This is an addendum to: Demonstration of Indus Script Inscriptions as wealth-accounting ledgers; sãgaṛh kammaṭa kunda 'treasure, mint fortification' https://tinyurl.com/ya8f4h29
The nine treasures (nidhi) of Kubera relate to wealth-accounting ledgers, metalwork detailed in over 8000 Indus Script inscriptions. The nine metalwork Meluhha rebus readings are:
Pictorial motif 69 (Mahadevan concordance). Tortoise/turtle of Indus Script Corpora. कमठ m. ( Un2. i , 102) a tortoise BhP. Pan5cat. &c कमठी f. a female tortoise , a small one (शान्तिशतक) kamaṭhamu kamaṭhamu. [Skt.] n. A tortoise. ‘Turtle’ hieroglyphs on Indus Script signify wealth, metalwork
Rakhigarhi. Cylinder seal. Crocodile
karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'
See: Indus Script hypertexts, ingots on a seafaring boat from Mohenjo-daro. Early users of monsoon winds for navigation -- Sila Tripathi (2017) https://tinyurl.com/ycq7lmql
The pair of ox-hide ingots which flank doorways on Bharhut scultpural friezes also occur on an Indus Script inscription on Mohenjo-daro prism tablet m1429. The two ox-hide ingots are shown as cargo on a boat flanked by two palm trees and twwo auatic birds.
Hieroglyph: కారండవము [kāraṇḍavamu] n. A sort of duck. కారండవము [ kāraṇḍavamu ] kāraṇḍavamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. कारंडव [kāraṇḍava ] m S A drake or sort of duck. कारंडवी f S The female. karandava [ kârandava ] m. kind of duck. कारण्ड a sort of duck R. vii , 31 , 21 கரண்டம் karaṇṭam, n. Rebus: Rebus: karaḍā ‘hard alloy’ (Marathi)
(tamar) -- palm tree, date palm rebus: tAmra 'copper' Thus, hard alloy ingot (ox-hide shape) are signified as supercargo.
The other two sides of the tablet also contain Indus Script inscriptions. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas metal' PLUS karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' Together, Side 2: kāru ‘crocodile’ Rebus: kāru ‘artisan’. Thus, together read rebus: ayakara ‘metalsmith’.
On side 3 of the tablt, there are 8 hieroglyphic 'signs' signifying the nature of the metalwork involved for the cargo. This is a two part inscription.
Part 1 of the inscription from l.
कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 rebus: karNI 'helmsman, supercargo'. The hieroglyph of a standing person with legs spread out is thus a semantic determinant of the adjoining hieroglyph: rim of jar: karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNika 'scribe, account'. The next two hieroglyphs from the left are a pair of ingots: dhALako 'ingots' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus, cast ingots.
Part 2 of the inscription from l.
karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNika 'scribe, account'
ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'
kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'
kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS circumscript of oval: dhALko 'ingot'. Thus ingot for smithy/forge work.
Slide 24. Moulded tablet, Mohenjo-daro.Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script. Material: terra cotta.Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602.Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384.Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39
1. Mahāpadma (snake), Mahāpadma; नाग tin, lead
2. Padma tāmarasá n. ʻ red lotus ʼ MBh., ʻcopper
3. Śankha "conch" سنکیا sankeā, s.f. (6th) (corrup. of S سنکهیا ) Arsenic. (E.) Sing. and Pl. (W.) Pl. سنکیاوي sankeā-wī. (Pashto)
4. Makara "crocodile" ध्मा--कार m. a black-smith
5. Kachchhapa "tortoise" kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'. कमठ m. ( Un2. i , 102) a tortoise kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.
8. Nīla "sapphire" nīla (antimony)
9. kharva (cups or vessels baked in fire); karba 'iron'.
