Sign 327![]()
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V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) ![]()
V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) 
V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata(Santali) Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lohakāra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali); lohāra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); loha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha luṭi = iron utensils and implements (Santali)
Two unique modifiers occur as superscripts on two composite signs: Sign 51 and Sign327. The modifiers to the basic signs of 'scorpion'; and 'ficus leaf' respectively, may be called attachments which are like ears as superscripts. Read as -karaṇīya 'duty, business' related to bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'. and loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper'. Thus, the two signs are read as hypertexts:bica -karaṇīya and loh-karaṇīya meaning: 'haematite ore business and copper ore business'.
lo 'iron', khār 'blacksmith', 'lohakāra 'coppersmith, ironsmith' (Pali)
Sign 51 ![]()
Sign 52![]()
bica 'karaṇīya 'haematite, ferrite ore duty, business' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: kod 'workshop'.
Sign 52
bica 'karaṇīya 'haematite, ferrite ore duty, business' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: kod 'workshop'.Examples of inscriptions where both the signs (and variants) occur are seals Harappa h598, :Lothal L-11:
Examples clearly associate both 'scorpion' and 'ficus' imageries together on the adjacent segments of the two Harappa and Lothal inscriptions:
Lothal inscription segment showing scorpion, ficus leaf. ḍato =claws of crab (Santali) Rebus:dhātu 'mineral ore'. kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). The first composite sign reads rebus: dula pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper'; thus, lohkhār 'coppersmith'PLUS bicha 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite ore, ferrite ore' (Santali). vŕ̊ścika m. (vr̥ścana -- m. lex.) ʻ scorpion ʼ RV., ʻ cater- pillar covered with bristles ʼ lex. [Variety of form for ʻ scorpion ʼ in MIA. and NIA. due to taboo? <-> √
The 'ears' hieroglyphs signify:kárṇa 'ear' rebus: karaṇīya -- n. ʻ duty, business ʼ(Pali).
Thus, the two signs Sign 51 and Sign 327 are signifiers of smith's duty related to loh 'copper' and bica 'haematiteore'.
kárṇa m. ʻ ear, handle of a vessel ʼ RV., ʻ end, tip (?) ʼ RV. ii 34, 3. [Cf. *
Pa. kaṇṇa -- m. ʻ ear, angle, tip ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇa -- , °aḍaya<-> m. ʻ ear ʼ, Gy. as. pal. eur. kan m., Ash. (Trumpp) karna NTS ii 261, Niṅg. kō̃, Woṭ. kanə, Tir. kana; Paš. kan, kaṇ(ḍ) -- ʻ orifice of ear ʼ IIFL iii 3, 93; Shum. kō̃ṛ ʻ ear ʼ, Woṭ. kan m., Kal. (LSI) kuṛō̃, rumb. k
Dholavira signboard signifies the ficus PLUS ligatured ears, i.e. Sign 327.
The Signboard was discovered lying on the ground,near the gateway of Dholavira.
The three-part proclamation message of the Dholavira Signboard transcribed:
There are three proclamations on the signboard with three segments of messages.
Sign 391 is the opening statement of each of the three segments of Dholavira signboard message. This is a ligatured hieroglyph. ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka =?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel,nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = anymetal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka= copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a= syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spokeof wheel ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spokeof a wheel.See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய்நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம் brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.) pittal is cognate with 'pewter'.Segment 1
a. eraka, arā b. khuṇṭa c. loa karaṇika eraka, arā 'nave of wheel, spoke' rebus: eraka moltencast, arā 'brass'
khuṇṭa 'peg'; khũṭi = pin (Marathi.) Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)' (Munda)
loa 'ficus gloomerata' (Santali) Rebus: loh 'copper (metal)' PLUS karaṇika 'ears' rebus: karaṇika engraver, 'writer' (Telugu)
Thus, segment 1 reads: moltencast brass, hard metal, copper (metal) engraver;
Segment 2
Sign 261 is a variant of 
Sign 267 kanac (kana, kana kona) mũhã̄ 'corner ingot' rebus: kañcu mũhã̄ 'bell-metal ingot'. Pa. kuṭila— 'bent', n. 'bend'(CDIAL 3231) Rebus: kuṭila 'bronze'. कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin),kana, kanac 'corner' (Santali); kañcu 'bronze' (Telugu) kan- 'copper work' (Tamil).
