https://tinyurl.com/y4soosrz

-- Archaeological evidence that Sarasvati-Sindhu maritime civilization used sewn seafaring boats of Cera boat-builders
-- सांगड 'canoe-float', paṭṭaṇa 'harbour, port', pattamar 'seafarring dhow' Sewn boats of Kerala dated to ca. 1900 BCE

A breath-taking discovery of a shipwreck at Ayn Soukhna dated to ca. 1900 BCE by a French marine archaeology team makes

1)Sarasvati-Sindhu a maritime civilization; and
2)establishes firm links with Kerala (Cera people) boat-builders who made the seafaring vessels tor maritime trade with the Arabian Gulf.
3)Sarasvati's children moved to Cera region after the submegence of Dwaraka of the civilization
4) A hypothesis is posited that the Vēḷāḷa Vēḷir were the boat-builders of the civilization, evidenced by the shipwreck of a sewn boat in Ayn Soukhna dated to ca. 1900 BCE.

Vēḷāḷa are seafaring merchants. I suggest that they are involved in boat-building as attested by the movement of people from Dwaraka to Cera region -- attested in ancient Tamil texts.

veṛhā octopus, said to be found in the Indus (Jaṭki lexicon of A. Jukes, 1900) This octopus image is typographically ligatured to the protome of a horned young bull on a copper plate Indus Script inscription. Mohenjo-daro copperr plate with protome of horned young bull ligatured to an octopus: Hypertext: kunda singi veṛhā 'horned young bull, octopus' rebus: kunda singi Vēḷa 'ornament gold maker, village headman, seafaring merchant' singi 'horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold' singi 'village headman' Vēḷa =வாணிகன் vāṇikaṉ , n. < id. cf. pāṇika. 1. Merchant, trader; வியாபாரி. அறவிலைவாணிகன் (புறநா. 134). 2. Man of the trading caste; வைசி யன்; வாணிபம் vāṇipam , n. 1. See வாணிகம், 1. (W.) 2. See வாணிகம், 2. இவளை வைத்து வைத்துக் கொண்டென்ன வாணிபம் (திவ். பெரியாழ். 3, 7, 9).

Astronomy has dated Mahabharata events with astonishing precision (Narahari Achar's work).

Dwaraka submergence is REAL and mentioned in the epic, Krishna tells yadava to move out.

Sangam text attests to 42 generations of Velir from Dwaraka.

Images of Balarama and Krishna are on ancient coins.

That the region of Sarasvati-Sindhu river basins was subject to frequent earthquakes caused by plate tectonics of the Indian plate moving northwards jutting into European plate at the pace of 6 cms. per year (lifting up the Himalayan ranges by 1 cm per year), is also attested in the Mahabharata epic which documents the enormity of the earthquakes and records the engulfing of Dwaraka by seawaves and submergence of Dwaraka.

The migration of River Yamuna carrying the waters of Glacial Sarasvati from Paonta Saheb to join the Ganga creating Triveni Sangamam and themigration of River Sutlej by a 90-degree turn at Ropar, to join the Sindhu river, cut off the glacial perennial waters to Vedic River Sarasvati. Thus, the Sarasvati River become a monsoon-based river with stretches of breaks in the navigable channel and the creation of saras, 'lakes' in the regions of Haryana and Rajasthan. The snapping of the navigability of the River Sarasvati impacted the seafaring merchants of Meluhha who had crossed the Persian Gulf beyond Dholavira-Surkotada in Rann of Kutch to conduct maritime trade. The snapping of trade connections led to migrations of people eastwards and southwards as evidenced by the settlements of Rakhigarhi (near Delhi) and Daimabad on Pravara River, a tributary of River Godavari. That the migrations occurred southwards is attested in Purananuru, a Sangam text in Tamil.

Recurrent earthquakes caused by plate tectonics are also indicated in ancient texts. For example, after Krishna’s atman departs the mortal body---

Mohenjo-daro copperr plate with protome of horned young bull ligatured to an octopus: Hypertext: kunda singi veṛhā 'horned young bull, octopus' rebus: kunda singi Vēḷa 'ornament gold maker, village headman, seafaring merchant'

The sea, the abode of monsters, engulfed the gem-filled Dwraka with waves soon after the people departed the place. Seeing this astounding incident, the citizens of Dwaraka ran away, exclaiming, ‘O, our fate’. (Ganguly, 1998).

Reference to Dwaraka as Thuvarai in an ancient Sangam text

Ayasipur is a Vedic expression. अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c अयस्मय (अयोमय) a. (-यी f.) Ved. Made of iron or of any metal. -यी N. of one of the three habita- tions of Asuras. pur पुर् f. (Nom. sing. पूः; instr. du. पूर्भ्याम्) 1 A town, fortified town; thus ayasipur refers to a fortification made of stone or metal. (पूरण्यभिव्यक्तमुखप्रसादा R.16.23)

துவரை² tuvarai, n. See துவாரகை. உவரா வீகைத் துவரை யாண்டு (புறநா. 201). துவாரகை tuvārakai, n. < dvārakā. The capital of Kṛṣṇa on the western side of Gujarat, supposed to have been submerged by the sea, one of catta-puri, q. v.; சத்தபுரியுளொன் றாயதும் கடலாற்கொள்ளப்பட்ட தென்று கருதப்படுவதும் கண்ணபிரான் அரசுபுரிந்ததுமான நகரம்.

This Vedic expression āyasipur is consistent with the description of Dwaraka in Puṟanāṉūru as a fortification with walls made of copper (metal).

இவர் யார் என்குவை ஆயின் இவரே
ஊருடன் இரவலர்க்கு அருளித் தேருடன்

முல்லைக்கு ஈத்த செல்லா நல்லிசை
படுமணி யானைப் பறம்பின் கோமான்
நெடுமாப் பாரி மகளிர் யானே
தந்தை தோழன் இவர் என் மகளிர்
அந்தணன் புலவன் கொண்டு வந்தனனே
நீயே வட பால் முனிவன் தடவினுள் தோன்றிச்
செம்பு புனைந்து இயற்றிய சேண் நெடும் புரிசை
உவரா ஈகைத் துவரை யாண்டு
நாற்பத்து ஒன்பது வழி முறை வந்த
வேளிருள் வேள விறல் போர் அண்ணல்
தார் அணி யானைச் சேட்டு இருங்கோவே
ஆண் கடன் உடைமையின் பாண் கடன் ஆற்றிய
ஒலியற் கண்ணிப் புலிகடிமாஅல்
யான் தர இவரைக் கொண்மதி வான் கவித்து
இரும் கடல் உடுத்த இவ் வையகத்து அரும் திறல்
பொன்படு மால் வரைக் கிழவ வென் வேல்
உடலுநர் உட்கும் தானைக்
கெடல்அரும் குரைய நாடு கிழவோயே !

If you ask who they are, they are his daughters,
he who granted cities to those who came in need
and earned great fame for gifting
a chariot to the jasmine vine to climb,
he who owned elephants with jingling bells,
the lord of Parampu, the great king Pāri.
They are my daughters now.
As for me, I am their father’s friend, a Brahmin,
a poet who has brought them here.

You are the best Vēlir of the Vēlir clan,
with a heritage of forty nine generations of Vēlirs
who gave without limits,
who ruled Thuvarai with its long walls that
seemed to be made of copper, the city that
appeared in the sacrificial pit of a northern sage (Yaja).
King who is victorious in battles!

Great king with garlanded elephants!
Pulikatimāl with a bright garland
who knows what a man’s responsibility is,
and what you can do for bards!
I am offering them. Please accept them.
Lord of the sky high mountain that yields gold!
You whose strength cannot be equaled on the earth
that is covered by an arched sky and surrounded
by the ocean, you whose army puts fear into
enemies with victorious spears!
O ruler of a land that can never be ruined!

Irunkovel is supposed to be 49th generation of a king from (Thuvarai) Dwaraka. It can mean two things. Assuming about 30 years per generation, 1500 years earlier Dwaraka which had walls made of copper. Dating the early phase of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization to ca. 3500 BCE, and the submergence of Dwaraka to ca. 1900 BCE (a date indicative of the drying up of Vedic River Sarasvati due to migrations of Sutlej and Yamuna rivers which were tributaries bringing in glacier waters), which necessitated the movements of Sarasvati's children down the coastline to Kerala, this text places Sangam literature text of Purananuru to ca. 400 BCE.

(Source: http://historum.com/asian-history/76340-satyaputras-earliest-indo-aryanizers-south-india-3.html

Migration from Tuvarai (Dwaraka) is attested in a 12th century inscription (Pudukottai State inscriptions, No.

120) cited by Avvai S. Turaicaami in Puranaanuru, II (SISSW Publishing Soc., Madras, 1951).

•துவரை மாநகர் நின்ருபொந்த தொன்மை பார்த்துக்கிள்ளிவேந்தன் நிகரில் தென் கவரி நாடு தன்னில் நிகழ்வித்த நிதிவாளர்

Archaeo-metallurgical and seafaring traditions of the Civilization are attested in regions of southern Bharat

The archaeo-metallurgical and seafaring traditions of the Civilization are attested in Southern Bharat as exemplified by the following:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/289709143/Metal-casting-Traditions-South-Asia-PT-Craddock-2014
http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol50_2015_1_Art05.pdf Indian Journal of Hisory of Science, 50.1 (2015), 55-82 PT Craddock, Metal casting traditions of South Asia: Continuity and Innovation

“Legend has it that the Pandava princes ...left on a pilgrimage of India, and in Kerala, each of these brothers installed Vishnu on the banks of the Pampa and nearby places and offered worship. (Chengannur - Yuddhishtra, Tiruppuliyur - Bheema, Aranmula - Arjuna, Tiruvamundur - Nakula and Tirukkadittaanam - Sahadeva). It is said that Arjuna built this temple at Nilackal near Sabarimalai. and the image was brought here in a raft made of six pieces of bamboo to this site, and hence the name Aranmula (six pieces of bamboo). Legend has it that Arjuna built this temple, to expiate for the sin of having killed Karna on the battlefield, against the dharma of killing an unarmed enemy. It is also believed that Vishnu (here) revealed the knowledge of creation to Brahma, from whom the Madhukaitapa demons stole the Vedas.”

https://www.scribd.com/document/363439427/Eclipses-Planetary-Positions-in-Mahabharata-RN-Iyengar-2003

https://www.scribd.com/document/363439260/Discussion-on-BNN-Achar-s-RN-Iyengar-s-Chronology-of-Vedic-Rishis-Vedic-Venues-2014

https://www.scribd.com/document/363439035/Date-of-Mahabharata-TS-Kuppanna-Sastry

veṛhā octopus, said to be found in the Indus (Jaṭki lexicon of A. Jukes, 1900) Rebus: veḍh n.f. ʻringʼ, m. ʻcircumferenceʼ(Marathi) Rebus: Vēḷa =வாணிகன் vāṇikaṉ , n. < id. cf. pāṇika. 1. Merchant, trader; வியாபாரி. அறவிலைவாணிகன் (புறநா. 134). 2. Man of the trading caste; வைசி யன்; வாணிபம் vāṇipam , n. 1. See வாணிகம், 1. (W.) 2. See வாணிகம், 2. இவளை வைத்து வைத்துக் கொண்டென்ன வாணிபம் (திவ். பெரியாழ். 3, 7, 9).

Octopus veṛhā, unicorn (young aurochs kondh), Indus Script hypertexts are professional calling cards of jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guards in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ

https://tinyurl.com/y952lzr5

Octopus veṛhā, unicorn (young aurochs kondh), Indus Script hypertexts (m297, h1080), are dhamma samjñā, 'professional calling cards' of jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guards in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ. The temple is kole.l. This is kole.l 'smithy, forge'.

It has been demonstrated that Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) are descended from Indian aurochs (stylized as unicorns)

https://tinyurl.com/yc4dj5gz The hypertexts of inscriptions on m297 (seal inscription) and h1018 (copper plate inscription) are explained as fortified enclosures of mleccha smithy guild workshops. On both these inscriptions, the cipher uses a unique hypertext orthography resulting in a semantic cluster or category: 1. composition with body parts 2. head/face of young bull (aurochs) 3. horn 4. octopus.

The hypertext of the composite orthograph pictorial motif reads rebus: jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guard in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ

Composition with body parts. 1. सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍ ‘good entrusted on approval basis’; jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’
Head/Face (aurochs). 2. mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (Santali) kondh 'young bull' rebus: kũdār 'turner, brass-worker, engraver (writer)' kundana 'fine gold'.
Horn. 3. koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.

Octopus. 4. The hypertexts of inscriptions on m297 and h1018 are explained as fortified enclosures of mleccha smithy guild workshops. veṛhā 'octopus' rebus: bəḍhàri ʻman in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ.

On both these inscriptions, the cipher uses a unique hypertext orthography resulting in a semantic cluster or category: 1. composition with body parts 2. head/face of young bull 3. horn 4. octopus.

The hypertext of the composite orthograph pictorial motif reads rebus: jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guard in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ

Composition with body parts. 1. सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍ ‘good entrusted on approval basis’; jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’
Head/Face. 2. mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (Santali)
Horn. 3. koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. The hypertexts of inscriptions on m297 and h1018 are explained as fortified enclosures of mleccha smithy guild workshops. On both these inscriptions, the cipher uses a unique hypertext orthography resulting in a semantic cluster or category: 1. composition with body parts 2. head/face of young bull 3. horn 4. octopus.

The hypertext of the composite orthograph pictorial motif reads rebus: jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guard in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ

veṛhā 'octopus', kondh 'young bull' Indus Script hypertexts, bəḍhàri ʻman in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ; kũdār 'turner, brass-worker, engraver' *இருக்குவேதம் irukku-vētam , n. < id. +. The Ṛg-vēda, the most ancient sacred book of the Hindus, consisting of 1017 hymns in archaic language, in ten maṇḍaḷas இருக்குவேள் irukku-vēḷ ~~ R̥gveda

Composition with body parts. 1. सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍ ‘good entrusted on approval basis’; jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’
Head/Face. 2. mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (Santali)
Horn. 3. koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.
Octopus. 4. veṛhā 'octopus' rebus: bəḍhàri ʻman in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ

Left 1. Harappa h1018a copper plate with young bull + a four-pointed star-fish (Gangetic octopus?);
Right 2. Mohenjo-daro seal m297a with young bull + a five-pointed star-fish (Gangetic octopus?)+ hypertext of inscription.

Pictorial motifs: The pictorial motif of the horned head or face of young bull compares with the profile on Lydia electrum coin (6th cent.BCE) shown opposed to a lion's head and feline paw. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, smelter'; arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass'; konda 'young bull' rebus:kundaṇa 'fine gold'; koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ'workshop'. Thus, gold, brass workshop (mint).

Young bull: kondh 'young bull' rebus: kũdār 'turner, brass-worker, engraver (writer)' kundana 'fine gold'.

Face: mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (Santali)

Rings on neck: kodiyum 'rings on neck' kod `horn' (Kuwi); rebus: kod `artisan's workshop' (Gujarati).

Throat: Ma. vēḷa throat. Koḍ. bo·ḷe neck. Go. (Tr.) warēṛ, (G.) veṛeṛ, vereṛ, vereḍi, (Mu.) vaṛer, (Ma.) veṛer̥ neck; (Y.) verer, (S.) veḍeṛu (pl. veḍahku), (L.) veḍāgā throat; (W.) warer id., neck (DEDR 5547)

Octopus: veṛhā 'octopus, said to be found in the Indus' (Jaṭki lexicon of A. Jukes, 1900)

Rebus: ***Ta.* vēḷ petty ruler, chief, Cāḷukya king, illustrious or great man, hero; ? title given by ancient Tamil kings to Vēḷāḷas; vēḷir a class of ancient chiefs in the Tamil country, the Cāḷukyas, petty chiefs; ? vēḷāḷaṉ a person of Vēḷāḷa** caste. Kur. bēlas king, zemindar, god; belxā kingdom; belō, (Hahn) bēlō queen of white-ants. Cf. 5507 Ta. veḷḷāḷaṉ (DEDR 5545) Ta. veḷḷāḷaṉ, vēḷāḷaṉ, veḷḷār̤aṉ man of the Vēḷāḷa caste; fem. veḷḷāḷacci, veḷḷār̤acci; veḷḷāṇmai, veḷḷāmai cultivation; vēḷāṇmai agriculture, husbandry. Ma. veḷḷāḷar Tamil Śūdras; veḷḷāyma agriculture; Veḷḷāḷas. Te. velama name of a caste, man of this caste; (DCV) agriculture; (Inscr.) vēlāṇḍu a cultivator; affix to the names of cultivator caste in Tamilnad. (DEDR 5507)

Rebus: bəḍhàri ʻman in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ (WPah.); veṛhā, vehṛā, beṛhī 'building with a courtyard, warehouse' (Lahnda.WPah.) Alternative: vēḍa ʻboatʼ(Prakritam)

A synonym in Gujarati is: koṭhārī m. ʻstorekeeperʼ; this is signified by the semantic signifier hieroglyph on the text of m297 inscription.

Hieroglyph in text of inscription on m297: Store. koṭṭha 'warehouse'

vēṣṭá m. ʻ band, noose ʼ Kauś., ʻ enclosure ʼ lex., °aka- m. ʻ fence ʼ, n. ʻ turban ʼ lex. [√vēṣṭ]M. veṭh, vẽṭh, veṭ, vẽṭ m.f. ʻ roll, turn of a rope ʼ; Si. veṭya ʻ enclosure ʼ; -- Pa. sīsa -- vēṭha -- m. ʻ head -- wrap ʼ,vēṭhaka -- ʻ surrounding ʼ; Pk. vēḍha -- m. ʻ wrap ʼ; S. veṛhu m. ʻ encircling ʼ; L. veṛh, vehṛ m. ʻ fencing, enclosure in jungle with a hedge, (Ju.) blockade ʼ, veṛhā, vehṛā m. ʻ courtyard, (Ju.) enclosure containing many houses ʼ; P. veṛhā, be° m. ʻ enclosure, courtyard ʼ; Ku. beṛo ʻ circle or band (of people) ʼ, beṛi ʻ fetter ʼ; N. berh, ber ʻ wrapping ʼ, ber -- bār ʻ wrapping up ʼ; A. ber ʻ wall of house, circumference of anything ʼ; B. beṛ ʻroll, turn, fence, enclosure ʼ, beṛā ʻ fence, hedge ʼ; Or. beṛha ʻ girth, fence round young trees ʼ, beṛā ʻ wall of houseʼ; Mth. beṛ ʻ hedge, wall ʼ, beṛhī ʻ granary ʼ; H. beṛh, beṛ, beṛhā, beṛā m. ʻ enclosure, cattle surrounded and carried off by force ʼ, beṛī f. ʻ ring on ankle ʼ; G. veḍh m. ʻ finger -- ring ʼ, veḍhɔ m. ʻ circular log, joint of the fingers ʼ; M. veḍh n.f. ʻ ring ʼ, m. ʻ circumference ʼ; Si. veḷu ʻ twisted string, bandage ʼ.Addenda: vēṣṭá -- : WPah.kṭg. beṛɔ m. ʻ palace ʼ, J. beṛā m. ʻ id., esp. the female apartments ʼ, kul. beṛā ʻ building with a courtyard ʼ; A. also berā ʻ fence, enclosure ʼ AFD 234. (CDIAL 12130) vēṣṭana n. ʻ enclosing ʼ Gr̥Śr., ʻ bandage, band ʼMBh., °aka -- m. ʻ a method of coitus ʼ lex. [√vēṣṭ]Pk. veṭṭhaṇa -- n. ʻ wrapping ʼ, °aga -- n. ʻ turban ʼ; K. wuṭhan f. ʻ act of twisting, a screw ʼ; S. veṭhaṇu m. ʻ pack -- cloth ʼ; MB. beṭhana ʻ turban ʼ, B. beṭan ʻ wrapper, envelope, cover ʼ; Bi. beṭhan ʻ washerman's ironing cloth ʼ; Bhoj. beṭhan ʻ cloth wrapper of a book ʼ; H. beṭhan m.ʻ pack -- cloth, wrapper ʼ; M. veṭhaṇ n. ʻ tierope ʼ; -- Pa. vēṭhana -- n. ʻ wrap, turban ʼ; Pk. vēḍhaṇa<-> n. ʻwrapping ʼ; Kho. beḷini ʻ swaddling clothes ʼ; K.wurunu m. ʻ bedclothes, quilt ʼ; A. beran ʻ act of surrounding ʼ; Or. beṛhaṇa, °ṇi ʻ girth, circumference, fencing, small cloth worn by woman ʼ.Addenda: vēṣṭana -- . -- X mḗkhalā -- : A. meṭhâni (phonet. methɔni) ʻ woman's girdle ʼ AFD 206.vēṣṭáyati wraps up, encloses, surroundsʼ TBr. [vḗṣṭatē ʻ clings to ʼ AV. -- √vēṣṭ]Pk. veṭṭhida -- ʻ wrapped up ʼ; Dm. byēṣṭ -- ʻ to twist ʼ, Phal. bēṣṭūˊm 1 sg., Sh.koh. bĕṭhōnṷ, K. wuṭhun: M. veṭhṇẽ ʻ to tie ʼ; -- Pa. vēṭhēti ʻ wraps, surrounds, twists ʼ; Pk. veḍhēi, °ḍhaï ʻwraps up ʼ, Kho. beḷik; K. wurun ʻ to wrap oneself up in bedclothes, cover ʼ; S. veṛhaṇu ʻ to twist ʼ; L. veṛhaṇ ʻ to wind, bandage, bind, surround ʼ; Ku. beṛṇo ʻ to fence in, enclose ʼ; N. bernu ʻ to roll, fold up ʼ; A. beriba ʻ to surround (with fence or wall) ʼ, B. beṛā, Or. beṛhibā, Mth. beṛhab; H. beṛhnā ʻ to enclose, surround ʼ; M. veḍhṇẽ ʻto twist, surround ʼ; Si. veḷanavā ʻ to twist, entwine, (SigGr ii 464) wrap ʼ. -- X bandhati: Pk. veṁḍhia -- ʻ wrapped up ʼ); H. bẽḍhnā, bẽdhnā (see also váyati) ʻ to plait, braid, fold ʼ.(CDIAL 12131, 12132)

veṛā building with a courtyard (WPah.) Rebus: veṛhā, vehṛā m.
ʻ courtyard, (Ju.) enclosure containing many houses ʼ(Lahnda) beṛɔ
m. ʻpalaceʼ, beṛā m. id. beṛā ʻbuilding with a courtyardʼ (Western Pahari)
vāṛo m. ʻ cattle enclosure ʼ (Sindhi) மேடை mēṭai, n. [T. mēḍa.] 1. Platform,
raised floor. Thus the hieroglyph-multiplex signifies a workplace (maybe,
circular platform?) for the 'turner' artisan, metalworker). வேளம் vēḷam ,
n. cf. vēla. 1. Fortified place where ladies of rank captured in war were kept
as slaves by the Cōḻas; சோழராற் சிறைபிடிக்கப்பட்ட உயர்குலத்து மகளிர் அடிமையாக
வாழும்படி அமைத்த அரணிடம். மீனவர் கானம்புக . . . வேளம்புகு மடவீர் (கலிங்.1). வீரபாண்டியனை முடித்தலை கொண்டு
அவன்
மடக் கொடியை
வேளமேற்றி (S. I. I. iii, 217). 2. Quarters; வாசத்தலம். (S. I. I. ii, 440.)

Alternative: bēḍā f. ʻ boat ʼ lex. 2. vēḍā, vēṭī -- f. lex. 3. bhēḍa -- 3 m., bhēla -- 1, °aka -- m.n. lex.1. Pk. bēḍa -- , °aya -- m., bēḍā -- , °ḍiyā -- f. ʻ boat ʼ, Gy. eur. bero, S. ḇeṛo m., °ṛī ʻ small do. ʼ; L. bēṛā (Ju. ḇ -- ) m. ʻ large cargo boat ʼ, bēṛī f. ʻ boat ʼ, P. beṛā m., °ṛī f.; Ku. beṛo ʻ boat, raft ʼ, N. beṛā, OAw. beḍā, H. beṛā m., G. beṛɔ m., beṛi f., M. beḍā m.2. Pk. vēḍa -- m. ʻ boat ʼ.3. Pk. bhēḍaka -- , bhēlaa -- m., bhēlī -- f. ʻ boat ʼ; B. bhelā ʻ raft ʼ, Or. bheḷā.*bēḍḍa -- , *bēṇḍa -- ʻ defective ʼ see *biḍḍa -- .Addenda: bēḍā -- . 1. S.kcch. beṛī f. ʻ boat ʼ, beṛo m. ʻ ship ʼ; WPah.poet. beṛe f. ʻ boat ʼ, J. beṛī f.3. bhēḍa -- 3: A. bhel ʻ raft ʼ (phonet. bhel) ʻ raft ʼ AFD 89. (CDIAL 9308)

Text 2641 of inscription on m297

Line 1: Top line: kolom 'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'.
Together, Line 1 of the hypertext reads: 'smithy furnace, smelter'

Line 2: Bottom line:

koṭṭha 'warehouse' Alternatives:koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop Vikalpa: kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'.

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. aya kammaṭa 'alloy metals mint'

Hypertext decipherment:

Hieroglyph: Rim of jar:Kaṇḍa kanka ‘rim of jar’ (Santali): karṇaka rim of jar’(Skt.) Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Te.); gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) copper fire-altar scribe (account)(Skt.) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) Thus, the ‘rim of jar’ ligatured glyph is read rebus: fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account) karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo'; karNaka 'account'; Alternative: kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kanga 'brazier'.karṇaka 'rim of jar' karava 'narrow neck jar'.

Standing person with spread legs and wearing a scarf: datu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' PLUS कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS Thus the body hieroglyph signifies mē̃d dhatu कर्णक karṇi 'an iron mineral helmsman seafaring, supercargo merchant.' Alternative: mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. Thus, 'furnace supercargo'. kañi-āra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe', supercargo -- a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman kāraṇī or kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c. karaṇī, कारणी or कारणीक kāraṇī or kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c. 'supercargo -- a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi) karṇīka 'scribe' Rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman (Monier-Williams) కరణము karaṇamu karaṇamu. [Skt.] n. A village clerk, a writer, an accountant. వాడు కూత కరణముగాని వ్రాతకరణముకాడు he has talents for speaking but not for writing. స్థలకరణము the registrar of a district. கரணன் karaṇaṉ , n. < karaṇa. Accountant; கணக்கன். கரணர்கள் வந்தனர் கழல் வணங்கினார் (கந்தபு. மார்க்கண். 210).கரணிகம் karaṇikam , n. < karaṇa. (Te.) karaṇikamu village accountant. கருணீகம் karuṇīkam, n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of village accountant or karṇam; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. கருணீகன் karuṇīkaṉ, n. < id. 1. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன். கடுகை யொருமலை யாகக் . . . காட்டுவோன் கருணீகனாம் (அறப். சத. 86). 2. A South Indian caste of accountants; கணக்குவேலைபார்க்கும் ஒருசாதி.

Hieroglyph: spread legs of standing person: कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread' Rebus: कर्णक 'helmsman'

Semantic determinant: body of person:mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic)mẽṛhẽt, मृदु mṛdu 'iron' (Santali.Skt.)

मेटींव [ mēṭīṃva ] p of मेटणें A verb not in use. Roughly hewn or chiseled--a stone. (Marathi)

meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerk; (Gujarati) मेढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.); m. an elephant-keeper Gal. (cf. मेठ). Ta. mēṭṭi haughtiness, excellence, chief, head, land granted free of tax to the headman of a village; mēṭṭimai haughtiness; leadership, excellence. Ka. mēṭi loftiness, greatness, excellence, a big man, a chief, a head, head servant. Te. mēṭari, mēṭi chief, head, leader, lord; (prob. mēṭi < *mēl-ti [cf. 5086]; Ka. Ta. < Te.; Burrow 1969, p. 277) (DEDR 5091).மேட்டி mēṭṭi, n. Assistant house-servant; waiting-boy. மேட்டி +. Headman of the Toṭṭiya caste; தொட்டியர் தலைவன். (E. T. vii, 185.) మేటి [ mēṭi ] mēti. n. Lit: a helper. A servant, a cook, a menial who cleans plates, dishes, lamps and shoes, &c. (Eng. ‘mate’) మేటి [ mēṭi ] or మేటరి mēṭi [Tel.] n. A chief, leader, head man, lord, శ్రేష్ఠుడు, అధిపుడు. adj. Chief, excellent, noble. శ్రేష్ఠమైన. మేటిదొర a noble man, lord. Bilh. ii. 50. మెరయుచు నుండెడి మేటీరంబులు మేటీరంబులు, అనగా మేటి, గొప్పలైన, ఈరంబులు, పొదలు large bushes. "తేటైనపన్నీట తీర్థంబులాడి, మేటికస్తూరిమేనెల్లబూసి." Misc. iii. 22. మేటిగా = మెండుగా. మేటిల్లు mētillu. v. n. To excel. అతిశయించు. Medinī (f.) [Vedic medin an associate or companion fr. mid in meaning to be friendly.]

खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi)

కోడె kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ. Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముం బలుగుల రేడుతన్ని కొని పోవుతెరంగు"రామా. vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు. Te. kōḍiya, kōḍe young bull; adj. male (e.g. kōḍe dūḍa bull calf), young, youthful; kōḍekã̄ḍu a young man. Kol. (Haig) kōḍē bull. Nk. khoṛe male calf. Konḍa kōḍi cow; kōṛe young bullock. Pe. kōḍi cow. Manḍ. kūḍi id. Kui kōḍi id., ox. Kuwi (F.) kōdi cow; (S.) kajja kōḍi bull; (Su. P.) kōḍi cow. (DEDR 2199) *kuḍa1 ʻ boy, son ʼ, °ḍī ʻ girl, daughter ʼ. [Prob. ← Mu. (Sant. Muṇḍari koṛa ʻ boy ʼ, kuṛi ʻ girl ʼ, Ho koa, kui, Kūrkū kōn, kōnjē); or ← Drav. (Tam. kur̤a ʻ young ʼ, Kan. koḍa ʻ youth ʼ) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 373. Prob. separate from RV. kŕ̊tā -- ʻ girl ʼ H. W. Bailey TPS 1955, 65. -- Cf. kuḍáti ʻ acts like a child ʼ Dhātup.]NiDoc. kuḍ'aǵa ʻ boy ʼ, kuḍ'i ʻ girl ʼ; Ash. kūˊṛə ʻ child, foetus ʼ, istrimalī -- kuṛäˊ ʻ girl ʼ; Kt. kŕū, kuŕuk ʻ young of animals ʼ; Pr. kyúru ʻ young of animals, child ʼ, kyurú ʻ boy ʼ, kurīˊ ʻ colt, calf ʼ; Dm. kúŕa ʻ child ʼ, Shum. kuṛ; Kal. kūŕ*lk ʻ young of animals ʼ; Phal. kuṛĭ̄ ʻ woman, wife ʼ; K. kūrü f. ʻ young girl ʼ, kash. kōṛī, ram. kuṛhī; L. kuṛā m. ʻ bridegroom ʼ, kuṛī f. ʻ girl, virgin, bride ʼ, awāṇ. kuṛī f. ʻ woman ʼ; P. kuṛī f. ʻ girl, daughter ʼ, P. bhaṭ. WPah. khaś. kuṛi, cur. kuḷī, cam. kǒḷā ʻ boy ʼ, kuṛī ʻ girl ʼ; -- B. ã̄ṭ -- kuṛā ʻ childless ʼ (ã̄ṭa ʻ tight ʼ)? -- X pṓta -- 1: WPah. bhad. kō ʻ son ʼ, kūī ʻ daughter ʼ, bhal. ko m., koi f., pāḍ. kuā, kōī, paṅ. koā, kūī.(CDIAL 3245)

कोंडळी (p. 102) kōṇḍaḷī f A pole with a crook or curved member at the extremity. Used to regather into the thrashing pit the ears which fly out during the thrashing.

Rebus: कोंदण (p. 102) kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation.(Marathi) కుందనము kundanamu. [Tel.] n. Solid gold, fine gold. అపరంజి. कोंदणपट्टी (p. 102) kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems.

कोदा (p. 102) kōdā m Low and dirty work, or work involving toil and fag; mean jobs or drudgery. v काढ, निपट, उपस, कर, & v i पड. Ex. बाळंतिणीचा- दुखणेकऱ्याचा-पोराचा-म्हाताऱ्याचा-संसाराचा-चाकरीचा- कोदा मी उपसतों.

कोंडण (p. 102) kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen. कोंड (p. 102) kōṇḍa m C A circular hedge or field-fence. 2 A circle described around a person under adjuration. 3 The circle at marbles. 4 A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. 5 Grounds under one occupancy or tenancy. 6 f R A deep part of a river. 7 f (Or कोंडी q. v.) A confined place gen.; a lock-up house &c. कोंडळी (p. 102) kōṇḍaḷī f A pole with a crook or curved member at the extremity. Used to regather into the thrashing pit the ears which fly out during the thrashing. कोंडी (p. 102) kōṇḍī f (कोंडणें) A confined place gen.; a lockup house, a pen, fold, pound; a receiving apartment or court for Bráhmans gathering for दक्षिणा; a prison at the play of आट्यापाट्या; a dammed up part of a stream &c. &c.

