Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/zxj3ehm
*raktikā --2 (rakta -- n. lex.) ʻ copper ʼ. [rakta -- 1 ](CDIAL 10544)
*raktikā --
raktikā1 f. ʻ Abrus precatorius (the red and black seed used as a weight) ʼ ŚārṅgS. [rakta -- 1 ]Sh. (Lor.) r*l t ʻ a goldsmith's weight ʼ; K. raċh, dat. °ċi f. ʻ seed of A. precatorius used as a weight (= 1 1/2 grains) ʼ, S. ratī f., L. P. rattī f., N. rāti geṛi, A. rāti, H. rattī, ratī f. (→ B. rati, Or. ratti, rati; Mth.ratī ʻ grain, speck, small portion ʼ; M. ratī f. ʻ seed of A. precatorius ʼ).
8 Ratti = 1 Masha; 12 Masha = 1 Tola (11.6 Grams). One argument is that ratti weighed 0.11 gms. and hence SatamAna, 'hundred units' weighed 11 gms.
Karshapana's weight was 32 rattis. Nishka, Sana, Vimsatika are also coinage terms or weight units in Panini.
शतम् śatam -मानः, -नम् 1 a Pala of silver; धरणानि दश ज्ञेयः शतमानस्तु राजतः Ms.8.137; अष्टौ शाणाः शतमानं वहन्ति Mb.3.134.15. -2 an Āḍhaka q. v. śātamāna शात-मान [p= 1064,1] mf(ई)n. (fr. शत-मान) bought with the measure of one hundred Pa1n2. 5-1 , 27. शत--मान [p= 1050,1] weighing a hundred (रक्तिकाs Sch.) TS. Ka1t2h. S3Br. &c m. any object made of gold which weighs a hundred मानs S3Br. Ka1tyS3r.m. n. a weight (or gift) of a hundred मानs in gold or silver (दक्षिण mfn. Ka1tyS3r. ) ib. Mn. Ya1jn5. &cm.a पल of silver W.m. an आढक
(q.v.) W. आढक [p=134,1] mn. (g. अर्धर्चा*दि q.v. ; ifc. f(ई). Pa1n2. 4-1 , 22 and v , 1 , 54 Comm.) a measure of grain (= 1÷4 द्रोण = 4 प्रस्थs = 16 kudavas = 64 पलs = 256 कर्षs = 4096 माषs ; = nearly 7 lbs. 11 ozs. avoirdupois ; in Bengal = two mans or 164 lbs. avds.)(Samskrtam)
rīti
rītí
Source: http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/jencek/store/viewitem.asp?idProduct=5504
(downloaded July 2007)
"Gandhara, Circa 600-300 B.C. AR Shatamana (43 mm, 11.26 g). Gandhara symbol on each end."
Very probably the earliest Indian coin: a large silver shatamana (double siglos or bent bar) issue, Gandhara, c.600-500 BCE (43mm long, 10mm wide).
Very probably the earliest Indian coin: a large silver shatamana (double siglos or bent bar) issue, Gandhara, c.600-500 BCE (43mm long, 10mm wide)
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_500back/janapadacoins/janapadacoins.html
Dotted circle is a cross-section of a strand of rope: S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻsubstance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour)ʼ; dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(Marathi) धवड (p. 436) [ dhavaḍa ] m (Or
Bogazkoy seal impression with 'twisted rope' hieroglyph (ca. 18th cent. BCE) See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/10/indus-script-hieroglyph-twisted-rope-on.htmlmẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron (metal)’ and a cognate word,मृदु mṛdu 'iron' (Samskritam) is signified by a number of hieroglyphs मेढा [ mēḍhā ] curls of hair on cylinder seals; मेढा [ mēḍhā ]twist (rope) on a Bogazkoy seal; मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] The polar star.on Water-carrier seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747.
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m1406 Hieroglyphs: thread of three stands + drummer + tumblers
dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) dolutsu 'tumble' Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’
dhAtu, dhAv 'strands of rope' Rebus: dhAtu 'mineral, metal, ore'
Kalibangan seal. k020 Hieroglyphs: thread of three strands + water-carrier + one-horned young bull. kuTi 'water-carrier' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. dhAv 'strands of rope' rebus: dhAv 'element, ore'; dhAtu id.
Santali glosses
m0352cdefThe + glyph of Sibri evidence is comparable to the large-sized 'dot', dotted circles and + glyph shown on this Mohenjo-daro seal m0352 with dotted circles repeated on 5 sides A to F. Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features.Rebus readings of m0352 hieroglyphs: dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'
1. Round dot like a blob -- . Glyph: raised large-sized dot -- (gōṭī ‘round pebble);goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore)
2. Dotted circle khaṇḍa ‘A piece, bit, fragment, portion’; kandi ‘bead’;
3. A + shaped structure where the glyphs 1 and 2 are infixed. The + shaped structure is kaṇḍ ‘a fire-altar’ (which is associated with glyphs 1 and 2)..
Rebus readings are: 1. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼgoTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); 2. khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; 3. kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.
Four ‘round spot’; glyphs around the ‘dotted circle’ in the center of the composition: gōṭī ‘round pebble; Rebus 1: goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); Rebus 2:L. khoṭf ʻalloy, impurityʼ, °ṭā ʻalloyedʼ, awāṇ. khoṭā ʻforgedʼ; P. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ M.khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ (CDIAL 3931) Rebus 3: kōṭhī ] f (कोष्ट S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse, treasury, factory, bank. khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ metal is produced from kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’ yielding khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. This word khaṇḍā is denoted by the dotted circles.
Variant orthography of two unique Indus Script hieroglyphs on a punch-marked coin
The dotted circle hieroglyph on m0352 seal PLUS the 'twisted rope' hieroglyph on Kalibangan k020 seal provide the models for the following variant hieroglyph-multiplex on an early punch-marked coin. I suggest that the two hieroglyphs: 1. dotted circle; 2. joined strands of rope are the components on the composite realized on the punch-marked coins -- with 6 strands emanating from the centre, which is the dotted circle:
Long silver "bent-bar" shatamana
c. 600-300 BCE
Weight:10.88 gm., 8 x 43 mm.
2 six-petalled flowers ? at each end,
smaller punches in between / blank
Ref: Rajgor, 540-541.
c. 600-300 BCE
Weight:10.88 gm., 8 x 43 mm.
2 six-petalled flowers ? at each end,
smaller punches in between / blank
Ref: Rajgor, 540-541.
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m1406 Three strands linked together. A variant of this orthography occurs on punch-marked coins, signifying the rebus semantics of twisted strands of rope.
A reconstruction drawing of the hieroglyph-multiplex on many punch-marked coins of ca. 6th to 4th cent. BCE as a variant of Indus Script Hieroglyphs of 1. dotted circle PLUS 2. twisted strands of rope. This is an orthographic representation of working with 6 dhAu 'elements, strands' to produce an alloy ingot. The dotted circle is dhAu 'strand of rope' (cross-sectional representation of a strand as shown on the trefoils, two dotted circles, single dotted circled decorating the shawl of the priest of Mohenjodaro) or the fillet with dotted circle worn on the priest's forehead and right shoulder.With this demonstrated Indus Script Cipher continuum into the historical periods from ca. 500 BCE, a number of parallels will be traced from Indus Script hypertext (hieroglyph-multiplexes) into the 'symbols' signified on ancient coins of Bharatam which are provided for data mining by RBI Monetary Museum and exquisite compilations of S. Govind Raya Prabhu and the resources presented by Pankaj Tandon, Michael Mitchiner and W. Theobald describing the symbolic repertoire of scores of mints extending from Bactria (Central Asia) to Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka).
The first documented coinage is deemed to start with 'Punch Marked' coins issued between the 7th-6th century BC and 1st century AD. These coins are called 'punch-marked' coins because of their manufacturing technique. Mostly made of silver, these bear symbols, each of which was punched on the coin with a separate punch.
Punch Marked Coin, Silver Bentbar
Hieroglyph-multiplex deciphered as iron ore casting: Dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS the strands from the dotted circle: meD dhAu 'iron ore'. Thus, iron ore casting.
Issued initially by merchant Guilds and later by States, the coins represented a trade currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development. They are broadly classified into two periods : the first period (attributed to the Janapadas or small local states) and the second period (attributed to the Imperial Mauryan period). The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols.
| Description | Obverse | Reverse |
| Seven Symbols |  |  |
| Five Symbols |  |  |
| Five Symbols |  |  |
Silver Punchmarked Coins
Top-down: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'
meD 'twist' rebus: meD 'iron'
poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite ferrite ore'.