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Sign 134 is ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'.
a. eraka, arā, b. kañcu mũhã̄ kuṭila c. dhakka d. khāṇḍā a. eraka, arā 'nave of wheel, spoke' rebus: eraka moltencast, arā 'brass'
b. kanac 'corner', mũhã̄ 'bun ingot, lozenge shape',kuṭila— 'bent' Rebus: kañcu mũhã̄ kuṭila 'bell-metal ingot, bronze'
c. ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'.
d. खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'
Thus, segment 2 reads: bright blazing moltencast bell-metal ingot, bronze, equipment
Segment 3
First two signs a, b.dul eraka, arā c. dhatu
a, b: eraka, arā 'nave of wheel, spoke' rebus: eraka moltencast, arā 'brass'
Reading of a pair of 'spoked wheel hieroglyphs as hypertext': dula 'two, pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS eraka, arā 'nave of wheel, spoke' rebus: eraka moltencast, arā 'brass'
c. ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crab Rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali)
Thus, segment 3 reads together: metalcasting moltencast brass, minerals
https://tinyurl.com/yblannfg This is an addendum to: Wealth accounting classification ledgers & Arthaśāstra Economics 101 Indus Script dictionary https://tinyurl.com/yctvpzgk With the Indus Script Dictionary made available, some of the 10 'hieroglyphs/hypertexts' of the Dholavira signboard have been read rebus with variant expressions (plain texts).https://tinyurl.com/y8xt9qrk The message of the Signboard of Dholavira is a proclamation of metallurgical competence of the metalsmiths of Dholavira, who produce qualty metal castings, metalware and also engrave on copper (metal).
Dholavira Signboard inscription of gypsum inlays on wood measures 3 m. long. Each of the 10 signs is 37 cm. high and 25 to 27 cm. wide and made of pieces of white gypsum inlays; the signs were apparently inlaid in a wooden plank. The conjecture is that this wooden plank was mounted on the Northern Gateway as a Signboard. The message is intended to be a proclamation for seafaring merchants to see from across the PErsian Gulf as they approach the Dholavira citadel.
Dholavira signboard is a three-part message, each segment starts with a spoked-wheel hieroglyph.
Hence, Dholavira Signboard is read from left to right.
Modern impression of Harappa Seal h-598
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Modern impression of seal L-11 Lothal
The third sign is a 'fish' hieroglyph.
Zebu and nine leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of anancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30.
पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4',
Many variants of Sign 123 (Parpola corpus) are identified signifying, according to Parpola [quote] a three-branched 'fig-tree' and of its ligature with the 'crab' sign, where the middlemost branch has been omitted to accommodate the inserted 'crab' sign. (After Parpola, Asko, 1994, Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 235). Hypertext variants on Sign list 123 above: Ma. kaṇ, kaṇṇu eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud; Br. xan id., bud. (DEDR 1159) Rebus: Ta. kaṉ copper work, copper, workmanship; kaṉṉāṉ brazier. Ma. kannān id.(DEDR 1402)Hypertext variants on Sign list 124 above: loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, iron'; ḍato 'claws or pincers of crab' (Santali) rebus: dhatu 'ore' (Santali)
Copper tablets from Mohenjo-daro providing a 'pictorial translation' of the Indus sign 'crab inside fig tree' (After Parpola 1994: 234, fig. 13.13)
m1186 seal ![]()
kole.l 'temple' Rebu: kole.l 'smithy' (Kota)
kole.l 'temple' Rebu: kole.l 'smithy' (Kota)
Mohenjo-daro seal m0448 (Framework, tiger, scarfed person, worshipper, twig, horn, markhor, stool, ladle)Semantic determinative: markhor: mẽḍhā 'markhor' rebus: medhā 'yajña, dhanam'; दु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.);med 'copper' (Slavic)mēthí m. ʻ pillar in threshing floor to which oxen are fastened, prop for supporting carriage shafts ʼ AV., °thī -- f. KātyŚr.com., mēdhī -- f. Divyāv. 2. mēṭhī -- f. PañcavBr.com., mēḍhī -- , mēṭī -- f. BhP. 1. Pa. mēdhi -- f. ʻ post to tie cattle to, pillar, part of a stūpa ʼ; Pk. mēhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, N. meh(e), miho, miyo, B. mei, Or. maï -- dāṇḍi, Bi. mẽh, mẽhā ʻ the post ʼ, (SMunger) mehā ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. meh, mehā ʻ the post ʼ, (SBhagalpur) mīhã̄ ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, (SETirhut) mẽhi bāṭi ʻ vessel with a projecting base ʼ.2. Pk. mēḍhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, mēḍhaka<-> ʻ small stick ʼ; K. mīr, mīrü f. ʻ larger hole in ground which serves as a mark in pitching walnuts ʼ (for semantic relation of ʻ post -- hole ʼ see kūpa -- 2); L. meṛhf. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ; P. mehṛ f., mehaṛ m. ʻ oxen on threshing floor, crowd ʼ; OA meṛha, mehra ʻ a circular construction, mound ʼ; Or. meṛhī, meri ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ; Bi. mẽṛ ʻ raised bank between irrigated beds ʼ, (Camparam) mẽṛhā ʻ bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. (SETirhut) mẽṛhā ʻ id. ʼ; M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ.(CDIAL 10317). Rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'metal' mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formeḍinto an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
[Pleiades, (twigs as headdress) scarfed, framework, scarfed person, worshipper, markhor, ficus religiosa] Brief memoranda:
Hieroglyph: మండ [ maṇḍa ] manḍa. [Tel.] n. A twig with leaves on it. Rebus: mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. (CDIAL 9736) maṇḍa 'iron dross, slag' Sa. <i>mE~R~hE~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mE~RhE~d</i>(M). Ma. <i>mErhE'd</i> `iron'.Mu. <i>mERE'd</i> `iron'. ~ <i>mE~R~E~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mENhEd</i>(M).Ho <i>meD</i> `iron'.Bj. <i>merhd</i>(Hunter) `iron'.KW <i>mENhEd</i> (Munda)
bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ]Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) boul, bolh, Sh. (Lor.) b*lle.(CDIAL 9195) பாகுலம் pākulam , n. < bāhula. The month of Kārttikai = November-December; கார்த்திகை மாதம். (W.) పావడము [ pāvaḍamu ] pāvaḍamu. [Tel.] n. A present, gift. కానుక. बाहुल्य [ bāhulya ] n (S) Abundance, copiousness, plenty.
