The monograph is presented in two sections:
Section 1. Kneeling adorant in a gesture of veneration
Section 2. A person seated on a platform in a meditation yoga posture
This monograph posits that कर्मठ karmaṭha, kamaḍha, a type of tapas, 'penance' is venerated on Indus Script Corpora with unique pictorial motifs (hypertext narratives) of seated yoga postures. Such a seated person signifies a mint-master of the guild, who attains the status of a ṭhākur'blacksmith, divinity'. ṭhakkura m. ʻ idol, deity (cf. ḍhakkārī -- ), ʼ lex., ʻ title ʼ Rājat. [Dis- cussion with lit. by W. Wüst RM 3, 13 ff. Prob. orig. a tribal name EWA i 459, which Wüst considers nonAryan borrowing of śākvará -- : very doubtful]
Pk. ṭhakkura -- m. ʻ Rajput, chief man of a village ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) takur ʻ barber ʼ (= ṭ˚ ← Ind.?), Sh. ṭhăkŭr m.; K. ṭhôkur m. ʻ idol ʼ ( ← Ind.?); S. ṭhakuru m. ʻ fakir, term of address between fathers of a husband and wife ʼ; P. ṭhākar m. ʻ landholder ʼ, ludh. ṭhaukarm. ʻ lord ʼ; Ku. ṭhākur m. ʻ master, title of a Rajput ʼ; N. ṭhākur ʻ term of address from slave to master ʼ (f. ṭhakurāni), ṭhakuri ʻ a clan of Chetris ʼ (f. ṭhakurni); A. ṭhākur ʻ a Brahman ʼ, ṭhākurānī ʻ goddess ʼ; B. ṭhākurāni, ṭhākrān, ˚run ʻ honoured lady, goddess ʼ; Or. ṭhākura ʻ term of address to a Brahman, god, idol ʼ, ṭhākurāṇī ʻ goddess ʼ; Bi. ṭhākur ʻ barber ʼ; Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. ṭhākur ʻ lord, master ʼ; H. ṭhākur m. ʻ master, landlord, god, idol ʼ, ṭhākurāin, ṭhā̆kurānī f. ʻ mistress, goddess ʼ; G. ṭhākor, ˚kar m. ʻ member of a clan of Rajputs ʼ, ṭhakrāṇī f. ʻ his wife ʼ, ṭhākor ʻ god, idol ʼ; M. ṭhākur m. ʻ jungle tribe in North Konkan, family priest, god, idol ʼ; Si. mald. "tacourou"ʻ title added to names of noblemen ʼ (HJ 915) prob. ← Ind.Addenda: ṭhakkura -- : Garh. ṭhākur ʻ master ʼ; A. ṭhākur also ʻ idol ʼ (CDIAL 5488)There are two distinct sitting postures on pictorial hieroglyphic narratives of Indus Script: 1. Kneeling adorant in a gesture of veneration; 2. a person seated on a platform in a meditation yoga posture.
1. Kneeling adorant in a gesture of veneration
Hieroglyph of 'kneeling adorant' or 'worshipper' is such an abiding message that Mahadevan concordance treates the hieroglyph as a text 'sign'.
Signs 45, 46 Maadevan Concordance. In Sign 46, Sign 45 is ligatured with a pot held by the adoring hands of the kneeling adorant wearing a scarf-type pigtail. I suggest that the rimless pot held on Sign 46 is a phonetic determinant: baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. So, is the kneeling adorant, a worshippper of a person seated in penance, a bhaTa 'worshipper in a temple' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. For him the kole.l 'temple' is kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Kota language).
Hieroglyph: kamadha 'penance' Rebus: kammata 'coiner, mint'.
Prakritam gloss: kamad.ha, kamat.ha, kamad.haka, kamad.haga, kamad.haya= a type of penance.
The venerated, person seated in a type of penance has been rendered in Indus Script cipher as kamaDha 'penance' (Prakritam) Rebus: kammaTTa 'coiner, mint'. What did the kneeling adorant as Signs 45 and 46 signifY? I have suggested the cipher: bhaTa 'worshipper' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'.
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Prakritam lexis.
The venerated, person seated in a type of penance has been rendered in Indus Script cipher as kamaDha 'penance' (Prakritam) Rebus: kammaTTa 'coiner, mint'. What did the kneeling adorant as Signs 45 and 46 signifY? I have suggested the cipher: bhaTa 'worshipper' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'.
Prakritam lexis.Reading rebus three glyphs of text on Ganweriwala tablet: brass-worker, scribe, turner:
1. kuṭila ‘bent’; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, ‘brass’ (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230)
2. Glyph of ‘rim of jar’: kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)
3. khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (G.)
bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)
Hieroglyph: Ta. kump-iṭu (iṭuv-, iṭṭ-) to join hands in worship, make obeisance with the hands joined and raised, beg, entreat; n. worship. Ma. kump-iṭuka, kumm-iṭuka to bow down, prostrate oneself, worship. Ko. kub-iṛ- (iṭ-) to bow down, pray; kumiṭe· salutation used by Kota to Badaga or Kurumba. To. kub-ïḍ- (ïṭ-) to salute (not used of religious salutation); ? ku·ḍ- (ku·ḍQ-) to bow, bend down. Ka. kumbu bending, bowing down, obeisance; kumbiḍu to bow down, do obeisance (DEDR 1750)
Rebus: Ta. kumpiṭu-caṭṭi chafing-dish, portable furnace, potsherd in which fire is kept by goldsmiths; kumutam oven, stove; kummaṭṭi chafing-dish. Ka. kuppaḍige, kuppaṭe, kumpaṭe, kummaṭa, kummaṭe id. Te. kumpaṭi id. Cf. 1752 Ta. kumpu. Ta. kumpu (kumpi-) to become charred (as food when boiled with insufficient water); kumpal smell of charred rice; kumpi hot ashes; kumuṟu (kumuṟi-) to burst with distress; kumai (-v-, -nt-) to be hot, sultry. Ma. kumpi, kumpiri mirage; kumpal inward heat; kummu expr. descriptive of heat; kummal sultriness, mustiness; kumuṟuka, kumiṟuka to be hot, close; kumuṟal oppressive heat; ? kukkuka to be hot; ? kuppu heat. Ka. kome to begin to burn, as fire or anger. Tu.kumbi mirage; gumulu fire burning in embers; gumuluni to be hot, feel hot as in a fit of fever. Te. kummu smouldering ashes; kumulu to smoulder, burn slowly underneath without flame, be consumed inwardly, grieve, pine. Go. (Hislop) kum smoke (Voc. 763); (Tr.) gubrī fine ashes of burnt-out fire (Voc. 1141); (Koya Su.) kumpōḍ smoke. Cf. 1751 Ta. kumpiṭu-caṭṭi. / Cf. Pkt. (DNM) kumulī- fireplace. (DEDR 1751, 1752).
mēṭu, mēṭa, mēṭi stack of hay (Telugu) Ta. meṭṭu mound, heap of earth; mēṭu height, eminence, hillock; muṭṭu rising ground, high ground, heap. Ma. mēṭu rising ground, hillock; māṭu hillock, raised ground; miṭṭāl rising ground, an alluvial bank; (Tiyya) maṭṭa hill. Ka. mēḍu height, rising ground, hillock; miṭṭu rising or high ground, hill; miṭṭe state of being high, rising ground, hill, mass, a large number; (Hav.) muṭṭe heap (as of straw). Tu. miṭṭè prominent, protruding; muṭṭe heap.
Te. meṭṭa raised or high ground, hill; (K.) meṭṭu mound; miṭṭa high ground, hillock, mound; high, elevated, raised, projecting; (VPK) mēṭu, mēṭa, mēṭi stack of hay; (Inscr.) meṇṭa-cēnu dry field (cf. meṭṭu-nēla, meṭṭu-vari). Kol. (SR.) meṭṭā hill; (Kin.) meṭṭ (Hislop) met mountain. Nk. meṭṭ
hill, mountain. Ga. (S.3 , LSB 20.3) meṭṭa high land. Go. (Tr. W. Ph.) maṭṭā, (Mu.)maṭṭa mountain; (M. L.) meṭā id., hill; (A. D. Ko.) meṭṭa, (Y. Ma. M.) meṭa hill; (SR.) meṭṭā hillock (Voc. 2949). Konḍa meṭa id. Kuwi (S.) metta hill; (Isr.) meṭa sand hill. (DEDR 5058) (b) Ta. mēṭai platform, raised floor, artificial mound, terraced house. Ma. mēṭa raised place, tower, upper story, palace. Te. mēḍa house with two or more stories, upper chamber. Pa. mēṛ ole bungalow. Go. (Ko.) mēṛā large house, bungalow (Voc. 2965). Konḍa mēṛa mide terraced building (see 5069). Pe. mēṛ storied house, mansion.Kuwi (S.) mēḍa illu storied house; (Isr.) mēṛa upstair building. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meṭa- whitewashed storied house; Pkt. meḍaya- id. (DEDR 4796b)
hill, mountain. Ga. (S.
Rebus:
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Santali.
Santali.Ganweriwala tablet. Ganeriwala or Ganweriw
Comparable prayer posture is seen on Sit Shamshi Bronze (Louvre Museum) which narrates in an Akkadian Elamite inscription: "I Shilhak-Inshushinak, son of Shutruk-Nahhunte, beloved servant of Inshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa [...], I made a bronze sunrise."
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m1186
Offering and adorant glyphs of Indus script
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There are two seals of Indus script (m1186 and m0488) depicting a kneeling person with some offerings on a stool/tray. In a vivid orthographic analysis, John C. Huntington identifies the nature of the offering on m1186: it is a bowl with ladles. The offering kept on a stool on m0488 is likely to be a similar glyph, though analysis of a higher resolution image is not possible because the tablet with this glyph is worn-out.
m1186 seal. kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).
Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)
bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali) miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ (Torwali) mẽḍhɔ 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)heraka 'spy' (Samskritam) Rebus:eraka 'molten metal, copper'maNDa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maNDA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)\karibha, jata kola Rebus: karba, ib, jasta, 'iron, zinc, metal (alloy of five metals)maNDi 'kneeling position' Rebus: mADa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)
dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali)
The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)
m1186Offering and adorant glyphs of Indus script
There are two seals of Indus script (m1186 and m0488) depicting a kneeling person with some offerings on a stool/tray. In a vivid orthographic analysis, John C. Huntington identifies the nature of the offering on m1186: it is a bowl with ladles. The offering kept on a stool on m0488 is likely to be a similar glyph, though analysis of a higher resolution image is not possible because the tablet with this glyph is worn-out.
m1186 seal. kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).
Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)
bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)
saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali)
miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ (Torwali) mẽḍhɔ 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)
heraka 'spy' (Samskritam) Rebus:eraka 'molten metal, copper'
maNDa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maNDA 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)\karibha, jata kola Rebus: karba, ib, jasta, 'iron, zinc, metal (alloy of five metals)
maNDi 'kneeling position' Rebus: mADa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)
dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali)
The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)
The long curving horns may also connote a ram on h177B tablet:
h177B![clip_image062[4]](http://kalyan97.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/clip-image0624-thumb.jpg?w=99&h=45)
4316 Pict-115: From R.—a person standing under an ornamental arch; a kneeling adorant; a ram with long curving horns.The ram read rebus: me~d. ‘iron’; glyph: me_n.d.ha ram; min.d.a_l markhor (Tor.); meh ram (H.); mei wild goat (WPah.) me~r.hwa_ a bullock with curved horns like a ram’s (Bi.) me~r.a_, me~d.a_ ram with curling horns (H.) miṇḍ 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhet iron (metal), meD 'iron' (Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)![]()
bhaṭa ‘warrior, worshipper’ rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace; baṭa 'iron' (Gujarati)
Hieroglyph: kneeling on one knee: Ta. maṇṭi kneeling, kneeling on one knee as an archer. Ma. maṇṭuka to be seated on the heels. Ka. maṇḍi what is bent, the knee. Tu. maṇḍi knee. Te. maṇḍī̆ kneeling on one knee. Pa.maḍtel knee; maḍi kuḍtel kneeling position. Go. (L.) meṇḍā, (G. Mu. Ma.) minḍa knee (Voc. 2827). Konḍa(BB) meḍa, meṇḍa id. Pe. menḍa id. Manḍ. menḍe id.
Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) med 'copper' (Slavic)
Obverse of the tablets m0478, 0479, 0480 show this narrative. Pict-111: From R.: A woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees in their hands; a person seated on a tree with a tiger below with its head turned backwards; a tall jar with a lid.
Reverse side of a two-sided tablets m0478, 0479, 0480. in bas relief. Kneeling adorant carrying a U-shaped rimless pot in front a tree. NOTE: The kneeling motif also occurs on Sit Shamshi bronze.Three identical Mohenjo-daro tablets, with identical inscriptions. m 478-480.
Section A: Message on obverse of tablet
The narrative on the obverse (b) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid; Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch; Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle.![]()
Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid (Tablet m478b to m480b)
Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid (Tablet m478b to m480b)An orthographic variant of a jar to focus on 'rim-of-jar' is provided by a Daimabad seal.
karnaka 'rim of jar' karn.aka = handle of a vessel; ka_n.a_, kanna_ 'rim, edge' kan.t.u = rim of a vessel; kan.t.ud.iyo = a small earthen vessel
Rebus: karNika 'Supercargo'' merchant in charge of cargo of a shipment, helmsman, scribe. Rebus kañiāra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe'.![]()
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Hieroglyph: *ḍhakk ʻ cover ʼ. 2. *ḍhaṅk -- . [Cf. ḍhakkana -- n. ʻ shutting ʼ Śīl.] 1. Pk. ḍhakkaï ʻ shuts ʼ; S. ḍhakaṇu ʻ to cover ʼ; L. ḍhakkaṇ ʻ to imprison ʼ; P. ḍhakkṇā ʻ to cover ʼ, Ku. ḍhakṇo, N. ḍhāknu, A. ḍhākiba, B. ḍhākā, Bhoj. ḍhākal, OMarw. ḍhakaï; -- Pk. ḍhakkiṇī -- f. ʻ lid ʼ, S. ḍhakkaṇī f., P. ḍhakṇā m., °ṇī f., WPah. bhad. ḍhakkaṇ n., Ku. ḍhākaṇ, N. ḍhakni, A. ḍhākni, B. ḍhākan, ḍhāknā, °ni; Bi. ḍhaknā ʻ cover of grain -- pot ʼ, Mth. ḍhākni; Bhoj. ḍhaknī ʻ lid ʼ. -- Poss. K. ḍākürü f. ʻ wide shallow basket ʼ; N. ḍhāki ʻ basket ʼ, ḍhākar ʻ a kind of large basket ʼ; Bi. mag. ḍhākā ʻ large open basket ʼ; -- P. ḍhakkā m. ʻ pass between two hills ʼ. 2. Pk. ḍhaṁkissaï ʻ will cover ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) ḍaṅgeik ʻ to cover, shut, bury ʼ; Phal. ḍhaṅg -- ʻ to bury ʼ; Or. ḍhaṅkibā ʻ to cover ʼ, H. ḍhã̄knā, Marw. ḍhã̄kṇo, G. ḍhã̄kvũ, M. ḍhã̄kṇẽ; -- Pk. ḍhaṁkaṇa -- n., °ṇī -- f. ʻ cover, lid ʼ, Or. ḍhāṅkuṇi, H. ḍhãknī f., G. ḍhã̄kṇũ n., °ṇī f., M. ḍhã̄kaṇ n., ḍhã̄kṇī f.Addenda: *ḍhakk -- 1: S.kcch. ḍhakṇū ʻ to cover, shut (a door) ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhàkṇõ, Garh. ḍhakṇu; A. ḍhākiba (phonet. dh -- ) ʻ to cover ʼ, G. ḍhākvũ, M. ḍhākṇẽ.(CDIAL 5574)
Hieroglyph: *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582)
RRebus: धक्क dhakka a (Imit.) Steady, enduring, unshaken (as under misfortune): hale, hearty, stanch, unflinching--man or animal: stout, sound, firm, fit to render good service--cloth, an article gen. 2 Brightshining, brilliant, very lustrous--metal, a gem, a firework. Hence 3 Bright and good, altogether excellent--a rupee or other coin. धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) *dhagg ʻ throb, glitter ʼ. [Cf. dhagiti ʻ at once ʼ Kād., dhagad -- dhagiti ʻ crack! ʼ HPariś., and *ḍag -- 1]Pk. dhagadhagaï ʻ flares ʼ, dhagadhaggamāṇa -- , dhaggīkaya -- ʻ blazing ʼ; H. dhagdhagānā ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; G. dhagdhagvũ ʻ to burn fiercely ʼ; M. dhagdhagṇẽ ʻ id., to beat (of heart) ʼ; -- S. dhakdhaki f. ʻ palpitation ʼ; N. dhakāunu ʻ to pant ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, dhakdhakāna ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ, dhakadhaka ʻ throbbing, blazing ʼ; H. dhakdhakānā, dhadhaknā ʻ to blaze ʼ, G. dhakdhakvũ; M. dhakdhakṇẽ ʻ to palpitate ʼ.dhagg -- : Ko. dhaggu ʻ heat ʼ, dhagdhagu ʻ blazing heat ʼ. (CDIAL 6704) *dhakṣati ʻ burns ʼ [Cf. fut. part. vidhakṣyánt -- , aor. part. dhákṣat RV. -- √dah ]G. dhakhvũ ʻ to get into a passion ʼ, dhakhāvvũ ʻ to make hot ʼ, dhakh f. ʻ thirst ʼ.Addenda: dhákṣu -- : S.kcch. ḍakho m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ (rather than < *dhagg -- ). (CDIAL 6703) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of boiling, bubbling. Ma. taka taka beating time. Ka. takatakane quickly (of dancing); taka pakane id., vehemently (used of boiling). Tu. takataka, takapakaagility in dancing; bubbling in boiling, nimbly, briskly. Te. takapikalāḍu to dance about, dangle. (DEDR 2997) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of dazzling, glowing, glittering. Ko. dag dag in- (iḏ-) (flame) burns brightly; dagdagn with a good light. Ka. daggane with a blaze. Tu. dagadaga, dagabaga brightly; dagga, dagganè (to blaze) suddenly. Te. dagadaga glitter; dagadagam-anu to glitter, shine. Kur. dagnā to light, set fire to, burn (tr.); dagrnā to catch fire, be burned. Malt. dagdagre to glitter, shine (or < IA). / MBE 1969, p. 293, no. 26, for areal etymology, with reference to Turner, CDIAL, no. 6704, *dhagg-, Pkt. dhagadhagaï flares, H. dhagdhagānā to glitter, dhakdhakānā to blaze; add ibid. no. 5522(4) Panj. dagdagāuṇāto shine, no. 5522(1) Ass. ḍagmag sparkle, ḍagmagāiba to glitter, Beng. ḍagḍagiyā glowing, H. ḍagḍagānā, ḍagmagānā to burn brightly (DEDR 2998)
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Alternative Rebus: dhakk ‘an anvil’ (Kannada) dhakka ‘steady, stout’ (Marathi)
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Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch (Tablet m478b to m480b)
ḍhaṁkhara — m.n. ʻbranch without leaves or fruitʼ (Prakrit) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
kōṭu branch of tree, Rebus: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.
Hieroglyph: Looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter.
eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) kola ‘tiger, jackal’ (Kon.); rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith, ‘alloy of five metals, panchaloha’ (Tamil) kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) heraka = spy (Skt.); er to look at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)
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Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle (Tablet m478b to m480b)
The person standing between, thwarting and pushing two contestants wears wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles' Rebus: khãr '
Hypertext: daka, 'push'; erga, 'act of clearing jungle' (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees]; karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles. Rebus reading: dhagdhag 'glittering' erako 'moltencast metal', khãr 'Q -) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer).(DEDR 866)
*dhakk ʻ push, strike ʼ. [dhakkayati ʻ annihilates ʼ Dhātup.] K. daka m. ʻ a push, blow ʼ, S. dhaku m., L. P. dhakkā m.; Ku. dhakkā ʻ collision ʼ, dhã̄kā ʻ forcibly pushing ʼ; N. dhakkā ʻ collision, push ʼ; B. dhā̆kkā ʻ push ʼ, Or. dhakā; H. dhak m. ʻ shock, sudden terror ʼ, dhakkā m. ʻ push ʼ; OMarw. dhakā -- dhakī f. ʻ rush ʼ; G. dhakkɔ m. ʻ push ʼ, M. dhakā, ḍhakā m.; -- P. dhakkṇā ʻ to push, oust ʼ; -- S. dhakiṛaṇu ʻ to half -- clean rice by beating it in a mortar ʼ; -- Ku. dhakelṇo ʻ to push ʼ, N. dhakelnu, H. dhakelnā, ḍha°, G. dhakelvũ. S.kcch. dhakko ḍeṇo ʻ to push ʼ; WPah.kṭg. dhàkkɔ m. ʻ push, dash ʼ, J. dhākā m.((CDIAL 6701)![]()
धकाधकी dhakādhakī f (धका by redup.) A general or a mutual shoving and pushing; a scuffle or tussle. धकाबुका dhakābukā m धकाबुकी f धकीबुकी f C Pushing and pommeling; shoving and cuffing. v कर, दे, मार. (Marathi)
Section B: Message on reverse of tablet
The narrative on the reverse (a) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Endless knot; Part 2. Text message; Part 3. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree
Part 1. Endless knot (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Endless knot hieroglyph: मेढा [ mēḍhā ]'twist, curl' rebus: medha ‘yajña' mẽṛhẽt, 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)'; 'copper' (Slavic languages). Together, the two hieroglyphs signify a performer of medhā ‘yajña', acquirer of medhā 'dhanam, wealth', metalworker, ironsmith turner.
