Unique design of Indus Script hypertexts to cluster categories of wealth-accounting ledgers 1.khātā 'labour sphere account book' 2. kharaḍa 'daybook'

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This monograph demonstrates how Indus Script categories of wealth-accounting ledgers are documented for: 1. khātā 'labour sphere account book' 2. kharaḍa, 'daybook'.
This monograph is an addendum to: Unique sign design feature of सांगड sāṅgaḍa is rebus, saṁgaha 'catalogues' of metalwork wealth on Indus Script cipher https://tinyurl.com/yazjr3mk

The process of writing, reading and comprehending the meaning of an Indus Script inscription is described in this monograph.

A hieroglyph is a pratimā, 'मिमीते (Ved. inf. प्रति-मै) , to imitate , copy RV. VS.कौशिक-सूत्र; f. an image , likeness , symbol RV. &c.'

An Indus Script inscription is composed of hieroglyph components to create a vākya'sentence, spoken expression'. This is called vākyapadīya.A word which signifies a hieroglyph is matched with a word which sounds similar (rebus). Thus, a catalogue of words are recognized by the signifiers of 'hieroglyphs' (or ciphertexts) and similar sounding words are signifiers of 'plain texts'.

Rebus readings of words (mlecchita vikalpa, 'mleccha cipher') signified by hieroglyphs are components of the Meluhha Bhāratīya sprachbund expression (samgaha, sangraha, 'catalogue of words') conveyed by an Indus Script inscription. म्लेच्छित mfn. = म्लिष्ट पाणिनि 7-2 , 18 Sāyaṇa म्लिष्ट mfn. spoken indistinctly or barbarously पाणिनि 7-2; indistinct speech.

Re-arrangement of words or syntax to derive meaning. The process of deriving meaning, from the catalogue of words is called anvaya, 'syntax' or re-arrangement of words to form a spoken sentence or vākya;अन्व्-य ( √ इ » अन्व्- √इ) , following , succession connection , association , being linked to or concerned with the natural order or connection of words in a sentence , syntax , construing logical connection of logical connection of words, cause and effect , or proposition and conclusion, drift, tenor, purport, descendants , race , lineage , family.'

The principal design feature of Indus Script hieroglyphs or 'signs' in Corpora is the सांगड sāṅgaḍa, which is 'a hypertext orthograph formed of two or more components linked together'. Rebus: sangraha, sangaha'catalogue, list' is applicable. Thus, all composite hypertexts composed of hieroglyph components are 'catalogues,lists'.

Sign 4 Variants

Sign 6

Sign 7 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and 'flag' hieroglyph. Hieroglyph: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773) Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dhā̆vaḍ (semantic determinative': 'iron smelter'. Vikalpa: The ligature attached to the neck of the body on Sign 7 may signify 'notch' खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Thus, ironware, iron tools daybook.

Sign 19

Variant Sign 22

Variant Sign 23

Variant Sign 24

mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. Thus, iron daybook. Sign 24 variant is 'iron metalcasting daybook'. Vikalpa: Sign 24 may be orthographed to signify bracelets, wristlets: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri). Thus, Siggn 23, 24 may also be read as:mē̃ḍ khãr kharaḍa 'ironsmith daybook.'

Sign 20

mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Thus, ironware, iron tools daybook.

Vatiants of Sign 8

bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' Also, baTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'.

Variantsof Sign 391

arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast,copper'.PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS circuscript of four short strokes: . gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. The message is: metalcasting moltencast copper,brass and fire-altar.

Hieroglyph: Arch,roof: Bshk. šan, Phal.šān 'roof' (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12326). Rebus: seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. śreṇi in meaning "guild"; Vedic= row] 1. a guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). -- 2. a division of an army J vi.583;(Pali) PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus guild workshop. PLUS arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka'moltencast,copper'. Thus,guild workshop of moltencast copper and brass.

Variants of Sign 393

Sign42 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and

Sign 391 pair of spoked wheels as duplicated Sign 391.. Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast,copper'. Thus, the message is iron and metal casting brass (worker).

Sign 2 ciphertext is composed of Sign 1 and duplicated long line. Hypertext is:mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dula 'duplicated, pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting'. Thus, the message is: dul mē̃ḍ koḍ 'iron metalcasting workshop'.

Sign 3 cyphertext is a composite of Sign 1 and 'notch'. The ciphertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Thus, the hypertext is: mē̃ḍ khāṇḍa 'iron implements'.

Sign 18 ciphertext is composed of Sign 1 and 'notch' hieroglyph'. Hypertext is: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph. खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Thus, the hypertext is: mē̃ḍ khāṇḍa 'iron implements'.A variant orthography of Sign 3 where the 'notch' is shown as a subscript. On Sign 18, the 'notch' hieroglyph is ligatured to a hand. eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, copper' araka 'gold'.

Sign signifiera of 'lid of pot' Signs 134, 135, 136 and variants of Sign 136

Sign 41 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and Sign 134/135/136. Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS Hieroglyph: ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid of pot' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'. Thus,the message is bright, blazing iron metal.

Sign 402 Ciphertext koḍi ‘flag’ (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus 1: koḍ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) Rebus 2: khŏḍ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ḍü f. ‘small pit’ (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947) PLUS dhvajapaṭa m. ʻ flag ʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ]Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻ flag ʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa m. Rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic (CDIAL 6773) Thus, dhā̆vaḍ koḍ ‘iron smelter workshop’.

Variants of Sign 402

Sign 40 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and hieroglyph: 'fetter' on the leg. Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ(Hindi) Rebus: dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ)(Marathi)

Sgns 237, 238, 239, 240, 241 signify: करांडा karāṇḍā m C A cylindrical piece as sawn or chopped off the trunk or a bough of a tree; a clump, chump, or block. PLUS Sign 176

. Thus, karāṇḍā 'cylindrical piece'; rebus: kharaḍa 'daybook'. Thus, the three hypertexts are variants and signifiers of kharaḍa 'daybook'.

Sign 254 cyphertext (and variants) are a composite of duplicated lonjg lines PLUS Sign 176

. The hieroglyphs are read rebus: dula'two' rebus: dul'metal casting' PLUS koḍa'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. Thus, the message is: dul koḍ kharaḍa 'metalcasting workshop daybook'.

Sign 270 cyphertext is a composite of

Sign 267 and

Variantsof Sign 162 Sign

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. The hieroglyphs in Sign 270 are read rebus: Rhombus symbol is a variant of oval symbol which is similar to the shape of a bun ingot called mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Hypertext of Sign 270 reads: kancu ʼmũh kharaḍa kolimi 'bell metal ingot smithy/forge daybook'.

Inverted ^ sign which signifies the semantics of kanac 'corner' When ligatured to one of the four corners of Sign 261, hypertext Sign 267

is orthographed.

The rhombus sign

Variant of Sign 261 is a square

is read as mũh 'metal ingot'

This Sign 261 is ligatured with inverted ^ sign which signifies the semantics of kanac'corner' rebus: kancu'bell-metal'. kaṁsá 1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal '. Thus, Sign 261 is read as: kancu ʼmũh 'bell-metal ingot'. Sign 270 which is a compositeof Signs 267 and Sign 176 signifies in a Meluhha expression: kancu ʼmũh 'bell-metal ingot' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. The message of composite Sign 267 is: kancu ʼmũh kharaḍa 'bell metal ingot daybook'.

Sign 262 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 261 and

Sign 176. Hypertext reads: mũh kharaḍa 'ingot daybook'.

Sign 264 ciphertext is composedof

Sign 261 and four ligatures of 'splinters'. gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. Hypertext is mũh kaṇḍa sal'ingot fire-altar workshop'.

