https://tinyurl.com/yx9b4wq7
-- Deciphering the one-horn of 'unicorn' yielding the Meluhha expression kār kunda siṅgin is the Eureka moment for pragamtics of Indus Script since the exotic animals shown as 'tribute' to Shalamaneser III on the Black Obelisk are all rebus renderings of 'wealth' related to metalwork, lapidarywork of Meluhha artisans from Musri.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLvYOTaHEZM
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T75DayK5Iv0
kār kunda siṅgin is lapidary artisan par excellence working with metals, gems and jewels to create wealth traded by seafaring Meluhha merchants. See:
The locality Musri refers to a region in Kurdistan. The tradition of Yazidi, kurds (from the region of Musri) is a continuum of Hindu traditional practices of women wearing sindhu, red vermilion tilak on their foreheads following the tradition shown on terracotta toys from Nausharo,Mehrgarh with red sindhur at the parting of their hair.
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![Secret lives of Indian jewels]()
Why is an animal shown with one-horn on thousands of Indus Script inscriptions? The answer comes from a rebus reading of the Meluhha word, singin which signifies a clever, sharp-witted artisan. In a semantic reinforcment determinative, the young bull attached with this one-horn, singin, is read rebus asښکر ś̱ẖʿkar or ḵ́ẖʿkar, 'The horn of an animal, an antler, a powder horn' (Pashto) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' PLUS khoṇḍa 'young bull' rebus: 'blackmith, turner, goldsmith'. All three words, singin, read together yield the rebus expression: کنده kār-kunda 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' PLUS singin'leader', shrang श्रंग् । शृङ्गम्, प्रधानभूतः the head man or leading person in a village or the like.
Thus, the Meluhha expression kār kunda siṅgin signifies 'adroit, clever, manager, headman of a village' (who is a blacksmith working with gold and other meatal wealth resources). Such a perso is signified by the 'unicorn' or 'young bull with one horn'.
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I suggest that this bovine (with cleft hoofs) is shown on thousands of Indus Script inscriptions. One example is presented from a seal:
The Assyrian word, sakea mentioned in the cuneiform inscription is the following hieroglyph of the 'unicorn':
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शृङ्गिन् śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् a. (-णी f.) [शृङ्गमस्त्यस्य इनि] 1 Horned. -2 Crested, peaked. -m. 1 A mountain. -2 An elephant. -3 A ram. -4 A tree. -5 N. of Śiva. -6 N. of one of Śiva's attendants; शृङ्गी भृङ्गी रिटिस्तुण्डी Ak. -7 A bull; शङ्ग्यग्निदंष्ट्र्यसिजलद्विजकण्टकेभ्यः Bhāg.1.8.25. shrangश्रंग् । शृङ्गम्, प्रधानभूतः m. a horn; the top, peak, summit of a mountain (Kashmiri)
Hieroglyph, 'horned animal': siṅgin.'horned', having a horn Vinii. 300; J iv. 173 (=cow); clever, sharp -- witted, false Th 1, 959; A ii. 26; It 112; cp. J.P.T.S. 1885, 53. (Pali) OMarw. (Vīsaḷa) sīṁgī f.adj. ʻhorned (of cow)ʼ. (CDIAL 12595).
Rebus: singī & singi (f.) [cp. Sk. śṛngī] gold Vini. 38; S ii. 234; J i. 84 (Pali) śr̥ngī-कनकम् gold used for ornaments. शृङ्गिः śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्गिः Gold for ornaments. शृङ्गी śṛṅgī Gold used for ornaments.
The one-horned bovine is thus read as: kār kunda siṅgin 'gold for use in ornaments' (by) 'blacksmith, turner, goldsmith.' Singin'clever, sharp -- witted, false Th 1, 959; Aii. 26; It 112; cp. J.P.T.S. 1885, 53.(Pali) is a synonym of کنده kār-kunda 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto) kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1 ]N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d˚ ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi. kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m.(CDIAL 3295) kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'; kunda'gold'kundaṇa'fine gold'. Thus, of کنده kār-kunda singin signifies 'fine gold, gold for ornaments'.
