This is an addendum to
Tepe Hissar axe-adze compares with Mohenjo-daro axe. This does NOT prove AIT as averred by Asko Parpola https://tinyurl.com/yxgkj6e6
A double-axe is attested on a Chanhudaro seal with an Indus Script inscription and on an archaeological find from a Mesopotamian site. This inscription is deciphered as a metalwork catalogue, wealth-accounting ledger of a mint, an artifier, artisan, carpenter working in iron and wood.
A number of etyma provide semantics 'axe, adze' in Indian sprachbund, 'linguistic union' Meluhha expressions. I suggest that the term used by the Meluhha artisans for this axe could be from the following Meluhha expressions with variant pronunciations:
vardhaka in cmpd. ʻ cutting ʼ, m. ʻ carpenter ʼ R. [√vardh ]Pa. cīvara -- vaḍḍhaka -- m. ʻ tailor ʼ; Kho. bardog , ˚ox ʻ axe ʼ (early → Kal. wadók before v -- > b -- in Kho.); <-> Wg. wāṭ ʻ axe ʼ, Paš.dar. wāˊṭak (ṭ?).(CDIAL 11374) *vardhira ʻ axe, hammer ʼ. [Cf. *varddhr̥ -- . - √vardh ]Kho. bəḍīˊr ʻ sledgehammer (?) ʼ (→ Gaw. bäḍíl), Bshk. baḍīˊr; Phal. baḍhīˊr ʻ axe (?), sledgehammer ʼ AO xviii 227: very doubtful.(CDIAL 11385) Ta. vācci, vāycci, vāṭci adze. Ma. vācci adze, scraper. To.po·ḍč adze. Ka. bāci id. Tu. bāci, bāji id. Cf. 5340 Ma. vāccuka, 5349 Ta. vaṭi, Te. vã̄ḍi, and 5376 Ta. vāḷ. / Cf. Skt. vāśī- adze; Turner, CDIAL, no. 11588.(DEDR 5339) vāˊśī f. ʻ sharp -- pointed knife or adze ʼ RV.Pa. vāsi -- f. ʻ sharp knife, adze ʼ; Pk. vāsĭ̄ -- f. ʻ adze ʼ, Ash. wās, Wg. ber -- wāš, Kt. woš, Pr. wušík, Paš.weg. wāčək(IIFL iii 3, 180 < *wāš -- čək?), WPah.jaun. B. Or. bāsi; Si. vähä, vā̤ -- ya ʻ axe ʼ. -- Ext. -- l -- , -- ll -- : Paš.kuṛ. ēseliʻ adze ʼ, WPah.bhal. be hil, be halo m., N. basilo, Or. bārisi, ˚rasī, Bi. basilā, H. bā̆silā m., G. vã̄slɔ m.; -- Shum. wasoli ʻ hammer ʼ; Gaw. wã̄soli ʻ adze ʼ, S. vāholo m.; L. vaholā m. ʻ mattock ʼ; P. baholā m. ʻ adze ʼ, Ku. basulo(bahũlo ← P.), N. basulo, Bi. basū˘lā, Mth. basulā, H. basolā, basū˘lā.*hastavāśī -- .Addenda: vāˊśī -- : WPah.kṭg. bás f. ʻ adze ʼ, J. bāss, jaun. bāsī <-> all ← MIA. (and Sk. lex.) vāsĭ̄ -- . (CDIAL 11588) Indo-European variant pronunciation vedegà `a kind of axe' is consistent with the variant pronunctions in Indian sprachbund, 'speech union', Meluhha: Ta. vaṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to sharpen; n. sharpness. Te. vã̄ḍi sharp, keen, edged, pointed; n. sharpness, keenness, pointedness, bravery, courage, valour; vã̄ḍimisharpness, keenness, pointedness, bravery, courage, valour. Pa. vã̄ḍ edge, sharp edge, sharpness.(DEDR 5349)Ta. vāḷ sword, saw, ploughshare, scissors, sharpness; vāḷam sword; vāḷi swordsman; arrow. Ma. vāḷ sword, saw; vāḷan sawyer. Ko. va·ḷ sword, saw. To. po·ł̣sword. Ka. bāḷ(u) knife, sword. Koḍ. ba·ḷï katti the long sword of the Coorg warrior. Tu. bāḷů, bālů razor, small knife attached to cock's spur when fighting. Te. vālusword; sharp; vālika sharp. (DEDR 5376).