Hieroglyph: peg: A. dāmā ʻ peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ʼ; B. dām,dāmā ʻ cord ʼ; Or. duã̄ ʻ tether ʼ, dāĩ ʻ long tether to which many beasts are tied ʼ; H. dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ, dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ; G. dām n. ʻ tether ʼ, M. dāvẽ n.; Si. dama ʻ chain, rope ʼ, (SigGr) dam ʻ garland ʼ. -- Ext. in Paš.dar. damaṭāˊ, °ṭīˊ, nir. weg. damaṭék ʻ rope ʼ, Shum. ḍamaṭik, Woṭ. damṓṛ m., Sv. dåmoṛīˊ; -- with -- ll -- : N. dāmlo ʻ tether for cow ʼ, dã̄wali, dāũli, dāmliʻ bird -- trap of string ʼ, dã̄wal, dāmal ʻ coeval ʼ (< ʻ tied together ʼ?); M. dã̄vlī f. ʻ small tie -- rope ʼ.2. Pk. dāvaṇa -- n., dāmaṇī -- f. ʻ tethering rope ʼ; S. ḍ̠āvaṇu, ḍ̠āṇu m. ʻ forefeet shackles ʼ, ḍ̠āviṇī, ḍ̠āṇī f. ʻ guard to support nose -- ring ʼ; L. ḍã̄vaṇ m., ḍã̄vaṇī, ḍāuṇī (Ju. ḍ̠ -- ) f. ʻ hobble ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ strip at foot of bed, triple cord of silk worn by women on head ʼ, awāṇ. dāvuṇ ʻ picket rope ʼ; P. dāuṇ, dauṇ, ludh. daun f. m. ʻ string for bedstead, hobble for horse ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ gold ornament worn on woman's forehead ʼ; Ku. dauṇo m., °ṇī f. ʻ peg for tying cattle to ʼ, gng. dɔ̃ṛ ʻ place for keeping cattle, bedding for cattle ʼ; A. danʻ long cord on which a net or screen is stretched, thong ʼ, danā ʻ bridle ʼ; B. dāmni ʻ rope ʼ; Or. daaṇa ʻ string at the fringe of a casting net on which pebbles are strung ʼ, dāuṇi ʻ rope for tying bullocks together when threshing ʼ; H. dāwan m. ʻ girdle ʼ, dāwanīf. ʻ rope ʼ, dã̄wanī f. ʻ a woman's orna<-> ment ʼ; G. dāmaṇ, ḍā° n. ʻ tether, hobble ʼ, dāmṇũ n. ʻ thin rope, string ʼ, dāmṇī f. ʻ rope, woman's head -- ornament ʼ; M. dāvaṇ f. ʻ picket -- rope ʼ. -- Words denoting the act of driving animals to tread out corn are poss. nomina actionis from *dāmayati2.3. L. ḍãvarāvaṇ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ã̄v° ʻ to hobble ʼ; A. dāmri ʻ long rope for tying several buffalo -- calves together ʼ, Or. daũ̈rā, daürā ʻ rope ʼ; Bi. daũrī ʻ rope to which threshing bullocks are tied, the act of treading out the grain ʼ, Mth. dã̄mar, daũraṛ ʻ rope to which the bullocks are tied ʼ; H. dã̄wrī f. ʻ id., rope, string ʼ, dãwrī f. ʻ the act of driving bullocks round to tread out the corn ʼ. -- X *dhāgga<-> q.v.*dāmayati2; *dāmakara -- , *dāmadhāra -- ; uddāma -- , prōddāma -- ; *antadāmanī -- , *galadāman -- , *galadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāman -- , *gōḍḍadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāmara -- .dāmán -- 2 m. (f.?) ʻ gift ʼ RV. [√dā1]. See dāˊtu -- .*dāmana -- ʻ rope ʼ see dāˊman -- 1.Addenda: dāˊman -- 1. 1. Brj. dã̄u m. ʻ tying ʼ.3. *dāmara -- : Brj. dã̄wrī f. ʻ rope ʼ.(CDIAL 6283) Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- (CDIAL 6773)

Sign 266 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 261 with infixed

Sign 256 'peg': dāmā 'peg' (Assamese) rebus: dhāū'a particular soft red stone,ferrite ore'(Marathi). Hypertext reads: mũh dhāū 'ferrite ore ingot'.

Sign 265 ciphertext is composedof

Sign 261 and infixed 'crook' hieroglyph: मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick, horn &c.) and attrib. such a stick, horn, bullock Rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) meṛha M. meṛhi F.’twisted, crumpled, as a horn’; meṛha deren ‘a crumpled horn’ (Santali). Hypertext reads: mũh mē̃ḍ'iron ingot'

Sign 263 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 261 and slash/stroke. This ciphertext is a variant of Sign 275 without the signifier of 'corner'. Thus, the hypertext is: mũh (semantic determinant) ḍhāḷako 'ingot'.

Sign 275 The hypertext is composed of Sign 267

and a hieroglyph 'slash'. kancu ʼmũh 'bell-metal ingot' PLUS hieroglyph:incline: *ḍhalati ʻ bends over, falls ʼ. 2. Caus. *ḍhālayati. [Perh. < dhvárati ʻ bends, causes to fall ʼ RV. (K. points to -- r -- , see *āḍḍhalati); *ḍhulati similarly < *dhurati (cf. aor. adhūrṣata RV.). But cf. *ḍāl -- . -- √*ḍhal]1. Pk. ḍhalaï ʻ falls, drips ʼ; K. ḍalun ʻ to slip, stumble, be displaced ʼ; S. ḍharaṇu ʻ to descend, run down, pour in (of water) ʼ; L. ḍhalaṇ ʻ to decline, flow down a slope ʼ; P. ḍhalṇā ʻ to be poured out, fall, melt ʼ; WPah. bhal. ḍhalṇū ʻ to fall ʼ, Ku. ḍhalṇo; N. ḍhalnu ʻ to topple over ʼ; A. ḍhaliba ʻ to lean ʼ, B. ḍhalā; Or. ḍhaḷibā ʻ to stumble, reel, incline ʼ (CDIAL 5581) rebus: ḍhāḷako 'ingot' (Gujarati). Thus, kancu mũh (semantic determinant) ḍhāḷako 'bell-metal ingot'

Sign 236

The hieroglyph components of Sign 236 have been correctly read as follows by Nisha Yadav and MN Vahia in their monograph at:

http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Harappan%20Script/Indus%20sign%20design.pdf Source: Nisha Yadav and MN Vahia, 2011, Indus Script: A study of its sign design, in: Scripta, Volume 3 (June, 2011): 1-36.

The hieroglyph components of Sign 236 are Sign 180 and Sign 267

Signs 180, 181 have variants like inlaid warp-pegs within a rhombus with a corner identified.

Warp-pegs kor.i = pegs in the ground in two rooms on which the thread is passed back and forth in preparing the warp (S.) Edging, trimming (cf. orthography of glyph in the middle of the epigraph) K. goṭh f., dat. °ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H. goṭ f. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, °ṭɔ m. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, goṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, °ṭilɔm. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H.goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ. Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (Gujarati).

Decipherment of Sign 236 as a hypertext with two hieroglyph components Sign 180 and Sign 267: 1. warp-pegs (Sign 180) 2. rhombus with corner (Sign 267): Sign 267 is: kancu ʼmũh kharaḍa 'bell metal ingot daybook' PLUS the inlaid Sign 180 (warp-pegs) read rebus: goṭ 'hem of a garment' rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (G.). Thus, together, the hypertext of Sign 236 reads: goṭī kancu ʼmũh kharaḍa 'silver lump, bell-metal ingot daybook'.

An example of Sign 180 may be seen on Mohenjodaro seal m0009.

Seal m0009 inscription deciphered: Pictorial motif (field symbol): 1, kōḍe, kōnda ‘young bull' (Telugu, Marathi)

2. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (Pargi)

3. kot.iyum = a wooden circle (ring) put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (Gujarati)

4. khōṇḍā 'cowl or hood'

Rebus 1: kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa 'lapidary infixing gems’ working with , kundaṇa 'pure gold'

Rebus 2: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarti)

sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. The parts joined are: 1.lathe; 2. portable furnace. 1. sāṅgaḍa 'lathe' kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'nidhi of Kubera' PLUS kammaṭamu 'portable furnace' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236). Rebus: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jāṅgaḍa f (Hindi) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned.

Text of the inscription: rim-of-jar with inlaid three short strokes:

Hypertext 1: kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī'supercargo, engraver ' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

Hypertext 2: gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (Gujarati).