Part 2. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree (Tablet m478a to m480a)
kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter)', furnace (Santali)
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On seal m1186A a kneeling adorant makes offerings. bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tu.) barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.) A similar kneeling adorant now holds a wide-mouthed, rimless pot and makes an offering to the tree. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched (Sindhi) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; l. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; p. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; s. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656) Thus, the reading of the composite glyph: kneeling adorant + pot is read rebus: meḍ pattar + bhaṭa 'iron urnace (of) merchant guild'.
Paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants; perh. Vartaka (Skt.)వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. బత్తుడు battuḍu. n. A worshipper. భక్తుడు. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230.(Telugu)
The merchant, battuḍu, pattar is shown in a worshipful state kneeling in adoration on many inscriptions.
Part 3. Text message (Tablet m478a to m480a)![]()
Hieroglyphs (from. r to l):battuḍu bhata, 'worshipper' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ PLUS OFFERING: barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).
Numeral four: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kand 'fire-altar'. PLUS bhata, 'pot' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, the 'four linear strokes PLUS rimless pot' signifies: 'fire-altar (in) artisan's workshop'. Body hieroglyph read rebus: ![]()
Circumscript of two linear strokes for 'body' hieroglyph: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' koḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop' Thus, the circumscript signifies 'cast metal workshop' (with furnace) PLUS circumscribed body hieroglyph: meḍ 'body' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic).Together, the hypertext reds: dul meḍ koḍ 'metal casting, cast iron workshop'.
Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडघाशा kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड & घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. (Marathi).
The semantics of खरडें 'rough draft' explains why the hieroglyph occurs ONLY on tablets which are works-in-process documentation by scribes.
Thus, the inscriptions on tablets m478 to m480 complete the documentation of wealth-creating metalwork खरडा kharaḍā daybook.Hieroglyph (alternative): aḍaren, ḍaren lid, cover (Santali) In the context of metallurgical competence, I suggest that the rebus reading of dhakka'excellent, bright' seems to be a perfect fir.
Hieroglyph: *ḍhakk ʻ cover ʼ. 2. *ḍhaṅk -- . [Cf. ḍhakkana -- n. ʻ shutting ʼ Śīl.] 1. Pk. ḍhakkaï ʻ shuts ʼ; S. ḍhakaṇu ʻ to cover ʼ; L. ḍhakkaṇ ʻ to imprison ʼ; P. ḍhakkṇā ʻ to cover ʼ, Ku. ḍhakṇo, N. ḍhāknu, A. ḍhākiba, B. ḍhākā, Bhoj. ḍhākal, OMarw. ḍhakaï; -- Pk. ḍhakkiṇī -- f. ʻ lid ʼ, S. ḍhakkaṇī f., P. ḍhakṇā m., °ṇī f., WPah. bhad. ḍhakkaṇ n., Ku. ḍhākaṇ, N. ḍhakni, A. ḍhākni, B. ḍhākan, ḍhāknā, °ni; Bi. ḍhaknā ʻ cover of grain -- pot ʼ, Mth. ḍhākni; Bhoj. ḍhaknī ʻ lid ʼ. -- Poss. K. ḍākürü f. ʻ wide shallow basket ʼ; N. ḍhāki ʻ basket ʼ, ḍhākar ʻ a kind of large basket ʼ; Bi. mag. ḍhākā ʻ large open basket ʼ; -- P. ḍhakkā m. ʻ pass between two hills ʼ. 2. Pk. ḍhaṁkissaï ʻ will cover ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) ḍaṅgeik ʻ to cover, shut, bury ʼ; Phal. ḍhaṅg -- ʻ to bury ʼ; Or. ḍhaṅkibā ʻ to cover ʼ, H. ḍhã̄knā, Marw. ḍhã̄kṇo, G. ḍhã̄kvũ, M. ḍhã̄kṇẽ; -- Pk. ḍhaṁkaṇa -- n., °ṇī -- f. ʻ cover, lid ʼ, Or. ḍhāṅkuṇi, H. ḍhãknī f., G. ḍhã̄kṇũ n., °ṇī f., M. ḍhã̄kaṇ n., ḍhã̄kṇī f.Addenda: *ḍhakk -- 1: S.kcch. ḍhakṇū ʻ to cover, shut (a door) ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhàkṇõ, Garh. ḍhakṇu; A. ḍhākiba (phonet. dh -- ) ʻ to cover ʼ, G. ḍhākvũ, M. ḍhākṇẽ.(CDIAL 5574)
Hieroglyph: *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582)
RRebus: धक्क dhakka a (Imit.) Steady, enduring, unshaken (as under misfortune): hale, hearty, stanch, unflinching--man or animal: stout, sound, firm, fit to render good service--cloth, an article gen. 2 Brightshining, brilliant, very lustrous--metal, a gem, a firework. Hence 3 Bright and good, altogether excellent--a rupee or other coin. धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) *dhagg ʻ throb, glitter ʼ. [Cf. dhagiti ʻ at once ʼ Kād., dhagad -- dhagiti ʻ crack! ʼ HPariś., and *ḍag -- 1]Pk. dhagadhagaï ʻ flares ʼ, dhagadhaggamāṇa -- , dhaggīkaya -- ʻ blazing ʼ; H. dhagdhagānā ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; G. dhagdhagvũ ʻ to burn fiercely ʼ; M. dhagdhagṇẽ ʻ id., to beat (of heart) ʼ; -- S. dhakdhaki f. ʻ palpitation ʼ; N. dhakāunu ʻ to pant ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, dhakdhakāna ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ, dhakadhaka ʻ throbbing, blazing ʼ; H. dhakdhakānā, dhadhaknā ʻ to blaze ʼ, G. dhakdhakvũ; M. dhakdhakṇẽ ʻ to palpitate ʼ.dhagg -- : Ko. dhaggu ʻ heat ʼ, dhagdhagu ʻ blazing heat ʼ. (CDIAL 6704) *dhakṣati ʻ burns ʼ [Cf. fut. part. vidhakṣyánt -- , aor. part. dhákṣat RV. -- √dah ]G. dhakhvũ ʻ to get into a passion ʼ, dhakhāvvũ ʻ to make hot ʼ, dhakh f. ʻ thirst ʼ.Addenda: dhákṣu -- : S.kcch. ḍakho m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ (rather than < *dhagg -- ). (CDIAL 6703) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of boiling, bubbling. Ma. taka taka beating time. Ka. takatakane quickly (of dancing); taka pakane id., vehemently (used of boiling). Tu. takataka, takapakaagility in dancing; bubbling in boiling, nimbly, briskly. Te. takapikalāḍu to dance about, dangle. (DEDR 2997) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of dazzling, glowing, glittering. Ko. dag dag in- (iḏ-) (flame) burns brightly; dagdagn with a good light. Ka. daggane with a blaze. Tu. dagadaga, dagabaga brightly; dagga, dagganè (to blaze) suddenly. Te. dagadaga glitter; dagadagam-anu to glitter, shine. Kur. dagnā to light, set fire to, burn (tr.); dagrnā to catch fire, be burned. Malt. dagdagre to glitter, shine (or < IA). / MBE 1969, p. 293, no. 26, for areal etymology, with reference to Turner, CDIAL, no. 6704, *dhagg-, Pkt. dhagadhagaï flares, H. dhagdhagānā to glitter, dhakdhakānā to blaze; add ibid. no. 5522(4) Panj. dagdagāuṇāto shine, no. 5522(1) Ass. ḍagmag sparkle, ḍagmagāiba to glitter, Beng. ḍagḍagiyā glowing, H. ḍagḍagānā, ḍagmagānā to burn brightly (DEDR 2998)
Alternative Rebus: dhakk ‘an anvil’ (Kannada) dhakka ‘steady, stout’ (Marathi)
Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch (Tablet m478b to m480b)
ḍhaṁkhara — m.n. ʻbranch without leaves or fruitʼ (Prakrit) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
kōṭu branch of tree, Rebus: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.
Hieroglyph: Looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter.
eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) kola ‘tiger, jackal’ (Kon.); rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith, ‘alloy of five metals, panchaloha’ (Tamil) kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) heraka = spy (Skt.); er to look at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)
Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle (Tablet m478b to m480b)
The person standing between, thwarting and pushing two contestants wears wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles' Rebus: khãr '
Hypertext: daka, 'push'; erga, 'act of clearing jungle' (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees]; karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles. Rebus reading: dhagdhag 'glittering' erako 'moltencast metal', khãr '
erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.)er-r-a = red; eraka = copper (Ka.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) erako molten cast (as metal) (Tulu) agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Telugu) Ta. eṟṟu (eṟṟi-) to throw out (as water from a vessel); iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to scatter (intr.), disperse; (-pp-, -tt-) to splash (tr.), spatter, scatter, strew, draw and pour out water, irrigate, bale out, squander; iṟaivai receptacle for drawing water for irrigation; iṟaṭṭu (iṟaṭṭi-) to sprinkle, splash. Ma. iṟekka to bale out; iṟayuka id., scatter, disperse; iṟava basket for drawing water; eṟiccil rainwater blown in by the wind. To. eṟ- (eṟQ -) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer).(DEDR 866)
*dhakk ʻ push, strike ʼ. [dhakkayati ʻ annihilates ʼ Dhātup.] K. daka m. ʻ a push, blow ʼ, S. dhaku m., L. P. dhakkā m.; Ku. dhakkā ʻ collision ʼ, dhã̄kā ʻ forcibly pushing ʼ; N. dhakkā ʻ collision, push ʼ; B. dhā̆kkā ʻ push ʼ, Or. dhakā; H. dhak m. ʻ shock, sudden terror ʼ, dhakkā m. ʻ push ʼ; OMarw. dhakā -- dhakī f. ʻ rush ʼ; G. dhakkɔ m. ʻ push ʼ, M. dhakā, ḍhakā m.; -- P. dhakkṇā ʻ to push, oust ʼ; -- S. dhakiṛaṇu ʻ to half -- clean rice by beating it in a mortar ʼ; -- Ku. dhakelṇo ʻ to push ʼ, N. dhakelnu, H. dhakelnā, ḍha°, G. dhakelvũ. S.kcch. dhakko ḍeṇo ʻ to push ʼ; WPah.kṭg. dhàkkɔ m. ʻ push, dash ʼ, J. dhākā m.((CDIAL 6701)
Section B: Message on reverse of tablet
The narrative on the reverse (a) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Endless knot; Part 2. Text message; Part 3. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree
Part 1. Endless knot (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Endless knot hieroglyph: मेढा [ mēḍhā ]'twist, curl' rebus: medha ‘yajña' mẽṛhẽt, 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)'; 'copper' (Slavic languages). Together, the two hieroglyphs
signify a performer of medhā ‘yajña', acquirer of medhā 'dhanam, wealth', metalworker, ironsmith turner.
