permalink/694801307687338/


Posted  by                                                                                            Rebus Meluhha readings of Khirasaratablet:                                                                                                                                     
Hieroglyph: harrow: maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'
pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus:pasra 'smithy, forge' (Santali)
Sign 403 is a duplication of Sign 373; Sign 407 is a duplication Sign 373 with an inlaid slanted stroke.dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS  mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a furnace. PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'. Thus, Sign 407 is read as: mũhã̄ dhāḷako 'bun- or oval-shaped ingot'.
 Variant of Sign 247 This is explained as 'four divisions' with inlaid 'notch' hieroglyph. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans' This is a semantic determinative of four divisions of a square: khaṇḍa 'division', gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: hāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans' 

Duplicated harrow: Duplicated Sign 171 is Sign 172
 This sign 172 is read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'. Thus, together, read rebus as: dul mẽṛhẽt cast iron -- attested as a Santali expression meaning 'cast iron'..


aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'
harrow: maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'

ato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'.

Thus, the Khirasara tablet signifies a metalwork catalogue of a smithy/forge:

dhatu 'mineral ore'
mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'
ayas 'alloy metal'
dul med 'cast iron'.
खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans' This is a semantic determinative of four divisions of a square: khaṇḍa 'division', gaṇḍa 'four'rebus: hāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans' 
mũhã̄ dhāḷako 'bun- or oval-shaped ingot'.
pasra 'smithy, forge' 

This explains why the square divided into four segments with an inlaid 'notch' hieroglyph continues to be used on punch-marked coins of mints.



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