Representative Symbols appearing on Punch Marked Coins
| Description | Coin |
| Asmaka Janapada karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron' meD dhAu 'iron ore casting' PLUS goTa 'round' rebus: khoTa 'ingot' kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' meD dhAu 'iron ore casting' |  |
| Imperial Series arka 'sun' rebus: 'copper' meD dhAu 'iron ore casting' kamaDha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'coinage, mint' eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' arA 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass' |  |
| Imperial Series arka 'sun' rebus: 'copper' meD dhAu 'iron ore casting' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' meD 'twist' rebus: meD 'iron' poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite ferrite ore'. |  |
| Imperial Series arka 'sun' rebus: 'copper' meD dhAu 'iron ore casting' |  |
Imperial Punch Marked Coins
Mauryan Art Form
Dynastic Coins
Dating of regular dynastic coin issues is controversial. The earliest of these coins relate to those of the Indo-Greeks, the Saka-Pahlavas and the Kushans. These coins are generally placed between the 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD. Hellenistic traditions characterise the silver coins of the Indo-Greeks, with Greek gods and goddesses figuring prominently, apart from the portraits of the issuers. These coins with their Greek legends are historically significant, as the history of the Indo-Greeks has been reconstructed almost entirely on their evidence. The Saka coinage of the Western Kshatrapas are perhaps the earliest dated coins, the dates being given in the Saka era which commences in AD 78. The Saka era represents the official calendar of the Indian Republic.
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Indo-Greek Coins
Kushansattva 'svastika hieroglyph' rebus: sattva 'zinc' jasta 'zinc'Earliest Kushan coinage is generally attributed to Vima Kadphises. The Kushan coins generally depicted iconographic forms drawn from Greek, Mesopotamian, Zorastrian and Indian mythology. Siva, Buddha and Kartikeya were the major Indian deities portrayed. Kushan gold coins influenced subsequent issues, notably those of the Guptas.
Map of Kushan
Satavahana
Coins of the Kushans
Kushan Art Form, Statue of Kanishka, Mathura Museum
The Satavahanas were the early rulers of the region between the rivers, Godavari and the Krishna. They were also referred to as the Andhras. They soon brought under their control, both the Western-Deccan and Central India. The dates of their coming in to power are contentious and are variously put between 270 BC to 30 BC. Their coins were predominantly of copper and lead, however, silver issues are also known. These coins carried the motifs of fauna like elephants, lions, bulls, horses, etc. often juxtaposed against motifs from nature like hills, tree, etc. The silver coins of the Satavahanas carried portraits and bilingual legends, which were inspired by the Kshatrapa types.
Coins of the Satavahana
meD dhAu 'iron ore casting'
meTTu 'hillock, mound' rebus: meD 'iron'Western Kshatrapa
The term Western Kshatraps alludes to the set of rulers who ruled Western India between the 1st and 4th Century AD. The legends on the coins were generally in Greek and Brahmi. Kharoshti too was used. The Western Kshatrap coins are reckoned to be the earliest coins bearing dates. The common copper coins are the 'bull and hill' and the 'elephant and hill' types.
Description Obverse Reverse Rudrasimha I, 180-196 AD Viradaman, 234-238 AD
Coins of the Western Kshatrapas
tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper'
Other Coins
In the interregnum between the fall of the Maurayans and the rise of the Guptas various tribal republics in the Punjab and monarchies in the Indo-Gangetic plain issued coins. Most coins were issued in Copper. The coins of the Yaudheyas were influenced in design and motif by the coins of the Kushans. They followed the weights of the Indo-bacterian rulers.Gupta
Coin of the Yaudheyas
Gupta coinage (4th-6th centuries AD) followed the tradition of the Kushans, depicting the king on the obverse and a deity on the reverse; the deities were Indian and the legends were in Brahmi. The earliest Gupta coins are attributed to Samudragupta, Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta and their coins often commemorate dynastic succession as well as significant socio-political events, like marriage alliances, the horse sacrifice, etc (King and queen type of coin of Chandragupta 1, Asvamedha type, etc.), or for that matter artistic and personal accomplishments of royal members (Lyrist, Archer, Lion-slayer etc.).
Description Obverse Reverse King as Horseman
mora 'peacock' rebus: morakkaka 'a kind of steel'
King as Lion Slayer King & Queen Type Fan-Tailed Peacock
Post-Gupta Coinage
mora 'peacock' rebus: morakkaka 'a kind of steel'
Coins of the Guptas
Post-Gupta coinage (6th-12th centuries AD), is represented by a monotonous and aesthetically less interesting series of dynastic issues including those of Harsha (7th century AD, Kalachuri of Tripuri (11th century AD) and early medieval Rajputs (9th-12th centuries AD). Gold coins struck between this period are rare. These were revived by Gangeyadeva the Kalachuri ruler who issued the 'Seated Lakshmi Coins' which were copied by later rulers both in gold as well as in debase form. The Bull & Horseman type of coins were the most common motif appearing on coins struck by the Rajput clans. In western India, imported coins like the Byzantine solidi were often used reflecting trade with the Eastern Roman Empire.
Description Obverse Reverse Seated Lakshmi Bull & Horseman poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite ferrite ore'
South Indian Coinage
The symbols and motifs on South Indian coin issues were confined to dynastic crests such as the boar (Chalukya), bull (Pallava), tiger (Chola), fish (Pandya and Alupas), bow and arrow (Cheras) and lion (Hoysala) etc. The Yadavas of Devagiri issued 'Padmatankas' with an eight-petalled lotus on the obverse and a blank reverse. Coin legends refer to names or titles of the issuer in local scripts and languages. Decorative features are rare and divinities are almost absent till the medieval Vijayanagar period (14th - 16th centuries AD).
Description Obverse Reverse Coins of the Cheras
11th - 13th Centuries poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite ferrite ore' kamaDha 'bow+ arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'coinage, mint'Coins of the Cheras
11th - 13th Centuries karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron'Coins of the Cholas
9th - 13th CenturiesCoins of the Alupas of Udipi
11th - 13th Centuries dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'Padmatankas,
Coins of the Yadavas of Devagiri
12th - 14th Centuries tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper'
https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html
The Vijayanagar Empire
In the South, the Vijayanagar contemporaries of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, were the other dynasty whose currency presents a rare example of a standardised issue which later provided a model for the European and English trading companies. The Kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded around 1336 AD by Harihara and Bukka in the region south of the River Krishna. The Vijayanagar period saw the advent of European traders especially the Portuguese. Krishnadevaraya encouraged foreign trade and this necessitated wider use of currency. Coins of the Vijayanagar kingdom was largely struck in gold and copper. Most Vijayanagar gold coins bore a sacred image on the obverse and the royal legend on the reverse. Amongst the significant gold coins of the Vijayanagar Empire were those bearing the image of the deity of Tirupati, i.e., Lord Venkatesvara represented either singly or with his two consorts. These coins inspired the 'Single Swami' Pagodas of the Dutch and French and the 'Three Swami' Pagodas of the English East India Company.
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Coins of the Vijayanagar Empire
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https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-medi.html
http://www.newerapublicationschennai.com/ssic_index_to_vol_i_to_xx.pdf
index to studies in south indian coins volumes, i –xx, 1991
Note: S Govindraya Prabhu's webpage is a tour de force for historical studies of Bharatam supported by numismatics. The astonishing humility with which he offers the resources for further studies is a tribute to the tradition of dharma which exemplifies Bharatam Janam. This is what Prabhu says on his home page:"Realizing the need of most collectors and researchers for reference that can be easily accessible on Internet, I have attempted to include the items that are of immense value to an ordinary collector. It is merely an attempt to explain the evolution of coinage and its role in understanding the history of India. In the process of explaining Indian coinage, political system, social movements and economy have been touched. I hope this web page would arouse a keen interest in Indians to preserve the ancient coins of their possession or encounter to save the important ligaments of Indian history if found to be valuable. I dedicate this material as a source of inspiration for every Indians in saving every Indian coins from the melting pot hoping it will reveal the missing facts of the Indian history. Coins displayed in the web page are from my personal collection, which are believed to be attributed properly. Please let me know if it needs any modifications or corrections if misrepresented. I have classified this web page according to the chronological order of dynastic rule in India. Please click on the hypertext link or thumbnail to enter into corresponding web pages. Coin images are enlarged for better viewing and they do not reflect the correct size." https://www.forumancientcoins.com/india/index.html
I present herewith some examples from the resources with a focus on 'symbols' used on many coins. Many 'symbols' are traceable to the Indus Script Cipher tradition.
Silaharas (Karad)
Silaharas were ruling three different regions and hence those branches are termed as 1. Silharas of Karad (ruled between 1050 and 1212 AD), 2. Silaharas of South Konkan (before 1050) and 3. Silaharas of North Konkan (between 1026 - 1030 AD). Silaharas of Karad followed the Kolhapur coinage style in minting coins. They retained the trident and Garuda devices in their coinage. Coins bearing degenerated images are dated to the later period while others are dated to earlier period.
| Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1050 - 1212 AD and later Unit : Gold quarter pagoda, 7mm, 0.78gm Obverse : Ornamental trident, sun and moon inside Reverse : poorly struck Garuda Reference : MCSI1 246, Scarce The 'ornamental trident' can be a orthographic variant of two strands emanating from a central dot: dhAu 'strand' rebus: dhAu 'ore' dula 'pair' rebus dul 'cast metal, molten cast'; thus, metal ore casting; arka 'sun' rebus: 'copper' |
Gangas (Thalakkad)
Catalogue
Ruler : Anonymous
Year : 10th century AD - early 14th century
Unit : Gold Pagoda, 16 mm, 3.78 gm
Obverse : Caparisoned Elephant facing right
with lowered trunk, Above : Kannada
legend "Bha Dha"
Reverse : Floral scroll
Reference : MCSI1 192, C
karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron'
Ruler : Anonymous
Year : 10th century - early 14th century AD
Unit : Gold Pagoda, 15 mm, 3.7 gm
Obverse : Caparisoned Elephant facing right
with lowered trunk, Above : Sun, Moon
Reverse : Floral scroll
Reference : MCSI1 192 type, SRuler : Anonymous
Year : 10th century AD - early 14th century
Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.39 gm
Obverse : Caparisoned Elephant facing right
with lowered trunk.