This is read hieroglyph Phal. baḍhīˊr ʻaxe' rebus vāḍhi, 'merchant';
*vārdhaka ʻ pertaining to a carpenter ʼ. [vardhaki -- ]S. vāḍho m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, P. vāḍḍhī, bā˚ m. (< *vārdhika -- ?); Si. vaḍu ʻ pertaining to carpentry ʼ.vārdhanī -- see vardhanī -- .Addenda: *vārdhaka -- [Dial. a ~ ā < IE. o T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 73](CDIAL 11568) vardhaki m. ʻ carpenter ʼ MBh. [√vardh ]Pa. vaḍḍhaki -- m. ʻ carpenter, building mason ʼ; Pk. vaḍḍhaï -- m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, ˚aïa -- m. ʻ shoemaker ʼ; WPah. jaun. bāḍhōī ʻ carpenter ʼ, (Joshi) bāḍhi m., N. baṛhaï, baṛahi, A. bārai, B. bāṛaï, ˚ṛui, Or. baṛhaï, ˚ṛhāi, (Gaṛjād) bāṛhoi, Bi. baṛa hī, Bhoj. H. baṛhaī m., M. vāḍhāyā m., Si. vaḍu -- vā.*vārdhaka -- .Addenda: vardhaki -- : WPah.kṭg. báḍḍhi m. ʻ carpenter ʼ; kṭg. bəṛhe\ i , báṛhi , kc. baṛhe ← H. beside genuine báḍḍhi Him.I 135), J. bāḍhi, Garh. baṛhai, A. also bāṛhai AFD 94; Md. vaḍīn, vaḍin pl.†*vardhakikarman -- .11375a †*vardhakikarman -- ʻ carpentry ʼ. [vardhaki -- , kár- man -- ]Md. vaḍām ʻ carpentry ʼ.(CDIAL 11375, 11376).
The semantics of carpentry find their rebus orthograpic and sculptural representations in baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi 'a caste who work both in iron and wood' వడ్రంగి, వడ్లంగి, వడ్లవాడు (p. 1126) vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu or వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. వడ్రంగము, వడ్లపని, వడ్రము or వడ్లంగితనము vaḍrangamu. n. The trade of a carpenter. వడ్లవానివృత్తి. వడ్రంగిపని. వడ్రంగిపిట్ట or వడ్లంగిపిట్ట vaḍrangi-piṭṭa. n. A woodpecker. దార్వాఘాటము. వడ్లకంకణము vaḍla-kankaṇamu. n. A curlew. ఉల్లంకులలో భేదము. వడ్లత or వడ్లది vaḍlata. n. A woman of the carpenter caste. vardhaki m. ʻ carpenter ʼ MBh. [√vardh] Pa. vaḍḍhaki -- m. ʻ carpenter, building mason ʼ; Pk. vaḍḍhaï -- m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, °aïa -- m. ʻ shoemaker ʼ; WPah. jaun. bāḍhōī ʻ carpenter ʼ, (Joshi) bāḍhi m., N. baṛhaï, baṛahi, A. bārai, B. bāṛaï, °ṛui, Or. baṛhaï, °ṛhāi, (Gaṛjād) bāṛhoi, Bi. baṛahī, Bhoj. H. baṛhaī m., M. vāḍhāyā m., Si. vaḍu -- vā.(CDIAL 11375)
baḍaga is a takṣa, divine tvaṣṭr̥ of R̥gveda, he is a yajña puruṣa as evidenced in Khajuraho monumental varāha sculpture.. He is the very embodiment of the Veda, Veda puruṣa. त्वष्टृ m. a carpenter , maker of carriages (= त्/अष्टृ) AV. xii , 3 , 33; " creator of living beings " , the heavenly builder , N. of a god (called सु-क्/ऋत् , -पाण्/इ , -ग्/अभस्ति , -ज्/अनिमन् , स्व्-/अपस् , अप्/असाम् अप्/अस्तम , विश्व्/अ-रूप &c RV. ; maker of divine implements , esp. of इन्द्र's thunderbolt and teacher of the ऋभुs i , iv-vi , x Hariv. 12146 f. R. ii , 91 , 12 ; former of the bodies of men and animals , hence called " firstborn " and invoked for the sake of offspring , esp. inthe आप्री hymns RV. AV. &c MBh. iv , 1178 Hariv. 587 ff. Ragh. vi , 32 ; associated with the similar deities धातृ , सवितृ , प्रजा-पति , पूषन् , and surrounded by divine females [ग्न्/आस् , जन्/अयस् , देव्/आनाम् प्/अत्नीस् ; cf. त्व्/अष्टा-व्/अरूत्री] recipients of his generative energy RV. S3Br. i Ka1tyS3r. iii ; supposed author of RV. x , 184 with the epithet गर्भ-पति RAnukr. ; father of सरण्यू [सु-रेणु Hariv.; स्व-रेणु L. ] whose double twin-children by विवस्वत् [or वायु ? RV. viii , 26 , 21 f.] are यमयमी and the अश्विन्s x , 17 , 1 f. Nir. xii , 10 Br2ih. Hariv.545 ff. VP. ; also father of त्रि-शिरस् or विश्वरूप ib. ; overpowered by इन्द्र who recovers the सोम [ RV. iii f. ] concealed by him because इन्द्र had killed his son विश्व-रूप TS. ii S3Br. i , v , xii ; regent of the नक्षत्र चित्रा TBr. S3a1n3khGr2. S3a1ntik. VarBr2S. iic , 4 ; of the 5th cycle of Jupiter viii , 23 ; of an eclipse iii , 6 ; त्वष्टुर् आतिथ्य N. of a सामन् A1rshBr. ).
