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-- Indus Script Hypertexts of animal & other compositions (such as standard device or spiny-horned young bull or composite animal hypertexts) signify army camp of armourers (in)سنګر sangar fortified trade centre of lapidary mint of fine-gold, ornament gold worker artisan guilds.

Similarly, the standard device which is a सांगड sāṅgaḍa, a composition formed of lathe PLUS portable furnace signifies سنګر sangar fortified trade centre of lapidary mint of fine-gold, ornament gold-smith, silver-smith guilds. Thus, the composition of field symbols of 'unicorn' PLUS 'standard device' are semantic reinforcer hypertext compositions of guilds working with fine gold, ornament gold and other treasures such as lapidary work with gems and jewels. The Meluhha expression is reconstructed as kundaṇa singi سنګر sangar kammaṭa 'fortified settlement, mint of fine-gold, ornament-gold artisans, kundaṇa (artisans) setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold. Two such settlements of historical periods, ca. 2nd cent.BCE are Bharhut and Sanchi settlements, proclaimed on the torana-s or gateways with srivatsa hypertexts. श्री--वत्स a partic. mark or curl of hair on the breast of विष्णु or कृष्ण (and of other divine beings ; said to be white and represented in pictures by a symbol resembling a cruciform flower) MBh. Ka1v. &c; the emblem of the tenth जिन (or विष्णु's mark so used). In orthography, the signifiers of श्री--वत्स are a pair of fish-fins joined together atop a lotus. tamarasa 'lotus' rebus: tamra 'copper' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kambāra 'smithy, mint' kampat.t.tam coinage coin (Ta.);kammat.t.am kammit.t.am coinage, mint (Ma.); kammat.a id.; kammat.i a coiner (Ka.)(DEDR 1236) PLUS sippī ʻspathe of date palmʼ Rebus: sippi 'artificer, craftsman'.

The trader status is signified by the hieroglyph, 'boar'. badhi 'castrated boar' rebus: badhi,badhoe 'worker in iron and wood'. See: బత్తుడు battuḍu báḍḍhi वर्धकि, vaḍlaṅgi, baṛhaï, baḍaga, baḍhi, bāṛaï, varāha, 'title of five artisans'phaḍa फड, paṭṭaḍa 'metals manufactory' venerated in Indus Script

An exquisite seal provides the Indus Script hypertext of a pair of chain-links emerging out of a stylised standard device. I suggest that this pair of chain links signifies: kaṭaka 'link of a chain' (Skt.) rebus: kaṭaka 'cantonment, army camp' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, metal casters' army camp or guild.

I submit that wherever combined animals are composed as hypertexts on Indus Script Corpora, the signifiers are: सांगड sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus:  S سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments. Pl. سنګرونه sangarūnah. 'fortified entrenchments or army cantonments'. Thus, the 'unicorn' with the standard device in front of it signifies pictorially: सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'fortified settlement of a guild'; read rebus:jangad 'invoices on approval basis' jangadiyo 'military guards accompanying treasure into the treasury'. A rebus reading for सांगड sāṅgaḍa is samgara 'catalogue'. All IndusScript Inscriptions are metalwork catalogues, wealth-accounting ledgers. Yet another rebus reading is: the ancient accounting system used for invoicing precious commodities on approval basis called: The jangad/Challan made out by the defendant and stated to be signed by the plaintiff as receiver of the goods shown therein evidences the written contract between the parties...
https://www.casemine.com/search/in?q=invoice+written+contract

In Gujarati, the word jangadiyo means 'a military guard carryiing accompanying treasure stored in the treasury/warehouse of the state'.

Thus, the composite animal hypertexts signify fortified trade settlements of metalworker guilds.

The standard device out of which this pair of chain-links emerge is read rebus as: kunda kammaṭa 'lathe-worker or lapidary mint' PLUS  सांगड   sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: sangar 'trade'.;   S سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments. Pl. سنګرونه sangarūnah. See باره
P باره bāraʿh, s.f. (3rd) A fortification, defence, rampart, a ditch, palisade, an entrenchment, a breastwork. Pl. يْ ey. See سنګر   S باړئِي bāṟṟaʿī, s.f. (6th) An inclosed piece of ground, a kitchen garden, a garden; a house with a garden, orchard, etc., attached to it. 2. A hedge of thorns round a village and the space inclosed therein. 3. A breastwork, a palisade, a fortification, etc. See باره and سنګر S. and Pl.

Thus, the composition of the standard device together with two chain-links reads rebus, the plain text,  kunda kammaṭa sangar 'a fortification (of) trade-center of lapidary mint.' Together with the pair of 'unicorns' the composition of field symbol on the seal signifies a fortified trade centre of lapidary mint of fine gold, ornament gold.

The metalwork carried out in the mint is further reinforced by the semantic determinatives of a precise count of 9 ficus glomerata leaves: loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, metal'.लोह made of copper S3Br. (Sch.); made of iron Kaus3.; m. n. red metal , copper VS. &c; m. (in later language) iron (either crude or wrought) or steel or gold or any metal; m. a weapon
; m. (pl.) N. of a people MBh. Thus, the rebus word loha signifies metal weapon makers, or armourers of kaṭaka 'cantonment, army camp'.

m0296 seal impression

lo 'nine', loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'; kunda 'young bull' Rebus: kundār, kũdār 'turner'; firs hieroglph from r. on the text: eraka 'nave of wheel' Rebus: eraka 'moltencast'; arA 'spoke' Rebus: Ara 'brass'; kanac 'corner' Rebus: kancu 'bronze'.

lo = nine (Santali) [Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296]

loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.)

loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali.lex.)

lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S’r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lo_haka_ra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali); lo_ha_ra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); lo_ha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.)

Ficus glomerata: loa, kamat.ha = ficus glomerata (Santali); rebus: loha = iron, metal (Skt.) kamat.amu, kammat.amu = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Te.) kammat.i_d.u = a goldsmith, a silversmith (Te.) kampat.t.tam coinage coin (Ta.);kammat.t.am kammit.t.am coinage, mint (Ma.); kammat.a id.; kammat.i a coiner (Ka.)(DEDR 1236)

m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized tree-branch with nine leaves.

saṅghara 'chain link' rebus: sangara 'trade'; samgaha ‘catalogue, list’.

खोंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road). Rebus: kō̃da -कोँद । इष्टिकाभ्राष्ट्रः f. a brick-kiln. (Kashmiri) kõdār 'turner' (Bengali). Rebus: खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe.गोट [ gōṭa ] m ( H) A metal wristlet. An ornament of women. 2 Encircling or investing. v घाल, दे. 3 An encampment or camp: also a division of a camp. 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment).गोटा [ gōṭā ] m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) 3 fig. A grain of rice in the ear. Ex. पावसानें भाताचे गोटे झडले. An overripe and rattling cocoanut: also such dry kernel detached from the shell. 5 A narrow fillet of brocade.गोटाळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (गोटा) Abounding in pebbles--ground.गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone. Used in trials of strength among the Athletæ. 4 A stone in temples described at length under उचला 5 fig. A term for a round, fleshy, well-filled body.

Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe.

Hieroglyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.)

[Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus: loa = aspecies of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.)

Epigraph:

1387

kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kan~cu

= bronze (Te.)

Ligatured glyph. ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka = ?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)
[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel,
nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.
of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka = copper (Ka.)eruvai = copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a = syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spoke of wheel ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spoke of a wheel. See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்

சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய்நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம் brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.)kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kō̃da -कोँद । इष्टिकाभ्राष्ट्रः f. a brick-kiln. (Kashmiri) kõdār 'turner' (Bengali).

kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.lex.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘iron smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)

Thus, the sign sequence

connotes a copper, bronze, brass smelter furnace

Ayo ‘fish’; kaṇḍa ‘arrow’; rebus: ayaskāṇḍa. The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta. ayirai, acarai, acalai loach, sandy colour, Cobitis thermalis; ayilai a kind of fish. Ma. ayala a fish, mackerel, scomber; aila, ayila a fish; ayira a kind of small fish, loach.

kole.l 'temple, smithy' (Ko.); kolme ‘smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan-blacksmith (Ta.); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133) kolme = furnace (Ka.) kol = pan~calo_ha (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an

alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhātu; Nānārtharatnākara. 82; Man:garāja’s Nighaṇṭu. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali)

Two Meluhha hypertexts are formed by two ligatured images: 1. standard device; 2. spiny-horned young bull (so-called 'unicorn') on Indus Script Corpora.

V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326)

V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lo_haka_ra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali); lo_ha_ra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); lo_ha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper

(VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali.lex.) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck

(G.lex.) kōṭu = horns (Ta.) kōḍiya, kōḍe = young bull (G.) Rebus: koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati)

dol = likeness, picture, form (Santali) [e.g., two tigers, two bulls, duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Santali)

[Thus, the paired glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul)
workshop (koḍ)]

Association of ficus glomerata leaves with zebu is shown on this illustration on a pot:

Zebu and leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of an ancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30.

The standard device

A variant may be seen. 1.Finely burnished gold fillet (headband)

with holes at both ends to hold a cord. Each end is decorated with a punctuated
design of standard device. 42 x 1.4 cm. Mohenjodaro Museum, MM 1366; Marshall
1931: 220.527. Pl. CXVIII, 14 (for punctuated design) 2. Detail of gold fillet with punctuated design of standard device at both ends of the gold fillet. (After Fig. 7.32, Kenoyer, 1998)

Guild, caravan

Pali:Sanghaṭita [saŋ+ghaṭita, for ˚ghaṭṭita, pp. of ghaṭṭeti] 1. struck, sounded, resounding with (-- ˚) J v.9 (v. l. ṭṭ); Miln 2. -- 2. pierced together, pegged together, constructed Miln 161 (nāvā nānā -- dāru˚). Marathi: सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of

two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.

सांगडणी [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of सांगडणें) Linking or joining together.

सांगडणें [ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals).

2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto.

सांगडबाहुली [ sāṅgaḍabāhulī ] f A puppet.

सांगडी [ sāṅgaḍī ] f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. san:gaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’ san:ghāḍo, saghaḍī (G.) = firepan; saghaḍī, śaghaḍi = a pot for holding fire (G.)[cula_ sagaḍi_

portable hearth (G.)] aguḍe = brazier (Tu.) san:gaḍa, ‘lathe, portable furnace’; rebus: battle; jangaḍ iyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; san:ghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (G.) The dotted circles on the bottom portion of the device connote ghangar ghongor; rebus: kangar ‘portable furnace’. Rebus: CDIAL 12858 saṁghara living in the same house . [Cf. ságr̥ha<-> ĀpŚr. -- ghara -- ]Pa. saṅghara -- with one's own family (?); L. sagghrā accompanied by one's own family ; H. sã̄ghar m. wife's son by former husband . CDIAL 12854 saṁghá m.

association, a community Mn. [√han1] Pa. saṅgha -- m. assembly, the priesthood ; Aś. saṁgha -- m. the Buddhist community ; Pk. saṁgha -- m. assembly, collection
; OSi. (Brāhmī inscr.) saga, Si. san̆ga ʻ crowd, collection . -- Rather < saṅga -- : S.saṅgu m. body of pilgrims (whence sã̄go m. caravan ), L. P. saṅg m. CDIAL 12862 saṁghātá saṁghātá m. close union, mass TS., closing (a door) VS., dashing together MBh. [Cf. saṁhata<-> with similar range of meanings. -- ghāta -- ] Tamil: சங்கத்தார்

caṅkattār, n. < id. 1. Members of an assembly, academy, a society, council or committee; சபையோர். 2. Buddhist and Jain fraternity of monks; பௌத்த சைன

சங்த்தார். (சீவக. 4, உரை; சிலப். 30, 32, அரும்.) 3. The learned body of poets in Madura, in ancient times; மதுரைச் சங்கப்புலவர். சங்கத்தா ரெல்லாம் (திருவிளை. தருமிக்கு. 82) சங்கம்² caṅkam, n. < saṅgha. 1. Mustering, gathering; கூட்டம். சங்கமாகி வெங்கணை வீக்க மொடு (பெருங். மகத. 17, 38). 2. Society, assembly, council, senate, academy; சபை. புலம்பரிச் சங்கம் பொருளொடு முழங்க (மணி. 7, 114). 3. Literati, poets; புலவர். (திவா.) 4. Learned assemblies or academies of ancient times patronised by Pāṇḍya kings, three in number, viz., talai-c-caṅkam, iṭai-c-caṅkam, kaṭai-c-caṅkam; பாண்டி யர் ஆதரவுபெற்று விளங்கிய தலைச்சங்கம், இடைச் சங்கம்,கடைச்சங்கம் என்ற முச்சங்கங்கள். எம்மைப் பவந்தீர்ப்பவர் சங்கமிருந்தது (பெரியபு. மூர்த்திநா. 7). 5. Fraternity of monks among Buddhists and Jains;

சங்கமர் caṅkamar , n. < சங்கமம்¹. A class of Vīrašaivas, Lingayats; ஒரு சார் வீரசைவர்.

சங்கநிதி¹ caṅka-niti, n. < id. +. One of the nine treasures of Kubēra; குபேரனது நவநிதி யுள் ஒன்று. சங்கநிதி பதுமநிதி சங்காத்தம் caṅkāttam, n. < saṅ-gata. 1. Friendship, intimacy, familiar intercourse; இணக்கம்.பூனைக்கும்வீட்டெலிக்குஞ்

சங்காத்தமுண்டோ (தனிப்பா. ii, 13, 28). 2. Residence; வாசம்.துறையூரெனுந்தலத்திற்சங்காத்தங்கொண்டிருப்பாய் (தமிழ்நா. 62). சங்காதம்caṅkātam, n. < saṅ-ghāta. 1. Assembly, multitude, company, association,

combination; கூட்டம். (சி. சி. 1, 14, சிவாக்.) Marathi: संघात [ saṅghāta ] m S Assembly or

assemblage; multitude or heap; a collection together (of things animate or

inanimate). 2 A division of the infernal regions. संघट्टणें [ saṅghaṭṭaṇēṃ ] v i (Poetry. संघट्टन) To come into contact or meeting; to meet or encounter. Ex. अर्ध योजन आसपास ॥ वास घ्राण देवीसीं संघटे ॥.संघट्टन [ saṅghaṭṭana ] n S संघट्टना f S orruptly संघठण, संघट्टण, संघष्टण, संघष्टन, संघृष्टन, संघट्ठणें n Close connection and

intercourse; intimate and familiar communication. Ex. तुका

म्हणे जिणें ॥ भलें संत संघट्टणें ॥. 2 Coming into contact with, encountering,

meeting. 3 Close contact;--as the intertwining of wrestlers, the clinging and

cleaving of lovers in their embraces &c. 4 Rubbing together, confrication.

Pali: Sanghara=saghara [sa4+ghara] one's own house J v.222. Sangharaṇa (nt.) [=saŋharaṇa] accumulation J iii.319 (dhana˚).Sangharati [=saŋharati] 1. to bring together, collect, accumulate J iii.261; iv.36 (dhanaŋ), 371; v.383.

<-> 2. to crush, to pound Ji.493.

Pali: Sanghāṭa [fr. saŋ+ghaṭeti, lit. "binding together"; on etym. see Kern, Toev. ii.68]

1. a raft J ii.20, 332 (nāvā˚); iii.362 (id.), 371. Miln 376. dāru˚ (=nāvā˚) J v.194, 195. -- 2. junction, union VvA 233. -- 3. collection, aggregate J iv.15 (upāhana˚); Th 1, 519 (papañca˚). Freq. as aṭṭhi˚ (cp. sankhalā etc.) a string of bones, i. e. a skeleton Th 1, 570; DhA iii.112; J v.256. -- 4. a weft, tangle, mass (almost="robe," i. e. sanghāṭī), in taṇhā˚ -- paṭimukka M i.271; vāda˚ -- paṭimukka M i.383 (Neumann "defeat"); diṭṭhi˚ -- paṭimukka Miln 390. <-> 5. a post, in piṭṭha˚ door --post, lintel Vin ii.120.

The standard device depicted on m0296 is comparable to the

orthography on other seals, h098 and m1408. There are many variants used to
show this sangad.a ‘lathe, portable furnace’. h098 Text 4256 Pict-122

Standard device which is normally in front of a one-horned bull.

m1408At

The parts joined together creating the ligatures by joining hieroglyphs in these two hypertexts are:

1. Standard device: component hieroglyphs
a. Lathe (top register); b. Portable furnace (bottom register)

2. Spiny-horned young bull: component hiroglyphs
a. Spiny-horned; b. Young bull

The rebus readings of the component hieroglyphs of standard device composite are:

a. Lathe (top register): kunda 'lathe' कुन्द a turner's lathe (Skt.) rebus: kunda 'fine gold' (i.e. 24 ct. gold); कुन्द one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यक - Demetrius Galanos's Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes) Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold.(DEDR 1725) Rebus: kundar 'turner (lapidary)' kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1]A. kundār, B. kũdār, ˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297)

b. Portable furnace (bottom register): kammatamu 'portable furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236)

Thus, together, the plain texts read rebus from cipher texts are: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammaṭa 'mint'. Thus, fine-gold, 24 ct. gold mint.

The rebus readings of the component hieroglyphs of spiny-horned young bull 'unicorn' composite are:
a. Spiny-horned singhin 'spiny-horns projecting in front' rebus: singi 'ornament gold' (i.e., 22 ct. gold)

Santali gloss

शृङ्गिन् śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् a. (-णी f.) [शृङ्गमस्त्यस्य इनि] 1 Horned. (Apte)

Rebus: शृङ्गिः śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः Gold for ornaments; śṛṅgī शृङ्गी 1 Gold used for ornaments. (Apte)

An ancient Indian coin depicting a horse in front of mysterious triangular standard, 1st century BCE or CE.

Hieroglyph: link of a chain

Ta. kaṭakam bracelet; kaṭai clasp, fastening of a neck ornament. Ma. kaṭakam bracelet, ring. Ka. kaḍaga, kaṭaka bracelet; kaḍe, kaḍeya id., ring. Koḍ. kaḍaga thick metal bangle. Tu. kaḍaga bracelet.
Te. kaḍiyamu, kaḍemu id., bangle. / Turner, CDIAL, no. 2629, Skt. kaṭaka- bracelet, link of chain, bridle ring; cf. H. kaṛā, kaṛī ring, bracelet, etc (Item No. 21 on Page 510 of APPENDIX Supplement to DBIA, entries consisting of material of Indo-Aryan or other non-Dravidian origin; these entries were formerly in DED and DEDS, plus several others. In the indexes, these entries are referred to with the abbreviation App.) káṭa1 m. ʻ twist of straw, mat ʼ TS., káṭaka -- m.n. ʻ twist of straw ʼ Kād., ʻ bridle ring ʼ Suśr., ʻ bracelet ʼ Kālid., kaṭikā -- f. ʻ straw mat ʼ KātyŚr. com. [Derivation as early MIA. form of *kr̥ta -- 2 ~ kr̥ṇátti EWA i 141 is supported by S. P. L. forms of the latter q.v. In NIA., except in G., káṭa -- 1 has developed as ʻ ring, bracelet, chain ʼ.]Pa. kaṭa -- m. ʻ mat ʼ, ˚aka -- m.n. ʻ ring, bracelet ʼ; Pk. kaḍaya -- m.n. ʻ ring ʼ, kaḍā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ; Gy. wel. kerō m. ʻ bracelet ʼ, gr. koró; Dm. kaŕaī; Paš. kāṛa ʻ snare (made of horsehair) ʼ IIFL iii 3, 98 with (?); Phal. kāṛa ʻ bracelet ʼ, Sh. kāvṷ m., (Lor.) kāo, K. karu m.; S. kaṛo m. ʻ ring, chain or hasp to fasten door, buttonhole ʼ, ˚ṛī f. ʻ metal ring, anklet ʼ; L. kaṛā m. ʻ bracelet, magic circle drawn round person or garden produce to keep off jinni ʼ, ˚ṛī f. ʻ anklet ʼ; P. kaṛā m. ʻ bracelet, tyre of wheel ʼ, ˚ṛī f. ʻ ring, manacle ʼ; WPah. bhal. kaṛu n. ʻ link of a chain ʼ; Ku. kāṛo ʻ bangle ʼ; N. karo, pl. ˚rā ʻ rings of a vessel by which it is lifted ʼ; B. kaṛ ʻ lac bracelet worn by women with living husbands ʼ, kaṛā ʻ metal ring ʼ, ˚ṛi ʻ ring, bracelet ʼ; Or. kaṛā ʻ metal ring, link ʼ; Bi. karā ʻ handle of a vessel ʼ; H. kaṛā m. ʻ ring, bracelet, anklet ʼ, ˚ṛī f. ʻ metal ring ʼ (→ Bi. Mth. kaṛī ʻ iron ring ʼ); Marw. kaṛo m. ʻ bracelet ʼ; G. kaṛo m. ʻ large mat ʼ, ˚ṛũ n. ʻ circular ring of gold or silver ʼ, ˚ṛī f. ʻ link, hook, chain ʼ; M. kaḍẽ n., ˚ḍī f. ʻ metal ring ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍa -- : G. karṛɔ m. ʻ toe ring ʼ, ˚ṛī f. ʻ ear -- ring ʼ; -- with -- la -- : N. kalli ʻ anklet ʼ; G. kaḍlũ, kallũ n. ʻ bracelet, anklet ʼ, kaḍlī, kallī f. ʻ ring, armlet ʼ.(CDIAL 2629) *kaṭāṅka ʻ bracelet ʼ. [káṭa -- 1, aṅká -- ]Wg. křōk ʻ bracelet ʼ (NTS xvii 268 < káṭaka -- ); Paš. ar. kã̄ṛagṓ ʻ armring ʼ IIFL iii 3, 94.(CDIAL 2637)

कटिक mfn. ifc. = हटि , the hip Sus3r.

