https://tinyurl.com/y3gsx899
This is an addendum to:
Hakra ware culture or early phases of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization seafaring trade on a navigable Sarasvati River ca. 5th m. BCE https://tinyurl.com/yyj6gwt2
Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet'iron
A zebu bull tied to a post; a bird above. Large painted storage jar discovered in burned rooms at Nausharo, ca. 2600 to 2500 BCE. .
Ceramic from Nausharo showing transition from Early to Mature Phase of Sarasvati Civilization (Image after Jarrige, J.F., 1989, Excavations at Nausharo)
loa'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh'copper, metal'; meRh 'tied rope' meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formeḍinto an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
Nausharo: céramique de la période I (c. 2500 BC) © C. Jarrige
Naushahdu Matka is a jar is made around (2700 - 1800 BC) is in Islamaabd found in Naushahro
Storage jar. C. 2700-2000 BC. Mature Harappan period. Chanhudaro. Pakistan. National Museum, New Delhi
Pottery urns from Harappa (Cemetery H period, c. 1900-1300 BCE), displayed in National Museum, New Delhi
Jar with four ibex, possibly from Quetta valley, 2800-2500 BCE
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Geography of the Rigveda, with river names; the extent of the Swat and Cemetery H cultures are indicated.
"The ancient site at Kot Diji (Sindhi: ڪوٽ ڏیجي; Urdu: کوٹ ڈیجی) was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The occupation of this site is attested already at 3300 BCE. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground (about 12 m), and outer area. The Pakistan Department of Archaeology excavated at Kot Diji in 1955 and 1957.Located about 24 kilometers south of Khairpur in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, it is on the east bank of the Indus opposite Mohenjo-daro....There are also broad similarities between Sothi-Siswal and Kot Diji ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi-Siswal area. Sothi-Siswal ceramics are found as far south as the Ahar-Banas culture area in southeastern Rajasthan...Sothi-Siswal culture is named after these two sites, located 70 km apart. It was widespread in Rajasthan, Haryana, and in the Indian Punjab. As many as 165 sites of this culture have been reported. There are also broad similarities between Sothi-Siswal and Kot Diji ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi-Siswal area." (Asko Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press, 2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sothi_(archaeology)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
Circular workers' platform.Kot Diji."There is also a pond, which had been used for storing sweet water. This pool is about 3.75 metres deep and measures around 11 metres in length and a little less than seven metres in width...Hundreds of years ago, at the edge of a desert in Sindh, the Talpurs constructed a pompous fort atop a hill. This emblematic fort, dominating the town of Kot Diji in Khairpur district and known as Kot Diji Fort, was built between 1785 to 1795."
https://www.dawn.com/news/1177325
This is an addendum to:
Hakra ware culture or early phases of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization seafaring trade on a navigable Sarasvati River ca. 5th m. BCE https://tinyurl.com/yyj6gwt2
The note presents examples of storage jars of the Sarasvati-Sindhu (hakraware) Cibvilisation; many jars carry Indus Script inscriptions, read rebus in Meluhha.
For a detailed account of all references to River Sarasvati in R̥gveda, see:
The subject is Vedic River Sarasvati. Geologists endowed with anti-Hindu phobia provide mythical conjectures camouflaged as geology papers
Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet'iron ' (Munda.Ho.)med'copper' (Slavic).
Pot depicting horned figure. Burzahom (Kashmir), 2700 BC. National Museum, New Delhi. Noticed in the museum : the pot depicts horned motifs, which suggests extra territorial links with sites like Kot-Diji, in Sindh. The two hieroglyphs on this pot are: 1. face; 2. horn
Meluhha rebus readings: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali) PLUS kōḍu kōḍu 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.
Ligatured to a tiger. Scarf, markhor horn, twig. Same as on Kalibangan cylinder seal narrated above. PLUS Shape of markhor horn: Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' ( CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.)
Seated person, horned, twig kōḍu horn rebus: koD 'workshop' The bunch of twigs = kūdī, kūṭī(Skt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda(AV 5.19.12) and KauśikaSūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield,American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss anBohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)
mũh 'face' Rebus mũhã̄ 'iron furnace output' kōḍu horn rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS Shape of markhor horn: Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' ( CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral'
Face ligatured to markhor mũh 'face' Rebus mũhã̄ 'iron furnace output' kōḍu horn rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS Shape of markhor horn: Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' ( CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.)
Black drongo is pōlaḍu, rebus pōlaḍ 'steel'పసులపోలిగాడు pasula-pōli-gāḍu perched on pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus' Rebus: pōḷa 'magnetite ore'.
Bulat steel blade of a knife "Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times; regularly being mentioned in Russian legends as the material of choice for cold steel. The name булат is a Russian transliteration of the Persian word fulad, meaning steel. This type of steel was used by the armies of nomadic peoples. Bulat steel was the main type of steel used for swords in the armies of Genghis Khan, the great emperor of the Mongolian Empire. The technique used in making wootz steel has been lost for centuries and the bulat steel used today makes use of a more recently developed technique...Carbon steel consists of two components: pure iron, in the form of ferrite, and cementite or iron carbide, a compound of iron and carbon. Cementite is very hard and brittle; its hardness is about 640 by the Brinell hardness test, whereas ferrite is only 200. The amount of the carbon and the cooling regimen determine the crystalline and chemical composition of the final steel. In bulat, the slow cooling process allowed the cementite to precipitate as micro particles in between ferrite crystals and arrange in random patterns. The color of the carbide is dark while steel is grey. This mixture is what leads to the famous patterning of Damascus steel.Cementite is essentially a ceramic, which accounts for the sharpness of the Damascus (and bulat) steel. "
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulat_steelPWLẠD (پولاد) > BOLD RUSSIAN (ПОЛАД) ORIGIN: PERSIAN (TĀJĪK) / MONGOLIAN
A zebu bull tied to a post; a bird above. Large painted storage jar discovered in burned rooms at Nausharo, ca. 2600 to 2500 BCE. .
Ceramic from Nausharo showing transition from Early to Mature Phase of Sarasvati Civilization (Image after Jarrige, J.F., 1989, Excavations at Nausharo)
loa'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh'copper, metal'; meRh 'tied rope' meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formeḍinto an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)






Geography of the Rigveda, with river names; the extent of the Swat and Cemetery H cultures are indicated.
"The ancient site at Kot Diji (Sindhi: ڪوٽ ڏیجي; Urdu: کوٹ ڈیجی) was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The occupation of this site is attested already at 3300 BCE. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground (about 12 m), and outer area. The Pakistan Department of Archaeology excavated at Kot Diji in 1955 and 1957.Located about 24 kilometers south of Khairpur in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, it is on the east bank of the Indus opposite Mohenjo-daro....There are also broad similarities between Sothi-Siswal and Kot Diji ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi-Siswal area. Sothi-Siswal ceramics are found as far south as the Ahar-Banas culture area in southeastern Rajasthan...Sothi-Siswal culture is named after these two sites, located 70 km apart. It was widespread in Rajasthan, Haryana, and in the Indian Punjab. As many as 165 sites of this culture have been reported. There are also broad similarities between Sothi-Siswal and Kot Diji ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi-Siswal area." (Asko Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press, 2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sothi_(archaeology)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent

https://www.dawn.com/news/1177325