Rebus: कोंड (p. 102) kōṇḍa m C A circular hedge or field-fence. 2 A circle described around a person under adjuration. 3 The circle at marbles. 4 A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. 5 Grounds under one occupancy or tenancy. 6 f R A deep part of a river. 7 f (Or कोंडी q. v.) A confined place gen.; a lock-up house &c.

khōṇḍa 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script'PLUS veṛhā 'octopus, said to be found in the Indus' (Jaṭki lexicon of A. Jukes, 1900)

HYPERTEXT EXPRESSION: veṛhā 'octopus' plus kōnda 'young bull' rebus: plain text: kōnda 'engraver, scribe' PLUS bēṛā (Ju. ḇ -- ) m. ʻ large cargo boat ʼ Meaning: The engraver deivers to the boat (the detailed metalwork products). m297: koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ'artisan's workshop

Rebus: Engraving, carving: *khōdd ʻ dig ʼ. 2. *khōḍḍ -- . 3. *kōḍḍ -- . 4. *gōdd -- . 5. *gōḍḍ -- . 6. *guḍḍ -- . [Poss. conn. with khudáti ʻ thrusts (penis) into ʼ RV., prákhudati ʻ futuit ʼ AV.; cf. also *khōtr -- , *kōtr -- ]

1. P. khodṇā ʻ to dig, carve ʼ, khudṇā ʻ to be dug ʼ; Ku. khodṇo ʻ to dig, carve ʼ, N. khodnu, B. khodā, khudā, Or. khodibā, khud°; Bi. mag. khudnī ʻ a kind of spade ʼ; H. khodnā ʻ to dig, carve, search ʼ, khudnā ʻ to be dug ʼ; Marw. khodṇo ʻ to dig ʼ; G. khodvũ ʻ to dig, carve ʼ, M. khodṇẽ (also X khānayati q.v.). -- N. khodalnu ʻ to search for ʼ cf. *khuddati s.v. *khōjja -- ?

2. B. khõṛā ʻ to dig ʼ or < *khōṭayati s.v. *khuṭati.

3. B. koṛā, kõṛā ʻ to dig, pierce ʼ, Or. koṛibā ʻ to cut clods of earth with a spade, beat ʼ; Mth. koṛab ʻ to dig ʼ, H. koṛnā.

4. K. godu m. ʻ hole ʼ, g° karun ʻ to pierce ʼ; N. godnu ʻ to pierce ʼ; H. godnā ʻ to pierce, hoe ʼ, gudnā ʻ to be pierced ʼ; G. godɔ m. ʻ a push ʼ; M. godṇẽ ʻ to tattoo ʼ.

5. L. goḍaṇ ʻ to hoe ʼ, P. goḍṇā, goḍḍī f. ʻ hoeings ʼ; N. goṛnu ʻ to hoe, weed ʼ; H. goṛnā ʻ to hoe up, scrape ʼ, goṛhnā (X kāṛhnā?); G. goḍvũ ʻ to loosen earth round roots of a plant ʼ.

6. S. guḍ̠aṇu ʻ to pound, thrash ʼ; P. guḍḍṇā ʻ to beat, pelt, hoe, weed ʼ.

Addenda: *khōdd -- . 1. S.kcch. khodhṇū ʻ to dig ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (Wkc.) khódṇõ, J. khodṇu.

2. *khōḍḍ -- : WPah.kc. khoḍṇo ʻ to dig ʼ; -- kṭg. khoṛnõ id. see *khuṭati Add2.(CDIAL 3934)

खोदकाम (p. 122) khōdakāma n Sculpture; carved work or work for the carver.

खोदगिरी (p. 122) khōdagirī f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work.

खोदणावळ (p. 122) khōdaṇāvaḷa f (खोदणें) The price or cost of sculpture or carving.

खोदणी (p. 122) khōdaṇī f (Verbal of खोदणें) Digging, engraving &c. 2 fig. An exacting of money by importunity. v लाव, मांड. 3 An instrument to scoop out and cut flowers and figures from paper. 4 A goldsmith's die.

खोदणें (p. 122) khōdaṇēṃ v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe.

खोंदळणें (p. 122) khōndaḷaṇēṃ v c & i See खंवदळणें.

खोदाई (p. 122) khōdāī f ( H) Price or cost of digging or of sculpture or carving.

खोदींव (p. 122) khōdīṃva p of खोदणें Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured.

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman

कोंद kōnda 'youngbull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script'PLUS veṛhā 'octopus, said to be found in the Indus' (Jaṭki lexicon of A. Jukes, 1900) Rebus: beṛɔ m. ʻpalaceʼ, beṛā m. id. beṛā ʻbuilding with a courtyardʼ (Western Pahari) vāṛo m. ʻ cattle enclosure ʼ (Sindhi) மேடை mēṭai, n. [T. mēḍa.] 1. Platform, raised floor. மேடை mēṭai, n. [T. mēḍa.] 1. Platform, raised floor; தளமுயர்ந்த இடப்பகுதி. 2. Artificial mound; செய்குன்று. (W.) WPah.kṭg. bəḍhāˋr m. ʻstorehouse, granaryʼ(CDIAL 9442)baḍal -- väḍa ʻ goldsmith's trade ʼ(Sinhala)(CDIAL 9441) WPah.kṭg. bəḍhàri m. ʻ man in charge of treasure and stores of a temple ʼ(CDIAL 9443)

கோவேள் kō-vēḷ, n. < gōkōva.] Potters; குயவர். இருங் கோவேட்களுஞ் செம்பு செய்ஞ்ஞரும் (மணி. 28, 34) செந்தீவேள்-தல் [செந்தீவேட்டல்] cen-tī-vēḷ-, v. intr. < id. +. To perform Vēdic sacrifice; யாகம் பண்ணுதல். செந்தீவேட்ட சிறப் புரைத்தன்று (பு. வெ. 9, 15, கொளு). செம்பியன்தமிழவேள் cempiyaṉ-tami- ḻa-vēḷ, n. < id. +. A title conferred by the later Cholas; பிற்காலத்துச் சோழர்களாற் கொடுக் கப்பட்டுவந்த பட்டங்களில் ஒன்று. (S. I. I. iii, 221.)

వెలనాడు velanāḍu or వెల్నాడు vela-nāḍu. n. The name of a subdivision of the Telugu country in ancient times. The name of a particular subdivision of Brahmins. బ్రాహ్మణులలో నొకతెగవారు.

Ta. vēḷ (vētp-, vēṭṭ-) to offer sacrifices, marry; n. marriage; vēḷvi sacrifice, marriage; vēḷvu sacrifice; presents of food from the bridegroom's to the bride's house and vice versa at a wedding; vēṭṭal marriage; vēṭṭāṉ, vēṭṭōṉ husband; vēṭṭāḷ wife; viḷai (-pp-, -tt-) to perform as worship. Ma. vēḷvi, vēr̤vi sacrifice; vēḷkka to marry as brahmans before the holy fire; vēḷi, vēḷvi marriage, bride, wife; vēḷppikka fathers to marry children. Ka.bēḷ to offer into fire or with fire as ghee, animals, etc.; bēḷuve oblation with fire, burnt-offering; bēḷamba destruction of human life in fire. Tu. belcaḍe a devil-dancer, one possessed with Kāḷī. Te. vēlucu to put or throw in a sacrificial fire, offer up a burnt sacrifice; vēl(u)pu god or goddess, deity, divinity, a celestial, demi-god, immortal; vēlpuḍu worship; vēlimi oblation; (inscr.) vēḷpu god. (DEDR 5544) வேள்¹-தல் [வேட்டல்] vēḷ- , 9 v. tr. [K. bēḷ.] 1. To offer sacrifices; யாகஞ் செய்தல். ஓதல் வேட்டல் (பதிற்றுப். 24, 6). 2. To marry; மணம்புரிதல். மெய்ந்நிறை மூவரை மூவரும் வேட் டார் (கம்பரா. கடிமணப். 102). 3. To desire; விரும்புதல். வயவுறு மகளிர் வேட்டுணி னல்லது (புற நா. 20). 4. To love; சினேகித்தல். மலர்ந்து பிற் கூம்பாது வேட்டதே வேட்டதா நட்பாட்சி (நலாடி, 215).

வேள்² vēḷ , n. < வேள்-. 1. Marriage; கலி யாணம். வேள்வாய் கவட்டை நெறி (பழமொ. 360). 2. Desire; விருப்பம். (W.) 3. Kāma; மன்மதன். வேள்பட விழிசெய்து (தேவா. 1172, 8). 4. Skanda; முருகக்கடவுள். (பிங்.) 5. One belonging to the Vēḷir class; வேளிர்குலத்தான். தொன்முதிர் வேளிர் (புறநா. 24). 6. Cāḷukya king; சளுக்குவேந்தன். (பிங்.) 7. Petty ruler; chief; சிற்றரசன். (சூடா.) 8. Title given by ancient Tamil kings to Vēḷāḷas; பண்டைத் தமிழரசரால் வேளாளர் பெற்ற ஒரு சிறப் புரிமைப் பெயர். (தொல். பொ. 30.) செம்பியன் தமிழவேள் என்னுங் குலப்பெயரும் (S. I. I. iii, 221). 9. Illustrious or great man; hero; சிறந்த ஆண் மகன். (யாழ். அக.) பாப்பைவேளே (பெருந்தொ. 1766). 10. Earth; மண். (யாழ். அக.)
வேள்புலம் vēḷ-pulam , n. < வேள் +. The country of the Cāḷukyas; சளுக்கியர்க்குரிய நாடு. (S. I. I. iii, 160.)வேள்புலவரசன் vēḷpula-v-aracaṉ , n. < வேள்புலம் +. Cāḷukya king; சளுக்கு வேந்தன். (திவா.)வேள்வி vēḷvi , n. < வேள்-. [T. M. vēḷvi, K. bēluve.] 1. Sacrifice. See ஐவகைவேள்வி, 1. முன்முயன் றரிதினின் முடித்த வேள்வி (அகநா. 220). 2. Spiritual discipline. See ஐவகையாகம், 2. 3. Sacrificial pit; ஓமகுண்டம். (பிங்.) 4. Service, worship; பூசனை. (பிங்.) வேள்வியி னழகியல் விளம்பு வோரும் (பரிபா. 19, 43). 5. Marriage; கலியா ணம். நாமுன்பு தொண்டுகொண்ட வேள்வியில் (பெரியபு. தடுத்தாட். 127). 6. Benevolence; gift; கொடை. (பிங்.) 7. Religious merit; புண்ணியம். ஆள்வினை வேள்வியவன் (பு. வெ. 9, 27). 8. (Puṟap.) Theme eulogising a warrior on his destroying his enemies to feast devils with their dead bodies. See களவேள்வி. பண்ணி தைஇய பயங்கெழு வேள்வியின் (அகநா. 13). 9. The 10th nakṣatra. See மகம், 2.வேள்விக்கபிலை vēḷvi-k-kapilai , n. < வேள்வி + கபிலை². Cow that yields milk, ghee, etc., necessary for a sacrifice; யாகத்துக் குரிய பால் முதலியனவற்றை உதவும் பசு. வேள்விக் கபிலை பாற்பயங் குன்றுதலானும் (தொல். பொ. 177, உரை).வேள்விக்குண்டம் vēḷvi-k-kuṇṭam , n. < id. +. Sacrificial pit; ஓமகுண்டம். (பிங்.)வேள்விக்குவேந்தன் vēḷvikku-vēntaṉ , n. < id. +. See வேள்விநாயகன். (சூடா.)வேள்விச்சாலை vēḷvi-c-cālai , n. < id. + சாலை¹. Sacrificial hall; யாகசாலை. வேள்விச்சாலை யின் வேந்தன் போந்தபின் (சிலப். 30, 170).வேள்வித்தறி vēḷvi-t-taṟi , n. < id. +. See வேள்வித்தூணம். (பிங்.)வேள்வித்தூண் vēḷvi-t-tūṇ , n. < id. +. See வேள்வித்தூணம். (சூடா.)வேள்வித்தூணம் vēḷvi-t-tūṇam , n. < id. + தூணம்². Stake to which the sacrificial victim is fastened; யாகபலிக்குரிய பிராணியைக் கட்டிவைக்குந் தம்பம். மணிச்சிரல் . . . வேள்வித் தூணத் தசைஇ (பெரும்பாண். 316).வேள்விநாயகன் vēḷvi-nāyakaṉ , n. < id. +. Indra, as the lord of sacrifices; இந்திரன். (பிங்.)வேள்விநிலை vēḷvi-nilai , n. < id. +. 1. (Puṟap.) Theme describing the greatness of sacrifices performed by a king; அரசன் யாகஞ் செய்த பெருமையைப் புகழ்ந்து கூறும் புறத்துறை. (பு. வெ. 9, 15.) 2. (Puṟap.) Theme describing the benevolence of a chief in making gifts of red cows, in the early hours of the day; தலை வன் சேதாவினை நாட்காலையிற் கொடுக்குங் கொடைச் சிறப்பினைக் கூறும் புறத்துறை. (தொல். பொ. 90.)வேள்விமுதல்வன் vēḷvi-mutalvaṉ , n. < id. +. 1. Sacrificer, one who performs a sacrifice; யாகத்தலைவன். (பரிபா. 3, 4-5, உரை.) 2. See வேள்விநாயகன். விலங்கென விண்ணோர் வேள்விமுதல்வன் (பரிபா. 5, 31).வேள்வியாசான் vēḷvi-y-ācāṉ , n. < id. +. Priest who conducts a sacrifice; யாகஞ் செய்விக் கும் புரோகிதன். (தொல். பொ. 75, உரை.)வேள்வியாசிரியன் vēḷvi-y-āciriyaṉ , n. < id. +. See வேள்வியாசான். (தொல். பொ. 75, உரை.)வேள்வியாளன் vēḷvi-y-āḷaṉ , n. < id. + ஆளன். 1. Brahmin; பிராமணன். (திவா.) 2. Munificent person; கொடையாளன். (பிங்.)
வேள்வியின்பதி vēḷviyiṉ-pati , n. < id. + பதி&sup4;. Viṣṇu, as the Lord of sacrifice; திருமால். (பிங்.)
வேள்வு vēḷvu , n. < வேள்-. 1. Sacrifice; யாகம். விழவும் வேள்வும் விடுத்தலொன்றின்மையால் (சீவக. 138). 2. Presents of food-stuffs from the house of the bridegroom to that of the bride and vice versa, at a wedding; விவாகத்தில் மண மக்கள்வீட்டார்கள் வரிசையாக வெடுக்கும் உணவுப் பண்டம். C. N. 3. Rare commodity; அரும் பண்டம். (யாழ். அக.)
வேள்வெடு-த்தல் vēḷveṭu- , v. intr. < வேள்வு + எடு-. 1. To send presents of food- stuffs from the house of the bridegroom to that of the bride and vice versa, at a wedding; மணமகன்வீட்டாருக்கு மணமகள்வீட்டாரும் மண மகள்வீட்டாருக்கு மணமகன்வீட்டாரும் விருந்துக்குரிய வரிசைப்பண்டங்களை யனுப்புதல். C. N. 2. To gather together and carry varied articles; பலபண்டந் தேடிக் கொண்டுபோதல். (யாழ். அக.)

வேளாண்மாந்தர் vēḷāṇ-māntar , n. < வேளாண்மை +. Vēḷāḷas; வேளாளர். (தொல். பொ. 635.)
வேளாண்மாந்தரியல்பு vēḷāṇmāntar- iyalpu, n. < வேளாண்மாந்தர் +. Characteristics of the Vēḷāḷas, ten in number, viz., āṇai-vaḻi-niṟṟal, aḻintōrai-niṟuttal, kaikkaṭaṉ-āṟṟal, kacivakattuṇmai, okkal-pōṟṟal, ōvā-muyaṟci, maṉṉiṟai- tarutal, oṟṟumai-kōṭal, viruntu-puṟantarutal tiruntiya-v-oḷukkam; ஆணைவழிநிற்றல் அழிந் தோரைநிறுத்தல் கைக்கடனாற்றல் கசிவகத்துண்மை ஒக்கல்போற்றல் ஓவாமுயற்சி மன்னிறைதருதல் ஒற்றுமைகோடல் விருந்துபுறந்தருதல் திருந்திய வொழுக்கம் என்ற வேளாளர்க்குரிய பத்துவகைத் தன்மைகள். (W.)
வேளாண்மை vēḷ-āṇmai , n. < வேள் + ஆள்-. 1. Gift, bounty, liberality; கொடை. (பிங்.) 2. Beneficence, help; உபகாரம். விருந்தோம்பி வேளாண்மை செய்தற் பொருட்டு (குறள், 81). 3. Cultivation of the soil, agriculture, husbandry; பயிர்செய்யுந் தொழில். 4. Truth; சத்தியம். (பிங்.) வேளாண்மைதானும் விளைந்திட (கொண்டல்விடு. 84).
வேளாண்வாகை vēḷāṇ-vākai , n. < id. +. (Puṟap.) Theme of exalting a Vēḷāḷa for doing the duties laid upon him by caste rules; வேளாளன் செய்தற்குரிய கடமைகளை நிறைவேற் றலைக் கூறும் புறத்துறை. (பு. வெ. 8, 11.)

வேளாப்பார்ப்பான் vēḷā-p-pārppāṉ , n. < வேள்- + ஆ neg. +. Worldly-minded Brahmin, as not performing sacrifices; இலௌகிகப் பிராமணன். (அகநா. 24.)

வேளாளரறுதொழில் vēḷāḷar-aṟu-toḻil , n. < id. +. The six occupations of the Vēḷāḷas, viz., uḻavu, pacu-k-kāval, vāṇipam, kuyiluvam, kārukaviṉai, irupiṟappāḷarkkēval-ceyal; உழவு பசுக்காவல் வாணிபம் குயிலுவம் காருகவினை இரு பிறப்பாளர்க்கேவல்செயல் என்னும் வேளாளர்க்குரிய அறுவகைத்தொழில். (திவா.)

உழவு¹ uḻavu , n. < உழு-. [M. uḻavu.] 1. Ploughing; உழுகை. உழந்து முழவே தலை (குறள், 1031). 2. Agriculture, husbandry; வேளாண் மை. உழவின் மிக்க வூதியமில்லை.

உழவு² uḻavu , n. < உழ-. Bodily exertion; சாரத்தினாலுழைக்கை. மெய்ய துழவி னெதிர்புனன் மா றாடி (பரிபா. 10, 103).

பசுக்காவலர் pacu-k-kāvalar , n. < பசு +. 1. The cowherds; இடையர். 2. A sect of Vaišyas. See கோவைசியர் (அக. நி.)

வாணிகம் vāṇikam , n. < vāṇijya. 1. Trade; வியாபாரம். வாணிகஞ்செய்வார்க்கு வாணி கம் (குறள், 120). 2. Gain, profit; ஊதியம். யானோர் வாணிகப் பரிசில னல்லேன் (புறநா. 208). வாணிபம் vāṇipam

, n. 1. See வாணிகம், 1. (W.) 2. See வாணிகம், 2. இவளை வைத்து வைத்துக் கொண்டென்ன வாணிபம் (திவ். பெரியாழ். 3, 7, 9).

குயிலுவம் kuyiluvam , n. < குயில்²-. Playing on stringed musical instruments, drums, tabrets, clarionets, horns; வாத்தியம் வாசிக்கை. (திவா.)

காருகன்¹ kārukaṉ , n. < kāruka. 1. Weaver; நெய்வோன். கட்டுநுண்வினைக் காருக ரிருக்கை யும் (சிலப். 5, 17). 2. Washerman; வண்ணான். (சூடா.) 3. Painter; ஓவியன். (யாழ். அக.) காருகம்¹ kārukam
, n. < kāruka. 1. Spinning and weaving; நெய்யுந்தொழில். (சிலப். 5, 17, உரை.) 2. Menial service, servile labour as carrying burdens; ஊழியவேலை. (W.)

ஏவல் ēval

, n. < ஏவு-. Assistance to Brahmin priests (16 priests mentioned in Veda tradition), Services, duties; பணிவிடை. ஏவன்முற்றி (அரிச். பு. மயான. 1).

வேளாளன் vēḷ-āḷaṉ , n. < வேள் +. 1. Liberal person; உபகாரி. வேளாளனென்பான் விருந்திருக்க வுண்ணாதான் (திரிகடு. 12). (பிங்.) 2. Vēḷāḷa, a caste; ஒரு சாதி. 3. A person of Vēḷāḷa caste; வேளாளசாதியான். 4. Vaišya; வைசியன். (பிங்.) 5. Šūdra; சூத்திரன். (பிங்.)வேளான் vēḷāṉ , n. < id. 1. A caste title; ஒரு சாதிப்பட்டப்பெயர். மதுராந்தக மூவேந்த வேளான் (S. I. I. ii, 10). 2. A title of persons belonging to the Kuyavar caste; குயவரது சாதிப் பட்டப்பெயர். Mod.வேளிர் vēḷir , n. < வேள். 1. A class of ancient chiefs in the Tamil country; தமிழ் நாடாண்ட ஒருசார் அரசர்குலத்தார். நாற்பத்தொன் பது வழிமுறை வந்த வேளிருள் வேளே (புறநா. 201). 2. The Cāḷukyas; சளுக்குவேந்தர். (திவா.) 3. Petty chiefs; குறுநிலமன்னர். (சூடா.)

வேளூர் vēḷ-ūr , n. < வேள் +. Vaittīcuraṉ-kōyil, a Šiva shrine in the Tanjore District; தஞ்சாவூர்ஜில்லாவி லுள்ள வைத்தீசுரன் கோயில் என்னுஞ் சிவதலம். வேளூர் வைத்தியநாதனை (குமர. பிர. முத்துக். 2).

kṓṣṭha2 n. ʻ pot ʼ Kauś., ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ MBh., ʻ inner apartment ʼ lex., °aka -- n. ʻ treasury ʼ, °ikā f. ʻ pan ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. *kōttha -- , *kōtthala -- : same as prec.?] Pa. koṭṭha -- n. ʻ monk's cell, storeroom ʼ, °aka<-> n. ʻ storeroom ʼ; Pk. koṭṭha -- , kuṭ°, koṭṭhaya -- m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ; Sv. dāntar -- kuṭha ʻ fire -- place ʼ; Sh. (Lor.) kōti (ṭh?) ʻ wooden vessel for mixing yeast ʼ; K. kōṭha m. ʻ granary ʼ, kuṭhu m. ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhü f. ʻ granary, storehouse ʼ; S. koṭho m. ʻ large room ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ storeroom ʼ; L. koṭhā m. ʻ hut, room, house ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ shop, brothel ʼ, awāṇ. koṭhā ʻ house ʼ; P. koṭṭhā, koṭhā m. ʻ house with mud roof and walls, granary ʼ, koṭṭhī, koṭhī f. ʻ big well -- built house, house for married women to prostitute themselves in ʼ; WPah. pāḍ. kuṭhī ʻ house ʼ; Ku. koṭho ʻ large square house ʼ, gng. kōṭhi ʻ room, building ʼ; N. koṭho ʻ chamber ʼ, °ṭhi ʻ shop ʼ; A. koṭhā, kõṭhā ʻ room ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ factory ʼ; B. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, kuṭhī ʻ bank, granary ʼ; Or. koṭhā ʻ brick -- built house ʼ, °ṭhī ʻ factory, granary ʼ; Bi. koṭhī ʻ granary of straw or brushwood in the open ʼ; Mth. koṭhī ʻ grain -- chest ʼ; OAw. koṭha ʻ storeroom ʼ; H. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ granary, large house ʼ, Marw. koṭho m. ʻ room ʼ; G. koṭhɔ m. ʻ jar in which indigo is stored,warehouse ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ large earthen jar, factory ʼ; M. koṭhā m. ʻ large granary ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ granary, factory ʼ; Si. koṭa ʻ storehouse ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kūṭhürü f. ʻ small room ʼ; L. koṭhṛī f. ʻ small side room ʼ; P. koṭhṛī f. ʻ room, house ʼ; Ku. koṭheṛī ʻ small room ʼ; H. koṭhrī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ; M. koṭhḍī f. ʻ room ʼ; -- with -- ra -- : A. kuṭharī ʻ chamber ʼ, B. kuṭhrī, Or. koṭhari; -- with -- lla -- : Sh. (Lor.) kotul (ṭh?) ʻ wattle and mud erection for storing grain ʼ; H. koṭhlā m., °lī f. ʻ room, granary ʼ; G. koṭhlɔ m. ʻ wooden box ʼ.Addenda: kṓṣṭha -- 2: WPah.kṭg. kóṭṭhi f. ʻ house, quarters, temple treasury, name of a partic. temple ʼ, J. koṭhā m. ʻ granary ʼ, koṭhī f. ʻ granary, bungalow ʼ; Garh. koṭhu ʻ house surrounded by a wall ʼ; Md. koḍi ʻ frame ʼ, <-> koři ʻ cage ʼ (X kōṭṭa -- ). -- with ext.: OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. koṭari ʻ room ʼ.(CDIAL 3546)kōṣṭhapāla m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ W. [kṓṣṭha -- 2, pāla -- ]M. koṭhvaḷā m. (CDIAL 3547)*kōṣṭharūpa ʻ like a room ʼ. [kṓṣṭha -- 2, rūpá -- ]B. kuṭru ʻ tent ʼ.(CDIAL 3548)*kōṣṭhāṁśa ʻ share of store ʼ. [kṓṣṭha -- 2, áṁśa -- ]Pa. koṭṭhāsa -- m. ʻ share, portion ʼ, adj. ʻ divided into ʼ (ā felt as contraction of a -- a and preserved before ṁs; consequent āṁs > ās: cf. re -- establishment of prefix ā before MIA. double consonant, e.g. Pk. āṇavēdi < *āṇṇ° replacing aṇṇ -- < Sk. ājñ -- ); Si. koṭasa, kohoṭa ʻ share, part, piece ʼ.(CDIAL 3549) kōṣṭhāgāra n. ʻ storeroom, store ʼ Mn. [kṓṣṭha -- 2, agāra -- ]Pa. koṭṭhāgāra -- n. ʻ storehouse, granary ʼ; Pk. koṭṭhāgāra -- , koṭṭhāra -- n. ʻ storehouse ʼ; K. kuṭhār m. ʻ wooden granary ʼ, WPah. bhal. kóṭhār m.; A. B. kuṭharī ʻ apartment ʼ, Or. koṭhari; Aw. lakh. koṭhār ʻ zemindar's residence ʼ; H. kuṭhiyār ʻ granary ʼ; G. koṭhār m. ʻ granary, storehouse ʼ, koṭhāriyũ n. ʻ small do. ʼ; M. koṭhār n., koṭhārẽ n. ʻ large granary ʼ, -- °rī f. ʻ small one ʼ; Si. koṭāra ʻ granary, store ʼ. kōṣṭhāgārika -- .Addenda: kōṣṭhāgāra -- : WPah.kṭg. kəṭhāˊr, kc. kuṭhār m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ, J. kuṭhār, kṭhār m.; -- Md. kořāru ʻ storehouse ʼ ← Ind.(CDIAL 3550)kōṣṭhāgārika m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ BHSk. [Cf. kōṣṭhā- gārin -- m. ʻ wasp ʼ Suśr.: kōṣṭhāgāra -- ]Pa. koṭṭhāgārika -- m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ; S. koṭhārī m. ʻ one who in a body of faqirs looks after the provision store ʼ; Or. koṭhārī ʻ treasurer ʼ; Bhoj. koṭhārī ʻ storekeeper ʼ, H. kuṭhiyārī m.Addenda: kōṣṭhāgārika -- : G. koṭhārī m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ. (CDIAL 3551)

Note on vēḷir who migrated 49 generations before Puṟanānūṟu text of Sangam times from Dwāraka

In Tirumoolar's Tirumanthiram, the northern sage "Vaṭapāl Tavamuni" is said to have created the "Fire-pit"; வடபால் முனிவன் is mentioned in Puṟanānūṟu in the context of vēḷir migration from Dwāraka (Sarasvati river basin)

அங்கி உதயம் வளர்க்கும் அகத்தியன்

அங்கி உதயஞ்செய் மேல்பா லவனொடும்

அங்கி உதயஞ்செய் வடபால் தவமுனி

எங்கும் வளங்கொள் இலங்கொளி தானே" (திருமூலர் திருமந்திரம் - 338)

This is a reference to the Veda culture of Civilization of the 2nd millennium BCE when the migration of

vēḷir occurred.

Chief vēḷir was tuvarāpati for 49 generations, notes Puṟanānūṟu a text of Sangam times.

The text is dated to ca. 5th cent.BCE.

Thus, Chief vēḷir (வேளிருள் வேளே!) who was Dwāraka ruler (துவரை ஆண்டு) migrated into velanāḍu (vēḷ region of Andhra Pradesh), ca. 1750 BCE (computing an average of 25 years per generation).

வேள் vēḷ A man from eighteen to fifty years of age, ஆண்மகன்.வேளான் vēḷāṉ , n. < id. 1. A caste title; ஒரு சாதிப்பட்டப்பெயர். மதுராந்தக மூவேந்த வேளான் (S. I. I. ii, 10). 2. A title of persons belonging to the Kuyavar caste; குயவரது சாதிப் பட்டப்பெயர். Mod. குயவன்¹ kuyavaṉ, n. < id. [M. kuyavaṉ.] Potter; குசவன். திருநீலகண்டத்துக் குயவனார்க் கடி யேன் (தேவா. 736, 1).

*இருக்குவேதம் irukku-vētam , n. < id. +. The Ṛg-vēda, the most ancient sacred book of the Hindus, consisting of 1017 hymns in archaic language, in ten maṇḍaḷas இருக்குவேள் *இருக்குவேதம் irukku-vētam , n. < id. +. The Ṛg-vēda, the most ancient sacred book of the Hindus, consisting of 1017 hymns in archaic language, in ten maṇḍaḷas இருக்குவேள் irukku-vēḷ , n. A line of powerful chieftains who flourished about the 8th and 9th cc. at Koḍumbāḷūr, in the Pudukōṭṭa state; ஒருசார் சிற்றரசர். (Insc.) , n. A line of powerful chieftains who flourished about the 8th and 9th cc. at Koḍumbāḷūr, in the Pudukōṭṭa state; ஒருசார் சிற்றரசர். (Insc.)

•Migration from Tuvarai mentioned in Puṟanānūṟu 201 is also referred to in a 12th century inscription (Pudukottai State inscriptions, No. 120) cited by Avvai S. Turaicāmi in Puranaanuru, II (SISSW Publishing Soc., Madras, 1951). tuvarai mānakar ninru ponta tonmai pārttu kkiḷḷivēntan nikaril ten kavirnādu tannil nikar̤vitta nitiyāḷar

201. இவர் என் மகளிர்!

பாடியவர்: கபிலர்.

பாடப்பட்டோன் : இருங்கோவேள்.

திணை; பாடாண். துறை: பரிசில்.

குறிப்பு: பாரி மகளிரை உடன் கொண்டு சென்ற காலத்துப் பாடியது.)

இவர் யார்?` என்குவை ஆயின், இவரே,

ஊருடன் இரவலர்க்கு அருளித் ,தேருடன்

முல்லைக்கு ஈத்த செல்லா நல்லிசை,

படுமணி யானைப்,பறம்பின் கோமான்

நெடுமாப் பாரி மகளிர்; யானே

தந்தை தோழன்: இவர்என் மகளிர்;

அந்தணன், புலவன், கொண்டுவந் தனனே;

நீயே, வடபால் முனிவன் தடவினுள் தோன்றிச்,

செம்பு புனைந்து இயற்றிய சேண்நெடும் புரிசை,

உவரா ஈகைத், துவரை ஆண்டு,

நாற்பத்து ஒன்பது வழிமுறை வந்த

வேளிருள் வேளே! விறற்போர் அண்ணல்!

தாரணி யானைச் சேட்டிருங் கோவே!

ஆண்கடன் உடைமையின், பாண்கடன் ஆற்றிய

ஒலியற் கண்ணிப் புலிகடி மா அல்!

யான்தர, இவரைக் கொண்மதி! வான்கவித்து

இருங்கடல் உடுத்தஇவ் வையகத்து, அருந்திறல்

பொன்படு மால்வரைக் கிழவ! வென்வேல்

உடலுநர் உட்கும் தானைக்,

கெடல்அருங் குறைய நாடுகிழ வோயே!

Source: Puṟanānūṟu 201 http://tamilnation.co/literature/ettuthokai/mp057.htm

http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/ettuthokai/pm0057.pdf

The Sewn Boats of Kerala

Published on Feb 5, 2013

"The technique of assembly by lashings is one of the world's oldest for constructing boats. It was in use in Antiquity in Egypt and in Homeric Greece. In the present day, this method is still used in the Indian Ocean, most notably in India itself, at Kerala, where, nevertheless, the technique is unfortunately dying out.
This film takes us to Kerala on the Malabar Coast, and into a network of lakes and lagoons and canals known as The Backwaters, where the last of these "sewn" boats are still employed. We shall follow the work of traditional carpenters who continue to practise this ancient technique and begin to understand its subtleties."