Rebus: Manifold: bāhula बाहुल a. Manifold. -लः Fire; शीतरुजं समये च परस्मिन् बाहुलतो रसिका शमयन्ती Rām. Ch.4.99. -2 The month Kārtika. -लम् 1 Manifoldness. -2 An armour for the arms, vantbrass. -ली The day of full moon in the month of Kārtika.
Rebus: பாகுடம் pākuṭam, n. < Pkt. pāuḍa < prābhṛta. [K. pāvuḍa.] 1. Gift, present; கையுறை. நரிப் படைக்கொரு பாகுடம்போலே (திவ். பெரியாழ். 4, 5, 8). 2. Royal revenue, impost, tribute; அரசிறை. (சூடா.)
Hieroglyph: bagala 'Pleiades' Rebus: బంగల [ baṅgala ] bangala. [Tel.] n. An oven. కుంపటి.(Telugu) பங்காரு paṅkāru
, n. < T. baṅgāru. [K. baṅgāra.] Gold; பொன். Loc. Pa. Pk. bahala-- ʻ dense, thick ʼ(CDIAL 9182)
bhaṭā 'brick kiln' (Assamese) بټ baṯṯ, s.m. (2nd) A large iron pan or cauldron for roasting grain, a furnace, a kiln.(Pashto)
bhuvɔ m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ (Gujarati) rather < bhr̥ta --(CDIAL 9554) Yājñ.com., Rebus: bhaṭā‘kiln, furnace’ Pk. bhuaga -- m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼPk. bhayaga -- m. ʻ servant ʼ, bhaḍa -- m. ʻ soldier ʼ(CDIAL 9558)
*bhr̥tagātu ʻ hero song ʼ. [bhr̥ta -- , gātú -- 2] Ku. bhaṛau ʻ song about the prowess of ancient heroes ʼ.(CDIAL 9590)
, n. < T. baṅgāru. [K. baṅgāra.] Gold; பொன். Loc.
Pa. Pk. bahala-- ʻ dense, thick ʼ(CDIAL 9182)mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakku 'copper'. The narrative is of copper ore out of furnac as cargo on a bagala, 'boat'
Mohenjo-daro seal (Unnumbered). karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇI 'Supercargo' karṇika 'scribe, account'
Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)
Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving. Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725).
loa 'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh 'copper, iron,metal'.
Mohenjo-daro Seal impression. m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized tree-branch with nine leaves.
Gold disc. al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait National Museum. 9.6 cm diameter
A painted goblet with the 'three-branched fig tree' motif from Nausharo I D, transitional phase between the Early and Mature Harappan periods (c. 2600-2550 BCE) (After Samzun 1992: 250, fig.29.4 no.2) kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) कूदी [p= 300,1] f. a bunch of twigs , bunch (v.l. कूट्/ई) AV. v , 19 , 12 Kaus3.ccord. to Kaus3. , Sch. = बदरी, "Christ's thorn".(Monier-Williams)
kūdī, kūṭī (Skt.lex.) kūdī,(also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kaus’ika Sūtra (Bloomsfield’s ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk,98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badari_, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).[Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned, standing person] rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. Thus the standing person is khār kuṭhi 'blacksmith, smelter'. He is surrounded by an arch ornamented with ficus leaves signifying loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, red ore'. The arch may signify a hāra 'garland', thus read with loa 'ficus' leaves ornamenting the garland, the hypertext expression reads lōhāra 'blacksmith'.