See: A tribute to baḍhi, వడ్ర, baḍaga, yajña puruṣa. He is Varāha,’boar’ & tiger on Indus Script Corpora artisan working in iron, wood & seafaring Meluhha merchant
https://tinyurl.com/y84vj7ff
Chanhudaro C23 seal
A tantra-yukti is 'arthāpatti,'implication'. This yukti helps explain the purport of the hieroglyphs on this Chanhudaro seal.
The fact that these hieroglyph compositions occur on bronze artifacts imply that the bronze metalwork is signified. खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi) PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. ![]()
Text 6402 6Goat-antelope with a short tail.ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Three linear strokes signify kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Three linear strokes thus signify kolimi 'smithy, forge'.
Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (
*mēṇḍharūpa ʻ like a ram ʼ. [mēṇḍha -- 2, rūpá -- Bi. mẽṛhwā ʻ a bullock with curved horns like a ram's ʼ; M. mẽḍhrū̃ n. ʻ sheep ʼ (CDIAL 10311). Vikalpa: Ka. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat.Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat.(DEDR 5087)
Te. gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' Rebus 1: gota (laterite, ferrite ore) Rebus 2: goṭā 'gold-braid'.
The large double-axe may be an orthographic styling of an oxhide ingot, which is a large ingot weighing upto 30 kgs. Hence, read rebus as: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'.
Hypertext atop the seal motifs:
Hieroglyph: one slanted stroke:koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Thus large workshop (oxhide) ingot.
Ligatured ficus leaf: loa 'ficus' rebus: loh 'copper' PLUS koD 'horn' rebus: koD 'workshop'. Thus, copper workshop. कर्णिक [p= 257,2] mfn. having ears , having large or long ears W.; कर्णिन् [p= 257,2] mfn. having ears AV. x , 1 , 2 TS. vii (Samskrtam) Rebus: karṇika, 'helmsman', karṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'
Three slanted strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Thus large (oxhide) ingot for smithy/forge.
kanac 'corner' rebus: kanac 'bronze' PLUS infixed partitioned rectangle (could be ingot rod?)
Archer carrying bow and arrow on one hand: kamaTha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coiange'.
An archer carries bow and arrow on both hands: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.
Ligatured ingot PLUS three linear strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS mũh 'ingot' (Munda). Thus, ingot for smithy/forge.
Double-axe hieroglyph:
Double-axe shown on one side of a few copper tablets from Mohenjodaro.
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Double-axe found in a Mesopotamian site. Comparable to the double-axe shown on Chanhudaro seal C-23.
Double-axe found in a Mesopotamian site. Comparable to the double-axe shown on Chanhudaro seal C-23.parśu2 m. ʻ axe ʼ R. [See paraśú -- : -- → Par. &omacrtodtod; IIFL i 281]
Pk. paṁsu -- m. ʻ axe ʼ, Ash. pōs, Kt. pe ċ ʻ large axe ʼ, Bashg. peċ, poċ; Or. pāũsi ʻ vegetable chopper ʼ; Si. pihiya, ˚yē, pīhaya ʻ knife, chopper ʼ; -- N. pāso see parśvadha -- .(CDIAL 7949)
Pk. paṁsu -- m. ʻ axe ʼ, Ash. pōs, Kt. p
takṣaṇa n. ʻ cutting, paring ʼ KātyŚr. [√takṣ ]Pa. tacchanī -- f. ʻ hatchet ʼ; Pk. tacchaṇa -- n., ˚ṇā -- f. ʻ act of cutting or scraping ʼ; Kal. tēčin ʻ chip ʼ (< *takṣaṇī -- ?); K. tȧchyunu (dat. tȧchinis) m. ʻ wood -- shavings ʼ; Ku. gng. taċhaṇ ʻ cutting (of wood) ʼ; M. tāsṇī f. ʻ act of chipping &c., adze ʼ.
ṭaṅka
ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [
