This monograph identifies a person adored by adorants on Indus Script inscriptions, as a guild-master of smiths.
This is an addendum to:
1. Evidence of temple (smithy) hypertexts in Indus Script. Pratiṣṭhā of rasaśālā, artisans' mandiram; ಕಾಯಕವೇಕೈಲಾಸ -- Basava: work is worship.-- Rasa ratna samuccaya https://tinyurl.com/yaaagtxo
2. Itihāsa. With a large cache of Dilmun seals, Indus Script Corpora has grown to c. 30,000 insciptions of wealth-accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y8rj5xpd
Annex A is a note on harrow.hieroglyph
Annex B is a note on drummer.hieroglyph
Tablet reported from Harappa, by HARP from Trench II. Period 3B/3C 2400-2250 BCE
h1935 a,b,c identical to h1934 a,b,c
h1934a khar 'onager' rebus: khār खार् 'kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.
baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.
meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic)
h1934c kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace'barad, balad 'ox'rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) PLUS Blow on the head: ṭakkarā f. ʻ blow on the head ʼ Rājat. [Cf. *ṭakk -- 2] Pk. ṭakkara -- m. ʻ collision ʼ, K. ṭakara m.; S. ṭakaru m. ʻ knocking the head against anything, butting ʼ, ṭakiraṇu ʻ to knock against, encounter, be compared with ʼ; L. ṭakkaraṇ ʻ to meet, agree ʼ; P. ṭakkar f. ʻ pushing, knocking ʼ, ṭakkarṇā ʻ to collide, meet ʼ; Ku. ṭakkar ʻ shock, jerk, loss ʼ; N. ṭakar ʻ obstacle, collision ʼ; B. ṭakkar ʻ blow ʼ, Or. ṭakkara, ṭākara, H. G. M. ṭakkar f. Addenda: ṭakkarā -- : S.kcch. ṭakrāṇū ʻ to collide ʼ, G. ṭakrāvũ AKŚ 37. (CDIAL 5424) Rebus: ṭagara1 ʻ squinting ʼ lex. [Cf. ṭēraka -- ] H. ṭagrā ʻ cross -- eyed ʼ < *ṭaggara -- ? (CDIAL 5425) తగరము [ tagaramu ] tagaramu. [Tel.] n. Tin. తగరపు పెట్టె a tin box. தகரம்² takaram n. [T. tagaramu, K. tagara, M. takaram.] 1. Tin, white lead; வெள்ளீயம். (அக. நி.) 2. Metal sheet coated with tin; தகரம்பூசிய உலோகத்தகடு. Colloq. Ta. takaram tin, white lead, metal sheet, coated with tin. Ma. takaram tin, tinned iron plate. Ko. tagarm (obl. tagart-) tin. Ka. tagara, tamara, tavara id. Tu. tamarů, tamara, tavara id. Te. tagaramu, tamaramu, tavaramu id. Kuwi (Isr.) ṭagromi tin metal, alloy. / Cf. Skt. tamara- id. (DEDR 3001) తగడు [ tagaḍu ] tagaḍu. [Tel.] n. A plate or flat piece of metal. Gold leaf, brocade. రేకు A. iv. 132. M. VI i. 298. చీనాతగడు a tin plate. తగటు [ tagaṭu ] tagaṭu. [Tel.] n. Lace. రీ, సరిగ. తగటుచీర a lace cloth. తగటి or తగటీ tagaṭi. adj. Laced సరిగగల. ??tákṣan (acc. tákṣaṇam RV., takṣāṇam Pāṇ.) m. ʻ carpenter ʼ. [√takṣ] Pk. takkhāṇa -- m., Paš. ar. tac̣an -- kṓr, weg. taṣāˊn, Kal. kaṭ -- tačon, Kho. (Lor.) tačon, Sh. thac̣&oarcacute;ṇ m., kaṭ -- th°, K. chān m., chöñü f., P. takhāṇ m., °ṇī f., H. takhān m.; Si. sasa ʻ carpenter, wheelwright ʼ < nom. tákṣā. -- With "intrusive" r: Kho. (Lor.) tračon ʻ carpenter ʼ, P. tarkhāṇ m. (→ H. tarkhān m.), WPah. jaun. tarkhāṇ. -- With unexpl. d -- or dh -- (X dāˊru -- ?): S. ḍrakhaṇu m. ʻ carpenter ʼ; L.drakhāṇ, (Ju.) darkhāṇ m. ʻ carpenter ʼ (darkhāṇ pakkhī m. ʻ woodpecker ʼ), mult. dhrikkhāṇ m., dhrikkhaṇī f., awāṇ. dhirkhāṇ m. (CDIAL 5624)
h1934bOne person sits on a low stool while the other person sits on a platform. மேடை mēṭai, n. [T. mēḍa.] Platform, raised floor'rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakrtam) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.
Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa '
h1934d Horned person. Wristlets on arms. Scarf on headdress. Horns. Projecting feature from left shoulder may signify a quiver of arrows (of a hunter).An arbour or arch decorated with ficus glomerata leaves may be called loha maṇḍa 'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani). When a star adorns the bottom end of this arch, the added signifier is a determinant of the loha, 'metal' worked on: मेढ [ mēḍha ] The polar star (Marathi). rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali). The person within the arbour or arch is the smith, smelter of mineral ores. The semantic determinative is the three-pronged bird's crest adoring his head; the same adornment occurs on the tail of antelopes or markhors: xolā 'tail' Rebus: kole.l 'smithy, temple' . Such an antelope becomes a sign of the script Sign 184 (with variants); the tail is a three-pronged ligature comparable to a bird's crest as shown on the horned person standing under the arch or arbour..
H-95-2485 a,b A tablet with a narrative on both sides,without a boss or knob. The standing person has bird feet and bird crest; wears wristlets on the arms; an arch, arbour of ficus glomerata decorations h1951a,b h1951a mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' kolomo'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge'.
kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'
khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'
Field symbols: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script' PLUS sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangara 'trade' jākaṛ 'invoiced on approval basis'. Derived expressions san:gatarāśū = stone cutter (S.) jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’(as aquirer of wealth into the commonwealth treasury); sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (G.) Thus, a key functionary, manager of the guild's wealth, engraver is signified by the hypertext. Precis: .कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script' PLUS jākaṛ 'sangar 'trade on approval basis'
Hieroglyph1:कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, script'
Hiroglyph 2: sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangara 'trade', samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager'. sangaḍa 'joined parts of lathe, portable furnace' rebus: sangar 'trade'
H جاکڙ जाकड़ jākaṛ [fr. S. यतं+कृ; cf. jakaṛnā], s.m. A deposit or pledge left with a vendor for goods brought away for inspection or approval; goods taken from a shop for approval, a deposit or pledge being left; a conditional purchase; articles taken on commission sale;—adv. On inspection, for approval:—jākaṛ-bahī, s.f. Account book of sales subject to approval of goods, &c.:—jākaṛ bećnā, v.t. To sell conditionally, or subject to approval:—jākaṛ le jānā, v.t. To take away goods on inspection, or for approval, leaving a deposit or pledge with the vendor. (Urdu)
h1951b *jhuṇṭa2 ʻ tangle, knot of hair, protuberance ʼ. 2. *jhōṇṭa -- . 3. *jhuṭṭa -- . 4. *jhūṭa -- 2 . 5. *jhōṭṭa -- . [Cf. jūṭa -- and cūˊḍa -- 1 : for list of poss. connected words see jáṭā -- ] 1. WPah. bhal. j̈huṇṭṛī f. ʻ woman's queue of hair ʼ; B. jhũṭ ʻ chignon, bird's crest, protuberance on back of ox or camel ʼ, Or. jhuṇṭi; H. jhũṭiyāf. ʻ lock of hair on crown of head ʼ. 2. A. zõṭ ʻ entanglement ʼ, zõṭiba ʻ to entangle ʼ; Mth. jhõṭī ʻ queue of hair ʼ; Bhoj. jhõṭā ʻ tuft of hair ʼ; M. j̈hõṭ f. ʻ knot of hanging hair ʼ.3. S. jhuṭu m. ʻ top knot ʼ.4. S. jhūṛo m. ʻ knot of hair ʼ, L. jhūṛā m.; G. jhuṛɔ m. ʻ bunch of false hair for making up a woman's hair ʼ, jhū˘ṛī f. ʻ bunch, bundle ʼ.5. S. jhoṭo m. ʻ tuft of hair on crown ʼ(CDIAL 5401)jūṭa m. ʻ twisted hair ʼ Mālatīm., ˚aka -- m. lex. 2. *juṇṭa -- . [Cf. cūˊḍa -- 1 and *jhuṇṭa -- 2 : for list of poss. connected words see jáṭā -- ]1. Pk. jūḍa -- m. ʻ twisted hair ʼ; S. jūṛo m. ʻ hair tied in a knot on crown ʼ, L. jūṛā m.; P. jūṛā m. ʻ Sikh's knot of hair, broom ʼ, jūṛī f. ʻ small knot of hair, small broom, bundle of jute or tobacco leaves ʼ; N. juro ʻ woman's knot of hair, crest of bird, hood of snake, hump of bullock ʼ; A. zur ʻ leaves of jute plant tied together for cooking ʼ, zuri ʻ wisp of grass tied round a tree ʼ; Or. juṛā ʻ hair tied in a knot ʼ, Mth. jūrā, jūṛā← H. jūṛā m.; G. jū˘ṛī f. ʻ bunch, bundle ʼ; M. j̈uḷī f. ʻ bundle of leaves ʼ, j̈uḍā m., ˚ḍī f. ʻ knot of hair, bunch, bundle ʼ.2. S. juṇḍā m. pl. ʻ short hairs ʼ.*jūḍa -- ʻ cold ʼ see jaḍa -- .Addenda: jūṭa -- . 1. P. jūṛā m. ʻ top -- knot, broom ʼ (semant. cf. WPah.kṭg. ċvḷɔ < cūˊḍa -- 1 ). (CDIAL 5258)Ta. cuṭṭi tuft of hair. Ma. (Tiyya)
juṭṭu tuft of hair on shaven head. Ka. juṭṭa, juṭṭu, juṭlu the tuft of hair left on the crown of the head at the ceremony of tonsure, crest, tuft growing on an animal's head; (Hav.) joṭṭu hair-knot. Koḍ. jïṭṭï tuft of hair as worn by brahmans, etc., woman's backhair. Tu. juṭṭu tuft of hair on the head, cue. Te. juṭṭu long lock or tuft of hair, crest of a bird such as a peacock. Kol. (Br.) juṭṭituft of hair. Go. (Y.) cuṭṭi, (Tr. Ph.) cuṭṭī, (W. Ch.) cuṭṭiŋ (pl.) hair (Voc. 1346); (S.) juṭṭi topknot, cock's comb (Voc. 1434); (Su.) juṭṭī tuft of hair. Kur. cuṭṭī hair (of man or animals), bristles, mane. / Cf. Skt. jūṭa- twisted hair of ascetics and Śiva (Turner, CDIAL, no. 5258), and Turner, CDIAL, no. 4883, esp. 3 *cōṭṭa-; some of the items recorded here may be < IA. (DEDR 2655) Rebus;Ta. cuṇṭu (cuṇṭi-) to dry up, be evaporated by heat; boil (tr.), stew, simmer; n. sediment, that which adheres to a pot when boiling. Ko.cunḏ- (cunḏy-) to boil away (intr.); ? to starve oneself for one's children's sake. Ka. suṇḍu to evaporate; suṇḍisu to make evaporate, reduce in boiling. Te. cuṇḍu to be evaporated or dried up. / Cf. Skt. śuṇṭh- to become dry. (DEDR 2662)Ta. cutti, cuttiyal small hammer. Ma. cutti, cuttika, tutti hammer. Ka. suttige id. Tu. sutti, suttigè, suttiyè, suttè, suttyè id. Te. sutte id. Go. (A.) sutte id. (Voc. 3438). Kuwi (S.) suthi id. / Cf. Mar. sutkī an instrument of stone-splitters. (DEDR 2668)
h1951b manḍa'arbour,canopy' mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron'.
Hieroglyphs on headdress: xolā 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' PLUS dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. 'scarf' (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu 'minerals' (Santali); dhātu 'mineral' (Pali) Adorned with bracelets: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'
On another comparable tablet, the ends of the canopy are signified by stars: मेढ [ mēḍha ] The polar star (Marathi). rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali)
Dholavira Seal 56 A horned person standing between two branches of a tree, each with three leaves on outer side and one at the top; a devotee kneels, hands touching the ground; R lower side, a goat with outstretched wavy horns, upturned tail. Vertical perforation.
The horned person within an arbou is:
karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles', khãr 'ironsmith' (Kashmiri).PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. The arbour is decorated with loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, iron';
manḍa 'arbour, canopy' mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'. Hence, the person adored is a lohakāra who makes an array of instruments.
Hieroglyph: kuṭhāru कुठारु [p= 289,1] m. a tree L.; a monkey Rebus: kuṭhāru कुठारु 'armourer'.
Hieroglyph: करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं ) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) G. karãḍɔ m. ʻ wicker or metal box ʼ,(CDIAL 2792) Rebus:kharada खरडें daybook; kharādī ' turner.. The adorants, armourer and turner, belong to the workshop.
Evidence of temple (smithy) hypertexts in Indus Script is presented Pratiṣṭhā of rasaśālā, artisans' mandiram is elucidated. ಕಾಯಕವೇ ಕೈಲಾಸ -- Basava: work is worship, which is a precis of Rasa ratna samuccaya, a text of 13th cent.
I submit that Indus Script Corpora with over 8000 inscriptions is evidence of pratiṣṭhā ofrasaśālā, as artisans' mandiram, 'temple' and of the wealth produced in these temples. This is emphasised in the exhortation by Basava: ಕಾಯಕವೇ ಕೈಲಾಸ 'work is worship' and attested in the 13th cent. text Rasa ratna samuccaya. This metaphor of a metals workshop as a temple is exemplified by extraordinary pictorial motifs in Indus Script Corpora. svastikḥस्वस्तिकः -कः, -कम् A mansion or temple of a particular form with a terrace in front. (Apte) I suggest that Signs 242, 243 are layout diagrams of a temple of svastika form, of a temple with a terrace in front. On Sign 243, the terrace in front is infixed with hieroglyph 'rimless pot'. A devakula is a temple. The expression has -kulasuffix which is cognate with kole.l 'temple'. देव--कुल deva kula n. " deity-house " , a temple (शाङ्खायन-गृह्य-सूत्र; वराह-मिहिर). The layout of Signs 242, 243 is comprable to the mandirm design of rasaśālā 'metals workshop' described in Rasa ratna samuccaya.
