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vāˊśī f. ʻ sharp -- pointed knife or adze ʼ RV.Pa. vāsi -- f. ʻ sharp knife, adze ʼ; Pk. vāsĭ̄ -- f. ʻ adze ʼ, Ash. wās, Wg. ber -- wāš, Kt. woš, Pr. wušík, Paš.weg. wāčək (IIFL iii 3, 180 < *wāš -- čək?), WPah.jaun. B. Or. bāsi; Si. vähä, vā̤ -- ya ʻ axe ʼ. -- Ext. -- l -- , -- ll -- : Paš.kuṛ. ēseli ʻ adze ʼ, WPah.bhal. be hil, be halo m., N. basilo, Or. bārisi, ˚rasī, Bi. basilā, H. bā̆silā m., G. vã̄slɔ m.; -- Shum. wasoli ʻ hammer ʼ; Gaw. wã̄soli ʻ adze ʼ, S. vāholo m.; L. vaholā m. ʻ mattock ʼ; P. baholā m. ʻ adze ʼ, Ku. basulo (bahũlo ← P.), N. basulo, Bi. basū˘lā, Mth. basulā, H. basolā, basū˘lā.*hastavāśī -- .Addenda: vāˊśī -- : WPah.kṭg. bás f. ʻ adze ʼ, J. bāss, jaun. bāsī <-> all ← MIA. (and Sk. lex.) vāsĭ̄ -- .(CDIAL 11588) *hastavāśī ʻ hand -- axe ʼ. [hásta -- , vāˊśī -- ]A. hātowāh ʻ hatchet ʼ(CDIAL 14033). Ta. vācci, vāycci, vāṭci adze. Ma. vācci adze, scraper. To. po·ḍč adze. Ka. bāci id. Tu. bāci, bāji id. Cf. 5340 Ma. vāccuka, 5349 Ta. vaṭi, Te. vã̄ḍi, and 5376 Ta. vāḷ. / Cf. Skt. vāśī- adze; Turner, CDIAL, no. 11588.(DEDR 5339)
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vāˊśī f. ʻ sharp -- pointed knife or adze ʼ RV.Pa. vāsi -- f. ʻ sharp knife, adze ʼ; Pk. vāsĭ̄ -- f. ʻ adze ʼ, Ash. wās, Wg. ber -- wāš, Kt. woš, Pr. wušík, Paš.weg. wāčək (IIFL iii 3, 180 < *wāš -- čək?), WPah.jaun. B. Or. bāsi; Si. vähä, vā̤ -- ya ʻ axe ʼ. -- Ext. -- l -- , -- ll -- : Paš.kuṛ. ēseli ʻ adze ʼ, WPah.bhal. b
Asko Parpola while trying to trace the word to be of Dravidian origin, ignores the following Sanskrit words:
वाशि m. " roaring " , fire or the god of fire Un2. iv , 124 Sch. वाशी f. (also written वासी ; accord. to some connected with √ व्रश्च्) a sharp or pointed knife or a kind of axe , adze , chisel (esp. as the weapon of अग्निor the मरुत्s , and the instrument of the ऋभुs , while the परशु or axe is that of त्वष्टृ) RV. AV. MBh. (Monier-Williams). vāśī वाशी Ved. 1 Roaring, crying. -2 A weapon in general (such as an axe, spear &c.); also written वासी; सकीलकवचाः सर्वे वासीवृक्षादनान्विताः Mb.5.155.8. -3 Voice, speech. -4 A war-cry.(Apte)
It is clear that वाशी is a word which occurs in the R̥gveda to signify a kind of pointed adze, a type of war weapon. The semantics are also attested in Vedic Index cited above. in RV 8.12.12, RV 10.53.10 and RV 10.101.10, a stone axe (Not metal axe) is alluded to.
RV 1.37.2 2 They who, selfluminous-, were born together, with the spotted deer,
Spears, swords, and glittering ornaments.
RV 1.88.3 3 For beauty ye have swords upon your bodies. As they stir woods so may they stir our spirits.
For your sake, O ye Maruts very mighty and wellborn-, have they set the stone, in motion.