कटिका 'a straw mat' Comm. on Ka1tyS3r. कटक m. (Comm. on Un2. ii , 32 and v , 35) a twist of straw , a straw mat Comm. on Ka1tyS3r.; mn. a string; mn. a bracelet of gold or shell &c S3ak. Mr2icch. &c; mn. the link of a chain; mn. a ring serving for a bridle-bit Sus3r.; mn. a ring placed as ornament upon an elephant's tusk

କଟକ 2। ବଳଯ; ହାତଖଡ଼ୁ—2. Wristlet; bracelet. 3। ଗୋଡ଼ଖଡ଼ୁ—3. An ornament for the leg. 4। ଚକ୍ର—4. A wheel; circle.

Rebus: कटक mn. a valley , dale Ragh. Katha1s. Hit.; mn. a royal camp Katha1s. Hit. &c; an army; mn. a multitude , troop , caravan Das3.; mn. collection , compilation Ka1d. 40 , 11; mn. N. of the capital of the Orissa (Cuttack) କଟକ— ସଂ. ବି. (କଟ=ବେଷ୍ଟନ କରିବା+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅକ)— 1। ସାନୁ; ପର୍ବତର ମଧ୍ଯଦେଶ ବା ନିତମ୍ବ— 1. A tableland midway on the mountain. ବିରକ୍ତ ଚିତ୍ରକୂଟରେ ବିହରେ ଚିତ୍ରକୁଟରେ କଟକୁ ତେଜି କଟକରେ। ଭଞ୍ଜ, ବୈଦେହୀଶବିଳାସ। 5। ନଗର; ରାଜଧାନୀ—5. Capital; royal camp. ବ୍ଯାପ୍ତ ଦିବ୍ଯ କଟକରେ ନେଇ କରି। ବସାନିବାସେ ରଖି ଜନକ ଠାରି। ଭଞ୍ଜ, ବୈଦେହୀଶବିଳାସ। 6। ସୈନ୍ଯ—6. An army. 7। ଛାଉଣୀ; ସେନାନିବାସ; ଶିବିର— 7. A camp; barracks. 8। ସୈନ୍ଯରକ୍ଷିତ ରାଜଧାନୀ—8. Cantonment.(Oriya. https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/praharaj_query.py?page=1234)

Utsava bēra 'display processions of sacred hieroglyphs' are bērīḍzu 'trade account', Indus Script Hypertexts

https://tinyurl.com/yayxdwo7

Utsava bēra 'display processions of sacred hieroglyphs' are bērīḍzu 'trade account', Indus Script Hypertext proclamations of metalwork wealth.

m0491

I suggest that the standard device shown as part of the procession on Mohenjo-daro tablet m0491 and often shown in front of the one-horned young bull on Indus Script Corpor are a hypertext sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together' (Marathi) with the following hieroglyphs:

kárṇaka 'handle, ring on top' (Fig.1.1) rebus: कर्णिक 'steersman' karṇī 'supercargo' karṇīka 'scribe'.

kunda 'lathe' rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold' kunda 'a nidhi of Kubera'

सांगाडी sāṅgāḍī part to hold and steady the turned object Rebus: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jangaḍa 'invoiced on approval basis'

కమటము kamaṭamu kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236)

ढाल [ ḍhāla ]'The grand flag' Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati)

Thus, together, the Meluhha rebus reading is: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jangaḍa 'invoiced on approval basis'; kunda 'lathe' rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold' kunda 'a nidhi of Kubera'; dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: mineral ore dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻa partic. soft red stoneʼ (Marathi) (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa caste of iron -- smeltersʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); ḍã̄g m. ʻ club, mace ʼ(Kashmiri) Rebus: Nepalese. ḍāṅro ʻblacksmith.ʼ

Thus, the Utsava bēra, 'processional display of hieroglyphs' is a trade proclamation, bērīḍzu 'trade account', by Meluhha blacksmith artisans and bēra, m'erchants'.

Note the piece numbered 6 on this drawing provided by Mahadevan. This part of the turner's apparatus is सांगाडी sāṅgāḍī to hold and steady the turned object. Could be a stone slab with a slight depression. The piece to steady turned objects, shown between the gimlet and the top of the portable furnace is सांगाडी (p. 495) sāṅgāḍī. 'f The machine within which a turner confines and steadies the piece he has to turn. ' (Marathi) The part of the turner's apparatus which holds the turned 'bead' and holds it steady is seen in the following seal of Mohenjo-daro(See the plate just below the gimlet of the lathe). This is सांगाडी sāṅgāḍī of kunda 'lathe'.

The numbered parts are interpreted NOT as a filter but a lathe ligatured to a portable furnace: Hence, the parts 1 to 12 are explained in Meluhha words/expressions:

1. Top hook (handle); kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)

2. gimlet;

3. wavy lines signify turning lathe;

4. slanted lines signify circular motion of the gimlet; bhaũra ʻ turning lathe ʼ, bhaãra ʻ auger, gimlet

5. the sharp drill-point of the gimlet; बरमा or म्हा [ baramā or mhā ] 'gimlet'; turappaṇam carpenter's drill, gimlet

6. bead or other objects being drilled by lathe-action; सांगाडी sāṅgāḍī part to hold and steady the turned object.

7. smoke emanating from the portable furnace bowl;

8. bottom bow of rhe furnace; కమటము (p. 246) kamaṭamu kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్"హంస. ii. కమ్మటము (p. 247) kammaṭamu Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236)

9. Perforations as dotted circles are two signifiers: a. perforated beads; b.strands of fiber or rope. dhāī 'strands or fibers (of rope)' rebus: dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ*CDUA6773);

10. Small circles signifying globules of burning charcoal;

11. stafff or flagpost; 12. base for the two hieroglyph-structure atop the flagpost.

Jasper Akkadian cylinder seal with four standard-bearers, each with six curls of hair.

Red jasper H. 1 1/8 in. (2.8 cm), Diam. 5/8 in. (1.6 cm) cylinder Seal with four hieroglyphs and four kneeling persons (with six curls on their hair) holding flagposts, c. 2220-2159 B.C.E., Akkadian (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Cylinder Seal (with modern impression). The four hieroglyphs are: from l. to r. 1. crucible PLUS storage pot of ingots, 2. sun, 3. narrow-necked pot with overflowing water, 4. fish A hooded snake is on the edge of the composition. (The dark red color of jasper reinforces the semantics: eruvai 'dark red, copper' Hieroglyph: eruvai 'reed'; see four reedposts held.
- Hieroglyph: ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583).
- Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati)
- Top hook (handle) on each flagstaff: kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)
koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse'

If the hieroglyph on the leftmost is moon, a possible rebus reading: قمر ḳamar
A قمر ḳamar, s.m. (9th) The moon. Sing. and Pl. See سپوږمي or سپوګمي (Pashto) Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'.

kulā hooded snake Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelters'

koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse'

kamar 'moon' Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

arka 'sun' Rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, gold, moltencast, metal infusion'

lokANDa 'overflowing pot' Rebus: lokhaNDa 'metal implements, excellent

implements'

aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

baTa 'six' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS meDh 'curl' Rebus: meD 'iron'
फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactort,

John Marshall wrote about this seal: "The animal most often represented on the seals is the apparently single-horned beast ... There is a possibility, I think, that the artist intended to represent one horn behind the other. In other animals, however, the two horns are shown quite distinctly. In some respects the body of this beast, which is always a male, resembles that of an antelope of heavy build, such as the eland or oryx, and in others that of an ox. The long tuffed tail may belong to either class. The horn is sometimes smooth ... sometimes it has transverse ridges. In the latter case, the possibility of the creature being an ox is ruled out. The long pointed ears are also characteristic of the antelope. Perhaps we have here a fabulous animal which is a composite of the ox and antelope. And yet to the casual eye there is nothing fantastic about it, as about some of the other animals represented on seals; nor does it in any way resemble the unicorn of heraldry, which is made up of different parts of a number of animals, though it must be noted that the traditional unicorn was supposed to have originated in India" (Sir John Marshall, Mohenjo-daro and The Indus Civilization, Vol. II., p. 382).

Robert Harding/Corbis Hypertext composed of hieroglyphs: drilled beads, portable furnace, gimlet of drill-lathe, yong bull, one horn, pannier, rings on neck. Four text signs on top register.

Source: http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-civilization-cracking-the-indus-script-1.18587

Parts of the 'standard device' which is a hypertext composed of two main parts: top part is a gimlet; the bottom bowl is sã̄gāḍ, 'a portable furnace] sanghāḍo, śagaḍī = lathe (Gujarati) sā̃gāḍo, sãgaḍa (lathe/portable furnace) సంగడి sangaḍi After Figure 38,3 in Mahadevan, The sacred filter standard facing the unicorn,in:Asko Parpola, ed., 1993, South Asian Archaeology, Vol. 2, Helsinki, pp. 435-445 http://45.113.136.87/wp-content/uploads/19-The-Sacred-filter-standard-facing-the-unicorn.-more-evidence.-In-South-Asian-Archaeology-1993..pdf

Hieroglyph: Utsava bēra are 'display processions of sacred pratimā of pañcaloha (five minerals alloy) during temple festivals'. பேரம்² pēram, n. < bēra. 1. Form, shape; வடிவம். (நன். 273, மயிலை.) 2. Body; உடம்பு. 3. Idol; விக்கிரகம். உத்ஸவபேரம். वि-ग्रह separate i.e. individual form or shape , form , figure , the body Up. MBh. &c (also applied to the shape of a rainbow ; acc. with √ ग्रह् , परि- √ग्रह् , √ कृ , उपा*-√दा , to assume a form); an ornament , decoration MBh. R. (Monier-Williams)

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः/ explains the term utsava as 'niyatāhlādājanaka vyāpāra', i.e. 'put together (customary) business/trade/business festivity'. niyata, 'mfn. (न्/इ-) held back or in , fastened , tied to (loc.) RV.'

https://tinyurl.com/y7v2rwyj

Rebus: Utsava bēra processions are trade displays. பேரம்¹ pēram, n. < Pkt. bēra. [T. bēramu, K. bēra.] 1. Sale, trade; விற்பனை. 2. Bargaining, higgling and haggling; ஒப்பந்தத்திற்குமுன் பேசும் விலைப்பேச்சு. பேரஞ்சொல்லாமற் கறாராகச் சொல்லு. 3. High value; கிராக்கி. (Tamil) బేరము bēramu bēramu. [Tel.] n. Trade, dealing, a bargain, బేరముసారము or బేరసారము trade, &c. (సారము being a mere expletive.) బేరకాడు bēra-kāḍu. n. One who makes a bargain, a purchaser, buyer. కొనువాడు, బేరమాడువాడు. బేరకత్తె bēra-katte. n. A woman who bargains or purchases. బేరమాడు or బేరముచేయు bēram-āḍu. v. n. To bargain. బేరముపోవు to go on a trading journey. బేరి bēri. n. A man of the Beri or merchant caste.

वि-हार the shoulder L.; consecration for a sacrifice आपस्तम्ब-धर्म-सूत्र Āpast. (Monier-Williams) ఉత్సవము (p. 156) utsavamu ut-savamu. [Skt.] n. A feast, festivity, mernment. నేత్రోత్సవము a feast for the eyes. (Telugu) Ussava [Sk. utsava] feast, making merry, holiday Vin iii. 249; J i.475; ii.13, 248; VvA 7, 109 (˚divasa).(Pali) உச்சவம் uccavam, n. < Pkt. ucchava. < ut-sava. 1. Festival, festivity; விழா. (திவா.) 2. Prosperity; சம்பத்து. மாவுச்சவ மாபத்தும் (ஞா னவா. உபசா. 12).(Tamil) उत्-सव m. enterprise , beginning RV. i , 100 , 8 ; 102 , 1; a festival , jubilee; wish , rising of a wish L. उत्- √ सू (उद्- √1. सू) P. -सुवति , to cause to go upwards Ka1t2h. xix , 5 ; (-सुनोति) , to stir up , agitate BhP. iii , 20 , 35.(Monier-Williams)

Rebus: बेरीज bērīja f The total of an addition: also a sum or an amount. 2 A figure or a set of figures of a column or of a row. 3 Adding. v घे, कर.(Marathi)

బేరిజు, బేరీజు bērizu bērīḍzu. [H.] n. An account. A total sum, మొత్తము. బేహారము bēhāramu or బేహరము bēhāramu. [from Skt. విహారము.] n. Trade, commerce, వాణిజ్యము, వర్తకవ్యాపారము, బేరము. "అంగళ్లునిలిపె బేహారముల్ మాన్చె." BD. iv. 61. బేహారి or బెహారి bēhāri. n. A merchant. వణిజుడు, వర్తకుడు. విహారము vihāramu [Skt.] n. A walk for pleasure or exercise, a tour, trip, ramble, roaming, play, pastime, sport, excursion, వేడుకగాతిరుగుట, సంచారము, భ్రమణము, కేళి, లీల, యాత్ర. A Buddhist monastery, బౌధ్ధాలయము. విహారి or విహారుడు vihāri. n. One who takes a walk for pleasure, సంచరించువాడు. వారు ఉద్యానవనవిహారులై యున్న వేళ while they were walking in the park. విహరణము viharaṇamu [Skt.] n. Roaming, a ramble, excursion, a walk for pleasure or exercise. విహారము, సంచరించడము, పర్యటనము, పంభ్రమణము. విహరించు vi-harintsu. v.n. To take a walk or airing, to wander, to go about, to go about for pleasure or excercise, to roam, ramble, rove, సందరించు, పర్యటనముచేయు, పరిభ్రమణము చేయు. విహారముచేయు, తిరుగు. విహర్త vi-harta. n. One who takes a walk, a rambler, rover, విహరించువాడు. bāpār 1 बापार् । वाणिज्यम् m. traffic, trade, commerce; bāpöri बापा&above;रि&below; । वणिक् m. (sg. abl. bāpāri बापारि, gen. irreg. bāpāryuku बापार्युकु&below; K.Pr. 26), a merchant, tradesman (Gr.M.).. (Kashmiri) وپاري wapārī, s.m. (5th) A trader, a merchant. Pl. وپاریان wapārīān. (S بیپار, etc.) (Pashto) Satthaka2 (adj.) [fr. sattha3] belonging to a caravan, caravan people, merchant PvA 274.Sattha3 [sa3+attha; Sk. sārtha] a caravan D ii.130, 339; Vin i.152, 292; Nd1 446; Dh 123 (appa˚ with a small c.), Miln 351.

-- gamanīya (magga) a caravan road Vin iv.63. -- vāsa encampment D ii.340, 344. -- vāsika & ˚vāsin caravan people J i.333. -- vāha a caravan leader, a merchant D ii.342; Vv 847 (cp. VvA 337); leader of a band, teacher; used as Ep. of the Buddha S i.192; It 80, 108; Vin i.6. In exegesis of term Satthā at Nd1 446=Nd2 630=Vism 208. (Pali) वि-हार walking for pleasure or amusement , wandering , roaming MBh. Ka1v. &c; (with Buddhists or जैनs) a monastery or temple (originally a hall where the monks met or walked about ; afterwards these halls were used as temples) Lalit. Mr2icch. Katha1s. &c (cf. MWB. 68 ; 81 &c );N. of the country of मगध (called Bihar or Behar from the number of Buddhist monasteries » MWB. 68)(Monier-Williams) विहरण viharaṇa n S विहार m (S) Walking for pleasure, roaming, roving, rambling, strolling. 2 Pleasure, sport, play, pastime generally. (Marathi) vyāpāra m. ʻ occupation, business ʼ MBh. 2. *viyā- pāra -- . [√pr̥]

1. Pk. vāvāra -- m. ʻ business ʼ; M. vāvar m. ʻ business, activity ʼ, Ko. vāvr. 2. Pa. vyāpāra -- m.; B. beorā ʻ affair ʼ ODBL 421.
Addenda: vyāpāra -- . 2. *viyāpāra -- : Ko. vyāru ʻ business ʼ.vyāpārayati ʻ employs ʼ MBh. [√pr̥] Pa. vyāpārita -- ʻ occupied with ʼ; M. vāvarṇẽ ʻ to perform, manage, do the business of (farm, house, &c.) ʼ.(CDIAL 12205, 12206) Vyappathi (f.) [cp. Sk. vyāpṛti] activity, occupation, duty (?) Sn 961. (Pali)

वेपार vēpāra m (व्यापार S through H) Traffic, trade, commerce.व्यापार vyāpāra m (S) Work or action generally; any working or acting; any work, operation, business, or proceeding. 2 Trade, traffic, commerce, mercantile business.व्यापारी vyāpārī m (व्यापार) A tradesman or trader; a shopkeeper, dealer, merchant. 2 S Any one that works or puts in action or motion; a motor or an... (Marathi)

व्यवहारी बस्तानी vyavahārī bastānī f In arithmetic. The way of accounting at sixteen गंडे (or sixteen án̤ás at four pice each) the rupee, whatsoever may be the fluctuations in the pice-value of the rupee. व्यवहार (p. 454) vyavahāra m (S) Operation or action generally; work, exercise. 2 Procedure, practice, course of action or being. 3 Trade, traffic, dealing, commerce, business: also a trade or business, an employment, occupation, profession, vocation. 4 The practice of the courts of law. 5 A lawsuit: also any matter actionable or cognizable in a court of law. व्यवहर्त्ता (p. 454) vyavaharttā a S That conducts a business; that manages a concern; that carries on, transacts, executes, performs. व्यवहृत (p. 455) vyavahṛta p S Employed, used, practised.

Indus Script Corpora include hypertexts of processions including standard device sāṅgāḍī or kunda, 'lathe'.

*apaghāṭa ʻ cover ʼ. [√ghaṭ]Pk. ōhāḍaṇa -- n. ʻ covering ʼ, °ṇī -- f. ʻ lid ʼ, ōhaḍaṇī -- f. ʻ bolt, door -- bar ʼ; Or. uhāṛa ʻ shelter, cover, shade, screen ʼ; Bi. ohār ʻ litter -- curtain, lid of brazier's crucible ʼ; Bhoj. ohār ʻ cover ʼ; H. ohāṛ, u° m. ʻ cover, wrap, litter -- curtain ʼ.(CDIAL 418)
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Inscribed Tablets. Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing four standards carried in a procession, comparable to Tablet m0491.

Mohenjo-daro seal. Source:http://www.sindhishaan.com/gallery/manuscripts.html Harappa Script inscription on seal signifies hypertext of one-horned young bull (with rings on neck, pannier and one horn) + standard device (kõdār ‘turner’ + samgara ‘manager’+ text of inscription: dāṭu ‘cross’ rebus: dhatu ‘red (copper) mineral ore’ + maṇḍā ‘raised platform, stool’ Rebus: maṇḍā‘warehouse’).

