Excerpts from Yule, .Paul"The Copper Hoards of Northern India" Expedition Magazine 39.1 (1997): n. pag. Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum, 1997 Web. 02 Sep 2018 <http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=5112>https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/39-1/Yule.pdf

From Lothal was  reported a fragmentary Type 1 anthropomorph (Cu 97.27%, Pb 2.51% (Rao), surface patterning runs lengthwise, lower portion slightly thicker than the edge of the head, ‘arms’ and ‘legs’ broken (Pl. 1,22)—ASI Ahmedabad (10918 – Rao, SR, 1958, 13 pl. 21A).

Chalcolitique du bassin Gange-Yamuna. 2800 - 1500 avant notre ère. Provenance : 

Bisauli (212 km de New Delhi), district de Badaun, Uttar Pradesh. Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi. Inv. n° 94620 et 94621

Anthropomorphic figures, formed from copper/bronze. Northern India, Doab region, circa 1500.-1200 BCE. 

Anthropomorph is a signature tune of copper hoard culture.

Composite copper alloy anthropomorphic Meluhha hieroglyphs of Haryana and Sheorajpur: fish, markhor, 

boar, one-horned young bull

Fig1. Previously sqampland, the Ganges-Yamuna Doah has been drained and is today used agriculturally. It is likely that settlement sites of the Copper Hoard people lie buried beneath the alluvium.
Fig2. Map of India showing major cities, states, and sites referred to in text (Map prepared by J. Edens, after author’s original)Fig10. Axe-ingots, such as this one from Peru in West Bengal, are unsuited to use as axes. (Indian Museum, Calcutta)Fig 11. Anthropomorphic figures, such as this one from Saipai in Uttar Pradesh, are probably cult objects, although some scholars have interpreted them as boomerangs. (Wahal Collection, Kanpur.)

An emphatic evidence linking Indus Script Corpora with metalwork catalogues is provided by the anthropomorph discovered in Sheorajpur, Kanpur Dist. on the banks of Ganga, with 'fish' engraved on the chest of the bronze object of ram with curved horns and spread legs. 

Anthropomorphic figure. Sheorajpur, Kanpur Dist. Inscribed with fish hieroglyph. ca. 2nd millennium BCE. 4 kg; 47.7 X 39 X 2.1 cm. State Museum,   Lucknow (O.37) Anthropomorph with Indus Script ayo 'fish' mẽḍhā 'curved horn' meḍḍha 'ram' 

rebus: ayo meḍh 'metal merchant' ayo mēdhā 'metal expert' karṇika 'spread legs' rebus: karṇika कर्णिक 'steersman'.

miṇḍāl ‘markhor’ (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) Meluhha glosses are annexed which indicate association with cire perdue (or lost wax) method of casting metals using beeswax, particularly in the glosses for miedź, med'  'copper' in Northern Slavic and Altaic languages. 

On an anthropomorph copper plate of 2nd millennium BCE from Keonjhar copper hoard, an inscription dated to 1483 CE has been recorded in Keonjhar, Orissa.(Land grant by Raja Purushottam Deb).

Dist. Keonjhar, Or. – Around 1985 three type III axeingots and a small stand (nos. 1195-1197), evidently part of the same hoard, to judge from the surface texture and patina, were acquired as a group for the Orissa State Museum from this district. Detailed information exists neither for their provenance, nor the circumstances of discovery63 . 1195. Axe-ingot, type III. 14.7x12.3x1.3 cm, 972 gm, sharp lead edge (Fig. 19, 1195). – Orissa State Museum (0.52.1). – Unpub. 1196. Axe-ingot, type III. 17x13.2x1.4cm, rev. surface very rough (Fig. 19, 1196). – Orissa State Museum (0.52.2). – Unpub. 1197. Miniature stand. 24.6 x 13. 2 x 8. 5 cm, thick light green patina, rough surface similar to other metallic artefacts from eastern Chota Nagpur, heavy corrosion on the legs, legs recently bent inward (Fig. 19, 1197). – Orissa State Museum (0.52.3). – Unpub. 

A facsimile of an inscription on a copper plate recording a land grant made by Rāja Purushottam Deb, king of Orissa, in the fifth year of his reign (1483). J. Beames The Indian Antiquary, December 6, 1872, p. 355.
Land grants made by royal decree were protected by law, with deeds often being recorded on metal plates.