RV 5.53.44 Who shine selfluminous- with ornaments and swords, with breastplates, armlets, and with wreaths,
Arrayed on chariots and with bows.
RV 8.29.3 3 One brandishes in his hand an iron knife, firm, in his seat amid the Deities.
RV 8.12.12 12 Indra who wins the friend hath spread himself to drink the Somadraught-:
Like worshippers' dilating praise; it metes and marks.(Sayana/Wilson translation) 8.012.12 Indra, the benefactor of his friend (the worshipper), has enlarged himself to drik the Soma, in like manner as the pious praise dilates and proclaims the measure (of his merits). [Proclaims the measure: like the dilating praise of the worshipper, it proclaims; pra_ci_ = prakars.en.a stutyam gun.agan.am pra_pnuvati_].
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RV 10.53.10 10 Now, O ye Sapient Ones, make ye the axes sharp wherewith ye fashion bowls to hold the Amrta.
Knowing the secret places make ye ready that whereby the Gods have gotten immortality.
RV 10.101.10 10 Pour golden juice within the wooden vessel: with stonemade- axes fashion ye and form it.
Embrace and compass it with tenfold girdle, and to both chariotpoles- attach the carhorse-.
RV 10.6.3 3 He who is Lord of all divine oblation, shared by all living men at break of morning,
Agni to whom our offerings are devoted, in whom rests he whose car, through might, is scatheless.In RV 10.6.3, the meaning of the word vāsya वास्य may signify an axe: vāsya वास्य a. 1 To be covered. -2 To be caused to dwell. -स्यः, -स्यम् An axe; see वासि. (Apte) वास्य m. or n. (for 1. and 2. » p.947) = वासी or वाशी , an axe Ni1lak. on MBh. i , 4605 ; v , 5250. (Monier-Williams)
A metal adze occurs as an archaeological find in Mohenjo-daro and also from Tepe Hissar (as noted by Asko Parpola).
Tepe Hissar is certainly part of the Sarasvati Civilization contact areas of interaction. It will be a stretch or an article of faith to extend this into any suggestion that the artisans of Tepe Hissar moved into Sarasvati Civilization area. In this context, the caveats mentioned by BB Lal are apposite.
Delivering the inaugural address at the 19th International Conference on South Asian Archeology in Italy, Prof B.B.Lal told the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists that BMAC people were not nomads and the characteristic features of BMAC never reached the Indus region."But more strange is the argument that the occurrence of a single antennae-hilted sword in Bactria would entitle that region to be the ‘motherland’ of the Gangetic Copper Hoard people who produced these copper weapons and other associated objects in hundreds, if not thousands.If, following the footsteps of Parpola, I were to say that the find of the well known seal of the ‘Persian Gulf’ style at Lothal in Gujarat establishes that the Persian Gulf Culture (which abounds in such seals) originated in Gujarat or, again, if I said that the occurrence of a cylinder seal at Kalibangan in Rajasthan entitles Rajasthan to be the ‘motherland’ of the Mesopotamian Culture (wherein cylinder seals are found in large numbers), I am sure my learned colleagues present here would at once get me admitted to the nearest lunatic asylum."
The early word used for an axe-adze is vāˊśī f, a word which occurs in R̥gveda signifying both stone and metal axes. This is an Indo-European word.
The lemma is as follows:
Indo-European variant pronunciation vedegà `a kind of axe' is consistent with the variant pronunctions in Indian sprachbund, 'speech union', Meluhha: Ta. vaṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to sharpen; n. sharpness. Te. vã̄ḍi sharp, keen, edged, pointed; n. sharpness, keenness, pointedness, bravery, courage, valour; vã̄ḍimisharpness, keenness, pointedness, bravery, courage, valour. Pa. vã̄ḍ edge, sharp edge, sharpness.(DEDR 5349)Ta. vāḷ sword, saw, ploughshare, scissors, sharpness; vāḷam sword; vāḷi swordsman; arrow. Ma. vāḷ sword, saw; vāḷan sawyer. Ko. va·ḷ sword, saw. To. po·ł̣sword. Ka. bāḷ(u) knife, sword. Koḍ. ba·ḷï katti the long sword of the Coorg warrior. Tu. bāḷů, bālů razor, small knife attached to cock's spur when fighting. Te. vālusword; sharp; vālika sharp. (DEDR 5376).