Hypertext 3: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.

Thus, the inscription reads: kundaṇa kammaṭa sāṅgaḍa goṭī kolimi koḍ karṇī 'gold mint, jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’, silver lump smithy/forge, (output products entrusted to) supercargo, engraver'.

Sign 274

Variant Sign 273

The hypertexts are composed of Sign 267

and duplicated Sign 176

The rebus reading of both signs, Signs 273 and 274 somposed of Sign 267 and duplicated Sign 176 is: kancu ʼmũh dul kharaḍa 'bell metal ingot metal casting daybook'.

Hieroglyph: joint of stalk: kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV., ʻ arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ cluster, heap ʼ (in tr̥ṇa -- kāṇḍa -- Pāṇ. Kāś.). [Poss. connexion with gaṇḍa -- 2 makes prob. non -- Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < kr̥ntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ ʻ joint of bamboo or sugarcane ʼ EWA i 197] Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m.n. ʻ knot of bough, bough, stick ʼ; Ash. kaṇ ʻ arrow ʼ, Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ, kŕãdotdot;, Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, kuṛ. kō̃, dar. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ torch ʼ; Shum. kō̃ṛ, kō̃ ʻ arrow ʼ, Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Kho. kan ʻ tree, large bush ʼ; Bshk. kāˋ'n ʻ arrow ʼ, Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ Ḍ. kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales. kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ (kān m. ʻ arrow ʼ ← Sh.?); S. kānu m. ʻ arrow ʼ, °no m. ʻ reed ʼ, °nī f. ʻ topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ʼ; L. kānã̄ m. ʻ stalk of the reed Sara ʼ, °nī˜ f. ʻ pen, small spear ʼ; P. kānnā m. ʻ the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp ʼ, kānī f. ʻ arrow ʼ; WPah. bhal. kān n. ʻ arrow ʼ, jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, °ṛo ʻ rafter ʼ; A. kã̄r ʻ arrow ʼ; B. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, °ṛā ʻ oil vessel made of bamboo joint, needle of bamboo for netting ʼ, kẽṛiyā ʻ wooden or earthen vessel for oil &c. ʼ; Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻ stalk, arrow ʼ; Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ wooden milkpail ʼ; Bhoj. kaṇḍā ʻ reeds ʼ; H. kã̄ṛī f. ʻ rafter, yoke ʼ, kaṇḍā m. ʻ reed, bush ʼ (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow ʼ, °ḍũ n. ʻ wrist ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ʼ; M. kã̄ḍ n. ʻ trunk, stem ʼ, °ḍẽ n. ʻ joint, knot, stem, straw ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, &c.) ʼ; Si. kaḍaya ʻ arrow ʼ. -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba ʻ to shoot with an arrow ʼ.(CDIAL 3023) Rebus: kaṇḍa 'equipment, metalware'.

Sign 271 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 276 PLUS three identical signifiers of jointed stalks. kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy,forge' PLUS Hypertext reads: kancu ʼmũh kolimi kaṇḍa 'bell-metal ingot, smithy/forge equipment'.

Sign 282 Variant

Sign 283 The hypertexts are composed of

and Sign 176

The rebus reading of both signs, Signs 282 and 283 somposed of Sign 267 and duplicated Sign 176 is: dul kancu ʼmũh kharaḍa 'cast bell metal ingot daybook'.

Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'.

Sign 269 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 373 and

Sign 86 and 'corner' signifier. Hypertext is: mũhã̄ kañcu'bell-metal ingot' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, bell-metal ingot workshop.

Sign 268 ciphertext is composed of duplicated, ligatured

Sign 373 with infixed 'corner' signifiers. Hypertext reads: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal' PLUS mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. The message is: dul mũhã̄ kañcu'metal casting of bell-metal ingot'

Sign 382 Cyphertext is composite of

Sign 373 and duplicates of

Sign 176. The hypertext is: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul'metal casting' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. Thus, the reading is: mũhã̄ dul kharaḍa, 'ingot metalcasting daybook'.

Sign39 ciphertext is composed of Sign 1 and a 'notch' ligatured at the waist. Hypertext reads mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' PLUS notch

Sign 38 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and

Sign 176. khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. The hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ kharaḍa 'ironwork daybook'.

Variants of Sign 307 (Bow and arrow)

kamaṭha m. ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. 2. *kāmaṭha -- . 3. *kāmāṭṭha -- . 4. *kammaṭha -- . 5. *kammaṭṭha -- . 6. *kambāṭha -- . 7. *kambiṭṭha -- . [Cf. kambi -- ʻ shoot of bamboo ʼ, kārmuka -- 2 n. ʻ bow ʼ Mn., ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. which may therefore belong here rather than to kr̥múka -- . Certainly ← Austro -- as. PMWS 33 with lit. -- See kāca -- 3] 1. Pk. kamaḍha -- , °aya -- m. ʻ bamboo ʼ; Bhoj. kōro ʻ bamboo poles ʼ.2. N. kāmro ʻ bamboo, lath, piece of wood ʼ, OAw. kāṁvari ʻ bamboo pole with slings at each end for carrying things ʼ, H. kã̄waṛ, °ar, kāwaṛ, °ar f., G. kāvaṛ f., M. kāvaḍ f.; -- deriv. Pk. kāvaḍia -- , kavvāḍia -- m. ʻ one who carries a yoke ʼ, H. kã̄waṛī, °ṛiyā m., G. kāvaṛiyɔ m. 3. S. kāvāṭhī f. ʻ carrying pole ʼ, kāvāṭhyo m. ʻ the man who carries it ʼ. 4. Or. kāmaṛā, °muṛā ʻ rafters of a thatched house ʼ;G. kāmṛũ n., °ṛī f. ʻ chip of bamboo ʼ, kāmaṛ -- koṭiyũ n. ʻ bamboo hut ʼ. 5. B. kāmṭhā ʻ bow ʼ, G. kāmṭhũ n., °ṭhī f. ʻ bow ʼ; M. kamṭhā, °ṭā m. ʻ bow of bamboo or horn ʼ; -- deriv. G. kāmṭhiyɔ m. ʻ archer ʼ. 6. A. kabāri ʻ flat piece of bamboo used in smoothing an earthen image ʼ. 7. M. kã̄bīṭ, °baṭ, °bṭī, kāmīṭ, °maṭ, °mṭī, kāmṭhī, kāmāṭhī f. ʻ split piece of bamboo &c., lath ʼ.(CDIAL 2760) Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'

kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: 'stone (ore)metal'; kaṇḍa'fire-altar'. ayaskāṇḍa is explained in Panini as 'excellent quantity of iron'.

variants of Sign 307

variants of sign 305

Sign 28 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and

Sign 307. kāˊṇḍīraʻ armed with arrows ʼ Pāṇ., m. ʻ archer ʼ lex. [ kāˊṇḍa -- ]H. kanīrā m. ʻ a caste (usu. of arrow -- makers) ʼ.(CDIAL 3026). Hypertext reads: kamaḍha'archer' Rebus: kammaṭa'mint, coiner'

Variants of Sign 287

Variants of Sign289 Dupliated circumscript of four strokes: dula 'duplicate' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. Thus, metalcasting furnace for bronze.Sign 288 may be 'curve' PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph. Thus, bronze implements.

Sign 27 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and 'curved line' hieroglyph. Hypertext is kuṭila,'curve', kuṭika— 'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' (Sanskrit) Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ PLUS kuṭila, katthīl = bronze. Thus, artisan working with bronze and iron. Thus, signifies kaserā 'worker in pewter': *kāṁsyakara ʻ worker in bell -- metal ʼ. [See next: kāˊṁsya -- , kará -- 1]L. awāṇ. kasērā ʻ metal worker ʼ, P. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ (both ← E with -- s -- ); N. kasero ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; Bi. H. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ.(CDIAL 2988)

Sign 26 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 25 PLUS circumscript of four short vertical strokes. mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.)Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ koḍ 'iron workshop' PLUS gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'.

Sign 25 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and

Sign 86. mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.)Hypertext reads in a constructed Meluhha expression: mē̃ḍ koḍ 'iron workshop'.