"Scholars long underestimated the seafaring capabilities of the ancient Egyptians, but recent excavations beside the Red Sea demand respect for the mastery of shipbuilding technology of about 4,000 years ago. The unique ability to acquire Mediterranean cedar for use in building Red Sea ships provided the Egyptians access to what they called the marvels of Punt. While the frontier staging ground at Gawasis expands our knowledge of how and when they sailed south to return with incense and other cargoes, many details remain obscure. Nonetheless, ship timbers and maritime artefacts at Gawasis illustrate the technological, administrative and bureaucratic nature of ancient Egyptian engagement with the world beyond the Nile. Studying these abandoned ship planks and equipment—the products of shipyards operating under an approach that recalls assembly-line construction—informs us about ship technology and shipbuilders, as well as the use of watercraft at sea in ancient Egypt. Min of the Desert relied on archaeological data for its design and internal structure. Thick planks interlocked along their edges and fastened by deep, unpegged mortise-and-tenon joints created its structurally sound hull. Min’s sailing performance proved that a rig copied directly from the Hatshepsut Punt reliefs was efficient and effective and conclusively demonstrates the feasibility of extended sea voyages in indigenous Egyptian craft."

https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Ward.pdf British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 18 (2012): 217–32 Building pharaoh’s ships: Cedar, incense and sailing the Great Green Cheryl Ward

Catamarans built in Malabar coast compare with sewn boats of 19th cent.BCE Ayn Soukhna, a Red sea port

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/hqbne2m

Ain Sukhna, (Arabic: العين السخنة‎‎ el-ʿĒn el-Soḵna) archaeological explorations have shown an ancient pharaonic Red Sea port and settlement from which seafaring expeditions were organised.

The sewn sailing boats discovered at this site dated to 19th cent. BCE based on a study of ceramic materials and dating of wood by radiocarbonne (14C).

Research is ongoing on the techniques used in making the sewn boats studying the techniques used even today in Malabar Coast of Kerala. Preliminary results indicate that the techniques used for making the Ain Sukhna boats and the present-day rafts called catamarans (lit. kaṭṭumaram) of Kerala are comparable.

See: http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/4029/Int_J_Naut_Archaeol_41_148a.pdf

Study of sewn plank built boats of Goa, India

http://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1161-9473_1993_num_3_2_1485 Lotika Varadarajan, 1993,

Indian boat building traditions. The ethnological evidence, Persee, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 547-568.
http://somasiridevendra.navy.lk/assets/files/p_research.pdf Sean McGrail, Lucy Blue, Eric Kentley, Colin Palmer, Boats of South Asia Book Review 2004)

The hypothesis posited is that boat-builders from the West Coast of India had transferred the technology of building catamarans.

"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea or Periplus of the Red Sea (Greek: Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθράς Θαλάσσης, Latin: Periplus Maris Erythraei) is a Greco-Roman periplus, written in Greek (c. 1st-3rd cen.), describing navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice along the coast of the Red Sea, and others along Northeast Africa and the Sindh and South western India...Many trade goods are mentioned in the Periplus, but some of the words naming trade goods are seen nowhere else in ancient literature, and so we can only guess as to what they might be. For example, one trade good mentioned is "lakkos chromatinos". The name lakkosappears nowhere else in ancient Greek or Roman literature. The name re-surfaces in late medieval Latin as lacca, borrowed from medieval Arabic lakk in turn borrowed from Sanskritic lakh, meaning lac i.e. a red-colored resin native to India used as a lacquer and used also as a red colorant. Some other named trade goods remain obscure." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea#

"Hatshepsut who came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BCE had funded a mission to the Land of Punt.(which could be the horn of Africa close to Rann of Kutch). Five ships, each measuring 70 feet (21 m) long bearing several sails and accommodating 210 men that included sailors and 30 rowers. Many trade goods were bought in Punt, notably frankincense and myrrh."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut

Noting that several ships of 6th century Greece are sewn boats (assembly by lashings), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (The Centre d'etudes Alexandrines) has presented a splendid video on the techniques of making sewn boats in the Malabar coast of Kerala. These rafts are called கட்டுமரம் kaṭṭu-maram , n. < id. +. 1. Catamaran, used for deep sea fishing; raft made of logs of wood lashed or joined together; மீன்பிடிப்பதற்காக மரங்களாற் பிணைக்கப் பட்ட மிதவை. கோக்காமரம் kōkkā-maram is a seafaring raft: , n. prob. கோ- + கால்¹ +. Loc. 1. A kind of raft or catamaran;
கடலிற்செலுத்தும் கட்டுமரவகைகளில் ஒன்று. மேங்கா mēṅkā
, n. A kind of catamaran; கடலில் ஓடும் கட்டுமரவகை. Loc. Ancient Polynesian Catamaran:

Ancient Polynesian catamaran (developed as early as 1500 BCE)

Catamaran, Tamil Nadu.

கடப்பா kaṭappā, n. perh. கட்டு- + பாய். Sail of a catamaran; கட்டுமரத்திற் கட்டும் பாய். Loc.

மடி³ maṭi Double catamaran; இரட்டைக் கட்டுமரம். (G. Tn. D. I, 229.)

Hieroglyphs: 1. lathe; 2. body formed of two or more animals: G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ,sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻlatheʼCDIAL 12859)

Double-canoe, raft: saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s° ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; M. sãgaḍ m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ (CDIAL 12859)

Boats of Ayn Sukhna

(French original and bibliography appended)

The site of Ayn Sukhna on the Egyptian shores of the Gulf of Suez (70 km south of Suez) delivered archaeologists 2 vessels used in the Middle Kingdom. Ongoing excavations have been conducted since 2001 by a Franco-Egyptian team led by prof. Mahmoud Abd el-Zaziq (University of Suez), Dr. Georges Castel (IFAO) and prof. Pierre Tallet (University of Paris IV-Sorbonne).

The site

The site has many inscriptions evoking maritime expeditions in the Middle Kingdom by Mantouhotep Pharaohs (Eleventh Dynasty, the early twentieth century. BC.), Amenemhat II, Sesostris I, Amenemhet III (twelfth dynasty, first quarter the second millennium). Excavations have also revealed the seals of the fourth and fifth dynasties pharaohs, which traces the use of the site to the High Empire (middle of the third millennium).

The site consists of tunnels dug into the rock to serve as warehouses, buildings, copper ore processing plants. The galleries are located approximately 500 m from the shore. Among the 6 galleries, 3 of them the access is through a building built under the High Empire.

Two other (G2 and G9 galleries) are freely and still retained the dismantled wooden boats. They are about 20 meters long, 3 meters wide and 2 meters high. However the storage timber were burned and reduced to the state of charcoal (the ceiling collapsed during the fire, the fire was smothered and continued smoldering). The best preserved parts of the G2 gallery could be consolidated and removed to a laboratory study. But parts of the G9 gallery were studied in situ.

Woods

The planks were carefully arranged, superimposed on an unknown height but that exceeded 70 cm G9 gallery and isolated from soil by wedges. The whole was bound by ropes. Have been identified very long parts forming the shell and a thicker which served as a keel. Other pieces in the particular morphology formed the ends. However there is a lack of structural members, superstructure and rigging. Several hypotheses: either they do not exist or they were on top and completely burned, or they are stored elsewhere in a still gallery to find.

The boards are very thick: 9 to 13 cm. Retained widths are usually between 30 and 50 cm, but some are up to 70 cm. The analysis shows that the boards are predominantly cedar wood and sometimes oak. The posts are acacia. The structural parts are made of wood imported from Mediterranean while the connecting pieces are common species in Egypt.

The boards retain their assemblies combining two complementary, not exclusive techniques:

- Like a system resembling strips of wood taking place in mortise. The posts 7 cm wide, 2 cm thick and the depth of the mortise can reach 15 cm.

- Cords of a ligating system passing loop in mortises L cut along the edges of the boards to be joined (0.5 cm diam.). There are a dozen cords by ligation.

Sometimes pins (diam. 2 to 3 cm) complete the above assemblies.

the anchors

Gallery 9 contained two large limestone anchors, weighing respectively 80 and 100 kg.

Restitution

Room dimensions and morphology corresponds to those of the Empire through the vessels found in the funeral of Sesostris III at Dahshur complex. If we take these to model, it is then led to restore, as the volume of timber and distribution in galleries, boats of about 13.50 to 15 m long.

The region of destination of ships is probably located in the Sinai to Serabit El-Khadim where inscriptions confirm this, especially at a place called Rod el-Air. Rock carvings of boats which one can think that they are in direct contact with the remains of Ayn Sukhna show two types of vessels, both with a crescent-shaped hull and cabin but which are distinguished by their device steering (lateral or axial) and the cabin layout.

Dating

The study of ceramic materials and dating of wood by radiocarbonne (14C) indicate that the vessels were deposited in the late Middle Kingdom (late nineteenth century. BC.) Or at the beginning of the Second Intermediate period (early eighteenth century.). But the woods were in use during the Middle Kingdom and some parts date back to the end of the Old Kingdom (2500-2300 BC.). They should therefore be subject to special attention which reflect the storage in the underground galleries.

Use, maintenance and destruction

The destination of these ships was probably the Sinai at a distance of about 100 km, to enjoy its metal resources (copper) and precious stones (turquoise). They had used regularly but not permanently so they were arranged between two expeditions.

The long use of certain parts stored on shore shows that did not produce a new ship every shipment. The parts were carefully maintained. So do not imagine a royal workshop installed in the Nile valley constantly producing new parts for new boats. By cons, for several centuries one could replace parts alike; expertise was therefore never lost. Nothing says that the workshop was located so far from the place of use. No vestige does not prove the presence of an on-site workshop.

Why a fire broke out in two separate but adjacent galleries? It may be that a voluntary act of destruction intended to harm, by the interruption of shipments, on whom this advantage. Why then the site has he been used more? Have we completely stopped borrowing the sea or did you set up a different mode of travel, and in which locations?

Les bateaux à Ayn Sukhna

Le site d’Ayn Sukhna sur les rives égyptiennes du golfe de Suez (70 km au sud de Suez) a livré aux archéologues 2 navires ayant servi au Moyen Empire. Les fouilles en cours sont menées depuis 2001 par une équipe franco-égyptienne sous la direction du prof. Mahmoud Abd el-Zaziq (université de Suez), du Dr. Georges Castel (IFAO) et du prof. Pierre Tallet (université de Paris IV-Sorbonne).

Le site
Le site comporte de nombreuses inscriptions évoquant des expéditions maritimes sous le Moyen Empire par les pharaons Mantouhotep (XIe dynastie, début du XXe s. av. J.-C.), Amenemhat II, Sesostris I, Amenemhat III (XIIe dynastie, premier quart du IIe millénaire). Les fouilles ont également révélé des sceaux de pharaons des IVe et Ve dynasties, ce qui fait remonter l’utilisation du site au Haut Empire (milieu du IIIe millénaire).

Le site se compose de galeries creusées dans la roche pour servir d’entrepôts, de bâtiments, d’ateliers de transformation du minerai de cuivre. Les galeries se trouvent à environ 500 m du rivage. Parmi les 6 galeries, l’accès de 3 d’entre elles se fait par un bâtiment construit sous le Haut Empire.
Deux autres (galeries G2 et G9) sont d’accès libre et conservaient encore les bois de bateaux démontés. Elles mesurent environ 20 m de longueur, 3 m de large et 2 m de haut. Cependant les bois entreposés ont été calcinés et réduits à l’état de charbon de bois (le plafond s’est effondré lors de l’incendie, le feu a été étouffé et il s’est poursuivi en combustion lente). Les pièces les mieux conservées de la galerie G2 ont pu être consolidées et enlevées pour une étude en laboratoire. Mais les pièces de la galerie G9 ont été étudiées in situ.
Les bois
Les planches ont été soigneusement rangées, superposées sur une hauteur inconnue mais qui dépassaient les 70 cm de la galerie G9 et isolées du sol par des cales. Le tout était lié par des cordages. On a identifié des pièces très longues formant le bordé et une plus épaisse qui servait de quille. D’autres pièces à la morphologie particulière formaient les extrémités. En revanche on constate l’absence de pièces de charpente, de superstructure et de gréement. Plusieurs hypothèses : soit elles n’existaient pas, soit elles étaient sur le dessus et ont entièrement brulé, soit elles sont rangées ailleurs dans une galerie encore à trouver.

Les planches sont très épaisses : 9 à 13 cm. Les largeurs conservées sont le plus souvent comprises entre 30 et 50 cm, mais certaines mesurent jusqu’à 70 cm. L’analyse montre que les planches sont majoritairement en bois de cèdre et parfois en chêne. Les tenons sont en acacia. Les pièces de structures sont en bois importés de Méditerranée tandis que les pièces d’assemblage sont d’essences commune en Egypte.
Les planches conservent leurs assemblages alliant 2 techniques complémentaires et non exclusives :

un système de tenons ressemblant à des languettes de bois prenant place dans des mortaises. Les tenons mesurent 7 cm de largeur, 2 cm d’épaisseur et la profondeur des mortaises peut atteindre 15 cm.

un système de ligature de cordelettes (diam. 0.5 cm) passant en boucle dans des mortaises en L taillées le long des bords des planches à assembler. On compte une douzaine de cordelettes par ligature.
Parfois des chevilles (diam. 2 à 3 cm) viennent compléter les assemblages ci-dessus.

Les ancres

La galerie 9 contenait deux grosses ancres de calcaire, pesant respectivement 80 et 100 kg.
Restitution
Les dimensions des pièces et leur morphologie correspond à celles des bateaux du moyen Empire retrouvés dans le complexe funéraire de Sésostris III à Dahchour. Si on prend ces derniers pour modèle, on est alors conduit à restituer, selon le volume des bois et leur répartition dans les galeries, des bateaux d’environ 13,50 à 15 m de long.
La région de destination des navires est sans doute à situer dans le Sinaï, vers Serabit El-Khadim où des inscriptions le confirment, notamment au lieu-dit Rod el-Air. Des gravures rupestres d’embarcations dont on peut penser qu’elles sont en rapport direct avec les vestiges d’Ayn Sukhna montrent 2 types de navires, tous les deux avec une coque en forme de croissant et une cabine mais qui se distinguent par leur appareil de gouverne (latéral ou axial) et la disposition de la cabine.
Datation
L’étude du matériel céramique et les datations du bois par radiocarbonne (14C) indiquent que les navires ont été déposés à la fin du Moyen Empire (fin du XIXe s. av. J.-C.), voire au début de la Deuxième Période Intermédiaire (début du XVIIIe s.). Mais les bois étaient en usage pendant le Moyen Empire et certaines pièces remontent jusqu’à la fin de l’Ancien Empire (2500-2300 av. J.-C.). Ils devaient donc faire l’objet d’une attention particulière dont témoignent le rangement dans les galeries souterraines.
Usage, entretien et destruction
La destination de ces navires était sans doute le Sinaï à une distance d’environ 100 km, pour profiter de ses ressources métallifères (cuivre) et de pierres précieuses (turquoises). Ils ont dû servir régulièrement mais pas en permanence c’est pourquoi ils étaient rangés entre deux expéditions.
Le long usage de certaines pièces stockées sur ce rivage montre qu’on ne fabriquait pas un navire neuf à chaque expédition. Les pièces étaient soigneusement entretenues. Il ne faut donc pas imaginer un atelier royal installé dans la vallée du Nil produisant en permanence des pièces nouvelles pour des bateaux neufs. Par contre, pendant plusieurs siècle on a pu remplacer des pièces à l’identique ; le savoir-faire n’a donc jamais été perdu. Rien ne dit que l’atelier ait été situé si loin du lieu d’usage. Aucun vestige ne prouve non plus la présence d’un atelier sur place.
Pourquoi un incendie s’est déclaré dans 2 galeries adjacentes mais bien séparées ? Il ne peut s’agir que d’un acte volontaire de destruction destiné à nuire, par l’interruption des expéditions, à celui à qui cela profitait. Pourquoi ensuite le site n’a-t-il plus été utilisé ? A-t-on cessé complètement d’emprunter cette voie maritime ou a-t-on mis en place un autre mode de déplacement, et dans quels lieux ?

Bibliographie :

M. Abd el-Raziq , New inscriptions at El-Ein el-Sukhna, in Memnonia, vol. 10 , 1999

M. Abd el-Raziq, G. Castel, P. Tallet, V. Ghica, Les inscriptions d’Ayn Soukhna, in MIFAO , vol. 122 , 2002

M. Abd el-Raziq, G. Castel, P. Tallet, L’exploration archéologique du site d’Ayn Soukhna (2001-2004), in Actes Du Neuvième Congrès International Des Égyptologues, Grenoble, 6-12 septembre 2004, Leuven, Paris , 2007

P. Tallet, E. Mahfouz, The Red Sea in pharaonic times : Recent discoveries along the Red Sea Coast. Proceedings of the Colloquium held in Cairo/Ayn Soukhna 11th–12th January 2009, IFAO, Le Caire , 2009

P. Tallet, Prendre la mer à Ayn Soukhna au temps du roi Isesi, in BSFE, vol. 177/178 , 2010

P. Tallet , Les Égyptiens et le littoral de la mer Rouge à l’époque pharaonique, in CRAIBL , vol. 2 , 2010

P. Pomey, Les bateaux d’Ayn Soukhna. Les plus vieux vestiges de navires de mer actuellement connus., in Egypte Afrique & Orient, vol. 64, Les bateaux et la navigation en Egypte ancienne II, Centre vauclusien d'égyptologie , 2012

Pierre Tallet, Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf : Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf , in British Museum studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan, vol. 18, British Museum, Londres , 2012

Mahmoud Abd el-Raziq, Georges Castel, Pierre Tallet

Ayn Soukhna III. Le complexe de galeries-magasins

Storage gallery complexes can now be considered a major characteristic of the pharaonic « periodic harbours » that have been successively identified on the sites of Mersa Gawasis, Ayn Soukhna and Wadi el-Jarf. In between two expeditions, those caves were used to store the sailing equipement, and especially dismanteled boats waiting for their next use. The systematic excavation of this whole Ayn Soukhna cave complex has allowed a better understanding of this site’s purpose thank to the discovery, in two of those galleries, of remains of boats that were carfully stored there before being destroyed by fire. It also shows the long use of the harbour by the Egyptians, between the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom.

The archaeological work in Ayn Soukhna was led in the framework of a joint project of the IFAO, the Ismaïlia University and the Paris-Sorbonne University (CNRS UMR 8167). It was made possible, amongst other factors, by the help of several French companies that we want to thank here : Total Egypt, Air Liquide, Cairo Metro-Line 3 (Bouygues, Vinci), dam of Assiut (Vinci), Colas Rail, Gaz de France, Eletricité de France, Saint Gobain.

Le CNRS

Le Centre national de la recherche scientifique has presented a video of a marine archaeological exploration of a shipwreck in Ayn Soukhna (northern part of Suez canal). The shipwreck dated to ca. 1900 BCE (the mature phase of Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization) is of a pattamar, 'seafaring dhow' which is a sewn boat from Kerala.

"The technique of assembly by lashings is one of the world ’ s oldest for constructing boats. It was in use in Antiquity in Egypt and in Homeric Greece. In the present day, this method is still used in the Indian Ocean, most notably in India itself, at Kerala, where, nevertheless, the technique is unfortunately dying out. This film takes us to Kerala on the Malabar Coast, and into a network of lakes and lagoons and canals known as The Backwaters, where the last of these “sewn” boats are still employed. We shall follow the work of traditional carpenters who continue to practise this ancient technique and begin to understand its subtleties." https://videotheque.cnrs.fr/doc=4124?langue=EN

Ayn-Soukhna

Site name: Ain-Soukhna العين السٌخنة

Supervisors: Mahmoud Abd el-Raziq (uCanal University, Ismailia), Georges Castel (architect, archaeologist, IFAO), Pierre Tallet (egyptologist, University of Paris IV-Sorbonne).

Collaborators: Grégory Marouard (archaeologist, université de Poitiers), Virpi Perunka (ceramologist, University of Liverpool), Philippe Fluzin (archaeo-metallurgist, UMR 5060), Patrice Pomey (CNRS, Centre Camille Jullian), Alain Lecler, Ihab M. Ibrahim (photographers, IFAO).

Partner institutions: CSA, Canal University – Ismailia ; UMR 8152 Univ. Paris IV/CNRS/Collège de France; CNRS UMR 5060.

Sponsors: Électricité de France (2003-2007), Total-Égypte (2001-2008), Air Liquide (2005-2008), Gaz de France (2007-2008), Société du métro du Caire – ligne 3 (2008).

Campaign dates: September - October.

Ain Soukhna – overall layout of the site..

Ain Soukhna is located on the west coast of the Gulf of Suez, about 120 km from the greater Cairo region. The name means “hot spring” in Arabic and refers to the sulphurous springs that are to be found in the vicinity of the archaeological remains. A Pharaonic-era settlement was discovered here in 1999 thanks to the presence of very numerous hieroglyphic inscriptions carved on the rocks indicating a sizeable occupation in the 2nd millennium BC. Archaeological excavation of the site since 2001 have gradually led to a better understanding of what were the different activities of this installation in antiquity. In the very earliest times, it is likely that the relatively modest deposits of copper here were mined, and then it would seem that this site was regularly occupied by expeditions heading for farther destinations, notably for the Sinai peninsula where the Egyptians exploited the copper and turquoise mines. The present work at this site has exposed an important logistical centre of multiple functions. Because of the many threats hanging over the site (local tourist and industrial developments), it is worth emphasising that the work undertaken at Ain Soukhna should be characterised as a salvage excavation.

History of the excavation

Fig. 1. Ain-Soukhna - The structure built against the rock.

Excavation of the Ain Soukhna site began in 2001, particularly within the small natural circle that is overhung by the Pharaonic inscriptions. Very early on, nine galleries, carved into a rather soft layer of schist, were revealed. The form of these cavities, which were carved in an identical fashion, are the same length (some 20 metres) and run parallel to each other, seemed to indicate that they were originally conceived as a large-scale storage facility. Three passageways [G4, G5 and G7] differ slightly from this ensemble in that their entrances were originally enclosed by a rectangular building 15 x 5 metres, whose roof was supported by posts [fig. 1]. A single and relatively narrow entry on the east side gave access to the ensemble of this complex. Numerous imprints of seals showing the names of kings of the 6th and 5th dynasties indicate the great age of this installation.

Fig. 2. Gallery 2 with the remains of the carbonised boat.

It is possible that two galleries (G9 and G2) were designed from the first for a different use, that of storing boats which, between expeditions, could be left on site. In any case, such a function is well attested for the following period, the Middle Kingdom. In fact, during the campaigns from 2006 to 2008, the remains of a boat some 15 metres in length were unearthed. This vessel had been dismantled and carefully stored in gallery G2 [fig. 2]. The more than likely accidental burning of this structure has paradoxically led to its partial preservation to the present day. The intensity of the fire caused the roof of the gallery to collapse upon the remains, extinguishing the flames, and sealing the archaeological context. During the 2008 campaign, other remains of a boat were also discovered in the adjacent gallery (G9).

Fig. 3.The installations of Kom 14.

Other important installations connected to the expeditions are to be found lower down on the site, on a natural promontory near the sea. The traces of several successive buildings have been unearthed here, the biggest of which dates back to the Old Kingdom [photo 3]. Around a square building, which appears to be the initial core of this complex, some ten chambers and corridors were progressively added. The ensemble in its final state must have presented a terraced appearance, following the relief of the ground and covering a surface area of roughly 600 m2. Below this hill, close to sea level, two ramps, presently being cleared, are probably part of port facilities.

Ain Soukhna was also occupied for a strictly limited period of its history by a remarkable ensemble of metallurgical workshops [figs. 4 & 5]. These installations are to be found over almost the entirety of the site, from the foot of the mountain, on slopes exposed to the wind, to the lower section, close to the shore. To date, more than 50 bloomeries, functioning with natural ventilation, have been studied. The exceptional state of preservation of these furnaces will allow for a better understanding of the techniques use in the Middle Kingdom to extract copper from malachite. It is most likely that the ore was imported during that period from the Sinai peninsula. Alongside the archaeological excavation, experiments using replicas of these furnaces have been made to reconstruct the entire process involved in the copper smelting operating chain.

Fig. 4. Metallurgical workshop of Wadi 2 - east.

Fig. 5. Workshops and housing, sector S 25.

Future perspectives

The coming years of excavation on the site will be aimed at:

continued clearing of the upper part of the site, and particularly the excavation of the latest galleries found there (G1, G6 et G9);
excavation of a large Middle Kingdom workshop complex in the lower part of the site. The metallurgical activities here seem to be interwoven with those of everyday life in the context of a village that spreads over almost a hectare.
continuation of the excavation at the foot of Kom 14, where there appear to be large port facilities, clearly dated by the archaeological context to the Old Kingdom.
continuation of experiments in recreating the ancient metallurgical techniques.

Bibliography

M. Abd el-Raziq, G. Castel, P. Tallet, V. Ghica, Les inscriptions d’Ayn Soukhna, MIFAO 122, Le Caire, 2002.
M. Abd el-Raziq, G. Castel, P. Tallet, «Dans le golfe de Suez, les mines de cuivre d’Ayn Soukhna», Archéologia 414, 2004, p. 10-21.
M. Abd el-Raziq, G. Castel, P. Tallet, «Ayn Soukhna et la mer Rouge», Égypte, Afrique et Orient 41, 2006, p. 3-6.
M. Abd el-Raziq, G. Castel, P. Tallet, «L’exploration archéologique du site d’Ayn Soukhna (2001-2004)», in J.-Cl. Goyon, Chr. Cardin (éd.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists, OLA 150, Louvain, 2007, p. 61-68.
M. Abd el-Raziq, G. Castel, P. Tallet, G. Marouard, Ph. Fluzin, «Le cuivre des pharaons», La Recherche 413, novembre 2007, p. 46-50.

Institut français d'archéologie orientale — 37, rue al-Cheikh Ali Youssef B.P. 11562 Qasr al-Aïny 11441 Le Caire - Égypte

http://www.ifao.egnet.net Tél. + 20 22 79 00 255 - Fax + 20 22 79 44 635 et contact

Fil RSS des actualités de l'Ifao

https://www.ifao.egnet.net/archeologie/ayn-soukhna/#en

Sindhu-Sarasvati-Mesopotamia relations developed during the second half of 3rd millennium BCE and continued into the mature phases of the civilization upto 1900 BCE attested by the use of a uniform standard for Indus Script CIpher across a widespread civilization area which extended from Ahicchatra to Daimabad, from Lothal to Tigris-Euphrates across the Persian Gulf. Around this time, there is evidence of maritime activity between the West Coat of India and Egypt (Suez canal). The evidence comes from a shipwreck in Ayn Soukhna. The ship is a sewn boat from Kerala, the Westcoast of India. "Mesopotamia had already been an intermediary in the trade of Lapis Lazuli between the South Asia and Egyptsince at least about 3200 BCE, in the context of Egypt-Mesopotamia relations"(Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–72.)(Burton, James H.; Price, T. Douglas; Kenoyer, J. Mark. "A new approach to tracking connections between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia: initial results of strontium isotope analyses from Harappa and Ur". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (5): 2286–2297.)

Who made the seafaring boats of the civilization made? Archaeological evidence points to the boat-builders of West coast of India. The evidence of Indus Script with the standard device points to the making and use of catamarans for cargo of maritime trade.

Standard device of Indus Script signifies signifies sã̄gah 'catalogue'

The 'standard device' of Indus Script Corpora signifies catalogue of wealth accounting categories: kunda, 'nidhi', kammaṭa, 'mint'.

The 'standard device' is

1. a pair of hieroglyph components; the components are:
2.lathe;and
3.portable furnace.

m0008

Figure C is a line drawing based on Mohenjo-daro seal 'standard device' on inscription m0008

1. सांगड sãgaḍ 'a composite formed of two parts'

2. kunda 'lathe'

3. kammaṭa 'portable furnace'.

Line drawings

kunda 'lathe'

kammaṭa 'portable furnace'. The dotted circle on the;crucible of the portable furnace is also a hypertext. A dotted circle hieroglyph is a cross-section of a strand of rope: S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻsubstance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour)ʼ; dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(Marathi) धवड [ dhavaḍa ] m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron (Marathi).

Thus, the hypertext of the 'standard device' has three signifiers:

1. सांगड sãgaḍ 'a composite formed of two parts';
2. kunda 'lathe'
3. kammaṭa 'portable furnace'.

In accordance with the semantic design feature Indus Script cipher, the Meluhha rebus readings are:

1. Hieroglyph: सांगड sãgaḍ 'a composite formed of two parts'Rebus: sã̄gah 'catalogue'
2. Hieroglyph: kunda 'lathe' कुन्द 'a turner's lathe L.' Rebus: कुन्द kunda 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यक Gal. ) L.''the number " nine " W.' कुन्द--कर 'a turner'.
3.Hieroglyph: kammaṭa 'portable furnace'Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236)

Section 2. Semantic structure of Bhāratīya sprachbund (speech union) Meluhha words and expressions signified by hypertext 'standard device' components

Hypertext: सांगड  sāṅgaḍa सांगडी  sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगड्या  sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. (Marathi) M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼl saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ]Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s° ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; Ku. sĩgāṛ m. ʻ doorframe ʼ; N. saṅār, siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ; Or. saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ; Bi. sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ; H. sĩghāṛā m. ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ; G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ(CDIAL 12859)

जांगड  jāṅgaḍa f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken. 3 Linking together (of beasts): joining or attaching (as a scholar to a superior one, in order to learn). v घाल, कर. Also the state, linkedness, co-yokedness, attachment, association. जांगड jāṅgaḍa ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop.

sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati). jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati)  The mercantile agents who were jangadiyo received goods on jangad 'entrusted for approval'. An ancient Near East accounting system was jangaḍ. The system of jangaḍ simply meant 'goods on approval' with the agent -- like the Meluhhan merchant-agents or brokers living in settlements in ancient near East -- merely responsible for showing the goods to the intended buyers. సంగడము (p. 1272) saṅgaḍamu sangaḍamu. [from Skt. సంగతమ్.] n. Dumb-bells, సాముచేయువారు తిప్పేలోడు. Help, assistance, aid, సహాయము. Friendship, జత, స్నేహము. Meeting, చేరిక. Nearness, సమీపము. A retinue, పరిచారము. Service, సేవ. An army, సేన. "అనవుడు వాడునగుచు నీవిక్రమంబునకు నా వెరపు సంగడంబుగాదె." M. VII. iv. 59. "ఉ అంచెలుగట్టి కాలి తొడుసైచనననీవుగదమ్మప్రోదిరా, యంచలివేటి సంగడములయ్యెను." Swa. v. 72. Trouble, annoyance, ౛ం౛ాటము, సంకటము. సంగడమువాడు sangaḍamu-vāḍu. n. A friend or companion. చెలికాడు, నేస్తకాడు. సంగడి sangaḍi. n. A couple, pair, జంట జత. Friendship, స్నేహము. A friend, a fellow, a playmate, నేస్తకాడు. A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side.

Rebus: सं-ग्रह a compendium , summary , catalogue , list , epitome , abridgment , short statement (एण or आत् , " shortly " , " summarily " , " in few words ") (कठ-उपनिषद्. MBh. &c)(Monier-Williams)saṁgraha m. ʻ collection ʼ Mn., ʻ holding together ʼ MBh. [√grah]Pa. saṅgaha -- m. ʻ collection ʼ, Pk. saṁgaha -- m.; Bi. sã̄gah ʻ building materials ʼ; Mth. sã̄gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ, Bhoj. har -- sã̄ga; H. sãgahā ʻ collection of materials (e.g. for building) ʼ; <-> Si. san̆gaha ʻ compilation ʼ ← Pa.*saṁgrahati ʻ collects ʼ see sáṁgr̥hṇāti. (CDIAL 12852)sáṁgr̥hṇāti ʻ seizes ʼ RV. 2. *saṁgrahati. 3. saṁgrāhayati ʻ causes to be taken hold of, causes to be comprehended ʼ BhP. [√grah]1. Pa. saṅgaṇhāti ʻ collects ʼ, Pk. saṁgiṇhaï; Or. saṅghenibā ʻ to take with, be accompanied by ʼ.2. Pa. fut. saṅgahissati, pp. saṅgahita -- ; Pk. saṁgahaï ʻ collects, chooses, agrees to ʼ; Si. han̆ginavā ʻ to think ʼ, hän̆genavā, än̆g° ʻ to be convinced, perceive ʼ, han̆gavanavā, an̆g° ʻ to make known ʼ.3. Or. saṅgāibā ʻ to keep ʼ.*saṁgōpayati ʻ hides ʼ. [Cf. saṁgupta -- ʻ well hidden ʼ MBh., saṁgōpana -- n. ʻ concealment ʼ Pañcat. -- √gup] Pa. saṅgōpēti ʻ guards ʼ; Pk. saṁgōvēi ʻ hides ʼ, caus. saṁgōvāvaï; Si. san̆gavanavā, ha° ʻ to cause to be hidden ʼ. (CDIAL 12850)

Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold.(DEDR 1725)

kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1] N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi. kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m.(CDIAL 3295) kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1]A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ. (CDIAL 3297)

Decipherment of सांगड sāṅgaḍa सांगडी sāṅgaḍī 'joined animal parts' on Indus Script hypertext

The semantics of सांगड sāṅgaḍa सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together is realized by combining hieroglyphs of animal body parts as shown in the following example.