Signs 242, 243 signify kole.l 'temple' which is kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Kota langauge). Sign 243 has an infixed 'rimless pot': baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. Thus, a smithy/forge with a furnace. It is remarkable that the orthography of Signs 242, 243 provide a design which matches with the description of a mandiram detailed in Rasa ratna samuccaya. Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith; (Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.) kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133) கொல்² kol Working in iron; கொற்றொழில். Blacksmith; கொல்லன். (Tamil)
The kneeling adorant shown on the following Indus Script seals is: బత్తుడు battuḍu 'worshipper'బత్తుడు battuḍu, baḍaga 'a professional title of five artificers' of Sarasvati Civilization presented on Indus Script Corpora · https://tinyurl.com/yafd8or2. baḍaga, baḍhi, varāha is venerated, worshipped as Veda puruṣa, yajñapuruṣa.
The animal fronting the worshipper is a signifier of the adorant's professional expertise. For e.g. mẽḍhā m. 'markhor'.(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: mẽḍh 'iron' (Mu.), med '
The person worshipped in an arbour of ficus glomerala leaves is a blacksmith: dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS dhangar 'bull' rebus:dhangar 'blacksmith' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'metal, iron, copper'. Thus, the worshippers offers prayers to the lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, °rī -- f., °raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1 ] Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., °rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh° m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ. Addenda: lōhakāra -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m.(CDIAL 11159) *lōhaśālā ʻsmithyʼ. [lōhá -- , śāˊlā -- ]Bi. lohsārī ʻ smithy ʼ.(CDIAL 11162). The person wearing scarf also has his head adorned with horns: koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.. Hence, the arbour of ficus glomerala leaves and pratima of a blacksmith signifies a workshop, a lōhaśālā ʻsmithyʼ.
loa, ficus (Santali); loh ‘metal’ (Samskritam)
kol 'tiger' Rebus: kolhe 'smelters'; kol 'working in iron'
eraka 'wing' Rebus: eraka 'copper'
ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)
Sign 243 PLUS lōhakāra. The wristlets worn on his hands signify: karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles', khãr 'ironsmith' (Kashmiri).Scarf is ligatured as a pigtail to a standing, horned person wishin a pot decorated with ficus leaves as a torana. Part of the glyphs included in Seal m1186. dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'; thus, the standing person with wristlets is an ironsmith working with mineral ores. He is also a lohakara, 'metalworker'. Signified by loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, iron, metal' लोह--कार m. a worker in iron , smith , blacksmith R. Hit.; लोह--कारी f. N. of the तन्त्र goddess अतिबला (कालचक्र)
Scarf shown ligatured as a pigtail to a horned, standing person. Tablet.
bāhula बाहुल, 'pleiades' are shown in the top or bottom registers to signify rebus: bāhula बाहुल a. Manifold.bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ]
Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) boPa. Pk. bahula -- ʻ much, abundant ʼ; Gy. germ. buxlo ʻ wide ʼ, pal. bōl, bṓli ʻ much, great ʼ; A. bahul ʻ much, abundant ʼ; Or. bahuḷa ʻ much, thick ʼ; Si. bahula, bola ʻ thick, solid ʼ.(CDIAL 9194) बहुल mf(/आ)n. thick , dense , broad , wide , spacious , ample , large RV. &c Rebus: bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.)
m0442a,b; HR 4161[Pleiades, (twigs as headdress) scarfed, framework, scarfed person, worshipper, markhor, ficus religiosa] Brief memoranda:
Hieroglyph: మండ [ maṇḍa ] manḍa. [Tel.] n. A twig with leaves on it. Rebus: mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. (CDIAL 9736) maṇḍa 'iron dross, slag' Sa. <i>mE~R~hE~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mE~RhE~d</i>(M). Ma. <i>mErhE'd</i> `iron'.Mu. <i>mERE'd</i> `iron'. ~ <i>mE~R~E~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mENhEd</i>(M).Ho <i>meD</i> `iron'.Bj. <i>merhd</i>(Hunter) `iron'.KW <i>mENhEd</i> (Munda)
bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ]Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) bou l, bolh , Sh. (Lor.) b*l le .(CDIAL 9195) பாகுலம் pākulam , n. < bāhula. The month of Kārttikai = November-December; கார்த்திகை மாதம். (W .) పావడము [ pāvaḍamu ] pāvaḍamu. [Tel.] n. A present, gift. కానుక . बाहुल्य [ bāhulya ] n (S) Abundance, copiousness, plenty.
Rebus: Manifold: bāhula बाहुल a. Manifold. -लः Fire; शीतरुजं समये च परस्मिन् बाहुलतो रसिका शमयन्ती Rām. Ch.4.99. -2 The month Kārtika. -लम् 1 Manifoldness. -2 An armour for the arms, vantbrass. -ली The day of full moon in the month of Kārtika.
Rebus: பாகுடம் pākuṭam, n. < Pkt. pāuḍa < prābhṛta. [K. pāvuḍa.] 1. Gift, present; கையுறை. நரிப் படைக்கொரு பாகுடம்போலே (திவ். பெரியாழ். 4, 5, 8). 2. Royal revenue, impost, tribute; அரசிறை. (சூடா.)
Hieroglyph: bagala 'Pleiades' Rebus: బంగల [ baṅgala ] bangala. [Tel.] n. An oven. కుంపటి .(Telugu) பங்காரு paṅkāru
, n. < T. baṅgāru. [K. baṅgāra.] Gold; பொன். Loc.
bhaṭā 'brick kiln' (Assamese) بټ baṯṯ, s.m. (2nd) A large iron pan or cauldron for roasting grain, a furnace, a kiln.(Pashto)
bhuvɔ m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ (Gujarati) rather < bhr̥ta --(CDIAL 9554) Yājñ.com., Rebus: bhaṭā‘kiln, furnace’ Pk. bhuaga -- m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼPk. bhayaga -- m. ʻ servant ʼ, bhaḍa -- m. ʻ soldier ʼ(CDIAL 9558)
బత్తుడు battuḍu 'worshipper'బత్తుడు battuḍu, baḍaga 'a professional title of five artificers' of Sarasvati Civilization presented on Indus Script Corpora ·https://tinyurl.com/yafd8or2. baḍaga, baḍhi, varāha is venerated, worshipped as Veda puruṣa, yajñapuruṣa.
*bhr̥tagātu ʻ hero song ʼ. [bhr̥ta -- , gātú -- 2 ] Ku. bhaṛau ʻ song about the prowess of ancient heroes ʼ.(CDIAL 9590)
m0448 (Framework, tiger, scarfed person, worshipper, twig, horn, markhor, stool, ladle). FS 77 Fig. 113 From R. - a horned personage standing between two branches of a pipal tree; a ram : a horned personage kneeling in adorat ion: a low pedestal with some offerings.
h97
Hypertext:dāntā 'tooth, tusk' rebus: dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (ferrite ores, copper ores) {:PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, '
baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) PLUS dula'pair' Rebus: dul'cast metal'. (See two ladles). Thus, the offering on the stool denotes: a metal ingot. Alternative: ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots.
kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'.
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Semantic determinative).
dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements.
Meaning, artha: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of bagala 'pleiades' rebus: bangala 'portable furnace'; bagala 'arabian dhow seafaring vessel'..PLUS (wealth/business categories cited above).
m1186 (DK6847) [Pleiades, scarfed, framework, ficus religiosa , scarfed person, worshipper, twigs (on head), horn, markhor, human face ligatured to markhor, stool, ladle, frame of a building] Brief memoranda:Seal depicting a deity with horned headdress and bangles on both arms, standing in a pipal (sacred fig) tree and looking down on a kneeling worshiper. A human head rests on a small stool. A giant ram and seven figures in procession complete the narrative. The figures wear a single plumed headdress, bangles on both arms and long skirts.
Several script signs are interspersed with the figures along the top of the seal and a single sign is placed at the base of the tree. This scene may represent a special ritual sacrifice to a deity with seven figures in procession. The seal has a grooved and perforated boss and the edges are worn and rounded from repeated use.
Material: fired tan steatite with traces of glaze
Dimensions: 4.06 x 3.95 cm, 0.8 cm thickness.
Mohenjo-daro DK 6847
Islamabad Museum, NMP 50.295
Mackay 1938: pl. XCIV, 430; pl. XCIX, 686a.
Dimensions: 4.06 x 3.95 cm, 0.8 cm thickness.
Mohenjo-daro DK 6847
Islamabad Museum, NMP 50.295
Mackay 1938: pl. XCIV, 430; pl. XCIX, 686a.
The 13th cent. treatise of Vāgbhaṭa ācārya called Rasa ratna samuccaya, demonstrates expertise of ancient artisans, in the disciplines of of minerals and their properties, purification of minerals, extraction of metals, cruciblesand furnaces, metals, alloys, metal salts, and their properties.
Rasa ratna samuccaya (RSS) is a detailed manual of metallurgy in 30 chapters. A remarkable diagram is presented by Anil Kumar Biswas on the architectural layout ofrasaśālā.
· In RSS 2.1, it is noted: Abhraka (mica), vaikrānta (tourmaline), mākṣika (chalcopyrite), vimala (iron pyrite), śilajātu, saśyaka (copper sulphate), capala (bismuth selenium) and rasaka (catalime) are the eight mahārasa.
I submit that the expression rasaśālā signifies lōhaśālā 'smithy, forge' workshop -- working with iron and other metallic minerals to produce wealth. This is a temple where śivalinga and Bhairava pratimā are installed together with organized warehouses for equipment used in processing minerals and metals.
The ancient text, Rasa ratna samuccaya (RSS) 6.11 to 6.58 confirms the architectural form and function of the temple and wealth-producing activitries in this temple, which is a metals workshop producing the wealth of the nation. (Indian J Hist Sci. 1989 Jul; 24(3 Suppl):267-301.) Chapter 6 of the text details location and establishment of rasaśālā, preparation of Rasaliṅga, method of worship of Rasaliṅga and the initiation ceremony for metallurgists are mentioned in detail.
Indus Script Cipher, hieroglyphs: bāhula बाहुल 'Pleiades' Rebus: Manifold. manḍa 'arbour, canopy' mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments' http://tinyurl.com/np2hc8q
Unambiguous pictorial narratives of a worshipper, Pleiades, ficus benghalensis canopy or arbour and related hieroglyph-multiplexes of Indus Script Corpora are deciphered as manifold array of metal instruments from iron smelting work.
Indus script hieroglyph-multiplexes associated with 'Pleiades' hieroglyphs and a markhor with a human face, a worshipper in front of an arbour, canopy of ficus benghalensis point to iron smelting work. The specific words in Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) lexis are the cipher which lead to this decipherment: manifold array of metal instruments and metal castings.
Hieroglyph: bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ Rebus: bāhula बाहुल a. Manifold.
baTa 'ficus benghalensis, banyan' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace, kiln, smelter' dhatu 'scar' Rebus: dhatu 'iron mineral'. koD 'horn' Rebus: koD 'workshop' kuTi 'twig' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith, iron worker'.Hieroglyph: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles: kará1 ʻ doing, causing ʼ AV., m. ʻ hand ʼ RV. [√kr̥ 1 ]Pa. Pk. kara -- m. ʻ hand ʼ; S. karu m. ʻ arm ʼ; Mth. kar m. ʻ hand ʼ (prob. ← Sk.); Si. kara ʻ hand, shoulder ʼ, inscr. karā ʻ to ʼ < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. ʻ wrist ʼ; G. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(CDIAL 2779)
Hieroglyph: dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' Thus, dhatu + karã̄ Rebus: dhatu khār ' iron ore (mineral) worker'.
Hieroglyph: scarf: *dhaṭa2 , dhaṭī -- f. ʻ old cloth, loincloth ʼ lex. [Drav., Kan. daṭṭi ʻ waistband ʼ etc., DED 2465]Ku. dhaṛo ʻ piece of cloth ʼ, N. dharo, B. dhaṛā; Or. dhaṛā ʻ rag, loincloth ʼ, dhaṛi ʻ rag ʼ; Mth. dhariā ʻ child's narrow loincloth ʼ.*dhaṭavastra -- .Addenda: *dhaṭa -- 2 . 2. †*dhaṭṭa -- : WPah.kṭg. dhàṭṭu m. ʻ woman's headgear, kerchief ʼ, kc. dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu m. ʻ scarf ʼ, J. dhāṭ(h)u m. Him.I 105).(CDIAL 6707)
Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ iron smelter: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV.,ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā ]
Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773)
khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार ; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन् , which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17).
khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru -। लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji -ग&above;जि&below; or -güjü - । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü - ), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü - । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü -। लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -म्य&above;च&dotbelow;ू&below; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu -न्यचिवु&below; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि ), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.(Kashmiri)
Hieroglyph: vaṭa1 m. ʻ the banyan Ficus indica ʼ MBh.Pa. vaṭa -- m. ʻ banyan ʼ, Pk. vaḍa -- , °aga -- m., K. war in war -- kulu m., S. baṛu m. (← E); P. vaṛ, baṛ m., vohṛ, bohṛ f. ʻ banyan ʼ, vaṛoṭā, ba° m. ʻ young banyan ʼ (+?); N. A. bar ʻ banyan ʼ, B. baṛ, Bi. bar (→ Or. bara), H. baṛ m. (→ Bhoj. Mth. baṛ), G. vaṛ m., M. vaḍ m., Ko. vaḍu.*vaṭapadra -- , *vaṭapātikā -- .Addenda: vaṭa -- 1 : Garh. baṛ ʻ fig tree ʼ.(CDIAL 11211) *vaṭapadra ʻ a place -- name ʼ. [vaṭa -- 1 , padrá -- ?] Pk. vaḍavadda -- n. ʻ name of a town in Gujarat ʼ, G. vaṛod ʻ Baroda ʼ ODBL 497. (CDIAL 11214) *vaṭapātikā ʻ falling from banyan ʼ. [vaṭa -- 1 , pāta -- ]G. vaṛvāī f. ʻ hanging root of banyan tree ʼ.(CDIAL 11215) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā 'kiln' bhaṭhī 'furnace'.
P. bhaṭhiār, °ālā m. ʻ grainparcher's shop ʼ.(CDIAL 9656-9658)
kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore. In this Santali sentence bica denotes the hematite ore. For example, samṛobica, 'stones containing gold' (Mundari) meṛed-bica 'iron stone-ore' ; bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda). mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’(Munda. Ho.)
Meluhha rebus representations are: bica ‘scorpion’ bica ‘stone ore’.