Sign 21 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and

Sign 162. Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS kolom'rice plant' rebus: kolimi'smithy, forge'. Thus, the message is mē̃ḍ kolimi 'iron smithy, forge'.

Sign 36 cyphertext is composite of

Sign 1 and

Sign 216 Variants

. The hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS Hieroglyph: Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith'. Thus, the message is the constructed Meluhha expression: mē̃ḍ khār 'ironsmith'.

Sign 11 cyphertext is a composite of

Sign 373

Sign 1, 'notch' and oval rombus hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi) PLUS mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, the message is mē̃ḍ mũhã̄ khāṇḍa 'iron ingot implements'.

Sign33 cyphertext is a composite of

Sign1,

Sign 373 and Sign 328

Variants of Sign 328. The hypertext reads: The ciphertext is: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘ironu.) PLUS mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mũh 'ingot'. (Santali) PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot‘ rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace‘. Thus, together, the composite hypertext is mē̃ḍ mũhã̄ bhaṭa'iron ingot furnace'.

Variants of Sign 340

Sign 340 ciphertext is composed of Sign 328 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph. Hypertext reads: baṭa 'rimless pot‘ rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace‘ PLUS Hieroglyph ^ is ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid of pot' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'.

Sign 34 is a cyphertext composed of body

Sign 1, rimless pot

Sign 328, one long linear stroke

Sign 86. The hyperext is: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot‘ rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace‘ PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.

Variants of Sign 35,

Sign 341

Variants of Sign 341

Sign 35 is a cyphertext composed of body

Sign 1, heel of bovine

Sign 341. The hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS khuṛī f. ʻ heel ʼ (Sindhi) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' (Santali) Thus, mē̃ḍ kuṭhi 'iron smelter' khura m. ʻ hoof ʼ KātyŚr̥. 2. *khuḍa -- 1 (khuḍaka -- , khula° ʻ ankle -- bone ʼ Suśr.). [← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 376: it belongs to the word -- group ʻ heel <-> ankle -- knee -- wrist ʼ, see *kuṭṭha -- ]1. Pa. khura -- m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Pk. khura -- m. (chura -- after khura -- ~ chura -- < kṣurá -- ); Ash. kū˘r ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, kurkāˊ ʻ heel ʼ; Kt. kyur ʻ foot ʼ, kyurkəté ʻ heel ʼ; Gamb kr ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, Niṅg. xūr, Woṭ.khuru, (Kaţārkalā) khur; Dm. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. khurīˊ f. ʻ hoof, heel ʼ (→ Par. khurīˊ ʻ heel ʼ IIFL i 265), kuṛ. xūr ʻ foot ʼ, dar. kurī ʻ heel ʼ, nir. xurī; Shum. xurem ʻ my foot ʼ, xurigyem ʻ my heel ʼ; Gaw. Kal. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Bshk. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ (khin ʻ heel ʼ, Gaw. khunīk, Sv. khunike X píṇḍa -- or < khuriṇī -- AO xviii 240); Tor. khū ʻ foot ʼ, Mai. khur, ky. khor, Phal. khur m.; Sh. gil. khūrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, khūri̯ f. ʻ heel ʼ, koh. khōrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, jij. khuri ʻ heel ʼ (koh. thŭri, pales. thurī ʻ heel ʼ X *thuḍḍati ʻ kicks ʼ?); K. khor m. ʻ foot (esp. human) ʼ, khōr m. ʻ foot of any living being ʼ, khūru m. ʻ leg of a bed &c. ʼ,khūrü f. ʻ heel ʼ, kash. khōr ʻ foot ʼ, rām. pog. khur; S. khuru m. ʻ hoof ʼ; L. khurā m. ʻ foot track ʼ, °rī f. ʻ heel ʼ, awāṇ. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; P. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ hoof -- print ʼ, °rī f. ʻ small hoof, heel of shoe ʼ, °rṛā m. ʻdivided hoof, its print ʼ; WPah. bhal. pāḍ. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ; Ku. N. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; A. khurā ʻ hoof, leg of table or stool ʼ; B. khur ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā ʻ foot of bedstead ʼ; Or. khura ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, °rā ʻ hoof, leg ʼ; Mth. khūr, khurī ʻ hoof ʼ, Bhoj. khur; H. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ, °rī f. ʻ hoof, heel of slipper, hoof -- print ʼ; G. khur f. ʻ heel ʼ, kharī f. ʻ hoof ʼ; M. khū˘r m. ʻ hoof, foot of bed ʼ, khurī f. ʻ forepart of hoof ʼ, °rā m., °rẽ n. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ (khurũdaḷṇẽ ʻ to trample ʼ X *kṣundati?); Ko. khūru m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Si. kuraya.2. Pk. khuluha -- m. ʻ ankle ʼ; Gy. wel. xur̄, xur m. ʻ hoof ʼ; S. khuṛī f. ʻ heel ʼ; WPah. paṅ. khūṛ ʻ foot ʼ.khuriṇī -- ; *khuraghāta -- , *khurapāśa -- , *khuramr̥ttikā -- ; *catuṣkhura -- .Addenda: khura -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khūˊr m. ʻ hoof ʼ, J. G. khur m. Rebus: kuṭhi'smelter' (Santali) Vikalpa: khuṭo ʻleg, footʼ. khũṭ 'community, guild' (Santali).

dánta m. ʻ tooth ʼ RV. [dánt -- RV.]Pa. danta -- m. ʻ tooth, tusk ʼ; Pk. daṁta -- m. ʻ tooth, part of a mountain ʼ; Gy. eur. dand m. ʻ tooth ʼ, pal. dṓndă, Ash. dō˘nt, Kt. dut, Wg. dō̃t, dū̃t, Pr. letum, lätəm, 'ätəm ʻ my (?) tooth ʼ, Dm. dan, Tir. d*lndə, Paš. lauṛ. dan(d), uzb. dōn, Niṅg. daṅ, Shum. dandem ʻ my tooth ʼ, Woṭ. dan m., Gaw. dant, Kal.urt. d*ln, rumb. dh*lndōŕy*lk (lit. ʻ front and back teeth ʼ? -- see *dāṁṣṭra -- ); Kho. don, Bshk. d*lndə, Tor. d*ln, Kand. dɔdi, Mai. dān, Sv. dānd, Phal. dān, pl. dānda, Sh.gil. do̯n, pl. dōnye̯ m. (→ Ḍ. don m.), pales. d*ln, jij. dɔn, K. dand m., rām. pog. ḍoḍ. dant, S. ḍ̠andu m.; L. dand, mult. ḍand, (Ju.) ḍ̠ãd m., khet. dant ʻ tooth ʼ, (Shahpur) dãd f. ʻ cliff, precipice ʼ; P. dand m. ʻ tooth, ʼ WPah.bhad. bhal. paṅ. cur. dant, cam. dand, pāḍ. dann, Ku. N. dã̄t (< *dã̄d in N. dã̄de ʻ harrow, a kind of grass ʼ), A. B. dã̄t, Or. dānta, Mth. Bhoj. Aw.lakh. H. Marw. G. M. dã̄t m., Ko. dāntu, Si. data. -- Ext. -- ḍa -- : Dm. dandə́ŕi, dánduri ʻ horse's bit ʼ, Phal. dándaṛi. -- See Add.

Addenda: dánta -- : S.kcch. ḍandh m.pl. ʻ teeth ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) dānd m., J. dã̄d m., Garh. dã̄t, Md. dat.(CDIAL 6152) Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'.

Sign 37 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and

Sign 205

Variants of Sign 205
Sign 205 'tusk or tooth' signifier. Hypertext of Sign 37 reads: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS dhatu 'mineral ore'. Thus, ferrite ores.

Sign 30 is a composite of Sign 1

and Sign 261

. The ciphertext is: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) PLUS mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mũh 'ingot'. (Santali). Thus, the hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ mũh 'iron ingot'.

Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756)

Sign 272 cyphertext is a composite of Sign 267

and smoke, flame signifying a portable furnace. Lozenge, corner, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. Lozenge or oval shapes are mũhã̄ 'bun-ingot' shapes. kammaṭa 'portable furnace to melt metals', rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236). Thus, kancu ʼmũh kammaṭa bronze, bell-metal ingot mint.

Sign 276 Variant

Sign 278. The hypertext is composed of Sign 267

and a hieroglyph,'splinter': sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus Sign 276 reads, kancu ʼmũh sal 'bell-metal ingot workshop'.

Sign 278 has a circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ (Kashmiri).: kándu f. ʻ iron pot ʼ Suśr., °uka -- m. ʻ saucepan ʼ.Pk. kaṁdu -- , kaṁḍu -- m.f. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; K. kō̃da f. ʻ potter's kiln, lime or brick kiln ʼ; -- ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ. -- Deriv. Pk. kaṁḍua -- ʻ sweetseller ʼ (< *kānduka -- ?); H. kã̄dū m. ʻ a caste that makes sweetmeats ʼ. (CDIAL 2726)*kandukara ʻ worker with pans ʼ. [kándu -- , kará -- 1]

K. kã̄dar, kã̄duru dat. °daris m. ʻ baker ʼ. (CDIAL 2728) Tu. kandůka, kandaka ditch, trench. Te. kandakamu id. Konḍa kanda trench made as a fireplace during weddings. Pe.kanda fire trench. Kui kanda small trench for fireplace. Malt. kandri a pit.(DEDR 1214)

Thus, Sign 278 reads: kancu ʼmũh kaṇḍa sal 'bell-metal ingot implements workshop'.

Sign 277 Sign 277 The hypertext is composed of Sign 267

and a hieroglyph,'notch': खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi) rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Thus Sign 277 reads, kancu ʼmũh khāṇḍa 'bell-metal ingot, metalware'

Sign 279 Sign 279 signifies two corners and is a variant of Sign 277. Thus, Sign 27o reads dul kañcu ʼmũh khāṇḍa 'castings bell-metal ingot, metalware'.

PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). A rough furrow, ravine,gully. (Marathi) rebus:khāṇḍa tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Vikalpa to 'notch' is 'splinter' of two notches: sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'.

Sign 280 The hypertext of Sign 280 is composed of Sign 267, notch and lid of pot. Sign 280 The hypertext of Sign 280 is composed of Sign 267, notch and lid of pot. The reading is: kancu ʼmũh dhakka khāṇḍa 'bell-metal ingot, bright,blazing metal tools, pots and pans and metalware'.

Circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'.

Sign 281 The hypertext is Sig 280 PLUS circumscript 'four short vertical strokes'. The reading is: kaṇḍa kancu ʼmũh dhakka khāṇḍa 'fire-altar (for) bell-metal ingot, bright,blazing metal tools, pots and pans and metalware'.

Sign 284Variants of Sign 284

Circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. Sign 285 is a composite of hieroglyphs: Sign 267 four corners, four short linear strokes as circumscript. kaṇḍa kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'bell-metal ingot, implements (from) fire-altar'.

The rebus reading of hieroglyph spoked-wheel is: arā'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS eraka'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast,copper'.

Sign 286Variants of Sign 286

Sign 286 is a composite of Sign 284 with infixed spoked wheel. The reaiding of hypertext of Sign 286 is:

kaṇḍa āra eraka kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'fire-altar (for) brass, moltencast copper, bell-metal ingot, implements.'

See examples at:

Hieroglyph ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' proclamations on Indus Script

https://tinyurl.com/ybe89ee9 One example of the use of Sign 286 is a variant seen on one sigment of proclamation on Dholavira signboard:

Focus on

'lid of pot'. The reading is: kaṇḍa koḍ āra eraka kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'fire-altar, workshop (for) brass, moltencast copper, bell-metal ingot, bright,blazing metal tools, pots and pans and metalware'.

Section 1. khātā'labour sphere account book'

See:
Annex 1. The Indus Script hypertext message of the sculptural frieze is: copper alloy metal mintwork of Meluhha wheelwright, smelter (kiln, furnace), ironsmith kātī lady spinner rebus khātī 'wheelwright‘

Hieroglyph: goldsmith's scissors, shears: karttrī f. ʻ scissors ʼ lex. 2. *kārttrī -- (X *kārti -- ?). [> kartari -- ? -- √kr̥t1]1. Pk. kattiyā -- f. ʻ scissors, shears ʼ; Gy. gr. hung. kat f., rum. span. kača (< *katya) f. ʻ shears ʼ; P. katī f. ʻ goldsmith's or blacksmith's scissors ʼ; A. kātī ʻ scissors ʼ; H. kātī f. ʻ goldsmith's scissors ʼ, G. kāt f.2. L. kātr m.f. ʻ scissors ʼ, P. kāt f. Addenda: karttrī -- : WPah.kṭg. kəṭeurɔ m. ʻ scissors ʼ.(CDIAL 2863). Ta. katti knife, cutting instrument, razor, sword, sickle. Ma. katti knife. Ko. katy billhook knife; kati·r- (katrc-; < katy-tayr, katy-tarc-) to cut; kaṇkeyt, kaṇki·t sickle (for kaṇ, see 1166). To. kaṇ koty dagger-shaped knife burned with corpse (cf. 1166). Ka. katti knife, razor, sword. Koḍ. katti knife.
Tu. katti, katte id. Te. katti knife, razor, sword. Go. (Ch.) katti cock's spur; (Elwin) kāti the knife attached to the cock's foot (Voc. 490). ? Cf. 1208 Kol. katk-.(DEDR 1204)

Hieroglyph: Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864)

Image result for six animals ladder bharatkalyan97

Image result for six animals ladder bharatkalyan97

Mohenjodaro m417. Six heads of animals from a core 'ladder' hieroglyph. Text message has Sign 17 'warrior'.

Hypertext narrative 1: Seal of a Metal guild-master. Hieroglyph: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace) are: blacksmith, turner, smelter, coppersmith, ironsmith (magnetite ore), Supercargo who is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.

Mohenjo-daro seal m417 six heads from a core.

sãgaḍ f. ʻa body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together' (Marathi). This gloss sãgaḍ as a body of written or pictorial material of hieroglyphs (voiced in Meluhha speech) can be used to create a ciphertext with elements of enhanced cyber-security encryptions. This ciphertext can be called: Hieroglyphmultiplextext. Rebus 1: sãgaḍ māṇi 'alloying adamantine glue, सं-घात caravan standard' -- vajra saṁghāṭa in archaeometallurgy, deciphered in Indus Script Corpora. Enhanced encryption cyber-security. Rebus 2: जांगड [jāṅgaḍa] ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop. जांगड [ jāṅgaḍa ] f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken.Rebud 3: sangaDa 'a cargo boat'. Rebus 4: sangaRh 'proclamation'.

śrēṇikā -- f. ʻ tent ʼ lex. and mngs. ʻ house ~ ladder ʼ in *śriṣṭa -- 2, *śrīḍhi -- . -- Words for ʻ ladder ʼ see śrití -- . -- √śri]H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ; Si. hiṇi, hiṇa, iṇi ʻ ladder, stairs ʼ (GS 84 < śrēṇi -- ).(CDIAL 12685). Woṭ. Šen ʻ roof ʼ, Bshk. Šan, Phal. Šān(AO xviii 251) Rebus: seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. Śreṇi in meaning “guild”; Vedic= row] 1. A guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). — 2. A division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. Senā and seniya). (Pali)

*śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ. [Cf. śrētr̥ -- ʻ one who has recourse to ʼ MBh. -- See śrití -- . -- √śri]Ash. ċeitr ʻ ladder ʼ (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720) *śrēṣṭrī2 ʻ line, ladder ʼ. [For mng. ʻ line ʼ conn. with √śriṣ2 cf. śrḗṇi -- ~ √śri. -- See śrití -- . -- √śriṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ̄ -- f. ʻ line, row ʼ (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. ʻ id. ʼ. -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -- , śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. ʻ a partic. progression of arithmetical figures ʼ); K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ʻ ladder ʼ.(CDIAL 12724) Rebus: śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild ʼ, °nī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a guild, banker ʼ, seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ; N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ; Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ; M.śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi° ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12726)

This denotes a mason (artisan) guild -- seni -- of 1. brass-workers; 2. blacksmiths; 3. iron-workers; 4. copper-workers; 5. native metal workers; 6. workers in alloys.