Standard device and gold fillet with standard device as hieroglyphs of Harappa Script. Lathe is part of the hypertext (together with a portable furnace, dotted circles) normally shown in front of a young bull on Harappa (Indus) inscriptions as a phonetic determinant of kunda ‘lathe’ rebus:kundār ‘lathe-worker’ AND kunda, kundaṇa ‘fine gold’).

kunda m. ʻ a turner’s lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda — 1]N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi. kund ʻ brassfounder’s lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwām. kundakara — .(CDIAL 3295) kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra — : kunda — 1, kará — 1] A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297)

కుందనము (p. 289) kundanamu kundanamu. [Tel.] n. Solid gold, fine gold. అపరంజి. అపరంజి(p. 62) aparañji aparanji. [Skt.] n. Fine refined gold. కుందనము, పదివన్నె బంగారు, ఉదిరి. అపరంజి (p. 1397) aparañji [H. from Arabic Afran -jiya which means ‘ foreign ‘ and perhaps originates in that word which is derived from ‘ foraneus, ‘ external.] n. Fine gold. అపరంజికాను lit. ‘ foreign coin.’ A Venetian sequin. ఉదిరి (p. 157) udiri [Tel.] adj. Fine, pure. Refined. తప్తము, ఉదరి బంగారు fine gold అపరంజి R. vii. 184. పదియార్వన్నె పసిండి fine gold. குந்தனம் kuntaṉam , n. < T. kundanamu. 1. Interspace for enchasing or setting gems in a jewel; இரத்தினம் பதிக்கும் இடம். குந்தனத்தி லழுத்தின . . . ரத்தினங்கள் (திவ். திருநெடுந். 21, வ்யா. பக். 175). 2. Gold, fine gold; தங்கம். (சங். அக.) “Sequin (the French form of Ital. zecchino, zecchino d’oro), the name of a Venetian gold coin, first minted about 1280, and in use until the fall of the Venetian Republic. It was worth about nine shillings. It bore on the obverse a figure of St Mark blessing the banner of the republic, held by a kneeling doge, and on the reverse a figure of Christ. Milan and Genoa also issued gold sequins. The word in Italian was formed from zecca, Span. zeca, a mint, an adaptation of Arabic sikka, a die for coins. In the sense of “newly-coined,” the Hindi or Persian sikka, anglicised sicca, was specifically used of a rupee, containing more silver than the East India Company’s rupee, coined in 1793 by the Bengal government. ” (1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica). Ta. kuntaṉaminterspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamufine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold.(DEDR 1725)

Ka. kunda a pillar of bricks, etc. Tu. kunda pillar, post. Te. kunda id. Malt. kunda block, log. ? Cf. Ta. kantu pillar, post.(DEDR 1723)

Ta. kuntam haystack. Ka. kuttaṟi a stack, rick.(DEDR 1724)

The wavy lines shown on the drill bit are the artist-artisan's way of denoting the use of the drill using a bow-drill.

The bottom part of the hieroglyph is a portable furnace with flames emerging from the surface and the bead drilled through after heating in the furnace coals or crucible.

sãgaḍ 'part of a turner's apparatus' (Marathi); sã̄gāḍī 'lathe' (Tulu); sãghāṛɔ m. ʻlatheʼ (Gujarati) -- a remarkable example of a gloss common in the Indian sprachbund (speech area) cutting across Aryan-Dravidian speech.

barma बर्म । आस्फोटनी m. (H. vii, 24, baram), an auger, drill, a kind of gimlet or borer worked with a string. -- karun -- करुन् m.inf. to bore holes (H. vii, 24). -tuji - or -tujü । आस्फोटनीतूलिका f. the metal point of an auger, a drill-point. -- tārun -- तारुन् । आस्फोटन्या वेधनम् m.inf. to bore with an auger. -trọ̆pu- । आस्फोटनीवेधद्वारा संयोजना m. joining together by auger-holes, as when two pieces of metal or leather have holes drilled along the edges, through which string or wire is passed to fasten them together. -trŏpal -त्र्वपल् । आस्फोटनीवेधयोजितः c.g. sewed through drill holes (of shoes or the like, in which holes for the thread are first drilled with an auger).برمه barmah, s.f. (3rd) A kind of gimlet or borer worked with a string, an auger or centre-bit. Pl. يْ ey. (HI برما) (Pashto) बरमा or म्हा [ baramā or mhā ] m ( H) A kind of auger, gimlet, or drill worked with a string. 2 The hole or eye of a rocket. (Marathi) 9650 bhramara1 ʻ *moving unsteadily, revolving ʼ (m. ʻ potter's wheel ʼ lex.), bhramaraka -- m. ʻ spinning top ʼ Bālar., ʻ whirlpool, lock of hair ʼ lex. [Cf.bhramá -- m. ʻ flame ʼ RV. -- √bhram]Pa. bhamarikā -- f. ʻ humming top ʼ; Pk. bhamarī -- , bhamalī -- , °liyā -- f. ʻ dizziness ʼ; K. bambur m. ʻ flurry ʼ; S. bhaũrī f. ʻ curl ʼ; L. bhãvar m. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, bhãvarī f. ʻ whirl of date -- palm leaves ʼ; P. bhãvar f. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, bhaũrī, bhaurī f. ʻ curl of hair ʼ; Ku. bhaũr, bhaũro m., bhaũrī f. ʻ whirlpool, whirlwind, tempest ʼ; N. bhũwari,bhumari, bhaũri ʻ whirlwind, whirl, whorl of hair, crown of head ʼ; Or. bhaũra ʻ turning lathe ʼ, bhaãra ʻ auger, gimlet ʼ, bhaũrā, bhaï˜rā ʻ spinning top ʼ, pāṇibhaũ̈ri ʻ whirlpool ʼ; Bi. bhaũr -- kalī ʻ iron link fastened to rope close to oilmill bullock's neck ʼ, bhaũriyā ʻ ploughing a field round and round ʼ; OAw. bhaṁvara m. ʻ whirlpool ʼ; H. bhãwar, bhaũr, bhaur m. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, bhaũrī f. ʻ revolution, lock of hair ʼ; G. bhamar f. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, bhamrɔ m. ʻ large do. ʼ, bhamrī f. ʻ giddiness ʼ, bhamarṛɔ m. ʻ spinning top ʼ; M. bhõvrā m. ʻ whorl of hair ʼ, bhõvrī f. ʻ whirling round ʼ; Ko. bhõvro ʻ spinning top ʼ; Si. bamaraya, bamarē, bam̆baraya ʻ humming top ʼ, bam̆buru ʻ curled ʼ, bam̆buru -- kes ʻ curl ʼ; -- prob. Paš.ar. blämúr, kuṛ. lāmbəl -- bṛak ʻ lightning ʼ, Gaw. Sv. lāmaċúlik (IIFL iii 3, 110 < *bhramala -- ).Md. bumaru ʻ spinning top ʼ.

څورليَ ṯs̱wurlaey, s.m. (1st) A gimlet, an auger. Pl. يِ ī. (Pashto) Ta. tura (-pp-, -nt-) to tunnel, bore; turappu tunnel; turappaṇam auger, drill, tool for boring holes; turuvu (turuvi-) to bore, drill, perforate, scrape out as the pulp of a coconut; n. hole, scraping, scooping; turuval scrapings as of coconut pulp, boring, drilling. Ma. turakka to bury, undermine; turappaṇam carpenter's drill, gimlet; turappan a bandicoot rat; turavu burrowing, mine, hole; tura hole, burrow. Ka. turi, turuvu to hollow, bore, drill, make a hole, grate, scrape as fruits, scrape out as a kernel out of its shell; n. grating, scraping out, etc. Tu. turipini, turipuni, turupuni to bore, perforate, string as beads; turiyuni, turuvuni to be bored, perforated, be strung. Te. tuṟumu to scrape with a toothed instrument as the kernel of a coconut; ? truṅgu to break, fall in pieces, perish, die; ? t(r)uncu to cut to pieces, tear, break, kill (or truṅgu, truncu with 3305 Ta. tuṇi). Pa. turu soil dug out in a heap by rats. Konḍa (BB, 1972) tṟuk- (-t-) (pig) to root up earth with snout. Kui trupka (< truk-p-; trukt-) to bore, pierce; truspa (trust-), tuspa (tust-), to pierce a hole, breach; trūva (trūt-) to be pierced, holed; trunga (trungi-) to become a hole, be pierced. Kur. tūrnā to pierce through, perforate. Malt. túre to scratch out; turge to bury the ashes of the dead; ?tuṉga, tuṉgṛa hollow of a bamboo or bridge, tube, tunnel.(DEDR 3339).

Stone-smithy guild on a Meluhha standard

Harappa Tablet. Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession, comparable to Tablet m0491.

‘Raised hand’ hieroglyph on Pict-91 Harappa tablet: er-aka ‘upraised hand’ (Tamil) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’.

m0491 Tablet. Line drawing (right). This tablet may be called the Meluhha standard.Combined reading for the joined or ligatured glyphs

Rebus reading is: āra dhatu kõdā sangaḍa ‘brass, mineral, gold turner, stone-smithy guild’.

Dawn of the bronze age is best exemplified by this Mohenjo-daro tablet which shows a procession of three hieroglyphs carried on the shoulders of three persons. The hieroglyphs are: 1. Scarf carried on a pole (dhatu Rebus: mineral ore); 2. A young bull carried on a stand kõdā Rebus: turner; 3. Portable standard device (Top part: lathe-gimlet; Bottom part: portable furnace sã̄gāḍ Rebus: stone-cutter sangatarāśū ). sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone, gilding (Gujarati); sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati) sangataras. संगतराश lit. ‘to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason.’ संगतराश संज्ञा पुं० [फ़ा०] पत्थर काटने या गढ़नेवाला मजदूर । पत्थरकट । २. एक औजार जो पत्थर काटने के काम में आता है । (Dasa, Syamasundara. Hindi sabdasagara. Navina samskarana. 2nd ed. Kasi : Nagari Pracarini Sabha, 1965-1975.) पत्थर या लकडी पर नकाशी करनेवाला, संगतराश, ‘mason’.

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithy/forge. A sangatarāśū ‘stone-cutter’ or lapidary of neolithic/chalolithic age had graduated into a metal turner’s workshop (koḍ), working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of the bronze age.

Three professions are described by four standards; three of these standards are three hieroglyphs: scarf, young bull, standard device dhatu kõdāsã̄gāḍī Rebus words denote: ‘ mineral worker; metals turner-joiner (forge); worker on a lathe’ – associates (guild).

On this tablet, the standard which is also a hieroglyph on the very front is not clear. It is surmised that this standard, the first hieroglyph of four hieroglyphs carried on the procession may be comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple.

This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar:

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearer's head. This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus: eraka'knave of wheel' Rebus: 'moltencast copper'; āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra 'brass'.

Image result for standard device eh309 bharatkalyan97

tāmrá 5779 tāmrá ʻ dark red, copper -- coloured ʼ VS., n. ʻ copper ʼ Kauś., tāmraka -- n. Yājñ. [Cf. tamrá -- . -- √tam?]
Pa. tamba -- ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk. lām ʻ copper, piece of bad pine -- wood (< ʻ *red wood ʼ?); Phal. tāmba ʻ copper ʼ (→ Sh.koh. tāmbā), K. trām m. (→ Sh.gil. gur. trām m.), S. ṭrāmo m., L. trāmā, (Ju.) tarāmã̄ m., P. tāmbā m., WPah. bhad. ṭḷām n., kiũth. cāmbā, sod. cambo, jaun. tã̄bō, Ku. N. tāmo (pl. ʻ young bamboo shoots ʼ), A. tām, B. tã̄bā, tāmā, Or. tambā, Bi tã̄bā, Mth. tām, tāmā, Bhoj. tāmā, H. tām in cmpds., tã̄bā, tāmā m., G. trã̄bũ, tã̄bũn.;M. tã̄bẽ n. ʻ copper ʼ, tã̄b f. ʻ rust, redness of sky ʼ; Ko. tāmbe n. ʻ copper ʼ; Si. tam̆ba adj. ʻ reddish ʼ, sb. ʻ copper ʼ, (SigGr) tam, tama. -- Ext. -- ira -- : Pk. taṁbira -- ʻ coppercoloured, red ʼ, L. tāmrā ʻ copper -- coloured (of pigeons) ʼ; -- with -- ḍa -- : S. ṭrāmiṛo m. ʻ a kind of cooking pot ʼ, ṭrāmiṛī ʻ sunburnt, red with anger ʼ, f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; Bhoj. tāmrā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; H. tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā ʻ coppercoloured, dark red ʼ, m. ʻ stone resembling a ruby ʼ; G. tã̄baṛ n., trã̄bṛī, tã̄bṛī f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; OM. tāṁbaḍā ʻ red ʼ. -- X trápu -- q.v.
tāmrika -- ; tāmrakāra -- , tāmrakuṭṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭaka -- , tāmracūḍa -- , *tāmradhāka -- , tāmrapaṭṭa -- , tāmrapattra -- , tāmrapātra -- , *tāmrabhāṇḍa -- , tāmravarṇa -- , tāmrākṣa -- .
Addenda: tāmrá -- [< IE. *tomró -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65]
S.kcch. trāmo, tām(b)o m. ʻ copper ʼ, trāmbhyo m. ʻ an old copper coin ʼ; WPah.kc. cambo m. ʻ copper ʼ, J. cāmbā m., kṭg. (kc.) tambɔ m. (← P. or H. Him.I 89), Garh. tāmu, tã̄bu.tāmrakāra 5780 tāmrakāra m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ lex. [tāmrá -- , kāra -- 1]
Or. tāmbarā ʻ id. ʼ.tāmrakuṭṭa 5781 tāmrakuṭṭa m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ R. [tāmrá -- , kuṭṭa -- ]
N. tamauṭe, tamoṭe ʻ id. ʼ.
Addenda: tāmrakuṭṭa -- : Garh. ṭamoṭu ʻ coppersmith ʼ; Ko. tāmṭi.
tāraká -- 1 see tārā -- Add2.tāmraghaṭa 5782 *tāmraghaṭa ʻ copper pot ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 1]
Bi. tamheṛī ʻ round copper vessel ʼ; -- tamheṛā ʻ brassfounder ʼ der. *tamheṛ ʻ copper pot ʼ or < next?tāmraghaṭaka 5783 *tāmraghaṭaka ʻ copper -- worker ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 2]
Bi. tamheṛā ʻ brass -- founder ʼ or der. fr. *tamheṛ see prec.tāmracūḍa 5784 tāmracūḍa ʻ red -- crested ʼ MBh., m. ʻ cock ʼ Suśr. [tāmrá -- , cūˊḍa -- 1]
Pa. tambacūḷa -- m. ʻ cock ʼ, Pk. taṁbacūla -- m.; -- Si. tam̆basiluvā ʻ cock ʼ (EGS 61) either a later cmpd. (as in Pk.) or ← Pa.tāmradhāka 5785 *tāmradhāka ʻ copper receptacle ʼ. [tāmrá -- , dhāká -- ]
Bi. tamahā ʻ drinking vessel made of a red alloy ʼ.tāmrapaṭṭa 5786 tāmrapaṭṭa m. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ Yājñ. [Cf. tāmrapattra -- . -- tāmrá -- , paṭṭa -- 1]
M. tã̄boṭī f. ʻ piece of copper of shape and size of a brick ʼ.tāmrapattra 5787 tāmrapattra n. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrapaṭṭa -- . -- tāmrá -- , páttra -- ]
Ku.gng. tamoti ʻ copper plate ʼ.tāmrapātra 5788 tāmrapātra n. ʻ copper vessel ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , pāˊtra -- ]
Ku.gng. tamoi ʻ copper vessel for water ʼ.tāmrabhāṇḍa 5789 *tāmrabhāṇḍa ʻ copper vessel ʼ. [tāmrá -- , bhāṇḍa -- 1]
Bhoj. tāmaṛā, tāmṛā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; G. tarbhāṇũ n. ʻ copper dish used in religious ceremonies ʼ (< *taramhã̄ḍũ).tāmravarṇa 5790 tāmravarṇa ʻ copper -- coloured ʼ TĀr. [tāmrá -- , várṇa -- 1]
Si. tam̆bavan ʻ copper -- coloured, dark red ʼ (EGS 61) prob. a Si. cmpd.tāmrākṣa 5791 tāmrākṣa ʻ red -- eyed ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , ákṣi -- ]
Pa. tambakkhin -- ; P. tamak f. ʻ anger ʼ; Bhoj. tamakhal ʻ to be angry ʼ; H. tamaknā ʻ to become red in the face, be angry ʼ.tāmrika 5792 tāmrika ʻ coppery ʼ Mn. [tāmrá -- ]
Pk. taṁbiya -- n. ʻ an article of an ascetic's equipment (a copper vessel?) ʼ; L. trāmī f. ʻ large open vessel for kneading bread ʼ, poṭh. trāmbī f. ʻ brass plate for kneading on ʼ; Ku.gng. tāmiʻ copper plate ʼ; A. tāmi ʻ copper vessel used in worship ʼ; B. tāmī, tamiyā ʻ large brass vessel for cooking pulses at marriages and other ceremonies ʼ; H. tambiyā m. ʻ copper or brass vessel ʼ.
tāmarasá n. ʻ red lotus ʼ MBh., ʻ copper ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrá -- ]
Pk. tāmarasa -- n. ʻ lotus ʼ; Si. tam̆bara ʻ red lotus ʼ, Md. taburu.(CDIAL 5774)

h098 Text 4256 Pict.122

Standard device which is normally in front of a one-horned bull. m1408At

kõdā‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295) A. kundār, B. kũdār, ri, Or.Kundāru; H. kũderā m. ‘one who works a lathe, one who scrapes’, rī f., kũdernā ‘to scrape, plane, round on a lathe’; kundakara—m. ‘turner’ (Skt.)(CDIAL 3297). कोंदण [ kōndaṇa ] n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems.(Marathi) খোদকার [ khōdakāra ] n an engraver; a carver. খোদকারি n. engraving; carving; interference in other’s work. খোদাই [ khōdāi ] n engraving; carving. খোদাই করা v. to engrave; to carve. খোদানো v. & n. en graving; carving. খোদিত [ khōdita ] a engraved. (Bengali) खोदकाम [ khōdakāma ] n Sculpture; carved work or work for the carver. खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work. खोदणावळ [ khōdaṇāvaḷa ] f (खोदणें) The price or cost of sculpture or carving. खोदणी [ khōdaṇī ] f (Verbal of खोदणें) Digging, engraving &c. 2 fig. An exacting of money by importunity. V लाव, मांड. 3 An instrument to scoop out and cut flowers and figures from paper. 4 A goldsmith’s die. खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or –पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe. खोदाई [ khōdāī ] f (H.) Price or cost of digging or of sculpture or carving. खोदींव [ khōdīṃva ] p of खोदणें Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured. (Marathi)

Hieroglyphs: G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam.śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.(CDIAL 12859) Pa. saṅghāta -- m. ʻ killing, knocking together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāya -- m. ʻ closeness, collection ʼ; Or. saṅghā, saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding inside triangular thatch, crossbeam of thatched house, copulation (of animals) ʼ; -- adj. ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ < *saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā -- ?(CDIAL 12862)

Rebus: Sangara [fr. saŋ+gṛ1 to sing, proclaim, cp. gāyati & gīta] 1. a promise, agreement J iv.105, 111, 473; v.25, 479

Rebus: saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ](CDIAL 12859) संगत saṅgata Assembled, collected, convened, met together.संगतिः saṅgatiḥ Company, society, association, intercourse (Samskritam. Apte) Sangata [pp. of sangacchati] 1. come together, met Sn 807, 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621); nt. sangataŋ association Dh 207. -- 2. compact, tightly fastened or closed, well -- joined Vv 642 (=nibbivara VvA 275).Sangati (f.) [fr. sangacchati] 1. meeting, intercourse J iv.98; v.78, 483. In defn of yajati (=service?) at Dhtp 62 & Dhtm 79. -- 2. union, combination M i.111; Sii.72; iv.32 sq., 68 sq.; Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188). <-> 3. accidental occurrence D i.53; DA i.161. (Pali)

There are two parts in the Meluhha standard device. Bottom part: 1. portable furnace; Top part 2. lathe with gimlet. Orthographically, this is explained as sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more objects linked together (Marathi)(CDIAL 12859).