Tepe Hissar
![Approximate location of important metallurgical sites mentioned in the text.]()
![a) Native copper rolled bead from Ali Kosh Neolithic site, western Iran (mid 7 th millennium), b) Polished cross-section of the copper bead. Metal is corroded but the resulting corrosion products have preserved its original shape (Pigott, 2004a; Smith, 1967).Â]()
![Related image]()
![Two bronze artefacts from Marlik graves, Left: a spouted vessel decorated with lion reliefs, Right: fantastic statue of a deer (Negahban, 1999). At Hasanlu, an important Iron Age site in northwest Iran, more than 2,000 copper and bronze artefacts in the major various categories has found in archaeological excavations. Many of these artefacts have ornamented and decorated (Pigott, 1990). On the other hand, many bimetallic (two part artefacts made by bronze and Iron) artefacts have found such asÂ]()
![Three bronze artefacts from Hasanlu, Northwest Iran, 1 st millennium BCE, a) Lion statue, b) decorative ring, c) bimetallic pin with bronze lion statue and iron pin shaft, Photos: M. Charehsaz and M. Ahmadi.]()
![Image result for tepe hissar]()
Tepe Hissar (Tappeh Hissar) is located near Damghan and it is one of the important ancient hills of Iran plateau.
![Image result for tepe hissar]()
Finial for religious object Copper or Bronze Tepe Hissar Iran Hissar III Period 2900-1800
![Image result for tepe hissar]()
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"Tepe Hissar is a prehistoric site located in the village Heydarabad just south of Damghan in Semnan Province in Northeastern Iran. The site was firstly discovered in 1877 by Albert Houtum-Schindler and then investigated in 1931 and 1932 by Erich Schmidt, on behalf of the University of Pennsylvania Museum (Schmidt 1933, 1937)....The site is notable for its uninterrupted occupational history from the 5th to the 2nd millennium BCE...In the second period (Hissar IIA and IIB), dated to the 4th millennium BC and the beginning of the 3rd, the burnished grey ware becomes predominant and the large number of lapis lazuli beads and alabaster finds, as well as the evidence of large-scale production of copper-based alloys and lead-silver, suggests that the site was playing a very important role in the trade and export of metal artifacts and semi-precious stones from the Middle Asia quarries to Mesopotamia and Egypt...The presence of full-time specialists seems to be attested already in the first Chalcolithic period. Regarding the metal production, already in Hissar I period, both weapons (daggers, knife blades, arrowheads) and other tools (pins, tacks, points and needles) were made.In Hissar II and III copper artifacts increase in quality and variety and include personal ornaments (earrings, pendants, bracelets, bands), tools and weapons (bidents, lances, mattocks, chisels, mace heads), and luxury items (vessels, mirrors, boxes and intricately cast pins and rods)."
Tepe Hissar is certainly part of the Sarasvati Civilization contact areas of interaction. It will be a stretch or an article of faith to extend this into any suggestion that the artisans of Tepe Hissar moved into Sarasvati Civilization area. In this context, the caveats mentioned by BB Lal are apposite.
Delivering the inaugural address at the 19th International Conference on South Asian Archeology in Italy, Prof B.B.Lal told the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists that BMAC people were not nomads and the characteristic features of BMAC never reached the Indus region."But more strange is the argument that the occurrence of a single antennae-hilted sword in Bactria would entitle that region to be the ‘motherland’ of the Gangetic Copper Hoard people who produced these copper weapons and other associated objects in hundreds, if not thousands.If, following the footsteps of Parpola, I were to say that the find of the well known seal of the ‘Persian Gulf’ style at Lothal in Gujarat establishes that the Persian Gulf Culture (which abounds in such seals) originated in Gujarat or, again, if I said that the occurrence of a cylinder seal at Kalibangan in Rajasthan entitles Rajasthan to be the ‘motherland’ of the Mesopotamian Culture (wherein cylinder seals are found in large numbers), I am sure my learned colleagues present here would at once get me admitted to the nearest lunatic asylum."