Reverse : Floral scroll
Reference : Mitchiner 195, SRuler : Anonymous
Year : 10th century AD - early 14th century
Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.39 gm
Obverse : Caparisoned Elephant facing right
with lowered trunk.
Reverse : Floral scroll
Reference : MCSI1 195 variation, SRuler : Anonymous
Year : 10th century AD - early 14th century
Unit : Gold Quarter Fanam, 4 mm, 0.11 gm
Obverse : Caparisoned Elephant facing right
with lowered trunk.
Reverse : Floral scroll
Reference : MCSI1 198, RRuler : Anonymous
Year : 10th century AD - early 14th century
Unit : Gold Quarter Fanam, 4 mm, 0.11 gm
Obverse : Caparisoned Elephant facing right
with lowered trunk.
Reverse : Floral scroll
Reference : MCSI1 198, R
Pallavas (Badami)
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| Ruler : Narasimhavarman I Pallava Year : 630 - 668 AD Unit : Copper, 28mm, 4.65gm, Deccan province Obverse : Humped Bull standing right, above crescent, Srivatsam, conch all above creeping serpent Reverse : Lotus tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite ferrite ore' kuThAru 'crucible' rebus: 'treasury' Srivatsa: khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ (kammaTa 'coiner, coinage, mint (Kannada) kulyA 'serpent hood' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' |
Kadambas (Hangal)
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 11th century AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 21 mm, 4.20 gm Obverse : Seated Hanuman facing with head right, Chowry and sankh each side Legend "Na Ka Ra" below. Dotted lines in border Reverse : Floral scroll in border Reference : MCSI1 229, R |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 11th century AD Unit : Gold Quarter Fanam, 4 mm, 0.10 gm Obverse : Hanuman facing right, with raised tail. Reverse : Hanagal Kadamba in two lines Reference : Unpublished, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 11th century AD Unit : Gold Quarter fanam, 4 mm Obverse : Hannuman with raised tail, seated left Reverse : speherical Blob Reference : None, RRR |
 | Ruler : Toyimadeva Year : 1048 - 1075 Unit : Gold Pagoda, 19 mm, 4.10 gm Obverse : Lion with reverted head facing right with raised left foreleg, legend "SaLaGa". Reverse : Floral scroll in border Reference : MCSI1 226, R |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 11th century AD Unit : Gold Double fanam, 8 mm Obverse : Lion facing left Reverse : Floral scroll Reference : MCSI1 228 type (Lion facing left!) RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 11th century AD Unit : Gold Double fanam, 8 mm Obverse : Lion facing left Reverse : Floral scroll Reference : MCSI1 228 type (Lion facing left!) RRR |
 | Ruler : Shantivarma for Jagadekamalla-II Year : 1075-1094 AD Obverse : LionX4, SriX2, Legend : JaGaDhe Reverse : Convex & blank Unit : Gold Varaha, 3.6 gm Reference : ONS162, R |
Kadambas (Goa)
 | Ruler : Jayakesin I Year : 1150-80 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 19 mm, 4.40 gm Obverse : Lion with reverted head facing left. Cyclic Year Reverse : Legend "Sri Saptakotisa labdhavara vira - jayakesii- deva Malava ramari". Reference : MCSI1 237, RR |
 | Ruler : Jayakesin II Year : 1104-47 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 19 mm, 4.38 gm Obverse : Lion with reverted head facing left. Cyclic Year Reverse : Legend "Sri Saptakotisa labdhavara vira - jayakesii- deva Malava ramari". Reference : MCSI1 237, RR |
 | Ruler : Sivachitta with heir Jayakesin-III Year : 1187-1216 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 19 mm, 4.30 gm Obverse : Lion with head facing left. Cyclic Year Reverse : Legend "Sri SivaChitha" in - Nagari, Grantha, Kannada". Reference : MCSI1 241, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 13th cent AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 16 mm, 3.68 gm Obverse : Lion with head facing left. Ankusha in front Reverse : Legend "Sri - Malava- ramari" in - Reference : MCSI1 243, R |
 | Ruler : Shashthadeva - III Year : 1246/7 - 1260 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 17 mm, 3.98 gm Obverse : Lion facing left. Cyclic Year in front Reverse : Sapta Kotisvara CharaNa Labdavara Sri Vira Chathadeva Reference : None other than this, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 12th to 13th cent AD Unit : Gold fanam, 8 mm Obverse : Lion facing to right Reverse : Floral scroll Reference : Scarce |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 12th to 13th cent AD Unit : Gold fanam, 8 mm Obverse : Lion facing left Reverse : Nagari "Sri" Reference : Scarce |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 12th to 13th cent AD Unit : Gold fanam, 7 mm Obverse : Lion facing left, Ceremonial Lamp Reverse : Trident Reference : Scarce |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 12th to 13th cent AD Unit : Gold fanam, 8 mm Obverse : Lion standing and facing to right Reverse : Nagari Sri Reference : Very Scarce |
Yadavas (Devagiri)
 | Ruler : Sri Bhillama Deva Year : 1185 - 1193 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 13 mm, 3.29 gm Obverse : Sri X2, Conch+Discus, "Sri Bhilla/madiva" Reverse : Blank Reference : Karnataka Numismatics, Rare |
 | Ruler : Sri Singhana Year : 1200 - 1247 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 13 mm, 3.29 gm Obverse : Sri X2, Conch+DiscusX1, Sri Singha(na)X1 Reverse : Blank Reference : None, Rare |
 | Ruler : Sri Singhana Year : 1200 - 1247 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 16 mm, 3.8 gm Obverse : Sri X2, ConchX1, "Sri Singhana"/Sword Reverse : Blank Reference : Very Scarce |
 | Ruler : Sri Mahadeva Year : 1261 - 1270 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda Obverse : Sri X2, Conch, Nagari legend : "Sri Mahadeva" and Spear below Reverse : Blank Reference : MCSI1 288 type, Scarce |
 | Ruler : Sri Ramachandra Year : 1270 - 1311 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 18 mm, 3.8 gm Obverse : Sri X2, Conch, Spear and legend : "Sri Ramachandra"& Bow below Reverse : Blank Reference : MCSI1 289, Scarce |
 | Ruler : Sri Ramachandra Year : 1270 - 1311 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda, 18 mm, 3.8 gm Obverse : Sri X2, Conch, Spear and legend : "Sri Ramachandra", Ankush below Reverse : Blank Reference : MCSI1 289, Common |
Chalukyas
Fig : Varaha of a hoard found near Ankola which was said to have around 40 pieces | Issue : Mangalesa ? 597 - 610 AD Obverse : Early Temple, with a simple lintel Reverse : Sceptre between two lamps, sun moon above Unit : Gold Pagoda, 3.8 gm, 12 mm Reference : MCSI1 256, RRR |
 | Issue : Barma Bhupala, Kalachuri-feudatory, 1187/88 AD Obverse : Warrior running rt with sword, Sun+moon Reverse : Kannada: Sri Nigalamkamala Damdinagova Unit : Gold Pagoda, 3.8 gm, 17mm Reference : MCSI1 250, RRR |
 | Issue : Pulakesi II (610 -42 AD) Obverse : Stylished lion facing right/left foreleg raised Reverse : Temple Unit : Quarter fanam, 0.06 gm, Gold : 22K Reference : None, RRR |
 | Issue : Somesvara (1043 - 68 AD) Obverse : caparisoned boar facing right/umbrella above Reverse : Kannada legend "Sri" Unit : Quarter fanam, 0.06 gm, Gold : 22K Reference : None, RRR |
| Issue : Jagadekamalla-II (1138-1151) Obverse : Lion -right X4, Sri X2 + Legend : JAgadhe Reverse : Convex Blank Unit : Gold varaha, 3.6 gm, punchmarked Reference : None, RR |
 | Issue : Jagadekamalla-II (1138-1151) Obverse : spearhead+Goad, Vishnupada X2 + Disc & Conch Reverse : Convex and blank Unit : Gold Gadyana, punchmarked Reference : None, RRR |
 | Issue : Jagadekamalla-II (1138-1151) Obverse : Temple+Shankh+ChakraX1 + SriX2, LionX4, "Jagadheka/Malla" legend punch Reverse : Convex and blank Unit : Gold Gadyana, punchmarked Reference : MCSI1, RR |
 | Chalukya restored (after Kalachuri invasion)Issue : Somesvara IV Chalukya (1184-1189 AD) Obverse : Garuda with prominent beak running right Reverse : (Dasapa) Murari/ Bamta Ra(ja) Unit : Gold pagoda, 3.3gm Reference : MCSI1282, RR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Obverse : Stylished lion facing left + trident Reverse : Ceremonial lamp flanked by anuks & goad Unit : Fanam, 0.36 gm Reference : None, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Obverse : Stylished lion facing right Reverse : anuksh & goad Unit : Quarter fanam, Gold 0.04 gm Reference : None, RRR |