Image result for harappa seal portable furnace smoke

Components: top register: lathe with pointed gimlet in churning motion; bottom register: portable furnace/crucible with smoke emanating from the surface Carved ivory standard in the middle [From Richard H. Meadow and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Harappa Excavations 1993: the city wall and inscribed materials, in: South Asian Archaeology ; Fig. 40.11, p. 467. Harappa 1990 and 1993: representations of 'standard'; 40.11a: H90-1687/3103-1: faience token; 40.11bH93-2092/5029-1: carved ivory standard fragment (split in half, made on a lathe and was probably cylindrical in shape; note the incisions with a circle motif while a broken spot on the lower portion indicates where the stand shaft would have been (found in the area of the 'Mughal Sarai' located to the south of Mound E across the Old Lahore-Multan Road); 40.11c H93-2051/3808-2:faience token)

Hieroglyph: 'dotted circle': ḍāv m. ʻdice-throwʼ rebus: dhāu 'ore', smelted in a kand 'fire-altar':

Rebus reading of the kandi 'beads' (Pa.) is: kaND, kandu 'fire altar, smelting furnace of a blacksmith' (Santali.Kashmiri)Glyphs of dotted circles on the bottom portion of the 'standard device': kandi (pl. -l) beads, necklace (Pa.); kanti (pl. -l) bead, (pl.) necklace; kandit. bead (Ga.)(DEDR 1215). Rebus: लोहकारकन्दुः f. a blacksmith's smelting furnace (Grierson Kashmiri).

Components: top register: lathe with pointed gimlet in churning motion; bottom register: portable furnace/crucible with smoke emanating from the surface PLUS flagpost

m0008 Mohenjo-daro seal. This shows the bottom bowl of the 'standard device' superimposed with dotted circles. Since the top portion of the 'device' is a drill-lathe, these dotted circles are orthographic representations of drilled beads which were the hallmark of lapidaries' work of the civilization.

Mohenjo-daro seal M006 with the pictorial motif combination: First image: 'one-horned young bull calf' + pannier + rings on neck + Second image: 'gimlet' + 'portable furnace' combined into a 'standard device' in front of the first image.

M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together (CDIAL 12859). जांगड [jāṅgaḍa] Linking together (of beasts): joining or attaching (as a scholar to a superior one, in order to learn). v घाल, कर. Also the state, linkedness, co-yokedness, attachment, association. (Marathi).The semantics explain why composite animal glyphs are created in Indus writing. The artisan conveyed the semantics of sãgaḍ for bronze-age accounting of 'entrustment articles' -- jangaḍ as the artisans moved such articles into the treasury or warehouse.

sangaḍa pictures, as a hypertext, a composite of 'gimlet, portable furnace' glyphs. This word sangaḍa could be read rebus as jangaḍ 'entrustment articles’. jangaḍiyo is a Gujarati lexeme which meant ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’.

The frequently-occuring pair of hieroglyphs of 'one-horned young bull calf' in front of 'gimlet, portable furnace could thus read together to connote a metals turner who was a courier of the'entrustment articles', jangaḍ. The jangaḍiyo was both a metals turner and a courier.

This method of cypher dealing with both pictorial motifs and signs as hieroglyphs read as part of a logo-semantic system of representation, led to the elucidation of almost the entire corpora of Indus writing -- characterised by a set of vivid, unambiguous hieroglyphs for e.g. of a crocodile holding a fish in its jaw or a wild animal in front of a trough etc. etc. -- as lists of metalware catalogs.

Tukulti-Ninurta standard

The first standard in the procession may be a spoked-wheel as in Tukulti-Ninurta hieroglyph:

Altar, offered by Tukulti-Ninurta I, 1243-1208 BC, in prayer before two deities carrying wooden standards, Assyria, Bronze AgeSource: http://www.dijitalimaj.com/alamyDetail.aspx?img=%7BA5C441A3-C178-489B-8989-887807B57344%7D The two standards (staffs) are topped by a spoked wheel. āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra 'bronze'. cf. erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) Glyph: eraka

Glyphic element: erako nave; era = knave of wheel. Glyphic element: āra ‘spokes’. Rebus: āra ‘brass’ as in ārakūṭa (Skt.) Rebus: Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt (DEDR 866) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tulu) The same spoked-wheel hieroglyph adorns the Dholavira Sign-board.

10.Mesapotomia Jasper cylinder procession of standards ca. 2200 BCE

See:

asper cylinder seal Mesopotamia c. 2220 BCE deciphered Indus script proclamations of iron, copper-, gold-smithy, mint-work

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/j3eo3dh

Kuwait standard

Image result for shahdad standard indus script

"Gold disc. al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait National Museum. 9.6 cm diameter, which was obviously from the Indus Valley period in India. Typical of that period, it depicts zebu, bulls, human attendants, ibex, fish, partridges, bees, pipal free an animal-headed standard." Benoy K. Behl https://www.facebook.com/BenoyKBehlArtCulture

1. A pair of tabernae montana flowers tagara 'tabernae montana' flower; rebus: tagara 'tin'

2. A pair of rams tagara 'ram'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Next to one ram: kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' Alternative: kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

3. Ficus religiosa leaves on a tree branch (5) loa 'ficus leaf'; rebus: loh 'metal'. kol in Tamil means pancaloha'alloy of five metals'. PLUS flanking pair of lotus flowers: tAmarasa 'lotus' Rebus: tAmra 'copper' dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' thus, denoting copper castings.

4. A pair of bulls tethered to the tree branch: barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' (Marathi) PLUS kola 'man' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kur.i 'woman' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' Alternative: ḍhangar 'bull'; rebus ḍhangar 'blacksmith' poLa 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite'.

Two persons touch the two bulls: meḍ ‘body’ (Mu.) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Thus, the hieroglyph composition denotes ironsmiths.

5. A pair of antelopes looking back: krammara 'look back'; rebus: kamar 'smith' (Santali); tagara 'antelope'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Alternative: melh, mr..eka 'goat' (Brahui. Telugu) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali), mleccha-mukha 'copper' (Samskritam)

6. A pair of antelopes mē̃ḍh 'antelope, ram'; rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.)

7. A pair of combs kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace'

Phal. kāṅga ʻ combing ʼ in ṣiṣ k° dūm ʻI comb my hairʼ khyḗṅgia, kēṅgī f.;

kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb (Punjabi) káṅkata m. ʻ comb ʼ AV., n. lex., °tī -- , °tikã -- f. lex. 2. *kaṅkaṭa -- 2. 3. *kaṅkaśa -- . [Of doubtful IE. origin WP i 335, EWA i 137: aberrant -- uta -- as well as -- aśa -- replacing -- ata -- in MIA. and NIA.]1. Pk. kaṁkaya -- m. ʻ comb ʼ, kaṁkaya -- , °kaï -- m. ʻ name of a tree ʼ; Gy. eur. kangli f.; Wg. kuṇi -- přũ ʻ man's comb ʼ (for kuṇi -- cf. kuṇälík beside kuṅälíks.v. kr̥muka -- ; -- přũ see prapavaṇa -- ); Bshk. kēṅg ʻ comb ʼ, Gaw. khēṅgīˊ, Sv. khḗṅgiā, Tor. kyäṅg ʻ comb ʼ (Dard. forms, esp. Gaw., Sv., Phal. but not Sh., prob. ← L. P. type < *kaṅgahiā -- , see 3 below); Sh. kōṅyi̯ f. (→ Ḍ. k*lṅi f.), gil. (Lor.) kōĩ f. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kōũ m. ʻ woman's comb ʼ, pales. kōgō m. ʻ comb ʼ; K. kanguwu m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kangañ f. ʻ woman's ʼ; WPah. bhad. kãˊkei ʻ a comb -- like fern ʼ, bhal. kãkei f. ʻ comb, plant with comb -- like leaves ʼ; N. kāṅiyo, kāĩyo ʻ comb ʼ, A. kã̄kai, B. kã̄kui; Or. kaṅkāi, kaṅkuā ʻ comb ʼ, kakuā ʻ ladder -- like bier for carrying corpse to the burning -- ghat ʼ; Bi. kakwā ʻ comb ʼ, kakahā, °hī, Mth. kakwā, Aw. lakh. kakawā, Bhoj. kakahī f.; H. kakaiyā ʻ shaped like a comb (of a brick) ʼ; G. (non -- Aryan tribes of Dharampur)kākhāī f. ʻ comb ʼ; M. kaṅkvā m. ʻ comb ʼ, kã̄kaī f. ʻ a partic. shell fish and its shell ʼ; -- S. kaṅgu m. ʻ a partic. kind of small fish ʼ < *kaṅkuta -- ? -- Ext. with --l -- in Ku. kã̄gilo, kāĩlo ʻ comb ʼ.2. G. (Soraṭh) kã̄gaṛ m. ʻ a weaver's instrument ʼ?3. L. kaṅghī f. ʻ comb, a fish of the perch family ʼ, awāṇ. kaghī ʻ comb ʼ; P. kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb ʼ, °ghī f. ʻ small comb for men, large one for women ʼ (→ H. kaṅghā m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, °gahī, °ghī f. ʻ woman's ʼ, kaṅghuā m. ʻ rake or harrow ʼ; Bi. kãgahī ʻ comb ʼ, Or. kaṅgei, M. kaṅgvā); -- G. kã̄gsī f. ʻ comb ʼ, with metath. kã̄sko m., °kī f.; WPah. khaś. kāgśī, śeu. kāśkī ʻ a comblike fern ʼ or < *kaṅkataśikha -- .WPah.kṭg. kaṅgi f. ʻ comb ʼ; J. kāṅgṛu m. ʻ small comb ʼ.(CDIAL 2598)

Rebus: large furnace, fireplace: kang कंग् । आवसथ्यो &1;ग्निः m. the fire-receptacle or fire-place, kept burning in former times in the courtyard of a Kāshmīrī house for the benefit of guests, etc., and distinct from the three religious domestic fires of a Hindū; (at the present day) a fire-place or brazier lit in the open air on mountain sides, etc., for the sake of warmth or for keeping off wild beasts. nāra-kang, a fire-receptacle; hence, met. a shower of sparks (falling on a person) (Rām. 182). kan:gar `portable furnace' (Kashmiri)Cf. kã̄gürü, which is the fem. of this word in a dim. sense (Gr.Gr. 33, 7). kã̄gürü काँग्् or

kã̄gürü काँग or kã̄gar काँग््र्् । हसब्तिका f. (sg. dat. kã̄grĕ काँग्र्य or kã̄garĕ काँगर्य, abl. kã̄gri काँग्रि), the portable brazier, or kāngrī, much used in Kashmīr (K.Pr. kángár, 129, 131, 178; káṅgrí, 5, 128, 129). For particulars see El. s.v. kángri; L. 7, 25, kangar;and K.Pr. 129. The word is a fem. dim. of kang, q.v. (Gr.Gr. 37). kã̄gri-khŏphürükã̄gri-khŏphürü काँग्रि-ख्वफ््&above;रू&below; । भग्ना काष्ठाङ्गारिका f. a worn-out brazier. -khôru -खोरु&below; । काष्ठाङ्गारिका<-> र्धभागः m. the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier, remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed; see khôru. -kŏnḍolu -क्वंड । हसन्तिकापात्रम् m. the circular earthenware bowl of a brazier, which contains the burning fuel. -köñü -का&above;ञू&below; । हसन्तिकालता f. the covering of woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier.

It is an archaeometallurgical challenge to trace the Maritime Tin Route from the tin belt of the world on Mekong River delta in the Far East and trace the contributions made by seafaring merchants of Meluhha in reaching the tin mineral resource to sustain the Tin-Bronze Age which was a revolution unleashed ca. 5th millennium BCE. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-as-catalogus.html

8. A pair of fishes ayo 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: ayo 'metal, iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Sanskrit)

9.A pair of buffaloes tethered to a post-standard kāṛā ‘buffalo’ கண்டி kaṇṭi buffalo bull (Tamil); rebus: kaṇḍ 'stone ore'; kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.

10. A pair of birds Rebus 1: kōḍi. [Tel.] n. A fowl, a bird. (Telugu) Rebus: khōṭ ‘alloyed ingots’. Rebus 2: kol ‘the name of a bird, the Indian cuckoo’ (Santali) kol 'iron, smithy, forge'. Rebus 3: baṭa = quail (Santali) Rebus: baṭa = furnace, kiln (Santali) bhrāṣṭra = furnace (Skt.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati)

11. The buffaloes, birds flank a post-standard with curved horns on top of a stylized 'eye' PLUS 'eyebrows' with one-horn on either side of two faces

mũh ‘face’; rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ (Mu.)

ṭhaṭera ‘buffalo horns’. ṭhaṭerā ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi)

Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye. Rebus: kanga ' large portable brazier, fire-place' (Kashmiri).

Thus the stylized standard is read rebus: Hieroglyph components:kanga + ṭhaṭerā 'one eye + buffalo horn' Rebus: kanga 'large portable barzier' (Kashmiri) + ṭhaṭerā ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi)

Ta. kaṇ eye, aperture, orifice, star of a peacock's tail. Ma. kaṇ, kaṇṇu eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud. Ko. kaṇ eye. To. koṇ eye, loop in string.Ka. kaṇ eye, small hole, orifice. Koḍ. kaṇṇï id. Tu. kaṇṇů eye, nipple, star in peacock's feather, rent, tear. Te. kanu, kannu eye, small hole, orifice, mesh of net, eye in peacock's feather. Kol. kan (pl. kanḍl) eye, small hole in ground, cave. Nk. kan (pl. kanḍḷ) eye, spot in peacock's tail. Nk. (Ch.) kan (pl. -l) eye. Pa.(S. only) kan (pl. kanul) eye. Ga. (Oll.) kaṇ (pl. kaṇkul) id.; kaṇul maṭṭa eyebrow; kaṇa (pl. kaṇul) hole; (S.) kanu (pl. kankul) eye. Go. (Tr.) kan (pl.kank) id.; (A.) kaṛ (pl. kaṛk) id. Konḍa kaṇ id. Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) id. Manḍ. kan (pl. -ke) id. Kui kanu (pl. kan-ga), (K.) kanu (pl. kaṛka) id. Kuwi(F.) kannū (pl. kar&nangle;ka), (S.) kannu (pl. kanka), (Su. P. Isr.) kanu (pl. kaṇka) id. Kur. xann eye, eye of tuber; xannērnā (of newly born babies or animals) to begin to see, have the use of one's eyesight (for ērnā, see 903). Malt. qanu eye. Br. xan id., bud. (DEDR 1159) kāṇá ʻ one -- eyed ʼ RV. Pa. Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ blind of one eye, blind ʼ; Ash. kã̄ṛa, °ṛī f. ʻ blind ʼ, Kt. kãŕ, Wg. kŕãmacrdotdot;, Pr. k&schwatildemacr;, Tir. kāˊna, Kho. kāṇu NTS ii 260,kánu BelvalkarVol 91; K. kônu ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, S. kāṇo, L. P. kāṇã̄; WPah. rudh. śeu. kāṇā ʻ blind ʼ; Ku. kāṇo, gng. kã̄&rtodtilde; ʻ blind of one eye ʼ, N. kānu;A. kanā ʻ blind ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ; Or. kaṇā, f. kāṇī ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, Mth. kān, °nā, kanahā, Bhoj. kān, f. °ni, kanwā m. ʻ one -- eyed man ʼ, H. kān,°nā, G. kāṇũ; M. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, squint -- eyed ʼ; Si. kaṇa ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ. -- Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ full of holes ʼ, G. kāṇũ ʻ full of holes ʼ, n. ʻ hole ʼ (< ʻ empty eyehole ʼ? Cf. ã̄dhḷũ n. ʻ hole ʼ < andhala -- ).S.kcch. kāṇī f.adj. ʻ one -- eyed ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kaṇɔ ʻ blind in one eye ʼ, J. kāṇā; Md. kanu ʻ blind ʼ.(CDIAL 3019) Ko. kāṇso ʻ squint -- eyed ʼ.(Konkani)

Paš. ainċ -- gánik ʻ eyelid ʼ(CDIAL 3999) Phonetic reinforcement of the gloss: Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye.

See also: nimišta kanag 'to write' (SBal): *nipēśayati ʻ writes ʼ. [√piś] Very doubtful: Kal.rumb. Kho. nivḗš -- ʻ to write ʼ more prob. ← EPers. Morgenstierne BSOS viii 659. <-> Ir. pres. st. *nipaiš -- (for *nipais -- after past *nipišta -- ) in Yid. nuviš -- , Mj. nuvuš -- , Sang. Wkh. nəviš -- ; -- Aś. nipista<-> ← Ir. *nipista -- (for *nipišta -- after pres. *nipais -- ) in SBal. novīsta or nimišta kanag ʻ to write ʼ.(CDIAL 7220)

Alternative: dol ‘eye’; Rebus: dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali)Alternative: kandi ‘hole, opening’ (Ka.)[Note the eye shown as a dotted circle on many Dilmun seals.]; kan ‘eye’ (Ka.); rebus: kandi (pl. –l) necklace, beads (Pa.);kaṇḍ 'stone ore' Alternative: kã̄gsī f. ʻcombʼ (Gujarati); rebus 1: kangar ‘portable furnace’ (Kashmiri); rebus 2: kamsa 'bronze'.

khuṇḍ ʻtethering peg or post' (Western Pahari) Rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’; kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali); Rebus 2: kuṇḍ 'fire-altar'

Why are animals shown in pairs?

dula ‘pair’ (Kashmiri); rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Mu.)

Thus, all the hieroglyphs on the gold disc can be read as Indus writing related to one bronze-age artifact category: metalware catalog entries.

Old Babylonian, about 2000-1600 BCE From Mesopotamia Length: 12.8 cm Width: 7cm ME 103225 Room 56: Mesopotamia

Baked clay plaques like this were mass-produced using moulds in southern Mesopotamia from the second millennium BCE. While many show informal scenes and reflect the private face of life, this example clearly has magical or religious significance.

Hieroglyph: ḍã̄g m. ʻ club, mace ʼ(Kashmiri) Rebus: K. ḍangur (dat. °garas) m. ʻ fool ʼ; P. ḍaṅgar m. ʻ stupid man ʼ; N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ, ḍāṅre ʻ large and lazy ʼ; A.ḍaṅurā ʻ living alone without wife or children ʼ; H. ḍã̄gar, ḍã̄grā m. ʻ starveling ʼ.N. ḍiṅgar ʻ contemptuous term for an inhabitant of the Tarai ʼ; B. ḍiṅgar ʻ vile ʼ; Or. ḍiṅgara ʻ rogue ʼ, °rā ʻ wicked ʼ; H. ḍiṅgar m. ʻ rogue ʼ; M. ḍĩgar m. ʻ boy ʼ.(CDIAL 5524)

I ډانګ ḏḏāng, s.m. (2nd) A club, a stick, a bludgeon. Pl. ډانګونه ḏḏāngūnah. ډانګ لکئِي ḏḏāng lakaʿī, s.f. (6th) The name of a bird with a club-tail. Sing. and Pl. See توره آنا ډانګورئِي ḏḏāngoraʿī, s.f. (6th) A small walking- stick, a small club. Sing. and Pl. (The dimin. of the above). (Pashto) ḍã̄g डाँग् । स्थूलदण्डः m. a club, mace (Gr.Gr. 1); a blow with a stick or cudgel (Śiv. 13); a walking-stick. Cf. ḍã̄guvu. -- dini -- दिनि&below; । ताडनम् m. pl. inf. to give clubs; to give a drubbing, to flog a person as a punishment. (Kashmiri) ḍakka2 ʻ stick ʼ. 2. *ḍaṅga -- 1. [Cf. other variants for ʻ stick ʼ: ṭaṅka -- 3, *ṭiṅkara -- , *ṭhiṅga -- 1, *ḍikka -- 1 (*ḍiṅka -- )]1. S. ḍ̠aku m. ʻ stick put up to keep a door shut ʼ, ḍ̠akaru ʻ stick, straw ʼ; P. ḍakkā m. ʻ straw ʼ, ḍakkrā m. ʻ bit (of anything) ʼ; N. ḍã̄klo ʻ stalk, stem ʼ.2. Pk. ḍaṅgā -- f. ʻ stick ʼ; A. ḍāṅ ʻ thick stick ʼ; B. ḍāṅ ʻ pole for hanging things on ʼ; Or. ḍāṅga ʻ stick ʼ; H. ḍã̄g f. ʻ club ʼ (→ P. ḍã̄g f. ʻ stick ʼ; K. ḍã̄g m. ʻ club, mace ʼ); G. ḍã̄g f., °gɔ,ḍãgorɔ m., °rũ n. ʻ stick ʼ; M. ḍãgarṇẽ n. ʻ short thick stick ʼ, ḍã̄gḷī f. ʻ small branch ʼ, ḍã̄gśī f.Addenda: *ḍakka -- 2. 2. *ḍaṅga -- 1: WPah.kṭg. ḍāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ stick ʼ, ḍaṅgṛɔ m. ʻ stalk (of a plant) ʼ; -- poss. kṭg. (kc.) ḍaṅgrɔ m. ʻ axe ʼ, poet. ḍaṅgru m., °re f.; J. ḍã̄grā m. ʻ small weapon like axe ʼ, P. ḍaṅgorī f. ʻ small staff or club ʼ (Him.I 84).(CDIAL 6520)

Allograph Hieroglyph: ḍhaṅgaru, ḍhiṅgaru m. ʻlean emaciated beastʼ(Sindhi)

Rebus: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) ḍhangra ‘bull’. Rebus: ḍhangar‘blacksmith’.Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5488) N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ S. ḍhaṅgaru m. ʻ lean emaciated beast ʼ ; L. (Shahpur) ḍhag̠g̠ā ʻ small weak ox ʼ(CDIAL 5324).