Part 2. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree (Tablet m478a to m480a)
kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter)', furnace (Santali)
On seal m1186A a kneeling adorant makes offerings. bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tu.) barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.) A similar kneeling adorant now holds a wide-mouthed, rimless pot and makes an offering to the tree. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched (Sindhi) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; l. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; p. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; s. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656) Thus, the reading of the composite glyph: kneeling adorant + pot is read rebus: meḍ pattar + bhaṭa 'iron urnace (of) merchant guild'.Paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants; perh. Vartaka (Skt.)వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. బత్తుడు battuḍu. n. A worshipper. భక్తుడు. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230.(Telugu)
The merchant, battuḍu, pattar is shown in a worshipful state kneeling in adoration on many inscriptions.
Part 3. Text message (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Hieroglyphs (from. r to l):
battuḍu bhata, 'worshipper' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ PLUS OFFERING: barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).
Numeral four: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kand 'fire-altar'. PLUS bhata, 'pot' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, the 'four linear strokes PLUS rimless pot' signifies: 'fire-altar (in) artisan's workshop'.
Body hieroglyph read rebus: ![]()
Circumscript of two linear strokes for 'body' hieroglyph: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' koḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop' Thus, the circumscript signifies 'cast metal workshop' (with furnace) PLUS circumscribed body hieroglyph: meḍ 'body' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic).Together, the hypertext reds: dul meḍ koḍ 'metal casting, cast iron workshop'.
Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडघाशा kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड & घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें
kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. (Marathi).
The semantics of खरडें 'rough draft' explains why the hieroglyph occurs ONLY on tablets which are works-in-process documentation by scribes.
Thus, the inscriptions on tablets m478 to m480 complete the documentation of wealth-creating metalwork खरडा kharaḍā daybook.
2. A person seated on a platform in a meditation yoga posture
Proto-Elamite seal impressions, Susa. Seated bulls in penance posture. (After Amiet 1980: nos. 581, 582). This Elamite seal impression signifies a buffalo anthropomorph.
Hieroglyph: kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakritam) Rebus: kammaṭa, kampaṭṭam 'coiner, coinage, mint'
Hieroglyph: dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
Hieroglyph: rango 'buffalo' Rebus: rango 'pewter'.
Hieroglyph: rango 'buffalo' Rebus: rango 'pewter'.
Depictions of facial or body hair may also be seen in the following examples of hypertexts on Indus Script Corpora:
Excerpts from a recent report (Dr. Vasant Shinde and Dr. Rick Willis) on copper plates with Indus script inscriptions:"The copper plates described in this article are believed to date from the Mature Harappan period, 2600–1900 BC. They were given to the second author in 2011, who realized that the plates were unusual, as they were large and robust, and bore mirrored Indus script as found in seals, but the inscriptions were relatively finely incised and unlikely capable of leaving satisfactory impressions, as with a seal...The copper plates superficially resemble large Indus Valley seals, as seven of the plates bear an image of an animal or person, plus reversed text. Two of the copper plates bear only mirrored Indus characters boldly engraved in two rows. The plates are illustrated in Figure 2...
· kamaḍha ‘penance’ Rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint, coiner’.
· koḍ = horns (Santali); koḍ ‘workshop’ (G.)
· Pair of fishes (hieroglyph on the chest of the seated person): dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal alloy'; aya'iron' (Gujarati). Thus dul aya 'cast metal alloy'.
Horned person in penance and “temple,” Harappa (H95-2487/4466-01) (Courtesy of the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan)..
Mohenjo-daro seal m 305 (DK 3884)
He also has scarf as a pigtail, is horned with two stars shown within the horn-curves.
kuThi 'twig' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' karA 'arm with bangles' Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral'; taTThAr 'buffalo horn' Rebus: taTTAr 'brass worker' meDhA 'polar star' Rebus: meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) gaNda 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal imlements' aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) See: http://tinyurl.com/ozyobnc
kamaḍha 'penance' (Pkt.) Rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) Kur. kaṇḍō a stool. Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ = a furnace, altar (Santali)
ḍato = claws of crab (Santali); dhātu = mineral (Skt.), dhatu id. (Santali)
kūdī, kūṭī bunch of twigs (Skt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kauśika Sūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177). Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘ (Santali) koṭe ‘forged (metal) (Santali)
mēḍha The polar star. (Marathi) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)
ḍabe, ḍabea ‘large horns, with a sweeping upward curve, applied to buffaloes’ (Santali) Rebus: ḍab,ḍhimba, ḍhompo ‘lump (ingot?)’, clot, make a lump or clot, coagulate, fuse, melt together (Santali)
Thus, the entire glyphic composition of the seated, horned person is decoded rebus: meḍ dhatu kampaṭṭaḍab kuṭhi kaṇḍ iron, mineral, mint (copper casting, forging workshop)furnace.
The text of the inscription shows two types of 'fish' glyphs: one fish + fish with scaled circumscribed by four short-strokes: aya 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: aya 'metal' (Samskritam)
gaṇḍa set of four (Santali) kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’ cf. ayaskāṇḍa a quantity of iron, excellent iron (Pāṇ.gaṇ) The reading is consistent with the entire glyphic composition related to the mineral, mint forge.
In a comparable glyphic composition showing a person seated in penance, two serpents are shown flanking the person.
Thanks to Donal B Buchanan, the remarkable Indus Script seal m0304 has been virtually reconstructed except for the small fragment related to the hindlegs of a jumping, leaping, running tigerDonal B Buchanan's reconstruction of Mohenjo-daro broken Pasupati seal m0304 unambiguous hieroglyphs read rebus as mint metalwork catalog
See:
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-evidence-pasupati-seal.html
The hieroglyph above the leaping, running tiger: karNika 'spread legs' rebus: karNIka 'helmsman'. Thus, the top 5 animal hieroglyphs signify a helmsman (seafaring merchant) handling the cargo of: karibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' kANDa 'rhinoceros' rebus: kaNDa 'implements', rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter', kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe'smelter'. The pair of antelopes or markhors on the base platform signify: miṇḍāl ‘markhor’ (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120); rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. kundavum = manger, a hayrick (Gujarati.) Rebus: kundār turner (Assamese).maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse'.
See:
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-evidence-pasupati-seal.html
The hieroglyph above the leaping, running tiger: karNika 'spread legs' rebus: karNIka 'helmsman'. Thus, the top 5 animal hieroglyphs signify a helmsman (seafaring merchant) handling the cargo of: karibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' kANDa 'rhinoceros' rebus: kaNDa 'implements', rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter', kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe'smelter'. The pair of antelopes or markhors on the base platform signify: miṇḍāl ‘markhor’ (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120); rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. kundavum = manger, a hayrick (Gujarati.) Rebus: kundār turner (Assamese).maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse'.
त्वष्ट [p= 464,1] mfn. ( √ त्वक्ष्) = तष्ट L. तष्ट [p= 441,2]mfn. ( √ तक्ष्) pared , hewn , made thin L.fashioned , formed in mind , produced RV. AV. xi , 1 , 23विभ्व-तष्ट्/अ. तष्टृ [p= 441,2] m. a carpenter , builder of chariots RV. i , 61 , 4 ; 105 , 18 ; 130 , 4 ii f. , vii , xविश्व-कर्मन् (cf. त्व्/अष्टृ) L. N. of one of the 12 आदित्यs L.త్వష్ట (p. 573) tvaṣṭa tvashṭa. [Skt.] n. A carpenter, వడ్లవాడు. The maker of the universe. విశ్వకర్త. One of the 12 Adityas, ద్వాదశాదిత్యులలో నొకడు.
Head gear: Hieroglyph: taTThAr 'buffalo horn' Rebus: taTTAr 'brass worker';
tatara 'smelter' (Japanese) < ṭhaṭṭhāra 'brass worker' (Prakritam) (< is indicated as a possibile transfer mode in language contacts for metalwork technical gloss.)
"The tatara (鑪?) is the traditional Japanese furnace used for smelting iron and steel. The word later also came to mean the entire building housing the furnace...tatara is foreign to Japan, originating in India or Central Asia...Tokutaro Yasuda suggests that the word may be from the Sanskrit word taatara, meaning "heat," noting that the Sanskrit word for steel is sekeraa, which is very similar to the word used in Japan for the steel bloom which the tatara produces..."
One triangular terracotta tablet (Md 013); surface find at Mohenjo-daro in 1936. Dept. of Eastern Art, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. See: Three-sided Terracotta Seal By StephanieV. July 1st, 2015 "This beautiful three-sided terracotta sealing from 2000 BCE depicts a male cult figure seated in a yogic posture on a throne, a bull-like animal, and five characters in the Indus script. Today, the seal resides in the Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford." https://www.harappa.com/blog/three-sided-terracotta-seal
The composite animal is comparable tothe pictorial motif onm1186, h177B which show a markhor adorned with scarves on the neck. The Meluhha rebus readings are: miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ (Torwali) mẽḍhɔ 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) PLUS dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral'
kuṭila, kuṭika— 'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' (Sanskrit)ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (
kanac 'corner' rebus: kanac 'bronze'
bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread' rebus: कर्णक '
Triangula tablet. Horned seated person. crocodile. Split ellipse (parenthesis). On this tablet inscription, the hieroglyphs are: crocodile, fishes, person with a raised hand, seated in penance on a stool (platform). eraka 'raised hand' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, copper' arka 'copper'. manca 'platform' rebus: manji 'dhow, seafaring vessel' karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith'
dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'. Thus, cast iron.
Hieroglyph: kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakrit) kamaḍha, kamaṭha, kamaḍhaka, kamaḍhaga, kamaḍhaya = a type of penance (Prakrit)
Rebus: kamaṭamu, kammaṭamu = a portable furnace for melting precious metals; kammaṭīḍu = a goldsmith, a silversmith (Telugu) kãpṛauṭ jeweller's crucible made of rags and clay (Bi.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Tamil)
kamaṭhāyo = a learned carpenter or mason, working on scientific principles; kamaṭhāṇa [cf. karma, kām, business + sthāna, thāṇam, a place fr. Skt. sthā to stand] arrangement of one’s business; putting into order or managing one’s business (Gujarati)
The composition of two hieroglyphs: kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) + kamaḍha 'a person seated in penance' (Prakrit) denote rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri); kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi) + kamaṭa 'portable furnace'; kampaṭṭam 'coinage, coin, mint'. Thus, what the tablet conveys is the mint of a blacksmith. A copulating crocodile hieroglyph -- kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) + kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) -- conveys the same message: mint of a blacksmith kāru kampaṭṭa 'mint artisan'.
Line drawing of tablet m453AGlyph: kaṇḍo ‘stool’. Rebus; kaṇḍ ‘furnace’. Vikalpa: kaṇḍ ‘stone (ore) metal’. Rebus: kamaḍha ‘penance’. Rebus 1: kaṇḍ ‘stone ore’. Rebus 2: kampaṭṭa ‘mint’.