The early word used for an axe-adze is vāˊśī f, a word which occurs in R̥gveda signifying both stone and metal axes. This is an Indo-European word.
The lemma is as follows:
Root / lemma: u̯edh-1
English meaning: to push, hit
German meaning: `stoßen, schlagen'
Material: Old Indian vadhati, ávadhīt `hit, bump, poke, destroy', Kaus. vadhayati, vadhá- m. `tötend, Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Geschoß); blow, knock, Vernichtung' = av. vada- m. `wedge zum Spaltendes Holzes', Old Indian vádhar- n. `Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Geschoß)' = av. vadar- n. `weapon (to Schlagen)', vádhram`Lederriemen', Old Indian vadhasná- m. ds., av. vādāya- `zuröckstoßen' (lengthened grade as gr. ὠθέω);
gr. ἔθει φθείρει. ἐρεθίζει Hes., hom. ἔθων `stoßend, zerwöhlend', ἔθειρα `hair of the head, Möhne'; ὠθέω `poke, push' (: av. vādāya-), ὦσις `shove', ἔνοσις `Erschötterung' (*en-u̯odh-tis); also in ἐνοσίχθων, ἐννοσίγαιος, εἰνοσίφυλλος (ἐνν-, ἐιν- metr. lengthening);
Old Indian vádhri- `verschnitten' (`with zerstoßenen testicles') = gr. ἐθρίς τομίας, κριός Hes.; secondary ἴθρις, ἄθρις;
lit. vedegà `a kind of axe', lett. vedga `Eisaxt, crowbar', Old Prussian wedigo `Zimmerbeil', air. fodb `Waffenbeute' (*u̯odhḫu̯o-); is also av. vaδaɣan- `EN eines glaubensfeindlichen Försten' as `axe, Schlöger' to deutenö
ein sk-present seems ir. fāisc- `press', mcymr. gwascu, bret. gwaska `press' (certainly ablaut ō :o).
References: WP. I 254 f., Frisk 446 f., 449 f.
Page(s): 1115 https://academiaprisca.org/indoeuropean.html
Tepe Hissar
a) Native copper rolled bead from Ali Kosh Neolithic site, western Iran (mid 7 th millennium), b) Polished cross-section of the copper bead. Metal is corroded but the resulting corrosion products have preserved its original shape (Pigott, 2004a; Smith, 1967)
A double axe made of arsenical copper from chalcolithic period (Susa I/II, middle of the 4 th millennium BCE), Louvre Museum (Benoit, 2004).
Two bronze artefacts from Marlik graves, Left: a spouted vessel decorated with lion reliefs, Right: fantastic statue of a deer (Negahban, 1999). At Hasanlu, an important Iron Age site in northwest Iran, more than 2,000 copper and bronze artefacts in the major various categories has found in archaeological excavations. Many of these artefacts have ornamented and decorated (Pigott, 1990). On the other hand, many bimetallic (two part artefacts made by bronze and Iron) artefacts have been found.
Three bronze artefacts from Hasanlu, Northwest Iran, 1 st millennium BCE, a) Lion statue, b) decorative ring, c) bimetallic pin with bronze lion statue and iron pin shaft, Photos: M. Charehsaz and M. Ahmadi.
Tepe Hissar (Tappeh Hissar) is located near Damghan and it is one of the important ancient hills of Iran plateau.
Finial for religious object Copper or Bronze Tepe Hissar Iran Hissar III Period 2900-1800
Tepe Hissar
Submitted by curator on Fri, 10/16/2015 - 15:02The mound of Tepe Hissar is located near the modern town of Damghan in northeastern Iran, some 360 km east of Tehran and close to the southeastern shoreline of the Caspian Sea. It was occupied continuously from the mid-5th through to the 2nd millennium B.C., at which time its economic importance in antiquity derived from the fact it lay on a major trade route–the Great Khorasan Road–which connected Mesopotamia to the Far East.