John Beames, 1872, Indian Antiquary, Vol. 1, pp. 355-356

On a copper-plate grant from Balasore (AD 1483)

[quote]The plate is in the possession of the Bhuyans of Garpada, an ancient and respectable family of zamindars. Their estate of Garhpada is situated on a rocky spur of the Moharbhanj hills about 15 miles north of the station of Balasore. The plate records the grant of the estate to their ancestor, Poteswar Bhat, a Brahman by Raja Purushottam Deb, King of Orissa. This monarch ascended the throne in AD 1478 and the 5^th year of his reign, the date of the grant would be therefore 1483. The Bhuyan hwever read it the 25^th year of his reign which would make it 1503. This I shall show presently is incorrect. The text in Roman characters is as follows:

Obverse. “Sri Jaya durgAyai namah hira Sri gajapati gaureshwara nava kota karnatakala-vargeswara Sri purushottama deva maharajankar poteswara bhatanku dina s’Asana pata e anka mesha di 10 am sumabUrn grahana kAle ganga gurbhe purushottamapura s’asana bhUmI chaiidasa ushTottara xxxx dAna desnne bhUmI yavachchandrarke putra pautrAdi purushannakrame bhaga karu thiba jalarUtna nikshepa sahit bhUmI dehau. Reverse. YAvach chandrascha sUryascha yAvat tishThati medina yAvad dattAmayAhr eshii susya yuktA basundhurA swadatrAan purushattUm vU brahmavRittim haretyah ShashTir varshasahasrANi vishTAyAm jUyate kRAmih Sri mudunagopAluh saruNam mama”

Translation: Reverence to Sri Jaya Durga. Of the hero, the illustrious Gajapati, lord of GauD, lord of the tribes (of the country) of the nine forts, Karnata and Utkala Sri Purushottam Deh MahArAja to Poteswar Bhat a deed of gift of a s’Asan. In this fifth year of my reign the tenth day of Mesh, Monday at the time of an eclipse, in the womb of GungA, I have given Purushottampura S’Asan land fourteen (hundred) and eight besides, ha 1408 lss, as a gift. This land as long as the moon and sun, son, grandson and the rest, generation after generation enjoying remain! I have given the land together with its tanks and gardens.

(The above is in Oriya; the rest is in Sanskrit)

Reverse. As long as the moon and the sun, as long as the earth shall stand, so long be the gift upheld of this rich grain-bearing land; whose of his own or another’s gift a Brahman shall deprive, for sixty thousand years a worm in dung shall be born and live. Sri Mudangopal my protection.

The marks at the end are: first, the ankush or elephant goad, the special sign manual of the kings of Orissa, referring to their ancient title of Gajapati or land of elephants; second, the s’ankh or conch-shell of Vishnu (Jagannath), third and fourth the khandA or straight sword, and the katar or dagger, both emblems of the warrior-caste, the khanDA belonging especially to the hill-people, and he kutAr to those of the plains. With regard to the wording of the deed one or two points may perhaps stand in need of explanation. GauDeshwara or lord of GauD, i.e. Bengal, is a constant empty boast of the kings of Orissa, who claimed to rule from the great to the little GungA, i.e. from GangA to GodAvari. Their kingdom did frequently stretch as far as the latter river, and even beyond it; but only twice in all their annals did they reach the Ganges and then only for a brief period each time. ‘Karnata kula’ is a mistake of the engraver for karnATotkala ‘Karnata and Utkala’, the forms which occurs in all the deeds and decriptions of the monarchs of Orissa. This very Purushottam Deb conquered Kanjikaveri or Conjeevaram and spent the greater part of his reign on the Godavary. The expression later on in this plate ‘GangAgarbhe’ probably refers to that river the ‘SAngangU’ or little Ganges of the Oriya as there is no record of this king’s having ever having visited the great Ganges. ‘S’Asan’ in Orissa is a patch of rent-free land with a village inhabited and cultivated exclusively by Brahmans, generally on behalf of some god, whose temple is in their village and whose worship they are theoretically bound to keep up. As a rule the poor Thakur gets very little worship and the money goes into the Brahman’s bellies or on to their backs. These Brahman’s S’Asana are scattered all over the country and are detected at once by the large comfortable homesteads, the groves of cocoa-palms and fruit trees and the generally superior style of cultivation. The cocoa-palm flourishes well in Orissa, but is not grown except by Brahmans owing to the popular superstititon that if a man of another caste plants them, he or his children will die in a year and a day. .. ‘Di10um’ and ‘ba1408ti’. This is the Oriya fashion of writing figures, the name of the article is divided in two and the numbers written in between, the above form stands for 10 diam, and 1408 bAtI respectively. Thus they would write 10 rupees, Ta10nka’ – 10 Tanka; 5 maunds would be mA5na…Potesar Bhat obtained possession and he and his descendants held the estate for some generations…Aurangzeb…The Brahman resisted for a long time, but finding that the Emperor was deaf to remonstrances, he eventually consented, embraced Islam and returned to Orissa with an order for his restitution to his estates. Since that time the family has been Muhammadan, and the present head of it, Ghulum Mustafa Khan, and his brothers are men with quite a Mughal type of countenance, probably derived from frequent intermarriages with Mughul and Pathan ladies. The archaic form of the letters in this grand renders it very valuable as showing the gradual development of the modern Oriya alphabet from a southern variety of the Kutila type… [unquote](The Indian Antiquary, Dec. 6, 1872, pp. 355-356), Excerpted from the full text of the Indian Antiquary, Vol. I 1872 embedded.