Glyph: ‘serpent hood’: paṭa. Rebus: pata ‘sharpness (of knife), tempered (metal). padm ‘tempered iron’ (Ko.) फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. Ta. patam cobra's hood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.
Glyph: rimless pot: baṭa. Rebus: bhaṭa ‘smelter, furnace’. It appears that the message of the glyphics is about a mint or metal workshop which produces sharpened, tempered iron (stone ore) using a furnace.
Rebus readings of glyphs on text of inscription:
koṇḍa bend (Ko.); Tu. Kōḍi corner; kōṇṭu angle, corner, crook. Nk. Kōnṭa corner (DEDR 2054b) G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻangleʼRebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)
aṭar ‘a splinter’ (Ma.) aṭaruka ‘to burst, crack, sli off,fly open; aṭarcca ’ splitting, a crack’; aṭarttuka ‘to split, tear off, open (an oyster) (Ma.); aḍaruni ‘to crack’ (Tu.) (DEDR 66) Rebus: aduru ‘native, unsmelted metal’ (Kannada)
ãs = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya ‘metal, iron’ (Gujarati.) cf. cognate to amśu 'soma' in Rigveda: ancu 'iron' (Tocharian)
Glyph of ‘rim of jar’: kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)
The suggested rebus readings indicate that the Indus writing served the purpose of artisans/traders to create metalware, stoneware, mineral catalogs -- products with which they carried on their life-activities in an evolving Bronze Age.
Rebus readings of glyphs on text of inscription:
koṇḍa bend (Ko.); Tu. Kōḍi corner; kōṇṭu angle, corner, crook. Nk. Kōnṭa corner (DEDR 2054b) G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻangleʼRebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)
aṭar ‘a splinter’ (Ma.) aṭaruka ‘to burst, crack, sli off,fly open; aṭarcca ’ splitting, a crack’; aṭarttuka ‘to split, tear off, open (an oyster) (Ma.); aḍaruni ‘to crack’ (Tu.) (DEDR 66) Rebus: aduru ‘native, unsmelted metal’ (Kannada)
ãs = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya ‘metal, iron’ (Gujarati.) cf. cognate to amśu 'soma' in Rigveda: ancu 'iron' (Tocharian)
G.karã̄ n. pl. ‘wristlets, bangles’; S. karāī f. ’wrist’ (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri)
dula ‘pair’; rebus dul ‘cast (metal)’
Glyph of ‘rim of jar’: kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)
The suggested rebus readings indicate that the Indus writing served the purpose of artisans/traders to create metalware, stoneware, mineral catalogs -- products with which they carried on their life-activities in an evolving Bronze Age.
Ochre coloured tablet H-2001ab. The dark burgundy colored tablet fragment, both faces (H-95ab)
(length: 3.91 cm, width: 1.5 to 1.62 cm)
heraka 'spy' rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper' kuTi 'tree' rebus:kuThi 'smelter' karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' barad 'bull' rebus: baraDo 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin'.
Eight Indus Scripthypertexts on plano-convex tablets are deciphered;
five plano-convex molded tablets of Harappa Indus Script hypertexts detail alloy metal, copper, spelter, brass mintwork, smithy/forge blacksmith, smelter of iron and other minerals
1. arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass' eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus:eraka 'moltencast copper' arka 'gold';
2. kāṇa काण 'one-eyed' PLUS vaṭṭa -- ʻ round ʼ, n. ʻ circle ʼ; Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -- , vitta -- , vutta -- ʻ round ʼ(CDIAL 12069) rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236) கண்வட்டம் kaṇ-vaṭṭam Mint; நாணயசாலை. கண்வட்டக்கள்ளன் (ஈடு.) PLUS kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron' PLUS
taṭu 'thwart' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, °lām. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m.(CDIAL 3615) rebus: kol 'working in iron'.
3. karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'
4. kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakritam) Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner' PLUS kūtI 'twigs' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'
5. kolsa 'to kick the foot forward' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' PLUS Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289) Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)' PLUS rã̄go ʻbuffalo bullʼ Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.
6. karā 'crocodile' Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)
7. heraka 'spy' rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper'
8. krammara ‘look back’ Rebus: kamar ‘smith, artisan’.PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'
Thus, the Indus Script hypertext messages on the plano-convex tablets are: alloy metal, copper, spelter, brass mintwork, smithy/forge blacksmith, smelter of iron and other minerals.
Plano convex molded tablet showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three prongs or leaves emerging from the center.On the reverse, a female is battling two tigers and standing above an elephant. A single Indus script depicting a spoked wheel is above the head of the deity.
Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width
Harappa, Lot 4651-01
Harappa Museum, H95-2486
kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakritam) Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'
kUtI 'twigs' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'
muh 'face' Rebus: muhe 'ingot' (Santali)
One side of a molded tablet m 492 Mohenjo-daro (DK 8120, NMI 151. National Museum, Delhi. A person places his foot on the horns of a buffalo while spearing it in front of a cobra hood.
Hieroglyph: kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)mēṛsa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali)
kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.) •kolhe (iron-smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.lex.)•kol‘to kill’ (Ta.)•sal ‘bos gaurus’, bison; rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali)me~ṛhe~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron; kolhe m. iron manufactured by the Kolhes (Santali); meṛed (Mun.d.ari); meḍ (Ho.)(Santali.Bodding)
nAga 'serpent' Rebus: nAga 'lead'
Hieroglyph: rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ
Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.
paTa 'hood of serpent' Rebus: padanu 'sharpness of weapon' (Telugu)
Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.
paTa 'hood of serpent' Rebus: padanu 'sharpness of weapon' (Telugu)
Hieroglyph: kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/ s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī, °dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.
2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)
2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)
Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'
Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi)
Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (
m1181. Seal. Mohenjo-daro. Three-faced, horned person (with a three-leaved pipal branch on the crown), wearing bangles and armlets and seated on a hoofed platform.
m1181 Text of inscription.
Each glyphic element on this composition and text of inscription is decoded rebus:
Two glyphs 'cross-road' glyph + 'splice' glyph -- which start from right the inscription of Text on Seal m1181.The pair of glyphs on the inscription is decoded: dhatu adaru bāṭa 'furnace (for) mineral, native metal’. dāṭu 'cross'(Telugu); bāṭa 'road' (Telugu). aḍar = splinter (Santali); rebus: aduru = native metal (Ka.) aduru = gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada. Siddha_nti Subrahman.ya’ S’astri’s new interpretation of the Amarakos’a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p. 330)
Other glyphic elements: aḍar kuṭhi 'native metal furnace'; soḍu 'fireplace'; sekra 'bell-metal and brass worker'; aya sal 'iron (metal) workshop'.
*the person is seated on a hoofed platform (representing a bull): decoding of glyphics read rebus: ḍangar ‘bull’; ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.); koṇḍo ‘stool’; rebus: koḍ ‘workshop’. The glyphics show that the seal relates to a blacksmith's workshop.
*the seated person's hair-dress includes a horned twig. aḍaru twig; aḍiri small and thin branch of a tree; aḍari small branches (Ka.); aḍaru twig (Tu.)(DEDR 67). aḍar = splinter (Santali); rebus: aduru = native metal (Ka.) Vikalpa: kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.) Rebus: kuṭhi = furnace (Santali)
*tiger's mane on face: The face is depicted with bristles of hair, representing a tiger’s mane. cūḍā, cūlā, cūliyā tiger’s mane (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4883)Rebus: cuḷḷai = potter’s kiln, furnace (Ta.); cūḷai furnace, kiln, funeral pile (Ta.); cuḷḷa potter’s furnace; cūḷa brick kiln (Ma.); cullī fireplace (Skt.); cullī, ullī id. (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4879; DEDR 2709). sulgao, salgao to light a fire; sen:gel, sokol fire (Santali.lex.) hollu, holu = fireplace (Kuwi); soḍu fireplace, stones set up as a fireplace (Mand.); ule furnace (Tu.)(DEDR 2857).
*bangles on arms cūḍā ‘bracelets’ (H.); rebus: soḍu 'fireplace'. Vikalpa: sekeseke, sekseke covered, as the arms with ornaments; sekra those who work in brass and bell metal; sekra sakom a kind of armlet of bell metal (Santali)
*fish + splinter glyph ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.)sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.); sal ‘workshop’ (Santali) Vikalpa: Glyph: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining; rebus: ḍhāḷako = a large metal ingot (G.) H. dhāṛnā ‘to send out, pour out, cast (metal)’ (CDIAL 6771). Thus, the ligatured 'fish + sloping (stroke)' is read rebus: metal ingot.
•dāṭu = cross (Te.); dhatu = mineral (Santali) dhātu ‘mineral (Pali) dhātu ‘mineral’ (Vedic); a mineral, metal (Santali); dhāta id. (G.)H. dhāṛnā ‘to send out, pour out, cast (metal)’ (CDIAL 6771). aṭar a splinter; aṭaruka to burst, crack, slit off, fly open; aṭarcca splitting, a crack; aṭarttuka to split, tear off, open (an oyster)(Ma.); aḍaruni to crack (Tu.)(DEDR 66). dāravum = to tear, to break (G.) dar = a fissure, a rent, a trench; darkao = to crack,to break; bhit darkaoena = the wall is cracked (Santali) Rebus: aduru 'native (unsmelted) metl' (Kannada).
Seated person in penance: kamaḍha ‘penance’ (Pkt.); rebus: kampaṭṭa ‘mint’(Ma.) Glyphics of shoggy, brisltles of hair on the face of the person: Shoggy hair; tiger’s mane. sodo bodo, sodro bodro adj. adv. rough, hairy, shoggy, hirsute, uneven; sodo [Persian. sodā, dealing] trade; traffic; merchandise; marketing; a bargain; the purchase or sale of goods; buying and selling; mercantile dealings (G.lex.) sodagor = a merchant, trader; sodāgor (P.B.) (Santali.lex.)