This rebus decipherment of the frequently used hieroglyph of 'horn' explains why Shalamaneser III Black obelisk, which is a Rosetta stone for Indus Script displays a one-horned young bull as a tribute received from Musri. Third row from the top of the obelisk lists the tributes in the following sculptural friezes, together with a cuneiform inscription describing the details.
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ranga 'buffalo' rebus: ranga 'pewter'
sakea is a composite animal hypertext in Indus Script: khara 'onager' PLUS khoṇḍa 'young bull' PLUS mer̥ha 'crumpled (horn)' rebus: kār kunda 'blackmith, turner, goldsmith' کار کنده kār-kunda 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto) medhā 'yajna, dhanam' med 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) The composite animal is deciphered as kār kunda singin PLUS singi 'gold for use in ornaments' (by) 'blacksmith, turner, goldsmith.'
karibha, ibha, 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'
bazitu/uqupu is monkey/ape: kuṭhāru कुठारु monkey; rebus: kuṭhāru, कुठारु an armourer.
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She is held on a leash of a chain.
வீரசங்கிலி vīra-caṅkili , n. < vīra +. 1. Gold chain worn as an armlet, as a sign of heroism; வீரத்திற்கு அறிகுறியாகக் கையிலணியும் பொன்னணி. வீரசங்கிலி கேயூரம் (பிரபுலிங். பிர . 9). 2. A woman's necklace; மகளிர் கழுத்தணி வகை . (சிலப் . 6, 99, உரை .)vīra-c-caṅkili வீரச்சங்கிலி vīra-c-caṅkili , n. < வீரம்1 +. See வீரசங்கிலி . (சிலப் . 6, 99, அரும் .) *இலாடம்1 ilāṭam , n. < lāṭa. Name of a country, prob. modern Gujarat; பரதகண்டத்தில் ஒரு தேசம் . *இலாடம்2 ilāṭam , n. < radha. Name of a country, a portion of modern Bengal; வங்காள தேசப் பகுதி . (Insc.) லாடம்2 lāṭam , n. < Rāḍha. A country. rāḍhā f. ʻ district in West Bengal ʼ Kathās., ˚ḍha -- m. ʻ belonging to this district ʼ lex. [MIA. < rāṣṭrá -- ??] Pk. rāḍhā -- f. ʻ name of a district ʼ, B. rāṛ(h), Or. rāṛha, H. rāṛh m.rāḍhīya ʻ belonging to Rāḍhā ʼ Prab.com. [rāḍhā -- ]N. rāṛi ʻ blanket ʼ; B. rāṛi ʻ belonging to Rāṛh ʼ; Or. rāṛhi ʻ native of West Bengal, a class of fisherman ʼ; H. rāṛhī ʻ coming from Rāṛh ʼ.(CDIAL 10698, 10690) *இலாடசங்கிலி ilāṭa-caṅkili , n. < lāṭa +. Puzzle chain carried as an aid to concentration of mind by itinerant Lāṭa mendicants; கழற்று தற்குரிய ஒருவகைப் பின்னற்சங்கிலி .
-- Deciphering the one-horn of 'unicorn' yielding the Meluhha expression kār kunda siṅgin is the Eureka moment for pragamtics of Indus Script since the exotic animals shown as 'tribute' to Shalamaneser III on the Black Obelisk are all rebus renderings of 'wealth' related to metalwork, lapidarywork of Meluhha artisans from Musri.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLvYOTaHEZM
How was it made? Crafting a pair of traditional enamelled earrings with kundan set diamonds
Published on Jan 7, 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T75DayK5Iv0
How Kundan and gold jewellery is made in Jaipur
kār kunda siṅgin is lapidary artisan par excellence working with metals, gems and jewels to create wealth traded by seafaring Meluhha merchants. See:
Indus Script evidence of maritime trade in metals of Meluhha with ANE is corroborated by cuneiform texts reviewed by AL Oppenheim (1954) https://tinyurl.com/y6eqdehv
The locality Musri refers to a region in Kurdistan. The tradition of Yazidi, kurds (from the region of Musri) is a continuum of Hindu traditional practices of women wearing sindhu, red vermilion tilak on their foreheads following the tradition shown on terracotta toys from Nausharo,Mehrgarh with red sindhur at the parting of their hair.