- Mahāpadma "great lotus flower" नाग tin, lead महा--पद्म m. N. of one of the 9 treasures of कुबेर; m. (with जैनs) N. of a partic. treasure inhabited by a नाग; m. of one of the 8 treasure connected with the पद्मिनी magical art (मार्कण्डेय-पुराण) नाग m. (prob. neither fr. न-ग nor fr. नग्न) a snake , (esp.) Coluber Naga S3Br. MBh. &c Rebus: (f. /ई Suparn2. ) a नाग or serpent-demon (the race of कद्रु or सु-रसा inhabiting the waters or the city भोग-वतीunder the earth ; they are supposed to have a human face with serpent-like lower extremities [see esp.Na1g. v , 17 RTL. 233 &c ] ; their kings are शेष , वासुकि , and तक्षक ib. 323 ; 7 or 8 of the नागs are particularly mentioned MBh. Ka1v. &c ; with Buddhists they are also represented as ordinary men MWB. 220) Rebus: नाग tin, lead
- Padma "lotus flower" tāmarasá n. ʻ red lotus ʼ MBh., ʻ copper ʼ
- Śankha "conch" یا sankeā (p. 618)
سنکیا sankeā, s.f. (6th) (corrup. ofS سنکهیا ) Arsenic. (E.) Sing. and Pl. (W.) Pl.سنکیاوي sankeā-wī. (Pashto) शङ्ख mn. (ifc. f(आ).) a shell , (esp.) the conch-shell (used for making libations of water or as an ornament for the arms or for the temples of an elephant ; a conch-shell perforated at one end is also used as a wind instrument or horn ; in the battles of epic poetry , each hero being represented as provided with a conch-shell which serves as his horn or trumpet and often has a name) AV. &c IW. 403
शङ्ख m. a military drum or other martial instrument; m. N. of one of the 8 chiefs of the नागs (q.v.) MBh. Hariv. Pur.; m. of the author of RV. x , 15 (having the patr. यामायन.) Anukr. - Makara "crocodile" makara (synonym of Padmini, black antimony) ध्मा--कार m. a black-smith
- Kachchhapa "tortoise" कमठ m. ( Un2. i , 102) a tortoise BhP. Pan5cat. &c कमठी f. a female tortoise , a small one (शान्तिशतक) kamaṭhamu kamaṭhamu. [Skt.] n. A tortoise.kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.
- Kumud "a particular precious stone" kumud (cinnabar, or quicksilver)
- Kunda "jasmine" kunda (arsenic) kuruvinda m.n. ʻ ruby ʼ
- Nīla "sapphire" nīla (antimony)
- kharva (cups or vessels baked in fire); karba 'iron'.
कुबेरm. or in later Sanskrit कुवेर (originally) N. of a chief of the evil beings or spirits or darkness having the N.वैश्रवण AV. viii , 10 , 28 S3Br. &c; (afterwards) the god of riches and treasure (regent of the northern quarter which is hence called कुबेर-गुप्ता दिश् Kum. iii , 25) Mn. MBh. &c; (he is regarded as the son of विश्रवस् by इडविडा [ BhP. ],the chief of the यक्षs , and a friend of रुद्र [ Hariv. 13131] ; he is represented as having three legs and only eight teeth ; with जैनs he is the attendant of the nineteenth अर्हत् of the present अवसर्पिणी) Kubera also enjoys the titles "king of the whole world", "king of kings" (Rajaraja), "Lord of wealth" (Dhanadhipati) and "giver of wealth" (Dhanada). His titles are sometimes related to his subjects: "king of Yakshas" (Yaksharajan), "Lord of Rakshasas" (Rakshasadhipati), "Lord of Guhyakas" (Guhyakadhipa), "king of Kinnaras"(Kinnararaja), "king of animals resembling men" (Mayuraja), and "king of men" (Nararaja).[8][12][13] Kubera is also called Guhyadhipa("Lord of the hidden"). The Atharvaveda calls him the "god of hiding".
A bronze Matrika goddess group along with Ganesha (left) and Kubera (right) currently at the British Museum. Originally from Eastern India, it was dedicated in 43rd year of reign of Mahipala I (c. 1043 CE).
Kubera, 1st century CE, Mathura Museum
| Kubera at the San Antonio Museum of Art | |
| Affiliation | Deva, Lokapala, Guardians of the directions (Dikpala) |
|---|---|
| Abode | Lanka and later Alaka |
| Mantra | Oṃ Shaṃ Kuberāya Namaḥ |
| Weapon | Gadā (Mace or club) |
| Mount | Wild Boar, Mongoose |
| Personal information | |
| Consort | Bhadra |
| Children | Nalakuvara, Manibhadra, Gandhamaadana |
| Parents | |
"Front view of Meiolania platyceps fossil turtle from the Oligocene to Holocene, with the last relict populations at New Caledonia which survived until 2,000 years ago.
The animal was rather large, measuring 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in length, making it the second-largest known nonmarine turtle or tortoise, surpassed only by Colossochelys atlas from Asia, which lived in the Pleistocene. It lived in Australia and New Caledonia. Remains have also been found on the island of Efate in Vanuatu, associated with settlements from the Lapitaculture...When the first fossil remains (a vertebra) were found, they were originally thought to be from a large monitor lizard, similar to, but smaller than Megalania, so the genus was named accordingly. Later, when more remains were found, it was realized that the "small roamer" was actually a turtle, and not a lizard. Synonyms include Miolania and Ceratochelys."
Pictorial motif 69 (Mahadevan concordance). Tortoise/turtle of Indus Script Corpora. There are examples of copper plates with the pictorial motifs of large turtles combined back to back, as a pair to signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.
m1528Act
m1529Act2920
m1529Bct
m1532Act
m1532Bct
m1534Act
m1534Bct
1703 Composition:
Two horned heads one at either end of the body. Note the dottings on the thighs which is a unique artistic feature of depicting a turtles (the legs are like those of an elephant?). The body apparently is a combination of two turtles with heads of turtles emerging out of the shell and attached on either end of the composite body.