Glyph: clump between the two horns: kuṇḍa n. ʻ clump ʼ e.g. darbha-- kuṇḍa-- Pāṇ.(CDIAL 3236). kundār turner (A.)(CDIAL 3295). kuṇḍa n. ʻ clump ʼ e.g. darbha-- kuṇḍa-- Pāṇ. [← Drav. (Tam. koṇṭai ʻ tuft of hair ʼ, Kan. goṇḍe ʻ cluster ʼ, &c.) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 374] Pk. kuṁḍa-- n. ʻ heap of crushed sugarcane stalks ʼ (CDIAL 3266) Ta. koṇtai tuft, dressing of hair in large coil on the head, crest of a bird, head (as of a nail), knob (as of a cane), round top. Ma. koṇṭa tuft of hair. Ko.goṇḍ knob on end of walking-stick, head of pin; koṇḍ knot of hair at back of head. To. kwïḍy Badaga woman's knot of hair at back of head (< Badaga koṇḍe). Ka. koṇḍe, goṇḍe tuft, tassel, cluster. Koḍ. koṇḍe tassels of sash, knob-like foot of cane-stem. Tu. goṇḍè topknot, tassel, cluster. Te. koṇḍe, (K. also) koṇḍi knot of hair on the crown of the head. Cf. 2049 Ta. koṭi. / Cf. Skt. kuṇḍa- clump (e.g. darbha-kuṇḍa-), Pkt. (DNM) goṇḍī- = mañjarī-; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3266; cf. also Mar. gōḍā cluster, tuft. (DEDR 2081) kuṇḍī = crooked buffalo horns (L.) rebus: kuṇḍī = chief of village. kuṇḍi-a = village headman; leader of a village (Pkt.lex.) I.e. śreṇi jet.t.ha chief of metal-worker guild. koḍ 'horns'; rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (G.) Thus the entire glyphic composition of hieroglyphs on m1181 seal is a message conveyed from a sodagor 'merchant, trader'. The bill of lading lists a variety of repertoire of the artisan guild's trade load from a mint -- the native metal and brass workshop of blacksmith (guild) with furnace: aḍar kuṭhi 'native metal furnace'; soḍu 'fireplace'; sekra 'bell-metal and brass worker'; aya sal 'iron (metal) workshop'.
’
Griffith RV 2.4.6 Like one athirst, he lighteth up the forests; like water down the chariot ways he roareth.
On his black path he shines in burning beauty, marked as it were the heaven that smiles through vapour.Wilson: 2.004.06 Who shines amidst the forests, as if satisfying himself (with food); who (rushes along), like water down a declivity, and thunders like a chariot (of war); dark-pathed consuming, yet delightful, he is regarded like the sky smiling with constellations.
Griffith RV 2.23.4 Thou leadest with good guidance and preservest men; distress overtakes not him who offers gifts to thee.
Him who hates prayer thou punishest, Brhaspati, quelling his wrath: herein is thy great mightiness.
Wilson: 2.023.04 You lead men, Br.haspati, by virtuous instructions; you preserve them (from calamity); sin will never overtake him who presents (offerings) to you; you are the afflicter of him who hates (holy) prayers; you are the punisher of wrath; such is your great mightiness. [Him who hates holy prayers: brahmadvis.ah = those who hate either the bra_hman.as,or the mantras or prayers].
Griffith 2.23.14 Burn up the demons with thy fiercest flaming brand, those who have scorned thee in thy
manifested might.
Show forth that power that shall deserve the hymn of praise: destroy the evil speakers, O
manifested might.
Show forth that power that shall deserve the hymn of praise: destroy the evil speakers, O
Brhaspati.
Wilson: 2.023.14 Consume with your brightest (weapon) the ra_ks.asas, who have held your witnessed prowess in disdain; manifest, Br.haspati, your glorified (vigour), such as it was (of old), and destroy those who speak against you.
तप् tap तप् I. 1 P. rarely Ā., 4. P. (तपति, तप्यति; तप्त) 1 (Intransitively used) (a) To shine, blaze (as fire or sun); तमस्तपति घर्मांशौ कथमाविर्भविष्यति Ś.5.14; R.5.13; U.6.14; Bg.9.19. (b) To be hot or warm, give out heat. (c) To suffer pain; तपति न सा किसलयशयनेन Gīt.7. (d) To mortify the body, undergo penance (with तपस्); अगणिततनूतापं तप्त्वा तपांसि भगीरथः U.1.23. -3 (Transitively used) (a) To make hot, heat, warm; Bk.9.2; पश्यामि त्वां दीप्तहुताशवक्त्रं स्वतेजसा विश्वमिदं तपन्तम् Bg.11.19. (b) To inflame, burn, consume by heat; तपति तनुगात्रि मदनस्त्वामनिशं मां पुनर्दहत्येव Ś.3.16.; अङ्गैरनङ्गतप्तैः 3.6. (c) To hurt, injure, damage, spoil; यास्यन् सुतस्तप्यति मां समन्युम् Bk.1.23; Ms.7.6. (d) To pain, distress. (e) mortify the body, undergo penance (with तपस्). -Pass. (तप्यते) (regard- ed by some as a root of the 4th conjugation) 1 To be heated, suffer pain. -2 To undergo severe penance (oft. with तपस्); शम्बूको नाम वृषलः पृथिव्यां तप्यते तपः U.2.8. -II. 1 U. or Caus. (तापयति-ते, तापित) 1 To heat, make warm; गगनं तापितपायितासिलक्ष्मीम् Śi.2.75; न हि तापयितुं शक्यं सागराम्भस्तृणोल्कया H.1.83. -2 To torment, pain, distress; भृशं तापितः कन्दर्पेण Gīt.11; Bk.8.13. -With निस् 1 to heat. -2to purity. -3 to burnish. -वि 1 to shine (Ātm. like उत्तप् q. v.); रविर्वि- तपते$त्यर्थम् Bk.8.14. -2 to warm, heat.
तप tapa तप a. [तप्-अच्] 1 Burning, warming, consuming by heat. -2 Causing pain or trouble, distressing. -पः 1 Heat, fire, warmth. -2 The sun; तपतपनसहस्रद्योतवद्- दुर्निरीक्ष्यम् (तेजः) Rām. Ch.2.85. -3 The hot season; Śi.1.66. -4 Penance, religious austerities. -Comp. -अत्ययः, -अन्तः the end of the hot season and the beginning of the rainy season; रविपीतजला तपात्यये पुनरोघेन हि युज्यते नदी Ku.4.44;5.23; Ś.3.11. -आत्मक a. practising austerities. -ऋतुः the hot seson; तपर्तुपूर्तावपि मेदसां भरा N.1.41.
तपती tapatī तपती 1 The river Tāptī. -2 N. of a daughter of the sun, married to Samvarṇa and mother of Kuru.
तपन tapana तपन a. [तप्-ल्यु] 1 Warming, heating, burning, shining &c. -2 Causing distress, paining; ब्रह्मद्विषस्तपनो मनुमीरसि Rv.2.23.4. -3 The sun; प्रतापात्तपनो यथा R. 4.12; ललाटंतपस्तपति तपनः U.6; Māl.1. -4 The hot season. -5 The sun-stone. -6 N. of a hell; Ms.4.89. -7 An epithet of Śiva. -8 The Arka plant. -9 N. of Agastya. -नम् 1 Heat, burning. -2 Paining, grieving. -3 Mental agony, anguish. -Comp. -अंशुः, -करः, -दीधितिः 1 the sun. -2 a sun-beam. -आत्मजः, -तनयः an epithet (1) of Yama. (2) of Karṇa. (3) of Sugrīva. -आत्मजा, -तनया an epithet of the Yamunā and of the Godāvarī. -इष्टम् copper. -उपलः, -मणिः the sun- stone; निर्वाणमनु निर्वाति तपनं तपनोपलः Rāj. T.3.296. -च्छदः the sun-flower. -द्युतिः f. 1 the heat of the sun; Śi.1.42. -2 the sun-shine.
तपनी tapanī तपनी 1 The river Godāvarī or the river Tāptī. -2 Heat; तेजिष्ठया तपनी रक्षसस्तप Rv.2.23.14.
तपनीय tapanīya तपनीय a. 1 To be heated. -2 To be suffered or practised (as a penance). -यम् Gold; especially gold purified with fire; तपनीयाशोकः M.3; तपनीयोपानद्युगलमार्यः प्रसादीकरोतु Mv.4; असंस्पृशन्तौ तपनीयपीठम् R.18.41; तपनीयोज्ज्वलसङ्गताङ्गदाभ्याम् Bu. Ch.5.5. (Also तपनीयकम् in this sense.).
तपस् tapas तपस् n. [तप्-असुन्] 1 Warmth, heat, fire, light; एकः सूर्यस्तपसो योनिरेका Mb.12.351.1. -2 Pain, suffering; न तपः कुतश्चन Rv.7.82.7. -3 Penance, religious austerity, mortification; तपः किलेदं तदवाप्तिसाधनम् Ku.5.64. -4 Meditation connected with the practice of personal self-denial or bodily mortification; गीरा वा$$शंसामि तपसा ह्यनन्तौ Mb.1.3.57.; Bhāg.12.11.24. -5 Moral virtue, merit. -6 Special duty or observance (of any particular caste); यत्सप्तान्नानि मेधया तपसाजनयत्पिता Bṛi. Up. 1.5.1. -7 One of the seven worlds; i. e. the region above the world called जनस्. -8 The month of religi- ous austerities. -9 A long period of time, Kalpa. -1 (In astrol.) The ninth lunar mansion. -11 Chastise- ment (दण्ड); आयुः शक्तिं च कालं च निर्दिश्य तप आदिशेत् Mb. 12.267.35. -m. 1 The month of Māgha; तपसि मन्द- गभस्तिरभीषुमान् Śi.6.63. -2 An epithet of Agni. -m., -n. 1 The cold season (शिशिर). -2 The winter (हेमन्त). -3 The hot season (ग्रीष्म). -Comp. -अनुभावः the influence of religious penance. -अर्थीय a. destined for austerities; तपोर्थीयं ब्राह्मणी धत्त गर्भम् Mb.11.26.5. -अवटः the Brahmāvarta country. -कर a. undergoing penance; also तपस्कर> -करः the mango-fish (Poly- nemus Risua). -कृश a. emaciated by austerities. -क्लेशः the pain of religious austerity. -गच्छः (also तपागच्छः) the 6th गच्छ of the Śvetāmbara Jainas. -चरणम्, -चर्या the practice of penance. -तक्षः, -तङ्कः an epithet of Indra. -धन a. 1 rich in religious penance. -2pious, ascetic. -3 consisting in penance, (-नः) 'rich in penance', an ascetic, devotee; रम्यास्तपोधनानां क्रियाः Ś.1.13; शमप्रधानेषु तपोधनेषु 2.7;4.1; Śi.1.23; R.14.19; Ms.11.242. -निधिः an eminently pious तपस्यति tapasyati तपस्यति Den. P. To practise penance; सुरासुरगुरुः सो$त्र सपत्नीकस्तपस्यति Ś7.9,12; R.13.41;15.49; Bk.18.21; स्थाणुं तपस्यन्तमधित्यकायाम् Ku.3.17.
तपस्वत् tapasvat तपस्वत् a. Ved. 1 Burning, hot; तपा तपिष्ठ तपसा तपस्वान् Rv.6.5.4. -2 Ascetic, devout, pious.
तपस्विता tapasvitā तपस्विता 1 Religious penance. -2 Piety, devotion.