Hieroglyph carried on a flagpost by the blacksmith (bull ligatured man: Dhangar 'bull' Rebus: blacksmith'): karava 'pot with narrow neck' karNaka 'rim of jar' Rebus: kharva 'nidhi, wealth, karba 'iron'; karNI 'supercargo' karNIka 'scribe'.

Jasper cylinder seal is a stunning example of the power of hypertexts (using hieroglyph-multiplexes) to convey precise, detailed technical information.

The cylinder seal, 2.8 cm. high and 1.6 cm dia, signifies -- in an extraordinarily crisp hypertext, within limited writing space-- Indus script proclamations of iron, copper, gold-smithy, mint-work. ḍhangar bhaṭa पेढी 'blacksmith furnace shop' kamar कारणी arka lokhaṇḍa aya kammaṭa 'blacksmith supercargo, copper, gold, metal implements, mint' [কর্মকার ] (p. 0208) [ karmakāra ] n a blacksmith, an ironsmith; (rare) an ironmonger. (Sailendra Biswas, Samsad Bengali-English Dictionary].

Red jasper H. 1 1/8 in. (2.8 cm), Diam. 5/8 in. (1.6 cm) cylinder Seal with four hieroglyphs and four kneeling persons (with six curls on their hair) holding flagposts, c. 2220-2159 B.C.E., Mesopotamia. Akkadian (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Cylinder Seal (with modern impression). Cuneiform inscription: Sharpum, son of Shallum. The rest of the hieroglyph-multiplexes are a cypher signifying Sharpum's occupation as a merchant with diverse metallurgical competence

The four hieroglyphs are: from l. to r. 1. moon or crucible PLUS storage pot of ingots, 2. sun, 3. narrow-necked pot with overflowing water, 4. fish (with fins emphasised). A hooded snake is on the edge of the composition. (The dark red color of jasper reinforces the semantics: eruvai 'dark red, copper' Hieroglyph: eruvai 'reed'; see four reedposts held.

koṭhāri 'crucible' Rebus: koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'; kuṭhāru 'armourer' If the hieroglyph on the leftmost is moon, a possible rebus reading: قمر ḳamar A قمر ḳamar, s.m. (9th) The moon. Sing. and Pl. See سپوږمي or سپوګمي (Pashto) Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

कारणी or कारणीक 'supercargo of a ship' (Marathi) of ingots are held in a conical jar (storage pot).

The leftmost hieroglyph shows ingots in a conical-bottom storage jar (similar to the jar shown on Warka vase (See Annex: Warka vase), delivering the ingots to the temple of Inanna). Third from left, the overflowing pot is similar to the hieroglyph shown on Gudea statues. Fourth from left, the fish hieroglyph is similar to the one shown on a Susa pot containing metal tools and weapons. (See Susa pot hieroglyphs of bird and fish: Louvre Museum) Hieroglyph: meṇḍā ʻlump, clotʼ (Oriya) On mED 'copper' in Eurasian languages see Annex A: Warka vase). mūhā mẽṛhẽt 'iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends.' (Note ingots in storage pot superfixed on the crucible hieroglyph).

The key hieroglyph is the hood of a snake seen as the left-most hieroglyph on this rolled out cylinder seal impression. I suggest that this denotes the following Meluhha gloss:

Hierogyph: A. kulā 'hood of serpent' Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith'; kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron'

Four flag-posts(reeds) with rings on top held by the kneeling persons define the four components of the iron smithy/forge.

The four persons carry four maces with rings on top register. The maces are comparable in shape to the mace held by a bull-man on a terracotta plaque (British Museum number103225, see picture appended with decipherment). The mace is: ḍã̄g (Punjabi) ḍhaṅgaru 'bull' (Sindhi) -- as a phonetic determinant; rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’.

Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5488).

The four persons (kamar) may be recognized as soldiers based on the Pashto gloss: kamar kīsaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A waist-belt with powder horn, and other furniture for a soldier.

Hieroglyph: meṇḍa 'bending on one knee': మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] n. Kneeling down with one leg, an attitude in archery, ఒక కాలితో నేలమీద మోకరించుట, ఆలీఢపాదము. मेट [ mēṭa ] n (मिटणें) The knee-joint or the bend of the knee. मेटेंखुंटीस बसणें To kneel down. Ta. maṇṭi kneeling, kneeling on one knee as an archer. Ma. maṇṭuka to be seated on the heels. Ka. maṇḍi what is bent, the knee. Tu. maṇḍi knee. Te. maṇḍĭ̄ kneeling on one knee. Pa. maḍtel knee; maḍi kuḍtel kneeling position. Go. (L.) meṇḍā, (G. Mu. Ma.) minḍa knee (Voc. 2827). Konḍa (BB) meḍa, meṇḍa id. Pe. menḍa id. Manḍ. menḍe id. Kui menḍa id. Kuwi (F.) menda, (S. Su. P.) menḍa, (Isr.) meṇḍa id. Cf. 4645 Ta. maṭaṅku (maṇi-forms). / ? Cf. Skt. maṇḍūkī- part of an elephant's hind leg; Mar. meṭ knee-joint. (DEDR 4677) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

The four persons are worshippers in a kneeling posture: bhaTa 'worshipper' Pk. bhuaga -- m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ, G. bhuvɔ m. (rather than < bhūdēva -- ). rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' bhaṭa -- m. ʻ hired soldier, servant ʼ MBh. Pali. bhaṭa -- m. ʻ hireling, servant, soldier ʼKu.bhaṛ m. ʻ hero, brave man ʼ, gng. adj. ʻ mighty ʼ; B. bhaṛ ʻ soldier, servant, nom. prop. ʼS.kcch. bhaṛ ʻ brave ʼ; Garh. (Śrīnagrī dial.) bhɔṛ, (Salānī dial.) bheṛ ʻ warrior ʼ.(CDIAL 9588) Ku. bhaṛau ʻ song about the prowess of ancient heroes ʼ.(CDIAL 9590)

The kamar is semantically reinforced by orthographic determinative of six curls of hair: baTa 'six' Rebus: baTa 'iron' (Gujarati) bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS PLUS meDh 'curl' Rebus: meD 'iron' to signify that the message conveyed is of four smelters for iron (metal).

The four hieroglyphs are: from l. to r. 1. moon PLUS storage pot of ingots, 2. sun, 3. narrow-necked pot with overflowing water, 4. fish A hooded snake is on the edge of the composition. (The dark red color of jasper reinforces the semantics: eruvai 'dark red, copper' Hieroglyph: eruvai 'reed'; see four reedposts held.

kamar 'moon' Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'
arka 'sun' Rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, gold, moltencast'
lokāṇḍa 'overflowing pot' Rebus: lokhaṇḍa 'metal implements, excellent implements'

aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) khambhaṛā m. ʻ fin ʼ (Lahnda) kammaṭa 'coiner, coinage, mint' (Note on the emphasis on the fins of the fish)
Hieroglyph: मेढा (p. 665) [ mēḍhā ] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl.(Marathi. Molesworth)Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)
baṭa 'six' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS meḍh 'curl' Rebus: meḍ 'iron'

This is a proclamation of four shops, पेढी (Gujarati. Marathi). पेंढें ‘rings’ Rebus: पेढी ‘shop’.āra ‘serpent’ Rebus; āra ‘brass’. karaḍa 'double-drum' Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-hieroglyphs-signify-dhatu.html

Citation

"Cylinder seal with kneeling nude heroes [Mesopotamia]" (L.1992.23.5) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/L.1992.23.5. (October 2006)

Four representations of a nude hero with six sidelocks of hair appear on this cylinder seal. Each wears a three-strand belt with a tassel. In all cases, the hero kneels on one knee and with both hands holds up a gatepost standard in front of his raised leg. Two vertical lines of inscription, one placed before a hero and another placed behind a second hero, give the name as Shatpum, son of Shallum, but do not provide an official title. Placed vertically in the field, a serpent appears behind one hero. In the spaces between the tops of the standards are four symbols: a sun disk, a lunar crescent, a fish, and a vase with flowing streams of water.

The nude hero is often shown with this very explicit type of gatepost, which perhaps is the emblem of a specific god or group of deities. The heroes with gateposts, the flowing vase, and the fish suggest that the iconography of this seal is somehow connected with Ea, god of sweet water and wisdom. However, the meaning of individual symbols could change in different contexts. The sun, moon, vase, and fish are undoubtedly astral or planetary symbols—the vase with streams and the fish are forerunners of what in much later times become zodiacal signs.

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/L.1992.23.5

Archaeologically attested yupa.

Girsu (Tlloh) archaeological find. 11 ft. tall copper plated flagpost. This may relate to a period when

Girsu (ca. 2900-2335 BCE) was the capital of Lagash at the time of Gudea.

ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583). Rebus: ḍhālako 'ingot'

sangaḍa 'lathe, portabe furnace' Rebus: sanghAta 'adamantine glue', sangara 'proclamation, trade'; mēḍhā m A stake, esp. as forked. Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages)

kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'a nidhi of Kubera; wealth' kundaṇa 'fine gold'

eraka 'upraised hand' rebus: eraka, arka 'moltencast copper, gold'.

Hieroglyph: ढाल (p. 356) [ ḍhāla ] The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. v दे. ढालकाठी (p. 356) [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealthढालपट्टा (p. 356) [ ḍhālapaṭṭā ] m (Shield and sword.) A soldier's accoutrements comprehensively.ढालाईत (p. 356) [ ḍhālāīta ] That bears the great flag with proceeds in front of an army in march.ढाळणें (p. 356) [ ḍhāḷaṇēṃ ] v c (Active of ढळणें) To wave over or around (a fan, brush &c.) Ex. सेवक वरि ढाळति चामरें ॥.ढालकरी (p. 356) [ ḍhālakarī ] m The bearer or or attendant upon the ढाल of an army or a cheiftain. 2 fig. The staff, support, or upholding person of a family or community. (Marathi) ḍhālā a tall banner (Kannada)

Rebus: ḍhālu 'cast, mould' (Kannada) J. ḍhāḷṇu ʻ to cause to melt ʼ; P.ḍhalṇā ʻ to be poured out, fall, melt ʼ(CDIAL 5582) ढाळ (p. 356) [ ḍhāḷa ] Cast, mould, form (as ofmetal vessels, trinkets &c.(Marathi)

A قمر ḳamar, s.m. (9th) The moon. Sing. and Pl.

See سپوږمي or سپوګمي رښړه rabaṟṟṉaʿh, s.f. (3rd) Moonshine, the light of the moon, moonlight. Pl. يْ ey. See سپوږمي (Pashto)
Rebus: karmāˊra m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ RV. [EWA i 176 < stem *karmar -- ~ karman -- , but perh. with ODBL 668 ← Drav. cf. Tam. karumā ʻ smith, smelter ʼ whence meaning ʻ smith ʼ was transferred also to karmakāra -- ] Pa. kammāra -- m. ʻ worker in metal ʼ; Pk. kammāra -- , °aya -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, A. kamār, B. kāmār; Or. kamāra ʻ blacksmith, caste of non -- Aryans, caste of fishermen ʼ; Mth. kamār ʻ blacksmith ʼ, Si. kam̆burā.*karmāraśālā -- .Addenda: karmāˊra -- : Md. kan̆buru ʻ blacksmith ʼ.(CDIAL 2898) కమ్మటము [ kammaṭamu ] Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste.కమ్మరము [ kammaramu ] kammaramu. [Tel.] n. Smith's work, iron work. కమ్మరవాడు, కమ్మరి or కమ్మరీడు kammara-vāḍu. n. An iron-smith or blacksmith. బైటికమ్మరవాడు an itinerant blacksmith. (Telugu) Kammāra [Vedic karmāra] a smith, a worker in metals generally D ii.126, A v.263; a silversmith Sn 962= Dh 239; J i.223; a goldsmith J iii.281; v.282. The smiths in old India do not seem to be divided into black -- , gold -- and silver -- smiths, but seem to have been able to work equally well in iron, gold, and silver, as can be seen e. g. from J iii.282 and VvA 250, where the smith is the maker of a needle. They were constituted into a guild, and some of them were well -- to -- do as appears from what is said of Cunda at D ii.126; owing to their usefulness they were held in great esteem by the people and king alike J iii.281. -- uddhana a smith's furnace, a forge J vi.218; -- kula a smithy M i.25; kūṭa a smith's hammer Vism 254; -- gaggarī a smith's bellows S i.106; J vi.165; Vism 287 (in comparison); -- putta "son of a smith," i. e. a smith by birth and trade D ii.126; A v.263; as goldsmith J vi.237, Sn 48 (Nd2 ad loc.: k˚ vuccati suvaṇṇakāro); -- bhaṇḍu (bhaṇḍ, cp. Sk. bhāṇḍika a barber) a smith with a bald head Vin i.76; -- sālā a smithy Vism 413; Mhvs 5, 31.(Pali)

<kamar>(B),<karma>(B) {N} ``^black^smith''. Fem. <kamar-boi>'. *Des. @B05220. #16371. <kamar=gana>(B) {N} ``^bellows of a ^black^smith''. *Des. |<gana> `'. @B05230. #10713.<kamar>(P) {N} ``^blacksmith''. *Sa., Mu.<kamar>, Sad.<kAmAr>, B.<kamarO>, O.<kOmarA>; cf. Ju.<kamar saRe>, ~<kOjOG>. %16041. #15931. <kamar saRe>(P) {N} ``blacksmith's shop''. |<saRe> `shop'. %16050. #15940. (Munda etyma)

Meluhha standard

http://www.rmrl.in/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/papers/11.pdf

Image result for standard device indus script

m0490At m0490Bt Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of four standards carried in a procession, comparable to Tablet m0491.

m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession, comparable to Tablet m0491. The hieroglph multiplex: sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' PLUS a standing person with upraised arm: eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast (metal)'.

m0491 This is a report on the transition from lapidary to bronze-age metalware in ancient Near East.

Two Mohenjo-daro tablets showing a procession of four standard bearers; the four standards are: lathe, one-horned young bull; scarf; spoked-circle (knave + spokes). All four are hieroglyphs read rebus related to lapidary/smith turner work on metals and minerals (copper 'eraka', brass 'ara', dhatu 'ores')
eraka 'nave of wheel' Rebus: moltencast copper
dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: mineral ore dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻa partic. soft red stoneʼ (Marathi) (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa caste of iron -- smeltersʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ)
kōnda 'young bull' Rebus: turner
sãgaḍ 'lathe' Rebus: sangara proclamation
kanga 'portable brazier' Rebus: fireplace, furnace

Read with sãghāṛɔ, sãgaḍ 'lathe' PLUS māṇi 'broad-mouthed pot (bottom register), the hieroglyph multiplex reads rebus: saṁghāṭa māna 'alloying, cementite (adamantine glue) standard' -- described by Varahamihira in archaeometallurgical tradition as vajrasaṁghāṭa. The lathe on the Indus Script Corpora of Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) civilization is used by the lapidary-smith for fitting and joining of wood and metal:

saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ]Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s° ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; Ku. sĩgāṛ m. ʻ doorframe ʼ; N. saṅār, siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ; Or. saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ; Bi. sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ; H. sĩghāṛā m. ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ; G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.Md. an̆goḷi ʻ junction ʼ?(CDIAL 12859)saṁghātá m. ʻ close union, mass ʼ TS., ʻ closing (a door) ʼ VS., ʻ dashing together ʼ MBh. [Cf. saṁhata<-> with similar range of meanings. -- ghāta -- ]Pa. saṅghāta -- m. ʻ killing, knocking together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāya -- m. ʻ closeness, collection ʼ; Or. saṅghā, saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding inside triangular thatch, crossbeam of thatched house, copulation (of animals) ʼ; -- adj. ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ < *saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā -- ?(CDIAL 12862)

सं-घात a company of fellow-travellers , caravan VP.

सं-घात (in gram.) a compound as a compact whole (opp. to its single parts) Ka1s3. on Pa1n2. 2-3 , 56; a vowel with its consonant (opp. to वर्ण , " a letter ") , Ka1ty.

सं-घात (in dram.) a partic. gait or mode of walking W.

सं-घात a [p= 1122,3] any aggregate of matter , body Bhag. Pur.; intensity R. Sus3r.; compressing , condensation , compactness , hardening Ya1jn5. Hariv. Sus3r. VarBr2S. close union or combination , collection , cluster , heap , mass , multitude TS. MBh. &c m. (rarely n. ; ifc. f(आ).) striking or dashing together , killing , crushing MBh. Sus3r. combat , war , battle VS. Ka1t2h. MBh. N. of a division of the infernal regions

संहति [p= 1122,3] (cf. संहात) Ya1jn5. Buddh. f. striking together , closure Ka1v. S3a1rn3gS.compactness , solidity MBh. VarBr2S.thickening , swelling S3a1rn3gS.keeping together , saving , economy Ka1v.firm union or alliance , junction , joint effort , close contact or connection with (instr.) Ka1v. Pur. Ra1jat.a compact mass , bulk , heap , collection , multitude Ka1v. Katha1s. and C. सं-हत [p= 1122,3] mfn. struck together , closely joined or united with (instr.) , keeping together , contiguous , coherent , combined , compacted , forming one mass or body A1s3vS3r. Mn. MBh. &c accompanied or attended by (instr.) Mn. vii , 165become solid , compact , firm , hard MBh. Ka1v. &cstrong-limbed , athletic MBh.strong , intensive VarBr2S. (prob.) complex , composite , compound (said of a partic. tone and odour) MBh.n. a partic. position in dancing , Sam2gi1t.

The samAsa used by Varahamihira is vajrasanghAta, an adamantine glue. In archaeometallurgical terms, this is defined as a mixture consisting of eight parts of lead, two of bell-metal and one of iron dust.Varahamihira explains the phrase Vajra sanghAta as: 'adamantine glue' in archaeometallurgical terms which is consistent with the rendering of semantics of Bhāratam Janam as 'metalcaster folk' in Rigveda.

When Gotama the Buddha spoke of the SanghAta Sutra, he was indeed referring to the standard device of lahe PLUS portable furnace, a frequent hieroglyphic multiplex on Indus Script Corpora: sangaDa.This is the same sanghAta mentioned by Varahamihira as an adamantine glue, describing th metallic form as vajra sanghAta, 'adamantine glue' -- a recognition in archaeometallurgy of nanotubes which constitute cementite bonding carbides to iron to create steel in a crucible. Now that it is evident that iron forging is dated to the 3rd millennium BCE, the use of hardened or carbide ferrous metal weapons cannot be ruled out. The ancient word which denoted such a metallic weapon is vajra in Rigveda, specifically described as Ayasam vajram, metallic weapon or metallic thunderbolt.

I suggest that the association of the gloss vajra with lightning becomes a metaphor to further define vajrasangAta 'adamantine glue' which creates a steel metallic form with nanotubes or cementite.