Two goats eating from a tree on a mountaintop in proto-Elamite seals from Susa (after Amiet 1972: 978 and Legrain, 1921: 316. This motif is found on a Harapan tablet.. The leaf on a mountain motif is found on a seal from Kalibangan. 
Sumerian cylinder seal showing flanking goats with hooves on tree and/or mountain. Uruk period. (After Joyce Burstein in: Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown, 2002, The roots of tantra, SUNY Press, p.100)
Unpierced cylinder seal with caprids and trees (Found in Susa).
Reference: Memoires de la Delegation en Perse 16 (1921), pl. 8, no. 125
Heulandite. H. 1 3/8 in. (3.4 cm); dia. 1 in. (2.4 cm) Proto-Elamite period, ca 3100-2900 BCE Sb 2675 Comment by Holly Pittman on Rutten, (Ed.), 1935-36, Encyclopedie photographique de l’art, Paris: “Although the tree on the mountain is undoubtedly a landscape element, tree, mountain, and the combination of the two are distinct script signs as well.” (After Fig. 45, Prudence O Harper et al, opcit., p.74).
dula 'pair, two' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'
Thus, together, loh 'copper' PLUS dul 'cast metal' PLUS kuṭhi '(copper)metal smelter'
Similarly, two antelopes signify by rebus-metonymy layer: dul 'cast metal' PLUS milakkhu 'copper' ORranku 'tin'.
Similarly, two wild goats signify by rebus-metonymy layer: dul 'cast metal' PLUS mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) OR med 'copper' (Slavic languages).
Медь [Med'] (Russian, Slavic) 'copper' gloss is cognate with mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Munda) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.) . The early semantics of the Meluhha word meḍ is likely to be 'copper metal'. Rebus: मेढ meḍh 'helper of merchant'. Seafaring merchants of Meluhha !
On this cylinder seal, there are two message segments composed of Indus Script hieroglyph-multiplexes.
1. mountain, ficus glomerata, two wild goats, two +hieroglyphs (fire-altar)
2. mountain, ficus glomerata, two goats, two twigs emanating from the mountain range, + hieroglyph (fire-altar)1. mountain, ficus glomerata, two wild goats, two +hieroglyphs (fire-altar)
dula 'pair, two' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'
Thus, together, loh 'copper' PLUS dul 'cast metal' PLUS kuṭhi '(copper)metal smelter'
Similarly, two antelopes signify by rebus-metonymy layer: dul 'cast metal' PLUS milakkhu 'copper' ORranku 'tin'.
Similarly, two wild goats signify by rebus-metonymy layer: dul 'cast metal' PLUS mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) OR med 'copper' (Slavic languages).
Медь [Med'] (Russian, Slavic) 'copper' gloss is cognate with mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Munda) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.) . The early semantics of the Meluhha word meḍ is likely to be 'copper metal'. Rebus: मेढ meḍh 'helper of merchant'. Seafaring merchants of Meluhha !
Anthropomorphs on the copper-lined coffin box of Sanauli. The horns hold ficus glomjerata leaf. mēḍi glomerous fig tree rebus: mēṭi 'chief', meũ, muhāṇo 'boatman' koḍ 'horns' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.Thus, the anthropomorphs signify chiefs, guild-masters of metal workshops. (Note: It is also possible to interpret the ficus leaf as loa'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh 'copper'). http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2018/12/medi-ficus-glomerata-in-indus-script.html
Ka. mēḍi glomerous fig tree, Ficus racemosa; opposite-leaved fig tree, F. oppositifolia. Te. mēḍi F. glomerata. Kol.(Kin.) mēṛi id. [F. glomerata Roxb. = F. racemosa Wall.] (DEDR 5090) మేడి mēḍi. [Tel.] n. The Glomerous Fig tree. Fiscus racemosa. అత్తి, ఉదుంబరము. మేడిపండు the fruit of this tree. One species is బ్రహ్మమేడి and another is రాతిమేడి which grows parasitically on other trees. మేడికాయపైమిసిమి outward bloom, mere show. cf. బ్రహ్మమామిడి Ficus glomerata Rox. iii. 558. బొడ్డుమామిడి. Ficus racemifera. Rox. iii. 561. Rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'metal, iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) med 'copper' (Slavic languages)