Image result for bharatkalyan97 young bull rim of jar ficus

Seal.National Museum, Delhi. No.135 konda 'young bull' rebus: konda 'smelter furnace' kundana 'fine gold' kunda 'a nidhi of Kubera'. barat, barad, 'ox' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi). Text of inscription: ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' aya 'iron' (Gujarati) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fin' (Lahnda) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236).

Thus, the message is: Products from mint: fine gold and mixed alloys. The goods from the smelter are documented for invoicing on jangaḍ 'approval basis'.

The Meluhha word which explains 'joined animals' signified on the seal is: sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together (Marathi) Rebus: Marathi. sãgaḍ m.f. ʻfloat made of two canoes joined togetherʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), Si. han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻdouble canoe, raftʼ. [Other rebus reading alternatives are: sáṁgata 'united, union'; sāṅga ʻcompany, companion'; saṁghātá 'adamantine glue' as in expression vajra saṁghātá; sangara 'proclamation'; S سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments. Pl. سنګرونه sangarūnah (Pashto)]. Allographs are: 1. Lathe: sãghāṛɔ m. ʻlathe' (Gujarati) sã̄gāḍī f. ʻlatheʼ (Marathi)(CDIAL 12859) 2. Fire-pan: san:ghāḍo, saghaḍī (G.) = firepan; saghaḍī, śaghaḍi = a pot for holding fire (G.)[cula_ sagaḍi_ portable hearth (G.)] aguḍe = brazier (Tu.) Thus, the two allographs are: Meluhha speech variants of san:gaḍa, ‘lathe, portable furnace’.

Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler Gudea, c. 2150 BCE Look at the remarkable iconography of the ear of this sculpture and that of Mohenjodaro priest who is Potṟ 'purifier priest' (R̥gveda) called Potti in Malayalam to signify a temple priest. The trefoil designss on the shawl he wears signifies in Meluhha Indus Script that he is dhāvaḍ 'smelter of iron'. He is a pōtadāra पोतदार 'wealth assayer'..

Trading station of Suktagen-Dor

The Sindhu-Sarasvati Valleys Civilization extended westward as far as the Harappan trading station of Sutkagan Dor

Fertility figurine of the Halaf culture, Mesopotamia, 6000-5100 BCE. Louvre; Fertility figurine from Mehrgarh, Indus Valley, c.3000 BCE. ("Figure féminine - Les Musées Barbier-Mueller". www.musee-barbier-mueller.org.)

Model of the diffusion of agriculturefrom the Fertile Crescent after 9000 BCE

The trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus would have been significantly shorter due to lower sea levels in the 3rd millennium BCE
Cylinder seal of Ibni-Sharrum

Impression of a cylinder seal of the Akkadian Empire, with label: "The Divine Sharkalisharri Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant".

The long-horned water buffalo depicted in the seal is thought to have come from the Indus Valley, and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the Indus Valley civilization. Circa 2217-2193 BC. Louvre Museum, reference AO 22303

“The Western coast of India had very early trans-oceanic trade even before the second millennium BCE. From archaeological points, there are several indications about the antiquity of the trade between India and Egypt for numerous products but there is dearth of evidence and proof that exchanges had taken place through the ports of West coast. British named the region Canara which was mainly comprised of maritime countries of Tuluva, Haiga and Hindu Konkan and also neighboring areas of Malabar. Written sources concerning the maritime history of the Canara for this period are rare but several Greek and Roman writers have referred quite a few ports of West coast of India which have suggested vital trading links with the Mediterranean countries.” (Shilpi Shrivastava and Dr. Choodamani Nandagopal, Agents of Commerce in Pre-Colonial Canara, in: International Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 5. Issue 2, Feb. 2016, pp. 417-419).

https://www.scribd.com/doc/314833659/Agents-of-Commerce-Shilip-Shrivasta-and-Choodamani-Nandagopal-2016

http://worldwidejournals.com/ijsr/file.php?val=February_2016_1454316998__159.pdf

See: http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/21658/1/jaas014007.pdf Yajima, Hikoichi, 1977, Maritime activities of the Arab Gulf people and the Indian Ocean World in the 11th and 12th centuries, 1977, Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 14,

Trade contactw with Persian Gulf sites of the civilization are well attested. http://www.indoeurohome.com/Meluhha-Dilmun.html

Sign 12 kut.i ‘water carrier’; rebus: kut.hi ‘furnace’

Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); dia. 2.6, ht. 0.9 cm.; Gadd, PBA 18 (1932), pp. 11-12, pl. II, no. 12; Porada 1971: pl.9, fig.5; Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). An unmistakable example of an 'heiroglyphic' seal.

urseal6 Cylinder seal; BM 122947; U. 16220 (cut down into Ur III mausolea from Larsa level; U. 16220), enstatite; Legrain, 1951, No. 632; Collon, 1987, Fig. 611.Humped bull stands before a plant, feeding from a round manger or a bundle of fodder (or, probably, a cactus); behind the bull is a scorpion and two snakes; above the whole a human figure, placed horizontally, with fantastically long arms and legs, and rays about his head.

takaram tin, white lead, metal sheet, coated with tin (Ta.); tin, tinned iron plate (Ma.); tagarm tin (Ko.); tagara, tamara, tavara id. (Ka.) tamaru, tamara, tavara id. (Ta.): tagaramu, tamaramu, tavaramu id. (Te.); t.agromi tin metal, alloy (Kuwi); tamara id. (Skt.)(DEDR 3001). trapu tin (AV.); tipu (Pali); tau, taua lead (Pkt.); tu~_ tin (P.); t.au zinc, pewter (Or.); taru_aum lead (OG.); tarvu~ (G.); tumba lead (Si.)(CDIAL 5992).

takar sheep, ram, goat (Ta.); tagar ram (Ka.); tagaru (Tu.); tagaramu, tagaru (Te.); tagar (M.)(DEDR 3000).

t.agara = taberna montana (Skt.)

ran:ga, ran: pewter is an alloy of tin lead and antimony (an~jana) (Santali).

ran:ga ron:ga, ran:ga con:ga = thorny, spikey, armed with thorns; edel dare ran:ga con:ga dareka = this cotton tree grows with spikes on it (Santali) [Note the thorns on the round object in front of the bull on the Ur cylinder seal impression – U 16220]

Shu-ilishu cylinder seal

The meluhhan is shown on the Akkadian cylinder seal carrying an antelope ; this is an artistic style of depicting a phonetic determinant for the word read rebus : meluhha :
mr..eka ‘antelope, goat’ (Te.) Meluhha-speaker, merchant.
He is a copper merchant/smith.

The Shu-ilishu cylinder seal is a clear evidence of the Meluhhan merchants trading in copper and tin. The Meluhha merchant carries melh,mr̤eka 'goat or antelope' rebus: milakkhu 'copper and the lady accompanying the Meluhhan carries a ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin'.

The rollout of Shu-ilishu's Cylinder seal. Courtesy of the Department des Antiquites Orientales, Musee du Louvre, Paris. The cuneiform text reads: Shu-Ilishu EME.BAL.ME.LUH.HA.KI (interpreter of Meluhha language). Apparently, the Meluhhan is the person carrying the antelope on his arms.

See: Cuneiform records evidence gold, silver, tin trade involving Meluhha merchants; this suggests Ancient Maritime gold-silver-tin route between Hanoi (Vietnam) and Haifa (Israel) https://tinyurl.com/yabor8sn

Meluhha is said to explain the origin of the Sanskrit mleccha, meaning "speaker who mispronounces and uses ungrammatical expressions." See: Parpola, Asko; Parpola, Simo (1975). "OnSee the relationship of the Sumerian Toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit Mleccha". Studia Orientalia. 46: 205–238.

khār 'blacksmith' + khōṇḍa 'bull calf'کار کند kār-kund 'Adroit, clever, experienced; A director, a manager'

bagala ‘pleiades’ Rebus: bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.);bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.)

Bagala is a dhow, a seafaring vessel.

کار کنده kār-kunda shown on Harappa h179 tablet. His head-dress is kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) which signifies Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) कूदी f. a bunch of twigs , bunch (v.l. कूट्/ई) AV. v , 19 , 12 Kaus3.accord. to Kaus3., Sch. = बदरी, "Christ's thorn".(Monier-Williams)The bunch of twigs = ku_di_, ku_t.i_ (Skt.lex.) ku_di_ (also written as ku_t.i_ in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kaus’ika Su_tra (Bloomsfield’s ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk,98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badari_, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).[Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned, standing person].

Early users of monsoon winds for navigation -- Sila Tripathi (2017)

Abstract. The maritime history of India can be traced back to the Harappan Civilization. Studies suggest that even at that time, monsoon winds and currents assisted in navigation. Recent archaeological exploration and excavations along the Indian margin, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and coasts of Southeast Asia provide convincing evidence about a maritime network and connections between mariners of India and other parts of the world in ancient times. The author of Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (PES) (60–100 CE) has credited Hippalus (~45 CE), the Greek mariner, with the discovery of monsoon winds and the mid-ocean route to the Indian ports from the Mediterranean. However, archaeological findings of Harappan Civilization, as well as the Vedic and Sangam period texts, suggest that the mariners of India who were trading in the Indian Ocean and adjoining seas had knowledge about monsoon winds much before Hippalus. In this paper, an attempt has been made to demonstrate the fact that knowledge of the monsoon winds was familiar to Indian mariners during the Harappan Civilization as well as in the later period.

Full text: http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/08/1618.pdf

Decipherment:

bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (Gujarati) PLUS daTo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' PLUS .khareḍo 'a currycomb' Rebus: खरड kharaḍ 'scribe'करडा [ karaḍā ]Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c.; kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati)

See: Evidence of masted sail boat of Mohenjo-daro and Persian Gulf validated by Indus Inscriptions of Supercargo seafaring merchants

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/j6ojzwd

A potsherd is a broken piece of ceramic material, especially one found in an Archaeological excavation) of a boat belonging to the Mohenjo-Daro period.) Shows a masted boat of c. 2000 BCE.A planked boat with a steering oar on the quarter and a mast near amidships the evidence of a sailed boat in ancient India. “Masted vessels are depicted in outline on second/first century BCE coins from Chandraketugarh in Ganges delta and similar vessels are shown on a Sri Lanka monument and on first century BCE terracotta seals. Boats, with planking fitted together with joggles and projections, and fastened by flat, double-dovetail shaped clamps, are depicted on a second century BCE medallion from a monastery at Bharhut, and on the east gate of a first century BCE stupa I at Sanchi in central India. Two-masted ships, with a sheerling rising towards bow and stern, are seen on coins found along the Andhra, Bay of Bengal coast that had been issued by the second century CE Satavahanas. These vessels have a steering oar on each quarter and their shroud-less masts are supported by forestay and backstay. There is also a ship symbol depited on coins found on the Coromandel coast that were issued by the Pallavas in the fourth century CE.” (Sean McGrail, opcit., p.52)

See:

Indus Script inscription on a boat with supercargo of ox-hide ingots, Bharhut mint copper, brass, hard alloy ingots

hMirror: http://tinyurl.com/z4duthe

A Bharhut sculptural frieze flanks an elephant rider signifying his palm and flanked by two ox-hide ingot hieroglyphs on both sides of the doorway. There are three other friezes which signify ox-hide ingots as hiereoglyphs flanking doorways.

Indus Script: Supercargo of copper smithywork ingots

The pair of ox-hide ingots which flank doorways on Bharhut scultpural friezes also occur on an Indus Script inscription on Mohenjo-daro prism tablet m1429. The two ox-hide ingots are shown as cargo on a boat flanked by two palm trees and twwo auatic birds.

Hieroglyph: కారండవము [kāraṇḍavamu] n. A sort of duck. కారండవము [ kāraṇḍavamu ] kāraṇḍavamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. कारंडव [kāraṇḍava ] m S A drake or sort of duck. कारंडवी f S The female. karandava [ kârandava ] m. kind of duck. कारण्ड a sort of duck R. vii , 31 , 21 கரண்டம் karaṇṭam, n. Rebus: Rebus: karaḍā ‘hard alloy’ (Marathi)

(tamar) -- palm tree, date palm rebus: tAmra 'copper' Thus, hard alloy ingot (ox-hide shape) are signified as supercargo.

The other two sides of the tablet also contain Indus Script inscriptions. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas metal' PLUS karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' Together, Side 2: kāru ‘crocodile’ Rebus: kāru ‘artisan’. Thus, together read rebus: ayakara ‘metalsmith’.

On side 3 of the tablt, there are 8 hieroglyphic 'signs' signifying the nature of the metalwork involved for the cargo. This is a two part inscription.

Part 1 of the inscription from l.

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 rebus: karNI 'helmsman, supercargo'. The hieroglyph of a standing person with legs spread out is thus a semantic determinant of the adjoining hieroglyph: rim of jar: karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNika 'scribe, account'. The next two hieroglyphs from the left are a pair of ingots: dhALako 'ingots' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus, cast ingots.

Part 2 of the inscription from l.

karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNika 'scribe, account'

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS circumscript of oval: dhALko 'ingot'. Thus ingot for smithy/forge work.

m1429 Prism tablet with Indus inscriptions on 3 sides.

Slide 24. Moulded tablet, Mohenjo-daro.Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script.

Material: terra cotta.Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602.Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384.Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39

The shape of he boat on the moulded tablet is comparable to the Bronze Age Uluburn ship which had a shipwreck.I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus: karNi Most frequently-occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora: 'rim-of-jar') of copper and tin ingots, based on a rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet, including a text in Indus writing, apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is read ayakara 'blacksmith'; cf. khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri); karavu'crocodile' (Telugu); ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'metal (tin+ copper alloy)'.

bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (Gujarati) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Kannada) Rebus: bangala = kumpaṭi = angāra śakaṭī = a chafing dish a portable stove a goldsmith’s portable furnace (Telugu) cf. bangaru bangaramu = gold (Telugu)

Side B:

karaṇḍa ‘duck’ (Sanskrit) karaṛa ‘a very large aquatic bird’ (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)

A pair of birds కారండవము [ kāraṇḍavamu ] n. A sort of duck. కారండవము [ kāraṇḍavamu ] kāraṇḍavamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. कारंडव [kāraṇḍava ] m S A drake or sort of duck. कारंडवी f S The female. karandava [ kârandava ] m. kind of duck. कारण्ड a sort of duck R. vii , 31 , 21 கரண்டம் karaṇṭam, n. Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy (metal)'. tamar ‘palm’ (Hebrew) Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ (Santali) dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Santali)

Rebus readings of the other 2 sides of the Mohenjo-daro tablet:

Side A: kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu) ghariyal id. (Hindi)

kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) கராம் karām, n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.) కారుమొసలి a wild crocodile or alligator. (Telugu) Rebus: kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi) kāruvu 'artisan' (Telugu) khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Telugu)] Rebus: ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)

khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.) Side C: Text 3246 on the third side of the prism. kāḍ  काड् ‘, the stature of a man’ Rebus: खडा [ khaḍā ] m A small stone, a pebble (Marathi) dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)’shapes objects on a lathe’ (Gujarati) kanka, karṇaka ‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karṇaka ‘account scribe’. kārṇī  m. ʻsuper cargo of a ship ʼ(Marathi)
Alloy ingots
A pair of ingots with notches in-fixed as ligatures.
ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff. (Paras'u?) Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati). I suggest that the gloss ḍhālako denotes the oxhide ingot.

ḍhālako ‘large ingot’. खोट [khōṭa] ‘ingot, wedge’; A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Marathi)  khoṭ f ʻalloy (Lahnda) Thus the pair of ligatured oval glyphs read: khoṭ ḍhālako ‘alloy ingots’ PLUS dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'.

Forge: stone, minerals, gemstones
khaḍā ‘circumscribe’ (M.); Rebs: khaḍā ‘nodule (ore), stone’ (M.) kolom ‘cob’; rebus: kolmo ‘seedling, rice (paddy) plant’ (Munda.) kolma hoṛo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) kolmo ‘rice plant’ (Mu.) Rebus: kolami ‘furnace,smithy’ (Telugu) Thus, the ligatured glyph reads: khaḍā ‘stone-ore nodule’kolami ‘furnace,smithy’. Alternatives: 1. koṛuŋ young shoot (Pa.) (DEDR 2149)

Rebus: kol iron, working in iron, blacksmith (Tamil) kollan blacksmith, artificer (Malayalam) kolhali to forge.(DEDR 2133).2. kaṇḍe A head or ear of millet or maize (Telugu) Rebus: kaṇḍa ‘stone (ore)(Gadba)’ Ga. (Oll.) kanḍ, (S.) kanḍu (pl. kanḍkil) stone (DEDR 1298).
kolmo ‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘furnace,smithy’. Thus, the pair of glyphs may denote lapidary work – working with stone, mineral, gemstones.

ayo ‘fish’ Rebus: ayas ‘metal’.
kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali) karṇika id. (Samskritam) Rebus: kārṇī m. ʻsuper cargo of a ship ʼ(Marathi)
कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 rebus: karNI 'helmsman' करण m. writer , scribe W. m. a man of a mixed class (the son of an outcast क्षत्रिय Mn. x , 22 ; or the son of a शूद्र woman by a वैश्य Ya1jn5. i , 92; or the son of a वैश्य woman by a क्षत्रिय MBh. i , 2446 ; 4521 ; the occupation of this class is writing , accounts &c ) (Samskrtam) कारणी or
कारणीक [ kāraṇī or kāraṇīka ] a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c. (Marathi)  [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1] Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman (CDIAL 2836)

कर्णिक  A knot, round protuberance

कारण  a number of scribes or कायस्थs W. करण m. a man of a mixed class (the son of an outcast क्षत्रिय Mn. x , 22 ; or the son of a शूद्र woman by a वैश्य Ya1jn5. i , 92 ; or the son of a वैश्य woman by a क्षत्रिय MBh. i , 2446 ; 4521 ; the occupation of this class is writing , accounts &c )m. writer , scribe W.

karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. ʻ helmsman ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. ʻ helmsman, sailor ʼ; H. kanahār m. ʻ helmsman, fisherman ʼ.(CDIAl 2836)

कर्णिक a. Having a helm. -कः A steersman.

कर्णिन् karṇinकर्णिन् a. 1 Having ears; Av.1.1.2.-2 Long- eared.-3 Barbed (as an arrow). -m. 1 An ass.-2 A helmsman.-3 An arrow furnished with knots &c. (Apte)

kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ]Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ; M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ.(CDIAL 3058)
கருணீகம் karuṇīkam, n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of village accountant or karṇam;கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை.
கருணீகன் karuṇīkaṉ , n. < id. 1. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன். கடுகையொருமலை யாகக் . . . காட்டுவோன் கருணீகனாம் (அறப். சத. 86). 2. A South Indian caste of accountants; கணக்குவேலைபார்க்கும் ஒருசாதி.

गांवकुळकरणी (p. 234) [ gāṃvakuḷakaraṇī ] m The hereditary village-accountant: in contrad. from देशकुळकरणी Districtaccountant.
देशकुळकरण [ dēśakuḷakaraṇa ] n The office of देशकुळकरणी.देशकुळकरणी [ dēśakuḷakaraṇī ]
m An hereditary officer of a Mahál. He frames the general account from the
accounts of the several Khots and Kulkarn̤ís of the villages within the Mahál;
the district-accountant.

meḍ ‘body’, ‘dance’ (Santali) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)
kāḍ  काड् ‘, the stature of a man’ Rebus: खडा [ khaḍā ] m A small stone, a pebble (Marathi)

https://www.scribd.com/document/366355468/Early-Users-of-Monsoon-Winds-for-Navigation-Sila-Tripati

Early Users of Monsoon Winds for Navigation --

Early Users of Monsoon Winds for Navigation -- Sila Tripati by Srini Kalyanaraman on Scribd

Kamboja

The Kambojas were a people of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in Sanskrit and Pali literature. The tribe coalesced to become one of the solasa (sixteen) Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms) of ancient India mentioned in the Anguttara Nikaya.

Kambojas and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambojas

Saka

Sakas: In Afghanistan at Encyclopædia Iranica"The ethnonym Saka appears in ancient Iranian and Indian sources as the name of the large family of Iranian nomads called Scythians by the Classical Western sources and Sai by the Chinese (Gk. Sacae; OPers. Sakā)."

Scythia and Parthia in about 170 BC (before the Yuezhi invaded Bactria). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka

Kirāta are mleccha

Strait of Melaka, Malacca Kirāta Janakriti, the Indo-Mongoloids, their contribution to the history and culture of India (SK Chatterji... by Srini Kalyanaraman on Scribd

Among the people termed Mlechcha in ancient Indian texts are Sakas, Hunas, Yavanas, Kambojas,
Pahlavas, Bahlikas and Rishikas (Kambojas). The Amarakosha described Kiratas, Khasas and Pulindas as the Mleccha-jatis. Indo-Greeks, Scythians, and Kushanas were also mlecchas. "The Kirāta (Kirat) (Sanskrit: किरात) is a generic term in Sanskrit literature for people who had territory in the mountains, particularly in the Himalayas and North-East India and who are believed to have been Sino-Tibetan in origin. The Kiratas are Limbu, Rai, Yakkha, Sunuwar and Lepcha tribes of Eastern Nepal The Kiratas in Distant Past A Sanskrit-English Dictionary refer the meaning of 'Kirat' as a 'degraded, mountainous tribe, a savage and barbarian' while other scholars attribute more respectable meanings to this term and say that it denotes people with the lion's character, or mountain dwellers." (Radhakumud Mukharji (2009), Hindu Shabhyata, Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd). Mleccha are mentioned in the Yajurveda (Shukla XXX.16; Krisha III.4,12,1), Atharvaveda (X.4,14). and Manu's Dharmashastra (X.44). "(Kirata) are characterized as barbaric in their ways and Mongoloid in appearance (Shafer 124). From the widespread area in which the literary sources place the Kiratas Heine-Geldern (167) concludes that the name was a general designation for all the Mongoloid peoples of the north and east. Shafer (124), on the basis of the nomenclature of their kings, concludes that they spoke a Tibeto-Burmic language and were the predecessors of the Kirantis, now living in the easternmost province of Nepal.(Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 234).

Ancient texts give n indication of the geographical position of mleccha speakers. "In the Mahabharata, Bhima meets the Kiratas to the east of Videha, where his son Ghatotkacha is born; and in general the dwellers of the Himalayas, especially the eastern Himalayas, were called Kiratas. In general they are mentioned as "gold-like", or yellow, unlike the Nishadas or the Dasas, who were dark Austric people." {Chatterji, S. K. (1974). Kirata-Jana-Krti. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, p.31).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirata Sylvain Lévi (1985) concluded that Kirata was a general term used by the Hindus of the plains to designate the Tibeto-Burman speaking groups of the Himalayas and Northeast.(Concept of tribal society 2002 Page 32 Deepak Kumar Behera, Georg Pfeffer "Does this mean that the Kirata were a well-defined group, a kind of ancient Himalayan tribe, which has been there for times immemorial (as popular usage often implies)? A critical look at the evidence leads to different considerations. Already the Indologist Sylvain Lévi concluded that Kirata was a general term used by the Hindus of the plains to designate the Tibeto-Burman speaking groups of the Himalayas and Northeast Thus it is unlikely that the Kirata who ruled the Kathmandu Valley were a particular ethnic group. Rather the evidence suggests that they were forefathers of the present day Newar (the Tibeto-Burman speaking indigenous people of the valley).
Meluḫḫa or Melukkha is the Sumerian name of a prominent trading partner of Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age (3rd millennium BCE). Most historians associate Melukkha with Sarasvati (Indus) Civilization.."Sumerian texts repeatedly refer to three important centers with which they traded: Magan, Dilmun, and Meluhha. Magan is usually identified with Egypt in later Assyrian texts; but the Sumerian localization of Magan was probably Oman. Dilmun was a Persian Gulf civilization which traded with Mesopotamian civilizations, the current scholarly consensus is that Dilmun encompassed Bahrain, Failaka Island and the adjacent coast of Eastern Arabia in the Persian Gulf.The location of Meluhha, however, is hotly debated. There are scholars today who confidently identify Meluhha with the Indus Valley Civilization (modern South Asia) on the basis of the extensive evidence of trading contacts between Sumer and this region." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha

The glyptic tradition of writing endures in Bharatiya tradition. The svastika_, the tree, the range of mountains, the dotted circle, the leaf, the tiger looking back, the antelope looking back, hooded serpent, are all heiroglyphic metaphors representing meaning, the material phenomena which provide for life-sustaining activities organized in a community which lives together, in an inter-dependent economy. The glyphs on the epigraphs are semantic indicators of a bharatiya language substratum called mleccha or bha_s.a_, the parole (va_k) a dialectical continuum traceable in all languages of Bharat: vedic mantra or Sanskrit lexemes (s’abda or dha_tu) or va_kyapadi_ya (lit. steps of va_k) elaborated by Bhartr.hari.

The dialectical continuum evidenced by languages of Bharat (of all linguistic families) is matched by the cultural continuum in all parts of Bharat with the over-5000-year-old roots found on the banks of River Sarasvati.

The texts of contiguous civilizations provide evidences of speakers of Bharatiya languages moving into new lands west of River Sindhu. The evidences relate to Bogazkoi inscriptions, Mitanni treaties and the glyphs of Mesopotamia and Elam, apart from Avestan texts which can be demonstrated as a direct evolution from Vedic. When availability of soma, electrum, diminishes, substitutes – plants -- are used both in the Avestan and the Bra_hman.a periods, succeeding the Vedic periods. Juxtaposed to this evidence cluster, there is no evidence whatsoever, either textual or archaeological, supporting movements of people into Bharat during the lithic or chalcolithic or bronze or iron ages.

Mlecchita vikalpa is one of the 64 arts listed by Vatsyayana in the vidya_samuddes’a shloka (Purpose of learning). This term is interpreted as cryptography.

Sarasvati civilization has yielded about 4000 epigraphs inscribed or painted on a variety of material including copper plates and bronze weapons/tools.

Over 45 sites where objects with epigraphs have been discovered – dated circa 3300 BCE to 1500 BCE. The sites extend from Tepe Gawra on Tigris river on the west to Alamgirpur on Yamuna river on the east; from Altin Tepe in the north -- east of Caspian Sea (south of Turkmenistan) to Maski on Krishna river on the south.

Mlecchita Vikalpa (Cryptography: Vatsyayana, Mahabharata); Meluhha – Baloch
Every Baloch knows that his ancestors were of Hindu, Bauddha, Jaina or Zoroastrian traditions and even earlier maritime traditions which extended from Tigris-Euphrates to the Mekong delta in South-east Asia during the days of Mesopotamian Civilization and what cuneiform texts refer to as the region of Meluhha. The language of Baloch is cognate with Mleccha (Meluhha) which was the ancient spoken dialect of the region. The maritime contacts extended from Gandhara (Kandahar) to Bangkok, during the days of Mahabharata.

Meluhha lay to the east of Magan and linked wit carnelian and ivory. Carnelian! Gujarat was a carnelian source in the ancient world.

The Strait of Malacca (Malay: Selat Melaka, Indonesian: Selat Malaka; Jawi: سلت ملاک) or Straits of Malacca is a narrow, 550 mi (890 km) stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra...The strait is the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major Asian economies such as India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Singapore, China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. Over 94,000 vessels pass through the strait each year (2008) making it the busiest strait in the world, carrying about 25% of the world's traded goods, including oil, Chinese manufactured products, coal, palm oil and Indonesian coffee. About a quarter of all oil carried by sea passes through the Strait, mainly from Persian Gulf suppliers to Asian markets...In the 7th century the maritime empire of Srivijaya based on Palembang, Sumatra, rose to power, and its influence expanded to the Malay peninsula and Java. The empire gained effective control on two major choke points in maritime Southeast Asia; the Strait of Malacca and the Sunda Strait. By launching a series of conquests and raids on potentially rival ports on both side of the strait, Srivijaya ensured its economic and military domination in the region lasted for about 700 years. Srivijaya gained a great benefit from the lucrative spice trade, the tributary trade system with China, and trade with Indian and Arab merchants." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca

The strait is narrow, only 2.8 km (1.5 nautical miles) wide, with a depth of 25 metres or 82 feet.

Map of the Kingdom of Siam and Strait of Malacca.

Map based on the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a source of information about the Indian Ocean region during the early centuries CE.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kedah#/media/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg

The four Kedahan Nations by 1860 in colour, after the loss of Terang(Trang) to Siam in 1810, the secession of Prince of Wales Island and Province Wellesley to the British between 1786 to 1860 and the Kedah Partition of 1843 that witnessed the birth of four separate dominions. The four kingdoms are in their respective colours, while other neighbouring polities are in light brown. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara

Silk Road routes connecting Ancent Near East and Ancient Far East through India, in the context of Ancient Maritime Gold-silver-tin route along Himalayan waterways and Indian Ocean Rim

Location of Chi Tu as indicated in the map of Transpeninsula route-ways."Chinese Sui Dynasty annals of the 7th century describe an advanced kingdom called Chi Tu or Raktamrittika (as in Kelantanese history) as being in Kelantan, which the name was later changed to "Sri Wijaya Mala". The founding of Sri Wijaya Mala was 667 BCE with its capital called "Valai", and it was situated along the upper Kelantan river of Pergau, known for its rich gold mines. It was until 570 BCE that the kingdom changed its name to Sri Wijaya." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Tu

An settlement and port as early as 1st century is the archaeological site of Sungai Batu Kedah. "Three kinds of craft are described by the author of the Periplus: light coasting boats for local traffic, larger vessels of a more complicated structure and greater carrying capacity, and lastly the big ocean-going vessels that made the voyages to Malaya, Sumatra, and the Ganges." (Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2000) [1935]. Cholas (fifth printing ed.). Chennai: University of Madras. pp. 86 & 318.)

What was the language the sea-faring traders with Mesopotamia spoke? Mleccha, meluhhan. [quote] "Baloch" is the corrupted form of Melukhkha, Meluccha or Mleccha, which was the designation of the modern eastern Makkoran during the third and the second millennia B.C., according to the Mesopotamian texts.6 Dr. Munir Ahmad Gechki, a history professor in Balochistan University, however, relates it to "Gedrosia" or "Bedrozia" the name of the Baloch country in the time of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC)".7 Muhammad Sardar Khan theorised that the term Baloch is a derivative of Belus, the title of Babylonian or Chaldian Kings. Nimrud, the son of Kush or Cush or Kooth, was called Nimrud the Belus.8 The followers of Nimrud were known as Belusis. Among the Arabs Belusis were pronounced Balos.9 Thus the word Baloch has come from Belusis or Balos, Sardar Khan and Marri argue. According to G. P. Tate10, however, the name has historically meant "nomads". It would therefore be a synonym for "bedouin".

The burden of this note is to establish that the underlying language of the epigraphs was mleccha and the writing system used the rebus (lexemes evoked by glyphs which denote similar sounding words). The smiths/miners/artisans of the civilization who were sea-faring merchants and who created the riverine, maritime Sarasvati civilization wrote these epigraphs to record their property possessions and the repertoire related to smithy, minerals, metals, alloys, metal artifacts, varieties of furnaces, smelters and the nature of their professions/skills as karmaara.

The glyphs of the civilization are abiding records of such metaphors, glyphs such as the svastika_, the dotted-circle, the endless knot, the branches of a tree or twigs from a branch, the horns. The glyphs are an artisan’s way of representing meaning, representing life-activities unraveling the nature of material phenomena – of the minerals which could be moulded into metals and artifacts of a civilization.

Cracking the code

This metaphor as the communication medium is succinctly expressed by a great grammarian, Tolka_ppiyan in Tamil: ella_ccollum porul. kur-ittan-ave (all words are semantic indicators). (Tol. Col. Peya. 1)

For each morpheme conveyed by a pictorial motif, a similar sounding ‘substantive’ morpheme (homonym) will be identified. The formula in this rebus methodology is:

Image = Sound = Meaning

Rebus (Latin: ‘by means of things’) is a graphemic expression of the phonetic shape of a word or syllable. Rebus uses words pronounced alike (homophones) but with different meanings. Sumerian script was phonetized using the rebus principle. So were the Egyptian heiroglyphs based on the rebus principle. The rebus system of writing, thus, is governed by the organizing principle: all glyphs are phonetic indicators or phonetic determinants.

Thus over 1,0000 glyphs represented on epigraphs of the civilization are semantic indicators. These are heiroglyphs governed by a concordance: image = sound = meaning. A glyph evokes an associated sound; the sound evokes a meaning. This can be illustrated by the splendid glyph of the Bra_hman.i or Zebu bull.

There is no basis to assume that the Bhils of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh originally spoke a non-IE language, probably Nahali, yet: "No group of Bhils speak any but an Aryan tongue. (...) it is unlikely that traces of a common non-Aryan substratum will ever be uncovered in present-day Bhili dialects." (von Fürer-Haimendorf 1956:x, quoted in Kuiper 1962:50).

The history and formation of jaati bhaasha or Bharatiya Language Community is a history of a Linguistic Area (from circa 6500 BCE to the present day) recording interactions among Tamil, Prakrits, Samskr.tam, and Austric languages/dialects. A Linguistic Area is defined as a region where language-speakers absorb features of languages from one another and make them their own. Thus a family of languages enlarges into a Language Community. The area extended from Takshas’ila/Gandhara in the West along the Indian Ocean Rim and Himalayan ranges into Srilanka, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand.