சங்குவடம் caṅkuvaṭam , n. < Port. jan- gada. [M. caṅṅāṭam.] Ferry-boat; தோணி வகை. Loc.

Marathi: सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.

సంకరము (p. 1269) saṅkaramu sankaramu [Skt.] n. Mixing, blending. సంకలనము (p. 1269) saṅkalanamu san-kalanamu. [Skt.] n. Addition in Arithmetic, సంఖ్యలనుకూర్చుట. సంకలితము ṣankalitamu. adj. That which is added. Added together, as a figure, కూర్పబడిన (సంఖ్య.)

सांगडणी [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of सांगडणें) Linking or joining

together.

सांगडणें [ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals). 2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto.

Dwaraka 1, h594. Harappa seal., m1171, m1175 sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together (Marathi)(CDIAL 12859). sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ (M.)(CDIAL 12859) سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments.(Pashto) sā̃gāḍo, sãgaḍa(lathe/portable furnace) సంగడి sangaḍi. n. A couple, pair (Telugu) Rebus: 1. sãngatarāsu ‘stone-cutter, stone-carver’. संगतराश lit. ‘to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason.’ (Hindi) sanghāḍo (G.) cutting stone, gilding (Gujarati) 2. sangara [fr. saŋ+gṛ] promise, agreement J iv.105, 111, 473; v.25, 479 (Pali) 3. jangaḍ id. (Hindi. Gujarati.Marathi)

Sangar 'fortification', Afghanistan (evoking the citadels and fortifications at hundreds of archaeological sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization).

saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ (Prakrit)(CDIAL 12859) సంగడి sangaḍi. n. A couple, pair (Telugu) cf. Pairing of two hieroglyphs into a composite ‘standard device’ (as shown in the diagram below).with two distinct components: lathe (gimlet) and (portable) furnace both denoted by lexeme:sangaḍ The word is read rebus for jangaḍ ‘good entrusted on approval basis’.

सांगडी [ sāṅgaḍī ] f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c.

sãgaḍ ʻfloat made of two canoes joined togetherʼ (Marathi) (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tamil. śaṅgaḍam, Tulu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ) Si. san̆gaḷa ʻpairʼ, han̆guḷa, ang° ʻdouble canoe, raftʼ (CDIAL 12859). saṅghātanika -- in cmpd. ʻbinding togetherʼ (Pali)(CDIAL 12863).

సంగడి A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side (Telugu)சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam, n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.) cf. Orthographic technic on ancient Near East artifacts such as seals: Paired hieroglyphs, example: of two bulls, two buffaloes, two tigers, two antelopes.

Ancient Near East jangaḍ accounting for mercantile transactions

Jangaḍ or Entrust Receipt is denoted by the 'standard device' hieroglyph read: sangaḍ 'lathe/gimlet, portable furnace'. Note: The meaning of ‘Jangaḍ’ is well-settled in Indian legal system. Jangaḍ means "Goods sent on approval or 'on sale or return'… It is well-known that the Jangaḍ transactions in this country are very common and often involve property of a considerable value." Bombay High Court Emperor vs Phirozshah Manekji Gandhi on 13 June, 1934 Equivalent citations: (1934) 36 BOMLR 731, 152 Ind Cas 706 Source: http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/39008/

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2012/04/heifer-lathe-hieroglyphs-on-indus-seals.html Young bull + lathe hieroglyphs on Indus seals

The terms jangad and karanika are represented as the most frequently used hieroglyphs on Indus writing. The hieroglyphs are: sangaḍa 'lathe, portable furnace' and kanka 'rim of jar' represented by the following glyphs: sangaḍa appears on the round as a ivory object together with other examples of specific glyphic features deployed on objects inscribed with Indus writing. kanka 'rim of jar' is shown on a circular Daimabad seal. The mercantile agents who were jangadiyo had received goods on jangad 'entrusted for approval'.

There are many examples, in Indus Script Corpora, of the depiction of 'human face' ligatured to an animal hieroglyph multiplex:

A common ligaturing element is a human face which is a hieroglyph read rebus in mleccha (meluhha): mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) ; rebus:mũh metal ingot (Santali).

m0301 Mohenjodaro seal Hieroglyph components: Human face, horns of zebu, trunk of elephant, scarves on neck, body of bovid, back of tiger, serpent (tail)

m1179. Mohenjo-daro seal.

Human face, horns of a markhor, or ram (with goatee), scarves on neck, bovid, tail with three forks, body of bovid

m1177 Mohenjo-daro seal.

Human face, horns of a zebu, trunk of elephant, hand of a person seated in penance, scarves on neck, tail as serpent, body of bovid, hind-part of tiger.

This image is also interpreted in corpora (e.g. Mahadevan's Corpus of Indus script) describing a simpler model of hypertext that the hieroglyph multiplex has: body of a ram, horns of a bison, trunk of elephant, hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail.

An interpretation by John C. Huntington presents a re-configured composite animal (bovid) on seal m0299:

m0299. Mohenjo-daro seal.

Human face, horns of a zebu, trunk of elephant, scarves on neck, body of bovid

http://huntington.wmc.ohio-state.edu/public/index.cfm

On m0300 seal, Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale, identify a number of hieroglyph components: serpent (tail), scorpion, tiger, one-horned young bull, markhor, elephant, zebu, standing man (human face), man seated in penance (yogi).

The yogi seated in penance and other hieroglyphs are read rebus in archaeometallurgical terms: kamaDha 'penance' (Prakritam) rebus: kampaTTa 'mint'. Hieroglyph: kola 'tiger', xolA 'tail' rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kolhe 'smelter'; kole.l 'smithy'; kolimi 'smithy, forge'. खोड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf (Marathi) rebus: khond 'turner'. dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'minerals'. bichi 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'sandstone mineral ore'.miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Munda) kara 'elephant's trunk' Rebus: khar 'blacksmith'; ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron'. Together: karaiba 'maker, builder'.

Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale identify a standing man. Two orthographic interpretations are possible for the hieroglyph component of 'human face' joined together with animal hieroglyphs: 1. as human; 2. as human face.

As human

meD 'body' rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)

It is notable that the prefix kol- described many ancient people of Bharatam: Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha and listed with Gond, Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur: Koliabhuta, Koliabhuti are listed as Bharatam Janam in scheduled tribe enumerations: http://bakulaji.typepad.com/blog/racial-integration/ The kole language is also called Ho, an Austro-asiatic family of languages. kōla1 m. ʻ name of a degraded tribe ʼ Hariv. Pk. kōla -- m.; B. kol ʻ name of a Muṇḍā tribe (CDIAL 3532) kaula ʻ relating to a family ʼ R., ʻ of noble family ʼ lex. [kúla -- ]

OSi. -- kol ʻ sprung from a noble family ʼ?(CDIAL 3565) kōlika m. ʻ weaver ʼ Yaśast., kaulika -- Pañcat. [EWA i 273 ← *kōḍika -- (in Tam. kōṭikar ʻ weaver ʼ) ~ Mu. word for ʻ spider ʼ in Pk. mak -- kōḍā -- s.v. markaṭa -- ] Pk. kōlia -- m. ʻ weaver, spider ʼ; S. korī m. ʻ weaver ʼ, koriaṛo m. ʻ spider ʼ; Ku. koli ʻ weaver ʼ, Or. (Sambhalpur) kuli, H. kolī, kolhī m. ʻ Hindu weaver ʼ; G. koḷī m. ʻ a partic. Śūdra caste ʼ; M. koḷī m. ʻ a caste of watercarriers, a sort of spider ʼ; -G. karoḷiyɔ, karāliyɔ m. ʻ spider ʼ is in form the same as karoḷiyɔ ʻ potter ʼ < kaulālá -- . WPah.kṭg. koḷi m. ʻ low -- caste man ʼ, koḷəṇ, kc. koḷiṇ f. ʻ his wife ʼ (→ Eng. cooly HJ 249).(CDIAL 3535) Thus, the hieroglyh of 'man' may be a synonym of kola 'tiger' with related rebus renderings related to metalwork.

As human face

Hieroglyph: 'human face': mũhe ‘face’ (Santali)

Rebus: mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali) kaula mengro ‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) The Samskritam gloss mleccha-mukha should literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss, mũh, as a suffix.

m0300. Mohenjo-daro seal.

Above: Harappan chimaera and its hypertextual components.

Harappan chimera and its hypertextual components. The 'expression' summarizes the syntax of Harappan chimeras within round brackets, creatures with body parts used in their correct anatomic position (tiger, unicorn, markhor goat, elephant, zebu, and human); within square brackets, creatures with body parts used to symbolize other anatomic elements (cobra snake for tail and human arm for elephant proboscis); the elephant icon as exonent out of the square brackets symbolizes the overall elephantine contour of the chimeras; out of brackes, scorpion indicates the animal automatically perceived joining the lineate horns, the human face, and the arm-like trunk of Harappan chimeras. (After Fig. 6 in: Harappan chimaeras as 'symbolic hypertexts'. Some thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization (Dennys Frenez & Massimo Vidale, 2012) A paper by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale on composite Indus creatures and their meaning: Harappa Chimaeras as 'Symbolic Hypertexts'. Some Thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization at http://a.harappa.com/content/harappan-chimaeras

Mirror: https://www.scribd.com/doc/270086643/Harappan-chimaeras-as-symbolic-hypertexts-Some-thoughts-on-Plato-Chimaera-and-the-Indus-Civilization-Dennys-Frenez-Massimo-Vidale-2012

Ligatured faces: some close-up images.

Hieroglyph: 'human face': mũhe ‘face’ (Santali)

Rebus: mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄= the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali) kaula mengro‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) The Samskritam gloss mleccha-mukha should literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss, mũh, as a suffix.

A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade caravans. This is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme: auṣṭrika 'belonging to a camel'. The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata: औष्ट्रिक a. Coming from a camel (as milk); Mb.8. 44.28; -कः An oil-miller; मानुषाणां मलं म्लेच्छा म्लेच्छाना- मौष्ट्रिका मलम् । औष्ट्रिकाणां मलं षण्ढाः षण्ढानां राजयाजकाः ॥ Mb.8.45.25. From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid disciplined life, Baudhāyana thus defines the word म्लेच्छः mlēcchḥ : -- गोमांसखादको यस्तु विरुद्धं बहु भाषते । सर्वाचारविहीनश्च म्लेच्छ इत्यभिधीयते ॥ 'A person who ears meat, deviates from traditional practices.'

The 'face' glyph is thus read rebus: mleccha mũh 'copper ingot'.

It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to cryptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-vikalpa, lit. 'an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words.'

The composite animal glyph is one example to show that rebus method has to be applied to every glyphic element in the writing system.

Explaining chimaera as expanded 'hypertext', Frenez and Vidale note: "In the course of time, more dynamic approaches stressed semantic interactions, rather than the presence of links, eventually suggesting that 'interaction with information build associations, and association builds knowledge'. The surprising notion that the same complex form of communication was invented 4500 years ago in the Bronze Age cities of the Indus valley requires a detailed analysis of each example of this animal icon, with the final goal of understanding the diachronic change of its basic model, together with its rules of composition."

Unraveling semantic interactions of the particular hieroglyph multiplex and the underlying spoken words is successful decipherment -- proving the cipher -- with only one unique -- falsifiable -- solution which represents the reality of the building of knowledge in Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization through the hieroglyph multiplexes of about 7000 inscriptions presented as Indus Script Corpora which has been substantively deciphered as catalogum catalogorum of metalwork.

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/composite-animal-meluhha-hieroglyph.html

Indus script hieroglyphs: composite animal, smithy

Composite animal on Indus script is a composite hieroglyph composed of many glyphic elements. All glyphic elements are read rebus to complete the technical details of the bill of lading of artifacts created by artisans.

Mohenjodaro seal (m0302).

The composite animal glyph is one example to show that rebus method has to be applied to every glyphic element in the writing system.

This image is also interpreted in corpora (e.g. Mahadevan's Corpus of Indus script) as: body of a ram, horns of a bison, trunk of elephant, hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail.

The glyphic elements of the composite animal shown together with the glyphs of fish, fish ligatured with lid, arrow (on Seal m0302) are:

--ram or sheep (forelegs denote a bovine)

--neck-band, ring

--bos indicus (zebu)(the high horns denote a bos indicus)

--elephant (the elephant's trunk ligatured to human face)

--tiger (hind legs denote a tiger)

--serpent (tail denotes a serpent)

--human face

All these glyphic elements are decoded rebus:

meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) rebus: meD 'iron' (Ho.Munda)
adar ḍangra, poL ‘zebu’, 'bull dedicated to the gods' rebus: aduru 'native metal'; pola 'magnetite'
ibha ‘elephant’ (Skt.); rebus: ib ‘iron’ (Ko.); karabha 'elephant' (i.e. khar PLUS ibha: khar 'blacksmith'; ib 'iron', thus reconstructed as: kariba 'iron smith')
kolo ‘jackal’ (Kon.) rebus: kole.l 'smithy'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kol 'working in iron'; kolimi 'smithy'

dhatu 'scarf' (WPah.): *dhaṭa2, dhaṭī -- f. ʻ old cloth, loincloth ʼ lex. [Drav., Kan. daṭṭi ʻ waistband ʼ etc., DED 2465]Ku. dhaṛo ʻ piece of cloth ʼ, N. dharo, B. dhaṛā; Or. dhaṛā ʻ rag, loincloth ʼ, dhaṛi ʻ rag ʼ; Mth. dhariā ʻ child's narrow loincloth ʼ. †*dhaṭṭa -- : WPah.kṭg. dhàṭṭu m. ʻ woman's headgear, kerchief ʼ, kc. dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu m. ʻ scarf ʼ, J. dhāṭ(h)u m. Him.I 105).(CDIAL 6707) Ta. taṭṭi drawers. Ka. daṭṭi waist-band, sash, zone. Tu. daṭṭi waist-band. Te. daṭṭi waist-band or girdle of cloth, sash. Kui ḍaṭa a long cloth. / ? Cf. Skt. dhaṭī- piece of cloth worn over the privities; (Vaijayantī) dhaṭinī- string round the loins; Mar. dhaḍī dhotee (DEDR 3038)

Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) هژدات haj̱ẕ-dāt, s.m. (6th) (corrup. of S اژدهات) The name of a mixed metal, bell-metal, brass. Sing. and Pl. د هژداتو غر da haj̱ẕ-dāto g̠ẖar, A mountain of brass, a brazen mountain.

karabhá m. ʻ camel ʼ MBh., ʻ young camel ʼ Pañcat., ʻ young elephant ʼ BhP. 2. kalabhá -- ʻ young elephant or camel ʼ Pañcat. [Poss. a non -- aryan kar -- ʻ elephant ʼ also in karḗṇu -- , karin -- EWA i 165]1. Pk. karabha -- m., °bhī -- f., karaha -- m. ʻ camel ʼ, S. karahu, °ho m., P. H. karhā m., Marw. karhau JRAS 1937, 116, OG. karahu m., OM. karahā m.; Si.karaba ʻ young elephant or camel ʼ.2. Pa. kalabha -- m. ʻ young elephant ʼ, Pk. kalabha -- m., °bhiā -- f., kalaha -- m.; Ku. kalṛo ʻ young calf ʼ; Or. kālhuṛi ʻ young bullock, heifer ʼ; Si. kalam̆bayā ʻ young elephant ʼ.OMarw. karaha ʻ camel ʼ.(CDIAL 2797)

moṇḍ the tail of a serpent (Santali) Rebus: Md. moḍenī ʻ massages, mixes ʼ. Kal.rumb. moṇḍ -- ʻ to thresh ʼ, urt. maṇḍ -- ʻ to soften ʼ (CDIAL 9890) Thus, the ligature of the serpent as a tail of the composite animal glyph is decoded as: polished metal (artifact).

mũhe ‘face’ (Santali); mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali)

கோடு kōṭu : •நடுநிலை நீங்குகை. கோடிறீக் கூற் றம் (நாலடி, 5). 3. [K. kōḍu.] Tusk; யானை பன்றிகளின் தந்தம். மத்த யானையின் கோடும் (தேவா. 39, 1). 4. Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21).

Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn, tusk, branch of tree, cluster, bunch, coil of hair, line, diagram, bank of stream or pool; kuvaṭu branch of a tree; kōṭṭāṉ, kōṭṭuvāṉ rock horned-owl (cf. 1657 Ta. kuṭiñai). Ko. kṛ (obl. kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. To. kwṛ (obl. kwṭ-) horn, branch, path across stream in thicket. Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr̤ horn. Tu. kōḍů, kōḍu horn. Te. kōḍu rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (DEDR 2200)

meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)
khāḍ ‘trench, firepit’
aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.) ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.)
kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.)
mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali)
koḍ = the place where artisans work (G.)

Orthographically, the glytic compositions add on the characteristic short tail as a hieroglyph (on both ligatured signs and on pictorial motifs)

xolā = tail (Kur.); qoli id. (Malt.)(DEDr 2135). Rebus: kol ‘pañcalōha’ (Ta.)கொல் kol, n. 1. Iron; இரும்பு. மின் வெள்ளி பொன் கொல்லெனச் சொல்லும் (தக்கயாகப். 550). 2. Metal; உலோகம். (நாமதீப. 318.) கொல்லன் kollaṉ, n. < T. golla. Custodian of treasure; கஜானாக்காரன். (P. T. L.) கொல்லிச்சி kollicci, n. Fem. of கொல்லன். Woman of the blacksmith caste; கொல்லச் சாதிப் பெண். (யாழ். அக.) The gloss kollicci is notable. It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith. kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.); Koḍ. kollë blacksmith (DEDR 2133). Vikalpa: dumbaदुम्ब or (El.) duma दुम । पशुपुच्छः m. the tail of an animal. (Kashmiri) Rebus: ḍōmba ?Gypsy (CDIAL 5570).

m1180 Mohenjo-daro seal. Human-faced markhor.

m0301 Mohenjo-daro seal.

m0303 Mohenjo-daro seal.