Santali glossesHieroglyph: 'human face': mũhe ‘face’ (Santali)
Rebus: mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali)
kole.l 'temple' Rebu: kole.l 'smithy' (Kota) baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace, kiln'.dhatu + bhaTa 'scarf + worshipper, bard' Rebus: dhatu bhaTa 'iron ore smelter'
Offering hieroglyph-multiplex: worshipper, scarfed + human face+ markhor: cast iron ingots
Hieroglyph: miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)
Hieroglyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) Rebus: mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali)
Offering and adorant glyphs of Indus script
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கோடு kōṭu : •நடுநிலை நீங்குகை. கோடிறீக் கூற் றம் (நாலடி, 5). 3. [K. kōḍu.] Tusk; யானை பன்றிகளின் தந்தம். மத்த யானையின் கோடும் (தேவா. 39, 1). 4. Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21). Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn, tusk, branch of tree, cluster, bunch, coil of hair, line, diagram, bank of stream or pool; kuvaṭu branch of a tree; kōṭṭāṉ, kōṭṭuvāṉ rock horned-owl (cf. 1657 Ta. kuṭiñai). Ko. kṛ (obl. kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. To. kwṛ (obl. kwṭ-) horn, branch, path across stream in thicket. Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr̤ horn. Tu. kōḍů, kōḍu horn. Te. kōḍu rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (DEDR 2200) Rebus: koḍ'workshop'; koḍ = the place where artisans work (G.) ![]()
Hieroglphs on text of inscription read rebus:
Smithy (temple), Copper (mineral) guild workshop, metal furnace (account)
Sign 216 (Mahadevan). ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) Vikalpa: erā ‘claws’; Rebus: era ‘copper’. Allograph: kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Skt.)Sign 342. kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali): karṇaka rim of jar’(Skt.) Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Te.); gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) copper fire-altar scribe (account)(Skt.) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) Thus, the 'rim of jar' ligatured glyph is read rebus: fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account)Sign 229. sannī, sannhī = pincers, smith’s vice (P.) śannī f. ʻ small room in a house to keep sheep in ‘ (WPah.) Bshk. šan, Phal.šān ‘roof’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12326). seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. śreṇi in meaning "guild"; Vedic= row] 1. a guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). -- 2. a division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. senā and seniya). (Pali)'body' glyph. mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)aya 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: aya 'iron' (G.); ayas 'metal' (Skt.)sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.); Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali) *ஆலை³ ālai, n. < šālā.![]()
Varint of 'room' glyph with embedded rimless pot glyph (Sign 243 - Mahadevan corpus).'Room' glyph. Rebus: kole.l = smithy, temple in Kota village (Ko.) kolme smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.)(DEDR 2133) The ligature glyphic element within 'room' glyph (Variant Sign 243): baṭi 'broad-mouthed, rimless metal vessel'; rebus: baṭi 'smelting furnace'. Thus, the composite ligatured Sign 243 denotes: furnace smithy.![]()
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There are two seals of Indus script (m1186 and m0488) depicting a kneeling person with some offerings on a stool/tray. In a vivid orthographic analysis, John C. Huntington identifies the nature of the offering on m1186: it is a bowl with ladles. The offering kept on a stool on m0488 is likely to be a similar glyph, though analysis of a higher resolution image is not possible because the tablet with this glyph is worn-out.
m1186 seal. kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).
Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)
bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali) miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ (Torwali) mẽḍhɔ 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)heraka 'spy' (Samskritam) Rebus:eraka 'molten metal, copper'maṇḍa'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maṇḍā'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)\karibha, jata kola Rebus: karba, ib, jasta, 'iron, zinc, metal (alloy of five metals)maNDi 'kneeling position' Rebus: mADa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)
dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali)
The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)
Rebus reading of the 'face' glyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali)mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.) kaula mengro ‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) The Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha should literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss, mũh, as a suffix.
A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade caravans. This is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme: auṣṭrika 'belonging to a camel'. The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata: औष्ट्रिक a. Coming from a camel (as milk); Mb.8. 44.28; -कः An oil-miller; मानुषाणां मलं म्लेच्छा म्लेच्छाना- मौष्ट्रिका मलम् । औष्ट्रिकाणां मलं षण्ढाः षण्ढानां राजयाजकाः ॥ Mb.8.45.25. From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid disciplined life, Baudhāyana thus defines the word म्लेच्छः mlēcchḥ : -- गोमांसखादको यस्तु विरुद्धं बहु भाषते । सर्वाचारविहीनश्च म्लेच्छ इत्यभिधीयते ॥ 'A person who eatrs meat, deviates from traditional practices.'
The 'face' glyph is thus read rebus: mleccha mũh 'copper ingot'.
It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-vikalpa, lit. 'an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words.'
The long curving horns may also connote a ram on h177B tablet:![clip_image061]()
h177B![clip_image062[4]]()
4316 Pict-115: From R.—a person standing under an ornamental arch; a kneeling adorant; a ram with long curving horns.
The ram read rebus: me~d. ‘iron’; glyph: me_n.d.ha ram; min.d.a_l markhor (Tor.); meh ram (H.); mei wild goat (WPah.) me~r.hwa_ a bullock with curved horns like a ram’s (Bi.) me~r.a_, me~d.a_ ram with curling horns (H.) miṇḍ 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhet iron (metal), meD 'iron' (Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)Arbour, canopy: మండ [ maṇḍa ] manḍa. [Tel.] n. A twig with leaves on it. చెట్టుకొమ్మ . A small branch, ఉపశాఖ .MAṆḌ ʻ adorn ʼ. [Scarcely < *mr̥ndati ʻ rubs ʼ; nor is P. Thieme's derivation (ZDMG 93, 133) as MIA. < *mr̥ṁṣṭē (√mr̥j ) phonet. convincing. Prob. with J. Bloch BSOS v 741 ← Drav. (Tam.maṇṇu ʻ to decorate ʼ 9736 maṇḍa2 m. ʻ ornament ʼ lex. [√maṇḍ ]Pk. maṁḍaya -- ʻ adorning ʼ; Ash. mōṇḍa, mōnda, mūnda NTS ii 266, mōṇə NTS vii 99 ʻ clothes ʼ; G. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ arrangement, disposition, vessels or pots for decoration ʼ, māṇ f. ʻ beautiful array of household vessels ʼ; Si. maḍa -- ya ʻ adornment, ornament ʼ.(CDIAL 9736) maṇḍa6 ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402).(CDIAL 9737) N. maṛher, maṛer ʻ one who carries ornaments &c. in the marriage procession ʼ.(CDIAL 9738) maṇḍana n. ʻ adorning ʼ MBh., maṇḍaná -- adj. Pāṇ. [√maṇḍ ] Pa. maṇḍana -- n., Pk. maṁḍaṇa -- n. and adj.; OMarw. māṁḍaṇa m. ʻ ornament ʼ; G. mã̄ḍaṇ n. ʻ decorating foreheads and cheeks of women on festive occasions ʼ.(CDIAL 9739) maṇḍapa m.n. ʻ open temporary shed, pavilion ʼ Hariv., °pikā -- f. ʻ small pavilion, customs house ʼ Kād. 2. maṇṭapa -- m.n. lex. 3. *maṇḍhaka -- . [Variation of ṇḍ with ṇṭsupports supposition of non -- Aryan origin in Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 212: see EWA ii 557. -- Prob. of same origin as maṭha -- 1 and maṇḍa -- 6 with which NIA. words largely collide in meaning and form] 1. Pa. maṇḍapa -- m. ʻ temporary shed for festive occasions ʼ; Pk. maṁḍava -- m. ʻ temporary erection, booth covered with creepers ʼ, °viā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Phal. maṇḍau m. ʻ wooden gallery outside a house ʼ; K. manḍav m. ʻ a kind of house found in forest villages ʼ; S. manahũ m. ʻ shed, thatched roof ʼ; Ku. mãṛyā, manyā ʻ resthouse ʼ; N. kāṭhmã̄ṛau ʻ the city of Kathmandu ʼ (kāṭh -- < kāṣṭhá -- ); Or. maṇḍuā̆ ʻ raised and shaded pavilion ʼ, paṭā -- maṇḍoi ʻ pavilion laid over with planks below roof ʼ, muṇḍoi, °ḍei ʻ raised unroofed platform ʼ; Bi. mã̄ṛo ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, mãṛuā, maṛ°, malwā ʻ lean -- to thatch against a wall ʼ, maṛaī ʻ watcher's shed on ground without platform ʼ; Mth. māṛab ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, maṛwā ʻ open erection in courtyard for festive occasions ʼ; OAw. māṁḍava m. ʻ wedding canopy ʼ; H. mãṛwā m., °wī f., maṇḍwā m., °wī f. ʻ arbour, temporary erection, pavilion ʼ, OMarw. maṁḍavo, māḍhivo m.; G.mã̄ḍav m. ʻ thatched open shed ʼ, mã̄ḍvɔ m. ʻ booth ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ slightly raised platform before door of a house, customs house ʼ, mã̄ḍaviyɔ m. ʻ member of bride's party ʼ; M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ; Si. maḍu -- va ʻ hut ʼ, maḍa ʻ open hall ʼ SigGr ii 452.2. Ko. māṁṭav ʻ open pavilion ʼ.3. H. mã̄ḍhā, māṛhā, mãḍhā m. ʻ temporary shed, arbour ʼ (cf. OMarw. māḍhivo in 1); -- Ku. mã̄ṛā m.pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (or < maṇḍa -- 6 ?]*chāyāmaṇḍapa -- .Addenda: maṇḍapa -- : S.kcch. māṇḍhvo m. ʻ booth, canopy ʼ.(CDIAL 9740) maṇḍáyati ʻ adorns, decorates ʼ Hariv., máṇḍatē, °ti Dhātup. [√maṇḍ ]Pa. maṇḍēti ʻ adorns ʼ, Pk. maṁḍēi, °ḍaï; Ash. mū˘ṇḍ -- , moṇ -- intr. ʻ to put on clothes, dress ʼ, muṇḍaāˊ -- tr. ʻ to dress ʼ; K. manḍun ʻto adornʼ, H. maṇḍnā;
(CDIAL 9741) G. mãḍāṇ n. ʻ wooden frame on a well for irrigation bucket ʼ?(CDIAL 9745) Ta. maṇṇu (maṇṇi-) to do, make, perform, adorn, beautify, decorate, polish, perfect, finish; maṇṇ-uṟu to polish as a gem; maṉai (-v-, -nt-) to make, create, form, fashion, shape. Ma.manayuka, maniyuka to fashion, form earthenware, make as a potter. (DEDR 4685) మండనము [ maṇḍanamu ] manḍanamu. [Skt.] n. Adorning, dressing, decorating, decoration. An ornament, jewel, భూషణము, అలంకరణము . మండనుడు manḍanuḍu. n. One who is dressed or ornamented. "ఏకాంతభక్తి మహితమండనుడు " he who is adorned with faith. BD. v. 1.
మండపము [ maṇḍapamu ] manḍapamu. [Skt.] n. A porch, a portico, స్తంభములమీద కట్టిన కట్టడము . A bower, pavilion, చావడి, సభాభేదము, నాలుగు కాళ్లమండపము a four pillared portico. ముఖమండపము a porch of a temple. మండపి or గర్భమండపి manḍapi. n. A shrine, a sanctuary. గర్భగృహము . A small portico. చిన్నమండపము . "గర్భమండపి గడిగిన కలశజలము ." A. vi. 7.
మందాడు [ mandāḍu ] manḍ-āḍu. [Tel.] v. a. To beg, beseech, pray. బతిమాలుకొను, గోాడు, దైవ్యముతో యాచించు . "ద్వి ఆవేళభయకంపితాత్ముడైనాడు. చండికి నీశ్వరేశ్వరునకునెరగి. మండాడబోయిన మరియొండుతగిలె . "పండి " ప్ర . i. మండాటము manḍ-āṭamu. n. The act of begging with great humulity. దైన్యముతో యాచించుట .
మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] n. Kneeling down with one leg, an attitude in archery, ఒక కాలితో నేలమీద మోకరించుట, ఆలీఢపాదము .
మండము [ maṇḍamu ] or మండాము manḍamu. [Skt.]An ornament, భూషణము .
मंडन (p. 626) [ maṇḍana ] n (S) corruptly मंडण n Ornament or decoration: also the adorning material; jewels, trinkets &c. 2 Adorning, dressing out, bedecking. 3 In disputation; as opp. to खंडन . Establishing, proving, maintaining (of a position). 4 A festive occasion in general. 5 (For मेघमंडन ) Overspreading (of clouds); canopy. v घाल . मंडप (p. 626) [ maṇḍapa ] m (S) An open shed or hall adorned with flowers and erected on festive occasions, as at marriages &c.: also an arched way of light sticks for the vine &c. to climb and overspread. 2 An open building consecrated to a god. 3 fig. A canopy of clouds. Ex. पावसानें मं0 घातला . मंडपी (p. 626) [ maṇḍapī ] f (Dim. of मंडप ) A canopy of light framework (to suspend over an idol &c.) Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ(CDIAL 9737)
Konḍa maṇḍi earthen pan, a covering dish. Pe. manḍi cooking pot. Kui manḍi brass bowl. Kuwi (S.) mandi basin; (Isr.) maṇḍi plate, bowl. Cf. 4682 Ta. maṇṭai.(DEDR 4678) Ta. maṇṭai mendicant's begging bowl, earthen vessel, head, skull, cranium, brain-pan, top portion as of palms, a standard of measure. Ma. maṇṭa skull; similar objects. Ko. maṇḍ head.To. maḍ id.
Ka. maṇḍe id.; (Hav.) maṇḍage a big jar. Koḍ. maṇḍe head. Tu. maṇḍè large earthen vessel, skull, head. Kor. (M.) maṇḍa, (O. T.) manḍe head. Cf. 4678 Konḍa maṇḍi. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) maṇḍa- head. (DEDR 4682)
Ta. maṇṭu (maṇṭi-) to blaze up, glow; maṭu (-pp-, -tt-) to kindle. Te. maṇḍu to burn, blaze, flame, cause or produce a burning pain, be angry, be in a fury or violent rage, be envious;maṇṭa flame, blaze, burning pain, anger, wrath, fury, envy; maṇḍincu to burn (tr.), inflame, provoke, irritate; maḍḍu great heat, redhot iron, brand; very hot; (K.) mrandu to be consumed by fire, burn. Kol. (Pat., p. 167) manḍeng to burn, scorch (intr.). Nk. manḍ- to burn (intr.). Go. (M.) maṛgānā to blaze; (Ma.) maṛg- to burn (intr.) (Voc. 2745); (Tr.) maṛūstānā to cook in oil (Voc. 2743); (ASu.) maṛū- (curry) to be charred. Kui mṛahpa (mṛaht-) to consume by fire, burn; n. destruction by fire.(DEDR 4680)
M. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. (CDIAL 9736)
மண்டவம் maṇṭavam, n. < Pkt. maṇḍava < maṇḍapa. Custom-house; சுங்கச்சாவடி. (W.)
manḍī मंडी f. an exchange, a place where merchants meet to transact business (Gr.M.).(Kashmiri) మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] [H.] n. A wholesale shop, భారీ సరుకులు అమ్మేచోటు . మండీలు manḍīlu. n. A sort of sweet cakes. మండిగండ్రలు manḍi-ganḍralu. n. A sort of grain. "మండిగండ్రలు, నాగమల్లెలు, తీగమల్లెలు ." H. iv. 155.
mã̄ḍ माँड् । मिश्रीकरणम् f. mixing (Gr.Gr. 126), esp. mixing up or kneading (by rubbing with the palms of the hands) of flour or other food with water, buttermilk, etc. (Gr.Gr. 1); cf. mã̄ḍay and namda-mö̃ḍ. -- diñü-- (Kashmiri)
OMarw. māṁḍaï ʻ writes ʼ; OG.māṁḍīiṁ 3 pl. pres. pass. ʻ are written ʼ, G. mã̄ḍvũ ʻ to arrange, dispose, begin ʼ, M. mã̄ḍṇẽ, Ko. mã̄ṇḍtā. (CDIAL 9741)
கோடு kōṭu : •நடுநிலை நீங்குகை. கோடிறீக் கூற் றம் (நாலடி, 5). 3. [K. kōḍu.] Tusk; யானை பன்றிகளின் தந்தம். மத்த யானையின் கோடும் (தேவா. 39, 1). 4. Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21).
Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn, tusk, branch of tree, cluster, bunch, coil of hair, line, diagram, bank of stream or pool; kuvaṭu branch of a tree; kōṭṭāṉ, kōṭṭuvāṉ rock horned-owl (cf. 1657 Ta. kuṭiñai). Ko. kṛ (obl. kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. To. kwṛ (obl. kwṭ-) horn, branch, path across stream in thicket. Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr̤ horn. Tu. kōḍů, kōḍu horn. Te. kōḍu rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (DEDR 2200) Rebus: koḍ'workshop'; koḍ = the place where artisans work (G.)
Hieroglphs on text of inscription read rebus:Smithy (temple), Copper (mineral) guild workshop, metal furnace (account)
Sign 216 (Mahadevan). ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) Vikalpa: erā ‘claws’; Rebus: era ‘copper’. Allograph: kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Skt.)
Sign 342. kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali): karṇaka rim of jar’(Skt.) Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Te.); gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) copper fire-altar scribe (account)(Skt.) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) Thus, the 'rim of jar' ligatured glyph is read rebus: fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account)
Sign 229. sannī, sannhī = pincers, smith’s vice (P.) śannī f. ʻ small room in a house to keep sheep in ‘ (WPah.) Bshk. šan, Phal.šān ‘roof’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12326). seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. śreṇi in meaning "guild"; Vedic= row] 1. a guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). -- 2. a division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. senā and seniya). (Pali)
'body' glyph. mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)
aya 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: aya 'iron' (G.); ayas 'metal' (Skt.)
sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.); Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali) *ஆலை³ ālai, n. < šālā.
Varint of 'room' glyph with embedded rimless pot glyph (Sign 243 - Mahadevan corpus).
'Room' glyph. Rebus: kole.l = smithy, temple in Kota village (Ko.) kolme smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.)(DEDR 2133) The ligature glyphic element within 'room' glyph (Variant Sign 243): baṭi 'broad-mouthed, rimless metal vessel'; rebus: baṭi 'smelting furnace'. Thus, the composite ligatured Sign 243 denotes: furnace smithy.
There are two seals of Indus script (m1186 and m0488) depicting a kneeling person with some offerings on a stool/tray. In a vivid orthographic analysis, John C. Huntington identifies the nature of the offering on m1186: it is a bowl with ladles. The offering kept on a stool on m0488 is likely to be a similar glyph, though analysis of a higher resolution image is not possible because the tablet with this glyph is worn-out.
m1186 seal. kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).
Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)
bhaTa 'worshipper' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' baTa 'iron' (Gujarati)
saman 'make an offering (Santali) samanon 'gold' (Santali)
miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ (Torwali) mẽḍhɔ 'ram' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10310) Rebus: me~Rhet, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)
heraka 'spy' (Samskritam) Rebus:eraka 'molten metal, copper'
maṇḍa'branch, twig' (Telugu) Rebus: maṇḍā'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani)\karibha, jata kola Rebus: karba, ib, jasta, 'iron, zinc, metal (alloy of five metals)
maNDi 'kneeling position' Rebus: mADa 'shrine; mandil 'temple' (Santali)
dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' (Santali)
The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)
Rebus reading of the 'face' glyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali)mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.) kaula mengro ‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) The Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha should literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss, mũh, as a suffix.
A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade caravans. This is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme: auṣṭrika 'belonging to a camel'. The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata: औष्ट्रिक a. Coming from a camel (as milk); Mb.8. 44.28; -कः An oil-miller; मानुषाणां मलं म्लेच्छा म्लेच्छाना- मौष्ट्रिका मलम् । औष्ट्रिकाणां मलं षण्ढाः षण्ढानां राजयाजकाः ॥ Mb.8.45.25. From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid disciplined life, Baudhāyana thus defines the word म्लेच्छः mlēcchḥ : -- गोमांसखादको यस्तु विरुद्धं बहु भाषते । सर्वाचारविहीनश्च म्लेच्छ इत्यभिधीयते ॥ 'A person who eatrs meat, deviates from traditional practices.'
The 'face' glyph is thus read rebus: mleccha mũh 'copper ingot'.
It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-vikalpa, lit. 'an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words.'
The long curving horns may also connote a ram on h177B tablet:
h177B![clip_image062[4]](http://kalyan97.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/clip-image0624-thumb.jpg?w=99&h=45)
4316 Pict-115: From R.—a person standing under an ornamental arch; a kneeling adorant; a ram with long curving horns.The ram read rebus: me~d. ‘iron’; glyph: me_n.d.ha ram; min.d.a_l markhor (Tor.); meh ram (H.); mei wild goat (WPah.) me~r.hwa_ a bullock with curved horns like a ram’s (Bi.) me~r.a_, me~d.a_ ram with curling horns (H.) miṇḍ 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhet iron (metal), meD 'iron' (Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)
Arbour, canopy: మండ [ maṇḍa ] manḍa. [Tel.] n. A twig with leaves on it. చెట్టుకొమ్మ . A small branch, ఉపశాఖ .MAṆḌ ʻ adorn ʼ. [Scarcely < *mr̥ndati ʻ rubs ʼ; nor is P. Thieme's derivation (ZDMG 93, 133) as MIA. < *mr̥ṁṣṭē (√mr̥j ) phonet. convincing. Prob. with J. Bloch BSOS v 741 ← Drav. (Tam.maṇṇu ʻ to decorate ʼ 9736 maṇḍa2 m. ʻ ornament ʼ lex. [√maṇḍ ]Pk. maṁḍaya -- ʻ adorning ʼ; Ash. mōṇḍa, mōnda, mūnda NTS ii 266, mōṇə NTS vii 99 ʻ clothes ʼ; G. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ arrangement, disposition, vessels or pots for decoration ʼ, māṇ f. ʻ beautiful array of household vessels ʼ; Si. maḍa -- ya ʻ adornment, ornament ʼ.(CDIAL 9736) maṇḍa6 ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402).(CDIAL 9737) N. maṛher, maṛer ʻ one who carries ornaments &c. in the marriage procession ʼ.(CDIAL 9738) maṇḍana n. ʻ adorning ʼ MBh., maṇḍaná -- adj. Pāṇ. [√maṇḍ ] Pa. maṇḍana -- n., Pk. maṁḍaṇa -- n. and adj.; OMarw. māṁḍaṇa m. ʻ ornament ʼ; G. mã̄ḍaṇ n. ʻ decorating foreheads and cheeks of women on festive occasions ʼ.(CDIAL 9739) maṇḍapa m.n. ʻ open temporary shed, pavilion ʼ Hariv., °pikā -- f. ʻ small pavilion, customs house ʼ Kād. 2. maṇṭapa -- m.n. lex. 3. *maṇḍhaka -- . [Variation of ṇḍ with ṇṭsupports supposition of non -- Aryan origin in Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 212: see EWA ii 557. -- Prob. of same origin as maṭha -- 1 and maṇḍa -- 6 with which NIA. words largely collide in meaning and form] 1. Pa. maṇḍapa -- m. ʻ temporary shed for festive occasions ʼ; Pk. maṁḍava -- m. ʻ temporary erection, booth covered with creepers ʼ, °viā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Phal. maṇḍau m. ʻ wooden gallery outside a house ʼ; K. manḍav m. ʻ a kind of house found in forest villages ʼ; S. manahũ m. ʻ shed, thatched roof ʼ; Ku. mãṛyā, manyā ʻ resthouse ʼ; N. kāṭhmã̄ṛau ʻ the city of Kathmandu ʼ (kāṭh -- < kāṣṭhá -- ); Or. maṇḍuā̆ ʻ raised and shaded pavilion ʼ, paṭā -- maṇḍoi ʻ pavilion laid over with planks below roof ʼ, muṇḍoi, °ḍei ʻ raised unroofed platform ʼ; Bi. mã̄ṛo ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, mãṛuā, maṛ°, malwā ʻ lean -- to thatch against a wall ʼ, maṛaī ʻ watcher's shed on ground without platform ʼ; Mth. māṛab ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, maṛwā ʻ open erection in courtyard for festive occasions ʼ; OAw. māṁḍava m. ʻ wedding canopy ʼ; H. mãṛwā m., °wī f., maṇḍwā m., °wī f. ʻ arbour, temporary erection, pavilion ʼ, OMarw. maṁḍavo, māḍhivo m.; G.mã̄ḍav m. ʻ thatched open shed ʼ, mã̄ḍvɔ m. ʻ booth ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ slightly raised platform before door of a house, customs house ʼ, mã̄ḍaviyɔ m. ʻ member of bride's party ʼ; M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ; Si. maḍu -- va ʻ hut ʼ, maḍa ʻ open hall ʼ SigGr ii 452.2. Ko. māṁṭav ʻ open pavilion ʼ.3. H. mã̄ḍhā, māṛhā, mãḍhā m. ʻ temporary shed, arbour ʼ (cf. OMarw. māḍhivo in 1); -- Ku. mã̄ṛā m.pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (or < maṇḍa -- 6 ?]*chāyāmaṇḍapa -- .Addenda: maṇḍapa -- : S.kcch. māṇḍhvo m. ʻ booth, canopy ʼ.(CDIAL 9740) maṇḍáyati ʻ adorns, decorates ʼ Hariv., máṇḍatē, °ti Dhātup. [√maṇḍ ]Pa. maṇḍēti ʻ adorns ʼ, Pk. maṁḍēi, °ḍaï; Ash. mū˘ṇḍ -- , moṇ -- intr. ʻ to put on clothes, dress ʼ, muṇḍaāˊ -- tr. ʻ to dress ʼ; K. manḍun ʻto adornʼ, H. maṇḍnā;
(CDIAL 9741) G. mãḍāṇ n. ʻ wooden frame on a well for irrigation bucket ʼ?(CDIAL 9745) Ta. maṇṇu (maṇṇi-) to do, make, perform, adorn, beautify, decorate, polish, perfect, finish; maṇṇ-uṟu to polish as a gem; maṉai (-v-, -nt-) to make, create, form, fashion, shape. Ma.manayuka, maniyuka to fashion, form earthenware, make as a potter. (DEDR 4685) మండనము [ maṇḍanamu ] manḍanamu. [Skt.] n. Adorning, dressing, decorating, decoration. An ornament, jewel,భూషణము, అలంకరణము . మండనుడు manḍanuḍu. n. One who is dressed or ornamented. "ఏకాంతభక్తి మహితమండనుడు " he who is adorned with faith. BD. v. 1.
మండపము [ maṇḍapamu ] manḍapamu. [Skt.] n. A porch, a portico,స్తంభములమీద కట్టిన కట్టడము . A bower, pavilion, చావడి, సభాభేదము, నాలుగు కాళ్లమండపము a four pillared portico. ముఖమండపము a porch of a temple. మండపి or గర్భమండపి manḍapi. n. A shrine, a sanctuary. గర్భగృహము . A small portico. చిన్నమండపము . "గర్భమండపి గడిగిన కలశజలము ." A. vi. 7.
మందాడు [ mandāḍu ] manḍ-āḍu. [Tel.] v. a. To beg, beseech, pray.బతిమాలుకొను, గోాడు, దైవ్యముతో యాచించు . "ద్వి ఆవేళభయకంపితాత్ముడైనాడు. చండికి నీశ్వరేశ్వరునకునెరగి. మండాడబోయిన మరియొండుతగిలె . "పండి " ప్ర . i. మండాటము manḍ-āṭamu. n. The act of begging with great humulity. దైన్యముతో యాచించుట .
మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] n. Kneeling down with one leg, an attitude in archery,ఒక కాలితో నేలమీద మోకరించుట, ఆలీఢపాదము .
మండము [ maṇḍamu ] orమండాము manḍamu. [Skt.]An ornament, భూషణము .
मंडन (p. 626) [ maṇḍana ] n (S) corruptlyमंडण n Ornament or decoration: also the adorning material; jewels, trinkets &c. 2 Adorning, dressing out, bedecking. 3 In disputation; as opp. to खंडन . Establishing, proving, maintaining (of a position). 4 A festive occasion in general. 5 (For मेघमंडन ) Overspreading (of clouds); canopy. v घाल . मंडप (p. 626) [ maṇḍapa ] m (S) An open shed or hall adorned with flowers and erected on festive occasions, as at marriages &c.: also an arched way of light sticks for the vine &c. to climb and overspread. 2 An open building consecrated to a god. 3 fig. A canopy of clouds. Ex. पावसानें मं0 घातला . मंडपी (p. 626) [ maṇḍapī ] f (Dim. of मंडप ) A canopy of light framework (to suspend over an idol &c.) Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ(CDIAL 9737)
(CDIAL 9741) G. mãḍāṇ n. ʻ wooden frame on a well for irrigation bucket ʼ?(CDIAL 9745) Ta. maṇṇu (maṇṇi-) to do, make, perform, adorn, beautify, decorate, polish, perfect, finish; maṇṇ-uṟu to polish as a gem; maṉai (-v-, -nt-) to make, create, form, fashion, shape. Ma.manayuka, maniyuka to fashion, form earthenware, make as a potter. (DEDR 4685) మండనము [ maṇḍanamu ] manḍanamu. [Skt.] n. Adorning, dressing, decorating, decoration. An ornament, jewel,
మండపము [ maṇḍapamu ] manḍapamu. [Skt.] n. A porch, a portico,
మందాడు [ mandāḍu ] manḍ-āḍu. [Tel.] v. a. To beg, beseech, pray.
మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] n. Kneeling down with one leg, an attitude in archery,
మండము [ maṇḍamu ] or
मंडन (p. 626) [ maṇḍana ] n (S) corruptly
Konḍa maṇḍi earthen pan, a covering dish. Pe. manḍi cooking pot. Kui manḍi brass bowl. Kuwi (S.) mandi basin; (Isr.) maṇḍi plate, bowl. Cf. 4682 Ta. maṇṭai.(DEDR 4678) Ta. maṇṭai mendicant's begging bowl, earthen vessel, head, skull, cranium, brain-pan, top portion as of palms, a standard of measure. Ma. maṇṭa skull; similar objects. Ko. maṇḍ head.To. maḍ id.
Ka. maṇḍe id.; (Hav.) maṇḍage a big jar. Koḍ. maṇḍe head. Tu. maṇḍè large earthen vessel, skull, head. Kor. (M.) maṇḍa, (O. T.) manḍe head. Cf. 4678 Konḍa maṇḍi. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) maṇḍa- head. (DEDR 4682)
Ta. maṇṭu (maṇṭi-) to blaze up, glow; maṭu (-pp-, -tt-) to kindle. Te. maṇḍu to burn, blaze, flame, cause or produce a burning pain, be angry, be in a fury or violent rage, be envious;maṇṭa flame, blaze, burning pain, anger, wrath, fury, envy; maṇḍincu to burn (tr.), inflame, provoke, irritate; maḍḍu great heat, redhot iron, brand; very hot; (K.) mrandu to be consumed by fire, burn. Kol. (Pat., p. 167) manḍeng to burn, scorch (intr.). Nk. manḍ- to burn (intr.). Go. (M.) maṛgānā to blaze; (Ma.) maṛg- to burn (intr.) (Voc. 2745); (Tr.) maṛūstānā to cook in oil (Voc. 2743); (ASu.) maṛū- (curry) to be charred. Kui mṛahpa (mṛaht-) to consume by fire, burn; n. destruction by fire.(DEDR 4680)
Ka. maṇḍe id.; (Hav.) maṇḍage a big jar. Koḍ. maṇḍe head. Tu. maṇḍè large earthen vessel, skull, head. Kor. (M.) maṇḍa, (O. T.) manḍe head. Cf. 4678 Konḍa maṇḍi. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) maṇḍa- head. (DEDR 4682)
Ta. maṇṭu (maṇṭi-) to blaze up, glow; maṭu (-pp-, -tt-) to kindle. Te. maṇḍu to burn, blaze, flame, cause or produce a burning pain, be angry, be in a fury or violent rage, be envious;maṇṭa flame, blaze, burning pain, anger, wrath, fury, envy; maṇḍincu to burn (tr.), inflame, provoke, irritate; maḍḍu great heat, redhot iron, brand; very hot; (K.) mrandu to be consumed by fire, burn. Kol. (Pat., p. 167) manḍeng to burn, scorch (intr.). Nk. manḍ- to burn (intr.). Go. (M.) maṛgānā to blaze; (Ma.) maṛg- to burn (intr.) (Voc. 2745); (Tr.) maṛūstānā to cook in oil (Voc. 2743); (ASu.) maṛū- (curry) to be charred. Kui mṛahpa (mṛaht-) to consume by fire, burn; n. destruction by fire.(DEDR 4680)
M. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. (CDIAL 9736)
மண்டவம் maṇṭavam, n. < Pkt. maṇḍava < maṇḍapa. Custom-house; சுங்கச்சாவடி. (W.)
manḍī मंडी f. an exchange, a place where merchants meet to transact business (Gr.M.).(Kashmiri) మండి [ maṇḍi ] or మండీ manḍi. [Tel.] [H.] n. A wholesale shop, భారీ సరుకులు అమ్మేచోటు . మండీలు manḍīlu. n. A sort of sweet cakes. మండిగండ్రలు manḍi-ganḍralu. n. A sort of grain. "మండిగండ్రలు, నాగమల్లెలు, తీగమల్లెలు ." H. iv. 155.
mã̄ḍ माँड् । मिश्रीकरणम् f. mixing (Gr.Gr. 126), esp. mixing up or kneading (by rubbing with the palms of the hands) of flour or other food with water, buttermilk, etc. (Gr.Gr. 1); cf. mã̄ḍay and namda-mö̃ḍ. -- diñü-- (Kashmiri)
OMarw. māṁḍaï ʻ writes ʼ; OG.māṁḍīiṁ 3 pl. pres. pass. ʻ are written ʼ, G. mã̄ḍvũ ʻ to arrange, dispose, begin ʼ, M. mã̄ḍṇẽ, Ko. mã̄ṇḍtā. (CDIAL 9741)
Signs 45, 46 Mahadevan Concordance. In Sign 46, Sign 45 is ligatured with a pot held by the adoring hands of the kneeling adorant wearing a scarf-type pigtail. I suggest that the rimless pot held on Sign 46 is a phonetic determinant: baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. So, is the kneeling adorant, a worshippper of a person seated in penance, a bhaTa 'worshipper in a temple' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. For him the kole.l 'temple' is kole.l 'smithy, forge' (Kota language). If the ‘kneeling’ posture is the key hieroglyphic representation, the gloss is eragu ‘bow’ Rebus: erako ‘moltencast copper’. Thus moltencast copper furnace. + dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (Western Pahari) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu ‘minerals’ (Santali). er-agu = a bow, an obeisance; er-aguha = bowing, coming down (Ka.lex.) er-agisu = to bow, to be bent; tomake obeisance to; to crouch; to come down; to alight (Ka.lex.) cf. arghas = respectful reception of a guest (by the offering of rice, du_rva grass, flowers or often only of water)(S’Br.14)(Skt.lex.) erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.) eruvai ‘copper’ (Ta.); ere dark red (Ka.)(DEDR 446). er-r-a = red; (arka-) agasāle, agasāli, agasālavāḍu = a goldsmith (Te.lex.)
Thus, the horned, scarfed, kneeling person is read rebus: eraka dhatu 'copper mineral'.
Decoding 'scarf' glyph: dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707)Rebus: dhatu ‘minerals’ (Santali)
Thus Sign 46 read rebus: moltencast copper minerals furnace.
FS 72 Fig. 108 Chanhudaro seal. Person kneeling under a tree facing a tiger. [Chanhudaro Excavations, Pl. LI, 18] 6118
FS 72 Fig. 108 kol pasar 'tiger open mouth' rebus: kol pasar iron smelter trader's shop' PLUS battuḍu 'worshipper' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild' PLUS kuṭi 'tree''water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar '
Decipherment of Chanhudaro seal
maṇḍi ' పాంచాలము pāñcālamu pānchālamu. [Skt.] पंचाळ pañcāḷa m (पांचाल S q. v.) A common term for five castes--सोनार, सुतार, लोहार, कांसार, पाथरवट. These all wear the जानवें. (Marathi) பஞ்சகம்மாளர் pañca-kammāḷar , n. < pañcantaṭṭāṉ, kaṉṉāṉ, ciṟpaṉ, taccaṉ, kollaṉ; தட்டான், கன்னான், சிற்பன், தச்சன் கொல்லன் என்ற ஐவகைப் பட்ட கம்மாளர். (சங். அக.) அஞ்சுபஞ்சலத்தார் añcu-pañcalattār, n. < அஞ்சு + பஞ்சாளத்தார். Pañca-kammāḷar, the five artisan classes; பஞ்சகம்மாளர். (I. M. P. C g. 371.) Rebus:phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild'.
Rebus: artificer: బత్తుడు battuḍu The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230. Five categories of artificers: పాంచాలము pāñcālamu pānchālamu. [Skt.] n. The Punjab. The country north of Delhi, between the foot of the Himalayas and the Chambal. పంజాబుదేశము. పాంచాలి pānchāli. n. The daughter of the king of Pānchāla; a title of Draupadi, the wife of the five Pāndu princes. ద్రౌపది. పాంచాలిక pānchālika. n. A doll or puppet, an image carved on pillars, &c. బొమ్మ, నరమృగాదిరూపము. పాంచాలుడు pānchāluḍu. n. A member of any one of the five castes of artificers, viz., the carpenters, weavers, barbers, washermen, painters. వడ్లవాడు, సాలెవాడు, మంగలవాడు, చాకలవాడు, ముచ్చివాడు, ఈ అయిదు జాతులందు దేనిలోనైనను చేరినవాడు. వడ్రంగి, వడ్లంగి, వడ్లవాడు vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu or వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. వడ్రంగము, వడ్లపని, వడ్రము or వడ్లంగితనము vaḍrangamu. n. The trade of a carpenter. వడ్లవానివృత్తి. వడ్రంగిపని. వడ్రంగిపిట్ట or వడ్లంగిపిట్ట vaḍrangi-piṭṭa. n. A woodpecker. దార్వాఘాటము. వడ్లకంకణము vaḍla-kankaṇamu. n. A curlew. ఉల్లంకులలో భేదము. వడ్లత or వడ్లది vaḍlata. n. A woman of the carpenter caste. A is a శిల్పి சிற்பன் ciṟpaṉ , n. < šilpa. Brahmā, as one skilled in the art of creation; [சிருட்டித் தொழி லில் வல்லவன்] பிரமன். சிற்பனையெலாஞ் சிருட்டித்த (திருமந். 628). சிற்பாசாரி ciṟpācāri , n. < id. + ஆசாரி. See சிற்பி. (யாழ். அக.)சிற்பி ciṟpi , n. < šilpin. Mechanic, artisan, stone-cutter; கம்மியன். (சூடா.) சிப்பி² cippi, n. prob. šilpin. 1. See சிற்பி. 2. Tailor; தையற்காரன். (சிலப். 5, 32, அடிக்குறிப்பு). శిల్పము śilpamu ṣilpamu. [Skt.] n. An art, any manual or mechanical art. చిత్తరువు వ్రాయడము మొదలైనపని. శిల్పి or శిల్పకారుడు ṣilpi. n. An artist, artisan, artificer, mechanic, handicraftsman. పనివాడు. A painter, ముచ్చి. A carpenter, వడ్లంగి. A weaver, సాలెవాడు. (Usually) a stonecutter, a sculptor, కాసెవాడు. శిల్పిశాస్త్రము ṣilpi-ṣāstramu. n. A mechanical science; the science of Architecture. చిత్రాదికర్మలను గురించిన విధానము.
பஞ்சகம்மாளர் pañca-kammāḷar , n. < pañcan taṭṭāṉ, kaṉṉāṉ, ciṟpaṉ, taccaṉ, kollaṉ; தட்டான், கன்னான், சிற்பன், தச்சன் கொல்லன் என்ற ஐவகைப் பட்ட கம்மாளர். (சங். அக.) அஞ்சுபஞ்சலத்தார் añcu-pañcalattār
पंचाळ pañcāḷa m (पांचाल S q. v.) A common term for five castes--सोनार, सुतार, लोहार, कांसार, पाथरवट. These all wear the जानवें. (Marathi)
kola, kolum = a jackal (G.) kolhuyo (Dh.Des.); kulho, kolhuo (Hem.Des.); kroṣṭṛ (Skt.) kul seren = the tiger’s son, a species of lizard (Santali) kolo, koleā jackal (Kon.lex.) Rebus: kol metal (Ta.) kol = pan~calokam (five metals) (Ta.lex.) kol = pan~calokam (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhātu; Nānārtharatnākara. 82; Man:garāja’s Nighan.t.u. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) kol = kollan-, kamma_l.an- (blacksmith or smith in general)(Ta.lex.) kollar = those who guard the treasure (Ta.lex.) cf. golla (Telugu) khol, kholi_ = a metal covering; a loose covering of metal or cloth (G.) [The semant. expansions to kollāpuri or kolhāpur and also to 'kollāppan.t.i' a type of cart have to be investigated further]. kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan- blacksmith (Ta.);kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133)
dã̄ṭu = cross over; daṭ- (da.ṭ-t-) to cross (Kol.)(DEDR 3158) Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral’; rebus: dhatu = a mineral, metal (Santali)
gaṇḍe ‘to place at a right angle to something else, cross, transverse’; gaṇḍ gaṇḍ ‘across, at right angles, transversely’ (Santali) [Note: A slanted line Lahn.d.a writing of accounts connotes a quarter; a straight line connotes ‘one’.] Rebus: kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) kāṇḍa ‘iron’ as in ayaskāṇḍa ‘excellent iron’ (Pan.Skt.) kolmo ‘three’ (Mu.); rebus: kolimi ‘smithy’ (Te.)
kuṭī 'tree', 'water carrier' (Semantic determinative) rebus: kuṭhī 'smelter'
The evidence relates to the semantics of worker in wood and iron. He is called बढई baḍhī.
बढई baḍhī m ( H) A carpenter. (Marathi) పట్టడ paṭṭaḍa paṭṭaḍu. [Tel.] n. A smithy, a shop. కుమ్మరి వడ్లంగి మొదలగువారు పనిచేయు చోటు. వడ్రంగి, వడ్లంగి,వడ్లవాడు vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu or వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. వడ్రంగము, వడ్లపని, వడ్రము or వడ్లంగితనము vaḍrangamu. n. The trade of a carpenter. వడ్లవానివృత్తి. వడ్రంగిపని. వడ్రంగిపిట్ట or వడ్లంగిపిట్ట vaḍrangi-piṭṭa. n. A woodpecker. దార్వాఘాటము. వడ్లకంకణము vaḍla-kankaṇamu. n. A curlew. ఉల్లంకులలో భేదము. వడ్లత or వడ్లది vaḍlata. n. A woman of the carpenter caste. vardhaki m. ʻ carpenter ʼ MBh. [√vardh ] Pa. vaḍḍhaki -- m. ʻ carpenter, building mason ʼ; Pk. vaḍḍhaï -- m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, °aïa -- m. ʻ shoemaker ʼ; WPah. jaun. bāḍhōī ʻ carpenter ʼ, (Joshi) bāḍhi m., N. baṛhaï, baṛahi, A. bārai, B. bāṛaï, °ṛui, Or. baṛhaï, °ṛhāi, (Gaṛjād) bāṛhoi, Bi. baṛvārdhaka -- .Addenda: vardhaki -- : WPah.kṭg. báḍḍhi m. ʻ carpenter ʼ; kṭg. bəṛhe\ i , báṛhi , kc. baṛhe ← H. beside genuine báḍḍhi Him.I 135), J. bāḍhi, Garh. baṛhai, A. also bāṛhai AFD 94; Md. vaḍīn, vaḍin pl.(CDIAL 11375)
baḍaga is a takṣa, divine tvaṣṭr̥ of R̥gveda, he is a yajña puruṣa as evidenced in Khajuraho monumental varāha sculpture.. He is the very embodiment of the Veda, Veda puruṣa. त्वष्टृ m. a carpenter , maker of carriages (= त्/अष्टृ) AV. xii , 3 , 33; " creator of living beings " , the heavenly builder , N. of a god (called सु-क्/ऋत् , -पाण्/इ , -ग्/अभस्ति , -ज्/अनिमन् , स्व्-/अपस् , अप्/असाम् अप्/अस्तम , विश्व्/अ-रूप &c RV. ; maker of divine implements , esp. of इन्द्र's thunderbolt and teacher of the ऋभुs i , iv-vi , x Hariv. 12146 f. R. ii , 91 , 12 ; former of the bodies of men and animals , hence called " firstborn " and invoked for the sake of offspring , esp. in the आप्री hymns RV. AV. &c MBh. iv , 1178 Hariv. 587 ff. Ragh. vi , 32 ; associated with the similar deities धातृ , सवितृ , प्रजा-पति , पूषन् , and surrounded by divine females [ग्न्/आस् , जन्/अयस् , देव्/आनाम् प्/अत्नीस् ; cf. त्व्/अष्टा-व्/अरूत्री] recipients of his generative energy RV. S3Br. i Ka1tyS3r. iii ; supposed author of RV. x , 184 with the epithet गर्भ-पति RAnukr. ; father of सरण्यू [सु-रेणु Hariv.; स्व-रेणु L. ] whose double twin-children by विवस्वत् [or वायु ? RV. viii , 26 , 21 f.] are यमयमी and the अश्विन्s x , 17 , 1 f. Nir. xii , 10 Br2ih. Hariv.545 ff. VP. ; also father of त्रि-शिरस् or विश्वरूप ib. ; overpowered by इन्द्र who recovers the सोम [ RV. iii f. ] concealed by him because इन्द्र had killed his son विश्व-रूप TS. ii S3Br. i , v , xii ; regent of he नक्षत्र चित्रा TBr. S3a1n3khGr2. S3a1ntik. VarBr2S. iic , 4 ; of the 5th cycle of Jupiter viii , 23 ; of an eclipse iii , 6 ; त्वष्टुर् आतिथ्य N. of a सामन् A1rshBr. ).