Terracotta toys from
Nausharo (c. 3rd m. BCE), depicting red sindhur (vermilion) at the maang, 'parting of the hair', a traditional signifier that the person is a married woman.
Nausharo (c. 3rd m. BCE), depicting red sindhur (vermilion) at the maang, 'parting of the hair', a traditional signifier that the person is a married woman.
Yazidi women wearing tilak on their foreheads.
An example of jewellery from Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization.
Kundan jewellery -- ancient Indian tradition
“One of the oldest forms of jewellery made and worn in India is the 24-carat pure gold kundan jewellery. Kundan work is a method of gem setting consisting of inserting gold foil between the stones and its mount. Kundan work is often combined with meenakari, soth a piece of jewellery has two equally beautiful surfaces, enamel at the back end and kundan set gems in the front. Meenakari involves the fusion of coloured minerals, such as cobalt oxide for blue and copper oxide for green.This gives the effect of precious stone inlay work on the surface of the metal. Jaipur is the main centre of kundan jewellery. The famous Johri Bazaar centre of this craft, Nathdwara is known for its silver kundan work. Bikaner is also known for its kundan work. ” (p.32)( Amar Tyagi., 2008, Let's Know Handicrafts of India, Star Publications, 2008.)
"Kundan is a traditional form of Indian gemstone jewellery involving a gem set with a gold foil between the stones and its mount, usually for elaborate necklaces...It is one of the older forms of jewellery made and worn in India. The word kundanmeans highly refined gold, and a highly refined and pure form of molten gold is used...Kundan jewellery is created by setting carefully shaped, uncut diamonds and polished multicoloured gemstones into an exquisitely designed pure gold or faux metal base.The elaborate process begins with the skeletal framework called Ghaat. Thereafter, the Paadh procedure takes place, during which wax is poured onto the framework and moulded according to the design. Following this is the Khudai process, when the stones or uncut gems are fit into the framework. Meenakari then involves enameling to define the design details. Next, the Pakai process involves gold foils that hold the gems onto the framework; these are cold soldered using burnishing techniques. Finally, the gems are polished using the Chillai process."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundan From this sketchy account of Kundan jewellery, it is clear that a combination of cire perdue technique of metal casting is combined with gems and jewels to realize the jewellery embedded with precious gem stones and jewels which are the hall-mark of Sarasvati Sindhu Civilization from ca. 4th millennium BCE.
Intimations of the civilizational heritage are gleaned from documentation provided by deciphered Indus Scrit inscriptions.
Why is an animal shown with one-horn on thousands of Indus Script inscriptions? The answer comes from a rebus reading of the Meluhha word, singin which signifies a clever, sharp-witted artisan. In a semantic reinforcment determinative, the young bull attached with this one-horn, singin, is read rebus as
Thus, the Meluhha expression kār kunda siṅgin signifies 'adroit, clever, manager, headman of a village' (who is a blacksmith working with gold and other meatal wealth resources). Such a perso is signified by the 'unicorn' or 'young bull with one horn'.
I suggest that this bovine (with cleft hoofs) is shown on thousands of Indus Script inscriptions. One example is presented from a seal:'Unicorn' PLUS text III rebus Meluhha reading: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi
'smithy, forge'. What does the face of the horned bovine signify? What was the bovine called and what does it signify constituting a tribute of the land of Musri to Shalamaneser III?
The answer, the Eureka moment for decipherment of Indus Script inscriptions is:
singin 'horned' rebus: singi 'gold used for ornaments'. Thus, the animal signifies gold used for ornaments as the tribute of the land of Musri to Shalameneser III.