Copper tablet type B18, B17b. Tortoise with mirror duplicaes.
Hieroglyph: two large turtles joined back to back. Thus, signifying meta casting using cire perdue (lost-wax) technique of creating mirror image metal castings from wax casts.
The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.
The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.
kamaṭha crab, tortoise (Gujarati); ‘frog’ (Skt.); rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint’ (Kannada)kampaṭṭam ‘coiner, mint’ (Tamil).கமடம், [ *kamaṭam, ] s. A turtle, a tortoise, ஆமை (Winslow Tamil lexicon) కమఠము [ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu. [Skt.] n. A tortoise.
Rebus: కమటము [ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. Allograph: कमटा or ठा [ kamaṭā or ṭhā ] m (कमठ S) A bow (esp. of bamboo or horn) (Marathi). Allograph 2: kamaḍha ‘penance’ (Pkt.) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236)
Rebus: కమటము [ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. Allograph: कमटा or ठा [ kamaṭā or ṭhā ] m (कमठ S) A bow (esp. of bamboo or horn) (Marathi). Allograph 2: kamaḍha ‘penance’ (Pkt.) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236)
m1532b On another copper tablet, the emphasis is clearly on the turtle's shell like that of Meiolania's shell.
On copper tablet m1543, the correct identification of the animal heads will be turtle species comparable to Meiolania, a horned large turtle of New Guinea.
Hieroglyph: kassa ‘turtle’: kacchapa m. ʻ turtle, tortoise ʼ MBh. 2. *kacchabha -- . [By pop. etym. through kaccha -- for kaśyápa -- VS. J. Charpentier MO xxvi 110 suggested equivalence in MIA. of kassa -- = kaccha -- to explain creation of kacchapa -- ~ kassapa -- . But K. kochuwu, unless a loan from Ind., points to *kakṣapa -- , which would make the formation earlier.] 1. Pa. kacchapa -- m. ʻ tortoise, turtle, °pinī -- f., Pk. kacchava -- m., °vī -- f., K. kochuwu m. (see above), S. kachãũ, °chū̃ m., L. kachū̃ m., P. kacchū, kacchūkummã̄ m. (< kūrmá -- 1), N. kachuwā, A. kācha, B. kāchim, Or. kechu, °cho, kẽchu, kaï˜cha, °ca, kachima, °cima, Mth. kāchu, Bhoj. Aw. lakh. kachuā; H. kachuā, °chwā m., °uī, °wī f. ʻ tortoise, turtle ʼ, kach -- mach m. ʻ dwellers in the water ʼ (< mátsya -- ) whence kacch, kach m. ʻ turtle, tortoise ʼ, M. kāsav, kã̄s° m., Ko. kāsavu. 2. Pk. amg. kacchabha -- , °aha -- m., °bhī -- f.; Si. käsum̆bu, °ubu H. Smith JA 1950, 188; -- G. kācbɔ m., °bī f. with unexpl. retention of -- b -- and loss of aspiration in c. Addenda: kacchapa -- . 1. A. kācha (phonet. -- s -- ) ʻ tortoise ʼ AFD 217. 2. *kacchabha -- (with -- pa -- replaced by animal suffix -- bha -- ): Md. kahan̆bu ʻ tortoise -- shell ʼ.(CDIAL 2619)
Rebus: OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food.
kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- . 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109. 2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; K. kanzü f. ʻ clay or copper pot ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. kāˊṁsya -- ; -- *kaṁsāvatī -- ? Addenda: kaṁsá -- 1: A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya -- . (CDIAL 2576) It is possible that the word in Tamil for ‘gold, money’ is cognate with these etyma of Indian sprachbund: காசு³ kācu , n. prob. kāš. cf. kāca. [M. kāšu.] 1. Gold; பொன். (ஆ. நி.) 2. Necklace of gold coins; அச்சுத்தாலி. காசும் பிறப்புங் கலகலப்ப (திவ். திருப்பா. 7). 3. An ancient gold coin = 28 gr. troy; ஒரு பழைய பொன்னாணயம். (Insc.) 4. A small copper coin;சிறுசெப்புக்காசு. நெஞ்சே யுனையோர் காசா மதியேன் (தாயு. உடல்பொய். 72). 5. Coin, cash, money; ரொக்கம். எப்பேர்ப்பட்ட பல காசா யங்களும் (S.I.I. i, 89). 6. Gem, crystal bead; மணி.நாண்வழிக் காசுபோலவும் (இறை. 2, உரை, பக். 29). 7. Girdle strung with gems; மேகலாபர ணம்.பட்டுடை சூழ்ந்த காசு (சீவக. 468). 8. (Pros.) A formula of a foot of two nēr acaiveṇpā; வெண்பாவின்இறுதிச்சீர்வாய்பாட்டுள் ஒன்று. (காரிகை, செய். 7.) 9. The hollow in the centre of each row of pallāṅkuḻi; பல்லாங்குழி யாட்டத்திற் காய்கள் சேர்தற்குரிய நடுக்குழிகள்.