The importance of Gujarat (and hence, the Indian Ocean Rim as also Hemachandra’s Des’inaamamaala) in unravelling the linguistic area of Bha_rata is stated in the following terms by Colin P. Masica: "...the entire Indo-Aryan realm (except for Sinhalese) constitutes one enormous dialectical continuum...The speech of each village differs slightly from the next, without loss of mutual intelligibility, all the way from Assam to Afghanistan....Mitanni kingdom... Indo-Iranians appear in northern Syria a full half millennium before their appearance in western Iran. How did they get there?...To call these Mitanni kings 'Indo-Iranians', however, is to beg an important question...Some have held that these linguistic fragments are specifically Indo-Aryan. Others including Burrow (1955) held they represent undifferentiated Indo-Iranian, before the split between Iranian and Indo Aryan...An Indo-Aryan identification would demand an earlier dating of the Iranian/Indo-Aryan split; with it have also been associated speculations regarding the route taken by the Aryans to India (e.g., the Asia Minor route...), or, possibly a back migration of Aryans from India. (If the latter, the date of the Aryan settlement of India would have to be moved back far enough to allow not only for them to reach Syria by 1500 BC, but also for their language to have died out by then, leaving only the terminological residue noted...)...the philological evidence alone does not allow an Indian origin of the Aryans...there is the matter of the nature of the common vocabulary shared by Sanskrit with the rest of Indo-European, which points to a more northerly ultimate home...The native Dravidian vocabulary has not been reconstructed. Burrow and Emeneau's Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (1960) only assembles materials for it... The civilization seems to have continued peacefully in Gujarat until a comparatively late period, i.e. 800 BC (Fairservis 1975: 307), after which it dissolved into the subsequent culture, which makes that area one of prime importance in detecting any Harappan influence on Aryan language and culture." (Colin P. Masica, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991).

Braziers

The search for minerals and metals and for inventions of new alloys took Bharatiya from the banks of River Sarasvati, far and wide, establishing contacts with contemporary civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Europe and perhaps also Thailand (where evidence for early bronze age has been discovered).

It is no mere coincidence that (1) the lexeme bharatiya means 'caster of metals' in Gujarati and (2) the name of a script which diffused out of Bharat was called Brahmi, another name for Sarasvati, divinity va_k, lingua franca.

Bha_rati_ is a name of Sarasvati_, the godess of Speech, word, eloquence, literary composition, dramatic art; bha_rati_ means relating to Bha_rata, that is, India. In R.gveda (1.188.8), Bha_rati_, the godess of Speech is invoked with Il.a_ and Sarasvati_: bha_rati_l.e sarasvati. Bha_rati_ is also the name of a bird, a quail (Telugu). Thus, when a bull is depicted with a bird, the reference could be to bha_rati_ the bird with a rebus representation for the following substantive etyma:

bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharatal. = moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into (G.lex.) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhart-i_ya_ = a brazier, worker in metal; bhat., bhra_s.t.ra = oven, furnace.

The context for decoding inscribed objects is thus apparent. Tools of trade of metal-workers! The language is des’i or bha_s.a_ or Meluhhan! Yes, the Meluhhan which was understood by both Vidura and Yudhis.t.ira in the Maha_bha_rata. The people from Milakku are copper-workers, since milakku means ‘copper’ in Pali language. Meluhhans are referred to in the texts of Mesopotamian civilization. Sumerian had words of a substrate language, for example, tibira, ‘merchant’ may relate to ta_m(b)ra, ‘copper’; san:gi, ‘priest’ could relate to sa_n:ghvi_, ‘pilgrim’s companion’ (Gujara_ti_). The key to decoding is, thus, provided by the ancient lexemes of the present-day languages of the region, with intense interactions, for example, Gujara_ti_, Punja_bi_, Kon:kan.i, Kannad.a, Telugu, Tamil, Brahui, Mundari, Santali. Substrate and ad-strate words of these languages of Bha_rata hold the key to unraveling the linguistic area of the civilization, ca. 3300 to 1500 BCE.

There are some indications of close contacts between Sumerian and Dravidian as seen from a few agricultural vocabulary:

ur 'millstone' (Sumerian); ur-al 'mortar' (Ta.); ulu_khala (Skt.)
ili 'sesame' (Sumerian), ellu/u_lu 'sesame oil' (Akkadian); el., el.l.u 'Sesamum indicum' (Ta.); tila, jar-tila 'sesame' (Vedic)(Blazek, V. and C. Boisson, The Diffusion of Agricultural Terms from Mesopotamia. Archiv Orientalni 60, 1992, 16-37)

It is possible that IE *kwe-kw-lo- ‘wheel’ may be related to Sumerian gilgul 'wheel'; (GIS-); gigir 'wagon'. a_n.i which occurs in the R.gveda as ‘lynch pin’ is considered foreign to both Dravidian and Vedic. IE rota ‘rotate’ may also relate to urut.t.u ‘roll’; urul. ‘roll’ (Ta.)

The semantic expansion of the Bharatiya Language Community was concordant with the expansion of the Metals Age (Bronze and Iron) emerging out of the Lithic (Stone) Age along the basins of great Himalayan rivers: Sarasvati, Sindhu, Ganga, Brahmaputra and Mekong (Maa Ganga). The need for writing system is correlated to the evolution of the Metals Age involving trade exchanges of metal artifacts and lapidary/mineral products.

Neolithic and Harappan period settlements in the cradle of the Sarasvati Civilization. The delta area is now called Rann of Kutch. [After KS Valdiya, 2002, Fig. 1.3]

The premise for using the spectrum of attested, ancient lexemes of the Bharatiya Language Community is that there is a remarkable cultural continuum evidenced by many facets such as: the cire perdue technique for making bronze statues, women wearing sindhur at the parting of the hair, s’ankha industry (since 6500 BCE), veneration of s’ivalinga as a metaphor of the summit of Mt. Kailas (Manasarovar), acharya wearing uttariyam leaving the right-shoulder bare, yoga and forms of salutation using namaste and arya/ayya as a respectful form of address.

Our hypothesis is that the traders with their seals, and people who travelled in Swat and Seistan, in search of minerals, were the bronze-age smiths and lapidaries of Meluhha.

Meluhhan

There is evidence of a substrate language of anient Sumer; this language could be located in Bha_rata in the contemporaneous Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization ca. 3500 -2500 BCE. Like the influence of Celtic on ancient Gaul, Sumerian shows signs of a substrate language in the use of professional names such as sanga 'priest', simug 'blacksmith' and tibira 'copper smith', 'metal-manufacturer'; craftsman like nangar 'carpenter', a:gab 'leather worker'; agricultural terms, like engar 'farmer', apin 'plow' and absin 'furrow'.

tambira = copper (Pkt.) tibira = merchant (Akkadian)

Sumerian or (written LU2 URUDU-NAGAR, i.e. "[person] copper.carpenter") means "metal worker, coppersmith".[ii]

tibhi = to prop by means of a post with a V-shaped head, a prop with a V-shaped head (Santali).
tabar = a broad axe (P.lex.)
taber = face downwards, upper side down; taber akanae he is lying on his face, or stomach (Santali) [Note the glyph of a woman lying upside down.]

Rebus: t.ibri, t.ebra = small, short of stature with large stomach (Santali)
Rebus: tebr.a, tebor. ‘three times, thrice’; tebr.age emok hoyoktama you will have to give thee times that (Santali) The glyptic representation is three long linear strokes:

Recording property items

Any number of reasonable speculations may be made given the object types such as tablets which may have had many duplicates and objects such as seals and bangles which could have been carried on the person possessing the object perhaps worn on the wrist. If the script was intended to serve a personal marker in a disciplined cultural group there is a possibility that the script was used not to record personal names but to record personal items of property or OTHER items of value entrusted to the person by the collective cultural group. The script could thus be hypothesized to have served the purpose of recording the name of a commodity or product and the quantities or VALUE of such products.

"The amount of copper involved in this trade was quite considerable. One text from Ur (UET 5 796), dated to the reign of Rim-Sin of Larsa (1822-1763 BCE), records the receipt in Dilmun of 611 talents, 6 2/3 minas of copper (presumably from Magan). This shipment, according to the text, was weighed according to the standard of Ur, giving a modern equivalent of 18,333 kilograms (40,330 pounds) of copper. One-third of this copper was earmarked for delivery to Ea-na_s.ir of Ur, a merchant who had close connections with Magan and the Dilmun copper trade...This contact beween Metopotamia and the Indus Valley, the land of Melukkha, was clearly by sea and must have brought products across the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. These products included the copper of Magan. Did they also include the tin of Afghanistan and Central Asia, perhaps the tin designated by Gudea, king of Lagash (now known to be a contemporary of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur, circa 2100 BCE), as the tin of Melukkha?" (James D. Muhly, 1995, Mining and Metalwork in Ancient Western Asia, in: Jack M. Sasson, ed. 1995, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. III, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 1501-1521).

Two tin ingots with Sarasvati epigraphs

Two other rosetta stones are the two late bronze age tin ingots from the harbor of Haifa, Israel contain glyphs used in epigraphs of Sarasvati civilization!

The picture of these two ingots was published by J.D. Muhly [New evidence for sources of and trade in bronze age tin, in: Alan D. Franklin, Jacqueline S. Olin, and Theodore A. Wertime, The Search for Ancient Tin, 1977, Seminar organized by Theodore A. Wertime and held at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., March 14-15, 1977]. Muhly notes:"A long-distance tin trade is not only feasible and possible, it was an absolute necessity. Sources of tin stone or cassiterite were few and far between, and a common source must have served many widely scattered matallurgical centers. This means that the tin would have been brought to a metallurgical center utilizing a nearby source of copper. That is, copper is likely to be a local product; the tin was almost always an import...The circumstances surrounding the discovery of these ingots are still rather confused, and our dating is based entirely upon the presence of engraves signs which seem to be in the Cypro-Minoan script, used on Cyprus and at Ugarit over the period 1500-1100 BCE. The ingots are made of a very pure tin, but what could they have to do with Cyprus? There is certainly no tin on Cyprus, so at best the ingots could have been transhipped from that island. How did they then find their way to Haifa? Are we dealing with a ship en route from Cyprus, perhaps to Egypt, which ran into trouble and sank off the coast of Haifa? If so, that certainly rules out Egypt as a source of tin. Ingots of tin are rare before Roman times and, in the eastern Mediterranean, unknown from any period. What the ingots do demonstrate is that metallic tin was in use during the Late Bronze Age...rather extensive use of metallic tin in the ancient eastern Mediterranean, which will probably come as a surprise to many people." (p.47)

We will demonstrate that the symbols incised on the ingots are not Cypro-Minoan symbols but Harappan pictographs.
m-1336a 2515 (Mahadevan)
m-1097 (On this seal, the antelope appears in the middle of the inscription; it is apparently this pictograph that gets normalised as a 'sign', Sign 184 and variants].

m1341 2092 m0516At
m0516Bt 3398 m0522At m0522Bt 3378

The sign pictographs are:
Sign 137 and variants Sign 142 and variants
kulhi ‘the village street’ (Santali) Rebus: kol metal (Ta.)

Sign 249 Sign 252 and variants
This pictograph clearly refers to an antelope as depicted on the Mohenjodaro copper plate inscription: (m-516b shown).

Sign 182 is a stylized glyph denoting a ram or antelope: tagar (Skt.); rebus: takaram ‘tin’ (Ta.)

On each ingot, there are two signs as shown below:

[Let us refer to these signs as, 'antelope' and X]

[Let us refer to these signs as, X and 'mould' or ‘liquid measure’].
Liquid measure: ran:ku; rebus: ran:ku = tin; rebus: ran:ku = antelope. Thus both liquid measure glyph and antelope glyphs are graphonyms (graphically denoting the same rebus substantive: ran:ku, ‘tin’.
X glyph which is common to epigraphs on both the tin ingots may refer to an ‘ingot’ or a dha_tu ‘mineral’. upadha_tu an inferior metal, a semi-metal: svarn.am ma_ks.ikam ta_rama_ks.ikam tustham ka_syam rati sindu_ram s'ila_jatu (Skt.)(Skt.lex.) siddha-rasa quick-silver (Ka.lex.) siddha-dha_tu quick-silver (Skt.); ore (as gold) (Ka.lex.) cittam < kit.t.a iron dross (Ta.lex.) siddha-patra hemp-leaves for smoking etc. (Ka.lex.) dha_tu strength, courage (Ka.); dha_tu-ged.u strength to be impaired or be gone; to become deprived of strength or courage (Ka.); dha_tunas.t.a loss of strength (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) The semant. ‘strength’ points to the dha_tu being tin since the addition of tin as an alloy strengthened copper. sapta-dha_tu, tridha_tu ‘seven/three elements’ are recurrently occurring compound lexemes in R.gveda.

In RV 6.044.23 the term used is: tridha_tu divi rocanes.u = ‘three-fold amr.tam hidden in heaven’ is the metaphor; and in RV 8.044.12 the term is: tridha_tuna_ s’arman.a_.

6.044.23 This Soma made the dawns happily wedded to the sun; this Soma placed the light within the solar orb; this (Soma) has found the threefold ambrosia hidden in heaven in the three bright regions. [ayam tridha_tu divi rocanes.u, trites.u, trites.u vindat amr.tam nigu_l.ham = Soma becomes as it were ambrosia when received or concealed in the vessels at the three diurnal ceremonies, which ambrosia is properly deposited with the gods abiding in the third bright sphere, or in heaven].

8.040.12 Thus has a new hymn been addressed to Indra and Agni, as was done by my father, by Mandha_ta_, by An:girasa; cherish us with a triply defended dwelling; may we be the lords of riches. [Triply defended dwelling: tridha_tuna_ s'arman.a_ = triparvan.a_ gr.hen.a, with a house of three joints; in RV. 1.34.6, tridha_tu s'arma = va_tapitta s'les.ma dha_tutrayas'amana vis.ayam sukham; in RVV 1.85.12 s'arma tridha_tu_ni = pr.thivya_dis.u tris.u stha_nes.u avasthita_ni sukha_ni gr.ha_ni va_; Note: it is possible that the term may simply mean, three elements, copper, silver, gold].
Rebus (for the glyptic of crossing over):

da~_t.u = cross over; da.t.- (da.t.-t-) to cross (Kol.); da_t.isu – to cause to pass over (Ka.); da.t.- (da.t.y-) to cross (mark, stream, mountain, road)(Ko.); ta_t.t.uka to get over or through (Ma.); ta_n.t.u = to cross, surpass (Ta.)(DEDR 3158).

Rebus: ta_t.u = to strike against, come in contact with (Ka.); ta_d.uni = to gore, butt; ta_d.u = goring (Tu.); ha-n.t.u to collide (Tu.); ta_n.t.i = to hit (Kor.)(DEDR 3156).

ta_tu = powder, dust, pollen (Ta.); to.0 = powdery, soft (of flour or powdered chillies)(To.). There is a possibility that the early semant. Of ‘dha_tu’ was cassiterite, powdery tin mineral.

The three signs used have parallels in the inscriptions of the civilization; in m-1336 the 'antelope' pictograph appears together with the 'mould' pictograph; X sign occurs on many inscriptions with many variants elaborating it as a junction of four roads:

The Sign 249 which is shown on the second tin ingot of Haifa, Israel is a representation of an ingot, assuming that this shows an ingot is shaped like the one taken out of a mould. The X sign (with a ligatured perpendicular short linear stroke) is common on both the tin ingots.

ran:ku a species of deer; ran:kuka (Skt.)(CDIAL 10559). ra_n:kava made from the hair of the ran:ku deer (Ka.lex.) ra~_kat. big and boorish (M.)(CDIAL 10538). cf. ran:ka slow, dull (Skt.)(CDIAL 10538). cf. ro_hi a kind of deer (R.)(CDIAL 10870). rauhis.a, ro_his.a a kind of deer (Ka.lex.) ran:ku ‘antelope’ (Santali) ran:ku = a species of deer (Skt.); ran:kuka id. (Skt.)(CDIAL 10559). ra_n:kava belonging to the ran:ku deer (MBh.); made from the hair of the ran:ku deer, woollen (R.); coming from ran:ku (said of animals) (Pa_n. 4.2.100); a woollen cover or blanket (MBh.R.); ra_n:kava ku_t.a s'a_yin lying on a heap of woollen rags (MBh.); ra_n:kavajina a woollen skin; ra_n:kavastaran.a a woollen coverlet (R.); ra_n:kavastr.ta covered with a woollen rug (Skt.); ra_n:kavaka coming from ran:kiu (said of men) (Pa_n. 4.2.134); ra_n:kava_yan.a coming from ran:ku (said of animals) (Pa_n. 4.2.100). ran:ku a species of deer or antelope (Skt.lex.) ran:ku = a species of deer or antelope, the spotted axis (mare)(Ka.lex.)

kurunga = a kind of antelope; kurunga miga = the antelope deer (Pali); kulunga, kulanga (Skt.)(Pali.lex.) kulan:ga (MaitrS.); kulun:ga (TS); kuran:ga, kurun:ga (Pkt.); kuram.ga (Pali); kuran:g (P.); karam.gi_ (OG.); kura~g (G.); kurunga (Si.); kurangu the elk Rusa aristotelis (Si.)(CDIAL 3320). cf. kuran:g light chestnut colour (Kho.)(CDIAL 3321). kuran:ga = a species of antelope, antelope or deer (in general); kulun:ga = an antelope (VS 24; TS 5); kuran:gaka, kulan:ga = antelope; kuran:gama = an antelope; kuran:ga_yate to take the shape of an antelope (Skt.lex.) kurahu antelope (Kuwi), kuran:ga (Ka.) kulanga, kulunga = going in a herd, antelope (VS.); kulmi = a herd (TS. ii.4.5.2)

Mleccha, copper

mlecchamukha = copper (Skt.); what has the copper coloured complexion of the Greek or Mahomedans]. meriya = a rock; merayu = to shine, glitter (Te.lex.) mer = a kind of large copper or brass pot (G.lex.) cf. milakkhu = copper (Pali); mleccha = copper (Skt.)

mer.ed, me~r.ed iron; enga mer.ed soft iron; sand.i mer.ed hard iron; ispa_t mer.ed steel; dul mer.ed cast iron; i mer.ed rusty iron, also the iron of which weights are cast; bicamer.ed iron extracted from stone ore; balimer.ed iron extracted from sand ore; mer.ed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.)
Substantive: med.o merchant’ clerk (Hem.Dec.); mehto a schoolmaster, an accountant, a clerk, a writer (G.)
Glyph: med.ho a ram, a sheep (G.); mid.hia_o (Dh.Des.); men.d.h, men.d. a ram (Skt.); medhya a goat; fr. medh a sacrifice (Skt.) mr..eka = goat (Te.); mlekh (Br.) mer.h, mer.ha_, me~d.ha_ ram (H.), med.hia_o (Dh.Des.) ram, goat, sheep (G) mid.iyo = having horns bent over forehead (G.)(CDIAL 10120). me~r.a_, me~d.a_ = ram with curling horns (H.)(CDIAL 10120). me_t.am = goat (Ta.lex.) [cf. the pictorial motif of antelope with head turned backwards]. merom me~t = the goat’s eye (Santali.lex.) mes.a = ram (RV 8.2.40) mer.om = a goat; mer.om jel = the hind of the ravine deer, gazella bennettii; mer.om (Santali)

mer.go = with horns twisted back; mer.ha, m., mir.hi f.= twisted, crumpled, as a horn (Santali.lex.)

mer.hao = to entwine itself, wind round, wrap around, roll up (Santali.lex.) [Note the endless knot motif].
h702At h702Bt 4601 m0271 Goat-antelope with horns turned backwards and a short tail

Three caprids. Tepe Yahya. Cylinder seal reconstructed from seven fragments. To the left of this pair is a third caprid rampant with head turned back whose horns are viewed frontally rather than in profile. Beneath the belly of each animal is a four-sided cross. There are 9 fragments of clay slab wall sealings. Wall plaster is preserved on the reverse of most fragments. Seal is carefully roled along horizontal axis of sealing. Lamberg-Karlovsky 1971: pls. 4, 5; cf. Fig. 10.27 in Pittman, 2001, opcit.
Two caprids with heads turned back rampant against a stepped platform (mountain) surmounted by a tree.

‘Fish’ glyph on gold pendant
Writing on metal objects has been demonstrated in a gold fillet discovered in Mohenjo-daro with an Indus Script Inscription. Image result for inscribed gold pendant bharatkalyan97

Image result for inscribed gold pendant bharatkalyan97

3 Gold pendants: Jewelry Marshall 1931: 521, pl. CLI, B3

The inscription reads

Meluhha rupaka, 'metaphor' rebus translation: kanac 'corner' Rebus: kancu 'bronze'; sal

'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'; dhatu 'cross road' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral'; gaNDa 'four' Rebus: khanda 'implements'; kolom 'three' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'; Vikalpa: ?ea ‘seven’ (Santali); rebus: ?eh-ku ‘steel’ (Telugu)
aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron'(Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

Thus, the inscription is: kancu sal (bronze workshop), dhatu aya kaṇḍ kolami mineral, metal, furnace/fire-altar smithy.

The inscription is a professional calling card -- describing professional competence and ownership of specified items of property -- of the wearer of the pendant.

This is an extraordinary evidence of the Indus writing system written down, with hieroglyphs inscribed using a coloured paint, on an object.

Three gold pendants are shown on the bottom right-corner of the image. An enlargement of one of the pendants reveals an Indus Script inscription from Mohenjodaro, written in ink (perhaps, iron oxide pigment). The comments made by John Marshall on three curious objects at bottom right-hand corner of Pl. CLI, B3: “Personal ornaments…Jewellery and Necklaces…Netting needles (?) Three very curious objects found with the studs and the necklace appear to be netting needles of gold. They are shown just above the ear-studs and also in the lower right-hand corner of Pl. CLI, B, 3-5 and 12-14. The largest of these needles (E 2044a) is 2.5 inches long. The handle is hollow and cylindrical and tapers slightly, being 0.2 inch in diameter at the needle-end. The needle point is 0.5 inch long and has a roughly shaped oval eye at its base. The medium sized needle (E 2044b) is 2.5 inches long and of the same pattern: but the cap that closed the end of the handle is now missing. The point which has an oval eye at its base is 0.3 inch long. The third needle (E 2044c) is only 1.7 inches long with the point 0.3 inch in length. Its handle, which is otherwise similar to those of the other two needles, is badly dented. The exact use of these three objects is open to question, for they could have been used for either sewing or netting. The handles seem to have been drawn, as there is no sign of a soldered line, but the caps at either end were soldered on with an alloy that is very little lighter in colour than the gold itself. The two smaller needles have evidently been held between the teeth on more than one occasion.” (p.521)." I surmise that all the three gold objects could be pendants tagged to other jewellery such as necklaces. The pendants were perhaps worn with a thread of fibre passing through the eye of the needle-like ending of the pendants. Why needle-like endings? Maybe, the pendants were used as 'writing' devices 1) either to engrave hieroglyphs into objects; 2)or to use the needle-ending like a metal nib to dip into a colored ink or liquid or zinc-oxide paste or cinnabar-paste. This possibility is suggested by the use of cinnabar in ancient China to paint into lacquer plates or bowls. Cinnabar or powdered mercury sulphide was the primary colorant lof lacquer vessels. "Known in China during the late Neolithic period (ca. 5000–ca. 2000 B.C.), lacquer was an important artistic medium from the sixth century B.C. to the second century A.D. and was often colored with minerals such as carbon (black), orpiment (yellow), and cinnabar (red) and used to paint the surfaces of sculptures and vessels...a red lacquer background is carved with thin lines that are filled with gold, gold powder, or lacquer that has been tinted black, green, or yellow." http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2009/cinnabar

A fish sign, preceded by seven short numeral strokes, also appears on a gold pendant: Golden pendant with inscription from jewelry hoard at Mohenjo-daro. Drawing of inscription that encircles the gold ornament. Needle-like pendant with cylindrical body. Two other examples, one with a different series of incised signs were found together. The pendant is made from a hollow cylinder with soldered ends and perforated point. Museum No. MM 1374.50.271; Marshall 1931: 521, pl. CLI, B3. [After Fig. 4.17a, b in: JM Kenoyer, 1998, p. 196].

kanac konoc, kana kona, kana kuni ‘the corners, in the corners’ (Santali)

Glyphs: gan.d.a ‘four’; pene ‘three’;
Rebus: kan.d. ‘furnace’; pen.e ‘griddle’
Glyph: bhed.a hako ‘fish’; bed.a ‘hearth’

kanac ‘corner’; rebus: kan~cu ‘bronze’

Alternatives:

bat.hi = a furnace for melting iron-ore (Santali.lex.)

bhati = the unripe kernel of certain fruits (especially of the Palmyra palm, the Ebony tree, and makar.kenda). The kernel is taken out and eaten, the palm kernel as it is, the Ebony kernel after cleaning with water rubbing it on a stone. (Desi. Bhati).

Bharatiya tradition continues in copper plate inscriptions

Some glyphs on line 1: kut.hi = tree; rebus: kut.hi = smelting furnace; kos.t.ha_ga_ra = storehouse; s'u_la = spear; cu_l.a = kiln; kan.d.kanka = rim of jar; rebus: copper furnace; bat.a = quail; rebus: kiln.

The Sohgaura copper plate refers to a pair of kos.t.ha_ga_ra (dva_ra kot.t.haka); the two storehouses described as tri-garbha (i.e. having three rooms) are illustrated on line 1. (Fleet, JRAS, 1907). The illustrations indicate that the three rooms are in three storeys, with supporting pillars clearly seen. The inscription refers to the junction of three highways named Manavati, in two villages called Dasilimita and Usagama. The storehouses were made at this junction for the goods of people using the highways, which are indicated in line 3 by mentioning the three places to and from which they led. One of the names give is reognized by Fleet as Chanchu. (Fleet, JRAS, 63, 1894 proceedings, 86, plate, IA 25. 262; cf. Sohgaura copper plate/B.M. Barua. The Indian Historical Quarterly, ed. Narendra Nath Law. Reprint. 41)

Punch-marked coins from 5th cent. BCE, from many parts of Bharat, depict many glyphs, many of which are comparable to the glyphs depicted on inscribed objects of the Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization.

As the heiroglyphic code unravels, the meaning of the glyphs and their importance in the context of the lives of braziers is reinforced. Many glyphs are property possessions of lapidaries and metallurgists and evoke the tools of trade – furnaces, minerals and metals -- used in the smithy.

It is hypothesised that the inscriptions on copper plates and the symbols on punch-marked coins are the work of inheritors of the Sarasvati brazier-tradition.

This cultural tradition explains why copper plates are used for property transactions during the historical periods and also explains why many symbols on punch-marked coins are directly comparable with the Sarasvati heiroglyphs.

This is the most emphatic evidence for discerning the cultural continuity into historical periods of the tradition whose roots are to be found on the banks of River Sarasvati, dating back to 5,500 years Before Present.

[Pl.8, Local Tribal coin symbols: Ujjayini, Tripuri, Ayodhya, Almore, Pa_n~ca_la, Arjuna_yana (1-3), Ra_janya (3,6,8), Uddehika, Audumbara, Kun.inda, Kuluta, Vr.s.n.i, Yaudheya, Ks.atrapa, S’a_tava_hana]

[After Pl. 10 to 13 in: Savita Sharma, 1990, Early Indian Symbols: Numismatic evidence, Delhi, Agam Kala Prakashan]

Tha pattern of punch-marked coin hoard sites is comparable to the pattern of black and red ware/rice cultivation sites of proto-historic periods.

(This note is based on: S. Kalyanaraman, 1982, Indian Lexicon, available on the internet at http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati; S. Kalyanaraman, 2004, Sarasvati, an encyclopaedic work in 7 volumes: Sarasvati: Civilization; Sarasvati: R.gveda; Sarasvati: River; Sarasvati: Bharati; Sarasvati: Technology; Sarasvati: Language ; Sarasvati: Epigraphs, Bangalore, Babasaheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti; S. Kalyanaraman, 2006, Bharatiya Languages -- History and Formation of Jaati-bhaasha -- Mlecchita Vikalpa – Sarasvati hieroglyphs (Decipherment of Indus Script, Banga;pre. Babasaheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smaraka Samiti which includes Protovedic Continuity Theory of Bharatiya Languages http://protovedic.blogspot.com and a comprehensive corpus of inscriptions of Sarasvati civilization – Indus Script). Cf. S. Kalyanaraman, 2006, Bronze age trade and writing system of Meluhha (Mleccha) evidenced by tin ingots from the near vicinity of Haifa, presented in: Bronze Age Trade Workshop in Fifth International Conference on Archaeology of Ancient Near East, April 2006 http://jitnasa.india-forum.com/Docs/icaane_workshop.pdf)

[ii] tibira, ‘coppersmith, metal-manufacturer’ and similar-sounding lexemes

Image: gimlet: tamar hole made by a gimlet; a borer, gimlet, drill (Ma.); tamar boring instrument; gimlet, spring awl (Ta.); tamiru gimlet (Tu.); tamire, tagire the pin in the middle of a yoke (Te.); tavar (-v-, -nt-) to bore a hole; n. hole in a board (Ta.)(DEDR 3078). tau~ri giddiness, dizziness (Ku.); tavar id. (M.)(CDIAL 5688). ta~v, tav, tava_ giddiness (M.)(CDIAL 5689). tavar to bore a hole (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 9,9,1); tamar hole, as in a plank, commonly bored or cut (Tiruvil.ai. Ma_n.ikka. 61) Image: groove or mortise: tavan.ai-p-poruttu a groove or mortise on the top of a gate or door-post (Ta.lex.) tamire = the pin the middle of a yoke (Te.lex.) tavan.ai joint, in carpentry (Ta.lex.) tavar = hole (Ta.lex.) tamar = hole, commonly bored or cut (Ta.Ma.)(Ta.lex.) tava_l.i-ttal = to make flutings or grooves, as in carpentry; to dig a channel; tala_l.ippu cavity in a moulding, groove (Ta.lex.) tavar-aiva_ri = handspike, a tool used on a ship; tavar-ai mu_t.t.a_n- = anchor chain; tavar-ai < dabara (Te.) capstan, machine for winding up a cable in small craft (Ka.lex.) tavan. = circle drawn with lime, or string tied around a limb, above the site of a poisonous bite with incantations to stop the spread of poison; tavan.ai = joint, as in carpentry (Ta.lex.) cf. ta_mare = ringworm (Ka.); ta_mara id. (Te.); ta_mra = a kind of leprosy with large red spots (Skt.)(DEDR 3164).

Alice Linsley said...

Thank you for this informative piece and I agree with your conclusions.

Might there be a relationship between the Hebrew ka'aru - to pierce and the word tavar- to bore a hole? Both seem to pertain to the language of metal work.

paṭṭamara, koṭiya, sangaDa, bagala types of 'seafaring dhow' signified on Indus Script inscriptions

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/hdhnsa7

Donal B. Buchanan, in a short article, ("A short introduction to the study of the Indus Script with comments on the corner symbols", ESOP, The Epigraphical Society Occasional Papers, Volume 28, pp. 16-21) presents some examples of symbols which appear on 'corners' of inscriptions. The examples he cites include the following examples which include thorn-bush, feeding-trough.

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/07/six-unique-hypertexts-of-indus-script.html

Further review of the 'feeding-trough' hieroglyph is preseented in this monograph.

There are two orthographic variants of this 'feeding-trough' hieroglyph:

'Fe\eding-trough' Variant 1

'Feeding-trough' Variant 2

It may be seen from Variant 2 of the 'feeding-trough' hieroglyph, that an unambiguous signifier 'three stripes' has been ligatured at the bottom of the trough.:

Ta. paṭṭai painted stripe Ma. paṭṭa stripe. Ka. paṭṭe, paṭṭi id. Koḍ. paṭṭe striped ;Tu. paṭṭè stripe. Te. paṭṭe stripe or streak of paint; paḍita stripe, streak, wale. (DEDR 3877).

A semantic determinant for the 'feeding trough' is another etymon: marāyi

(Tulu): Ta. maravai a wooden utensil or bowl. Ma. maravi id. Ka. marage, maragi, marige wooden basin, a sort of bucket; (Gowda) margili a small vessel with handle for serving food. Tu. marāyi trough, bowl (DEDR 4714).

It is, therefore, possible that two words were signified by the Variant 2 (with stripes): paṭṭa + mara.

Together, the hieroglyph-multiplex or hypertext suggests the rebus rendering: paṭṭamara, 'dhow, seafaring vessel'. Phonetic variants in Indian sprachbund of the dhow are: पतेमारी (p. 276) patēmārī फतेमारी (p. 314) phatēmārī (Marathi).

This rebus reading may be an additional layer of the rebus rendering suggested: Tiger, etc. in front of the feeding-trough was deciphered as: Hieroglyph: pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattharaka 'merchant' pattar ‘guild, goldsmith’.

The presence of 'feeding trough' hieroglyph on a score of Indus inscriptions signifies the cargo carried on the paṭṭamara 'dhow, seafaring sail boat': guild merchant's cargo of metalwork handed over to the supercargo as shipment on paṭṭamara 'dhow'..