మేటి or మేటరి mēṭi [Tel.] n. A chief, leader, head man, lord, శ్రేష్ఠుడు, అధిపుడు. adj. Chief, excellent, noble. శ్రేష్ఠమైన. మేటిదొర a noble man, lord. Bilh. ii. 50. మెరయుచునుండెడి మేటీరంబులు మేటీరంబులు, అనగా మేటి, గొప్పలైన, ఈరంబులు, పొదలు large bushes. "తేటైనపన్నీట తీర్థంబులాడి, మేటికస్తూరిమేనెల్లబూసి." Misc. iii. 322. మేటిగా = మెండుగా. మేటిల్లు mētillu. v. n. To excel. అతిశయించు. Ta. mēṭṭi haughtiness, excellence, chief, head, land granted free of tax to the headman of a village; mēṭṭimai haughtiness; leadership, excellence. Ka. mēṭi loftiness, greatness, excellence, a big man, a chief, a head, head servant. Te.mēṭari, mēṭi chief, head, leader, lord; (prob. mēṭi < *mēl-ti [cf. 5086]; Ka. Ta. < Te.; Burrow 1969, p. 277).(DEDR 5091)
మేటి or మేటరి mēṭi [Tel.] n. A chief, leader, head man, lord, శ్రేష్ఠుడు, అధిపుడు. adj. Chief, excellent, noble. శ్రేష్ఠమైన. మేటిదొర a noble man, lord. Bilh. ii. 50. మెరయుచునుండెడి మేటీరంబులు మేటీరంబులు, అనగా మేటి, గొప్పలైన, ఈరంబులు, పొదలు large bushes. "తేటైనపన్నీట తీర్థంబులాడి, మేటికస్తూరిమేనెల్లబూసి." Misc. iii. 322. మేటిగా = మెండుగా. మేటిల్లు mētillu. v. n. To excel. అతిశయించు. Ta. mēṭṭi haughtiness, excellence, chief, head, land granted free of tax to the headman of a village; mēṭṭimai haughtiness; leadership, excellence. Ka. mēṭi loftiness, greatness, excellence, a big man, a chief, a head, head servant. Te.mēṭari, mēṭi chief, head, leader, lord; (prob. mēṭi < *mēl-ti [cf. 5086]; Ka. Ta. < Te.; Burrow 1969, p. 277).(DEDR 5091)
British Museum 120466 Proto-Elamite administrative tablet (4.4x5.7x1.8 cm) with a cylinder seal impression cf. Walker, CBF, 1980, Elamite Inscriptions in the British Museum in: Iran Vol. 18 (1980), pp. 75-81. Indus Script hieroglyphs on this seal impression are: markhor, ficus glomerata, twig.With the emphasis on curled, curved horns, the semantics are related to the set of glosses: *mēṇḍhī ʻ lock of hair, curl ʼ. [Cf. *mēṇḍha -- 1 s.v. *miḍḍa -- ]S. mī˜ḍhī f., °ḍho m. ʻ braid in a woman's hair ʼ, L. mē̃ḍhī f.; G. mĩḍlɔ, miḍ° m. ʻ braid of hair on a girl's forehead ʼ; M. meḍhā m. ʻ curl, snarl, twist or tangle in cord or thread ʼ.(CDIAL 10312)
Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
kanda 'fire-altar'
m-273 ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin (ore)' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, metal'
Kalibangan seal. Ficus leaf atop the summit of a mountain range.Ficus glomerata: loa, kamat.ha = ficus glomerata (Santali); rebus: loha = iron, metal (Skt.) kamat.amu, kammat.amu = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Te.) kammat.i_d.u = a goldsmith, a silversmith (Te.) kampat.t.tam coinage coin (Ta.);kammat.t.am kammit.t.am coinage, mint (Ma.); kammat.a id.; kammat.i a coiner (Ka.)(DEDR 1236) ḍāṅgā 'mountain' rebus: ṭhākur, dhangar 'blacksmith'. Nepali. ḍāṅro ʻterm of contempt for a blacksmithʼ(CDIAL 5524)
Etyma from Indo-Aryan languages: lōhá 'copper, iron'
11158 lōhá ʻ red, copper -- coloured ʼ ŚrS., ʻ made of copper ʼ ŚBr., m.n. ʻ copper ʼ VS., ʻ iron ʼ MBh. [*rudh -- ] Pa. lōha -- m. ʻ metal, esp. copper or bronze ʼ; Pk. lōha -- m. ʻ iron ʼ, Gy. pal. li°, lihi, obl. elhás, as. loa JGLS new ser. ii 258; Wg. (Lumsden) "loa"ʻ steel ʼ; Kho. loh ʻ copper ʼ; S. lohu m. ʻ iron ʼ, L. lohā m., awāṇ. lōˋā, P. lohā m. (→ K.rām. ḍoḍ. lohā), WPah.bhad. lɔ̃u n., bhal. lòtilde; n., pāḍ. jaun. lōh, paṅ. luhā, cur. cam. lohā, Ku. luwā, N. lohu, °hā, A. lo, B. lo, no, Or. lohā, luhā, Mth. loh, Bhoj. lohā, Aw.lakh. lōh, H. loh, lohā m., G. M. loh n.; Si. loho, lō ʻ metal, ore, iron ʼ; Md. ratu -- lō ʻ copper ʼ. *lōhala -- , *lōhila -- , *lōhiṣṭha -- , lōhī -- , laúha -- ; lōhakāra -- , *lōhaghaṭa -- , *lōhaśālā -- , *lōhahaṭṭika -- , *lōhōpaskara -- ; vartalōha -- .Addenda: lōhá -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lóɔ ʻ iron ʼ, J. lohā m., Garh. loho; Md. lō ʻ metal ʼ.†*lōhaphāla -- or †*lōhahala -- . lōhakāra 11159 lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, °rī -- f., °raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1] Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., °rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh° m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ. Addenda: lōhakāra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m.