1) కంచరవాడు (p. 224) kañcaravāḍu kanṭsu. n. Bell metal. కంచుకుండ a bowl or vessel or bell metal.కంచువాద్యము a cymbal made of bell metal. కంచుతీసినట్లు as...
2)కంచము (p. 223) kañcamu kanṭsamu. [Tel.] n. A metal plate or dish. కంచుకంచము a dish made of bell metal. మా కంచములో రాయి వేసినాడు he threw a stone into our place, i.e., took away our bread, he disturbed us. మందకంచము a dish which as a rim. ఆకుకంచము a dish which has none.
2)
2) ) కంసర (p. 227) kaṃsara or కంసలల kamsara. [Tel.] n. Smithery; working in gold: adj. Of the goldsmith caste. కంసలది a woman of that caste. కంసలపని the business of a gold-smith.
3) కంసము (p. 227) kaṃsamu kamsamu. [Skt.] n. Bell metal.కంచు.
4)కాంస్యము (p. 265) kāṃsyamu kāmsyamu. [Skt.] n. Bell metal. కంచు.
4)
5) కంచరవాడు (p. 224) kañcaravāḍu or కంచరి kanṭsara-vaḍu. [Tel.] n. A brazier, a coppersmith. కంచుపనిచేయువాడు. కంచరది a woman of that caste. కంచరిపురుగు kanṭsari-purugu. n. A kind of beetle called the death watch. కంచు kanṭsu. n. Bell metal. కంచుకుండ a bowl or vessel or bell metal. కంచువాద్యము a cymbal made of bell metal. కంచుతీసినట్లు as bright or dazzling as the glitter of polished metal. Sunbright.ఆమె కంచుగీచినట్లు పలికె she spoke shrilly or with a voice as clear as a bell.
Kāñcana काञ्चन a. (-नी f.) [काञ्च्-ल्युट्] Golden, made of gold; तन्मध्ये च स्फटिकफलका काञ्चनी वासयष्टिः Me.81; काञ्चनंवलयम् Ś.6.8; Ms.5.112. -नम् 1 Gold; समलोष्टाश्मकाञ्चनः Bg. 14.24. (ग्राह्यम्) अमेध्यादपि काञ्चनम् Ms.2.239. -2 Lustre, brilliancy. -3 Property, wealth, money. (Apte). kāñcaná ʻ golden ʼ MBh., n. ʻ gold ʼ Mn.Pa. kañcana -- n. ʻ gold ʼ, °aka -- ʻ golden ʼ; Pk. kaṁcaṇa<-> n. ʻ gold ʼ; Si. kasuna ʻ gold ʼ, kasun -- ʻ golden ʼ. (CDIAL 3013)காஞ்சனம்¹ kāñcaṉam , n. < kāñcana. Gold; பொன். (திவா.) కాంచనము (p. 265) kāñcanamu kānchanamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. కాంచనవల్లి a piece of gold wire. కాంచనాంబరము tissue, gold cloth.
The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa 'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.
Gulf of Khambat may possibly be derived from the ancient mints of the region, during the Bronze Age Sarasvati Civilization.
Map of Giant Tortoises: light blue on South Asia for Colossochelys Which seems to have persisted in pockets including in Indonesia up to the end of the Ice Ages (Green Squares), plus the Madagscar area group of Tortoise islands, where some still survive, and Meiolania Islands offshore of Australia, where the turtles survived into the postglacial period but were killed off in Ancient times.
A giant turtle (of what was thought to be an extinct species) has been found on Pacific island in 2010 CE !!
कंस[p= 241,1] mn. ( √कम् Un2. iii , 62), a vessel made of metal , drinking vessel , cup , goblet AV. x , 10 , 5 AitBr. S3Br. &c; a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal
मकर one of the 9 treasures of कुबेर; one of the 8 magical treasures called पद्मिनी Ma1rkP. a partic. magical spell recited over weapons (रामायण).
मकर m. a kind of sea-monster (sometimes confounded with the crocodile , shark , dolphin &c ; regarded as the emblem of काम-देव [cf. मोकर-केतन &c below] or as a symbol of the 9th अर्हत् of the present अवसर्पिणी ; represented as an ornament on gates or on head-dresses) VS. &c mákara
ध्मातृ m. a blower , smelter or melter (of metal) RV. v , 9 , 5; n. a contrivance for blowing or melting ib. ध्मायत् mf(अन्ती)n. being blown , being melted &c
ध्मान n. blowing , puffing , swelling Sus3r.; ध्मापन (Caus. of √ धम्) n. the act of reducing to (powder , &c ) or any contrivance for it (चरक) ध्मा° पित mfn. reduced to ashes , burnt to a cinder (क्षौम) Sus3r.
ध्मा--कार m. a black-smith; ध्मा blowing; or धम् cl.1 P. ध्/अमति (A1. °ते Up. MBh. ; p. ध्मान्तस् = धमन्तस् BhP. x , 12 , 7 ; perf. दध्मौ , 3. pl. A1. °मिरे MBh. ; aor. अध्मासीत्Ka1v. ; Prec. ध्मायात् or ध्मेयात् Gr. ; fut. धमिष्यति MBh. ; ध्मास्यति,ध्माता Gr. ; ind.p. -ध्म्/आय Br. ) to blow (either intrans. as wind [applied also to the bubbling सोम RV. ix , 73] or trans. as, to blow a conch-shell or any wind instrument) RV. &c ;
to blow or cast away MBh. v , 7209 : Pass. धम्यते , ep. also °ति , ध्माय्/अते , °ति ( S3Br. MBh. ) to be blown &c : Caus.ध्मापयति MBh. (aor. अदिध्मपत् Gr. ; Pass. ध्माप्यते MBh. ) to cause to blow or melt ;
to consume by fire , reduce to cinder MBh. Sus3r. : Desid. दिध्नासति Gr.: Intens. देध्मीयते Pa1n2. 7-4 , 31 ;
दाध्मायते , p. °यमान being violently blown (conch-shell) BhP. i , 11 , 2. [cf. Slav. dumo " smoke "]
ध्म mfn. blowing , a blower (cf. तूण- , शङ्क-). ध्मात mfn. blown , blown up or into RV. &c
dhamá in cmpds. ʻ blowing ʼ Pāṇ., dhamaka -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ Uṇ.com. [√dham ]
Pa. dhama -- , ˚aka -- m. ʻ one who blows ʼ, Pk. dhamaga<-> m.; K. dam m. ʻ blast of furnace or oven, steam of stewing ʼ; -- Kho. Sh.(Lor.) dam ʻ breath, magical spell ʼ ← Pers. dam.vātaṁdhama -- .(CDIAL 6730)
Pa. dhama -- , ˚aka -- m. ʻ one who blows ʼ, Pk. dhamaga<-> m.; K. dam m. ʻ blast of furnace or oven, steam of stewing ʼ; -- Kho. Sh.(Lor.) dam ʻ breath, magical spell ʼ ← Pers. dam.
dhámati ʻ blows ʼ RV. [√dham ]Pa. dhamati ʻ blows, kindles ʼ, Pk. dhamaï, ˚mēi; K. damun ʻ to roar (of wind), blow up a fire ʼ; S. dhãvaṇu ʻ to blow (with bellows), beat (of pulse) ʼ; P. dhauṇā ʻ to blow (with bellows) ʼ, WPah.khaś. rudh. dhamṇū, G. dhamvũ. -- Kt. dəmō -- , Pr. -- lemo -- ʻ to winnow ʼ rather < dhmāyátē . -- Kho. (Lor.) damik ʻ to work a charm on ʼ deriv. dam ʻ charm ʼ ← Pers. rather than < *dhāmayati. -- Ext. -- kk -- or X MIA. phukk -- , phuṁk -- s.v. *phūtka -- : L. dhaũkaṇ ʻ to blow (with bellows) ʼ; P. dhauk(h)ṇā, dhaũk(h)ṇā ʻ to blow (with bellows), bellow, brawl ʼ; Ku. dhaũkṇo ʻ to blow, breathe ʼ, dhaũkaloʻ bellows ʼ; H. dhaũknā ʻ to blow (with bellows), breathe on, pant ʼ.(CDIAL 6731)
dhamana n. ʻ blowing with bellows ʼ lex. [√dham ]
K. damun m. ʻ bellows ʼ. -- Ash. ótilde; ʻ wind ʼ (→ Pr. dumūˊ), Kt. dyīmi, Wg. útildemacr; Bashg. damu; Paš.lauṛ. dāmāˊn, kuṛ. domón, uzb. damūn ʻ rain ʼ (< ʻ *storm ʼ → Par. dhamāˊn ʻ wind ʼ IIFL i 248): these Kaf. and Dard. forms altern. <dhmāna -- ?(CDIAL 6732)
K. damun m. ʻ bellows ʼ. -- Ash. ótilde; ʻ wind ʼ (→ Pr. dumūˊ), Kt. dyīmi, Wg. útildemacr; Bashg. damu; Paš.lauṛ. dāmāˊn, kuṛ. domón, uzb. damūn ʻ rain ʼ (< ʻ *storm ʼ → Par. dhamāˊn ʻ wind ʼ IIFL i 248): these Kaf. and Dard. forms altern. <
dhamanī f. ʻ bellows ʼ KātySm., ʻ sort of perfume ʼ Bhpr. [√dham ]
Pk. dhamaṇĭ̄ -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ, S. dhãvaṇi f., H. dhaunī f., G. dhamaṇi f. (whence dhamaṇvũ ʻ to blow with bellows ʼ); -- K. daman, dat. ˚müñü f. ʻ bad smell (esp. of stale curd or other bad food) ʼ.(CDIAL 6734)
Pk. dhamaṇĭ̄ -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ, S. dhãvaṇi f., H. dhaunī f., G. dhamaṇ
tāmarasá n. ʻ red lotus ʼ MBh., ʻ copper ʼ lex. [Cf.