तपस्विन् tapasvin तपस्विन् a. 1 Practising penance, devout. -2 Poor, miserable, helpless, pitiable; सा तपस्विनी निर्वृता भवतु Ś.4; Māl 3; N.1.l35. -m. 1 An ascetic; तपस्विसामान्यमवेक्ष- णीया R.14.67. -2 A mendicant, pauper. -3 An epithet of Nārada. -4 A sparrow. -5 A mango-fish; (see तपस्कर). -नी 1 female ascetic. -2 A poor or wretched woman. -Comp. -पत्रः the sun-flower.तपु tapu तपु a. Ved. Burning hot; कृष्णाध्वा तपू रण्वश्चिकेत Rv.2.4.6.तपोमय tapōmaya तपोमय a. 1 Consisting in religious penance; एतान्यदर्शन्गुरवः पुराणाः स्वान्येव तेजांसि तपोमयानि Mv.1.42. -2 Prac- tising penace, devout. -यः The Supreme Being.
तप्त tapta तप्त p. p. [तप्-क्त] 1 Heated, burnt. -2 Red-hot, -3 Melted, fused. -4 Distressed, pained, afflicted, -5 Practised (as penance). -6 (in Astr.) Opposed by. -प्तम् Hot water. -Comp. -काञ्चनम् gold purified with fire. -कुम्भः, -कूपः N. of a hell. -कृच्छ्रम् a kind of penance consisting in drinking hot water, milk and ghee for three days each, and inhaling hot air for three days; Ms.11.214; Y.3.318. -तप्त made hot repeatedly. -ताम्रम् red hot or melted copper; Bhāg.6. 9.14. -पाषाणकुण्डम् N. of a hell; L. D. B. -मुद्रा Mark of divine weapons stamped on the body by devotees with heated metals. -रूपम्, -रूपकम् purified silver. -लोमशः green vitriol. -लोहम्, -वालुकः, -शूर्मि- कुण्डम्, -सुराकुण्डम्, -सूर्मिः N. of different hells. -वालुकाः hot gravel; भुङ्क्ष्वैता भूयसी ताप्यम् tāpyam ताप्यम् Sulphuret of iron(Apte)
तपस्तक्षः, पुं, (तपस्तपस्यां तक्षति तनूकरोतीति ।तक्ष तनूकरणे + अण् । स्वर्व्वेश्यादिप्रेरणेनतपस्विनां तपोविघ्नकरणादस्य तथात्वम् ।)इन्द्रः । इति हेमचन्द्रः । २ । ८७ ॥
तपःकरः, पुं, (तपः करोतीति । कृ + टः ।)तपस्वी मत्स्यः । इति शब्दरत्नावली ॥ तपस्या-कारके, त्रि ॥
तपस्वी, [न्] पुं, (तपस् + अस्त्यर्थे विनिः ।)नारदः । इति शब्दरत्नावली ॥ मत्स्यविशेषः ।तपास्या माछ इति भाषा । तत्पर्य्यायः । तपः-करः २ चेष्टकः ३ चेष्टः ४ । इति शब्द-चन्द्रिका ॥ (चाक्षुषस्य मनोः पुत्त्रविशेषः । यथा,हरिवंशे । २ । १८ ।“ऊरुः पुरुः शतद्युम्नस्तपस्वी सत्यवान् कविः ॥”)घृतकरञ्जवृक्षः । इति राजनिर्घण्टः ॥
Griffith: RV 9.113.2 Lord of the Quarters, flow thou on, boon Soma, from Arjika land,
Effused with ardour and with faith, and the true hymn of sacrifice. Flow, Indu, flow for Indras'sake.
Wilson: 9.113.02 Soma, lord of the four regions, sprinkler (of benefits) flow from A_rjika_ effused by a truth-speaking truthful (man) with faith and devotion; flow, Indu, for Indra. [A_rjika_; the country of the r.jika_s].
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The Swift Ones favour him who purifieth this: with consciousness they stand upon the height of
heaven.Wilson: 9.083.02 The filter of the foe-scorching (Soma) is spread on the summit of heaven; his shining filaments are separated, his swift-flowing (juices) protect the purifier (the worshipper), they dwell upon the summit of the sky in their wish (to approach the gods).
तपस् n. warmth , heat (पञ्च तपांसि , the 5 fires to which a devotee exposes himself in the hot season , viz. 4 fires lighted in the four quarters and the sun burning from above (मनु-स्मृति vi , 23 रामायण,भागवत-पुराण iv ब्रह्म-पुराण ; cf. रघुवंश xiii , 41) RV. AV. VS. शाङ्खायन-श्रौत-सूत्र); religious austerity , bodily mortification , penance , severe meditation , special observance (e.g. " sacred learning " with Brahmans , " protection of subjects " with क्षत्रियs , " giving alms to Brahmans " with वैश्यs , " service " with शूद्रs , and " feeding upon herbs and roots " with ऋषिs (मनु-स्मृति xi , 236) ऋग्-वेद. ix , 113 , 2 x (personified , 83 , 2 f. & 101 , 1 ); = °पो-लोक (वेदान्तसार. 120); N. of a कल्प period (वायु-पुराण i , 21 , 27).
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Wilson: 4.005.04 May the sharp-toothed Agni, possessed of excellent wealth, consume with his fierce radiance those (adversaries) who injure the firm and valued glories of the sapient Varun.a and Mitra.
श्रद्धा calmness, composure of mind; f. faith , trust , confidence , trustfulness , faithfulness , belief in (loc. or comp. ; श्रद्धया- √गम् , " to believe in " , with gen. DivyA7v. ), trust , confidence , loyalty (Faith or Faithfulnesses is often personified and in RV. x , 151invoked as a deity ; in TBr. she is the daughter of प्रजा-पति , and in S3Br. of the Sun ; in MBh. she is the daughter of दक्ष and wife of धर्म ; in Ma1rkP. she is the mother of काम , and in BhP. the daughter of कर्दम and wife of अङ्गिरस् or मनु) RV. &c (Monier-Williams) श्रद्धा śraddhā श्रद्धा 1 Trust, faith, belief, confidence. -2 Belief in divine revelation, religious faith; श्रद्धा वित्तं विधिश्चेति त्रितयं तत्समागतम् Ś.7.29; R.2.16; अयतिः श्रद्धयोपेतो योगात् चलितमानसः Bg.6.37;7.21;17.3. -3 Sedateness, composure of mind. -4 Intimacy, familiarity. -5 Respect, reverence. -6 Strong or vehement desire; तथापि वैचित्र्य- रहस्यलुब्धाः श्रद्धां विधास्यन्ति सचेतसो$त्र Vikr.1.13; युद्धश्रद्धा- पुलकित इव प्राप्तसख्यः करेण Mu.6.18. श्राद्ध śrāddha श्राद्ध a. [श्रद्धा हेतुत्वेनास्त्यस्य अण्] Faithful, believing. -द्धम् 1 A funeral rite or ceremony performed in honour of the departed spirits of dead relatives; श्रद्धया दीयते यस्मात्तस्माच्छ्राद्धं निगद्यते; it is of three kinds:-नित्य, नैमित्तिक, and काम्य; यः संगतानि कुरुते मोहाच्छ्राद्धेन मानवः Ms.3. 14. -2 An obsequial oblation, a gift or offering at a Śrāddha; विहाय शोकं धर्मात्मा ददौ श्राद्धमनुत्तमम् Mb.14.62. 1; सर्वं श्रद्धया दत्तं श्राद्धम् Pratimā 5. -Comp. -कर्मन् n., -क्रिया a funeral ceremony. -कृत् m. the performer of a funeral rite. -दः the offerer of a Śrāddha or funeral oblation. -दिनः, -नम् the aniversary of the death of a relative in whose honour a Śrāddha is performed. -देवः, -देवता 1 a deity presiding over funeral rites. -2 an epithet of Yama. -3 a Viśvadeva q. v. -4 a Pitṛi or progenitor. -भुज् a. eating food prepared at a श्राद्ध; श्राद्धभुग्वृषलीतल्पं तदहर्यो$धिगच्छति Ms.3.25. -भुज्, -भोक्तृ m. a deceased ancestor. -मित्रःmaking friends through a श्राद्ध; cf. श्राद्धम् (1) above; स स्वर्गाच्च्यवते लोकाच्छ्राद्धमित्रो द्विजाधमः Ms.3.14.(Apte)
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Griffith:RV 9.83. 2 High in the seat of heaven is spread the Scorchers' sieve: its threads are standing separate,
glittering with light.The Swift Ones favour him who purifieth this: with consciousness they stand upon the height of
heaven.Wilson: 9.083.02 The filter of the foe-scorching (Soma) is spread on the summit of heaven; his shining filaments are separated, his swift-flowing (juices) protect the purifier (the worshipper), they dwell upon the summit of the sky in their wish (to approach the gods).
तपस् n. warmth , heat (पञ्च तपांसि , the 5 fires to which a devotee exposes himself in the hot season , viz. 4 fires lighted in the four quarters and the sun burning from above (मनु-स्मृति vi , 23 रामायण,भागवत-पुराण iv ब्रह्म-पुराण ; cf. रघुवंश xiii , 41) RV. AV. VS. शाङ्खायन-श्रौत-सूत्र); religious austerity , bodily mortification , penance , severe meditation , special observance (e.g. " sacred learning " with Brahmans , " protection of subjects " with क्षत्रियs , " giving alms to Brahmans " with वैश्यs , " service " with शूद्रs , and " feeding upon herbs and roots " with ऋषिs (मनु-स्मृति xi , 236) ऋग्-वेद. ix , 113 , 2 x (personified , 83 , 2 f. & 101 , 1 ); = °पो-लोक (वेदान्तसार. 120); N. of a कल्प period (वायु-पुराण i , 21 , 27).
तपस् न० तप--असुन् । आलोचनात्मके ईश्वरज्ञानभेदे अन्त-र्य्यामिब्राह्मणभाष्ये दृश्यम् । २ लग्नावधिक-नवमस्थाने ज्यो० ३ स्वाश्रमविहितकर्मणि ४ वैधक्लेशजनकेकर्मणि । “तपोतानशनात्परम्” । ५ क्षुत्पिपा-साशीतोष्णादिद्वन्द्वसहने । ६ चित्तप्रसादहेतुभूते व्रतनिय-मोपासनादिकर्मणि । ७ मौनादिव्रते” ८ कायेन्द्रियमनसांसमाधाने ९ शास्त्रीयमार्गेण कायेन्द्रियमनसां शोषणे ।१० कृच्छ्रचान्द्रायणप्रजापत्यादिरूपे प्रायश्चित्ते । ११ शास्त्र-विहिततप्तशिलारोहणादौ । १२ वानप्रस्थस्यासाधरणधर्मे ।तपश्च शारीरादिभेदात् त्रिविधम् यथाह “देवद्विजगुरु-प्राज्ञपूजनं शौचमार्जवम् । व्रह्मचर्य्यमहिंसा चशारीरं तप उच्यते । अनुद्वेगकरं वाक्यं सत्यंप्रियहितञ्च यत् । स्वाध्यायाभ्यसनं चैव वाङ्मयं तपउच्यते । मनःप्रसादः सौम्यत्वं मौनमात्मविनिग्रहः ।भावसंशुद्धिरित्येतत् तपोमानसमुच्यते” गीता । तदपिसात्त्विकादि भेदात् त्रिविधम् यथाह “श्रद्धया परया तप्तंतपस्तत् त्रिविधं नरैः । अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिर्युक्तं सात्विकंपरिचक्षते । सत्कारमानपूजार्थं तपोदम्भेन चैव यत् ।क्रियते तदिह प्रोक्तं राजसं चलमध्रुवम् । मूढ़ग्राहेणा-त्मनो यत् पीड़या क्रियते तपः । परस्योत्सादनार्थं वातत् तामसमुदाहृतमिति” गीता । १३ मनैन्द्रियाणामै-काग्र्ये “मनसश्चेन्द्रियाणाञ्च ह्यैकाग्र्यं रमन्तपः”इत्युक्तेः १४ जनोलोकादुर्द्धस्थे लोकभेदे । “तस्योपरि तपो-लोकस्तेजोमय उदाह्वतः । वैराजा यत्र ते देवा वसेयुर्द्देवपूजिताः । वासुदेवे मनो येषां वासुदेवाऽर्पितक्रियाः ।तपसातोष्य गोविन्दमभिलाषविवर्जिताः । तेतपोलोकमासाद्य वसन्ति विजितेन्द्रियाः । शिलोञ्छवृत्तयोये वै दन्तोलूखलिकाश्च ये । येऽश्मकुट्टाश्च मुनयः शीर्ण-पर्णाशिनश्च ये । ग्रीष्मे पञ्चाग्नितपसो वर्षासु स्थण्डि-लेशयाः । हेमन्ते शिशिरे वा ये क्षपन्ति सलिले क्षपाः ।कुशाग्रनीरविन्दूंश्च तृषिता यतयोऽपिबन् । वाताशि-नोऽतिक्षुधिताः पादाङ्गुष्ठाग्रभूस्पृशः । ऊर्द्ध्वहस्तारविदृशस्त्वेकाक्षिस्थाननिश्चलाः । ये वै दिवानिरुच्छ्वासा मासोच्छ्वासाश्च ये परे । मासोपवासं कुर्वन्तिचातुर्म्मास्यव्रताश्च ये । ऋत्वन्ते तोयपाना ये ये षण्मा-सोपवासकाः । ये च वर्षानिमेषा वै वर्षधाराम्बुत-र्षकाः । स्थाणुसाम्योपसंप्राप्ता गकण्डूतिसौख्यदाः ।जटाटवीकोटरान्तःकृतनीड़ाण्डजाश्च ये । प्ररूढ़बल्मीकाङ्गाश्च स्नायुनद्धास्थिसञ्चयाः । लताप्रतानैःपरितो वेष्टितावयवाश्च ये । शस्यानि च प्ररूढ़ानियदङ्गेषु महीपते । इत्येतैर्नियमैर्ये तु क्लिष्टात्मानस्तपो-धनाः । ब्रह्मायुषस्तपोलोके ते वसन्त्यकुतोभयाः” । १५ माघेमासि “तपाश्च तपस्यश्च शैशिरावृतू” यजु० २७ । २४“तपसे त्वा” यजुः ७ । ३० । तपसे माघाय । तपति सूर्योयत्र अमुन् तपाः” वेददी० । तत्र हि उत्तरायणप्रवृत्तौ रवेःप्रखरकरता अतएवाह “मकरे प्रखरो रविः” । १६ धर्मे“विनाप्यस्मदलं भूष्णुरिज्यायैतपसः सुतः” माघः १७नियमे “समाधिमास्थाय तपोभिरात्मनः” निशम्य चैनां तपसेकृतोद्यमाम्” “तपः क्व वत्से क्व च तावकं वपुः” कुमा०“तपसा किल्विषं हन्ति विद्ययाऽमृतमश्नुते” वेदान्तप० ।“तमेतं ब्राह्मणा विविदिषन्ति वेदानुवचनेन यज्ञेन तपसानाशकेन” श्रुतिः । “ब्राह्मणस्य तपो ज्ञानं तपःक्षत्रस्यरक्षणम् । वैश्यस्य तु तपोवार्त्ता तपः शूद्रस्य सेवनम्” मनुःतपश्च योगसाधनं क्रियायोगभेदः यथोक्तं पात० सू० भाष्य-विवरणेषु “तपःस्वाध्यायेश्वरप्रणिधानानि क्रियायोगः”सू० । “नातपस्विनो योगः सिद्ध्यति अनादिकर्मक्लेशवा-सनाचिता प्रत्युपस्थितविषयजाला चाशुद्धिः नान्तरेणतपःमम्भेदमापद्यते इति तपस उपादानं तच्चित्तप्रसादन-मबाधमानमनेनासेव्यमिति मन्यते” भा० । “व्यतिरेक-मुखेन तपस उपायत्वमाह नातपस्विन इति तपसो-ऽवान्तरव्यापारमुपायोपयोगिनं दर्शयति अनादिकर्म्मेति । अनादिभ्यां कर्मक्लेशवासनाभ्यां चिता अतएवप्रत्युपस्थितमुपनतं विषयजालं यस्यां सा तथोक्ता ।अशुद्धीरजस्तमःसमुद्रेको नान्तरेण तपःसम्भेदमापद्यतेसान्द्रस्य नितान्तविरलता सम्भेदः ननूपादीयमानमपितपो धातुवैषम्यहेतुतया योगप्रतिपक्ष इति कथंतदुपाय इति । अत आह । तच्चेति तावन्मात्रमेवतपश्चरणीयं न यावता धातुवैषम्यमापद्यतैत्यर्थः”विवरणम् । १८ अग्नौ तपोजाः ।तपसोमूर्त्ति पु० चतुर्थमन्वन्तरे आङ्गिरसे सप्तर्षिभेदे तपोधृतिशब्दे दृश्यम् ।
तपस्तक्ष पु० तपस्तक्षति तक्ष--अण् उप० स० ।इन्द्रे हेमच० । तस्य इतरतपस्याद्वेषित्वात् तथात्वम् ।तपिष्ठ त्रि० अतिशयेन तप्ता तप्तृ + इष्ठन् तृणोलोपः ।अतिशयेन तापके । “तपिष्ठेन शोचिषा यः सुराधाः”ऋ० ४ । ५ । ४ ।
https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम्/
Griffith: RV 4.5.4 May he with sharpened teeth, the Bounteous Giver, Agni, consume with flame most fiercely glowing.
Those who regard not Varunas' commandments and the dear stedfast laws of sapient Mitra.Wilson: 4.005.04 May the sharp-toothed Agni, possessed of excellent wealth, consume with his fierce radiance those (adversaries) who injure the firm and valued glories of the sapient Varun.a and Mitra.
श्रद्धा calmness, composure of mind; f. faith , trust , confidence , trustfulness , faithfulness , belief in (loc. or comp. ; श्रद्धया- √गम् , " to believe in " , with gen. DivyA7v. ), trust , confidence , loyalty (Faith or Faithfulnesses is often personified and in RV. x , 151invoked as a deity ; in TBr. she is the daughter of प्रजा-पति , and in S3Br. of the Sun ; in MBh. she is the daughter of दक्ष and wife of धर्म ; in Ma1rkP. she is the mother of काम , and in BhP. the daughter of कर्दम and wife of अङ्गिरस् or मनु) RV. &c (Monier-Williams) श्रद्धा śraddhā श्रद्धा 1 Trust, faith, belief, confidence. -2 Belief in divine revelation, religious faith; श्रद्धा वित्तं विधिश्चेति त्रितयं तत्समागतम् Ś.7.29; R.2.16; अयतिः श्रद्धयोपेतो योगात् चलितमानसः Bg.6.37;7.21;17.3. -3 Sedateness, composure of mind. -4 Intimacy, familiarity. -5 Respect, reverence. -6 Strong or vehement desire; तथापि वैचित्र्य- रहस्यलुब्धाः श्रद्धां विधास्यन्ति सचेतसो$त्र Vikr.1.13; युद्धश्रद्धा- पुलकित इव प्राप्तसख्यः करेण Mu.6.18. श्राद्ध śrāddha श्राद्ध a. [श्रद्धा हेतुत्वेनास्त्यस्य अण्] Faithful, believing. -द्धम् 1 A funeral rite or ceremony performed in honour of the departed spirits of dead relatives; श्रद्धया दीयते यस्मात्तस्माच्छ्राद्धं निगद्यते; it is of three kinds:-नित्य, नैमित्तिक, and काम्य; यः संगतानि कुरुते मोहाच्छ्राद्धेन मानवः Ms.3. 14. -2 An obsequial oblation, a gift or offering at a Śrāddha; विहाय शोकं धर्मात्मा ददौ श्राद्धमनुत्तमम् Mb.14.62. 1; सर्वं श्रद्धया दत्तं श्राद्धम् Pratimā 5. -Comp. -कर्मन् n., -क्रिया a funeral ceremony. -कृत् m. the performer of a funeral rite. -दः the offerer of a Śrāddha or funeral oblation. -दिनः, -नम् the aniversary of the death of a relative in whose honour a Śrāddha is performed. -देवः, -देवता 1 a deity presiding over funeral rites. -2 an epithet of Yama. -3 a Viśvadeva q. v. -4 a Pitṛi or progenitor. -भुज् a. eating food prepared at a श्राद्ध; श्राद्धभुग्वृषलीतल्पं तदहर्यो$धिगच्छति Ms.3.25. -भुज्, -भोक्तृ m. a deceased ancestor. -मित्रःmaking friends through a श्राद्ध; cf. श्राद्धम् (1) above; स स्वर्गाच्च्यवते लोकाच्छ्राद्धमित्रो द्विजाधमः Ms.3.14.(Apte)
कमठ name of a of a मुनि, a दैत्य (Monier-Williams)
कामठक kāmaṭhaka कामठक 1 N. of घृतराष्ट्र. -2 N. of one of the serpents burnt in the सर्पसत्र. (Apte)
कर्मठ karmaṭha कर्मठ a. [कर्मन्-अठच् P.V.2.35]. 1 Proficient in any work, clever. skilful. पटुसंगरकर्मकर्मठम् ...... Śiva. B.32.2. ज्ञाताशयस्तस्य ततो व्यतानीत्स कर्मठः कर्म सुतानुबन्धम् Bk.1.11. -2 Working diligently. -3 Exclusively devoted to the performance of religious rites. -ठः The director of a sacrifice.(Apte) कर्मठ mfn. capable of work , skilful or clever in work , clever (पाणिनि,भट्टि-काव्य); working diligently , eagerly engaged in sacred actions or rites (राजतरंगिणी)&c; m. the director and performer of a sacrifice (Monier-Williams)
Pandit Hargovind Das T. Sheth, Paia-Sadda-Mahannavo, A comprehensivePrakrit Hindi Dictionary, Calcutta, 1923, Gurjar Prabhat Printing Press
Hieroglyphs:
kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakriam)
kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali)
kamaṭha crab (Skt.)
kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Sanskrit)
kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Sanskrit)
Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) kamaṭa = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Telugu); kampaṭṭam = mint (Tamil)