This Keonjhar copper plate grant is on an anthropomorph which is comparable to the antropomorph type noted in Metmuseum dated to ca. 1500-500 BCE.

Anthropomorph celt. Met Museum Accession Number 2001.433.8

http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/50575

– Type IV Anthropomorph – (Indus Script ‘boar’ ligature & ‘yong [sic] bull’ hieroglyh [sic] inscribed) similar to Type I but with Indus Script inscriptions/ligatures of boar’s head and hieroglyph of one-horned young bull.

See: 

http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/109/1/Yule_2003.pdf P. Yule, “Beyond the Pale of Near Eastern Archaeology: Anthropomorphic Figures from al-Aqir near Bahla’, Sultanate of Oman” within:  T. Stöllner et al. (Hrsg.), “Mensch und Bergbau Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber on Occasion of his 65th Birthday”, (Bochum 2003) 537-542

After Fig. 6, ibid.

“The Copper Hoards Problem: A Technological Angle” D. P. AGRAWAL Asian Perspectives Vol. 12 (1969), pp. 113-119 Published by: University of Hawai’i Press http://www.jstor.org/stable/42929067
Page Count: 7  https://www.scribd.com/document/359287585/Copper-Hoards-DP-Agarwal-1969


"THE AUTHORSHIP AND AGE. The Copper Hoards are a unique and probably isolated phenomenon in Indian prehistory. They probably represent the original inhabitants of the tangled, wooded country of the Doab, before the Painted Gray Ware people started clearing the forests. It may be noted that eastern India had contacts with Southeast Asia in Neolithic times (Dani 1960; Worman 1949). Latest research in Thailand (Solheim 1967) shows that bronze technology there starts by ca. 2300 B.C. as indicated by the radiocarbon dates for the Non Nok Tha site: TF-651, 2325±200 B.C. and GaK-956, 2290±90 B.C. [Copper socketed tool tentatively dated 3590±320 B.c, GaK 1034. Ed.] This suggests the probability of inspiration from Southeast Asia for the Copper Hoards although an independent origin is not precluded. But western contacts were impossible because of the forest barriers. Lal (1951) and Gupta (1963, 1965) identified the Hoards with the Mundas. It is worth noting that the eastern Austronesian tribes (forefathers of the Mon-Khmers, linguistically affiliated with the Mundas) independently developed the use of metal. And north-east India has been considered an integral part of Southeast Asia in the Neolithic period (Bongard-Levin and Deopik 1957). If we take the Plateau zone as the primary center because of its simpler types (barcelt was a mining tool) the diffusion probability from Southeast Asia becomes more plausible. Those people possessing the mysterious skill of metallurgy were probably released from the kinship bonds of the tribes and thus became the itinerant smiths who later developed the Doab zone of the Copper Hoards. The age of the Copper Hoards is more difficult to arrive at. If the OCP association of the Copper Hoards is accepted, they are pre-Po G. Ware and even pre-Black-and-Red ware in the Doab. For precision in dating one will have to await the testimony of the spade." (DP Agarwal, 1969, The copper hoards problem, a technological angle, in: Asian Perspectives XII, p.118)

http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/1895/1/Metalwork_BronzeAge_India.pdf P. Yule, 1985, “Metalwork of the Bronze Age in India” 