See:http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/07/seafaring-bharatam-janam-of-vedic-times.html wherein it has been suggested that Indus Script inscriptions signify

bagala 'dhow, seafaring vessel' by bagala 'pleaides'
koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel' by koDiya 'one-horned young bull'
sangaDa 'double-canoe' by sangaDa 'lathe/brazier' or 'joined animals'

Koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel' is also spelt as Cutch Cotiyah as seen from the following reference: [quote] Cutch Cotiyahs. These boats belong to the ports of Cutch, Mandivee, Poar Bunder, and some to Kurrachee, in the territory of Sinde. They trade between Bombay and those ports. They are very well built, with a square tuck, and many of them have a regular built stern, with ports, and are handsomely carved. Some have a deck fore and aft, but more commonly they have frame-work between the beams – to ship and unship, for the facility of storage – and a bamboo deck. Their general length is from 30 ft. to 50 ft., by 12 ft. to 23 ft. in breadth, and 7 ft. to 10 ft. deep. They are navigated by a crew of 15 to 20 men and a tindal. They are latine-rigged, with main and mizzen sails, both masts raking forward, as usual with the native latine-rigged boats. [unquote](Henry Coleman Folkard, The sailing boat, London, Edward Stanford, 1854, p.443)

https://ia600301.us.archive.org/10/items/sailingboattreat00folk/sailingboattreat00folk_bw.pdf

Similarly, sangaDa 'double-canoe, catamaran, seafaring vessel' is also spelt as jangada in Brazil (Portuguese), just as bagala is spelt variantly as baglah, bhagala.

An ancient seafaring sailboat called Pattamar is also spelt as Patamar

(Portuguese), (Patimar, French: Patemar, Patmar). "Patamar are commonly between 200 and 300 tons in weight and are rigged with one to three masts bearing lateen sails. They feature a peculiarly-shaped keel with a club-shaped end of the bow. The wide stern of the average Patamar is somewhat similar to the Baghlah, Sambuk and Kotiya but without apoop deck, which is replaced by a bamboo deck house thatched with coconut palm leaf." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patamar

http://www.siffs.org/books/indianboatdesign.pdf James Hornell discusses in his book (1920): The origins and ethnological significance of Indian boat designs, Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta.

Probably the earliest depiction of Canonore town , from 1572 Date: first Latin edition of volume I was published in 1572. After: an unidentified Portuguese manuscript."

‘Mahratta Grabs and Gallivats attacking an English Ship’ from cover page of ‘The Malabar Pirates….’ by John Biddulph

[An early woodcut bird-eye's view of the town of Calicut. India] Plant et Figure de la riche cit de Calecut en la premiere Inde.

Author: Belleforest, F. de.

PlaceAndYear: Paris, 1575.
Description: Francois de Belleforest (1530-1583). Edited a French edition of Sebastian Mnster's 'Cosmography', named 'La Cosmographie universelle', 1575. An early woodcut bird-eye's view of the town of Calicut as seen from the sea, with ships in the foreground and right a ship's yard.

Pattamar

Composition Richard Konkolski

[quote]Pattamar was the father of all the Malabar craft. It is most probably a Hindi name meaning messenger or despatch vessel, converted by the Mussulman seaman to Phatemari - the snake of victory. The Portuguese found the name when they first penetrated the Indian seas. It was basically a large two-or three-masted dhow of India.

Pattamar was a lateen-rigged dhow type of cargo-vessel. It was large, fast, and able vessel with sharp forward hull, with great sheer, with "dhow" manner square sterns in general, butwithout a poop deck. Instead of poop they had a bamboo and palm-leaf deck-house running almost all the way to the foremast. When loaded and making seapassage their low waistsby was usualy raised by wash-strakes of palm matting to keep out the sea.

They could be distinguished by their red paint and black gunwales and the globe painted in bright colours on the stern transom. The lengths did not exceed about 75 feet and the tonnage was up to 300 tons.

The basic rig was that of the lateen with bowsprit and jib, but there were many variations of it. They carried two to three suits of sails of varying sizes for various weather conditions. Sailors could always make a temporary new yard if needed from the collection of odd spars generally carried on board for all sorts of purposes. As known, the lateen sails reached as far south as Ceylon, where they could be seen in combination with staysails and fore-and-aft mizens.

Pattamars were used by the Mohammedan seamen on the Bombay coast from Colombo all the way to Aden.[unquote]

http://www.sevenoceans.com/Ships/ShipsByType/Pattamar.htm

Hervé Cozanet - http://www.marine-marchande.net/

https://ia600301.us.archive.org/10/items/sailingboattreat00folk/sailingboattreat00folk_bw.pdf Henry Coleman Folkard, 1854, The sailing boat, treatise on sailing boats and small yachts, their varieties of type, sails, rig, etc. with practical instructions in sailing and management, also the one-design and restricted classes fishing and shooting boats, sailing chariotsand ice yachts, foreign and colonial boats, canoes etc., 1st edition, London, Edward Stanford (590 pages)

"The Patamar (Portuguese), (English: Pattamar, Patimar, French: Patemar, Patmar),is a type of Indian Dhow. (Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages, AES (Reprint Lisbon 1913 edn.) 1988.) It was traditionally used in the western coast of the Indian subcontinent as a cabotage vessel between Gujarat and Ceylon, usually for the transport of rice. Some can still be seen on the Malabar Coast."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patamar Cabotage (/ˈkæbətɪdʒ, -tɑːʒ/) is the transport of goods or passengers between two places in the same country by a transport operator from another country. It originally applied to shipping along coastal routes, port to port, but now applies to aviation, railways, and road transport as well.Cabotage rights are the right of a company from one country to trade in another country. In aviation, it is the right to operate within the domestic borders of another country. Most countries do not permit aviation cabotage, and there are strict sanctions against it, for reasons of economic protectionism,

national security, or public safety. One notable exception is the European Union, whose Member States all grant cabotage rights to each other.(""European transport policy for 2010: time to decide" EU Commission White paper". Ec.europa.eu.)

मारणें (p. 379) māraṇēṃ To drive in (nails, pegs, stakes): to apply, fix, fasten, clap on (locks, rafters, fetters, anything whatever when smartness of action or firmness of fixture is implied) for the cases in which मारणें is employed in construction with nouns to express a work or an action forcibly or smartly performed or done are, without any hyperbole, several hundred. मारणें thus is to be classed with घालणें, टाकणें, लावणें, पाडणें, हाणणें, ठोकणें, and a few others, of the large use of all which wherever vehemence or vigor, activity or animation, are to be signified, notifications appear in every sheet of the dictionary.

पतेमारी (p. 276) patēmārī f (पत्ता Tidings, मारी from मारणें Bringer, carrier, conveyer.) A sort of swift sailing vessel, a pattymar. फतेमारी (p. 314) phatēmārī f ( H A letter-carrier.) A small sailing vessel, a patimar.

699 paṭṭa1 m. ʻ slab, tablet ʼ MBh., °ṭaka -- m., °ṭikā -- f. Kathās. [Derivation as MIA. form of páttra -- (EWA ii 192), though very doubtful, does receive support from Dard. *paṭṭa -- ʻ leaf ʼ and meaning ʻ metal plate ʼ of several NIA. forms of páttra -- ]
Pa. paṭṭa -- m. ʻ slab, tablet ʼ; Pk. paṭṭa -- , °ṭaya -- m., °ṭiyā<-> f. ʻ slab of stone, board ʼ; NiDoc. paṭami loc. sg., paṭi ʻ tablet ʼ; K. paṭa m. ʻ slab, tablet, metal plate ʼ, poṭu m. ʻ flat board, leaf of door, etc. ʼ, püṭü f. ʻ plank ʼ, paṭürü f. ʻ plank over a watercourse ʼ (< -- aḍikā -- ); S. paṭo m. ʻ strip of paper ʼ, °ṭi f. ʻ boat's landing plank ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ board to write on, rafter ʼ; L.paṭṭ m. ʻ thigh ʼ, f. ʻ beam ʼ, paṭṭā m. ʻ lease ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ narrow strip of level ground ʼ; P. paṭṭ m. ʻ sandy plain ʼ, °ṭā m. ʻ board, title deed to land ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ writing board ʼ; WPah.bhal. paṭṭ m. ʻ thigh ʼ, °ṭo m. ʻ central beam of house ʼ; Ku. pāṭo ʻ millstone ʼ, °ṭī ʻ board, writing board ʼ; N. pāṭo ʻ strip, plot of land, side ʼ, °ṭi ʻ tablet, slate, inn ʼ; A. pāṭ ʻ board ʼ, paṭā ʻ stone slab for grinding on ʼ; B. pāṭ, °ṭā ʻ board, bench, stool, throne ʼ, °ṭi ʻ anything flat, rafter ʼ; Or. pāṭa ʻ plain, throne ʼ, °ṭi, paṭā ʻ wooden plank, metal plate ʼ; Bi. pāṭ ʻ wedge fixing beam to body of plough, washing board ʼ, °ṭī ʻ side -- piece of bed, stone to grind spices on ʼ, (Gaya) paṭṭā ʻ wedge ʼ; Mth. pāṭ ʻ end of handle of mattock projecting beyond blade ʼ, °ṭā ʻ wedge for beam of plough ʼ; OAw. pāṭa m. ʻ plank, seat ʼ; H. pāṭ, °ṭā m. ʻ slab, plank ʼ, °ṭī ʻ side -- piece of bed ʼ, paṭṭā m. ʻ board on which to sit while eating ʼ; OMarw. pāṭī f. ʻ plank ʼ; OG.pāṭīuṁ n. ʻ plank ʼ, pāṭalaü m. ʻ dining stool ʼ; G. pāṭ f., pāṭlɔ m. ʻ bench ʼ, pāṭɔ m. ʻ grinding stone ʼ, °ṭiyũ n. ʻ plank ʼ, °ṭṛɔ m., °ṭṛī f. ʻ beam ʼ; M. pāṭ m. ʻ bench ʼ, °ṭā m. ʻ grinding stone, tableland ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ writing board ʼ; Si. paṭa ʻ metal plate, slab ʼ. -- Deriv.: N. paṭāunu ʻ to spread out ʼ; H. pāṭnā ʻ to roof ʼ.paṭṭakila -- ; *akṣapaṭṭa -- , *upparapaṭṭa -- , kaṣapaṭṭikā -- , *catuṣpaṭṭa -- , candanapaṭṭa -- , *talapaṭṭa -- , *tāmrapaṭṭa -- , *dhurapaṭṭa -- , *dhūḍipaṭṭa -- , *pakṣapaṭṭa -- , *prastarapaṭṭa -- , *phalapaṭṭa -- , lalāṭapaṭṭa -- , śilāpaṭṭa -- , *śr̥ṅgapaṭṭa -- , *skandhapaṭṭa -- .Addenda: paṭṭa -- 1: WPah.kṭg. pāṭ m. ʻ mill -- stone ʼ (poss. Wkc. pāṭ m. ʻ female genitals ʼ, paṭṭɔ m. ʻ buttocks, back ʼ; bhal. paṭṭ m. ʻ thigh ʼ Him.I 110); kṭg. paṭḷɔ m. ʻ small wooden stool ʼ.

7705 paṭṭana n. ʻ town ʼ Kauṭ., °nī -- f. lex. 2. páttana -- n. MBh. [Prob. ← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 383 and EWA ii 192 with ṭṭ replaced by IA. tt. But its specific meaning as ʻ ferry ʼ in S. L. P. B. H. does lend support to its derivation by R. A. Hall in Language 12, 133 from *partana -- (√pr̥ ~ Lat. portus, &c.). Poss. MIA. pattana -- , paṭṭana -- ʻ *ferry ʼ has collided with Drav. loanword for ʻ town ʼ]1. Pa. paṭṭana -- n. ʻ city ʼ, °aka -- n. ʻ a kind of village ʼ; Pk. paṭṭaṇa -- n. ʻ city ʼ; K. paṭan m. ʻ quarter of a town, name of a village 14 miles NW of Śrinagar ʼ; N. pāṭan ʻ name of a town in the Nepal Valley ʼ; B. pāṭan ʻ town, market ʼ; Or. pā̆ṭaṇā, °anā ʻ town, village, hamlet on outskirts of a big village ʼ; Bi. paṭnā ʻ name of a town ʼ; H. pāṭan m. ʻ town ʼ, G. pāṭaṇn.; M. pāṭaṇ ʻ name of a town ʼ; Si. paṭuna ʻ town ʼ. -- Pa. paṭṭana -- n. ʻ harbour, port ʼ, Pk. paṭṭaṇa -- n.; H. paṭnī, pā̆ṭaunī, pāṭūnī m. ʻ ferryman ʼ; Si. paṭuna ʻ harbour, seaport ʼ.
2. Pk. pattaṇa -- n. ʻ town ʼ, Si. patana. -- S. pataṇu m. ʻ ferry ʼ (whence pātaṇī m. ʻ ferryman ʼ, f. ʻ ferry boat ʼ); L. pattan, (Ju.) pataṇ m. ʻ ferry ʼ; P. pattaṇ ʻ ferry, landing -- place ʼ, pattaṇī, °tuṇī m. ʻ ferryman, one who lives near a ferry ʼ; B. pātanī ʻ ferryman ʼ.

paṣṭha 8015 *paṣṭha ʻ young animal ʼ. 2. *pāṣṭha -- . [Connexion with paṣṭhaváh -- ʻ four or five year old bull ʼ VS. (ND 374 a 21, EWA ii 241) very doubtful: and in absence of other evidence for -- ṣṭh -- orig. rather *paṭṭha -- , *pāṭṭha<-> ~ *pāḍḍa -- q.v.]
1. S. paṭha f. ʻ kid of 8 or 9 months ʼ; L. paṭṭh, paṭṭhṛī f., paṭhōrā m., °rī f. ʻ kid ʼ, paṭṭhā m., °ṭhī f. ʻ young donkey ʼ; P. paṭṭh f. ʻ young she -- goat not yet giving milk, pullet ʼ, paṭṭhā m. ʻ young he -- goat or cock or man or grass ʼ, paṭṭhī f. ʻ young girl before puberty ʼ, paṭhor, °rī f., °rā m. ʻ young goat ʼ; WPah. bhal. paṭhe_r m.f. ʻ well -- developed lamb ʼ; Ku. pāṭho m.,°ṭhī f. ʻ kid, lamb ʼ, paṭṭhā ʻ young man ʼ, paṭhaṅaro ʻ young she -- goat ʼ, gng. pāṭh m., pyeṭh f. ʻ kid ʼ; N. pāṭho m., °ṭhi f. ʻ kid ʼ; A. paṭhā ʻ full -- grown uncastrated goat ʼ, pāṭhī ʻ she -- goat ʼ; B. pã̄ṭ(h)ā ʻ he -- goat, young ram ʼ, pã̄ṭhi ʻ young she -- goat, any young female animal ʼ; Or. peṇṭhā m., °ṭhī f. ʻ kid, lamb ʼ; Bi. pāṭhā m., °ṭhī, paṭhiyā f. ʻ kid ʼ, Bhoj. pāṭhā,paṭṭhā; H. pāṭhā, paṭṭhā, paṭh m. ʻ young full grown animal ʼ, paṭhiyā f. ʻ young she -- goat ʼ; M. pāṭ(h) f. ʻ kid ʼ; Si. päṭavā, päṭiyā ʻ young of any animal, young person ʼ, -- ext. kk -- : Sh. faṭikĕr m.f. ʻ foal ʼ; Si. päṭikkī ʻ girl ʼ.
2. K.pog. pāṭh ʻ kid ʼ; S. pāṭho, pāṭhuru m. ʻ 10 or 12 months old kid ʼ; P. pāṭhā m. ʻ young elephant ʼ; H. pāṛhī f. ʻ young buffalo ʼ (or < *pāḍḍa -- ?).
*paṣṭharūpa -- ; *ajapaṣṭha -- , *avipaṣṭha -- .
Addenda: *paṣṭha -- : S.kcch. paṭṭh m. ʻ young goat ʼ.

paṣṭharūpa 8016 *paṣṭharūpa ʻ young animal ʼ. [*paṣṭha -- , rūpá -- ]
Bi. paṭhrū ʻ kid, lamb ʼ; Bhoj. paṭharū ʻ buffalo calf ʼ.
paṣṭhaváh -- see *paṣṭha -- .

pastíya 8017 pastíya (°tyà -- ) n., °tíyā -- (°tyāˋ -- ) f. ʻ dwelling ʼ (metr.) RV.
Kal.rumb. pastīˊ ʻ storehouse ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) pesti ʻ storeroom for chaff, barn ʼ.

3877 Ta. paṭṭai painted stripe (as on a temple wall), piebald colour, dapple. Ma. paṭṭa stripe. Ka. paṭṭe, paṭṭi id. Koḍ. paṭṭe striped or spotted (as tiger or leopard); paṭṭati n.pr. of dappled cow. Tu. paṭṭè stripe. Te. paṭṭe stripe or streak of paint; paḍita stripe, streak, wale.

3878 Ta. paṭṭai flatness; paṭṭam flat or level surface of anything, flat piece (as of bamboo). Ko. paṭ flatness (of piece of iron, of head); paṭm (obl. paṭt-) ground for house. To. poṭ site of dairy or house. ? Koḍ. paṭṭi space before house, spreading space; maṇa-paṭṭi sandbank. Nk. paṛ place. Pa. paḍ place, site. Pe. paṭ kapṛa top of the head. Manḍ. paṭ kapṛa id. Malt.paṭa numeral classifier of flat objects. Cf. 3843 Ta. paṭam

Kal.rumb. pāˊṭi ʻ scarf ʼ; Phal. paṭṭaṛa ʻ bark ʼ(CDIAL 7700)

3876 Ta. paṭṭai bark of tree. Ma. paṭṭa id. Ka. paṭṭe rind or bark of trees. Te. paṭṭa, paṭṭamu bark. Cf. 3897 Ga. panḍaŋ.

Ta. paṭṭai palmyra timber, rafter; paṭṭiyal lath, reeper. Ma. paṭṭa areca bough. Ka. paṭṭe palmyra timber, rafter, areca bough; paṭṭi piece of timber of door-frame, rafter, joist;paṭṭika board. Tu. paṭi rafter. Te. paṭṭe bar or spar of wood, piece of timber of door-frame; paṭṭi plank; paṭṭika plank, board, bar of wood. Kol. paṭṭe plank. Nk. paṭi id. Pa. peṭṭi (pl.peṭkul) beam, post. Ga. (P.) paṭiya beam. Kui paṭi beam; paṭa board. Kur. paṭṭā beam in oilmill. (DEDR 3875)

4079 Ta. pātti bathing tub, watering trough or basin, spout, drain; pattal wooden bucket; pattar id., wooden trough for feeding animals. Ka. pāti basin for water round the foot of a tree. Tu. pāti trough or bathing tub, spout, drain. Te. pādi, pādu basin for water round the foot of a tree.(DEDR 4079)

prastha2 m.n. ʻ a measure of weight or capacity = 32 palas ʼ MBh.Pa. pattha -- m. ʻ a measure = 1/4 āḷhaka, cooking vessel containing 1 pattha ʼ; NiDoc. prasta ʻ a measure ʼ; Pk. pattha -- , °aya -- m. ʻ a measure of grain ʼ; K. path m. ʻ a measure of land requiring 1 trakh (= 9 1/2 lb.) of seed ʼ; L. patth, (Ju.) path m. ʻ a measure of capacity = 4 boras ʼ; Ku. pātho ʻ a measure = 2 seers ʼ; N. pāthi ʻ a measure of capacity = 1/10 man ʼ; Bi. pathiyā ʻ basket used by sower or for feeding cattle ʼ; Mth. pāthā ʻ large milk pail ʼ, pathiyā ʻ basket used as feeding trough for animals ʼ; H. pāthī f. ʻ measure of corn for a year ʼ; Si. pata ʻ a measure of grain and liquids = 1/4 näliya ʼ. *prasthapattra -- .Addenda: prastha -- 2: WPah.poet. patho m. ʻ a grain measure about 2 seers ʼ (prob. ← Ku. Mth.

pāˊtra n. ʻ drinking vessel, dish ʼ RV., °aka -- n., pātrīˊ- ʻ vessel ʼ Gr̥ŚrS. [√pā1]
Pa. patta -- n. ʻ bowl ʼ, °aka -- n. ʻ little bowl ʼ, pātĭ̄ -- f.; Pk. patta -- n., °tī -- f., amg. pāda -- , pāya -- n., pāī -- f. ʻ vessel ʼ; Sh. păti̯ f. ʻ large long dish ʼ (← Ind.?); K. pāthar, dat. °trasm. ʻ vessel, dish ʼ, pôturu m. ʻ pan of a pair of scales ʼ (gahana -- pāth, dat. pöċü f. ʻ jewels and dishes as part of dowry ʼ ← Ind.); S. pāṭri f. ʻ large earth or wooden dish ʼ, pāṭroṛo m. ʻ wooden trough ʼ; L. pātrī f. ʻ earthen kneading dish ʼ, parāt f. ʻ large open vessel in which bread is kneaded ʼ, awāṇ. pātrī ʻ plate ʼ; P. pātar m. ʻ vessel ʼ, parāt f., parātṛā m. ʻ large wooden kneading vessel ʼ, ḍog. pāttar m. ʻ brass or wooden do. ʼ; Ku.gng. pāi ʻ wooden pot ʼ; B. pātil ʻ earthern cooking pot ʼ, °li ʻ small do. ʼ Or. pātiḷa, °tuḷi ʻ earthen pot ʼ, (Sambhalpur) sil -- pā ʻ stone mortar and pestle ʼ; Bi. patĭ̄lā ʻ earthen cooking vessel ʼ, patlā ʻ milking vessel ʼ, pailā ʻ small wooden dish for scraps ʼ; H. patīlā m. ʻ copper pot ʼ, patukī f. ʻ small pan ʼ; G. pātrũ n. ʻ wooden bowl ʼ, pātelũ n. ʻ brass cooking pot ʼ, parāt f. ʻ circular dish ʼ (→ M. parāt f. ʻ circular edged metal dish ʼ); Si. paya ʻ vessel ʼ, päya (< pātrīˊ -- ). *kācapātra -- , khaḍgapātra -- , tāmrapātra -- .pāthá -- m. ʻ way, path ʼ Pāṇ.gaṇa. [pánthā -- ]śabdapātha -- .Addenda: pāˊtra -- : S.kcch. pātar f. ʻ round shallow wooden vessel for kneading flour ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) pərāt f. (obl. -- i) ʻ large plate for kneading dough ʼ ← P.; Md. tilafat ʻ scales ʼ (+ tila < tulāˊ -- )(CDIAL 8055).

Mth. pāthā ʻ large milk pail ʼ, pathiyā ʻ basket used as feeding trough for animals ʼTu. pāti trough or bathing tub. These variant pronunciations in Maithili and Tulu indicate the possibility that the early word which signified a feeding trough was pattha, patthaya 'measure of grain' (Prakrtam). The suffix -mar in Pattimar which signifies a dhow, seafaring vessel is related to the word

மேங்கா mēṅkā , n. A kind of catamaran; கடலில் ஓடும் கட்டுமரவகை. Loc.

கட்டுமரம் kaṭṭu-maram, n. < id. +. 1. Catamaran, used for deep sea fishing; raft made of logs of wood lashed or joined together; மீன்பிடிப்பதற்காக மரங்களாற் பிணைக்கப் பட்ட மிதவை. 2. Post to which is bound Arāvāṉ to be offered as a sacrifice in the festival of kūttāṇṭaiCm. பெரியமரம் periya-maram , n. < id. +. A large catamaran; கடலோடிகளது பெரிய கட்டு மரம். Loc.

மரம் maram , n. [T. mrānu, K. Tu. mara, M. maram.] 1. Tree; விருட்சம். வற் றன் மரந்தளிர்த் தற்று (குறள், 78). 2. Endogenous plants; உள்வயிரமுள்ள தாவரம். அகக்காழனவே மர மென மொழிப (தொல். பொ. 641). 3. Wood, timber; அறுக்கப்பட்ட மரம். 4. Medicinal shrub or root; மூலிகை. (பிங்.) 5. Ship or boat; மரக்கலம். பெருங்கட னீந்திய மரம் வலியுறுக்கும் (பதிற்றுப். 76, 4)

கல்மரவை kal-maravai , n. < கல் +. Utensils made of potstone; கற்சட்டி. Tinn.
மரவை maravai , n. < id. [T. marage.] Wooden utensil or bowl; மரத்தாலான பாத்திரம். படிமரவை paṭi-maravai , n. < படி³ +. A wooden vessel in which weights are kept by merchants; வியாபாரிகள் படிக்கற்களை யிட்டுவைக் கும் மரவை.

Ta. maravai a wooden utensil or bowl. Ma. maravi id. Ka. marage, maragi, marige wooden basin, a sort of bucket; (Gowda) margili a small vessel with handle for serving food. Tu. marāyi trough, bowl (DEDR 4714) This -mar suffix is a semantic reinforcement of pattha 'feeding trough' and hence, patta-mar is a 'feeding trough' which is an Indus Script hieroglyph used to signify pattamar 'dhow, seafaring vessel, sailing boat'..

Ta. maravam, maravu, marā, marām seaside Indian oak, Barringtonia racemosa; small Indian oak, B. acutangula; common cadamba, Anthocephalus cadamba; marā-maramsal tree; pipal. Ma. marā-maram the sal tree. (DEDR 4713)

Ta. maram (in cpds. marattu-) tree, wood, timber; marakkāl a measure. Ma. maram tree, wood, timber; marakkāl a measure. Ko. marm (obl. mart-) tree. To. me·ṇ (obl.me·ṇt-) id. Ka. mara id.

Koḍ. mara id. Tu. mara id.; mar(a)kalů a measure of salt equal to 28 pounds. Te. m(r)ānu, m(r)ã̄ku tree. Kol. ma·k (pl. ma·kul) id. Nk. māk id. Pa. meri (pl.merkul) id. Ga. (Oll.) mar, marin (pl. markil), (S.) māren (pl. markīl) id. Go. (Tr.) maṛā, (most other dialects) mara, maṛa, (Ko.) māra, māṛa, (Ma.) marnu, mārnu id. (Voc. 2712); (Koya Su.) māra id.; (LuS.) muranoo id.

Konḍa maran (pl. marak) id. Pe. mar (pl. -ku) id. Manḍ. mar (pl. -ke) id. Kui mrahnu, mrahunḍi (pl. mrahka), (K.) mrānu id. Kuwi (Su.)mārnu (pl. mārka), (F.) mṛānū (i.e. mrānū; pl. mārka), (S.) marnu, mrānu, (Isr.) mrānu/ marnu (pl. marka), (P. Ḍ.) mara id. Kur. mann id. Malt.

manu id. (DEDR 4711).

Ta. toṉṉai cup made of plantain or other leaf. Ma. donna cup made out of a leaf, for brahmans to drink pepper-water, etc. Ka. donne, jonne leaf-cup. Tu. donnè cup made of plantain leaves, etc. Te. donne cup made of leaves. Ga. (S.&super2;) dona leaf-cup. Go. (A.) ḍona id. (Voc. 1613). Konḍa done id. Manḍ. duna id. Kui ḍono, (P.) ḍoho id.; ḍoo balance word inkali ḍoo leaf-cup. Kuwi (F) dunnō (Su.) dono id.; (Isr.) ṭono cup-like container made of leaves. / Turner, CDIAL, no. 6641, dróṇa- (e.g. H. donā, Mar. ḍoṇā leaf-cup). (DEDR App. 45)

drṓṇa1 n. ʻ wooden trough ʼ RV., ʻ a measure of capacity ʼ Yājñ., drōṇī -- 1 f. MBh., °ṇikā -- f. lex. 2. drṓṇya -- ʻ *like a trough ʼ (ʻ pertaining to a trough ʼ RV.). [In meaning ʻ boat ʼ perh. X *ḍōṅga -- of separate non -- Aryan origin; but for semantic relationship of ʻ trough -- boat ʼ cf. Bi. nāw ʻ feeding trough ʼ < nāvāˊ -- . -- dru -- ]1. Pa. dōṇa -- n. ʻ wooden pail, a measure ʼ, dōṇī -- , °ṇikā -- f. ʻ wooden trough, roughly shaped canoe ʼ; Pk. dōṇa -- m. ʻ a measure ʼ, dōṇī -- f. ʻ boat ʼ; Gaw. luṅ ʻ millrace ʼ (< *drōṇaka-- ); K. ḍūna m. ʻ leaf plate ʼ, ḍūnu m. ʻ walnut ʼ; WPah. (Joshi) jūṇ m. ʻ a grain measure = 16 pāthās ʼ; Ku. doṇ, dūṇ, ʻ a grain measure = 32 ser ʼ, duṇo, ḍuṇo m. ʻ cup made of leaves sewn together ʼ; N. dunu ʻ leaf folded into a cup ʼ; A. don ʻ a grain measure = 5 ser, one bighā of land ʼ, duni, dunari ʻ small basket containing rice &c. and carried in a procession to fetch water at a marriage ʼ; B. donā ʻ leaf cup ʼ (ODBL 330 wrongly < damanaka -- ), duni ʻ wooden trough, canoe ʼ; Or. duuṇī ʻ sloop ʼ; Bi. don ʻ long log of wood hollowed like a spoon to act as irrigating lever ʼ, donā, donī ʻ small leaf platter ʼ, Bhoj. Aw.lakh. dōnā; H. don m. ʻ wooden trough or channel used in irrigation ʼ, donā m. ʻ leaf cup ʼ, °nī f. ʻ small do. ʼ, ḍonī f. ʻ small trough, small boat, boatshaped receptacle of leaves for ghee ʼ; G. droṇ m. ʻ leaf cup ʼ; M. doṇ f. ʻ trough ʼ, ḍoṇ n.f. ʻ scooped out tree as trough ʼ, ḍoṇā m. ʻ leaf cup ʼ, ḍoṇī f. ʻ small trough, canoe ʼ, ḍoṇgẽ n. ʻ wooden trough ʼ; Si. deṇiya ʻ trough ʼ, deṇa ʻ canoe ʼ; Md. dōni ʻ boat ʼ.2. L. ḍonā m. ʻ leaf cup ʼ, P. ḍonnā, ḍūnnā, ḍūnã̄ m., Or. danā (a = o?): or < MIA. *doṇṇa -- < drṓṇa -- 1; <-> the words for ʻ cup ʼ in N. A. B. Bi. Aw. Bhoj. H. above may be < MIA.dōṇa -- or *doṇṇa -- drauṇika -- ; *drōṇadhānuka -- , *drōṇavāha -- ; <-> drōnī -- 2.
*drōṇa -- 2 ʻ bow ʼ see druṇa -- .Addenda: drṓṇa -- 1: Garh. doṇ ʻ a weight of 32 seers ʼ; A. doṇ ʻ basket containing a certain measure

*drōṇavāha ʻ making the trough flow ʼ. [drṓṇa -- 1, vāhá -- ]
Bi. dŏnwāh ʻ man who works the hollow irrigation log ʼ.
drōṇī -- 1 ʻ trough ʼ see drṓṇa -- 1. (CDIAL 6641, 66430

*ḍōṅga1 ʻ trough, dug -- out canoe, boat ʼ. 2. *ḍaṅga -- 4. 3. *ḍiṅga -- 1. 4. *ḍēṅga -- 1. 5. *ḍōṇṭa -- 1. [Though prob. of non -- Aryan origin, it may have affected the meaning of drṓṇa -- 1]
1. Pk. ḍoṁgī -- , °galī -- f. ʻ small box for betel ʼ, ḍuṁgha<-> m. ʻ water -- vessel made of coconut shell ʼ; Sh. (Lor.) ḍūṅo ʻ small earthen vessel ʼ; K. ḍū̃ga m. ʻ a kind of covered boat ʼ; P. ḍõgā m., °gī f., ḍõghā m., °ghī f. ʻ a deep boat ʼ; Ku. ḍuṅo ʻ ferry boat ʼ; N. ḍũgo, ḍuṅo ʻ small boat (usu. of one piece of wood) ʼ; A. ḍoṅgā ʻ canoe made of plaintain -- sheath ʼ; B.ḍoṅa, ḍuṅi ʻ canoe, boat ʼ; Or. ḍuṅgi ʻ dug -- out canoe ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. ḍō̃gī ʻ boat ʼ; H. ḍõgā m. ʻ trough, canoe, ladle ʼ; G. ḍũgɔ m. ʻ tobaccopipe ʼ; M. ḍõgā m. ʻ a sort of boat or canoe ʼ.
2. Or. ḍaṅgā ʻ small country boat, dug -- out canoe ʼ, ḍaṅgi ʻ canoe ʼ.
3. A. B. ḍiṅā ʻ boat, canoe ʼ, Or. ḍiṅgā.
4. Bhoj. ḍē̃gi ʻ boat ʼ; H. ḍẽgī f. ʻ small boat, canoe ʼ.
5. S. ḍ̠ū̃ḍo m., °ḍī f. ʻ boat ʼ; L. ḍōṇḍā m. ʻ boat ʼ, mult. ḍūṇḍā m., (Ju.) ḍ̠ū̃ḍ̠ī f.; N. ḍũṛ, ḍũṛh ʻ trough, wooden or bamboo water -- channel, gutter. ʼ (CDIAL 5568)

Ta. ōṭam boat, raft, float, vessel; ōṭāvi shipwright, boatbuilder. Ma. ōṭam boat; ōṭāyi shipbuilders; ōṭi a large seaboat (long and narrow, chiefly from the Laccadives). Ka. ōḍa boat.Tu. ōḍa id. Te. ōḍa ship, vessel. Pa. ōḍa boat, trough. Go. (M.) ōḍa, (Ko. S.) ōṛa boat (Voc. 437); (Pat.) oda (i.e. ōḍa) donga. / Cf. Skt. hoḍa- boat, raft; Turner, CDIAL, no. 14174. The IA words are probably < Dr.; Parpola 1977-78, pp. 243 ff. (DEDR 1039) hōḍa m. ʻ raft, boat ʼ lex. [← Drav., Kan. ōḍa., &c. DED 876]

H. hoṛī f., holā m. ʻ canoe, raft ʼ; G. hoṛī f. ʻ boat ʼ; M. hoḍī f. ʻ canoe made of hollowed log ʼ. -- See uḍupa -- .
Addenda: hōḍa -- : Md. oḍi ʻ large kind of boat ʼ ← Drav.(CDIAL 14174)

Supercargo defined by hieroglyphic nature of Indus Script proved by feeding troughs in front of even wild animals

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/j29jaw2

Were tigers, rhinoceroses, boars domesticated since feeding troughs are shown on Indus Script inscriptions? Such wild animals were NOT domesticated but were used as hieroglyphs to signify Bronze Age metalwork.