kuṭi; ‘water-carrier’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’
kuṭi ‘tree’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’
kol ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol‘working in iron’; kolhe ‘smelter’
bhaṭā G. bhuvɔ m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ rather < bhr̥ta --(CDIAL 9554) Yājñ.com., Rebus: bhaṭā‘kiln, furnace’
Obverse of the tablets m0478, 0479, 0480 show this narrative. Pict-111: From R.: A woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees in their hands; a person seated on a tree with a tiger below with its head turned backwards; a tall jar with a lid.
Reverse side of a two-sided tablets m0478, 0479, 0480. in bas relief. Kneeling adorant carrying a U-shaped rimless pot in front a tree. NOTE: The kneeling motif also occurs on Sit Shamshi bronze.Three identical Mohenjo-daro tablets, with identical inscriptions. m 478-480.
Hieroglyph: मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali)
meď 'copper' (Slovak)
Section A: Message on obverse of tablet
The narrative on the obverse (b) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid; Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch; Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle.![]()
Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid (Tablet m478b to m480b)
Part 1. Rim-of-jar PLUS lid (Tablet m478b to m480b)An orthographic variant of a jar to focus on 'rim-of-jar' is provided by a Daimabad seal.
karnaka 'rim of jar' karn.aka = handle of a vessel; ka_n.a_, kanna_ 'rim, edge' kan.t.u = rim of a vessel; kan.t.ud.iyo = a small earthen vessel
Rebus: karNika 'Supercargo'' merchant in charge of cargo of a shipment, helmsman, scribe. Rebus kañiāra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe'.![]()
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Hieroglyph: *ḍhakk ʻ cover ʼ. 2. *ḍhaṅk -- . [Cf. ḍhakkana -- n. ʻ shutting ʼ Śīl.] 1. Pk. ḍhakkaï ʻ shuts ʼ; S. ḍhakaṇu ʻ to cover ʼ; L. ḍhakkaṇ ʻ to imprison ʼ; P. ḍhakkṇā ʻ to cover ʼ, Ku. ḍhakṇo, N. ḍhāknu, A. ḍhākiba, B. ḍhākā, Bhoj. ḍhākal, OMarw. ḍhakaï; -- Pk. ḍhakkiṇī -- f. ʻ lid ʼ, S. ḍhakkaṇī f., P. ḍhakṇā m., °ṇī f., WPah. bhad. ḍhakkaṇ n., Ku. ḍhākaṇ, N. ḍhakni, A. ḍhākni, B. ḍhākan, ḍhāknā, °ni; Bi. ḍhaknā ʻ cover of grain -- pot ʼ, Mth. ḍhākni; Bhoj. ḍhaknī ʻ lid ʼ. -- Poss. K. ḍākürü f. ʻ wide shallow basket ʼ; N. ḍhāki ʻ basket ʼ, ḍhākar ʻ a kind of large basket ʼ; Bi. mag. ḍhākā ʻ large open basket ʼ; -- P. ḍhakkā m. ʻ pass between two hills ʼ. 2. Pk. ḍhaṁkissaï ʻ will cover ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) ḍaṅgeik ʻ to cover, shut, bury ʼ; Phal. ḍhaṅg -- ʻ to bury ʼ; Or. ḍhaṅkibā ʻ to cover ʼ, H. ḍhã̄knā, Marw. ḍhã̄kṇo, G. ḍhã̄kvũ, M. ḍhã̄kṇẽ; -- Pk. ḍhaṁkaṇa -- n., °ṇī -- f. ʻ cover, lid ʼ, Or. ḍhāṅkuṇi, H. ḍhãknī f., G. ḍhã̄kṇũ n., °ṇī f., M. ḍhã̄kaṇ n., ḍhã̄kṇī f.Addenda: *ḍhakk -- 1: S.kcch. ḍhakṇū ʻ to cover, shut (a door) ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhàkṇõ, Garh. ḍhakṇu; A. ḍhākiba (phonet. dh -- ) ʻ to cover ʼ, G. ḍhākvũ, M. ḍhākṇẽ.(CDIAL 5574)
Hieroglyph: *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582)
RRebus: धक्क dhakka a (Imit.) Steady, enduring, unshaken (as under misfortune): hale, hearty, stanch, unflinching--man or animal: stout, sound, firm, fit to render good service--cloth, an article gen. 2 Brightshining, brilliant, very lustrous--metal, a gem, a firework. Hence 3 Bright and good, altogether excellent--a rupee or other coin. धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) *dhagg ʻ throb, glitter ʼ. [Cf. dhagiti ʻ at once ʼ Kād., dhagad -- dhagiti ʻ crack! ʼ HPariś., and *ḍag -- 1]Pk. dhagadhagaï ʻ flares ʼ, dhagadhaggamāṇa -- , dhaggīkaya -- ʻ blazing ʼ; H. dhagdhagānā ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; G. dhagdhagvũ ʻ to burn fiercely ʼ; M. dhagdhagṇẽ ʻ id., to beat (of heart) ʼ; -- S. dhakdhaki f. ʻ palpitation ʼ; N. dhakāunu ʻ to pant ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, dhakdhakāna ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ, dhakadhaka ʻ throbbing, blazing ʼ; H. dhakdhakānā, dhadhaknā ʻ to blaze ʼ, G. dhakdhakvũ; M. dhakdhakṇẽ ʻ to palpitate ʼ.dhagg -- : Ko. dhaggu ʻ heat ʼ, dhagdhagu ʻ blazing heat ʼ. (CDIAL 6704) *dhakṣati ʻ burns ʼ [Cf. fut. part. vidhakṣyánt -- , aor. part. dhákṣat RV. -- √dah ]G. dhakhvũ ʻ to get into a passion ʼ, dhakhāvvũ ʻ to make hot ʼ, dhakh f. ʻ thirst ʼ.Addenda: dhákṣu -- : S.kcch. ḍakho m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ (rather than < *dhagg -- ). (CDIAL 6703) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of boiling, bubbling. Ma. taka taka beating time. Ka. takatakane quickly (of dancing); taka pakane id., vehemently (used of boiling). Tu. takataka, takapakaagility in dancing; bubbling in boiling, nimbly, briskly. Te. takapikalāḍu to dance about, dangle. (DEDR 2997) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of dazzling, glowing, glittering. Ko. dag dag in- (iḏ-) (flame) burns brightly; dagdagn with a good light. Ka. daggane with a blaze. Tu. dagadaga, dagabaga brightly; dagga, dagganè (to blaze) suddenly. Te. dagadaga glitter; dagadagam-anu to glitter, shine. Kur. dagnā to light, set fire to, burn (tr.); dagrnā to catch fire, be burned. Malt. dagdagre to glitter, shine (or < IA). / MBE 1969, p. 293, no. 26, for areal etymology, with reference to Turner, CDIAL, no. 6704, *dhagg-, Pkt. dhagadhagaï flares, H. dhagdhagānā to glitter, dhakdhakānā to blaze; add ibid. no. 5522(4) Panj. dagdagāuṇāto shine, no. 5522(1) Ass. ḍagmag sparkle, ḍagmagāiba to glitter, Beng. ḍagḍagiyā glowing, H. ḍagḍagānā, ḍagmagānā to burn brightly (DEDR 2998)
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Alternative Rebus: dhakk ‘an anvil’ (Kannada) dhakka ‘steady, stout’ (Marathi)
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Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch (Tablet m478b to m480b)
ḍhaṁkhara — m.n. ʻbranch without leaves or fruitʼ (Prakrit) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
kōṭu branch of tree, Rebus: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.
Hieroglyph: Looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter.
eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) kola ‘tiger, jackal’ (Kon.); rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith, ‘alloy of five metals, panchaloha’ (Tamil) kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) heraka = spy (Skt.); er to look at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)
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Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle (Tablet m478b to m480b)
The person standing between, thwarting and pushing two contestants wears wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles' Rebus: khãr '
Hypertext: daka, 'push'; erga, 'act of clearing jungle' (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees]; karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles. Rebus reading: dhagdhag 'glittering' erako 'moltencast metal', khãr 'Q -) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer).(DEDR 866)
*dhakk ʻ push, strike ʼ. [dhakkayati ʻ annihilates ʼ Dhātup.] K. daka m. ʻ a push, blow ʼ, S. dhaku m., L. P. dhakkā m.; Ku. dhakkā ʻ collision ʼ, dhã̄kā ʻ forcibly pushing ʼ; N. dhakkā ʻ collision, push ʼ; B. dhā̆kkā ʻ push ʼ, Or. dhakā; H. dhak m. ʻ shock, sudden terror ʼ, dhakkā m. ʻ push ʼ; OMarw. dhakā -- dhakī f. ʻ rush ʼ; G. dhakkɔ m. ʻ push ʼ, M. dhakā, ḍhakā m.; -- P. dhakkṇā ʻ to push, oust ʼ; -- S. dhakiṛaṇu ʻ to half -- clean rice by beating it in a mortar ʼ; -- Ku. dhakelṇo ʻ to push ʼ, N. dhakelnu, H. dhakelnā, ḍha°, G. dhakelvũ. S.kcch. dhakko ḍeṇo ʻ to push ʼ; WPah.kṭg. dhàkkɔ m. ʻ push, dash ʼ, J. dhākā m.((CDIAL 6701)![]()
धकाधकी dhakādhakī f (धका by redup.) A general or a mutual shoving and pushing; a scuffle or tussle. धकाबुका dhakābukā m धकाबुकी f धकीबुकी f C Pushing and pommeling; shoving and cuffing. v कर, दे, मार. (Marathi)
Section B: Message on reverse of tablet
The narrative on the reverse (a) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Endless knot; Part 2. Text message; Part 3. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree
Part 1. Endless knot (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Endless knot hieroglyph: मेढा [ mēḍhā ]'twist, curl' rebus: medha ‘yajña' mẽṛhẽt, 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)'; 'copper' (Slavic languages). Together, the two hieroglyphs signify a performer of medhā ‘yajña', acquirer of medhā 'dhanam, wealth', metalworker, ironsmith turner.
Part 2. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree (Tablet m478a to m480a)
kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter)', furnace (Santali)
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On seal m1186A a kneeling adorant makes offerings. bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tu.) barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.) A similar kneeling adorant now holds a wide-mouthed, rimless pot and makes an offering to the tree. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched (Sindhi) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; l. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; p. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; s. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656) Thus, the reading of the composite glyph: kneeling adorant + pot is read rebus: meḍ pattar + bhaṭa 'iron urnace (of) merchant guild'.
The merchant, battuḍu, pattar is shown in a worshipful state kneeling in adoration on many inscriptions.
kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533). Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)
Part 3. Text message (Tablet m478a to m480a)![]()
Hieroglyphs (from. r to l):battuḍu bhata, 'worshipper' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ PLUS OFFERING: barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).
Numeral four: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kand 'fire-altar'. PLUS bhata, 'pot' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, the 'four linear strokes PLUS rimless pot' signifies: 'fire-altar (in) artisan's workshop'. Body hieroglyph read rebus: ![]()
Circumscript of two linear strokes for 'body' hieroglyph: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' koḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop' Thus, the circumscript signifies 'cast metal workshop' (with furnace) PLUS circumscribed body hieroglyph: meḍ 'body' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic).Together, the hypertext reds: dul meḍ koḍ 'metal casting, cast iron workshop'.
Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडघाशा kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड & घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. (Marathi).
The semantics of खरडें 'rough draft' explains why the hieroglyph occurs ONLY on tablets which are works-in-process documentation by scribes.
Thus, the inscriptions on tablets m478 to m480 complete the documentation of wealth-creating metalwork खरडा kharaḍā daybook.Hieroglyph (alternative): aḍaren, ḍaren lid, cover (Santali)
miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ lex. [← Austro -- as. J. Przyluski BSL xxx 200: perh. Austro -- as. *mēḍra ~ bhēḍra collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m. ʻ penis ʼ BhP., ʻ ram ʼ lex. -- See also bhēḍa -- 1, mēṣá -- , ēḍa -- . -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1, bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and *bhēḍa -- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1, mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and *mēṇḍa -- 1, *mēṇḍha -- 2 (s.v. *miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣá m. ʻ ram ʼ, °ṣīˊ -- f. ʻ ewe ʼ RV. 2. mēha -- 2, miha- m. lex. [mēha -- 2 infl. by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss. mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ (~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ?]1. Pk. mēsa -- m. ʻ sheep ʼ, Ash. mišalá; Kt. məṣe/l ʻ ram ʼ; Pr. məṣé ʻ ram, oorial ʼ; Kal. meṣ, meṣalák ʻ ram ʼ, H. mes m.; -- X bhēḍra -- q.v.2. K. myã̄ -- pūtu m. ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ; WPah.bhal. mei f. ʻ wild goat ʼ; H. meh m. ʻ ram ʼ.mēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr. [mēṣá -- , āsyà -- ](CDIAL 10334) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Mu.) Allograph: meḍ ‘body ' (Mu.)
bhaṭā G. bhuvɔ m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ rather < bhr̥ta --(CDIAL
9554) Yājñ.com., Rebus: bhaṭā‘kiln, furnace’mū̃h ‘human face’ Rebus: mū̃h‘ingot’ (See human face ligatured to a markhor: Seal m1186) PLUS Dm. mraṅ m. ‘markhor’ Wkh. merg f. ‘ibex’ (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ‘ram’,miṇḍā́l‘markhor’ (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)lo, no‘nine’ phonetic reinforcement of: loa‘ficus glomerata’ Rebus: lo‘copper’dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (Western Pahari) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu‘minerals’ (Santali)maṇḍa m. ʻ ornament ʼ Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)
baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) PLUS dula'pair'
Rebus: dul'cast metal'. (See two ladles). Thus, the offering on the stool denotes: a metal ingot.bagala ‘pleiades’ Rebus: bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.)