The core is a glyphic ‘chain’ or ‘ladder’. Glyph: kaḍī a chain; a hook; a link (G.); kaḍum a bracelet, a ring (G.) Rebus: kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; kaḍiyaṇa, kaḍiyeṇa a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (G.)

The glyphics are:

1. Glyph: ‘one-horned young bull’: kondh ‘heifer’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’.

2. Glyph: ‘bull’: ḍhangra ‘bull’. Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’. koD 'horns' rebus: koD 'workshop'

3. Glyph: ‘ram’: meḍh ‘ram’. Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’

^4.Glyph: ‘antelope’: mr̤eka ‘goat’. Rebus: milakkhu ‘copper’. Vikalpa 1: meluhha ‘mleccha’ ‘copper worker’. Vikalpa 2: meṛh ‘helper of merchant’.

5. Hieroglyph: poḷ m. ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ: poḷy sacred dairy (Toda) since the related gloss poLa signifies a bull set at liberty. B. polā ʻ child, son ʼ; M. poḷ m. ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ; Si. pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ.4. Pk. pōāla -- m. ʻ child, bull ʼ; A. powāli ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ. (CDIAL 8399) Rebus: polā 'magnetite, ferrite ore'.^{. Vikalpa:} ‘zebu’: khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild, community’ (Semantic determinant of the ‘jointed animals’ glyphic composition). kūṭa joining, connexion, assembly, crowd, fellowship (DEDR 1882) Pa. gotta ‘clan’; Pk. gotta, gōya id. (CDIAL 4279) Semantics of Pkt. lexeme gōya is concordant with Hebrew ‘goy’ in ha-goy-im (lit. the-nation-s)^.Pa. gotta -- n. ʻ clan ʼ, Pk. gotta -- , gutta -- , amg. gōya -- n.; Gau. gū ʻ house ʼ (in Kaf. and Dard. several other words for ʻ cowpen ʼ > ʻ house ʼ: gōṣṭhá -- , Pr. gūˊṭu ʻ cow ʼ; S. g̠oṭru m. ʻ parentage ʼ, L. got f. ʻ clan ʼ, P. gotar, got f.; Ku. N. got ʻ family ʼ; A. got -- nāti ʻ relatives ʼ; B. got ʻ clan ʼ; Or. gota ʻ family, relative ʼ; Bhoj. H. got m. ʻ family, clan ʼ, G. got n.; M. got ʻ clan, relatives ʼ; -- Si. gota ʻ clan, family ʼ ← Pa. (CDIAL 4279). Alternative: adar ḍangra ‘zebu or humped bull’; rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.); ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.)

6. The sixth animal can only be guessed. Perhaps, a tiger (A reasonable inference, because the glyph ’tiger’ appears in a procession on some Indus script inscriptions. Glyph: ‘tiger?’: kol ‘tiger’.Rebus: kol ’worker in iron’. Vikalpa (alternative): perhaps, rhinoceros. gaṇḍa ‘rhinoceros’; rebus:khaṇḍ ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. Thus, the entire glyphic composition of six animals on the Mohenjodaro seal m417 is semantically a representation of a śrḗṇi, ’guild’, a khũṭ , ‘community’ of smiths and masons.

6. käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'ʼVikalpa: bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' Also, baTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'.

Sign 17 Hieroglyph: warrior: kṣatríya ʻ ruling ʼ RV., m. ʻ one of the ruling order ʼ AV. [kṣatrá -- ]Pa. khattiya -- m. ʻ member of the Kṣatriya caste ʼ, °yā<-> f., Pk. khattia -- m., °ti -- m.f., °tiṇī -- , °tiyāṇī -- f., L. khattrī m., °rāṇī f., P. khattrī m.; Si. käti ʻ warrior ʼ.(CDIAL 3649) Rebus: khātī m. ʻmember of a caste of wheelwrightsʼ.

Hieroglyph: spinner karttr̥2 m. ʻ spinner ʼ MBh. [√kr̥t2]H. kātī f. ʻ woman who spins thread ʼ; -- Or. kãtiā ʻ spinner ʼ with ã from verb kã̄tibā < *kr̥ntati2.(CDIAL 2861) Ta. katir spinner's spindle. Ma. katir id. Ka. kadir, kadaru, kaduru id. Tu. kadůrů, kadirů, kadrů id. Te. kaduru id. Ga. (S.3) kadur an instrument used to spin threads from cotton.(DEDR 1195)

Rebus: carver,wheelwright: kṣattŕ̊ m. ʻ carver, distributor ʼ RV., ʻ attendant, door- keeper ʼ AV., ʻ charioteer ʼ VS., ʻ son of a female slave ʼ lex. [√kṣad]Pa. khattar -- m. ʻ attendant, charioteer ʼ; S. khaṭrī m. ʻ washerman, dyer ʼ; H. khātī m. ʻ member of a caste of wheelwrights ʼ; G. khātrī m. ʻ do. of Hindu weavers ʼ.(CDIAL 3647)

खातें khātēṃ n An account (with an individual or of the outlay upon any concern or business) as appearing upon or as drawn and framed from the daybook: also the paper or leger exhibiting such distinct account. 2 fig. The range or reach, the sphere or compass (of rule, sway, government, inclusion, comprehension). Ex. किल्ल्याचे खात्यांत मुलूक आहे; हा गांव मुंबईखात्याखालीं मोडतो. 3 Province; proper office or business: also department; particular sphere of labor or work: as बिगारखातें, खैरातखातें, खर्चखातें; also गांवखातें or मुलकीखातें Civil department; लशकरीखातें Military department; पैमाशखातें Survey-department; न्यायखातं Judicial department; खातें पोतें khātē mpōtēṃ n (खातें & पोतें The account and the purse.) Dealings with; business with (of buying and selling).खातेवही khātēvahī f The book framed from the daybook, containing the distinct accounts of individuals.(Marathi) kṣatrá n. ʻ might, rule ʼ RV. [√kṣi1]

Pa. khatta -- n. in cmpds. ʻ rule, authority ʼ; A. khāt ʻ estate administered at a distance ʼ, khātā ʻ account book ʼ; B. khātā ʻ plot of agricultural land, party, account book ʼ; Or. Bi. H. khātā m. ʻ account book ʼ (→ Ku. N. L. khātā m., S. khāto m., P. khāttā m.); G. khātũ n. ʻ administrative department, subject, account, account book ʼ, M. khātẽ n.(CDIAL 3684)

Section 2. kharaḍa, 'daybook'

Sign 165

Variant Sign 166

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. Thus, smithy/forge daybook.

Sign 170

kulya 'fly whisk' rebus: kulya n. ʻ receptacle for burnt bones of a corpse ʼ MBh., A. kulā ʻwinnowingfan, hood of a snake ʼ; B. kul, °lā ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ; Or. kulā ʻ winnowing fan ʼ, °lāi ʻsmall do. ʼ; Si. kulla, st. kulu -- ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ.(CDIAL 3350) Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron, blacksmith'. kolhe ‘smelter’ PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. Thus, smelter daybook.

Sign 178

मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick, horn &c.) and attrib. such a stick, horn, bullock Rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) meṛha M. meṛhi F.’twisted, crumpled, as a horn’; meṛha deren ‘a crumpled horn’ (Santali) PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. Thus, iron smelter daybook.