tāmrá ʻ dark red, copper -- coloured ʼ VS., n. ʻ copper ʼ Kauś., tāmraka -- n. Yājñ. [Cf. tamrá -- . -- √tam ?]
Pa. tamba -- ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk.l ām ʻ copper, piece of bad pine -- wood (< ʻ *red wood ʼ?); Phal. tāmba ʻ copper ʼ (→ Sh.koh. tāmbā), K. trām m. (→ Sh.gil. gur. trām m.), S. ṭrāmo m., L. trāmā, (Ju.) tarāmã̄ m., P. tāmbā m., WPah. bhad. ṭḷām n., kiũth. cāmbā, sod. cambo, jaun. tã̄bō, Ku. N. tāmo (pl. ʻ young bamboo shoots ʼ), A. tām, B. tã̄bā, tāmā, Or. tambā, Bi tã̄bā, Mth. tām, tāmā, Bhoj. tāmā, H. tām in cmpds., tã̄bā, tāmā m., G. trã̄bũ, tã̄bũ n.;M. tã̄bẽ n. ʻ copper ʼ, tã̄b f. ʻ rust, redness of sky ʼ; Ko. tāmbe n. ʻ copper ʼ; Si. tam̆ba adj. ʻ reddish ʼ, sb. ʻ copper ʼ, (SigGr) tam, tama. -- Ext. -- ira -- : Pk. taṁbira -- ʻ coppercoloured, red ʼ, L. tāmrā ʻ copper -- coloured (of pigeons) ʼ; -- with -- ḍa -- : S. ṭrāmiṛo m. ʻ a kind of cooking pot ʼ, ṭrāmiṛī ʻ sunburnt, red with anger ʼ, f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; Bhoj. tāmrā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; H. tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā ʻ coppercoloured, dark red ʼ, m. ʻ stone resembling a ruby ʼ; G. tã̄baṛ n., trã̄bṛī, tã̄bṛī f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; OM. tāṁbaḍā ʻ red ʼ. -- X trápu -- q.v.tāmrika -- ; tāmrakāra -- , tāmrakuṭṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭaka -- , tāmracūḍa -- , *tāmradhāka -- , tāmrapaṭṭa -- , tāmrapattra -- , tāmrapātra -- , *tāmrabhāṇḍa -- , tāmravarṇa -- , tāmrākṣa -- .
Addenda: tāmrá -- [< IE. *tomró -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65]S.kcch. trāmo, tām(b)o m. ʻ copper ʼ, trāmbhyo m. ʻ an old copper coin ʼ; WPah.kc. cambo m. ʻ copper ʼ, J. cāmbā m., kṭg. (kc.) tambɔ m. (← P. or H. Him.I 89), Garh. tāmu, tã̄bu.
Pa. tamba -- ʻ red ʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk.
Addenda: tāmrá -- [< IE. *tomró -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65]S.kcch. trāmo, tām(b)o m. ʻ copper ʼ, trāmbhyo m. ʻ an old copper coin ʼ; WPah.kc. cambo m. ʻ copper ʼ, J. cāmbā m., kṭg. (kc.) tambɔ m. (← P. or H. Him.I 89), Garh. tāmu, tã̄bu.
tāmrakāra m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ lex. [tāmrá -- , kāra -- 1 ]Or. tāmbarā ʻ id. ʼ. tāmrakuṭṭa m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ R. [tāmrá -- , kuṭṭa -- ]
N. tamauṭe, tamoṭe ʻ id. ʼ.Addenda: tāmrakuṭṭa -- : Garh. ṭamoṭu ʻ coppersmith ʼ; Ko. tāmṭi.
tāraká --1 see tārā -- Add2 . *tāmraghaṭa ʻ copper pot ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 1 ]Bi. tamheṛī ʻ round copper vessel ʼ; -- tamheṛā ʻ brassfounder ʼ der. *tamheṛ ʻ copper pot ʼ or < next?
tāraká --
*tāmraghaṭaka ʻ copper -- worker ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 2 ]Bi. tamheṛā ʻ brass -- founder ʼ or der. fr. *tamheṛ see prec.
tāmracūḍa ʻ red -- crested ʼ MBh., m. ʻ cock ʼ Suśr. [tāmrá -- , cūˊḍa -- 1 ]Pa. tambacūḷa -- m. ʻ cock ʼ, Pk. taṁbacūla -- m.; -- Si. tam̆basiluvā ʻ cock ʼ (EGS 61) either a later cmpd. (as in Pk.) or ← Pa.