The first major excavations of the mound were undertaken in 1931 and 1932 by Erich F. Schmidt who subsequently divided the settlement's occupation into three main cultural phases–Hissar I, II, and III (early-to-late)–that, for the most part were delineated by drawing parallels with pottery sequences at other well-stratified Iranian sites, such as Tepe Sialk, near modern Kashan (Schmidt 1937). Reappraisal of many aspects of Schmidt's interpretation of the site are ongoing (see Dyson and Howard 1989). Until the completion of this reappraisal (particularly as it relates to stratigraphy and chronology) the technical data for Hissar's copper-based artifacts presented in this website therefore will retain Schmidt's phase attribution for specific graves and other well-defined contexts.
http://avirtualmuseum.org/publications/mesopotamian_metals/hissar/hissar_index.htmlMap of the region south and west of the Caspian Sea, including not only Tepe Hissar itself,
but also several of the nearby ancient sites that have pottery sequences akin to it (see Schmidt 1937)
"Tepe Hissar is a prehistoric site located in the village Heydarabad just south of Damghan in Semnan Province in Northeastern Iran. The site was firstly discovered in 1877 by Albert Houtum-Schindler and then investigated in 1931 and 1932 by Erich Schmidt, on behalf of the University of Pennsylvania Museum (Schmidt 1933, 1937)....The site is notable for its uninterrupted occupational history from the 5th to the 2nd millennium BCE...In the second period (Hissar IIA and IIB), dated to the 4th millennium BC and the beginning of the 3rd, the burnished grey ware becomes predominant and the large number of lapis lazuli beads and alabaster finds, as well as the evidence of large-scale production of copper-based alloys and lead-silver, suggests that the site was playing a very important role in the trade and export of metal artifacts and semi-precious stones from the Middle Asia quarries to Mesopotamia and Egypt...The presence of full-time specialists seems to be attested already in the first Chalcolithic period. Regarding the metal production, already in Hissar I period, both weapons (daggers, knife blades, arrowheads) and other tools (pins, tacks, points and needles) were made.In Hissar II and III copper artifacts increase in quality and variety and include personal ornaments (earrings, pendants, bracelets, bands), tools and weapons (bidents, lances, mattocks, chisels, mace heads), and luxury items (vessels, mirrors, boxes and intricately cast pins and rods)."
[quote]
TEPE HISSAR (Tappa Ḥeṣār), prehistoric site located just south of Dāmḡān in northeastern Persia. To the north lie valleys rich in flint, lead, wood, fruit, deer, stag, boar, fish and fowl; to the south, the periphery of the great desert (kavir), with known occurrences of copper, gold, turquoise, semi-arid fauna, and herds of gazelles and onagers (Dyson and Tosi, fig. 4). The present mound covers an area of 200 x 300 meters; formerly, it covered about 600 meters (Schmidt, 1937, fig. 16). A Sasanian palace was excavated at 2,200 m to the southwest (Schmidt, 1937, pp. 327-46).
Objects found in 1877 (Schindler) were catalogued around 1925 (Herzfeld, n. 44). In 1931 and 1932, excavations were undertaken by the University of Pennsylvania Museum (Schmidt, 1933, 1937). A surface survey was carried out in 1972 (Bulgarelli, 1972, 1979). In 1976 a re-study project was fielded by the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Turin University, and the Iran Center for Archaeological Research (Dyson and Howard). In 1995 salvage work was done by the Iran Cultural Heritage Organization (Sāzmān-e mirāṯ-e farhangi; Abdi).
Sixteen hundred graves were recorded; of these 782 from 1932 formed the basis of the 1937 tabular presentation of burial data. Specifically described graves include only 33 for Hissar I, 24 for Hissar II, and 38 for Hissar III (Forest, p. 314). Four rich graves of Hissar IIIC were found in 1931 (Schmidt, 1933: pls. CXLVII, CLII-CLV, pp. 442-52). Some of the skeletal remains have been restudied since Wilhelm Krogman’s 1940 study, using different techniques (Nowell; Rathbun). Generally, bodies were buried on their sides in a flexed position in simple pits. In period II, however, rare brick cist graves appear (Schmidt, 1937, pl. CXI, p. 389). Forest provides a detailed analysis of burial customs.