This rhetorical question is intended to underscore that the Indus Script cipher is a messaging system with hieroglyphs as signifiers. Both the animals and feeding troughs are hieroglyphs. The signified are Bronze Age metal- or mint-work catalogues documenting the merchandise of seafaring merchants who are also Supercargo -- merchant's representatives responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.

Feeding trough on m1405 segment. Hieroglyph: pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattharika'merchant'

Daimabad seal

Sign 342 Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी [p= 257,3] f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karNI, 'Supercargo responsible for trading cargo of a vessel'.

That such a functionary existed in the mature period of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization is evidenced by a remarkable two-sided tablet (m1405) which shows a pattharika, 'merchant' graduating as a karNI, 'Supercargo functionary' on a seafaring vessel.

m1405 Pict-97 Reverse: Person standing at the centre pointing with his right hand at a bison facing a trough, and with his left hand pointing to the Sign 15. Obverse: A tiger and a rhinoceros in file.

The tablet signifies three animals: tiger, rhinoceros, ox:

kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith'

kāṇḍā 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत bharata A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin bel [Hem. Des. ba-i-lī fr. Skt. balīvarda = a bull] a bull; a bullock; an ox (G.lex.) Rebus:bali bica ‘iron sand ore’ (Mu.)

pattar 'trough' Rebus pattar, vartaka 'merchant, goldsmith' paṭṭaḍa smithy, shop'.

कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', Rebus kañi-āra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe, supercargo', kañi-āra 'helmsman'

eraka 'raised arm' Rebus: eraka 'metal infusion' eraka 'copper'

Sign 15: kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka ‘smelting furnace account (scribe)’.

kuTi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' kanda 'pot' rebus: kanda 'fire-altar' kanka, karanika 'rim of jar' rebus: kāraṇika 'smelter producer'. Thus the hieroglyph-multiplex is an expression: kuThi kāraṇika 'smelter-maker.' kuTi karaṇī 'Supercargo smelter' (i.e. Supercargo responsible for trading produce from smelter and carried by seafaring vessel).

This tablet is a clear and unambiguous example of the fundamental orthographic style of Indus Script inscriptions that: both signs and pictorial motifs are integral components of the message conveyed by the inscriptions. Attempts at 'deciphering' only what is called a 'sign' in the entire Indus Script Corporwill result in an incomplete decoding of the message catalogued on the inscribed object.

barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi)

pattar 'trough'; rebus pattar, vartaka 'merchant, goldsmith' (Tamil) பத்தர்² pattar , n. < T. battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmiths; தட்டார் பட்டப்பெயருள் ஒன்று.

The Pali expression usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ provides the semantics of the word kāraṇika as relatable to a 'maker' of a product. usu-kāraṇika is an arrow-maker. Thus, kuTi kāraṇika can be explained as a smelter-maker. Supercargo is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale. The Marathi word for Supercargo is: kārṇī . Thus, it can be suggested that kuTi kāraṇika was an ovrseer of the cargo (from smelter) on a merchantship. In the historical periods, the Supercargo has specific duties "The duties of a supercargo are defined by admiralty law and include managing the cargo owner's trade, selling the merchandise inports to which the vessel is sailing, and buying and receiving goods to be carried on the return voyage...A new supercargo was always appointed for each journey who also had to keep books, notes and ledgers about everything that happened during the voyage and trade matters abroad. He was to present these immediately to the directors of the Company on the ship's return to its headquarters ."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercargo While a captain was in charge of navigation, Supercargo was in charge of trade.

कारण 1[p= 274,2] a number of scribes or कायस्थs W. instrument , means;that on which an opinion or judgment is founded (a sin, mark; a proof; a legal instrument, document), Mn. MBh.

कारणिक [p= 274,3] mfn. (g. काश्य्-ादि) " investigating , ascertaining the cause " , a judge Pan5cat. a teacher MBh. ii , 167.

B. kerā ʻ clerk ʼ (kerāni ʻ id. ʼ < *kīraka -- karaṇika<-> ODBL 540): very doubtful. -- Poss. ← Ar. qāri', pl. qurrā'ʻ reader, esp. of Qur'ān ʼ.(CDIAL 3110) कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', 'rim of jar', 'pericarp of lotus' karaṇī 'scribe, supercargo', kañi-āra 'helmsman'. kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ] Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ; M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ.(CDIAL 3058) kāraṇa n. ʻ cause ʼ KātyŚr. [√kr̥1] Pa. kāraṇa -- n. ʻ deed, cause ʼ; Aś. shah. karaṇa -- , kāl. top. kālana -- , gir. kāraṇa -- ʻ purpose ʼ; Pk. kāraṇa -- n. ʻ cause, means ʼ; Wg. (Lumsden) "kurren"ʻ retaliation ʼ, Paš. kāran IIFL iii 3, 97 with (?); S. kāraṇu m. ʻ cause ʼ; L. kārnā m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; P. kāraṇ m. ʻ cause ʼ, N. A. B. kāran, Or. kāraṇa; Mth. kāran ʻ reason ʼ, OAw. kārana, H. kāran m., G. kāraṇ n.; Si. karuṇa ʻ cause, object, thing ʼ; -- postpositions from oblique cases: inst.: S. kāraṇi, kāṇe, °ṇi ʻ on account of ʼ, L. awāṇ. kāṇ, Addenda: kāraṇa -- : Brj. kāran ʻ on account of ʼ.(CDIAL 3057) kiraka m. ʻ scribe ʼ lex.

eraka 'raised arm' Rebus: eraka 'metal infusion' (Kannada. Tulu)

Sign 15: kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka ‘smelting furnace account (scribe)’.

Thus, the hieroglyph multiplex on m1405 is read rebus from r.: kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka eraka bharata pattar'goldsmith-merchant guild -- helmsman, smelting furnace account (scribe), molten cast metal infusion, alloy of copper, pewter, tin.'

Indus inscription on a Mohenjo-daro tablet (m1405) including ‘rim-of-jar’ glyph as component of a ligatured glyph (Sign 15 Mahadevan)

It will be demonstrated in this monograph that this inscribed object is decoded as a professional calling card: a blacksmith-precious-stone-merchant with the professional role of copper-miner-smelter-furnace-scribe-Supecargo

m1405At Pict-97: Person standing at the center points with his right hand at a bison facing a trough, and with his left hand points to the ligatured glyph.

The inscription on the tablet juxtaposes – through the hand gestures of a person - a ‘trough’ gestured with the right hand; a ligatured glyph composed of ‘rim-of-jar’ glyph and ‘water-carrier’ glyph (Sign 15) gestured with the left hand.

A characteristic feature of Indus writing system unravels from this example: what is orthographically constructed as a pictorial motif can also be deployed as a 'sign' on texts of inscriptions. This is achieved by a stylized reconstruction of the pictorial motif as a 'sign' which occurs with notable frequency on Indus Script Corpora -- with orthographic variants (Signs 12, 13, 14).

Signs 12 to 15. Indus script:

Indus inscription on a Mohenjo-daro tablet (m1405) including ‘rim-of-jar’ glyph as component of a ligatured glyph (Sign 15 Mahadevan)This tablet is a clear and unambiguous example of the fundamental orthographic style of Indus Script inscriptions that: both signs and pictorial motifs are integral components of the message conveyed by the inscriptions. Attempts at ‘deciphering’ only what is called a ‘sign’ in Parpola or Mahadevan corpuses will result in an incomplete decoding of the complete message of the inscribed object.

This inscribed object is decoded as a professional catalogue calling card: a blacksmith-precious-stone-merchant with the professional role of copper-miner-smelter-furnace-scribe-Supercargo.

Water-carrier glyph kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ (Telugu); Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); krvṛi f. ‘granary (WPah.); kuṛī, kuṛo house, building’(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232) kuṭi ‘hut made of boughs’ (Skt.) guḍi temple (Telugu) [The bull is shown in front of the trough for drinking; hence the semantics of ‘drinking’.]

The most frequently occurring glyph -- rim of jar -- ligatured to Glyph 12 becomes Glyph 15 and is thus explained as a kanka, karṇaka: ‘furnace scribe’ and is consistent with the readings of glyphs which occur together with this glyph. Kan-ka may denote an artisan working with copper, kaṉ (Ta.) kaṉṉār ‘coppersmiths, blacksmiths’ (Ta.) Thus, the phrase kaṇḍ karṇaka may be decoded rebus as a brassworker, scribe. karṇaka, karNIka ‘scribe, accountant’.karNi 'supercargo'

Glyph15 variants (Parpola)

The inscription of this tablet is composed of four glyphs: bison, trough, shoulder (person), ligatured glyph -- Glyph 15(rim-of-jar glyph ligatured to water-carrier glyph).

Each glyph can be read rebus in mleccha (meluhhan).

balad m. ʻox ʼ, gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (Nepali. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi)

pattar ‘trough’ (Ta.), rebus paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants (Ta.); perh. vartaka (Skt.) pātharī ʻprecious stoneʼ (OMarw.) (CDIAL 8857)

meḍ ‘body’ (Mu.); rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.); eṛaka 'upraised arm' (Ta.); rebus: eraka = copper (Ka.)

Ligature 1 in composite glyph: kan-ka ‘rim of jar’ (Santali), rebus karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Pa.); karNi 'supercargo' (Marathi) vikalpa: 1. kāraṇika -- m. ʻarrow-maker’ (Pa.) 2. khanaka ‘miner, digger, excavator’ (Skt.). Ligature 2 in composite glyph: kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ (Telugu), rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali)

kol 'tiger' Rebus: kole.l 'smithy'; kol 'working in iron'; kolhe 'smelters'; kolle 'blacksmith'.

.gaṇḍa, kāṇḍā 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

This inscribed object is decoded as a professional calling card: a blacksmith-precious-stone-merchant with the professional role of copper-miner-smelter-furnace-scribe.

m1405At Pict-97: Person standing at the center points with his right hand at a bison facing a trough, and with his left hand points to the ligatured glyph.

Glyph15 variants (Parpola)

The inscription of this tablet is composed of four glyphs: bison, trough, shoulder (person), ligatured glyph -- Glyph 15(rim-of-jar glyph ligatured to water-carrier glyph).

badhia ‘castrated boar’ (Santali); baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’ (Santali)

kol ‘tiger’; Vikalpa rebus: kolhe ‘smelters of iron’.

ran:gā ‘buffalo’; ran:ga ‘pewter or alloy of tin (ran:ku) sal ‘bos gaurus’ bison; sal ‘workshop’ (Santali)

ibha ‘elephant’ (Skt.); ib ‘iron’ (Santali)

Animal glyph: elephant ‘ibha’. Rebus ibbo, ‘merchant’ (Gujarati).

bel [Hem. Des. ba-i-lī fr. Skt. balīvarda = a bull] a bull; a bullock; an ox (G.lex.) Rebus:bali bica ‘iron sand ore’ (Mu.)

m1521Act m1521Bct
m1523Actm1523Bct
Banawali b-17 Tiger PLUS standard device
m290 tiger PLUS trough
m276
h088 Rhinoceros PLUS trough
h1966A h1966B

m1486B Text 1711
Obverse: karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: kariba 'iron' ib 'iron' khAr 'blacksmith'. Thus, ironsmith.
Reverse: Inscription of hypertext:
baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS muka 'ladle' rebus; mū̃h 'ingot', quantity of metal got out of a smelter furnace (Santali)
kolom 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
Doubling of this signifies dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus doubling of the right parenthesis results in a hieroglyph-multiplex as shown on the elephant copper plate inscription m1486 text

This hieroglyph-multiplex is thus read as: kuṭilika 'bent, curved' dula 'pair' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)

The 'curve' hieroglyph is a splitting of the ellipse. kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh.

Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr* m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984)

Hieroglyphs: कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith. कौटिलिक [p= 315,2] m. (fr. कुटिलिका Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18) " deceiving the hunter [or the deer Sch.] by particular movements " , a deer [" a hunter " Sch.] Ka1s3. f. ( Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18) कुटिलिका crouching , coming stealthily (like a hunter on his prey ; a particular movement on the stage) Vikr. कुटिलिक " using the tool called कुटिलिका " , a blacksmith ib. कुटिलक [p= 288,2] f. a tool used by a blacksmith Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18 Ka1s3.mfn. bent , curved , crisped Pan5cat.

The hieroglyph-multiplex may be a variant of split ellipse curves paired: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS mū̃h 'ingot' (Paired split ellipse or a pair of right parentheses) -- made of -- kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)

karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo'; karNaka 'account'; Alternative: kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kanga 'brazier'.

Thus, the entire inscription is a metalwork catalogue: supercargo of iron, cast bronze metal ingots, our of smithy furnace and forge.
Trough PLUS buffalo/bull
Other examples of trough as a hieroglyph on Indus writing seals shown in front of animals.

A trough is shown in front of some domesticated animals and also wild animals like rhinoceros, tiger, elephant. The trough glyph is clearly a hieroglyph, in fact, a category classifier. Trough as a glyph occurs on about one hundred inscriptions, though not identified as a distinct pictorial motif in the corpus of inscriptions. Why is a trough shown in front of a rhinoceros which was not a domesticated animal? A reasonable deduction is that ‘trough’ is a hieroglyph intended to classify the animal ‘rhinoceros’ in a category.

ḍhangar ‘trough’; ḍhangar ‘bull’; rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’

Chanhudaro22a ḍhangar ‘bull’. Rebus: ḍhangar‘blacksmith’ pattar ‘trough’. Rebus: pattar (Ta.), battuḍu (Te.) goldsmith guild (Tamil.Telugu) khōṭ ‘alloyed ingot’;kolmo ‘rice plant’. Rebus: kolami ‘smithy’. koḍi ‘flag’ (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus: koḍ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) Vikalpa: baddī = ox (Nahali); baḍhi = worker in wood and metal (Santali)ḍāngrā = a wooden trough just enough to feed one animal. cf. iḍankar̤i = a measure of capacity, 20 iḍankar̤i make a par-r-a (Ma.lex.) ḍangā = small country boat, dug-out canoe (Or.); ḍõgā trough, canoe, ladle (H.)(CDIAL 5568). Rebus: ḍānro term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.) (CDIAL 5524)
Stamp seal with a water-buffalo, Mohenjo-daro. “As is usual on Indus Valley seals that show a water buffalo,this animal is standing with upraised head and both hornsclearly visible. (Mackay, 1938b, p. 391). A feeding trough is placed in front of it, and a double row of undecipherable script fills the entire space above. The horns are incised to show the natural growth lines. During the Akkadian period, cylinder seals in Mesopotamia depict water buffaloes in a similar pose that may have been copied from Indus seals (see cat. No.135)(For a Mesopotamian seal with water buffalo, see Parpola1994, p. 252 and Collon 1987, no.529 – Fig. 11).”(JMK –Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Professor of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison) (p.405). பத்தர்¹ pattar , n. 1. See பத்தல், 1, 4, 5. 2. Wooden trough for feeding animals; தொட்டி. பன்றிக் கூழ்ப்பத்தரில் (நாலடி, 257).
[Original 1931 text] This animal also rarely appears on the seals, Nos. 341-7 being the only examples that we have as yet. In every case it is the single horned animal that is represented, probably the great Indian rhinoceros which was formerly found along the base of the Himalayas as far as Peshawar, where it was hunted by the Emperor Babar. The animal's thick hide is well represented on Seal 345, where the wrinkles and folds of the skin are very true to life. Rough excrescences on the skin are indicated in some of the examples by means of holes made with a fine drill. In others hatched lines are employed. In every case the animal is rendered with extreme fidelity, even to the wicked pig-like eye. Fom this, I think, it can safely be affirmed that the animal was very well known to the people of Mohenjo-daro; in ancient times it was probably very common in Sind and perhaps still further west. It does not appear on any seals from Elam or Mesopotamia. [Marshal, Vol. II, p. 387]
Other animal motifs appearing on seals found primarily at the largest cities include dangerous wild animals like the rhinoceros, the water buffalo, the gharial (crocodile) and the tiger. All of these animals would have been familiar to people living at the edge of the thick jungles and swampy grasslands of the Indus plain and they were revered as totemic animals, closely associated with important myths and legends. https://www.harappa.com/slide/seals-mohenjo-daro
Although it was surely a wild animal, some of the rhinoceros figurines wear collars. While a collar might indicate domestication, it is unlikely that this is the case with the rhinoceros, although they may have been held as captives.
Approximate dimensions (W x H(L) x D): 3.3 x 8.7 x 4.5 cm.

Tell AsmarCylinder seal modern impression [elephant, rhinoceros and gharial (alligator) on the upper register] bibliography and image source: Frankfort, Henri: Stratified Cylinder Seals from the Diyala Region. Oriental Institute Publications 72. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, no. 642. Museum Number: IM14674 3.4 cm. high. Glazed steatite. ca. 2250 - 2200 BCE. ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron'.gaṇḍa, kāṇḍā 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) Alternative: ghariyal 'crocodile' karibha 'trunk of elephant' rebus: karb 'iron'.

Tu. ajirda karba very hard iron; Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir, ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal (DEDR 192) Tu. kari soot, charcoal; kariya black; karṅka state of being burnt or singed; karṅkāḍuni to burn (tr.); karñcuni to be burned to cinders;karñcāvuni to cause to burn to cinders; kardů black; karba iron; karvāvuni to burn the down of a fowl by holding it over the fire (DEDR 1278). खर्व (-र्ब) a. [खर्व्-अच्] N. of one of the treasures of Kubera (Samskritam)
Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr seal; ca. 3200-3000 BC; serpentine; cat.1; boar and bull in procession; terminal: plant; heavily pitted surface beyond plant.
m0489a,b,c Mohenjo-daro prism tablet

A standing human couple mating (a tergo); one side of a prism tablet from Mohenjo-daro (m489b). Other motifs on the inscribed object are: two goats eating leaves on a platform; a cock or hen (?) and a three-headed animal (perhaps antelope, one-horned bull and a short-horned bull). The leaf pictorial connotes on the goat composition connotes loa; hence, the reading is of this pictorial component is: lohar kamar = a blacksmith, worker in iron, superior to the ordinary kamar (Santali.)]
kāruvu ‘crocodile’ Rebus: ‘artisan, blacksmith’. pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Telugu) Thus, the depiction of animals in epigraphs is related to, rebus: pasra = smithy (Santali)
pisera_ a small deer brown above and black below (H.)(CDIAL 8365).
ḍān:gra = wooden trough or manger sufficient to feed one animal (Mundari). iṭan:kārri = a capacity measure (Ma.) Rebus: ḍhan:gar ‘blacksmith’ (Bi.)
pattar ‘goldsmiths’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.)
r-an:ku, ran:ku = fornication, adultery (Telugu); rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali)
Rebus readings of Meluhha hieroglyphs:
Hieroglhyphs: elephant (ibha), boar/rhinoceros[kāṇḍā mṛga 'rhinoceros' (Tamil)], tiger (kol), tiger face turned (krammara), young bull calf (khōṇḍa) [खोंड m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi)], antelope, ḍangur ʻbullockʼ, melh ‘goat’ (Brahui)

Rebus mleccha glosses: Ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'; kāṇḍā, 'tools, pots and pans, metalware'; kol 'worker in iron, smithy'; krammara, kamar 'smith, artisan', kõdā 'lathe-turner' [B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or. kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ‘lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)], khũṭ ‘guild, community’, ḍāṅro ’blacksmith’ (Nepalese) milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) [Meluhha!]
Iron (ib), carpenter (badhi), smithy (kol ‘pancaloha’), alloy-smith (kol kamar)
tam(b)ra copper, milakkhu copper, bali (iron sand ore), native metal (aduru), ḍhangar ‘smith’.
The early glosses signifying crocodile: grābhá m. seizer. (√grabh).(Rigveda) निग्राभ [ nigrābha ] [ ni-grābhá ] m. pressing down , letting sink (Samskritam) In long-a vocalism: grábha- 'action of seizing' vs. grābhá- 'handful, grasp'. ghabh-, 1. ghrebh-, gherbh-, root extension ghrebha- 'to take, grab, seize' (IE) ghreib- 'to grip, grab' (IE) The early forms ghrebha, grābhá have yielded கரவு² karavu, n. < கரா 'alligator' (Tamil). The Khmer word is cognate: krapeh 'crocodile'. Phnom Krapeh means 'Crocodile mountain'. The Vietnamese word is: con sấu. Malay word is: buaya, Javanese

'baya'. Austronesian word for crocodile is: uaea.

Pokorny's dictionary provides the form: grabh 'to capture' which is cognate with the early Tamil form:karavu, karā 'crocodile' and more significantly, the phonetically proximate Khmer form, krapeh 'crocodile'.

karabu is probably, early pronunciation of the Meluhha gloss; the hieroglyph signifying this morphme, which connoted the semantics 'crocodile' presents a rhebus-metonymy-layered gloss: karb 'iron' which can be consistently deciphered on Indus Script -- as demonstrated in this monograph. karṓti ʻ does ʼ Br̥ĀrUp. [√kr̥1] Pk. karēi, karaï, A. kariba, B. karā, Or.karibā, Mth. karab, Bhoj. karal, OAw. karaï, H. karnā, OMarw. karaï, G. karvũ, M. karṇẽ, Ko. koruka, Si. karaṇavā, inscr. 3 pl. pres. karat Pa. kārēti ʻ constructs, builds ʼ; Pk. kārēi ʻ causes to be made ʼ;Or. karāibā (CDIAL 2814). This set from Indian sprachbund relates the morpheme karab (and variants) to the semantics: 'constructs, builds'. This is as close as possible to the semantics of an artificer, a vis'vakarman

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/itihasa-of-bharatam-janam-makara-manda.html The hieroglyph components which create the hieroglyph multiplex of makara include: gavialis gangeticus, elephant, fish, fish-tail, tiger. The components signify: kariba (that is, kar + iba, 'crocodile + elephant), 'artificer, builder' PLUS aya 'fish' + kola 'tiger', xolA 'tail' rebus: aya, ayas 'iron, metal' + kole.l 'smithy'. Thus, the makara hieroglyph multiplex signifies as plain text: kariba aya kole.l 'artificer-builder, iron, metal smithy'.
Makara with fish-tails and emergence of a smith, ivory-carver, artificer. Plaque from Casket V. Begram. Site 2, Chamber 10. Ivory. Inv. no.: MG 1901. Makara, eagle panel. Begram. Site 2, Chamber 13. Ivory. Inv. nos.: MA 209, 210.Musee Guimet.

In this rendering as mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher), the hieroglyph sets which appear on Indus Script Corpora gain a new consistent semantic category, guild: 'metalcaster/metalworker/artificer guild'.

H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ rebus: seṇi 'guild'; seṇimokkha the chief of an army (Pali)
The core is a glyphic ‘chain’ or ‘ladder’. Glyph: kaḍī a chain; a hook; a link (G.); kaḍum a bracelet, a ring (G.) Rebus: kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; kaḍiyaṇa, kaḍiyeṇa a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (G.)

The glyphics are:
1. Glyph: ‘one-horned young bull’: kondh ‘heifer’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’.
2. barad, barat 'ox' rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत. (Molesworth Marathi Dictionary). balad m. ʻox ʼ, gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (Nepali. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi)
3. Glyph: ‘ram’: meḍh ‘ram’. Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’.
4. Glyph: ‘antelope’: mr̤eka ‘goat’. Rebus: milakkhu ‘copper’. Vikalpa 1: meluhha ‘mleccha’ ‘copper worker’. Vikalpa 2: meṛh ‘helper of merchant’.
5. Glyph: ‘zebu’: poL Rebus: poL 'magnetite'.
6. The sixth animal can only be guessed. Perhaps, a tiger (A reasonable inference, because the glyph ’tiger’ appears in a procession on some Indus script inscriptions. Glyph: ‘tiger?’: kol ‘tiger’. Rebus: kol ’worker in iron’. Vikalpa (alternative): perhaps, rhinoceros. gaṇḍa ‘rhinoceros’; rebus: khaṇḍ ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. Vikalpa (alternative): perhaps, ghariyal: karabu 'crocodile''ghariyal' rebus: karb 'iron'; karavu 'crocodile' rebus: khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

(See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/09/bharat-name-of-nation-root-bharatiyo.html
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/06/ancient-near-east-bronze-age-legacy_6.html

Tell AsmarCylinder seal modern impression [elephant, rhinoceros and gharial (alligator) on the upper register] bibliography and image source: Frankfort, Henri: Stratified Cylinder Seals from the Diyala Region. Oriental Institute Publications 72. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, no. 642. Museum Number: IM14674 3.4 cm. high. Glazed steatite. ca. 2250 - 2200 BCE. ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron'.gaṇḍa, kāṇḍā 'rhinoceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khar 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) Alternative: ghariyal 'crocodile' rebus: karb 'iron'.

Pokorny's dictionary:

Number: 689
Root: ghrebh-1 , gherbh- ; Wurzelweiterung ghrebhā-
English meaning: to grave
German meaning: `take erraffen, rake '
General comments: See. also ghreibh- .
Material: . Ai grabh-, digging `take, take, acquire, capture ', Aor. agrabham , Perf. jagrābha , pass. gr̥hyáte , gr̥bháyant ; grábha- m. `Grasping ', gráha- `cupful '; grápsa- `bush, tuft ', gŕ̥bh-`Take, handle ', gr̥h- `poignant (as 2. Composition member) ', gr̥bhá- m. `Handle ', gŕ̥bhi- `in itself collectively containing ' grābhá- m. `Captors, handful ';    av. digging `grab 'in hǝ̄ngrabǝm ( časmainī ) `I sensed (by eye) ', Perf. jigaurva, gǝurvayeiti (see. ai. gr̥bháyant ) `grabs, holds, receives, perceives', Partiz. .. Perf pass gǝrǝpta- ,digging `version of words, sentence '; . Akk gǝrǝbąm `holding on '; . npers giriftan `take ', GIRAD `take ';
    anord. Grapa `grapsen, per se tear '( p based on Gripa ?), AGS. græppian `take ', Eng. grapple `hold firmly grasp '; next schwed. grabba `pack ', MND. grab, grabbelen `hold fast, gather '(from English. grave , grabble ), MHD. grappeln `keys', Norw. Dial. grafsa, grapsa `scratching, scraping ', German grapsen ; to Swed nasalized. Dial. gramma `grab ', Switzerland.grame `creeping ', Swed. gramsa `handfuls take ', Switzerland. Gramse ds .; . asächs Garva `sheaf ', ahd. Garba `Manipulus' mhd NHG.. Garbe ;
    lit. Grabus, grabnùs `nimble-fingered, turned in stealing ', grabinėti , grabalióti , grabóti `grope for something, grab ', grabstýti `take, pack ', dehnstuf. grėbiu, grėbti `rake, take, steal ';Iterative old. gróbiu , gróbti `take, seize, rob ', Grobis m. `Robbery, loot '; Lett. grebju, grebt also `grab ', Grabas f. . Pl `hoarded ' greblis `small rake ', grâbju, Dig `grab, grasp, Rakes'Grabat Iterative to `to sichgreifen, rake up ';
    . aksl grebǫ , greti `row '., russ Grebu , Gresti . `gather, rake, row ', bulg Greba `raking, scraping, combing, boating, (water) draw ', Greblo `rake, rake, rowing '; . Iterative aksl grabljǫ ,grabiti `steal ', skr. grȁbiti `grab, snatch ', Čech. hrabati `scratch, dig, rake ', etc.
    Root expansion ghrebhā-:
    . Ai gr̥bhnāti, gr̥bhāyáti `grabs, holds, acquires'; New features are: ágrabhīt `took 'Infin. gráhītum , Partiz. gr̥bhītá- `ruled, captured, detained ', grábhītr̥, grahītr̥ `captors'; av. gǝrǝwnāiti, gǝ̄urvāyeiti , Apers. garbāyaiti `take, conquered, receives, perceives, understands'.
References: WP. I 652 f., 95 f .; Trautmann otherwise Kuiper Nasalpräs. 232 interface.
Pages: 455
PIE database

http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cpokorny&first=681

కరువు [ karuvu ] karuvu. [Tel.] n. Melting: what is melted. The clay mould for a metal image. A crucible. కరుగు. (Telugu) Ta. karai (-v-, -nt-) to dissolve in water, be reduced from solid to liquid form, wear away (as soil by the action of water), become emaciated, become gradually attenuated; (-pp-, -tt-) to dissolve in water (tr.), melt, liquefy, extirpate; karaiyal dissolving, melting, that which is dissolved; karaivu dissolving, tenderness of mind. Ma. karakkuka to melt, dissolve. Ko. karg- (kargy-) to dissolve, melt (intr.), be affected in the heart (by fear); kark- (karky-) to dissolve, melt (tr.). To. karx- (karxy-) to dissolve, melt (intr.); kark- (karky-) id. (tr.). Ka. karagu, karaṅgu, kargu to be dissolved, melt away, decrease in bulk, become softened to pity or love, pine away; karagisu, karigisu, kargisu to cause to be dissolved, melt; (Hav.) karaḍu to melt. Koḍ. kar- (kari-) to be digested; karak- (karaki-) to digest; (Shanmugam) to dissolve; [Shanmugam) karak dissolving. Tu. karaguni
to melt (intr.), dissolve, liquefy, become thin, become affected, softened, melt with pity; karagāvuni, kargāvuni to melt (tr.), liquefy, affect the mind, afflict; karavuni to be dissolved, melted, digested; karapuni to digest. Te. karãgu to melt (intr., tr.), dissolve, liquefy; karãgincu, karãcu to melt (tr.), dissolve, liquefy; karugu what is melted, a crucible; (K.) krã̄gu to be melted away; (K.) krã̄cu to melt (tr.). Ga. (S.3) karŋ-ēr- to be melted. Go. (Ma.) kari-, (W.) kaṛītānā, (Ko.) karŋg- to melt, dissolve (Voc. 530); (Koya Su.)karṅ- to melt. Konḍa (BB 1972) kariŋ- to melt, be dissolved. Kuwi (F.) karangali to be dissolved, be melted; (Su.) karŋg- to melt (intr.).(DEDR 1292) Ta. karu mould, matrix; karukku engraving, carving, embossed work. Ma. karu figure, mould; karukku-paṇi embossed work; karaṭu the original of a copy. Ka. karu embossed work, bas-relief;karuv-iḍu to put bosses or raised figures, mould, model. Tu. karu, garu, karavi a mould. Te. karugu, karuvu id. Kuwi (S.) garra form, mint; ḍālu- gara womb (for ḍālu, see 1123)(DEDR 1280).

Ta. karuvi instrument, tool. Ma. kari, karivi, karuvi, karu tool, plough, weapon.(DEDR 1290)

Ta. karu foetus, embryo, egg, germ, young of animal; karuppai womb;
karuvam foetus, embryo. Ma. karu embryo, yolk; karuntala generation.
Ko. karv foetus of animal, larva of bees; pregnant (of animals). To. kef
pregnant, in: kef ïr pregnant buffalo, kef nïl- to become pregnant, of animals. Ka. kandu foetus of beasts (? or with 1411 Ta. kaṉṟu). Te. karuvu
foetus; (B.) kari uterus of animals;karugu an unopened ear of corn. Pa. kerba (pl. kerbel) egg. Ga. (Oll.) karbe id. Go. (Ko.) garba egg (Voc. 1054); (Koya Su.) garbūm id. ? Malt. káre to form as the stone or seed of a fruit. (DEDR 1279)

Iron: wesi (Javanese), besi (Malay), dek (Khmer),
Sumerian AN.BAR
Akkadian PAR.ZILLU
Aramaic PAR.ZEL
Hebrew BAR.ZEL
Arabic FIR.ZILun
Lithuanian geležis,
but zalvaris (zhal.varis) 'bronze'
Latvian DZELS "iron"
Latvian zelts (ZEL.TS) "gold"
but zils (ZILs) "blue"

Gavialis is a genus of crocodylians that includes the living gharial Gavialis gangeticus and several extinct species, including Gavialis bengawanicus, Gavialis breviceps, Gavialis browni, Gavialis curvirostris, Gavialis hysudricus, Gavialis leptodus, Gavialis lewisi, andGavialis pachyrhynchus. Most species, including G. gangeticus, come from the Indian Subcontinent.(Lull, R. S. (1944). "Fossil gavials from north India". American Journal of Science 242 (8): 417–430.) while G. bengawanicus is known from Java. Gavialis likely first appeared in the Indian Subcontinent in the early Miocene around 20 million years ago and dispersed into the Malay Archipelago through a path called the Siva–Malayan route in the Quaternary. Remains attributed to Gavialis have also been found on Sulawesi and Woodlark Island east of the Wallace Line, suggesting a prehistoric lineage of Gavialis was able to traverse marine environments and reach places possibly as far as western Oceania.(Delfino, M.; De Vos, J. (2010). "A revision of the Dubois crocodylians, Gavialis bengawanicus and Crocodylus ossifragus, from the Pleistocene Homo erectus beds of Java". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (2): 427.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavialis

The Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a unique species of crocodilian, characterized by its long, thin snout and the bulbous growth at the end of its snout. Though millions of years ago there were several similar species, today the Gharial is the last remaining species of this ancient line, the last surviving species of the family Gavialidae.