lōhaghaṭa 11160 *lōhaghaṭa ʻ iron pot ʼ. [lōhá -- , ghaṭa -- 1]
Bi. lohrā, °rī ʻ small iron pan ʼ. 11160a †*lōhaphāla -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , phāˊla -- 1] WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl m. ʻ an agricultural implement ʼ Him.I 197; -- or < †*lōhahala -- . lōhala 11161 lōhala ʻ made of iron ʼ W. [lōhá -- ] G. lohar, lohariyɔ m. ʻ selfwilled and unyielding man ʼ.
lōhaśālā 11162 *lōhaśālā ʻ smithy ʼ. [lōhá -- , śāˊlā -- ]
Bi. lohsārī ʻ smithy ʼ. lōhahaṭṭika 11163 *lōhahaṭṭika ʻ ironmonger ʼ. [lōhá -- , haṭṭa -- ] P.ludh. lōhṭiyā m. ʻ ironmonger ʼ. 11163a †*lōhahala -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , halá -- ] WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl ʻ an agricultural instrument ʼ; rather < †*lōhaphāla -- . lōhi 11164 lōhi ʻ *red, blood ʼ (n. ʻ a kind of borax ʼ lex.). [~ rṓhi -- . -- *rudh -- ] Kho. lei ʻ blood ʼ (BelvalkarVol 92 < *lōhika -- ), Kal.rumb. lū˘i, urt. lhɔ̈̄i. lṓhita 11165 lṓhita ʻ red ʼ AV., n. ʻ any red substance ʼ ŚBr., ʻ blood ʼ VS. [< rṓhita -- . -- *rudh -- ] Pa. lōhita -- in cmpds. ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ blood ʼ, °aka -- ʻ red ʼ; Pk. lōhia -- ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ blood ʼ; Gy. eur. lolo ʻ red ʼ, arm. nəxul ʻ blood, wound ʼ, pal. lúḥră ʻ red ʼ, inhīˊr ʻ blood ʼ, as. lur ʻ blood ʼ, lohri ʻ red ʼ Miklosich Mund viii 8; Ḍ. lōya ʻ red ʼ; Ash. leu ʻ blood ʼ, Wg. läi, Kt. lūi, Dm. lōi; Tir. ləwī, (Leech) luhī ʻ red ʼ, lọ̈̄i ʻ blood ʼ; Paš. lū f. ʻ blood ʼ, Shum. lúī, Gmb. lūi, Gaw. lō; Bshk. lōu ʻ red ʼ (AO xviii 241 < *lohuta -- ); S. lohū m. ʻ blood ʼ, L. lahū m., awāṇ. làū; P. lohī ʻ red ʼ, lohū, lahū m. ʻ blood ʼ; WPah.jaun. loī ʻ blood ʼ, Ku. loi, lwe, B. lau, Or. lohu, nohu, la(h)u, na(h)u, laa, Mth. lehū, OAw. lohū m., H. lohū, lahū, lehū m., G. lohī n.; OM.lohivā ʻ red ʼ Panse Jñān 536; Si. lehe, lē ʻ blood ʼ, le ʻ red ʼ SigGr ii 460; Md. lē ʻ blood ʼ. -- Sh. lēl m. ʻ blood ʼ, lōlyŭ ʻ red ʼ rather < *lōhila -- . lōhitaka -- . Addenda: lṓhita -- : Kho. lei ʻ blood ʼ BKhoT 70, WPah.kṭg. lóu m., Garh. loi, Md. lei, lē.