Based on his analysis of burial ceramics, Erich Schmidt identified three major periods. Period I was subdivided into IA (earliest), IB and IC. The separation between IC and IIA is unclear; the term IC/IIA better reflects this uncertainty. Period II(B) and III(B and C) are well-defined; IIIA is ephemeral. The 1976 radiocarbon determinations support the following chronology: IC/IIA: about 3980-3865 cal. BCE, IIB: c. 3365-3030 cal BCE, IIIB: ca. 2400-2170 cal. BCE; and IIIC 2170-1900 cal. BCE (Voigt and Dyson, I, pp. 173-74). Period IB should then be about 4000 BCE and earlier, while IA should be sometime after 5000 BCE, since it clearly follows the Cheshmi Ali (Čašma ʿAli)-Sialk II painted ware horizon of about 5500 BCE (Esfandiari).
Architectural remains for Hissar I consist of fragmentary čina walls with traces of mud-brick. Rooms are rectilinear but no complete building plans were recovered. In period IIB walls with regularly spaced exterior buttresses appear (Dyson and Remsen, figs. 9, 12, pp. 84-89). On the Main Mound structures dated to IIIB by Schmidt (1937, fig. 86) can be shown to belong to Hissar IIB (Howard, 1989, fig. 1, pp. 56-59), as originally proposed in Schmidt’s field notes. Brick sizes range from 47 x 23 x 11 cm in period I to 65 x 33 x 9 cm in period IIIB. The Burned Building of IIIB has various interpretations due to the richness of its contents and the presence of burned bodies and flint arrowheads (Dyson, 1972). Its plan was completed in 1976 (FIGURE 1). A small fire altar suggests that it may be a shrine (Dyson and Remsen, fig. 15, pp. 91-98). Rows of rectangular rooms of IIIC date above the Burned Building, associated with ritual objects, appear to be significant (Schmidt, 1937, fig. 1102, p. 177).
The subsistence economy was based on agriculture. From Hissar II onward plant remains indicate “an agricultural system based on cereals [glume and free-threshing wheats, naked and hulled barley] and the utilization of local fruit [olive, grapevine] plant resources” (Costantini and Dyson, p. 66). Lentil seeds and legumes were also present. Cattle and sheep figurines indicate herding activities (Mashkour).
From the beginning full-time craft specialists mass-produced standardized painted pottery (Hissar I-IIA). Hissar I ware, handmade in IA and wheel-made in IB, consisted of painted buff, painted red, and plain utility ware; a crude late painted ware still occurred in period IIB, along with a coarse ware tempered with crushed slag (Pigott, Howard, and Epstein). Hissar I painted ware is decorated with geometric, plant, and animal motifs (gazelles, ibexes, and birds; FIGURE 2). Shapes consist of small cups and bowls, and bowls (shallow and deep) on pedestal stems with flaring bases. Burnished grey ware becomes predominant in period IIB and III, produced in a reducing fire from the same local clays. In IIB cups on high pedestal stands appear; in III canteens and bottle-pitchers replaced them. As with pottery, the uniformity and skill seen in the artifacts (and the quantity of slag and furnace linings) suggests full-time specialists. In Hissar I daggers, knife blades, arrowheads, pins, tacks, points, and needles were made. In Hissar II and III copper artifacts increase in quality and variety (Pigott, Howard and Epstein, p. 222) and include personal ornaments (earrings, pendants, bracelets, bands), tools and weapons (bidents, lances, mattocks, chisels, maceheads), and luxury items (vessels, mirrors, boxes and intricately cast pins and rods). Lab study shows “remarkable technological conservatism persisting from Hissar I through III” (Pigott, 1999). In Hissar IIB lead, silver, and gold were added to copper for the first time (FIGURE 3).
While western connections are visible in the ceramics and button-seals of Hissar I (McCown, pp. 7-11), many connections with Margiana (Marv) and Bactria occur in Hissar IIIC. These include mini-columns, alabaster discs, animal figurines, bidents, tridents, axe-adzes, compartmented copper stamp seals, lanceheads with bent tangs, metal horns, cosmetic bottles, beads with incised circles, etc. Four rich burials from 1931 belong to this period as does a large “hoard” of pottery copper, gold and alabaster objects (most likely a cenotaph like those found in Baluchistan and Central Asia; Amiet, 1986). The 1976 excavations produced one clay or tablet with signs and nine blank pillow-shaped tablets in Hissar II (Tosi and Bulgarelli, pp. 38, 40, figs. 6, 8). Additional (unpublished) tablets with signs were excavated in the 1995 salvage excavation.