h594. Harappa seal. Composite animal (with elephant trunk and rings (scarves) on shoulder visible).koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck (G.) Vikalpa: kaḍum ‘neck-band, ring’; rebus: khāḍ ‘trench, firepit’ (G.) Vikalpa: khaḍḍā f. hole, mine, cave (CDIAL 3790). kanduka, kandaka ditch, trench (Tu.); kandakamu id. (Te.); kanda trench made as a fireplace during weddings (Konda); kanda small trench for fireplace (Kui); kandri a pit (Malt)(DEDR 1214) khaḍḍa— ‘hole, pit’. [Cf. *gaḍḍa— and list s.v. kartá—1] Pk. khaḍḍā— f. ‘hole, mine, cave’, ḍaga— m. ‘one who digs a hole’, ḍōlaya— m. ‘hole’; Bshk. (Biddulph) "kād" (= khaḍ?) ‘valley’; K. khŏḍ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ḍü f. ‘small pit’, khoḍu m. ‘vulva’; S. khaḍ̱a f. ‘pit’; L. khaḍḍ f. ‘pit, cavern, ravine’; P. khaḍḍ f. ‘pit, ravine’, ḍī f. ‘hole for a weaver's feet’ (→ Ku. khaḍḍ, N. khaḍ; H. khaḍ, khaḍḍā m. ‘pit, low ground, notch’; Or. khãḍi ‘edge of a deep pit’; M. khaḍḍā m. ‘rough hole, pit’); WPah. khaś. khaḍḍā ‘stream’; N. khāṛo ‘pit, bog’, khāṛi ‘creek’, khāṛal ‘hole (in ground or stone)’. — Altern. < *khāḍa—: Gy. gr. xar f. ‘hole’; Ku. khāṛ ‘pit’; B. khāṛī ‘creek, inlet’, khāṛal ‘pit, ditch’; H. khāṛī f. ‘creek, inlet’, khaṛ—har, al m. ‘hole’; Marw. khāṛo m. ‘hole’; M. khāḍ f. ‘hole, creek’, ḍā m. ‘hole’, ḍī f. ‘creek, inlet’. 3863 khā́tra— n. ‘hole’ HPariś., ‘pond, spade’ Uṇ. [√khan] Pk. khatta— n. ‘hole, manure’, aya— m. ‘one who digs in a field’; S. khāṭru m. ‘mine made by burglars’, ṭro m. ‘fissure, pit, gutter made by rain’; P. khāt m. ‘pit, manure’, khāttā m. ‘grain pit’, ludh. khattā m. (→ H. khattā m., khatiyā f.); N. khāt ‘heap (of stones, wood or corn)’; B. khāt, khātṛū ‘pit, pond’; Or. khāta ‘pit’, tā ‘artificial pond’; Bi. khātā ‘hole, gutter, grain pit, notch (on beam and yoke of plough)’, khattā ‘grain pit, boundary ditch’; Mth. khātā, khattā ‘hole, ditch’; H. khāt m. ‘ditch, well’, f. ‘manure’, khātā m. ‘grain pit’; G. khātar n. ‘housebreaking, house sweeping, manure’, khātriyũ n. ‘tool used in housebreaking’ (→ M. khātar f. ‘hole in a wall’, khātrā m. ‘hole, manure’, khātryā m. ‘housebreaker’); M. khā̆t n.m. ‘manure’ (deriv. khatāviṇẽ ‘to manure’, khāterẽ n. ‘muck pit’). — Un- expl. ṭ in L. khāṭvā̃ m. ‘excavated pond’, khāṭī f. ‘digging to clear or excavate a canal’ (~ S. khātī f. ‘id.’, but khāṭyāro m. ‘one employed to measure canal work’) and khaṭṭaṇ ‘to dig’. (CDIAL 3790) •gaḍa— 1 m. ‘ditch’ lex. [Cf. *gaḍḍa—1 and list s.v. kartá—1] Pk. gaḍa— n. ‘hole’; Paš. gaṛu ‘dike’; Kho. (Lor.) gōḷ ‘hole, small dry ravine’; A. garā ‘high bank’; B. gaṛ ‘ditch, hole in a husking machine’; Or. gaṛa ‘ditch, moat’; M. gaḷ f. ‘hole in the game of marbles’. 3981 *gaḍḍa— 1 ‘hole, pit’. [G. < *garda—? — Cf. *gaḍḍ—1 and list s.v. kartá—1] Pk. gaḍḍa— m. ‘hole’; WPah. bhal. cur. gaḍḍ f., paṅ. gaḍḍṛī, pāḍ. gaḍōṛ ‘river, stream’; N. gaṛ—tir ‘bank of a river’; A. gārā ‘deep hole’; B. gāṛ, ṛā ‘hollow, pit’; Or. gāṛa ‘hole, cave’, gāṛiā ‘pond’; Mth. gāṛi ‘piercing’; H. gāṛā m. ‘hole’; G. garāḍ, ḍɔ m. ‘pit, ditch’ (< *graḍḍa— < *garda—?); Si. gaḍaya ‘ditch’. — Cf. S. giḍ̱i f. ‘hole in the ground for fire during Muharram’. — X khānī̆—: K. gān m. ‘underground room’; S. (LM 323) gāṇ f. ‘mine, hole for keeping water’; L. gāṇ m. ‘small embanked field within a field to keep water in’; G. gāṇ f. ‘mine, cellar’; M. gāṇ f. ‘cavity containing water on a raised piece of land’ WPah.kṭg. gāṛ ‘hole (e.g. after a knot in wood)’. (CDIAL 3947) 3860 *khāḍa— ‘a hollow’. [Cf. *khaḍḍa— and list s.v. kartá—1] S. khāṛī f. ‘gulf, creek’; P. khāṛ ‘level country at the foot of a mountain’, ṛī f. ‘deep watercourse, creek’; Bi. khārī ‘creek, inlet’; G. khāṛi , ṛī f., ṛɔ m. ‘hole’. — Altern. < *khaḍḍa—: Gy. gr. xar f. ‘hole’; Ku. khāṛ ‘pit’; B. khāṛī ‘creek, inlet’, khāṛal ‘pit, ditch’; H. khāṛī ‘creek, inlet’, khaṛ—har, al m. ‘hole’; Marw. khāṛo m. ‘hole’; M. khāḍ f. ‘hole, creek’, ḍā m. ‘hole’, ḍī f. ‘creek, inlet’. The neck-bands hung above the shoulder of the composite animal may thus read rebus: trench or fire-pit (i.e. furnace) for the minerals/metals described by the glyphic elements connoting animals: elephant, ram (or zebu, bos indicus).

m1175 Composite animal with a two-glyph inscription (water-carrier, rebus: kuti 'furnace'; road, bata; rebus: bata 'furnace'). m1186A Composite animal hieroglyph. Text of inscription (3 lines). m1186 (DK6847) [Pleiades, scarfed, framework, ficus religiosa , scarfed person, worshipper, twigs (on head), horn, markhor, human face ligatured to markhor, stool, ladle, frame of a building]

paṭa ‘hood of snake’. Rebus: padm ‘tempered, sharpness (metal)’. nāga 'serpent' Rebus: nāga 'lead (alloy)'

mũh 'face' Rebus: mũhe 'ingot'. khū̃ṭ ‘zebu’.khū̃ṭ ‘community, guild’ (Munda)

ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron'. Ibbo ‘merchant’ (Gujarati).

ḍhangar ‘bull’ Rebus: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) ḍangar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi)

kol ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’.

dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral (ore)’

Rebus reading of the ‘face’ glyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.) kaula mengro ‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) The Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha should literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss, mũh, as a suffix

The animal is a quadruped: pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.) Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali) Allograph: panǰā́r ‘ladder, stairs’(Bshk.)(CDIAL 7760) Thus the composite animal connotes a smithy. Details of the smithy are described orthographically by the glyphic elements of the composition.

The glyphic of the hieroglyph: tail (serpent), face (human), horns (bos indicus, zebu or ram), trunk (elephant), front paw (tiger),

moṇḍ the tail of a serpent (Santali) Rebus: Md. moḍenī ʻ massages, mixes ʼ. Kal.rumb. moṇḍ -- ʻ to thresh ʼ, urt. maṇḍ -- ʻ to soften ʼ (CDIAL 9890) Thus, the ligature of the serpent as a tail of the composite animal glyph is decoded as: polished metal (artifact). Vikalpa: xolā = tail (Kur.); qoli id. (Malt.)(DEDr 2135). Rebus: kol ‘pañcalōha’ (Ta.)கொல் kol, n. 1. Iron; இரும்பு. மின் வெள்ளி பொன் கொல்லெனச் சொல்லும் (தக்கயாகப். 550). 2. Metal; உலோகம். (நாமதீப. 318.) கொல்லன் kollaṉ, n. < T. golla. Custodian of treasure; கஜானாக்காரன். (P. T. L.) கொல்லிச்சி kollicci, n. Fem. of கொல்லன். Woman of the blacksmith caste; கொல்லச் சாதிப் பெண். (யாழ். அக.) The gloss kollicci is notable. It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith. kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.); Koḍ. kollë blacksmith (DEDR 2133). Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith; (Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.) kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133) கொல்² kol Working in iron; கொற்றொழில். Blacksmith; கொல்லன். (Tamil) mũhe ‘face’ (Santali); Rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali);mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) கோடு kōṭu : •நடுநிலை நீங்குகை. கோடிறீக் கூற் றம் (நாலடி, 5). 3. [K. kōḍu.] Tusk; யானை பன்றிகளின் தந்தம். மத்த யானையின் கோடும் (தேவா. 39, 1). 4. Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21). Ko. kṛ (obl. kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. To. kwṛ (obl. kwṭ-) horn, branch, path across stream in thicket. Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr̤ horn. Tu. kōḍů, kōḍu horn. Te. kōḍu rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (DEDR 2200)Rebus: koḍ = the place where artisans work (G.) kul 'tiger' (Santali); kōlu id. (Te.) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.)Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H.kolhā, °lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m. krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. Pāṇ. [√kruś] Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka -- and kotthu -- , °uka -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615). कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pañcaloha’ (Ta.) Allograph: kōla = woman (Nahali) [The ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinant; the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] karba 'iron' (Ka.)(DEDR 1278) as in ajirda karba 'iron' (Ka.) kari, karu 'black' (Ma.)(DEDR 1278) karbura 'gold' (Ka.) karbon 'black gold, iron' (Ka.) kabbiṇa 'iron' (Ka.) karum pon 'iron' (Ta.); kabin 'iron' (Ko.)(DEDR 1278) Ib 'iron' (Santali) [cf. Toda gloss below: ib ‘needle’.] Ta. Irumpu iron, instrument, weapon. a. irumpu,irimpu iron. Ko. ibid. To. Ib needle. Koḍ. Irïmbï iron. Te. Inumu id. Kol. (Kin.) inum (pl. inmul)iron, sword. Kui (Friend-Pereira) rumba vaḍi ironstone (for vaḍi, see 5285). (DEDR 486) Allograph: karibha -- m. ʻ Ficus religiosa (?) [Semantics of ficus religiosa may be relatable to homonyms used to denote both the sacred tree and rebus gloss: loa, ficus (Santali); loh ‘metal’ (Skt.)]

miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ lex. [← Austro -- as. J. Przyluski BSL xxx 200: perh. Austro -- as. *mēḍra ~ bhēḍra collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m. ʻ penis ʼ BhP., ʻ ram ʼ lex. -- See also bhēḍa -- 1, mēṣá -- , ēḍa -- . -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1, bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and *bhēḍa -- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1, mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and *mēṇḍa -- 1, *mēṇḍha -- 2 (s.v. *miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣá m. ʻ ram ʼ, °ṣīˊ -- f. ʻ ewe ʼ RV. 2. mēha -- 2, miha- m. lex. [mēha -- 2 infl. by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss. mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ (~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ?]1. Pk. mēsa -- m. ʻ sheep ʼ, Ash. mišalá; Kt. məṣe/l ʻ ram ʼ; Pr. məṣé ʻ ram, oorial ʼ; Kal. meṣ, meṣalák ʻ ram ʼ, H. mes m.; -- X bhēḍra -- q.v.2. K. myã̄ -- pūtu m. ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ; WPah.bhal. me\i f. ʻ wild goat ʼ; H. meh m. ʻ ram ʼ.mēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr. [mēṣá -- , āsyà -- ](CDIAL 10334) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Mu.) Allograph: meḍ ‘body ' (Mu.)

Hieroglphs on text of inscription read rebus:

Smithy (temple), Copper (mineral) guild workshop, metal furnace (account)

Sign 216 (Mahadevan). ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) Vikalpa: erā ‘claws’; Rebus: era ‘copper’. Allograph: kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Skt.)

Sign 342. kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali): karṇaka rim of jar’(Skt.) Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Te.); gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) copper fire-altar scribe (account)(Skt.) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) Thus, the 'rim of jar' ligatured glyph is read rebus: fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account)

Sign 229. sannī, sannhī = pincers, smith’s vice (P.) śannī f. ʻ small room in a house to keep sheep in ‘ (WPah.) Bshk. šan, Phal.šān ‘roof’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12326). seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. śreṇi in meaning "guild"; Vedic= row] 1. a guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). -- 2. a division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. senā and seniya). (Pali)

'body' glyph. mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)

aya 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: aya 'iron' (G.); ayas 'metal' (Skt.)

sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.); Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali) *ஆலை³ ālai, n. < šālā.

Varint of 'room' glyph with embedded rimless pot glyph (Sign 243 - Mahadevan corpus).

'Room' glyph. Rebus: kole.l = smithy, temple in Kota village (Ko.) kolme smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.)(DEDR 2133) The ligature glyphic element within 'room' glyph (Variant Sign 243): baṭi 'broad-mouthed, rimless metal vessel'; rebus: baṭi 'smelting furnace'. Thus, the composite ligatured Sign 243 denotes: furnace smithy.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/12/indus-script-hieroglyphs-composite.html

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/composite-animal-meluhha-hieroglyph.html

The animal is a quadruped: pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.)Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali) Allograph: panǰā́r ‘ladder, stairs’(Bshk.)(CDIAL 7760) Thus the composite animal connotes a smithy. Details of the smithy are described orthographically by the glyphic elements of the composition.

The glyphic of the hieroglyph: tail (serpent), face (human), horns (bos indicus, zebu or ram), trunk (elephant), front paw (tiger),

er-agu = a bow, an obeisance; er-aguha = bowing, coming down (Ka.lex.) er-agisu = to bow, to be bent; tomake obeisance to; to crouch; to come down; to alight (Ka.lex.) cf. arghas = respectful reception of a guest (by the offering of rice, du_rva grass, flowers or often only of water)(S’Br.14)(Skt.lex.) erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.) eruvai ‘copper’ (Ta.); ere dark red (Ka.)(DEDR 446). er-r-a = red; (arka-) agasāle, agasāli, agasālavāḍu = a goldsmith (Telugu)

Harappa seal (h350B)

Harappa seal (h330)

Seal. National Museum: 135.

The rebus readings of the hieroglyphs are: mẽḍha ‘antelope’; rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) aya 'fish'; rebus: aya 'cast metal' (G.).

Some lexemes from Indian sprachbund:

जांगड [jāṅgaḍa] ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop. जांगड [ jāṅgaḍa ] f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken.

कारणी or कारणीक [kāraṇī or kāraṇīka] a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c करणी [ karaṇī ] f (करणें) Presenting (in marriages) of cloths, ornaments &c. to the bridegroom and his party. v कर. (Marathi) కరణము [karaṇamu] karaṇamu. [Skt.] n. A village clerk, a writer, an accountant. వాడు కూత కరణముగాని వ్రాతకరణముకాడు he has talents for speaking but not for writing. స్థలకరణము the registrar of a district. కరణికము or కరణీకము karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu)

கரணிகம் karaṇikam [Telugu. karaṇikamu.] Office of accountant. See கருணீகம். Loc. கருணீகம் karuṇīkam , n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of village accountant or karṇam; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. கரணன் karaṇaṉ , n. < karaṇa. Accountant; கணக்கன். கரணர்கள் வந்தனர் கழல் வணங்கினார் (கந்தபு. மார்க்கண். 210).கரணம் karaṇam, n. < karaṇa. Accountant, karnam; கணக்கன். (S.I.I. i, 65.) கரணம்பலம் karaṇampalam, n. < id. + அம் பலம். Ancient name for the office of village headman; வரிதண்டும் உத்தியோகம். Rd. கரணியமேனிக்கல் karaṇiya-mēṉi-k-kal, n. A kind of metal-ore; கரும்புள்ளிக்கல். (W.) (Tamil) ஒற்றிக்கரணம் oṟṟi-k-karaṇam n. < ஒற்றி +. See ஒற்றிச்சீட்டு. ஒற்றிச்சீட்டு oṟṟi-c-cīṭṭu , n. < ஒற்றி +. Usufructuary mortgage deed; ஒற்றிப்பத்திரம். கரணகளேபரம் karaṇa-kaḷēparam, n. < karaṇa கரணத்தான் karaṇattāṉ , n. < id. Accountant; கணக்கன். இந்நகரக்கரணத்தான் (S.I.I. iii, 23). கரணத்தியலவர் karaṇattiyalavar, n. < id. + இயலவர். Account officers working under a king, one of eṇperu-n-tuṇaivar, q.v.; அரசர்க்குரிய எண்பெருந்துணைவருள் ஒருவராகிய கணக்கர். (திவா.)

It is significant that the word கரணம் is used. This word in old Tamil denotes the work of karaṇikaṉ ‘village accountant’.

For describing goods transacted under jangaḍ accounting, it was enough to detail the technical specifications of the goods. The quantities involved, the prices to be settled at the time of final sale and final settlement between the consignor and the consignee are subject to separate, later day transactions AFTER the final delivery on the entrustment note -- jangaḍ -- takes place to the final purchaser or owner of the goods.

The foundatio of jangaḍ accounting is trust in mercantile transactions and an honour system for processing the transactions between the producer and the final consumer.

The ancient, traditional mercantile transactions using jangaḍ accounting was adjudicated in Bombay High Court in 1938 where violations of the founding principles of jangaḍ were the principal causes for the litigation. A write-up on the case is appended. The judgement of Kania, J. notes the quote of an earlier judge in another case: "Assuming that jangad in Gujerati ordinarily means 'approval' there is no reason to assume that the goods entrusted jangad are goods to be sold on approval, rather than goods to be shown for approval." -- Madgavkar J. But, jangad also meant 'sale or return' in addition to the dictionary meaning 'approval'. The Judge adjudicated on the issues of 'good faith' involving diamonds/pearls adjudicating that the relation of a dealer and a broker or mercantie agent is that of a principal and agent and not of a seller and a buyer. The obiter dicta was: "If the person who takes [the property] on jangad, sells the property at a price in excess of that which he has agreed to pay to the seller, he keeps the difference and he does not have to account to the seller as an agent. On the other hand, if the purchaser from him does not pay, he is still liable to pay on his own contract with his seller."

The point made in this note is that jangaḍ accounting transactions for high-value goods like diamonds/pearls/metalsware were in vogue as evidenced on Indus writing and the tradition continued into historical times and are in vogue even today in a remarkable civilizational continuum.

A remarkable contract is recorded in Mesopotamian archives, attesting to the good-faith doctrine in financial or property transactions:

Contract for the Sale of Real Estate, Sumer, c. 2000 B.C.

This is a transaction from the last days of Sumerian history. It exhibits a form of transfer and title which has a flavor of modern business method about it.

Sini-Ishtar, the son of Ilu-eribu, and Apil-Ili, his brother, have bought one third Shar of land with a house constructed, next the house of Sini-Ishtar, and next the house of Minani; one third Shar of arable land next the house of Sini-Ishtar, which fronts on the street; the property of Minani, the son of Migrat-Sin, from Minani, the son of Migrat-Sin. They have paid four and a half shekels of silver, the price agreed. Never shall further claim be made, on account of the house of Minani. By their king they swore. (The names of fourteen witnesses and a scribe then follow.) Month Tebet, year of the great wall of Karra-Shamash. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/mesopotamia-contracts.asp

See: http://www.scribd.com/doc/88974889/Indus-script-corpora-and-business-transactions-of-jangad-%E2%80%98entrustment-note%E2%80%99-S-Kalyanaraman-2012

Indus script corpora and business transactions of jangad, ‘entrustment note’ (S. Kalyanaraman, 2012) by Srini Kalyanaraman

Sanghata Sutra (Ārya Sanghāta Sūtra; Devanagari, आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र) is a Mahāyāna Buddhist scripture widely circulated in northwest India and Central Asia. Manuscripts of the Sanghāta have been recovered in Gilgit (in 1931 and 1938), Khotan, Dunhuang, and other sites in Central Asia along the silk route. Translations appear in Khotanese, Sogdian, Chinese, Tibetan and English. "In standard Sanskrit, sanghāta is a term meaning the ‘fitting and joining of timbers’ or ‘the work done by a carpenter in joining two pieces of wood,’ and can refer to carpentry in general. It has a specialized use in a few Buddhist Sanskrit texts, where it means ‘vessel’ or ‘jar,’ and this image of ‘something that contains’ is evoked several times within the sutra, when Buddha calls the Sanghāta a ‘treasury of Dharma.’

Whether we take sanghāta as having the sense of joining or connecting that it has in standard Sanskrit, or the sense of holding or containing that it can have in Buddhist Sanskrit, the question remains as to just what is connected or held. One possible interpretation is that what is connected are sentient beings, and they are joined or connected by the Sanghāta to enlightenment. This suggestion—that what the Sanghāta joins is sentient beings to enlightenment—was offered by Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche during an oral transmission of the text in 2003. In this, we find an idea that we readers and reciters are the material that the Sanghāta is working on, as it shapes us, and connects us to our enlightenment in such a way that we will never turn back. This, indeed, is what Sarvashura initially requests the Buddha to give: a teaching that can ensure that the young ones are never disconnected from their path to enlightenment." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghata_Sutra

Rebus reading is: dhatu kõdā sã̄gāḍī eraka āra ‘mineral, turner, stone-smithy guild, copper, brass’ PLUS khambh 'shoulder' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Standard device: (Top part: lathe-gimlet; Bottom part: portable furnace sã̄gāḍ Rebus: stone-cutter sangatarāśū ). sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone, gilding (Gujarati); sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati)

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithy/forge. A sangatarāśū ‘stone-cutter’ or lapidary of neolithic/chalolithic age had graduated into a metal turner’s workshop (koḍ), working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of the bronze age.

Three professions are described by the three hieroglyphs: scarf, young bull, standard device dhatu kõdāsã̄gāḍī Rebus words denote: ‘ mineral worker; metals turner-joiner (forge); worker on a lathe’ – associates (guild).