 | Issue : Kartikeya Tapovanam Year : Regin of Ahavamalla(around 996 AD) Unit : Fanam, 8.5mm, Gold 0.40 gm Obverse : Kumara seated Reverse : Peacock to left Reference : None, RRR |
 | Issue : Kartikeya Tapovanam Year : Regin of Tribhuvanamalla(around 1098 AD) Unit : Gold Quarter fanam, 5mm, 0.04 gm Obverse : Peacock to rt, pellet above/lamp on rt Reverse : Legend or Crocodile ? Reference : None, RRR |
 | Issue : Anonymous Year : 11th century AD ? Unit : Gold fanam Obverse : Stylistic Lion to left Reverse : Two concave symbol facing each other Reference : None, RRR |
 | Issue : Anonymous Year : 10th to 11th century AD ? Unit : Gold quarter fanam Obverse : Stylistic Lion to right Reverse : Two concave symbols facing each other Reference : None, RRR |
 | Issue : Anonymous Year : 10th to 11th century AD ? Unit : Gold quarter fanam Obverse : Stylistic Lion to left Reverse : a globule symbol Reference : None, RRR |
 | Issue : Anonymous Year : 10th to 11th century AD ? Unit : Gold quarter fanam Obverse : Stylistic Lion to left Reverse : blank Reference : None, RRR |
Allupas
Catalogue - Page One
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1000 - 1336 AD, Mangalore mint Unit : Gold Pagoda, 15mm, 3.75 gm Obverse : Stylized fishes below ceremonial Lamp, Flowers on both the sides Reverse : Kannada Title - Sri Pandya Dhanamjaya Reference : Spinks-1991,#208 Extremely Rare |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1000 - 1336 AD, Mangalore mint Unit : Gold pagoda, 14 mm 3.56 gm Obverse : Two upright fishes beneath umbrella Flowers both side Reverse : Title in Kannada legend - Sri Pandya Dhanamjaya Reference : None, RR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1000 - 1336 AD, Udupi mint Unit : Gold Pagoda, 14mm, 3.57 gm Obverse : Stylized two upright fishes, lamp on right, conch on left, goad below Umbrella above Reverse : Nagari Title - Sri Pandya Dhanamjaya Reference : MCSI1 221, S |
 | Ruler : Gopisvaraya (Feudatory to Hariahara-I) Issue : 1336 - 1400 AD, Udupi mint Unit : Gold Pagoda, debased, 14mm, 3.4 gm Obverse : Stylized two upright fishes, Dagger on right, conch on left Reverse : Nagari Title - Sri Pandya Dhanamjaya, "Ha" between Ya & Da Reference : Extremely Rare |
 | Ruler : Anonymous (Vijayanagara period) Issue : 1336 - 1400 AD, Udupi mint Unit : Gold Pagoda, debased, 14mm, 2.95 gm Obverse : Stylized fishes below umbrella, conch & lamp beside, nagari legend on umbrella roof Reverse : Nagari Title - Sri Pandya Dhanamjaya Reference : Extremely Rare |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1000 - 1336 AD, Udupi mint Unit : Fanam 0.37 gm, 7mm, Gold Obverse : Two upright fishes under canophy. Reverse : Legend "Sri" in Kannada Reference : MCSI1 222, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1000 - 1336 AD, Udupi mint Unit : Fanam, 0.35 gm, Gold Obverse : Two upright fishes, accousted by conch and a ceremonial lamp Reverse : Kannada legend "Sri" Reference : MCSI1 223, S |
 | Ruler : Gopisvararaya Year : Vijayanagara period (1336 - 1400 AD) Unit : Fanam, Gold, 10mm, 0.37 gm Obverse : Two upright fishes Dagger and conch beside Reverse : Nagari legend - Sri Reference : Ganesh & Girijapathi, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Vijayanagara period (1336 - 1400 AD) Unit : Fanam, Gold, 10mm, 0.37 gm Obverse : Two upright fishes Conch and ceremonial lamp beside Reverse : Kannada legend - Sri with two pellets in. Reference : None, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 12th century AD, Udupi Mint Unit : Fanam, Gold, 10mm, 0.37 gm Obverse : Two upright fishes Conch and Lamp on two sides Reverse : Nagari legend - Sri Reference : None, RRR |
Chutus of Banavasi
"The region between Mangalore and Udupi were ruled by the Alupas. The Alupas were basically Jains in religion, but claimed their ethnic link to the Pandyas and they ruled under the common title "Sri Pandya Dhanamjaya". Historical evidence reveals that the Alupas ruled even much earlier than 7th century AD, but 11th to 14th century could be stated as the golden period of their rule.
The Alupas ruled Udupi and Mangalore under the suzerainty of Western Chalukyas and the Hoysalas, the era seemed to be prosperous as seen from their monetary economy. They ruled the kingdom from their capital town of Udhyavara, now located near Udupi, (after Kapu, between Mangalore and Udupi). After the downfall of the Hoysalas, the region was annexed to the Vijayanagara kingdom around 1336 and Alupas slowly faded as feudatories ofVijayanagara rulers."
 | Ruler : Chutukulananda Year : 30 BC - 70 AD Unit : Lead, 32mm, 15.7 gm Obverse : 8 arched hill with river below, Legend - "Rajno Chutukilananda" Reverse : Tree in complex railing of 12 squares Reference : MCSI1 26 meTTu 'mound' rebus: meD 'iron' khaNDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements |
 | Ruler : Mulananda Year : 78 AD - 175 AD Unit : Lead, 29mm, 14.8 gm Obverse : 8 arched hill with river below, Legend - "Rajno Mulanandasa" Reverse : Tree in complex railing of 12 squares, Nandipada symbol on the right. Reference : MCSI1 35 meTTu 'mound' rebus: meD 'iron' khaNDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements |
 | Ruler : Sivalananda Year : 175 AD - 280 AD Unit : Lead, 28mm, 15.8 gm Obverse : 8 arched hill with river symbol below, Legend - "Rajno Sivalanandasa" Reverse : Tree in complex railing of 12 squares, Bow & Arrow symbol on the right. Reference : MCSI1 45 meTTu 'mound' rebus: meD 'iron' khaNDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements kamaDha 'bow&arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'coinage, mint' |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Hiranyaka ruler, feudatories to Ikshvakus Year : 3rd- 4th century AD, Anantapur-Cuddappah Unit : Lead, 25 mm, 9.87 gm Obverse : Horse facing right, with a dot Reverse : 6 arched hill flanked by tree with railing on the right, river flowing below Reference : MCSI1 134, S |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Hiranyaka ruler, feudatories to Ikshvakus Year : 3rd - 4th century AD Unit : Lead 26mm, 9.78 gm Obverse : Horse facing right with a pellet, Srivatsa above Reverse : Blank reverse Reference : MCSI1 135 type |
Hoysalas
 | Ruler : Vishnuvardhana Hoysala Year : 1108 - 1142 AD Unit : Gold Gadyana, 13 mm, 4.05 gm Obverse : Sardula walking right, deity above Reverse : Kannada legend: Nonambavadi gonda Reference : MCSI1 202, R(are) |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.40 gm Obverse : Seated God with Discus & conch in left : hands, trident & Damaru in rightt hands Reverse : Winged Garuda facing a ceremonial lamp Reference : Ganesh Girijapathi H14 type, RR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.40 gm Obverse : Dancing Chamundi facing right Reverse : Winged Garuda facing a ceremonial lamp Reference : Unpubllished, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.386 gm Obverse : Shardula walking right, crescent above Reverse : Face of the Vishnu mount "Garuda" ? Reference : Unpublished, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Shardula walking right, crescent above Reverse : Hanuman sitting, facing right Reference : Unpublished, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold quarter fanam, 5 mm, 0.06 gm Obverse : Shardula walking right, crescent above Reverse : Hanuman squatting, facing rt Reference : Unpublished, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold quarter fanam, 4 mm, 0.07 gm Obverse : Shardula walking right, crescent above Reverse : Face of the Goddess ? Reference : Unpublished, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold Quarter fanam, 3 mm, 0.06 gm Obverse : Shardula walking right, crescent above Reverse : Kannada legend Ka Reference : MCSI1 211, RR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized Shardula to right Reverse : Vishnu reincarnation Koorma (turtle) Reference : Unpublished, RRR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized Shardula to right Reverse : Vishnu reincarnation Varaha (Boar) Reference : MCSI1 Pg252 |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : Earlier issue Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.36 gm Obverse : Stylized Shardula to right Reverse : Stylized Boar with elongated ears Reference : MCSI1 Pg 252 variation |
 | Ruler : Changalvarasa, Coorg Year : 16th - 17th century AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Inverted Shardula looking like Kali ! Reverse : Stylized boar Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Travancore Rajas Year : Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylistic lean shardula to right Reverse : Stylized boar Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Rajas of Cochin Year : Pre 1663 Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lean shardula to right Reverse : Stylished boar with elongated ears Reference : Ganesh Girijapathi S-1 type |
 | Ruler : Rajas of Cochin Year : Pre 1663 Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lean shardula to right Reverse : Stylized boar with elongated ears Reference : MCSI2 1243 |
 | Ruler : Rajas of Cochin Year : Pre 1663 Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized Shardula, variation in crescent mark Reverse : Stylized boar with elongated ears Reference : MCSI2 1243 variation |
 | Ruler : Rajas of Cochin (Malabar coast) Year : Pre 1663 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 9 mm, 0.4 gm Obverse : Shardula with narrow snout/shoulder Reverse : Stylized boar ? Reference : MCSI2 1244 |
 | Ruler : Nayakas of Chitradurga Year : 1562 AD or later Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : More realistic lean shardula to right Reverse : Inverted boar, legend "Pra" below Reference : MCSI1 884 |
 | Ruler : Nayakas of Chitradurga Year : around 17th century AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lean shardula to right Reverse : Inverted boar, legend "Pra" below Reference : MCSI1 883 |
 | Ruler : Travancore Rajas Year : 1565 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 8 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lean shardula to right Reverse : Inverted boar / Legend "Pa below" Reference : MCSI2 1191 type |
 | Ruler : Rajas of Travancore (anataraya fanam) Year : Mid 18th to 19th century AD Unit : Gold fanam, 8mm, 0.40 gm Obverse : Shardula transformed to flower! Reverse : Misinterpreted boar ! Reference : MCSI2 1224, Scarce |
 | Ruler : Colonial rule or Jeweller's Copy Year : 18th - 19th century AD ? Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Shardula looks like bear! Reverse : Boar looks like rabbit! Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Later Pandyas Year : 17th century AD/font> Unit : Gold Fanam, 9 mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylzed Lion/crescent Reverse : Pellets Reference : None |
Cholas
korka, kurka cowshed (Voc. 886); (Mu.) koṭorla, koṭorli shed for goats (Voc. 884). Malt. koṭa hamlet. / Influenced by Skt. goṣṭha-. (DEDR 2058)
 | Ruler : Uttama Chola Year : 973 - 985 AD Unit : Silver Kahavanu, 20mm, 4.20 gm Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, two torches beside Umbrella and two whisks above Reverse : Nagari legend - Uttama Chola Reference : MCSI2 326, R kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' |
 | Ruler : Uttama Chola Year : 973 - 985 AD Unit : Lead Kahavanu (silver mix), 17mm, 2,80 gm Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, two torches beside Umbrella and two whisks above Reverse : Nagari legend - Uttama Chola Reference : MCSI2 232 type, RR |
 | Ruler : Rajendra Chola Year : 1012 - 1044 AD Unit : Eigth kahavanu 0.5 gm, 9mm, Gold Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, Umbrella above. Reverse : Legend "Yuddha Malla" in nagari Reference : MCSI2 330, R, ex.Karur |
 | Ruler : Rajendra Chola Year : 1012 - 1044 AD Unit : Silver Kahavanu, 20mm, 4.1 gm Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, Glowing lamp on 2 sides. Below : Gangai Konda Chola(Nagari) Reverse : As on obverse Reference : MCSI2, #333, Scarce (ex.Karur) |
 | Ruler : Rajendra Chola Year : 1012 - 1044 AD Unit : Kahavanu, 4.2 gm, 40% gold Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, Glowing lamp on 2 sides. Below : Gangai Konda Chola(Nagari) Reverse : As on obverse Reference : GCOT #1.38, RR (ex.Karur) |
 | Ruler : Rajendra Chola Year : 1012 - 1044 AD Unit : Kahavanu, 4.1 gm, Electrum Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, Glowing lamp on 2 sides. Below : Gangai Konda Chola(Nagari) Reverse : As on obverse Reference : GCOT #1.38, RR (ex.Karur) |
 | Ruler : Sri Rajendra Chola Year : 1012 - 1044 AD Unit : Kahavanu, Gold, 19mm, 3.9gm Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, Lamp on two sides. Below : Sri Rajendrah (Nagari) Reverse : As above Reference : GCOT #1.35 - RR, ex.Karur |
 | Ruler : Raja Raja Chola Year : 985 - 1014 AD Unit : Silver Kahavanu, 19mm 3.70 gm Obverse : King standing with conch in left hand Right hand is above the glowing lamp Reverse : Seated King with raised arm on rt leg Legend Sri Raja Raja on right half Reference : GCOT #1.9, Scarce |
 | Ruler : Raja Raja Chola Year : 985 - 1014 AD Unit : Copper kasu, 18mm 3.47 gm Obverse : King standing with conch in left hand Right hand is above the glowing lamp Reverse : Seated King with raised arm on rt leg Legend Sri Raja Raja on right half Reference : MCSI2 338, CC |
 | Ruler : Raja Raja Chola Year : 985 - 1014 AD Unit : Ae kasu, 12mm thin, reduced weight Obverse : King standing with conch in left hand Right hand is above the glowing lamp Reverse : Seated King with raised arm on rt leg Legend Sri Raja Raja on right half Reference : MCSI2 338 type |
 | Ruler : Rajadhiraja I Year : 1018-1054 AD Unit : Gold kahavanu, 17mm 3.47 gm Obverse : King standing with conch in left hand Right hand is above the glowing lamp Legend Sri Raja Raja on right half Reverse : Seated King facing seated tiger Reference : GCOT #1.42, Rare |
 | Ruler : Rajadhiraja I Year : 1018-1054 AD Unit : Silver kahavanu, 17mm 3.47 gm Obverse : King standing with conch in left hand Right hand is above the glowing lamp Legend Sri Raja Raja on right half Reverse : Seated King facing seated tiger Reference : GCOT #1.42 type, Scarce |
 | Ruler : Rajaraja Chola Year : 9852 - 1014 AD Unit : Eigth kahavanu 0.5 gm, 9mm, Gold Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, Umbrella above. Reverse : Legend "Jaya Chola" in nagari Reference : GCOT #1.7 |
 | Ruler : Rajaraja Chola Year : 9852 - 1014 AD Unit : Eigth kahavanu 0.5 gm, 9mm, Gold Obverse : Seated tiger (Bow behind) facing two upright fishes, Umbrella above. Reverse : Blundered Legend "Jaya Chola" in nagari Reference : GCOT #1.7 Special Note : It was sold as "Uya Kondan Chola!!!" |
 | Issue : Nellore Telugu Chola rulers, feudatories Reign : 1216-1316 AD Obverse : Sri-X2, Moon-sceptre-sun, lengend: Bhujabala, Reverse : Convex and blank Unit : Gold Varaha 16mm, 3.4g, 7 punchmarks Reference : MCSI1 313, S |
 | Issue : Nellore Telugu Chola rulers, feudatories Reign : 1216-1316 AD Obverse : Sri(reversed)-X2, Elephant Goad X1, LotusX3 punch partial, Telugu legend : Bhujabala Reverse : Convex and blank Unit : Gold Varaha 16mm, 3.4g, 4 punchmarks Reference : MCSI1 313 type, RR |
 | Significance : Prototype used by Raja Raja Chola, Anonymous coinage of Sri Lanka Year : 960 - 980 AD Unit : Gold Kahavanu, 20mm 4.3 gm Obverse : King seated right holding conch Nagari legend : Lamka Vibhu Reverse : Standing king with ancillary symbols to the left and right Reference : MCSI2 311, R, ex Karur |
 | Ruler : Prototype used by Raja Raja Chola, Anonymous issue of Sri Lanka Year : 985 - 1014 AD Unit : Eighth Kahavanu, 10mm 0.53 gm Obverse : Standing King with conch in left hand Reverse : Reversed Nagari legend "Aka", conch above Reference : MCSI2 283, S, ex Karur |
Kakatiyas started ruling the eastern deccan during 12th century and the local governorship of the upper Penner valley too changed. the Kayasthas overtook Banas and the Nonambas in ruling the place as governors. Governors Gangeya Sahini, Jannigadeva and Tripuridea took turn in governing the place. Greatest of the successor was Ambadeva (1273 - 1302 AD) who even usurped the Kakatiya throne for some years but could not retain.Ambadeva issued pagodas similar to that of Chalukya with a punch mark technique. He inscribed his coin with the legend "Sr Raja Desapada Eruva Malli" on the success of is campaign against the Eruva chief Eruva Malli.