lōhitaka 11166 lōhitaka ʻ reddish ʼ Āpast., n. ʻ calx of brass, bell- metal ʼ lex. [lṓhita -- ] K. lŏy f. ʻ white copper, bell -- metal ʼ. lōhittara 11167 *lōhittara ʻ reddish ʼ. [Comp. of *lōhit -- ~ rōhít -- . - *rudh -- ] Woṭ. latúr ʻ red ʼ, Gaw. luturá: very doubtful (see úparakta -- ) lōhila 11168 *lōhila ʻ red ʼ. [lōhá -- ] Wg. lailäi -- štä ʻ red ʼ; Paš.chil. lēle -- šiṓl ʻ fox ʼ; Sv. lohĩló ʻ red ʼ, Phal. lohílu, ləhōilo; Sh.gil. jij. lēl m. ʻ blood ʼ, gil. lōlyŭ, (Lor.)loilo ʻ red, bay (of horse or cow) ʼ, pales. lēlo swã̄ṛə ʻ (red) gold ʼ. -- X nīˊla -- : Sh.gil. līlo ʻ violet ʼ, koh. līlṷ, pales. līˊlo ʻ red ʼ. -- Si. luhul, lūlā ʻ the dark -- coloured river fish Ophiocephalus striatus ʼ? -- Tor. lohūr, laūr, f. lihīr ʻ red ʼ < *lōhuṭa<-> AO xviii 241? lōhiṣṭha 11169 *lōhiṣṭha ʻ very red ʼ. [lōhá -- ] Kal.rumb. lohíṣṭ, urt. liūṣṭ ʻ male of Himalayan pheasant ʼ, Phal. lōwīṣṭ (f. šām s.v. śyāmá -- ); Bshk. lōīˊṭ ʻ id., golden oriole ʼ; Tor.lawēṭ ʻ male golden oriole ʼ, Sh.pales. lēṭh.
lōhī 11170 lōhī f. ʻ any object made of iron ʼ Kāv., ʻ pot ʼ Divyāv., lōhikā -- f. ʻ large shallow wooden bowl bound with iron ʼ,lauhā -- f. ʻ iron pot ʼ lex. [lōhá -- ]
Pk. lōhī -- f. ʻ iron pot ʼ; P. loh f. ʻ large baking iron ʼ; A. luhiyā ʻ iron pan ʼ; Bi. lohiyā ʻ iron or brass shallow pan with handles ʼ; G.lohiyũ n. ʻ frying pan ʼ.
lōhōpaskara 11171 *lōhōpaskara ʻ iron tools ʼ. [lōhá -- , upaskara -- 1]
N. lokhar ʻ bag in which a barber keeps his tools ʼ; H. lokhar m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; -- X lauhabhāṇḍa -- : Ku. lokhaṛ ʻ iron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻ tools, iron, ironware ʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ (LM 400 < -- khaṇḍa -- ). laúkika -- , laukyá -- see *lōkíya -- . laulāha 11172 laulāha m. ʻ name of a place ʼ Stein RājatTrans ii 487.
K. lōlav ʻ name of a Pargana and valley west of Wular Lake ʼ.
11172a laúha -- ʻ made of copper or iron ʼ Gr̥Śr., ʻ red ʼ MBh., n. ʻ iron, metal ʼ Bhaṭṭ. [lōhá -- ] Pk. lōha -- ʻ made of iron ʼ; L. lohā ʻ iron -- coloured, reddish ʼ; P. lohā ʻ reddish -- brown (of cattle) ʼ. lauhabhāṇḍa -- , *lauhāṅga -- .
lauhakāra -- see lōhakāra -- . Addenda: laúha -- [Dial. au ~ ō (in lōhá -- ) < IE. ou T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 74]
lauhabhāṇḍa 11173 lauhabhāṇḍa n. ʻ iron pot, iron mortar ʼ lex. [laúha -- , bhāṇḍa -- 1] Pa. lōhabhaṇḍa -- n. ʻ copper or brass ware ʼ; S. luhã̄ḍ̠iṛī f. ʻ iron pot ʼ, L.awāṇ. luhã̄ḍā; P. luhã̄ḍā, lohṇḍā, ludh. lō̃hḍā m. ʻ frying pan ʼ; N. luhũṛe ʻ iron cooking pot ʼ; A. lohorā ʻ iron pan ʼ; Bi. lohãṛā ʻ iron vessel for drawing water for irrigation ʼ; H. lohaṇḍā, luh° m. ʻ iron pot ʼ; G. loḍhũ n. ʻ iron, razor ʼ, pl. ʻ car<-> penter's tools ʼ, loḍhī f. ʻ iron pan ʼ. -- X *lōhōpaskara<-> q.v.
lauhāṅgika 11174 *lauhāṅgika ʻ iron -- bodied ʼ. [láuha -- , áṅga -- 1]
P. luhã̄gī f. ʻ staff set with iron rings ʼ, H. lohã̄gī f., M. lohã̄gī, lavh°, lohãgī f.; -- Bi. lohãgā, lahaũgā ʻ cobbler's iron pounder ʼ, Mth.lehõgā.
Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/z2ohuxk
The monograph offers an alternative reading, based on Sarasvati Script decipherment and suggests that the golden leaves of Ur identified by Tenberg, Potts and Francfort (2008) are modeled after sacred loa 'ficus' leaves which are signifiers rebus Meluhha speech forms of lōhāra (Pt.) lohaḷa 'blacksmith' (Oriya). Evidences are presented from deciphered selected inscriptions from Sarasvati Script Corpora.![Image result for Headdress of Queen Pu-abum (U.1093.3) bharatkalyan97]()
After Fig. 1. Headdress of Queen Pu-abum (U.1093.3)(Woolley 1934. Plate 127)Woolley, Sir L., 1934, Ur excavations. Volume 2, the Royal Cemetery: a report on the predynastic and Sargonid graves excavated between 1926 and 1931, Philadelphia (PA) & London, Trustees of the British Museum and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania (Note: The eight-petalled flowers adorning the headdress may signify karaḍa 'safflower' rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' (Marathi).]
After Fig. 2 Wreath from PG 1237 (‘the Great Death Pit’) at Ur (Pittmann 1998:103. Figure 47)
Pittman, H., 1998, Jewelry, in RI Zettler & L. Horne (ed.), Treasures from the royal tomb of Ur: 87-122, Philadelphia (PA), Univ. of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Comparing the shapes of he leaves with the leaves of Dalbergia Sissoo, Tenberg, Potts and Francfort arrive at the following: [quote] Conclusion Whatever the precise origin of the Ur headdresses might have been, the leaves of Dalbergia sissoo had a particular significance for the people who were buried in the Royal Cemetery,certainly beyond the pure material qualities of the sissoo tree and its wood. Wreaths and headdresses including golden sissoo leaves are a recurrent feature in the tombs (recorded from tombs nos. 755, 760, 779, 789, 800, 1054, 1068, 1167, 1234, 1236, 1237, 1312 and1315) and associated with a great number of persons (Woolley 1934). These leaves seem thus to have played a distinctive role in the funeral context but they may also constitute a translation into a long-lasting and precious material of real and thus perishable leaves usedin ritual among the living. The use of crowns and wreaths of leaves in various contexts,funeral or not, is a widespread phenomenon for example around the Mediterranean during Classical times (Higgins 1961; Blech 1982). Itshould be stressed that the choice of the plantspecies (oak, laurel, olive.. . ) is then never the fruit of hazard but corresponds to a precise meaning.In the absence of written evidence, the exact significance of the sissoo leaves is difficultfor us to seize. Did these leaves symbolise longevity, echoing the hardness and resistance of its wood? Or were they perhaps a symbol of luxuriance and regeneration because of sissoo’spresence in the rich riparian forests that hosted valuable plant and animal life? Indeed, as a hygrophilous species sissoo is ecologically associated with water and this natural relationship may also have had a particular significance in the symbolic world.In conclusion, besides corroborating the association between the Ur burials and the Indo-Iranian borderland, the identification of the golden leaves Dalbergiasissoo raises important questions on the role played by this tree in the ancient Middle East and on the ritual use of leaf motives in general.[unquote]
After Fig. 3 Leaves and immature pods of sissoo (Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb.)
While the arguments offered to demonstrate links with Meluhha are convincing, I submit that there is alternative candidate leaf which might have provided the model for ths shapes of leaves on Pu-Abi'sjewelry.
[quote]Pipal Leaves: Revisited
By StephanieV. November 18th, 2014
The impressions of a pipal leaf found in the upper clay levels of a drain in Harappa, shown here with a modern pipal leaf, indicate that what many think was a sacred tree even at that time was growing in the ancient city of Harappa. A well at Mohenjo-daro, a sealing from the city and the pipal motif on a unicorn seal are other examples of this critical leaf in Indus culture.[unquote] https://www.harappa.com/blog/pipal-leaves-revisited
The alternative candidate laaf is that of Ficus species. Santali gloss:
Leaves of the sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) The cultural significance of the tre and leaves is well-attested in literature. "Fig trees have profoundly influenced culture through several religious traditions. Among the more famous species are the sacred fig tree (Pipal, bodhi, bo, or po, Ficus religiosa) and the banyan fig (Ficus benghalensis)...The plaksa Pra-sravana was said to be a fig tree between the roots of which the Sarasvati River sprang forth; it is usually held to be a sacred fig... The fig tree was sacred in ancient Cyprus where it was a symbol of fertility." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus The habitat of this ficus sp. is comparable with the habitat of Dalbergia Sissoo and hence, the arguments for identifying possible sources of the model leaf presented by Tenberg et al are equally valid for Ficus religiosa (and another Ficus glomerata which has a specific gloss in Santali).
The ficus-leaf shape is also a hieroglyph in Indus Script corpora read as loa 'ficus' rebus: loh 'copper'.