शृङ्गिन् śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् a. (-णी f.) [शृङ्गमस्त्यस्य इनि] 1 Horned. -2 Crested, peaked. -m. 1 A mountain. -2 An elephant. -3 A ram. -4 A tree. -5 N. of Śiva. -6 N. of one of Śiva's attendants; शृङ्गी भृङ्गी रिटिस्तुण्डी Ak. -7 A bull; शङ्ग्यग्निदंष्ट्र्यसिजलद्विजकण्टकेभ्यः Bhāg.1.8.25. shrang
Hieroglyph, 'horned animal': siṅgin.'horned', having a horn Vin
Rebus: singī & singi (f.) [cp. Sk. śṛngī] gold Vin
The one-horned bovine is thus read as: kār kunda siṅgin 'gold for use in ornaments' (by) 'blacksmith, turner, goldsmith.' Singin'clever, sharp -- witted, false Th 1, 959; A
This rebus decipherment of the frequently used hieroglyph of 'horn' explains why Shalamaneser III Black obelisk, which is a Rosetta stone for Indus Script displays a one-horned young bull as a tribute received from Musri. Third row from the top of the obelisk lists the tributes in the following sculptural friezes, together with a cuneiform inscription describing the details.
Apart from sakea (animal with horn), there are other animals -- camels with two humps, river-ox, susu, elephant, monkeys, apes -- in the four sculptural frieze registers in row 3 of the Black obelisk of Shalamaneser III are also hieroglyphs which signify in Meluhha (Indian sprachbund, 'language union') tributes of wealth.
रत्नी ratnī 'female monkey dressed as woman' Indus Script hieroglyphs rebus kuṭhāru 'monkey' rebus: 'armourer' Rebus: ratna'gifts'; रत्निन् 'possessing or receiving gifts'.
karibha 'camels' rebus: karba, 'iron'
ranga 'buffalo' rebus: ranga 'pewter'
sakea is a composite animal hypertext in Indus Script: khara 'onager' PLUS khoṇḍa 'young bull' PLUS mer̥ha 'crumpled (horn)' rebus: kār kunda 'blackmith, turner, goldsmith' کار کنده kār-kunda 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto) medhā 'yajna, dhanam' med 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) The composite animal is deciphered as kār kunda singin PLUS singi 'gold for use in ornaments' (by) 'blacksmith, turner, goldsmith.'
susu is antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'
karibha, ibha, 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'
bazitu/uqupu is monkey/ape: kuṭhāru कुठारु monkey; rebus: kuṭhāru, कुठारु an armourer.
Semantics and pragmatics:
Water-buffalo: Hieroglyph: rã̄go 'water-buffalo' rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) ranga 'alloy of copper, zinc, tin'.
River ox: Hieroglyph, short-horned bull: barad, balad, 'ox' rebus: bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).
Elephant, camel: Hieroglyphs: karibha, ibha 'elephant' karabhá m. ʻ camel ʼ MBh., ʻ young camel ʼ Pañcat., ʻ young elephant ʼ BhP. 2. kalabhá -- ʻ young elephant or camel ʼ Pañcat. [Poss. a non -- aryan kar -- ʻ elephant ʼ also in karḗṇu -- , karin -- EWA i 165] 1. Pk. karabha -- m., ˚bhī -- f., karaha -- m. ʻ camel ʼ, S. karahu, ˚ho m., P. H. karhā m., Marw. karhau JRAS 1937, 116, OG. karahu m., OM. karahā m.; Si. karaba ʻ young elephant or camel ʼ.2. Pa. kalabha -- m. ʻ young elephant ʼ, Pk. kalabha -- m., ˚bhiā -- f., kalaha -- m.; Ku. kalṛo ʻ young calf ʼ; Or. kālhuṛi ʻ young bullock, heifer ʼ; Si. kalam̆bayā ʻ young elephant ʼ Rebus: karba, ib 'iron'Addenda: karabhá -- : OMarw. karaha ʻ camel ʼ.
Monkeys: hieroglyphs: kuṭhāru कुठारु monkey; rebus: kuṭhāru, कुठारु an armourer.
Thus, the tributes received are iron implements, metal armour, lapidary metalwork wealth from Meluhha..