 | Ruler : Ambadeva Year : 1273 - 1302 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda Obverse : LotusX5, SriX2 BoarX1, Raya Gaja, Kesari Reverse : Blank Reference : Spink-Taisei 1991, #211, RRR |
 | Ruler : Ambadeva Year : 1273 - 1302 AD Unit : Gold Pagoda Obverse : LotusX5, SriX2 BoarX1, JAYA GAJA, Kesari Reverse : Blank Reference : None, RRR |
The Maratha general Venkaji occupied Tanjore by deposing Alagiri Nayaka in the year 1674. Having secured a foothold in central Tamilnadu, the Marathas achieved further victory in Gingee by defeating Adil Shahis of Deccan. The Marathas ruled for more than a century and issued coinage in both standard and local types. the coins are catalogued in the following page
 | Issue : Raja Sarabhoji Year : 1674 - 1799 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 7mm, 0.4 gm Obverse : Chalukya type Lion with raised left foreleg Reverse : Nagari legend Sri SaRaBho(ji) Reference : Unpublished Tanjore fanam, RR |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Maratha ruler Year : 1674 - 1799 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.33 gm Obverse : Garuda transformed into a dot Reverse : bar and pellet Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Maratha ruler Year : 1674 - 1799 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.33 gm Obverse : Dagger upright Reverse : Pellety design Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Marathas at Satara Year : 17th century AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.33 gm Obverse : Nagari "Pantha Pradhan" Reverse : blank Reference blank: Marathi ... Nanee - Dilip Balsekar |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Maratha ruler Year : 1674 - 1799 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 7 mm, 0.33 gm Obverse : undeciphered nagari legend Reverse : undeciphered nagari legend Reference : None, RR |
 | Ruler : Marathas of Tanjore Year : 1674 - 1799 AD Unit : Copper 11mm, 2.55 gm Obverse : Siva Parvathi seated facing Reverse : Maharaja Reference : MCSI2 783, R |
 | Ruler : Marathas of Tanjore Year : 1674 - 1799 AD Unit : Copper 13mm, 3.09gm Obverse : Maha raja (nagari) Reverse : Mudra Reference : MCSI2 787 |
 | Ruler : Marathas of Tanjore Year : 1674 - 1799 AD Unit : Copper 13mm, 3.09gm Obverse : Maha raja (err) (nagari) Reverse : Mudra Reference : MCSI2 788 |
Marathas of Gingee
 | Issue : Marathas of Gingee Year : 1676 - 1698 AD Unit : Gold Fanam Obverse : Sri Raja (Siva) Reverse : Chatra pati Reference : None, RR |
 | Issue : Dutch, Nagapatnam Year : 1747 - 1784 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 5mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lion/crescent Reverse : Nagari legend Ram Rao? Reference : Scholten 1257 |
 | Issue : Dutch, Nagapatnam Year : 1747 - 1784 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 5mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lion/crescent Reverse : Nagari legend Ram Rao? Reference : Scholten 1257 |
 | Issue : Dutch, Tuticorin Year : 1747 - 1784 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 8mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lion/crescent Reverse : Nagari legend Ram Rao? Reference : None |
 | Issue : Dutch, Tuticorin Year : 1747 - 1784 AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 9mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lion/crescent Reverse : Nagari legend Ram Rao? Reference : None |
 | Issue : Dutch, Coromondal Year : 18th century AD Unit : Gold Fanam, 8mm, 0.38 gm Obverse : Stylized lion/crescent Reverse : Globule Reference : Scholten 1232 |
 | Ruler : Marathas of Gingee Year : 1676 - 1698 AD Unit : Copper 20mm, 10.95 gm Obverse : Sri Raja Siva Reverse : Chatra Pati Reference : MCSI2 718 |
 | Ruler : Marathas of Gingee Year : 1676 - 1698 AD Unit : Copper 14mm, 3.2gm Obverse : Sri Raja Siva Reverse : Chatrapati Reference : MCSI2 721 |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Nayaks style Year : 1676 - 1698 AD Unit : Copper 13mm, 3.26 gm Obverse : Siva Parvathi seated on a bull Reverse : Kannada Sri with sun and moon Reference : MCSI2 728 |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Nayaks style Year : 1676 - 1698 AD Unit : Copper 13mm, 3.26 gm Obverse : Siva Parvathi seated on a bull Reverse : Kannada Sri with sun symbol Reference : MCSI2 728 variation |
 | Ruler : Raja Ram Year : 1690 - 1698 AD Unit : Copper 13mm, 3.14 gm Obverse : Siva Parvathi seated facing Reverse : Dagger, beside Ra Ma Reference : MCSI2 732 |
ARCOT
The Chola power declined gradually in the 13th century, most of the south of Tamilnadu went to Pandyas and the Arcot was partly under Hoysala influence and partly ruled under Perunjigas and their Pandya successors. The coins that circulated in the south Arcot district during this period are common though they all typically followed Chola prototype, the initial ones have had the character "Kho" meaning Royalty. The Perunjigas followed Pallava emblem of Bull on the obverse whereas the reverses were of Chola standing King formula. After 1278, South Arcot came under the rule of later Pandyas. The commoner of the coins is Konerirayan issue. Koneri Rayan literally means King Koneri and was the title used by Kolottunga III, Sundara Pandyan and by those of later Pandyas.Though the second Pandyan kingdom was established earlier, it fell to Cholas invasion but soon regained its independence at 1210 AD. Jatavarman Kulasekara became the independent king of Madurai followed by Maravarman Sundara Pandya, Jatavarman Sundara Pandya and so on. Maravarman Kulasekara Pandya, Jatavarman Sundara Pandya-II, and Jatavarman Sundara Pandya-III became the last rulers of the kingdom, but the Pandya kingdom could not survive after1325 AD due to the attack of Ghiyath-al-din Tughluq Sultan's southern campaign. Pandyas issued coinage in Chola style but with a Pandyan emblem FISH sometime single and sometime double. the quality of engraving and the artistic intricacy degraded as the time passed by. PANDYAS OF MADURAIKulottunga Chola suffered military reverses in the north and following his death in 1120 AD - the Chola power totally weakened. It was the time, Venad Cheras conquered Tirunelveli district and continued the coinage in Chola style but with different themes. Battle axe type coins became very common and well known to the economy and underwent gradual degeneration in style. VENAD CHERASIt was during Mallikarjuna Raya's (of Vijayanagara kingdom) reign, Banas controlled much of Madurai and Ramnad (Ramanathapuram). From the inscriptions, it appears that Irangavillidasan Navali Vanaraya Bana, Bhuvaneka Vira Samara Kolahala, Sundar Tol-udaiyan, Tirumal Irunjolai Mahabali Bana were the chiefs at Madurai as well as Ramnad. They minted coins from Madurai with Garuda on the obverse and their title on the reverse. Beautifully engraved coins appeared in Vijayanagara style, and the artistic beauty was superior. BANAs of MADURAI, RAMNAD
Perunjigas & Later Pandyas
 | Ruler : Lately attributed to Madura Nayakas Year : 1221 - 1278 AD Unit : Copper, 17mm, 2.81 gm, Gingee Obverse : Humped bull standing right, crescent above Reverse : Standing king, lamp and pellets Reference : MCSI2 358, C |
 | Ruler : Koneri Rayan Year : 1325 - 1362 AD Unit : Copper, 16mm 3.32 gm Obverse : Humped bull to left, dagger in front Reverse : Tamil : Koneri Rayan Reference : MCSI2 363, S |
 | Ruler : Lately attributed to Madura Nayakas Year : 1335 - 1364 AD Unit : Copper, 15 mm, 3.29 Obverse : Humped bull to right, crescent above, Nagari "Vi" in front Reverse : Standing King, lamp and pellets beside Reference : MCSI2 369 |
 | Ruler : Viswanatha pandiyan Year : 1529-64 AD Unit : Copper, 16mm, 3.49 gm Obverse : Two fishes seperated by a line upright Tamil legend below Reverse : Standing king, lamp to left Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Sundara Pandyan Year : 1310 - 1314 AD Unit : Copper, 16mm, 1.76 gm Obverse : Tamil legend : Sundara Pandiyan Reverse : Two fishes Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I Year : 1251 - 1268 AD Unit : Copper, 18mm, 2.24 gm Obverse : Fishes between lamps,legend: Ellantalaiyanan Reverse : Legend : Standing figure Reference : MCSI2 387 |
 | Ruler : Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I Year : 1251 - 1268 AD Unit : Copper, 19mm, 3.79 gm Obverse : legend: Ellantalaiyanan between fishes Reverse : Legend : Standing figure Reference : MCSI2 386 |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 13th cent AD? Unit : Copper, 19mm, 3.49 gm Obverse : Discus + shell ? Reverse : Fish Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1118 - 1160 AD Unit : Copper, 14mm, 3.89 gm Obverse : Seated King in Chola style and battle axe Reverse : Standing king and lozenge symbol to rt Reference : MCSI2 458 |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1118 - 1160 AD Unit : Copper, 14mm, 3.89 gm Obverse : Seated King in Chola style and battle axe Reverse : Standing king and lozenge symbol to rt Reference : MCSI2 458 |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1118 - 1160 AD Unit : Copper, 14mm, 3.89 gm Obverse : Seated King in Chola style & battle axe Reverse : Standing king, sun and moon by side Reference : MCSI2 460 |
 | Ruler : Anonymous Year : 1118 - 1160 AD Unit : Copper, 14mm, 3.89 gm Obverse : Seated King in Chola style and "Cha" Reverse : Standing king and lamp & pellets Reference : MCSI2 458 |
 | Ruler : Samarakolakalan Year : 1469 - 1476 AD Unit : Goldfanam, 0.38gm Obverse : Garuda running right, holding conch + discus Reverse : Stylished Lion/Crescent Reference : None |
 | Ruler : Samarakolakalan Year : 1469 - 1476 AD Unit : Copper, 18mm, 3.15 gm Obverse : Garuda running left, holding conch + discus Reverse : Tamil : Samara/Kola/Kalan Reference : MCSI2 571 |
 | Ruler : Samarakolakalan Year : 1469 - 1476 AD Unit : Copper, 18mm, 3.15 gm Obverse : Garuda running left, holding conch + discus Reverse : Tamil : Samara/Kola/Kalan Reference : MCSI2 572 |
 | Ruler : Samarakolakalan Year : 1469 - 1476 AD Unit : Copper, 18mm, 3.15 gm Obverse : Garuda running left,conch+discus+legend Reverse : Tamil : Samara/Kola/Kalan Reference : MCSI2 573 |
 | Ruler : Samarakolakalan Year : 1469 - 1476 AD Unit : Copper, 18mm, 3.15 gm Obverse : Garuda running left,holding conch+discus Reverse : Tamil:Samara/Kola/Kalan between lines Reference : MCSI2 568 |
The Kakatiyas, the feudatories to Pallavas turned into the feudatory of Western Chalukyas. Prola-III Kakatiya who was a feudatory to Chalukya, assumed independence in 1126 AD. With the constant fear from Cholas and Western Chalukyas, he positioned himself well in Warrangal. In the year 1154 AD, Prola Kakatiya defeated the Chalukyan KingTaila-III. With the Kalachuri revolt against Chalukyas, Kakatiyas strengthened their realm. Pratapa Rudra-I (1163 - 1199) ruled over the powerful kingdom. His sonMahadeva (1195 - 1198) could not rule for long as he was killed in the battle by Jaitugi Yadava (1198). But Yadava allowed Mahadeva's son Ganapathi to rule. His daughter succeeded him (1266 - 1291) but soon suffered a reverse in the hand of Yadavas and Kayasthas. Her son Pratapa Rudra-II succeded her and ruled until he was defeated byMalik Kafur in 1309 AD. Pratapa Rudra signed a treaty to retain his kingdom but soon was attacked by the Bahamanis during his son Krishna's reign (1344). Though lots of coins were minted by them, very few are known so far. They typically resembled the punchmarked coins of Chalukyas and Kayasthas. Below is one of the rare coin of Pratapa Rudra.