The gharial gets its name from the Hindi word “ghara” which means pot. The “ghara” is a bulbous blob begins growing on the nostrils at the tip of the snout as soon as the males reach maturity. This strange form, called the ghara, turns the hissing noise commonly made by crocodilians into a buzzing noise, as air is forced through the nasal passage. It may also act as a sound amplifier, carrying the produced buzzing sound for great distances across water. The ghara may also help females identify mature males.
A skull of the extinct Gavialis species G. bengawanicus, which lived in the Pleistocene

Males are larger than females and only mature males have a bulbous growth at the end of their snouts.
http://www.gharialconservationalliance.org/?page_id=216

கரவு² karavu, n. < கரா. cf. grāha. Alligator; முதலை. கரவார்தடம் (திவ். திருவாய். 8, 9, 9). கரா karā , n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலை. கராவதன் காலினைக்கதுவ (திவ். பெரியதி. 2, 3, 9). 2. Male alligator; ஆண்முதலை. (பிங்.) கராம் karām , n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.) కారుమొసలి a wild crocodile or alligator. (Telugu) grāh ग्राह् । ग्राहः m. a crocodile.krum कृम्, (Gr.Gr. 21) krümü कृमू&below;, or (Śiv. 855), kṻrm कू&above;र्म् । कूर्मः m. (f. krumiñü कृमिञू&below;, q.v.), a tortoise (Śiv. 1755, 1817; Rām. 599); a crocodile (only El. krím).(Kashmiri) Gaha2 [Sk. graha, gaṇhāti, q. v. for etym.] "seizer," seizing, grasping, a demon, any being or object having a hold upon man. So at S i.208 where Sānu is "seized" by an epileptic fit (see note in K.S. i.267, 268). Used of dosa (anger) Dh 251 (exemplified at DhA iii.362 by ajagara˚ the grip of a boa, kumbhīla˚ of a crocodile, yakkha˚ of a demon). sagaha having crocodiles, full of e. (of the ocean) (+sarakkhasa) It 57. (Pali)  grāhá (grābhá -- m. ʻ seizing ʼ RV.) ʻ seizing ʼ Yājñ., m. ʻ handle of sword ʼ lex. 2. ʻ rapacious animal living in the water ʼ Mn. [√grah]1. Pa. gāha -- n. ʻ grip, eclipse ʼ; Pk. gāha -- m. ʻ seizing, obstinacy ʼ; Kho. grah ʻ eclipse ʼ, Sh. grã̄ m. or < gráha -- ; S. g̠āha f. ʻ hilt of sword ʼ; Bi. gāhī ʻ third smallest sheaf ʼ; OAw. gāhā ʻ one who takes ʼ; H. gāh m. ʻ seizure, plot ʼ; M. gāhī, gāvī f. ʻ smith's pincers ʼ; Si. inscr. gahe loc. ʻ with regard to the receipt ʼ.2. Pk. gāha -- m. ʻ rapacious animal such as a crocodile ʼ, Kho. grah ʻ water animal which seizes a man in the river, the animal which swallows moon or sun when eclipsed ʼ; Sh. grã̄ m. ʻ crocodile ʼ, K. grāh m., H. gāh m.(CDIAL 4382)

<maGgar>(AB),,<moGgor>(P) {NA} ``^crocodile''. @. ??VAR. #21081.
<moGgo>(P) {?} ``?''. Cf. <kumirO>. Kh.<moGgor>(P) `crocodile, alligator', Sa.<maGgaR>, H.<mAgArA>, O.<mOgOrO>. %22401. #22231. (Munda etyma)

karuvu n. Melting: what is melted (Te.)कारु [ kāru ] m (S) An artificer or artisan. 2 A common term for the twelve बलुतेदार q. v. Also कारुनारु m pl q. v. in नारुकारु. (Marathi) कारिगर, कारिगार, कारागीर, कारेगार, कारागार [ kārigara, kārigāra, kārāgīra, kārēgāra, kārāgāra ] m ( P) A good workman, a clever artificer or artisan. 2 Affixed as an honorary designation to the names of Barbers, and sometimes of सुतार, गवंडी, & चितारी. 3 Used laxly as adj and in the sense of Effectual, availing, effective of the end. बलुतें [ balutēṃ ] n A share of the corn and garden-produce assigned for the subsistence of the twelve public servants of a village, for whom see below. 2 In some districts. A share of the dues of the hereditary officers of a village, such as पाटील, कुळकरणी &c. बलुतेदार or बलुता [ balutēdāra or balutā ] or त्या m (बलुतें &c.) A public servant of a village entitled to बलुतें. There are twelve distinct from the regular Governmentofficers पाटील, कुळकरणी &c.; viz. सुतार, लोहार, महार, मांग (These four constitute पहिली or थोरली कास or वळ the first division. Of three of them each is entitled to चार पाचुंदे, twenty bundles of Holcus or the thrashed corn, and the महार to आठ पाचुंदे); कुंभार, चाम्हार, परीट, न्हावी constitute दुसरी orमधली कास or वळ, and are entitled, each, to तीन पाचुंदे; भट, मुलाणा, गुरव, कोळी form तिसरी or धाकटी कास or वळ, and have, each, दोन पाचुंदे. Likewise there are twelve अलुते or supernumerary public claimants, viz. तेली, तांबोळी, साळी, माळी, जंगम, कळवांत, डवऱ्या, ठाकर, घडशी, तराळ, सोनार, चौगुला. Of these the allowance of corn is not settled. The learner must be prepared to meet with other enumerations of the बलुतेदार (e. g. पाटील, कुळ- करणी, चौधरी, पोतदार, देशपांड्या, न्हावी, परीट, गुरव, सुतार, कुंभार, वेसकर, जोशी; also सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, कुंभार as constituting the first-class and claiming the largest division of बलुतें; next न्हावी, परीट, कोळी, गुरव as constituting the middle class and claiming a subdivision of बलुतें; lastly, भट, मुलाणा, सोनार, मांग; and, in the Konkan̤, yet another list); and with other accounts of the assignments of corn; for this and many similar matters, originally determined diversely, have undergone the usual influence of time, place, and ignorance. Of the बलुतेदार in the Indápúr pergunnah the list and description stands thus:--First class, सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, महार; Second, परीट, कुंभार, न्हावी, मांग; Third, सोनार, मुलाणा, गुरव, जोशी, कोळी, रामोशी; in all fourteen, but in no one village are the whole fourteen to be found or traced. In the Panḍharpúr districts the order is:--पहिली or थोरली वळ (1^st class); महार, सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, दुसरी or मधली वळ(2^nd class); परीट, कुंभार, न्हावी, मांग, तिसरी or धाकटी वळ (3^rd class); कुळकरणी, जोशी, गुरव, पोतदार; twelve बलुते and of अलुते there are eighteen. According to Grant Duff, the बलतेदार are सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, मांग, कुंभार, न्हावी, परीट, गुरव, जोशी, भाट, मुलाणा; and the अलुते are सोनार, जंगम, शिंपी, कोळी, तराळ or वेसकर, माळी, डवऱ्यागोसावी, घडशी, रामोशी, तेली, तांबोळी, गोंधळी. In many villages of Northern Dakhan̤ the महार receives the बलुतें of the first, second, and third classes; and, consequently, besides the महार, there are but nine बलुतेदार. The following are the only अलुतेदार or नारू now to be found;--सोनार, मांग, शिंपी, भट गोंधळी, कोर- गू, कोतवाल, तराळ, but of the अलुतेदार & बलुते- दार there is much confused intermixture, the अलुतेदार of one district being the बलुतेदार of another, and vice lls. (The word कास used above, in पहिली कास, मध्यम कास, तिसरी कास requires explanation. It means Udder; and, as the बलुतेदार are, in the phraseology of endearment or fondling, termed वासरें (calves), their allotments or divisions are figured by successive bodies of calves drawing at the कास or under of the गांव under the figure of a गाय or cow.) (Marathi)kruciji ‘smith’ (Old Church Slavic)

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/06/ancient-near-east-bronze-age-legacy_6.html

Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr seal; ca. 3200-3000 BC; serpentine; cat.1; boar and bull in procession; terminal: plant; heavily pitted surface beyond plant.
m1431B

Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.)कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali)

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)]baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) baṭhi furnace for smelting ore (the same as kuṭhi) (Santali) bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace; make an oven, a furnace; iṭa bhaṭa = a brick kiln; kun:kal bhaṭa a potter’s kiln; cun bhaṭa = a lime kiln; cun tehen dobon bhaṭaea = we shall prepare the lime kiln today (Santali); bhaṭṭhā (H.) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a barzier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Skt.) mẽṛhẽt baṭi = iron (Ore) furnaces. [Synonyms are: mẽt = the eye, rebus for: the dotted circle (Santali.lex) baṭha [H. baṭṭhī (Sad.)] any kiln, except a potter’s kiln, which is called coa; there are four kinds of kiln: cunabat.ha, a lime-kin, it.abat.ha, a brick-kiln, ērēbaṭha, a lac kiln, kuilabaṭha, a charcoal kiln; trs. Or intrs., to make a kiln; cuna rapamente ciminaupe baṭhakeda? How many limekilns did you make? Baṭha-sen:gel = the fire of a kiln; baṭi [H. Sad. baṭṭhi, a furnace for distilling) used alone or in the cmpds. arkibuṭi and baṭiora, all meaning a grog-shop; occurs also in ilibaṭi, a (licensed) rice-beer shop (Mundari.lex.) bhaṭi = liquor from mohwa flowers (Santali)

ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'. Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa  'rhimpceros'   Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.

Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi  Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

m0489A One side of a prism tablet shows: crocodile + fish glyphic on the top register. Glyphs: crocodile + fish Rebus: ayakāra ‘blacksmith’ (Pali)

Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi  Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

It is possible that the broken portions of set 2 (h1973B and h1974B) showed three animals in procession: tiger looking back and up + rhinoceros + tiger.

Reverse side glyphs:

eraka ‘nave of wheel’. Rebus: era ‘copper’. āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra  'brass'.

Identifying Meluhha gloss for parenthesis hieroglyph or ( ) split ellipse:  குடிலம்¹ kuṭilam, n. < kuṭila. 1. Bend curve, flexure; வளைவு. (திவா.) (Tamil) In this reading, the Sign 12 signifies a specific smelter for tin metal: kuṭi 'woman water-carrier'  rebus: rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' furnace for iron/ kuṭila, 'tin (bronze)metal; kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, ‘brass’ (Samskritam) See: http://download.docslide.us/uploads/check_up03/192015/5468918eb4af9f285a8b4c67.pdf

It will be seen from Sign 15 that the basic framework of a water-carrier hieroglyph (Sign 12) is superscripted with another hieroglyph component, Sign 342: 'Rim of jar' to result in Sign 15. Thus, Sign 15 is composed of two hieroglyph components: Sign 12 'water-carrier' hieroglyph; Sign 342: "rim-of-jar' hieroglyph (which constitutes the inscription on Daimabad Seal 1).

kaṇḍ kanka ‘rim of jar’; Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’. Thus the ligatured Glyph is decoded: kaṇḍ karṇaka ‘furnace scribe'
Daimabad Seal 1 (Sign 342: Two hieroglyph components: jar with short-neck and rim-of-jar) -- distringuished from broad-mouthed rimless pot which is another Sign hieroglyph.

Each hieroglyph component of Sign 15 is read in rebus-metonymy-layered-meluhha-cipher:  Hieroglyph component 1: kuṭi 'woman water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' furnace for iron/kuṭila, 'tin metal'. Hieroglyph component 2: kanka, kārṇī-ka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: kanka, kārṇī-ka m. ʻsupercargo of a shipʼ 'scribe'.

Ligatured hieroglyph 15 using two ligaturing components: 1. water-carrier; 2. rim-of-jar. The ‘rim-of-jar’ glyph connotes: furnace account (scribe). Together with the glyph showing ‘water-carrier’, the ligatured glyphs of kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ + ‘rim-of-jar’ can thus be read as: kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka ‘smelting furnace account (scribe)’.

sāṅgaḍa, patthara 'lathe, trough' hieroglyphs deciphered rebus 1 sangrah, 'catalogue' 2 sangar 'fortification' 1 pattharika 'merchant', 2 paṭṭaḍa smithy, shop'.

Two characteristic hieroglyphs are often seen in front of one-horned young bull and other animals signified,unambiguously, on Indus Script inscriptions: 1. सांगड sāṅgaḍa lathe, portable furnace 2. patthara feeding trough. A third characteristic feature is animals joined together which is also signified by सांगड sāṅgaḍa. The lathe, portable furnace hieroglyph-multiplex is

generally shown in front of a one-horned young bull; whereas, the feeding

trough hieroglyph is shown in front of animals, even wild animals As signifiers, the lathe or feeding trough have to be consistently related to what the associated animals signify.

This note demonstrates that both 1. the animals as well as 2. the devices (lathe or feeding trough) fronting them are related to Bronze Age metalwork cataloguing as descriptions of resources used or products produced.

Rebus readings of सांगड sāṅgaḍa and patthara are central to the

decipherment of Indus Script cipher in the context of Bronze Age revolution.

sangaDa,lathe, gimlet; portable furnace सांगड That member of a turner's

apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied.; सांगड

(p. 840) [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats

bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by.

2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined

together. Rebus: 1. sangrah, 'catalogue' 2. sangar 'fortification'

See:

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/ancient-near-east-meluhha-metalwork.html

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/set-theory-venn-diagram-set.html

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/most-frequently-occurring-hieroglyph.html

patthara 'drinking vessel, feeding trough' Rebus: 1. pattharika 'merchant', 2. paṭṭaḍa

paṭṭaḍu[Tel.]n. A smithy, a shop.

पात्र [p= 612,3] n. (ifc. f(आ).) a drinking-vessel , goblet , bowl , cup , dish , pot

utensil &c , any vessel or receptacle RV. &c RV. i , 121 , 1. pattar 'wooden trough'

.When will men's guardians hasting hear with favour the song of Aṅgiras's pious

children?

When to the people of the home he cometh he strideth to the sacrifice, the Holy. (Griffith translation)

The word pAtram has two meanings: guardianship and drinking vessel as brought out in S'abdakalpadruma and Vacaspatyam:

पात्रं, क्ली, पाति रक्षति क्रियामाधेयं वा । पिब-न्त्यनेनेति वा । पा रक्षणे पा पाने वा + “सर्व्व-धातुभ्यः ष्ट्रन् ।” उणां ४ । १५८ । इति ष्ट्रन् ।)आधेयधारणवस्तु । तत्पर्य्यायः । अमत्रम् २भाजनम् ३ । इत्यमरः । २ । ९ । ३३ ॥ भाण्डम् ४कोशः ५ कोषः ६ पात्री ७ कोशी ८ कोषी ९कोशिका १० कोषिका ११ । इति शब्दरत्ना-वली ॥ (यथा, देवीभागवते । १ । २ । ४० ।“सकलगुणगणानामेकपात्रं पवित्र-मखिलभुवनमातुर्नाट्यवद्यद्विचित्रम् ॥”)योग्यम् । स्रुवादि । राजमन्त्री । तीरद्वयान्त-रम् । इति मेदिनी ॥ पातार इति भाषा ॥पर्णम् । नाट्यानुकर्त्ता । इति हेमचन्द्रः ॥आढकपरिमाणम् । इति वैद्यकपरिभाषा ॥ * ॥(यथा, चरके कल्पस्थाने १२ अध्याये ।“ -- चतुः प्रस्थमथाढकम् ।पात्रं तदेव विज्ञेयं -- ॥”)पात्राणां विधिर्यथा, --“हेमपात्रेण सर्व्वाणि लभते चेति तान्मुने ! ।अर्घ्यं दत्त्वा तु रौप्येण आयूराज्यसुतान् लभेत् ॥ताम्रपात्रेण सौभाग्यं धर्म्मं मृण्मयसम्भवैः ।वार्क्षपात्राणि रम्याणि नैष्ठिकादिषु कारयेत् ॥शैलानि क्रूरजातीनां रक्तानि सर्व्वकामिनाम् ।धातूत्तमानि पात्राणि नृपराष्ट्रविवृद्धये ॥त्रपुसीसकलौहानि अन्त्यजादिषु कारयेत् ।विवाहयज्ञश्राद्धेषु प्रतिष्ठासु विशेषतः ॥पात्राणाञ्चाद्वरः कार्य्यः पात्राण्येवोत्तमानि च ।पात्रेषु पृथिवी दुग्धा सुधा पात्रेषु धार्य्यते ॥देवाः सोमः क्रतुर्यज्ञः पात्राण्येवं विदुर्बधाः ।बलिहोमक्रियादीनि विना पात्रैर्न सिध्यति ॥तस्माद्यज्ञाङ्गमेवातः पात्रञ्चाग्र्यं महामुने ! ॥”तत्परिमाणादिर्यथा, --“षट्त्रिंशदङ्गुलं पात्रञ्चोत्तमं परिकीर्त्तितम् ।मध्यमं तत्त्रिभागेण भागं न्यसमीरितम् ॥वस्वङ्गुलप्रमाणन्तु तत् पात्रं कारयेत् क्वचित् ।नानाविचित्ररूपाणि पौण्डरीकाकृतीनि च ॥शङ्खनीलोत्पलाकारपात्राणि परिकल्पयेत् ।रत्नादिरचितान् कुर्य्यात् काञ्चीमूलसुसञ्चितान् ॥यथाशोभं यथालाभं तथा पात्राणि कारयेत् ।विना पात्रेण यः कुर्य्यात् प्रतिष्ठायाज्ञिकींक्रियाम् ।विफला भवते सर्व्वा वाहनादिधनापहा ॥”इति देवीपुराणम् ॥ * ॥भोजनपात्राणि भोजनशब्दे द्रष्टव्यानि ॥

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः

पात्र पु० न० अर्द्धर्च्चा० प्राति रक्षत्याधेयं पिबत्यनेन वापाष्ट्रन् । १ जलाद्याधारे भोजनयोग्ये २ अमत्रे अमरः ।अस्य स्त्रीत्वमपि षित्त्वात् ङीष् । विद्यादियुक्तेदानयोग्ये ३ ब्राह्मणे न० “ब्राह्मणं पात्रमाहुः” इति स्मृतिः ।४ यज्ञिये स्रुवादौ, तीरद्वयमध्यवर्त्तिनि ५जलाधारस्थाने ६ राजामात्ये च मेदि० । नाटकेऽभिनेये७ नायकादौ च न० हेमच० ८ मानभेदे वैद्यकम् । यज्ञियहोमादिसाधनपात्रलक्षणम् कात्या० श्रौ० भाष्ये ।“अथ पात्राणां लक्षणमुच्यते खादिरः स्रुवोऽङ्गुष्ठपर्ववृत्त पुष्करो नासिकावत् पर्वार्द्धखातो भवति । स्प्यश्च खादिरः खडगाकृतिररत्निमात्रः । खुचो बाहुमात्र्यो मूलदण्डास्त्वग्विला हंसमुखसदृशैकप्रणालिकायुक्ताः । पाणिमात्रपुष्कराधस्तात्खातयुक्ताश्च कार्य्याः । पालाशीजुहूः, उपभृदाश्वत्थी, वैकङ्कतीध्रुवा “एतेषां वृक्षाणामे-कस्य वा सर्वाः स्रुचः कारयेत्, बाहुमात्र्योऽरत्रिमा-त्र्यी वाग्राग्रास्त्वक्तोविला हंसमुख्यः” इत्यापस्तम्बः ।अग्निहोत्रहवणी वैकङ्कती, अग्निहोत्रस्रुवो वैकङ्कतः ।यैः पात्रैर्होमी न क्रियते तानि सर्वाणि वारणानिभवन्ति तानि चोलूखलमूषलकूर्चेडापात्रीपिष्टपात्रीपुरो-डाशपात्रीशम्याशृतावदानाभ्यूपवेषान्तर्द्धानकटप्राशित्रह-रणषड्यत्तब्रह्मासनादीनि । तत्रोत्रूखलादीनि वा-र्क्षाणि । कूर्चो बाहुमात्रः पीठाकारः । इड़ापात्रीपिष्टपात्रयौ अरत्निमात्र्यौ मध्यसंगृहीते । पुरोडाशपात्री प्रादेशमात्री समचतुरस्रा षड़ङ्गुलवृत्तखातवती ।शम्या प्रादेशद्वादशाङ्गुला प्राशित्रहरणं वृत्तमादर्शाकारंचतुरस्रं चमसाकारं वा तथैव द्वितीयमपिधानपात्रम्षडवत्तं चोभयत्र खातवत् । आसनानि चारत्निमात्रदीर्थाणि प्रादेशमात्रविपुलानि सर्वेषु पात्रेषु मूलाभि-ज्ञानार्थं वृन्तानि कार्य्याणि अनादेशे होमसाधनभूतानिपात्राणि वैकङ्कतानि भवन्ति यथा सोमयागे ग्रहचमस-द्रीणकलशादीनि तत्रापि हविर्धानाधिषवणफलकस-म्भरणीपरिप्लवादीन्यहोमसंयुक्तानि वारणान्येव षोड़-शिनः पात्रं खादिरं चतुरस्नम् अंश्वदाभ्यपात्रमौदु-म्बरं वचनात् बाजपेये सप्तदशानां सोमग्रहाणांपात्राणि वारणानि अहोमसंयुक्तत्वात् । सुराग्रहपात्रा-ण्यपि वारणानि शाखान्वरान्मृण्मयानि वा इत्येव-मादि सर्वमूहनीयम् । मूलं कात्या० श्रौ० १ । ३ । ३१ सूत्रादौदृश्यम् । कर्मप्रदीपे च “आज्यस्थाली च कर्त्तव्यातैजसद्रव्यसम्भवा । महीमयी वा कर्त्तव्या सर्वास्वा-ज्याहुतीषु च । आज्यस्थाल्याः प्रमाणं तु यथाकामन्तुकारयेत् । सुदृढ़ामव्रणां भद्रामाज्यस्थालीं प्रचक्षते ।तिर्य्यगूर्द्धं समिन्मात्रा दृढ़ा नातिवृहन्मुखी । मृण्-मय्यौड़म्बरी वापि चरुस्थाली प्रशस्यते । स्वशाखोक्तःप्रसुखिन्नो ह्यदग्धोऽकठिनः शुमः । न तिशिथिलःपाच्यो न चरुश्चारसस्तथा । इध्मजातीयमिघ्मार्द्धप्रमाणंमेक्षणं भवेत् । वृत्तं चाङ्गष्ठपृथ्वग्रमवदानक्रियाक्ष-मम् । एषैव दर्वी यस्तत्र विशेषस्तमहं ब्रुवे । दर्वी द्व्य-ङ्गुलपृथ्वग्रा तुरीयोऽनन्तमेक्षणम् । मूषलोलूखले वार्क्षेस्वायते सुदृढ़े तथा । इच्छाप्रमाणे भवतः शूर्पं वैणवमेव च । दक्षिणं वामतो बाह्यमात्माभिसुखमेव च ।बाहुमात्राः बरिधय ऋजवः सत्वचोऽव्रणाः । त्रयोभवन्ति शीर्णाग्रा एकेषान्तु चतुर्दिशम् । प्रागग्रावभितःपश्चादुदग्रमथवा परम् । न्यसेत् परिधिमन्यञ्चेदुदगग्रःस पूर्वतः” देवपूजाङ्गपात्रमानं देवीपु० उक्तं यथा“षट्त्रिंशदङ्गुलं पात्रञ्चोत्तम परिकीर्त्तितम् । मध्यमंतत्त्रिभागेण हीनं कन्यसमीरितम् । वस्वङ्गलप्रमाणन्तुतत्षात्रं कारयेत् क्वचित् । नानाविचित्ररूपाणि पौण्डरीकाकृतीनि च । शङ्खनीलोत्पलाकारपात्राणिपरिकल्पयेत् । रत्नादिरचितान् कुर्य्यात् काञ्चीमूलसुञ्च-ञ्चितान् । यथाशोभं यथालाभं तथा पात्राणिकारयेत् । विना पात्रेण यः कुर्य्यात् प्रतिष्ठा याज्ञिकीं क्रि-याम् । विफला भवते सर्वावाहनादिधनापहा”दानशब्दे दानपात्रलक्षणादिकं ३५२० पृ० उक्तम् ।पाकपात्रलक्षणादिकं पाकशब्दे ४२८३ पृ० दृश्यम् ।

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम्

కుమ్మరి వడ్లంగి మొదలగువారు పనిచేయు చోటు. .
[An allograph pattara 'trough' is a glyph used in front of many types of animals including wild animals and composite animal glyphs. pātra ‘trough’; patthar ‘merchant’. It also connotes a 'guild'.]

पात्र pātra, (l.) s. Vessel, cup, plate; receptacle. [lw. Sk. id.] (Nepali) pātramu A utensil, ఉపకరణము. Hardware. metal vessels. (Telugu) பத்தல் pattal, n. பத்தர்¹ pattar 1. A wooden bucket; மரத்தாலான நீரிறைக்குங் கருவி. தீம்பிழி யெந்திரம் பத்தல் வருந்த (பதிற்றுப். 19, 23).
பத்தல் pattal , n. 1. A wooden bucket; மரத்தாலான நீரிறைக்குங் கருவி. தீம்பிழி யெந்திரம் பத்தல் வருந்த (பதிற்றுப். 19, 23). பத்தர்¹ pattar , n. 1. See பத்தல், 1, 4, 5. 2. Wooden trough for feeding animals; தொட்டி. பன்றிக் கூழ்ப்பத்தரில் (நாலடி, 257). paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants; perh. vartaka (Skt.) Patthara [cp. late Sk. prastara.

Ku. pathrauṭī f. ʻ pavement of slates and stones ʼ.(CDIAL 8858) Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop.(DEDR 3865). pathürü f. ʻ level piece of ground, plateau, small village ʼ; S. patharu m. ʻ rug, mat ʼ; Or. athuripathuri ʻ bag and baggage ʼ; M. pāthar f. ʻ flat stone ʼ; OMarw. pātharī ʻ precious stone ʼ.(CDIAL 8857) Allograph Indus script glyph: pātra 'trough' in front of wild/domesticated/composite animals. pattar 'trough' (DEDR 4079) 4080 Ta. cavity, hollow, deep hole; pattar (DEDR 4080) Rebus: பத்தர்² pattar , n. < T. battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmiths. It was a smiths' guild at work on circular platforms of Harappa using tablets as category 'tallies' for the final shipment of package with a seal impression.

Kaŋsa [cp. Sk. kaŋsa; of uncertain etym., perhaps of Babylonian origin, cp. hirañña] 1. bronze Miln 2; magnified by late commentators occasionally into silver or gold. Thus J vi.504 (silver) and J i.338; iv.107; vi.509 (gold), considered more suitable to a fairy king. -- 2. a bronze gong Dh 134 (DhA iii.58). -- 3. a bronze dish J i.336; āpānīya˚ a bronze drinking cup, goblet M. i.316. -- 4. a "bronze," i. e. a bronze coin worth 4 kahāpaṇas Vin iv.255, 256. See Rhys Davids, Coins and Measures §§ 12, 22. -- "Golden bronze" in a fairy tale at Vv 54 is explained by Dhammapāla VvA 36 as "bells." -- It is doubtful whether brass was known in the Ganges valley when the earlier books were composed; but kaŋsa may have meant metal as opposed to earthenware. See the compounds. -- pattharika a dealer in bronze ware Vin ii.135 -- loha bronze Miln 267 Pattharika [fr. patthara] a merchant Vin ii.135 (kaŋsa˚).

Lothal: Terracotta model. Provision for fixing sail

Two masted ships from Satavahana (2nd cent. CE) and Pallava (6th cent. CE) coins. National Museum. Delhi.

Octopus veṛhā, unicorn (young aurochs kondh), Indus Script hypertexts are professional calling cards of jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guards in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ

Throat: Ma. vēḷa throat. Koḍ. bo·ḷe neck. Go. (Tr.) warēṛ, (G.) veṛeṛ, vereṛ, vereḍi, (Mu.) vaṛer, (Ma.) veṛer̥ neck; (Y.) verer, (S.) veḍeṛu (pl. veḍahku), (L.) veḍāgā throat; (W.) warer id., neck (DEDR 5547)

Rebus: bəḍhàri ʻman in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ (WPah.); veṛhā, vehṛā, beṛhī 'building with a courtyard, warehouse' (Lahnda.WPah.) Alternative: vēḍa ʻboatʼ(Prakritam)

A synonym in Gujarati is: koṭhārī m. ʻstorekeeperʼ; this is signified by the semantic signifier hieroglyph on the text of m297 inscription.

Hieroglyph in text of inscription on m297: Store. koṭṭha 'warehouse'

Note on vēḷir who migrated 49 generations before Puṟanānūṟu text of Sangam times from Dwāraka

In Tirumoolar's Tirumanthiram, the northern sage "Vaṭapāl Tavamuni" is said to have created the "Fire-pit"; வடபால் முனிவன் is mentioned in Puṟanānūṟu in the context of vēḷir migration from Dwāraka (Sarasvati river basin)

vēḷir occurred.

The text is dated to ca. 5th cent.BCE.

Thus, Chief vēḷir (வேளிருள் வேளே!) who was Dwāraka ruler (துவரை ஆண்டு) migrated into velanāḍu (vēḷ region of Andhra Pradesh), ca. 1750 BCE (computing an average of 25 years per generation).

The Sewn Boats of Kerala

Boats of Ayn Sukhna

Les bateaux à Ayn Sukhna

Bibliographie :

Mahmoud Abd el-Raziq, Georges Castel, Pierre Tallet

Ayn Soukhna III. Le complexe de galeries-magasins

Ayn-Soukhna

History of the excavation

Future perspectives

Bibliography

See: Cuneiform records evidence gold, silver, tin trade involving Meluhha merchants; this suggests Ancient Maritime gold-silver-tin route between Hanoi (Vietnam) and Haifa (Israel) https://tinyurl.com/yabor8sn

See: Evidence of masted sail boat of Mohenjo-daro and Persian Gulf validated by Indus Inscriptions of Supercargo seafaring merchants

(tamar) -- palm tree, date palm rebus: tAmra 'copper' Thus, hard alloy ingot (ox-hide shape) are signified as supercargo.

Side B:

karaṇḍa ‘duck’ (Sanskrit) karaṛa ‘a very large aquatic bird’ (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/hdhnsa7

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/07/six-unique-hypertexts-of-indus-script.html

See:http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/07/seafaring-bharatam-janam-of-vedic-times.html wherein it has been suggested that Indus Script inscriptions signify

bagala 'dhow, seafaring vessel' by bagala 'pleaides'koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel' by koDiya 'one-horned young bull'sangaDa 'double-canoe' by sangaDa 'lathe/brazier' or 'joined animals'

Pattamar

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/j29jaw2

Were tigers, rhinoceroses, boars domesticated since feeding troughs are shown on Indus Script inscriptions? Such wild animals were NOT domesticated but were used as hieroglyphs to signify Bronze Age metalwork.

Pokorny's dictionary:

sāṅgaḍa, patthara 'lathe, trough' hieroglyphs deciphered rebus 1 sangrah, 'catalogue' 2 sangar 'fortification' 1 pattharika 'merchant', 2 paṭṭaḍa smithy, shop'.

generally shown in front of a one-horned young bull; whereas, the feeding

sangaDa,lathe, gimlet; portable furnace सांगड That member of a turner's

apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied.; सांगड

(p. 840) [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats

bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by.

2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined

together. Rebus: 1. sangrah, 'catalogue' 2. sangar 'fortification'

See:

patthara 'drinking vessel, feeding trough' Rebus: 1. pattharika 'merchant', 2. paṭṭaḍa

पात्र [p= 612,3] n. (ifc. f(आ).) a drinking-vessel , goblet , bowl , cup , dish , pot

utensil &c , any vessel or receptacle RV. &c RV. i , 121 , 1. pattar 'wooden trough'

Trending Articles

bagala 'dhow, seafaring vessel' by bagala 'pleaides'
koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel' by koDiya 'one-horned young bull'
sangaDa 'double-canoe' by sangaDa 'lathe/brazier' or 'joined animals'