“The Copper Hoard Culture of the Gangā Valley” – B. Lal (1972), “The Copper Hoard culture of the Gangā Valley”. Antiquity, 46 (184), 282-287. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00053886
– https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/copper-hoard-culture-of-the-ganga-valley/EB6ABFD8D5BD193835C0145C3BD55925

– J. Manuel, “The antecedent’s diverse  influences  on  and  by Vaishnava Art,  as perceptible from the times of Copper Anthropomorphic Figures” within: Journal of Religious History South Asia, Vol. A-1 (Published Fall 2015) – http://www.jorhsa.com/Edition_2015/Copper.pdf

“On Copper Age Anthropomorphic Figures from North India An Ethnological Interpretation”
Jürgen W. Frembgen East and West Vol. 46, No. 1/2 (June 1996), pp. 177-182 Published by: Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente (IsIAO)  http://www.jstor.org/stable/29757261
Page Count: 6

T.K.D GUPTA, “The anthropomorphic figures of the copper-hoards from India”
– https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306878726_The_anthropomorphic_figures_of_the_copper-hoards_from_India

– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2016/07/all-four-types-of-anthropomorphs-of.html
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2015/05/composite-copper-alloy-anthropomorphic.html
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2014/01/stunning-metallic-ceiling-of-shivrajpur.html
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2014/01/meluhha-hieroglyphs-snarling-iron-of.html
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2014/01/stunning-metallic-ceiling-of-shivrajpur.html

– http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/naman-ahuja-is-mastering-the-art-of-reaching-out-114092501180_1.html

https://tinyurl.com/jfhcb63

http://tinyurl.com/jukgebp

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00030/pdf (BB Lal, 1968, A deluge? Which deluge? Yet another facet of the problem of the Copper Hoard Culture, pp.857-863)

"A fragment of an anthropomorph came to light in controlled excavations at Lothal and a second one at Saipai Lichchwai, Etawah district. The doabhoards are associated with the so-called Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) which appears to be closely associated with the Late Harappan (or Posturban) phase. As early as the 19th century, stray hoard objects became known and established themselves as an important find group in the two-river land of northern India. The dating is unclear. These hoard artefacts are a main manifestation of the archaeology of India during the metals age...In a milestone publication B.B. Lalpublished 35 from the Gangetic basin, from the central peninsula and the eastern part of India.( B.B. Lal, Further Copper Hoards from the Gangetic Basin and a Review of the Problem, Ancient India 7, 1951, 20-39)" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Hoard_Culture

Indus script cipher of 1.four-hooded cobra arching over membrum virile of Daimabad charioteer 2.Candi Sukuh śivalinga 3.Sit Shamshi linga http://tinyurl.com/ktohgmv
Four hoods of cobra arch over membrum virile. Hypertext expression reads: lo gaṇḍa phaṇin Rebus plaintext readings : 1. phaṇi lokhaṇḍa, 'tin or lead foil,metalware,metal implements market (pun on the word paṇi, 'market'); 2.  lokhaṇḍa paṇe (paṇi) 'metal implements production,metals quarry'. Thus, the charioteer is described to be a paṇikkan, 'a metals workers, a master metallurgical artificer'.  Alternative: mēṇḍhra -- m. ʻ penis ʼ(Samskritam)(CDIAL 9606) rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho.Mu.) Alternative: reinforcement of semantics for upraised penis, for lo: bhar̥kanu  'rise of penis' (N.)(CDIAL 9365) rebus: bhaṭa  'furnace, smelter'  Thus, an alternative plain text is: bhaṭa  phaṇi lokhaṇḍa 'furnace (for) tin or lead foil, metal implements'. The cobra hood is also seen as:  phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild'.

Hauptmann, Andreas ; Hughes, Michael J., 1989,  The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation with Appendix I and II in: In: Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, Bd. 36. 1989, pp. 193-275

http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/509/1/00jrgzm_all.pdf

Ancient Indian Ocp Period Copper (R Balasubramaniam et al, 2002) by Srini Kalyanaraman on Scribd