*tāmradhāka ʻ copper receptacle ʼ. [tāmrá -- , dhāká -- ]Bi. tama hā ʻ drinking vessel made of a red alloy ʼ.
tāmrapaṭṭa m. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ Yājñ. [Cf. tāmrapattra -- . -- tāmrá -- , paṭṭa -- 1 ]M. tã̄boṭī f. ʻ piece of copper of shape and size of a brick ʼ.
tāmrapattra n. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrapaṭṭa -- . -- tāmrá -- , páttra -- ]Ku.gng. tamoti ʻ copper plate ʼ.
*tāmrabhāṇḍa ʻ copper vessel ʼ. [tāmrá -- , bhāṇḍa -- 1 ]Bhoj. tāmaṛā, tāmṛā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; G. tarbhāṇũ n. ʻ copper dish used in religious ceremonies ʼ (< *ta ramhã̄ḍũ).
tāmravarṇa ʻ copper -- coloured ʼ TĀr. [tāmrá -- , várṇa -- 1 ]Si. tam̆bavan ʻ copper -- coloured, dark red ʼ (EGS 61) prob. a Si. cmpd.
tāmrākṣa ʻ red -- eyed ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , ákṣi -- ]Pa. tambakkhin -- ; P. tamak f. ʻ anger ʼ; Bhoj. tamakhal ʻ to be angry ʼ; H. tamaknā ʻ to become red in the face, be angry ʼ.
tāmrika ʻ coppery ʼ Mn. [tāmrá -- ]Pk. taṁbiya -- n. ʻ an article of an ascetic's equipment (a copper vessel?) ʼ; L. trāmī f. ʻ large open vessel for kneading bread ʼ, poṭh. trāmbī f. ʻ brass plate for kneading on ʼ; Ku.gng. tāmi ʻ copper plate ʼ; A. tāmi ʻ copper vessel used in worship ʼ; B. tāmī, tamiyā ʻ large brass vessel for cooking pulses at marriages and other ceremonies ʼ; H. tambiyā m. ʻ copper or brass vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 5779 to 5792)
vaíḍūrya n. ʻ cat's -- eye gem ʼ MBh. 2. *vaiḍūriya -- ,1. Pk. vēḍujja -- n. ʻ lapis lazuli ʼ.2. Pa. vēḷuriya -- n., Pk. vēluria -- , vēlulia -- , vērulia -- n., Si. veraḷu -- mini. Addenda: vaiḍūrya -- . 2. *vaiḍūriya -- : Md. billūri ʻ glass ʼ ← Ind.(CDIAL 12138) Ta. palappam, valappam a kind of soft stone used to write on wooden boards. Ma. valappam a sort of chalk. Ka. balā̆pa, baḷaha a whitish pot-stone, Lapis allaris, frequently used (as a substitute for slate pencil, etc.) in writing. Tu. baḷapu, balavu potstone, glimmer, slate. Te. balapamu slate; balapapu pulla slate pencil.(DEDRF 4014)
kuruvinda m.n. ʻ ruby ʼ Suśr., n. ʻ black salt, the stone cinnabar ʼ lex.Pa. kuruvinda -- m. ʻ ruby, cinnabar (?) ʼ, ˚aka -- ʻ vermilion ʼ; Pk. kuruviṁda -- m. ʻ ruby ʼ; S. kuriṇḍru m. ʻ pumice -- stone, any preparation used in place of it for polishing ʼ; P. kuruṇḍ m. ʻ corundum stone ʼ; N. kurin ʻ a kind of stone for sharpening tools and making bullets ʼ; H. kuraṇḍ m. ʻ corundum stone, whetstone ʼ; M. kurũd m. ʻ corundum (a reddish soft stone used for mills, whetstones, etc.), red speck on white of eye ʼ; Si. kurun̆du ʻ cinnamon ʼ, kurun̆du -- gal ʻ cinnamon -- stone ʼ, kuruvilla ʻ ruby ʼ.(CDIAL 3328)
pārada m. ʻ quicksilver ʼ Suśr., pārata -- m. Kathās., pāra -- 2 m. lex. [← Ir. cf. Pers. paranda EWA ii 257]
Pk. pāraya -- m. ʻ quicksilver ʼ, S. pāro m., L.awāṇ. P. pārā m., Ku.gng. pār, N. pāro, A. B. Or. pārā, OAw. pāra m., H. M. pārā m., G. pārɔ m.(CDIAL 8104)
Pk. pāraya -- m. ʻ quicksilver ʼ, S. pāro m., L.awāṇ. P. pārā m., Ku.gng. pār, N. pāro, A. B. Or. pārā, OAw. pāra m., H. M. pārā m., G. pārɔ m.(CDIAL 8104)