Detail of the seal.(Framework, ficus religiosa, scarfed person, twig, horn) http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/webPresentations/harappanSeals.pdf
Hieroglyph: *ḍhakk ʻ cover ʼ. 2. *ḍhaṅk -- . [Cf. ḍhakkana -- n. ʻ shutting ʼ Śīl.] 1. Pk. ḍhakkaï ʻ shuts ʼ; S. ḍhakaṇu ʻ to cover ʼ; L. ḍhakkaṇ ʻ to imprison ʼ; P. ḍhakkṇā ʻ to cover ʼ, Ku. ḍhakṇo, N. ḍhāknu, A. ḍhākiba, B. ḍhākā, Bhoj. ḍhākal, OMarw. ḍhakaï; -- Pk. ḍhakkiṇī -- f. ʻ lid ʼ, S. ḍhakkaṇī f., P. ḍhakṇā m., °ṇī f., WPah. bhad. ḍhakkaṇ n., Ku. ḍhākaṇ, N. ḍhakni, A. ḍhākni, B. ḍhākan, ḍhāknā, °ni; Bi. ḍhaknā ʻ cover of grain -- pot ʼ, Mth. ḍhākni; Bhoj. ḍhaknī ʻ lid ʼ. -- Poss. K. ḍākürü f. ʻ wide shallow basket ʼ; N. ḍhāki ʻ basket ʼ, ḍhākar ʻ a kind of large basket ʼ; Bi. mag. ḍhākā ʻ large open basket ʼ; -- P. ḍhakkā m. ʻ pass between two hills ʼ. 2. Pk. ḍhaṁkissaï ʻ will cover ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) ḍaṅgeik ʻ to cover, shut, bury ʼ; Phal. ḍhaṅg -- ʻ to bury ʼ; Or. ḍhaṅkibā ʻ to cover ʼ, H. ḍhã̄knā, Marw. ḍhã̄kṇo, G. ḍhã̄kvũ, M. ḍhã̄kṇẽ; -- Pk. ḍhaṁkaṇa -- n., °ṇī -- f. ʻ cover, lid ʼ, Or. ḍhāṅkuṇi, H. ḍhãknī f., G. ḍhã̄kṇũ n., °ṇī f., M. ḍhã̄kaṇ n., ḍhã̄kṇī f.Addenda: *ḍhakk -- 1: S.kcch. ḍhakṇū ʻ to cover, shut (a door) ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhàkṇõ, Garh. ḍhakṇu; A. ḍhākiba (phonet. dh -- ) ʻ to cover ʼ, G. ḍhākvũ, M. ḍhākṇẽ.(CDIAL 5574)
Hieroglyph: *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ.Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāg ʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582)
RRebus: धक्क dhakka a (Imit.) Steady, enduring, unshaken (as under misfortune): hale, hearty, stanch, unflinching--man or animal: stout, sound, firm, fit to render good service--cloth, an article gen. 2 Brightshining, brilliant, very lustrous--metal, a gem, a firework. Hence 3 Bright and good, altogether excellent--a rupee or other coin. धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) धक dhaka f (In Konkan̤ m. धग or धगधग Imit. or from H Ardor.) The glow of a fire. 2 Freely. Fire kindled, fire, flame, blaze. Ex. धक पेटीव मी धक घेणार आहें. 3 fig. Glowing or swelling (of ardor, pride, conceit). (Marathi) *dhagg ʻ throb, glitter ʼ. [Cf. dhagiti ʻ at once ʼ Kād., dhagad -- dhagiti ʻ crack! ʼ HPariś., and *ḍag -- 1]Pk. dhagadhagaï ʻ flares ʼ, dhagadhaggamāṇa -- , dhaggīkaya -- ʻ blazing ʼ; H. dhagdhagānā ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; G. dhagdhagvũ ʻ to burn fiercely ʼ; M. dhagdhagṇẽ ʻ id., to beat (of heart) ʼ; -- S. dhakdhaki f. ʻ palpitation ʼ; N. dhakāunu ʻ to pant ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, dhakdhakāna ʻ to throb, glitter ʼ; Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ, dhakadhaka ʻ throbbing, blazing ʼ; H. dhakdhakānā, dhadhaknā ʻ to blaze ʼ, G. dhakdhakvũ; M. dhakdhakṇẽ ʻ to palpitate ʼ.dhagg -- : Ko. dhaggu ʻ heat ʼ, dhagdhagu ʻ blazing heat ʼ. (CDIAL 6704) *dhakṣati ʻ burns ʼ [Cf. fut. part. vidhakṣyánt -- , aor. part. dhákṣat RV. -- √dah ]G. dhakhvũ ʻ to get into a passion ʼ, dhakhāvvũ ʻ to make hot ʼ, dhakh f. ʻ thirst ʼ.Addenda: dhákṣu -- : S.kcch. ḍakho m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; B. dhak ʻ sudden blaze ʼ, Or. dhaka ʻ blaze ʼ (rather than < *dhagg -- ). (CDIAL 6703) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of boiling, bubbling. Ma. taka taka beating time. Ka. takatakane quickly (of dancing); taka pakane id., vehemently (used of boiling). Tu. takataka, takapakaagility in dancing; bubbling in boiling, nimbly, briskly. Te. takapikalāḍu to dance about, dangle. (DEDR 2997) Ta. taka-tak-eṉal, taka-takav-eṉal onom. expr. of dazzling, glowing, glittering. Ko. dag dag in- (iḏ-) (flame) burns brightly; dagdagn with a good light. Ka. daggane with a blaze. Tu. dagadaga, dagabaga brightly; dagga, dagganè (to blaze) suddenly. Te. dagadaga glitter; dagadagam-anu to glitter, shine. Kur. dagnā to light, set fire to, burn (tr.); dagrnā to catch fire, be burned. Malt. dagdagre to glitter, shine (or < IA). / MBE 1969, p. 293, no. 26, for areal etymology, with reference to Turner, CDIAL, no. 6704, *dhagg-, Pkt. dhagadhagaï flares, H. dhagdhagānā to glitter, dhakdhakānā to blaze; add ibid. no. 5522(4) Panj. dagdagāuṇāto shine, no. 5522(1) Ass. ḍagmag sparkle, ḍagmagāiba to glitter, Beng. ḍagḍagiyā glowing, H. ḍagḍagānā, ḍagmagānā to burn brightly (DEDR 2998)
Alternative Rebus: dhakk ‘an anvil’ (Kannada) dhakka ‘steady, stout’ (Marathi)
Part 2. Tiger looks back at spy on tree branch (Tablet m478b to m480b)
ḍhaṁkhara — m.n. ʻbranch without leaves or fruitʼ (Prakrit) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'
kōṭu branch of tree, Rebus: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.
Hieroglyph: Looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter.
eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) kola ‘tiger, jackal’ (Kon.); rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith, ‘alloy of five metals, panchaloha’ (Tamil) kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kolami ‘smithy’ (Te.) heraka = spy (Skt.); er to look at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.)
Part 3. A wristlet wearer pushes thwarts two contestants clearing jungle (Tablet m478b to m480b)
The person standing between, thwarting and pushing two contestants wears wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles' Rebus: khãr '
Hypertext: daka, 'push'; erga, 'act of clearing jungle' (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees]; karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles. Rebus reading: dhagdhag 'glittering' erako 'moltencast metal', khãr '
erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.)er-r-a = red; eraka = copper (Ka.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) erako molten cast (as metal) (Tulu) agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Telugu) Ta. eṟṟu (eṟṟi-) to throw out (as water from a vessel); iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to scatter (intr.), disperse; (-pp-, -tt-) to splash (tr.), spatter, scatter, strew, draw and pour out water, irrigate, bale out, squander; iṟaivai receptacle for drawing water for irrigation; iṟaṭṭu (iṟaṭṭi-) to sprinkle, splash. Ma. iṟekka to bale out; iṟayuka id., scatter, disperse; iṟava basket for drawing water; eṟiccil rainwater blown in by the wind. To. eṟ- (eṟQ -) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer).(DEDR 866)
*dhakk ʻ push, strike ʼ. [dhakkayati ʻ annihilates ʼ Dhātup.] K. daka m. ʻ a push, blow ʼ, S. dhaku m., L. P. dhakkā m.; Ku. dhakkā ʻ collision ʼ, dhã̄kā ʻ forcibly pushing ʼ; N. dhakkā ʻ collision, push ʼ; B. dhā̆kkā ʻ push ʼ, Or. dhakā; H. dhak m. ʻ shock, sudden terror ʼ, dhakkā m. ʻ push ʼ; OMarw. dhakā -- dhakī f. ʻ rush ʼ; G. dhakkɔ m. ʻ push ʼ, M. dhakā, ḍhakā m.; -- P. dhakkṇā ʻ to push, oust ʼ; -- S. dhakiṛaṇu ʻ to half -- clean rice by beating it in a mortar ʼ; -- Ku. dhakelṇo ʻ to push ʼ, N. dhakelnu, H. dhakelnā, ḍha°, G. dhakelvũ. S.kcch. dhakko ḍeṇo ʻ to push ʼ; WPah.kṭg. dhàkkɔ m. ʻ push, dash ʼ, J. dhākā m.((CDIAL 6701)
Section B: Message on reverse of tablet
The narrative on the reverse (a) of the tablet is in three parts: Part 1. Endless knot; Part 2. Text message; Part 3. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree
Part 1. Endless knot (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Endless knot hieroglyph: मेढा [ mēḍhā ]'twist, curl' rebus: medha ‘yajña' mẽṛhẽt, 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)'; 'copper' (Slavic languages). Together, the two hieroglyphs
signify a performer of medhā ‘yajña', acquirer of medhā 'dhanam, wealth', metalworker, ironsmith turner.
Part 2. Worshipper ofering a rimless pot in front of a tree (Tablet m478a to m480a)
kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter)', furnace (Santali)
On seal m1186A a kneeling adorant makes offerings. bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tu.) barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(P.B.) A similar kneeling adorant now holds a wide-mouthed, rimless pot and makes an offering to the tree. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched (Sindhi) Rebus: bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’ (P.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; l. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; p. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; s. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656) Thus, the reading of the composite glyph: kneeling adorant + pot is read rebus: meḍ pattar + bhaṭa 'iron urnace (of) merchant guild'.Paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants; perh. Vartaka (Skt.)వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. బత్తుడు battuḍu. n. A worshipper. భక్తుడు. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వడ్లబత్తుడు a carpenter. కడుపుబత్తుడు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230.(Telugu)
The merchant, battuḍu, pattar is shown in a worshipful state kneeling in adoration on many inscriptions.
kaula— m. ‘worshipper of Śakti according to left—hand ritual’, khōla—3 ‘lame’; Khot. kūra— ‘crooked’ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra— m. ‘movable joint’ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlƏ ‘curved, crooked’; Dm. kōla ‘crooked’, Tir. kṓolƏ; Paš. kōlā́ ‘curved, crooked’, Shum. kolā́ṇṭa; Kho. koli ‘crooked’, (Lor.) also ‘lefthand, left’; Bshk. kōl ‘crooked’; Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlu̯ ‘curved, crooked’ (CDIAL 3533).
Rebus: kol ‘pancaloha’ (Tamil)
The rice plant adorning the curved horn of the person (woman?) with the pig-tail is kolmo; read rebus, kolme ‘smithy’. Smithy of what? Kol ‘pancaloha’. The curving horn is: kod.u = horn; rebus: kod. artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)
Part 3. Text message (Tablet m478a to m480a)
Hieroglyphs (from. r to l):
battuḍu bhata, 'worshipper' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’ PLUS OFFERING: barada, barda, birada 'a vow' (Gujarati) Rebus: baran, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin).
Numeral four: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kand 'fire-altar'. PLUS bhata, 'pot' rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. Thus, the 'four linear strokes PLUS rimless pot' signifies: 'fire-altar (in) artisan's workshop'.
Body hieroglyph read rebus: ![]()
Circumscript of two linear strokes for 'body' hieroglyph: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' koḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop' Thus, the circumscript signifies 'cast metal workshop' (with furnace) PLUS circumscribed body hieroglyph: meḍ 'body' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt 'iron' (Santali) meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic).Together, the hypertext reds: dul meḍ koḍ 'metal casting, cast iron workshop'.
Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडघाशा kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड & घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें
kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. (Marathi).
The semantics of खरडें 'rough draft' explains why the hieroglyph occurs ONLY on tablets which are works-in-process documentation by scribes.
Thus, the inscriptions on tablets m478 to m480 complete the documentation of wealth-creating metalwork खरडा kharaḍā daybook.
miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ lex. [← Austro -- as. J. Przyluski BSL xxx 200: perh. Austro -- as. *mēḍra ~ bhēḍra collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m. ʻ penis ʼ BhP., ʻ ram ʼ lex. -- See also bhēḍa -- 1, mēṣá -- , ēḍa -- . -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1, bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and *bhēḍa -- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1, mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and *mēṇḍa -- 1, *mēṇḍha -- 2 (s.v. *miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣá m. ʻ ram ʼ, °ṣīˊ -- f. ʻ ewe ʼ RV. 2. mēha -- 2, miha- m. lex. [mēha -- 2 infl. by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss. mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ (~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ?]1. Pk. mēsa -- m. ʻ sheep ʼ, Ash. mišalá; Kt. məṣe/l ʻ ram ʼ; Pr. məṣé ʻ ram, oorial ʼ; Kal. meṣ, meṣalák ʻ ram ʼ, H. mes m.; -- X bhēḍra -- q.v.2. K. myã̄ -- pūtu m. ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ; WPah.bhal. mei f. ʻ wild goat ʼ; H. meh m. ʻ ram ʼ.mēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr. [mēṣá -- , āsyà -- ](CDIAL 10334) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Mu.) Allograph: meḍ ‘body ' (Mu.)
bhaṭā G. bhuvɔ m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ rather < bhr̥ta --(CDIAL
9554) Yājñ.com., Rebus: bhaṭā‘kiln, furnace’
mū̃h ‘human face’ Rebus: mū̃h‘ingot’ (See human face ligatured to a markhor: Seal m1186) PLUS Dm. mraṅ m. ‘markhor’ Wkh. merg f. ‘ibex’ (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ‘ram’,miṇḍā́l‘markhor’ (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)
lo, no‘nine’ phonetic reinforcement of: loa‘ficus glomerata’ Rebus: lo‘copper’
dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (Western Pahari) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu‘minerals’ (Santali)
maṇḍa m. ʻ ornament ʼ Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)
baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati)
dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'
muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) PLUS dula'pair'
Rebus: dul'cast metal'. (See two ladles). Thus, the offering on the stool denotes: a metal ingot.
bagala ‘pleiades’ Rebus: bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Ka.)