 | Ruler : Rajula Reddy Year : ???? AD Unit : Gold fanam with rev punch Obverse : Lion to lt, facing backward, Sun, moon above Reverse : Blank Reference : None, RRR |
The governors of Hoysala, Singeya Nayaka-III (1280 - 1300) declared independance to the kingdom of Kampili around 1280 AD. Soon the kingdom faced attack by the Yadava king Ramachandra but the latter was replused. His son Kampiladeva (Khandeyaraya) ascended the throne in the year 1300 AD, but soon entered into conflict with the Hoysalas. The kingdom faced constant threat for the powerful kingdom from Hoysalas and Yadavas. But in 1327, the Muslim expedition too toll of Ramachandra Yadava and his kingdom as well as Kampiladeva's and opened up for the Muslim rulers. With the muslim hold on Kampili weakening, Hoysala king Vira Ballala-III took advantage and occupied Hampi and appointed Harihara and Bukka to administer Kampili. So the small powerful kingdom soon became a cause to yet another growing mighty Hindu empire to crush the Muslim rule.Kampili coinage though unique compared to the contemporary Hoysala coinage, left a deep shadow on the coinage of their successor dynasty, Vijayanagara. The dagger of Kampili coinage and a running warrior of later Chalukya coinage (Someswara IV Chalukya) seems to have left a strong imprint on Veera Harihara and Bukka's coinage. A very small number of coins are minted by this kingdom in both silver and gold. They carried "Conch and Discus accousted by a vertically placed dagger" on the obverse and the nagari legend "Sri Siyadi Kampiladeva" on the reverse of gold coins and beaded circle in the case of silver.
 | Ruler : Kampiladeva Year : 1300 - 1327 AD Unit : Gold pagoda, 12mm, 3.8gm Obverse : Upright dagger between conch and discus Reverse : Nagari: Sri Si(ya)di Kampiladeva Reference : MCSI1, #306, RR |
Kantirava Narasa (1638 - 1662 AD) was the first king of Mysore to issue the coinage with inscriptions. His fanams with Lord Narasimha created a series of fanams which numismatically became known as Kantirava Fanams. Another two series of remarkable fanams which took the name Siva-Parvathi (originally minted by Sadasiva Nayaka of Ikkeri) and the Hoysala's Stylished Lion/Boar fanam" under the name Viraraya Fanam.There are two well noted Kantirava type of fanams. Indeed they both have the Narasimha on obverse. Narasimha is the fourth reincarnation of Lord Vishnu with human body(Nara means man) and Lion (Simha means Lion) face. The "Yogabhanda" pose is well depicted in the earlier Kanteerava coinage. The meditation pose with legs folded inward and the holy thread (Janeva) going around both his knees which virtually supports the posture, is well engraved. HE holds in his upper hands the stylished attributes of a flaming chakra and a flaming conch, his lower arms resting on his knees. The earlier dies seems to have been engraved with the superior workmanship of the engraver, and the legible one or two characters makes us to conclude that they are the earlier prototypes. Thus it could be believed that the early examples were probably issued during the reign of Kantirava Narasa Raja (1638 - 1659). Upon Tipu's death, the Kantirava fanam resurfaced due to the minting by Deevan Purnaiya during Krishna Raja Wodeyar-III (1799-1812).
The wide popularity of the Kantirava fanams influenced several dynasties of the south along the coromondal cost to struck these type of fanams but the legends are corrupted and the metal is more debased with degenerated obverse device. There are reports that the same type were also issued by the Nayakas of Sira. The Kantirava fanam seems also to have been imitated by the British at Madras and perhaps even by the Dutch at Pulicat, Negapatnam and Tuticorin. These fanams eventually carried the name "New Canteroy". The die variations, complexity and the long period over which these were struck makes it hard to be attributable to particular ruler or the trading company.
For those who are curious to know what does this "Yoga Narasimha" symbol represents, here is the answer. To be immortal, Hiranya kashyapa had obtained from GodBramha immunity of attack from human beings or beasts. This king then went on abusing his royal powers and began forcing his subjects to worship him as their God. Among those opposed to accept him was his own son, Prahlada a staunch worshiper of Lord Vishnu. In order to surmount Bramha's condition, Vishnu assumed a form that was neither human nor beast, but a combination of both, and then went on to finish off this cruel person with his nails. After he finishes the cruel Hiranya Kashyapa, he becomes very furious, and the pose is known as UGRA NARASIMHA. Subsequently his disciple Prahlada, the saints and Gods who witnessed the scene, prays him to be cool and Narasimha undergoes a deep meditation with yoga mudra, and with that posture he is known Yoga Narasimha.
Tuluva dynasty ruler Vira Sadasiva Raya (1543 - 1570) of the Vijayanagara kingdom came out with the new styled "Vishnu sitting on pita with his right leg footed on the ground, and on the left lap seated Laksmi stretching left leg down, Both in sitting pose" on his coin obverse. He carried Damaru and Trident as seen in his coinage. When Ikkeri Nayakas were granted the governorship (Nayaka patta as called in Kannada), they depicted the similar style of obverse device but swapped with Siva and Parvathi (Nayakas were Saivites??), and the reverse also showed Sri Sadasiva instead of "Sri Sadashiva Rayaru". There were two Nayakas in succession with incidentally carrying the same name, namely Sadasiva Nayaka, and the Immadi (second) Sadasiva Nayaka (1544 - 1567, 1567 - 1570) who were the governors for Vira Sadasiva raya, but were ruling quite independently.Hyder Ali took control of Ikkeri in 1761, he acquired their treasury and was influenced to use this widely accepted coinage with the same obverse device on his coinage, but the reverse was turned out to the persian "He" in a granular field. His coinage carried the new term "Bahaduri pagodas" while compared to the old classical term "Ikkeri Pagodas". Bednur was renamed as Hydernagar during his reign and remained as the mint of that time. But during Tipu's reign, coinage nomenclature took further turn to be called as "Sultani and Faruqi" pagodas.
When Mysore was handed over to Sri Krishna Raja Wodeyar by the British in 1799 (the year of Tipu's death in the Srirangapatna battle), the coinage system was reformed by the then regent Dewan Purnaiya. He implemented the same good old popular obverse design of Ikkeri Nayakas (of Keladi family of Bednur), but the reverse was engraved with "Sri Krishna Raja". Probably because both Ikkeri Nayakas pagodas and Krishna Raja's new issues were floating in the market in large numbers, these new pagodas were termed "New Ikkeri" in the shroff jargon.
P.S : The predecessor of Vira Sadasiva raya (e.g., Devaraya-I and Devaraya-II) had almost similar device of seated Siva Parvathi, but Siva is in Padmasana style. The design was much more compact.
Ruler : Kantirava Narasa Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1638 - 1662 AD
Unit : Half pagoda, Gold, 9 mm, 1.69gm
Obverse : Seated Lakshmi Narasimha
holding Shanku and Flame wheel
Reverse : "Sri, Kam(ti) ravanara sara(ya)
Reference : MCSI1 909, RRR
Ruler : Kantirava Narasa Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1638 - 1662 AD
Unit : Fanam, Gold, 5 mm, 0.34gm
Obverse : Narasimha in Yogabandha mudhra
hands on his knees
Reverse : "Sri, Kamti rava
Reference : MCSI1 910, C
Ruler : Chikka Devaraya
Year : 1672 - 1704 AD
Unit : Half Pagoda, Gold, 12 mm, 1.52gm
Obverse : Baby Krishna, Kalinga mardhana,
beneath the arch
Reverse : Ruler's name
Reference : MCSI1 930 type, RR
Ruler : Kantiravanarasa Wodeyar
Year : 1638 - 1662 AD
Unit : Gold fanam
Obverse : Shardula to left looking backward,
as seen in Poornaiya's copper coinage
Reverse : "Sri Sri Kantirava Narasaraja ??"
Reference : Probably Unpublished
Ruler : Krishnaraja Wodeyar-III
Year : 1799 - 1868 AD
Unit : Gold Pagoda, 13mm, 3.49gm
Obverse : Siva on Peeta with Parvati on his lap
Siva's right leg touching ground, left leg on pita.
Reverse : "Sri Krishna Raja"
Reference : MCSI1 1089, C
Ruler : Krishnaraja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1868 AD
Unit : Fanam, Gold, 6 mm, 0.36gm
Obverse : Narasimha in Yogabandha mudhra
hands on his knees
Reverse : Formalized legend "Sri Kantirava"
Reference : MCSI1 1093, CC
Ruler : Krishnaraja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1868 AD
Unit : Rupee, Silver, 22 mm, 11.48gm
Obverse : Shah Alam-II
Reverse : Zarb Mahisur sanat " "
Reference : MCSI1 1095 type, C
Ruler : Krishnaraja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1868 AD
Unit : 1/4th Rupee, Silver, 22 mm, 11.48gm
Obverse : Dancing Chamundi
Reverse : Krishnaraja Wodeya, zarb Mahisur
sikka
Reference : MCSI1 1096, S
Ruler : Purnaiya for Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 25 Cash, 25mm
Obverse : Sardula, Sri Chamundi, sun & moon
both the sides
Reverse : "Krishna, Maili kasu 25 XXV Cash
Reference : MCSI1 1097Ruler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 20 Cash, 22mm
Obverse : Sardula, Sri Chamundi, sun & moon
both the sides, Year 1837
Reverse : "Krishna", zarb maisur
Maili kasu 20 XX Cash
Reference : MCSI1 1013Ruler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 20 Cash, 22mm
Obverse : Sardula, Sri Chamundi, sun & moon
both the sides, Year 1838
Reverse : "Krishna", zarb maisur
Maili kasu 20 XX Cash
Reference : MCSI1 1013Ruler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 20 Cash, 22mm
Obverse : elephant, Sri Chamundi, sun & moon
both the sides
Reverse : "Krishna, Maili kasu ippaththu XX Cash
Reference : MCSI1 1013Ruler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 20 Cash, 20mm
Obverse : elephant to left, Sri, sun & moon
both the sides
Reverse : "Cha"& maili kaasu ippaththu
Reference : MCSI1 1100 type but with "Cha" on revRuler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 20 Cash, 20mm
Obverse : elephant to left, Sri, sun & moon
both the sides
Reverse : maili kaasu ippaththu
Reference : MCSI1 1100Ruler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 10 Cash, 13mm
Obverse : Sardula, Sri, sun & moon
both the sides, Year 1839
Reverse : "Krishna, 10, zarb maisur
Reference : NoneRuler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 5 Cash, 10mm
Obverse : Sardula, Sri, sun & moon
both the sides, Year 1834
Reverse : "Krishna, 5, zarb maisur
Reference : NoneRuler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 6.5 Cash, 12mm
Obverse : Sardula, Sri, sun & moon
both the sides
Reverse : "Krishna, zarb maisur
Reference : MCSI1 1098Ruler : Krishna Raja Wodeyar
Year : 1799 - 1810 AD
Unit : Copper 5 Cash, 12mm
Obverse : elephant to left, Sri, sun & moon
both the sides
Reverse : V Cash/ maili kaasu V
Reference : MCSI1 1101
During the reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar-II, Hyder Ali was a commander in chief of Mysore. He soon became the de-facto ruler of the Mysore kingdom. He conquered Bednore, Sandra, Sira, Canara and Guti. The growing power of Hyder Ali was a threat to the Nizams of Hyderabad, the English and the Marathas. The latter formed an alliance and fought the famous 1st war of Mysore. The brave Hyder Ali, with his son's involvement fought the war and the British suffered heavy casualties. British had to sue for peace, and the treaty was signed which in fact defended Hyder from further attacks. The First Mysore was ended in favour of Hyder Ali.
TIPU SULTAN The Tiger of Mysore was the title for this brave son of Hyder, who was a terror to the British. During the first war, the British were badly beaten by him. He continued his struggle against British and their allies Nizam Shahi and the Marathas.
(1750 - 1799 AD)
In 1789, he allied with the French, and dared to attack Travancore which was under British protection. The grave mistake lost him half of his territory. In 1799, the British with 16000 men of Colonel Arther Wellesley, 21000 men of General Harris and 6000 force of British force marched to Srirangapatna and broke through the fort of Srirangapatna in surprise. Tipu rushed to the spot to defend his kingdom but was shot to death by the British army. Tipu lost his life, but not the fame that he left behind. The great king who was a nightmare to the British left Mysore to be ruled by the Wodeyars again.
Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1763 - 1782 AD
Unit : Ahmadi pagoda, 13.6gm, PAtan
Obverse : Persian Legend
Reverse : Persian legend
Reference : KP #B129 type, RRRuler : Hyder Ali
Year : 1761 - 1763 - 1782 AD
Unit : Bahaduri pagoda (Ikkeri type), 14 mm
Obverse : Siva with Parvati on the lap
Siva holds Damaru & trident
Reverse : "He"in persian
Reference : MCSI1 1048, CRuler : Tipu Sultan in his father's name
Year : 1763 - 1782 AD
Unit : Faruqi Pagoda, gold 13mm, 3.40gm
Obverse : Persian Legend
Reverse : Persian Legend "He" in his father's
name in granular field, mint "Nagar"
Reference : KP #129 P107Ruler : Tipu Sultan in his father's name
Year : 1763 - 1782 AD
Unit : Faruqi Pagoda, gold 13mm, 3.40gm
Obverse : Persian Legend
Reverse : Persian Legend "He" in his father's name
in granular field, mint "Korsed Sawad"
Reference : KP #99, P102Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD
Unit : Sultani Pagoda, gold 13mm, 3.45gm
Obverse : Persian Legend
Reverse : Persian Legend + mint "Patan"
Reference : KP #129A, P102Ruler : Hyder Ali
Year : 1761 - 1763 - 1782 AD
Unit : Gold fanam (Ikkeri type), 7mm, 0.38gm
Obverse : Siva with Parvati on the lap
Siva holds Damaru & trident
Reverse : "He"in persian
Reference : MCSI1 1048
Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD, 6mm 0.35gm
Unit : Gold Fanam
Obverse : Viraraya Shardula
Reverse : Persian "He" and row of pellets
Reference : MCSI1 1050Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD, 6mm 0.35gm
Unit : Gold Fanam
Obverse : Persian Legend "He"
Reverse : Mint Nagar, 1216
Reference : COTS, G P Taylor, CRuler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD, 6mm 0.35gm
Unit : Gold Fanam
Obverse : Persian Legend "He"
Reverse : Mint Farrukhi, 1216
Reference : COTS, G P Taylor, CRuler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD, 6mm 0.35gm
Unit : Gold Fanam
Obverse : Persian Legend "He"
Reverse : Mint Calicut, 1200
Reference : KP #78/P102, CRuler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD, 6mm 0.35gm
Unit : Gold Fanam
Obverse : Persian Legend "He"
Reverse : Mint Pattan, 1217
Reference : KP #128/P106, CRuler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD, 4mm 0.17gm
Unit : Gold Fanam, lower wt
Obverse : Persian Legend "He"
Reverse : Mint Pattan
Reference : KP #9 P107, RR
Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD
Unit : Silver Rupee, Patan, 11.6gm
Obverse : Persian legend
Reverse : Persian legend, Yr 1216
Reference : KP #126Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD
Unit : Copper Pice, 10.56gm
Obverse : Elephant to left, Yr 1218
Reverse : "Mint Bangalore"
Reference : KP #33Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD
Unit : Copper Pice, 10.56gm
Obverse : Elephant to left, Yr 1218
Reverse : "Mint Farrukh Yab Hisar"
Reference : KP #63Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD
Unit : Copper Pice, 12.51 gm
Obverse : Elephant to left, Yr 1220
Reverse : "Mint Patan"
Reference : KP #123.3Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD
Unit : Copper Pice, 11.41gm
Obverse : Elephant to right, Yr 1200
Reverse : "Mint Calicut"
Reference : KP #73Ruler : Tipu Sultan
Year : 1782 - 1799 AD
Unit : Copper Half Pice
Obverse : Elephant to right
Reverse : "Mint Faiz Hisar"
Reference : KP #122.4 type
karibha'trunk of elephant'ibha'elephant' rebus: karba'iron'ib'iron'. What started as a heritage of metalwork documentation, Indus Script cipher continues into the historical periods in scores of mints as demonstrated by many rebus readings of hieroglyphs on ancient coins.
S. kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
April 1, 2016