This is the figure of रत्नी ratnī a monkey dressed as woman:
She is held on a leash of a chain. Hieroglyph: chain: śr̥ṅkhala m.n. ʻ chain ʼ MārkP., ˚lā -- f. VarBr̥S., śr̥ṅkhalaka -- m. ʻ chain ʼ MW., ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ. [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]Pa. saṅkhalā -- , ˚likā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ; Pk. saṁkala -- m.n., ˚lā -- , ˚lī -- , ˚liā -- , saṁkhalā -- , siṁkh˚, siṁkalā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ, siṁkhala -- n. ʻ anklet ʼ; Sh. šăṅāli̯ f., (Lor.) š*l ṅāli, ši ṅ˚ ʻ chain ʼ (lw .with š -- < śr̥ -- ), K. hö̃kal f.; S. saṅgharu m. ʻ bell round animal's neck ʼ, ˚ra f. ʻ chain, necklace ʼ, saṅghāra f. ʻ chain, string of beads ʼ, saṅghirī f. ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ; L. saṅglī f. ʻ flock of bustard ʼ, awāṇ. saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ; P. saṅgal m. ʻ chain ʼ, ludh. suṅgal m.; WPah.bhal. śaṅgul m. ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ, śaṅgli f. ʻ chain ʼ, śiṅkhal f. ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ, (Joshi) śã̄gaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ, jaun. śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻ chain ʼ; Ku. sã̄glo ʻ doorchain ʼ, gng. śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ; N. sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ, ˚li ʻ small do. ʼ, A. xikali, OB. siṅkala, B. sikal, sikli, chikal, chikli, (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454, Or. sāṅk(h)uḷā, ˚ḷi,
sāṅkoḷi, sikaḷā̆, ˚ḷi, sikuḷā, ˚ḷi; Bi. sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ, Mth. sī˜kaṛ; Bhoj. sī˜kar, sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ, OH. sāṁkaḍa, sīkaḍa m., H. sã̄kal, sã̄kar, ˚krī,
saṅkal, ˚klī,sikal, sīkar, ˚krī f.; OG. sāṁkalu n., G. sã̄kaḷ, ˚kḷī f. ʻ chain ʼ, sã̄kḷũ n. ʻ wristlet ʼ; M. sã̄k(h)aḷ, sāk(h)aḷ, sã̄k(h)ḷī f. ʻ chain ʼ, Ko. sāṁkaḷ;Si. säkilla,
hä˚, ä˚ (st. ˚ili -- ) ʻ elephant chainʼ.śr̥ṅkhalayati. Addenda: śr̥ṅkhala -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) śáṅgəḷ f. (obl. -- i ) ʻ chain ʼ, J. śã̄gaḷ f., Garh. sã̄gaḷ.
śr̥ṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś. [śr̥ṅkhala -- ]Ku.gng. śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (< śr̥ṅkhalita -- ); Or. sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain ʼ.(CDIAL 12580, 12581)
Rebus: gold chain ornament inset with diamonds, land measure: சங்கிலி1 caṅkili , n. < šṛṅkhalaā. [M. caṅ-kala.] 1. Chain, link; தொடர். சங்கிலிபோ லீர்ப்புண்டு (சேதுபு. அகத் . 12). 2. Land-measuring chain, Gunter's chain 22 yards long; அளவுச் சங்கிலி . (C. G .) 3. A superficial measure of dry land=3.64 acres; ஓர் நிலவளவு . (G. T n. D. I , 239). 4. A chain-ornament of gold, inset with diamonds; வயிரச்சங்கிலி என்னும் அணி. சங்கிலி நுண்டொடர் (சிலப் . 6, 99). saṅghāra f. ʻ chain, string of beads ʼ, saṅghirī f. ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ(S.)(CDIAL 12580)
Rebus: collection of materials: sangaha, sangraha, 'catalogue, list'. saṁgraha m. ʻ collection ʼ Mn., ʻ holding together ʼ MBh. [√grah ] Pa. saṅgaha -- m. ʻ collection ʼ, Pk. saṁgaha -- m.; Bi. sã̄gah ʻ building materials ʼ; Mth. sã̄gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ, Bhoj. har -- sã̄ga; H. sãgahā ʻ collection of materials (e.g. for building) ʼ; <-> Si. san̆gaha ʻ compilation ʼ ← Pa. *saṁgrahati ʻ collects ʼ see sáṁgr̥hṇāti. (CDIAL 12852).
Rebus: lathe: Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. (Allograph) Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati)
Thus the hieroglyph chain signifies rebus: sãghāṛɔ, sã̄gah signify lathe and collection of building materials.