Reconstruction of a drill based on analogical comparisons with the drills used nowadays at Nagara, Gujarat, India: Upper pivot in copper is centered with the drill-head and inserted into a coconut shell. Wooden haft is used with a bow-string to churn. The phtanite drill-head is secured in the haft-hole with a thin coiling thread. The tip of the drill's working end shows the characteristic feature of the shallow hemispherical depression: a 'dotted circle'. (After Vidale, M., 1987. Some aspects of lapidary craft at Moenjodaro in the light of the surface record of Moneer South east Area. In M. Jansen and G. Urban (eds.), Interim Reports, Vol. 2, 113-150. Aachen).

Piperno, Marcello, Micro-drilling at Shahr-i Sokhta; the making and use of the lithic drill-heads, in: Hammond, Norman Ed., South Asian Archaeology, 1973, Pl. 9.2 and 9.3 "granite drill heads used to perforate beads, prepare stone seals... use of the "bow drill" or the "pump drill" which revolved the point of the drill in an alternating rotary motion...the level of technical performance reached in this micro-drilling work was peculiar to a class of highly-specialized craftsmen who must have enjoyed a considerable social and economic position in the life of Shahr-i Sokhta." (p.128) [ca. 2700-2300 B.C.]

Line Drawing of the two-sided tablet with inscription (from Madhu Swarup Vats, 1940, Excavations at Harappa, Being an Account of Archaeological Excavations at Harappa carried out between the Years 1920-1921 and 1933-34 Results from early excavations at Harappa.

Inscribed Tablets. Pict-91 (Mahadevan) eraka 'upraised hand' (Tamil)Rebus: eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion, copper'.khamba 'shoulder' rebus: kammaTa 'goldsmith, mint, coiner, coinage'

Hieroglyph:er-aka 'upraised hand' (Tamil) erhali to hold out the hand;(Kui) erke, erkelů rising (Tulu)(DEDR 905) Rebus: eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion (Kannada); moltencast, cast (as metal) (Tulu)(DEDR 86) ; molten state, fusion.

1. Meluhha of Indus Script standard

A variant may be seen. 1.Finely burnished gold fillet (headband)

2. Detail of gold fillet with punctuated design of standard device
at both ends of the gold fillet. (After Fig. 7.32, Kenoyer, 1998)

Guild,caravan

Pali:Sanghaṭita [saŋ+ghaṭita, for ˚ghaṭṭita, pp. of ghaṭṭeti] 1. struck, sounded, resounding with (
-- ˚) J v.9 (v. l. ṭṭ); Miln 2. -- 2. pierced together, pegged
together, constructed Miln 161 (nāvā nānā -- dāru˚).

Marathi: सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of

two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim

or float by. 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits,

animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus

by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस

धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with,

lit. fig.

सांगडणी [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of सांगडणें) Linking or joining

together.

सांगडणें [ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals).

2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto.

सांगडबाहुली [ sāṅgaḍabāhulī ] f A puppet.

सांगडी [ sāṅgaḍī ] f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c.

san:gaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’ san:ghāḍo, saghaḍī (G.) = firepan; saghaḍī,
śaghaḍi = a pot for holding fire (G.)[cula_ sagaḍi_
portable hearth (G.)] aguḍe = brazier (Tu.)

san:gaḍa, ‘lathe, portable furnace’; rebus: battle; jangaḍ iyo
‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; san:ghāḍiyo, a
worker on a lathe (G.) The dotted circles on the bottom portion of the device
connote ghangar ghongor; rebus: kangar ‘portable furnace’.

Rebus: CDIAL 12858 saṁghara living
in the same house . [Cf. ságr̥ha<->
ĀpŚr. -- ghara -- ]Pa. saṅghara -- with one's own family (?); L. sagghrā accompanied
by one's own family ; H. sã̄ghar m. wife's son by former husband . CDIAL 12854 saṁghá m.
association, a community Mn. [√han1] Pa. saṅgha -- m.
assembly, the priesthood ; Aś. saṁgha -- m. the Buddhist
community ; Pk. saṁgha -- m. assembly, collection
; OSi. (Brāhmī inscr.) saga, Si. san̆ga ʻ crowd, collection . -- Rather < saṅga -- : S.saṅgu m. body
of pilgrims (whence sã̄go m. caravan ), L. P. saṅg m. CDIAL 12862 saṁghātá saṁghātá m. close union, mass TS.,
closing (a door) VS., dashing together MBh. [Cf. saṁhata<-> with similar range of meanings. -- ghāta
-- ]

Tamil: சங்கத்தார் caṅkattār, n. < id. 1. Members of an assembly,
academy, a society, council or committee; சபையோர். 2.
Buddhist and Jain fraternity of monks; பௌத்த சைன
சங்த்தார். (சீவக. 4, உரை; சிலப். 30,
32, அரும்.) 3. The learned body of poets in Madura, in ancient times; மதுரைச் சங்கப்புலவர். சங்கத்தா ரெல்லாம்
(திருவிளை. தருமிக்கு. 82) சங்கம்² caṅkam, n. < saṅgha. 1. Mustering, gathering; கூட்டம். சங்கமாகி வெங்கணை வீக்க மொடு (பெருங். மகத. 17, 38). 2. Society, assembly, council, senate, academy; சபை. புலம்பரிச் சங்கம்
பொருளொடு முழங்க (மணி. 7, 114). 3. Literati, poets; புலவர். (திவா.) 4. Learned assemblies or academies of ancient times patronised by Pāṇḍya kings, three in number, viz., talai-c-caṅkam, iṭai-c-caṅkam, kaṭai-c-caṅkam; பாண்டி யர் ஆதரவுபெற்று விளங்கிய தலைச்சங்கம், இடைச் சங்கம்,கடைச்சங்கம் என்ற முச்சங்கங்கள். எம்மைப் பவந்தீர்ப்பவர் சங்கமிருந்தது (பெரியபு. மூர்த்திநா. 7). 5. Fraternity of monks among Buddhists and Jains;

சங்கமர் caṅkamar , n. < சங்கமம்¹. A class of Vīrašaivas, Lingayats; ஒரு சார் வீரசைவர்.

சங்கநிதி¹ caṅka-niti, n. < id. +. One of the nine treasures of Kubēra; குபேரனது நவநிதி யுள் ஒன்று. சங்கநிதி பதுமநிதி

சங்காத்தம் caṅkāttam, n. < saṅ-gata. 1. Friendship, intimacy, familiar intercourse; இணக்கம்.பூனைக்கும்வீட்டெலிக்குஞ்சங்காத்தமுண்டோ (தனிப்பா. ii, 13, 28). 2. Residence; வாசம்.துறையூரெனுந்தலத்திற்சங்காத்தங்கொண்டிருப்பாய் (தமிழ்நா. 62). சங்காதம்caṅkātam, n. < saṅ-ghāta. 1. Assembly, multitude, company, association,
combination; கூட்டம். (சி. சி. 1, 14, சிவாக்.)

Marathi: संघात [ saṅghāta ] m S Assembly or

assemblage; multitude or heap; a collection together (of things animate or

inanimate). 2 A division of the infernal regions. संघट्टणें [ saṅghaṭṭaṇēṃ ] v i (Poetry. संघट्टन) To come into contact or

meeting; to meet or encounter. Ex. अर्ध योजन आसपास ॥ वास घ्राण देवीसीं संघटे ॥.संघट्टन [ saṅghaṭṭana ] n S संघट्टना f S corruptly संघठण, संघट्टण, संघष्टण, संघष्टन, संघृष्टन, संघट्ठणें n Close connection and

intercourse; intimate and familiar communication. Ex. तुका

म्हणे जिणें ॥ भलें संत संघट्टणें ॥. 2 Coming into contact with, encountering,

meeting. 3 Close contact;--as the intertwining of wrestlers, the clinging and

cleaving of lovers in their embraces &c. 4 Rubbing together, confrication.

Pali: Sanghara=saghara

[sa4+ghara] one's own house J v.222.

Sangharaṇa (nt.)

[=saŋharaṇa]

accumulation J iii.319

(dhana˚).Sangharati [=saŋharati] 1. to bring

together, collect, accumulate J iii.261; iv.36

(dhanaŋ), 371; v.383.

<-> 2. to crush, to pound Ji.493.

Pali: Sanghāṭa [fr. saŋ+ghaṭeti, lit. "binding together"; on etym. see Kern, Toev. ii.68]

1. a raft J ii.20, 332 (nāvā˚); iii.362

(id.), 371. Miln 376. dāru˚ (=nāvā˚) J v.194, 195. -- 2. junction, union VvA 233. -- 3. collection,

aggregate J iv.15 (upāhana˚); Th 1, 519 (papañca˚). Freq. as aṭṭhi˚ (cp.

sankhalā etc.) a string of bones, i. e. a skeleton Th 1, 570; DhA iii.112;

J v.256. -- 4. a weft, tangle, mass (almost="robe," i. e.

sanghāṭī), in taṇhā˚ -- paṭimukka M i.271; vāda˚ -- paṭimukka M i.383 (Neumann "defeat"); diṭṭhi˚ --

paṭimukka Miln 390. <-> 5. a post, in piṭṭha˚ door --

post, lintel Vin ii.120.

The standard device depicted on m0296 is comparable to the

orthography on other seals, h098 and m1408. There are many variants used to
show this sangad.a ‘lathe, portable furnace’.

On a Harappa tablet where a standing person contests with two young bulls: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS कोंद kōnda ‘young bull' Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, कोंदण kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Rebus 2: kundaṇa pure gold (Tulu) Rebus 3: kũdār, 'turner' (Bengali)

sãgaḍ ' part of a turner's apparatus.' (Gujarati) In Kashmiri, Grierson's lexicon has the following entry: sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस्), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. -- karun -- करुन् । सामग्रीसंग्रहः m.inf. to collect the ab. (L.V. 17).(Kashmiri).

śagaḍī = lathe (Gujarati) Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue (mentioned by Varāhamihira in Br̥hatsamhitā)

The dotted circles adorning the portable furnace are hypertexts: dhāī˜ (Lahnda) signifies a single strand of rope or thread. I have suggested that a dotted circle hieroglyph is a cross-section of a strand of rope: S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻsubstance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour)ʼ; dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(Marathi) தாயம் tāyam, n. < dāya Number one in the game of dice; கவறுருட்ட விழும் ஒன்று என்னும் எண். Rebus: धवड (p. 436) smelter of iron, [ dhavaḍa ] m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron (Marathi).

sangaḍa, 'lathe-brazier' on Indus Script corpora, rebus caṅkatam=saṃskṛta, dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelters' of sangara 'people of Hindoostan, Kutch'

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/jkabfq6

Indus Script Copora metalwork catalogues can be called 'Proclamations by

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelters' of sangara, 'maritime people of Hindoostan (Kutch)' in sangata language.'

Many homonyms, for e.g.: saṅgata संगत Association sã̄go ʻcaravanʼ संगर sangar 'trade, fortification', sangara 'proclamation', jaṅgala ʻdouble - canoeʼ, sã̄gāḍā m. ʻframe of a buildingʼ, sangara [fr. saŋ+gṛ] promise, agreement J iv.105, 111, 473; v.25, 479 (Pali) 3. jangaḍ id. (Hindi. Gujarati.Marathi) can be related and read rebus for the hieroglyph-hypertext: sãgaḍa 'lathe, brazier'.

Since sãgaḍa 'lathe, brazier' is one of the frequently signified hieroglyph-hypertext on Indus Script Corpora, two more homonyms are presented which appear to be the appropriate (as signifiers of 1. the language of a people; and 2. the self-designation of the people in the maritime region of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. The धम्म र्संज्ञा dhamma saṁjñā 'duty signifiers' of these people by dotted circle signifies dāya 'dotted circle', dām 'rope (single strand or string?) to signify dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelter'.

The two homonyms read rebus are: 1. caṅkatam=saṃskṛta 2. sangara ‘people of Kutch,Hindoostan’, sangada ‘maritime country of India’.

Hieroglyph-hypertext: sãgaḍa 'lathe, brazier' rebus: sangata 'language',

sangada 'maritime counry of India'. Thus, the Indus Script Corpora can be proclaimed as धम्म र्संज्ञा dhamma saṁjñā 'duty signifiers' of the maritime people of Hindoostan who spoke a language called sangata < saṃskṛta.

The dotted circles shown on hypertext compositions of sãgaḍa 'lathe, brazier' are: dāya 'dotted circle', dām 'rope (single strand or string?) to signify

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'.

சங்கதம்¹ caṅkatam, n. < saṃskṛta. Sanskrit; வடமொழி. சங்கத பங்கமாப்

பாகதத்தொடிரைத் துரைத்த (தேவா. 858, 2). (University of Madras. Tamil lexicon. [Madras], University of Madras, 1924-1936.) saṅgatiḥ संगतिः f. Visiting, frequenting. knowledge. Questioning for further knowledge (Apte) సంగతి san-gati. n. A circumstance, matter, case, subject, affair, business, event, occurrence: the contents of a writing. Association, junction, union, company, society. Fitness, decorum, propriety. కార్యము, వ్యవహారము. పని, విషయము, సహవాసము, సాంగత్యము, యుక్తము, యోగ్యము, సంపర్కము. అతడు చెప్పిన సంగతి ఏమంటే he stated as follows. ఈ సంగతి నాకు తెలిసి on knowing this. ఆ సంగతి నేను వినలేదు I did not hear of it. అతడు బ్రతికియుండే సంగతి చనిపోయిన సంగతి తెలియలేదు I do not know whether he is alive or dead. సంగతిని or సంగతిగా san-gati-ni. adv. Properly, fitly. యుక్తముగా, తగినట్టుగా. "పట్టు వస్త్రములు భూషణముల్ గల చందనంబులున్, సంగతిగట్టియుందొడిగి సయ్యనజూచె."ప్రసన్న రాఘవశతకము. సంగతించు san-gatinṭsu. v. n. To happen, occur. సంభవించు. ప్రసక్తించు. సంగతుడు san-gatuḍu. n. (In composition,) one who is accompanied by, or beset by. కూడుకొన్నవాడు. "అపరాహ్ణసంగతుండగుత పనుంగని ప్రొద్దుగ్రుంక దడవేగుదురీరిపులన." M. VI. ii. 341 (Telugu).

45 Full leather Volumes, (comprising 39 text volumes, 5 plate volumes and atlas). 4to. (26.5 x 21 cm). 1107 Plates, and Atlas with 61 folded maps 16" by 10" in size.

Rees's 1819 CYCLOPAEDIA 39Vols. 6 Plate Vols.

Abraham Rees, ed., 1819, The Cyclopædia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, Volume 31, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown

The standard device depicted on m0296 is comparable to the

orthography on other seals, h098 and m1408. There are many variants used to
show this sangad.a ‘lathe, portable furnace’.

h098 Text 4256 Pict-122

Standard device which is normally in front of a one-horned bull.

m1408At

Fillet with Indus script hieroglyphs of dotted circles, lathe, brazier 1.Finely burnished gold fillet (headband) with holes at both ends to hold a cord. Each end is decorated with a punctuated design of standard device. 42 x 1.4 cm. Mohenjodaro Museum, MM 1366; Marshall 1931: 220.527. Pl. CXVIII, 14 (for punctuated design)

2. Detail of gold fillet with punctuated design of standard device
at both ends of the gold fillet. (After Fig. 7.32, Kenoyer, 1998)

Components: top register: lathe with pointed gimlet in churning motion; bottom register: portable furnace/crucible with smoke emanating from the surface PLUS flagpost

The pictorial motif shows a standing person lifting up on his shoulder a flagstaff. eraka 'raised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper'

Three lines of text of inscription shown on the line drawing are read rebus:

Line 1: ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin'

kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' karṇīka 'steersman, supercargo, scribe'

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)

Line 2: ketu 'thunderbolt' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' kuṭilika 'bent,curved' dula 'pair' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin). Thus, bronze metalcasting.

bhaṭa 'rimless pot' rebu: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS muka 'ladle' rebus; mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali)

Line 3: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS bhaṭa 'rimless pot' rebu: bhaṭa 'furnace'; thus, metalcasting furnace.

dāṭu ‘cross’ rebus: dhatu ‘red (copper) mineral ore’

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'.

Thus, the message on the two-sided tablet with the pictorial motif of a standard deice carried aloft on a flagpost signifies: metalcasters working with tin, copper and iron (ferrite) ores, smelters, furnaces producing implements.

The Utsava bēra procession including the standard device is thus a proclamation of trade of metal artifacts.

Inscribed Tablets. Pict-91 (Mahadevan) eraka 'upraised hand' (Tamil)Rebus: eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion, copper'.khamba 'shoulder' rebus: kammaTa 'goldsmith, mint, coiner, coinage'

m0490At m0490Bt Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of four standards carried in a procession, comparable to Tablet m0491.

m0491 This is a report on the transition from lapidary to bronze-age metalware in ancient Near East.

Two Mohenjo-daro tablets showing a procession of four standard bearers; the four standards are: lathe, one-horned young bull; scarf; spoked-circle (knave + spokes). All four are hieroglyphs read rebus related to lapidary/smith turner work on metals and minerals (copper 'eraka', brass 'ara', dhatu 'ores')

eraka 'nave of wheel' Rebus: moltencast copper
dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: mineral ore dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻa partic. soft red stoneʼ (Marathi) (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa caste of iron -- smeltersʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ)
kōnda 'young bull' Rebus: turner
sãgaḍ 'lathe' Rebus: sangara proclamation
kanga 'portable brazier' Rebus: fireplace, furnace

सं-घात a company of fellow-travellers , caravan VP.

सं-घात (in gram.) a compound as a compact whole (opp. to its single parts) Ka1s3. on Pa1n2. 2-3 , 56; a vowel with its consonant (opp. to वर्ण , " a letter ") , Ka1ty.

सं-घात (in dram.) a partic. gait or mode of walking W.

Read on...https://tinyurl.com/y2akem7q

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactort,

Standard device which is normally in front of a one-horned bull. m1408At

1. A pair of tabernae montana flowers tagara 'tabernae montana' flower; rebus: tagara 'tin'

2. A pair of rams tagara 'ram'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Next to one ram: kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' Alternative: kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

3. Ficus religiosa leaves on a tree branch (5) loa 'ficus leaf'; rebus: loh 'metal'. kol in Tamil means pancaloha'alloy of five metals'. PLUS flanking pair of lotus flowers: tAmarasa 'lotus' Rebus: tAmra 'copper' dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' thus, denoting copper castings.

5. A pair of antelopes looking back: krammara 'look back'; rebus: kamar 'smith' (Santali); tagara 'antelope'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Alternative: melh, mr..eka 'goat' (Brahui. Telugu) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali), mleccha-mukha 'copper' (Samskritam)

6. A pair of antelopes mē̃ḍh 'antelope, ram'; rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.)

7. A pair of combs kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace'

8. A pair of fishes ayo 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: ayo 'metal, iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Sanskrit)

9.A pair of buffaloes tethered to a post-standard kāṛā ‘buffalo’ கண்டி kaṇṭi buffalo bull (Tamil); rebus: kaṇḍ 'stone ore'; kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.

11. The buffaloes, birds flank a post-standard with curved horns on top of a stylized 'eye' PLUS 'eyebrows' with one-horn on either side of two faces

ṭhaṭera ‘buffalo horns’. ṭhaṭerā ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi)

Thus, all the hieroglyphs on the gold disc can be read as Indus writing related to one bronze-age artifact category: metalware catalog entries.

Citation

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/jkabfq6

Indus Script Copora metalwork catalogues can be called 'Proclamations by

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelters' of sangara, 'maritime people of Hindoostan (Kutch)' in sangata language.'

The two homonyms read rebus are: 1. caṅkatam=saṃskṛta 2. sangara ‘people of Kutch,Hindoostan’, sangada ‘maritime country of India’.

Hieroglyph-hypertext: sãgaḍa 'lathe, brazier' rebus: sangata 'language',

sangada 'maritime counry of India'. Thus, the Indus Script Corpora can be proclaimed as धम्म र्संज्ञा dhamma saṁjñā 'duty signifiers' of the maritime people of Hindoostan who spoke a language called sangata < saṃskṛta.

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'.

சங்கதம்¹ caṅkatam, n. < saṃskṛta. Sanskrit; வடமொழி. சங்கத பங்கமாப்

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