Sign 223

Sign 224

Sign 227

kātī f. ʻ goldsmith's scissorsʼ rebus: khātī 'wheelwright‘ PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) rebus: kharaḍa, 'daybook'. Thus, wheelwright (smithy/forge) daybook. The ligature on Sign 227 is characteristically comparable to the tail ligatured to an antelope. Tail:

xolā = tail (Kur.); qoli id. (Malt.)(DEDr 2135). Rebus: kol ‘pañcalōha’ (Ta.)கொல் kol, n. 1. Iron; இரும்பு. மின் வெள்ளி பொன் கொல்லெனச் சொல்லும் (தக்கயாகப். 550). 2. Metal; உலோகம். (நாமதீப. 318.) கொல்லன் kollaṉ, n. < T. golla. Custodian of treasure; கஜானாக்காரன். (P. T. L.) கொல்லிச்சி kollicci, n. Fem. of கொல்லன். Woman of the blacksmith caste; கொல்லச் சாதிப் பெண். (யாழ். அக.) The gloss kollicci is notable. It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith. kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.); Koḍ. kollë blacksmith (DEDR 2133).

Sign 176 Hieroglyph: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati) खरारा kharārā m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse (Marathi) Kol. (Wagh.) garr quill of porcupine. Pa. (S.) karra id., tooth of comb. Go. (Ko.) karra shaft of arrow (Voc. 556); (Tr.) karrē the long thin pole of a carrying yoke (Voc. 561). gaṟī shaft of arrow. Cf. also the items with -kaṟ-/-kar- in 3986(b) Tu. parkaḍ(ḍ)i. / Cf. Pkt. (DNM) karālī- toothstick.(DEDR 1398) kharkhara खर््खर । अश्वादिकण्डूयनयन्त्रम् m. a curry-comb (K.Pr. 15). -- karun -- करुन् । अश्वादिकण्डूयनकरणम् m.inf. to use a curry-comb, to curry (a horse), to groom (a horse).(Kashmiri)

Rebus: खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger' kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch.  खरडणें (p. 113) kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. 4 To break by rubbing between stones; to bruise (peppers &c.) 5 (More frequently खरड काढणें) To abuse or revile vehemently and coarsely.  खरडनिशी  kharaḍaniśī f Scrawling, scribbling, bad writing.  खरडनीस kharaḍanīsa c खरडनिशा a (खरड & P) A scrawler or bad writer. खरडा  kharaḍā खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book.A spotted and rough and ill-shaped pearl: also the roughness or knobbiness of such pearls.खरड्या  kharaḍyā a (खरडणें) That writes or shaves rudely and roughly; a mere quill-driver; a very scraper.

करडा karaḍā a A color of horses, iron grey; and, attrib., a horse so colored.
करडा  karaḍā a Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c.

kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka ʻ hare ʼ. [ʻ longeared like a donkey ʼ: khara -- 1?]N. kharāyo ʻ hare ʼ, Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) ``^rabbit'' Sa. kulai `rabbit'.Mu. kulai`rabbit'. KW kulai
@(M063)  खरगोस (p. 113) kharagōsa m ( P) A hare. (Marathi)

Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), ablacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta

khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji ; or -güjü । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुःf. (sg. dat. -höjü ), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu -; । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü ; । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu -न्यचिवु&below; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.(Kashmiri)

Ta. karaṭi, karuṭi, keruṭi fencing, school or gymnasium where wrestling and fencing are taught. Ka. garaḍi, garuḍi fencing school. Tu.garaḍi, garoḍi id. Te. gariḍi, gariḍī id., fencing.(DEDR 1262)கரடிவித்தை karaṭi-vittai

, n. < கரடி² +. Art of fencing; சிலம்பவித்தை.

Ta. karaṭi, karaṭi-ppaṟai, karaṭikai a kind of drum (said to sound like a bear, karaṭi). Ka. karaḍi, karaḍe an oblong drum beaten on both sides, a sort of double drum. / Cf. Skt. karaṭa- a kind of drum.(DEDR 1264)

खरड्या kharaḍyā m or खरड्यावाघ m A leopard. Kol. keḍiak tiger. Nk. khaṛeyak panther. Go. (A.) khaṛyal tiger; (Haig) kariyāl panther (Voc. 999). Kui kṛāḍi, krānḍi tiger,leopard, hyena. Kuwi (F.) kṛani tiger; (S.) klā'ni tiger, leopard; (Su. P. Isr.) kṛaˀni (pl. -ŋa) tiger. / Cf. Pkt. (DNM) karaḍa- id. (DEDR 1132)

करांडा  karāṇḍā m C A cylindrical piece as sawn or chopped off the trunk or a bough of a tree; a clump, chump, or block. कारंडा kāraṇḍā m A chump or block.

करडा karaḍā m (Ship-term.) The curtain (of boards or split bamboos) which passes around the sides of a vessel to keep off the spray.

अवटी  avaṭī m The officer of a town who has charge of the standard measures; and who measures the grain brought to market. 2 The measurer and receiver in great establishments. औटकी auṭakī f (Better अवटकी) The office or business or estate of अवटी. अवटी  avaṭī f (अवट S) A goldsmith's stamp (to impress figures &c.) It is a cube (made generally of पंचरस) with channels or grooves on its face: also a common term for these channels. पेरांची अवटी & वावाची अवटी are stamps of differing forms and uses. 2 A notch or incision (like the groove on the stamp) made upon a piece of wood which is to be chopped, pared, barked &c. v घे पाड, घाल.  औटकी  auṭakī f (Better avataki) The office or business or estate of avati. अउटकी  auṭakī & अउटी. See अवटकी & अवटी.

खरट  kharaṭa m P Gravel or small pebbles.  करडा karaḍā m The arrangement of bars or embossed lines (plain or fretted with little knobs) raised upon a तार of gold by pressing and driving it upon the अवटी or grooved stamp. Such तार is used for the ornament बुगडी, for the hilt of a पट्टा or other sword &c. Applied also to any similar barform or line-form arrangement (pectination) whether embossed or indented; as the edging of a rupee &c. करंडी karaṇḍī f The name of a tree. Its fruit, as it resembles a मुद्रा (metal stamp), is called मुद्रा. It is, by Maráṭhá soldiers, dipped into गोपचंदन and applied to stamp marks, by way of ornament, over the temples and under the eyes. करड्याची अवटी karaḍyācī avaṭī f An implement of the goldsmith. A stamp for forming the bars or raised lines called करडा. It is channeled or grooved with (or without) little cavities. To. kaṟy- (kaṟc-) to make ornamental dots on metal articles, beautify (anything); kaṟy a beautified thing, beauty, ornamental dots on metal articles. Tu. karepuni to make a notch or incision.(DEDR 1393)

करंड  karaṇḍa m (S) A little casket. 2 A basket of bamboo wicker-work.  करंडा  karaṇḍā m (करंड S) A casket (of metal, wood, ivory). 2 A covered basket of bamboo;   करंडी karaṇḍī f (Dim. of करंडा) A little covered basket of bamboo.  करंडूल karaṇḍūla n (Dim. of करंडा) A little covered basket of bamboo. káraṇḍa1 m.n. ʻ basket ʼ BhP., °ḍaka -- m., °ḍī -- f. lex.Pa. karaṇḍa -- m.n., °aka -- m. ʻ wickerwork box ʼ, Pk. karaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m. ʻ basket ʼ, °ḍī -- , °ḍiyā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; K. kranḍa m. ʻ large covered trunk ʼ, kronḍu m. ʻ basket of withies for grain ʼ, krünḍü f. ʻ large basket of withies ʼ; Ku. kaṇḍo ʻ basket ʼ; N. kaṇḍi ʻ basket -- like conveyance ʼ; A. karṇi ʻ open clothes basket ʼ; H. kaṇḍī f. ʻ long deep basket ʼ; G. karãḍɔ m. ʻ wicker or metal box ʼ, kãḍiyɔ m. ʻ cane or bamboo box ʼ; M. karãḍ m. ʻ bamboo basket ʼ, °ḍā m. ʻ covered bamboo basket, metal box ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Si. karan̆ḍuva ʻ small box or casket ʼ. -- Deriv. G. kãḍī m. ʻ snake -- charmer who carries his snakes in a wicker basket ʼ.(CDIAL 2792) கரண்டகம் karaṇṭakam, n. < karaṇḍaka. 1. Basket made of plaited coconut-leaves for carrying flowers for divine worship; தென்னை ஓலையால் முடைந்த பூக்குடலை. கரண்டகநீர் தரியாபோல் (ஞானவா. வைராக். 74). 2. Small metal box for keeping quicklime to be used with betel; சுண் ணாம்புச்செப்பு. Colloq.