kajjala n. ʻ lamp -- black ʼ Suśr. [← Drav. or Mu. EWA 139 with lit. Former might account for N. g -- . J. Bloch BSOS v 738 puts it with kāla -- 1 as ← Drav.] Pa. Pk. kajjala -- n. ʻ lamp -- black (used as collyrium for the eyes) ʼ; K. kazul, dat. ˚zalas m. ʻ lamp -- black ʼ, S. kajalu m. (← L.); L. kajal, kajlā m. ʻ antimony for the eyes ʼ; P. kajjal, kajlā m. ʻ lamp -- black for the eyes ʼ (→ WPah. bhal. kajjal m. ʻ collyrium ʼ), Ku. kājal, gng. kāj̈aw, N. gājal; A. kāzal ʻ lamp -- black, a kind of bluish earth for marking the foreheads of women ʼ; Or. kājal, kājara ʻ collyrium ʼ, kajjaḷ, kajaḷa ʻ lamp -- black ʼ; Bi. Mth. Bhoj. kājar ʻ collyrium ʼ; H. kājal, kajjal, kajlā m., ˚lī f. ʻ lamp -- black, collyrium ʼ; G. kājaḷ n. ʻ lampblack ʼ, kājḷī f. ʻ soot ʼ, M. kāj̈aḷ n., kāj̈ḷī f.; Ko. kājjaḷa n. ʻ lamp -- black ʼ. -- Deriv.: Pk. kajjalia -- ʻ blackened ʼ; A. kāzalī ʻ dark red, purple ʼ; M. kāj̈ḷī ʻ made of soot ʼ.*kajjalakōṣṭha -- , *kajjalavarta -- .Addenda: kajjala -- : WPah.kṭg. kaj̈əḷ m. ʻ lamp -- black, tattoo mark ʼ, poet. kaj̈lu m. (Him.I 15); Garh. kājal ʻ lampblack, soot ʼ (l← H.).†kajjalita -- .*kajjalakōṣṭha ʻ lamp -- black container ʼ. [kajjala -- , kṓṣṭha -- ]P. kajlōṭhī f. ʻ pot in which lamp -- black is kept ʼ.*kajjalavarta ʻ round collyrium container ʼ. [kajjala -- , *varta -- 2 ]N. gajrauṭo ʻ small pot for collyrium ʼ, (Tarai) kaj˚, Bi. kajrauṭā. ˚ṭī, H. kajlauṭī f.*kajvala -- ʻ firefly ʼ see khadyōta -- .2624a †kajjalita -- ʻ covered with lamp -- black ʼ Pāṇ., ʻ blackened, soiled ʼ Hcat. [kajjala -- ]Pk. kajjalia -- ʻ blackened ʼ; WPah.poet. kaj̈ḷi ʻ dark, black ʼ; A. kāzalī ʻ dark red, purple ʼ; M. kāj̈ḷī ʻ made of soot ʼ.(CDIAL 2622 to 2624)Ka. kāḍige lampblack, collyrium prepared from it. Tu. kāḍigè collyrium of lampblack and oil. Te.kāṭu state of being singed or burned at the bottom of a vessel, as rice, etc. when boiled too much; kāṭuka lampblack, collyrium. Konḍa(BB) kāḍ- (-it-) to be burnt, charred. Pe. kāḍ- to be burnt. Manḍ. kāḍ- id. Kuwi (Su.) kāḍ- (-it-) to be burnt (rice in cooking); (F.) kadali to be burnt, as food; (p. 142) onda kārdite the food is burnt. (DEDR 1437)
indranīla m. ʻ sapphire ʼ Kālid. [índra -- , nīˊla -- ] Pa. indanīla -- m.n., Pk. iṁdaṇīla -- m.n., Si. iňdunil Geiger EGS 22, but prob. ← Pa.(CDIAL 1579)nīlamaṇi m. ʻ sapphire ʼ Dhūrt. [nīˊla -- , maṇí -- 1 ]Pa. nīlamaṇi -- m. sapphire ʼ, Pk. ṇīlamaṇi -- m.f., Si. nilmiṇa. (CDIAL 7565)
According to Amarakośa, the nine nidhis are:
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When considered as mines, minerals, earthenware and ocean resources, the nine treasures of Kubera are interpreted as:
- mahapadma (lake double the size of padma in Himalaya with minerals and jewels)
- padma (lake in Himalaya with minerals and jewels)
- śankha (conch shell)
- makara (synonym of Padmini, black antimony)
- kachhapa (tortoise or turtle shell)
- kumud (cinnabar, or quicksilver)
- kunda (arsenic)
- nīla (antimony)
- kharva (cups or vessels baked in fire); karba 'iron'.