Detail of the seal.(Framework, ficus religiosa, scarfed person, twig, horn) http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/webPresentations/harappanSeals.pdf
Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features.
Seal H-166 a & b
The hieroglyphs are:
1. Peacock with its tail down
2. snakes above the wings; hood of Cobra
3. three mountain peaks below the wings
4. fire-altar shaped like +
kaṇḍa 'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali)
maraka ‘peacock’ (Santali) mora peacock; morā ‘peafowl’ (Hindi); rebus: morakkhaka loha, a kind of copper, grouped with pisācaloha (Pali). [Perhaps an intimation of the color of the metal produced which shines like a peacock blue feather.] moraka "a kind of steel" (Sanskrit)
फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild',
paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p
See bronze peacocks in Vatican: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/11/pine-cone-vatican-and-peacocks-samarra.html
dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'.
Allograph: నాగము [ nāgamu ] nāgamu. [Skt. from నగ a hill.]
Hieroglyph: nāgá1 m. ʻ snake ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ elephant ʼ BhP. [As ʻ ele- phant ʼ shortened form of *nāga -- hasta -- EWA ii 150 with lit. or extracted from nāga -- danta -- ʻ elephant tusk, ivory ʼ < ʻ snake -- shaped tusk ʼ]. 1. Pa. nāga -- m. ʻ snake ʼ, NiDoc. nāǵa F. W. Thomas AO xii 40, Pk. ṇāya -- m., Gy. as. nâ JGLS new ser. ii 259; Or. naa ʻ euphem. term for snake ʼ; Si. nay, nā, nayā ʻ snake ʼ. -- With early nasalization *nāṅga -- : Bshk. nāṅg ʻ snake ʼ. -- Kt. Pr. noṅ, Kal. nhoṅ ʻ name of a god < nāˊga -- or ← Pers. nahang NTS xv 283. 2. Pa. nāga -- m. ʻ elephant ʼ, Pk. ṇāya -- m., Si. nā. śiśunāka -- .(CDIAL 7039). నాగము [ nāgamu ] nāgamu. [Skt. from నగ a hill.] n. Lit: That which pertains to a mountain. A serpent, పాము. Particularly, a cobra. An elephant,
ఏనుగు. నాకిని a female supernatural being, a goddess, దేవతాస్త్రీ. నాకులు nākulu. n. The celestials, the gods. R. v. 35. 176. నాకేశుడు nāk-ēsuḍu. n. A name of Indra. நாகர்¹ nākar, n. < nāka. Celestials; தேவர். வழுத்த வரங்கொடுப்பர் நாகர் (நான்மணி. 62).(Tamil) నాగు, నాగులు, నాగువు or నాగుబాము nāgu. n. A cobra. నాగము.(Telugu)
நாகம்² nākam, n. < nāga. 1. Cobra. See நல்லபாம்பு. நன்மணியிழந்த நாகம் போன்று (மணி. 25, 195). 2. Serpent; பாம்பு. (பிங்.) ஆடுநாக மோட (கம்பரா. கலன்காண். 37).Rebus: நாகம்² nākam , n. < nāga. A prepared arsenic; பாஷாணவகை; Black lead; காரீயம். (Tamil) nāga2 n. ʻ lead ʼ Bhpr. [Cf. raṅga -- 3] Sh. naṅ m. ʻ lead ʼ (< *nāṅga -- ?), K. nāg m. (< *nāgga -- ?).(CDIAL 7040). నాగసింధూరము [ nāgasindhūramu ] nāga-sindhūramu. [Skt.] n. A red calx of lead. (Telugu) cf. anakku 'tin' (Akkadian), an alloying ore to create tin-bronzes.
Alternative: eruvai 'eagle' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'
gaṇḍa 'four' rebus kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) . Thus, fire-altar for copperwork.
gaṇḍa 'four' rebus kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) . Thus, fire-altar for copperwork.
h176
Field symbol hieroglyphs 2:
kol 'tiger' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter',kol 'working in iron' PLUS krammara 'look back' rebus;kamar 'smith'. Thus, iron smith.
kamaḍha 'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.
mēḍa 'platform, hillock' rebus meḍ 'iron'.
āra 'spokes' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.Thus brass metalcastings.
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'
Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'
Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).
h175
Field symbol: Hoofed legs of warrior: dhangar 'bull' dhangar 'blacksmith' bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, supercargo of implements.
taṭṭal 'five' rebus: ṭhaṭṭha brass (i.e. alloy of copper + zinc) *ṭhaṭṭha1 ʻbrassʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass?]N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ. *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 1.Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5491, 5493)
ḍhāla f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain rebus: ḍhālako 'ingot'
baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots.
kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, '
Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).
h177
koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'
baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots.
kuṭi '
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).
h178
Field symbol: Hoofed legs of warrior: dhangar 'bull' dhangar 'blacksmith' bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ. 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ(CDIAL 5428).Rebus: A. ṭāṅī ʻ wedge ʼ ṭaṅkaśālā-- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ. (CDIAL 5434)
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'
khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa'bronze' (Telugu)
Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).
h179
Star at the bottom right of the arch with leaf-shaped decorations meḍha 'polar star' (Marathi). meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) . Bird's crest as headdress
Field symbol: Hoofed legs of warrior: dhangar 'bull' dhangar 'blacksmith'bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'
baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'
Meaning, artha: Metalwork wealth production... PLUS (wealth/business categories iron smelting and copperwork cited above).
Annex A. A note on harrow hieroglyph
मैंद [ mainda ] m (A rude harrow or clodbreaker; or a machine to draw over a sown field, a drag. (Marathi) matyà n. ʻ club with iron points ʼ AV., ʻ a kind of harrow ʼ TS. 2. *matíya -- . 3. *madya -- 2 . [Cf. matīkarōti ʻ harrows ʼ AitBr., Pa. su -- mati -- kata -- ʻ well harrowed ʼ; -- explanation of madi -- , madikā -- f. ʻ a kind of harrow or roller ʼ Kr̥ṣis., madī -- f. ʻ any agricultural implement (e.g. a plough) ʼ lex. as MIA. forms (EWA ii 566) does not account for *madya -- in NIA.]1. WPah.bhal. maċċ n. ʻ implement for levelling a rice -- field ʼ (whence maċċṇū ʻ to level ploughed ground ʼ).2. Pk. maïya -- n. ʻ harrow ʼ; L.awāṇ. may ʻ implement for levelling ʼ; WPah. (Joshi) moī f. ʻ implement for smoothing land after sowing ʼ; Ku. mayo ʻ harrow con<-> sisting of a plank for breaking up clods after ploughing ʼ, gng. me ʻ harrow ʼ; A. mai ʻ harrow ʼ (whence mayāiba ʻ to harrow ʼ), maiṭā ʻ single bamboo with its knot on used as a ladder ʼ; B. maï, moi ʻ harrow, ladder, ladder used as harrow ʼ; Or. maï ʻ ladderlike harrow ʼ; H. maī f. ʻ harrow ʼ; M. maĩd m. ʻ rude harrow or clod breaker ʼ (+ ?).3. K. maj (gender and spelling? for *maz?) ʻ harrow consisting of a log ʼ; P.ḍog. mãj̈ f. ʻ ladder ʼ.*vaṁśamatiya -- .Addenda: matyà -- . 2. *matíya -- : WPah.kṭg. m&tildemacrepsilon; f. (obl. -- i ) ʻ a kind of harrow ʼ; J. moī f. ʻ a kind of plough to smoothe land after sowing ʼ.(CDIAL 9755)
Wilhelm von Hevesy wrote about the Finno-Ugric-Munda kinship, like "Munda-Magyar-Maori, an Indian link between the antipodes new tracks of Hungarian origins" and "Finnisch-Ugrisches aus Indien". (DRIEM, George van: Languages of the Himalayas: an ethnolinguistic handbook. 1997. p.161-162.) Sumerian-Ural-Altaic language affinities have been noted. Given the presence of Meluhha settlements in Sumer, some Meluhha glosses might have been adapted in these languages. One etyma cluster refers to 'iron' exemplified by meD (Ho.). The alternative suggestion for the origin of the gloss med 'copper' in Uralic languages may be explained by the word meD (Ho.) of Munda family of Meluhha language stream:
Sa. <i>mE~R~hE~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mE~RhE~d</i>(M).
Ma. <i>mErhE'd</i> `iron'.
Mu. <i>mERE'd</i> `iron'.
~ <i>mE~R~E~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mENhEd</i>(M).
Ho <i>meD</i> `iron'.
Bj. <i>merhd</i>(Hunter) `iron'.
KW <i>mENhEd</i>
@(V168,M080)
— Slavic glosses for 'copper'
Мед [Med]Bulgarian
Bakar Bosnian
Медзь [medz']Belarusian
Měď Czech
Bakar Croatian
KòperKashubian
Бакар [Bakar]Macedonian
Miedź Polish
Медь [Med']Russian
Meď Slovak
BakerSlovenian
Бакар [Bakar]Serbian
Мідь [mid'] Ukrainian[unquote]
Miedź, med' (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'.
One suggestion is that corruptions from the German "Schmied", "Geschmeide" = jewelry. Schmied, a smith (of tin, gold, silver, or other metal)(German) result in med ‘copper’.
Annex B. A note on a drummer hieroglyph
See: Prayer postures on Indus Script Corpora and kole.l 'smithy,forge' as kole.l 'temple'
-- Indian sprachbund, 'speech union' http://tinyurl.com/y4rwd86n
This is an addendum to
Indus Script hypertexts which signify pattar an artificer guild praying to Pitr̥ with जानु+ दक्षिणतः+आ* च्य 'with the right knee bent' (RV 10.15.6) https://tinyurl.com/y4qncu6c
I have titled the category of these Indus Script hypertexts including 'script signs' as 'Prayer' postures. So, what was the temple of the civilization?
In the following etyma of Indian languages, this etymon is significant and perhaps finds a rebus representation in Indus Script hieroglyphs: மந்தரம்1 mantaram, n. < mandara.
The drummer on a tablet with svastika is called mandari 'drummer'
Proving that Svastika is NOT a syllable, but hypertext of logo-semantic Indus Script. History of svastika and its use on metalwork wealth-accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y69rudws The drummer hieroglyph is associated with svastika glyph on this tablet (har609) and also on h182A tablet of Harappa with an identical text.
h182A, h182B
--Tiger, drummer, five svastika signify mōṝẽ 'five' rebus mandari 'drummer' munda 'Toda village or assembly' mondir 'temple kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, forge, temple'kole.l 'smithy, forge' rebus kole.l 'temple' (Kota language). A cognate word in Tamil is kovil 'temple'.kō-v-il கோவில் kō-v-il, n. < கோ3 + இல். [T. kōvila, M. kōvil.] Temple. See கோயில்.kōvil-vīṭu கோவில்வீடு kōvil-vīṭu, n. < id. +. 1. A private chapel or shrine; வீட்டிலமைந்த குல தெய்வங்களின் கோயில். (G. Tp. D. I, 91.) 2. House given in endowment to a temple; கோயி லுக்குத் தருமமாக விடப்பெற்ற வீடு. Loc. kōyil-āḻvār கோயிலா ழ்வார் kōyil-āḻvār, n. < id. +. (Vaiṣṇ.) 1. Box-shrine for private worship; ஆராதனைப்பெட்டி. 2. Inner sanctuary or sanctum sanctorum of a temple; கருப்பக்கிருகம். கோயிலாழ் வார்க்குள்ளே பெரியபெருமாள் கண்வளர்ந்தருளுகிற படி(திவ். திருமாலை, 21, வ்யா. 76). kōyil கோயில் kōyil, n. < கோ3 + இல். [T. kōyila, M. kōyil.] 1. Palace, residence of a king or noble man; அரண்மனை. கோயின் மன்னனைக் குறுகி னள் (சிலப். 20, 47). 2. Temple, sanctuary, church, chapel; ஆலயம். அரும்பொகுட் டனைத்தே யண்ணல் கோயில்(பரிபா. பக். 174, செய்யுள், 2). 3. Sacred town of Chidambaram; சிதம்பரம். (தேவா.) 4. Šriraṅgam; ்ரீரங்கம். கோயிற்பிள்ளா யிங்கே போதராயே (திவ். பெரியாழ். 2, 9, 4). 5. Silver casket enclosing the liṅgam worn by Lingayats; வீரசைவர் தரிக்கும் இலிங்கசம்புடம். Loc. 6. Parish church, parish; கோயிற்பற்று. (J.) 7. (Mus.) A kind of time-measure; நாற்சீர்த்தூக்கு. (மணி. 2, 19, உரை.) kōyiṟ-kēḷvi கோயிற்கேள்வி kōyiṟ-kēḷvi, n. < id. +. Temple manager; கோயில் விசாரணைக்காரன். (I. M. P. N.A. 191.) kōyil-vāriyam கோயில்வாரியம் kōyil-vāriyam, n. < id. +. Managing committee of a temple; கோயில் விசாரணைச்சபை. ்ரீகோயில்வாரியம் . . . ராஜராஜ க்ரமவித்தனும் (S. I. I. iii, 188). SII = South Indian Inscriptions in Epigraphia Indica series. h1977a dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’. The 'drummer' hieroglyph thus announces a cast metal.
karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’.kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.h1977b sal'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'
Svastika hieroglyph PLUS kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l'smithy, forge' Or, warehouse kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouse. Svastika rebus: Glosses for zinc are: sattu (Tamil), satta, sattva (Kannada) jasth जसथ् ।रपु m. (sg. dat. jastas ज्तस), zinc, spelter; pewter; zasath ् ज़स््थ् ्or zasuth ज़सुथ ्। रप m. (sg. dat. zastas ु ज़्तस),् zinc, spelter, pewter (cf. Hindī jast). jastuvu; । रपू्भवः adj. (f. jastüvü), made of zinc or pewter.(Kashmiri)karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. . kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'.Hieroglyphs: thread of three stands + drummer on a Kalibangan seal.dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) dolutsu 'tumble' Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’karaḍa 'double-drum' Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'.dhAtu 'strands of rope' Rebus: dhAtu 'mineral, metal, ore'Kalibangan seal. k020 Hieroglyphs: thread of three strands + water-carrier + one-horned young bull.