Bibliography:
Kamyar Abdi, Archaeological News from Iran 3, Oriental Institute, Chicago, 1996.
Pierre Amiet, “La période IV de Tépé Sialk reconsidérée,” in Jean-Luis Huot, Marguerite Yon, and Yves Calvet, eds., De l’Indus aux Balkans: recueil à la mémoire de Jean Deshayes, Paris, 1985, pp. 293-12.
Idem, L'Age desechanges inter-iraniens 3500-1700 avant JC, Paris, 1986.
C. H. Bovington et al., “The Radiocarbon Evidence for the Terminal Date of the Hissar IIIC Culture,” Iran 12, 1974, pp. 195-99.
Grazia Maria Bulgarelli, “Tepe Hissar: Preliminary Report on a Surface Survey, August 1972,” East and West 24/1-2, 1974, pp. 15-27.
Idem, “The Lithic Industry of Tepe Hissar in the Light of Recent Excavations,” in Maurizio Taddei, ed., South Asian Archaeology 1977, Naples, 1979, pp. 39-54.
L. Costantini and Robert H. Dyson, Jr., “The Ancient Agriculture of the Damghan Plain: The Archaeological Evidence from Tepe Hissar,” in Naomi F. Miller, ed., Economy and Settlement in the Near East: Analyses of Ancient Sites and Materials, MASCA, Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 7, Suppl., Philadelphia, 1990, pp. 46-68.
Jean Deshayes, “Tureng Tépé et la période Hissar IIIC,” in Charles F. August Schaeffer, ed., Ugaritica 6, Paris, 1969, pp. 139-63.
Idem, “Hissar Tepe,” in Reallexikon der Assyriologie undVorderasiatischen Archaologie IV, Berlin and New York, 1975a, pp. 426-29.
Idem, Tessons de Céramique Peinte de Tappeh Hesar,” in Firouz Bagherzadeh, ed., Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran, 1974/Gozārešhā-ye sevvomin majmaʿ-e sālāna-ye kāvešhā wa pažuhešhā-ye bāstān-šenāsi dar Irān, Tehran, 1975b, pp. 103-20.
Robert H. Dyson, Jr., “Ceramics i.
The Neolithic Period through the Bronze Age in Northeastern and North Central Persia,” in EIr. V, pp. 266-75.
Idem, “The Burned Building of Tepe Hissar IIIB, a Restatement,” Bāstān-šenāsi wa honar-e Irān 9/10, 1972, pp. 57-83.
Idem, “Comments on Hissar Painted Red Ware,” in Jean-Luis Huot, Marguerite Yon, and Yves Calvet, eds., De l’Indus aux Balkans: recueil à la mémoire de Jean Deshayes, Paris, 1985, pp. 337-45.
Idem, The Relative and Absolute Chronology of Hissar II and the Proto-Elamite Horizon of Northern Iran,” in Oliver Aurenche, Jacques Evin, and Francis Hours, eds., Chronologies in theNear East: Relative Chronologies and Absolute Chronology 16,000-4,000 B.P., BAR International Series 379, 2 vols., Oxford, 1987, II, pp. 647-78.
Robert H., Dyson, Jr. and Susan M. Howard, eds., Preliminary Reports of the Tappeh Hesar Restudy Project, 1976, Monografi di Mesopotamia 2, Florence, 1989.
Robert H. Dyson, Jr. and W. C. S. Remsen, “Observations on Architecture and Stratigraphy at Tappeh Hesar,” in Robert Dyson and Susan Howard, eds., pp. 69-109.
Robert H. Dyson, Jr. and M. Tosi, “Introduction,” in Robert Dyson and Susan Howard, eds., pp. 1-6.
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Parpola, Asko, 2015. The Mohenjo-Daro axe-adze: A vestige of Aryan immigrations to Central and South Asia? Current World Archaeology issue 74 = vol 7 (2): 14-15.