करडई  karaḍī f Safflower, Carthamus. 2 Its seed. करडी karaḍī f (See करडई) Safflower: also its seed. करडेल karaḍēla n (करडई & तेल) Oil of Carthamus or safflower.  karaṭa2 m. ʻ Carthamus tinctorius ʼ lex. Pk. karaḍa -- m. ʻ safflower ʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a tree like the karañja ʼ; M. karḍī, °ḍaī f. ʻ safflower, Carthamus tinctorius and its seed ʼ.*karaṭataila ʻ oil of safflower ʼ. [karaṭa -- 2, tailá -- ] M. karḍel n. ʻ oil from the seed of safflower ʼ.(CDIAL 2788, 2789)

करढोंक or की karaḍhōṅka or kī m करडोक m A kind of crane or heron. कारंडव kāraṇḍava m S A drake or sort of duck. कारंडवी f S The female. karaṭa1 m. ʻ crow ʼ BhP., °aka -- m. lex. [Cf. karaṭu -- , karkaṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ, karēṭu -- , °ēṭavya -- , °ēḍuka -- m. lex., karaṇḍa2 -- m. ʻ duck ʼ lex: see kāraṇḍava -- ]Pk. karaḍa -- m. ʻ crow ʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. karaṛa -- ḍhī˜gu m. ʻ a very large aquatic bird ʼ; L. karṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ the common teal ʼ(CDIAL 2787)

करडूं or करडें karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ n A kid.

kaṇṭa1 m. ʻ thorn ʼ BhP. 2. káṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ ŚBr., ʻ anything pointed ʼ R.1. Pa. kaṇṭa -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. pal. ḳand, Sh. koh. gur. kōṇ m., Ku. gng. kã̄ṇ, A. kāĩṭ (< nom. *kaṇṭē?), Mth. Bhoj. kã̄ṭ, OH. kã̄ṭa.2. Pa. kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; Pk. kaṁṭaya<-> m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. eur. kanro m., SEeur. kai̦o, Dm. kãṭa, Phal. kāṇḍu, kã̄ṛo, Sh. gil. kóṇŭm., K. konḍu m., S. kaṇḍo m., L. P. kaṇḍā m., WPah. khaś. kaṇṭā m., bhal. kaṇṭo m., jaun. kã̄ḍā, Ku. kāno; N. kã̄ṛo ʻ thorn, afterbirth ʼ (semant. cf. śalyá -- ); B. kã̄ṭā ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ, Or. kaṇṭā; Aw. lakh. H. kã̄ṭā m.; G. kã̄ṭɔ ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; M. kã̄ṭā, kāṭā m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Ko. kāṇṭo, Si. kaṭuva.
*kāṇṭa -- , kāṇṭaka -- , kaṇṭakita -- , kaṇṭakāra -- , kaṇṭakāla -- , kaṇṭala -- , *kaṇṭāla -- , kaṇṭin -- ; utkaṇṭaka -- ; *kaṇṭakaraṇa -- , kaṇṭaphala -- , *kaṇṭavēlli -- .Addenda: kaṇṭa -- 1. 1. A. also kã̄iṭ; Md. kaři ʻ thorn, bone ʼ.2. káṇṭaka -- : S.kcch. kaṇḍho m. ʻ thorn ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn, mountain peak ʼ, J. kã̄ḍā m.; Garh. kã̄ḍu ʻ thorn ʼ.(CDIAL 2668)

*karaṇḍa -- 4 ʻ backbone ʼ*kaṇṭa3 ʻ backbone, podex, penis ʼ. 2. *kaṇḍa -- . 3. *karaṇḍa -- 4. (Cf. *kāṭa -- 2, *ḍākka -- 2: poss. same as káṇṭa -- 1]1. Pa. piṭṭhi -- kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ bone of the spine ʼ; Gy. eur. kanro m. ʻ penis ʼ (or < káṇṭaka -- ); Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍom. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼ; P. kaṇḍ f. ʻ back, pubes ʼ; WPah. bhal. kaṇṭ f. ʻ syphilis ʼ; N. kaṇḍo ʻ buttock, rump, anus ʼ, kaṇḍeulo ʻ small of the back ʼ; B. kã̄ṭ ʻ clitoris ʼ; Or. kaṇṭi ʻ handle of a plough ʼ; H. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Si. äṭa -- kaṭuva ʻ bone ʼ, piṭa -- k° ʻ backbone ʼ.2. Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.3. Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ(CDIAL 2670)

Ta. karaṇṭi spoon or ladle. Ma. karaṇṭi spoon. Te. garĩṭe, gaṇṭe, geṇṭe spoon, ladle. Kol. (SR.) gāṭe spoon; (Kamaleswaran). Kuwi (S.) garti (brass) spoon.(DEDR 1267)கரண்டி karaṇṭi, n. Spoon or ladle, made of metal; உலோகத்தாலாகியதும் காம்புள் ளதுமாகிய முகத்தற்கருவி. (பிங்.)

Semantics: rough: கரடு¹ karaṭu , n. [K. M. karaḍu.] 1. Roughness, ruggedness, unevenness; முருடு. ஈண்டுரு காக் கரடு (அருட்பா, iv, பத்தி. 6). 2. Churlish temper; முருட்டுக்குணம். 3. Hillock, low hill; சிறுகுன்று. Loc. 4. Ankle; காற்பரடு. (பிங்.) 5. Knot in wood; மரக்கணு. கரடார் மரம் (திருப்பு. 70). 6. Turf; புற்கரடு. 7. That which is stunted in growth; வளர்ச்சியற்றது. கரட்டுப்பசு. 8. A variety of pearl; ஒருவகை முத்து. (S.I.I. ii, 549.) खरवई kharavī f An instrument of braziers,--the anvil on which vessels are hung to be hammered.खरवट  kharavaṭa a Rough. खरबड kharabaḍa a Uneven or unequal--the ground: also rough through adhering matter--a vessel, hands, the body &c.खरपट  kharapaṭa n A crag or a massy rock gen. 2 Ground composed of rock, stone, and मुरूम intermingled. Applied often to the ordinary table-land of hills खरखरा  kharakharā m A rough kind of touchstone. Ta. karaṭu roughness, unevenness, churlish temper; karaṭṭu rugged, uneven, unpolished; karaṇ uneven surface in vegetables and fruits, scar; karu prong, barb, spike; karumai, karil severity, cruelty; karukku teeth of a saw or sickle, jagged edge of palmyra leaf-stalk, sharpness. Ma. karaṭu what is rough or uneven; kaṟu rough; kaṟuppu roughness; karuma sharpness of sword; karukku teeth of a saw or file, thorns of a palmyra branch, irregular surface; karukarukka to be harsh, sharp, rough, irritating; karikku edge of teeth; kari-muḷ hard thorn; projecting parts of the skin of custard-apples, jack-fruits, etc.; kari-maṭal rind of jack-fruits. Ko. karp keenness or harshness (of wind); ? kako·ṭ hoe with sharp, broad blade (for -ko·ṭ, see 2064). Ka. karaḍu that is rough, uneven, unpolished, hard, or waste, useless, or wicked; kaṟaku, karku, kakku, gaṟaku, garaku, garku, garasu a jag, notch, dent, toothed part of a file or saw, rough part of a millstone, irregular surface, sharpness. Tu. karaḍů, karaḍu rough, coarse, worn out; wastage, loss, wear; kargōṭa hardness, hard-heartedness; hard, hard-hearted; garu rough; garimeseverity, strictness; gargāsů a saw. Te. kara sharp; karagasamu a saw; karakasa roughness; karusu rough, harsh; harsh words; kaṟaku, kaṟuku harshness, roughness, sharpness; rough, harsh, sharp; gari hardness, stiffness, sharpness; (B.) karaṭi stubborn, brutish, villainous; kakku a notch or dent, toothed part of a saw, file, or sickle, roughness of a millstone. Go. (Ma.) karkara sharp (Voc. 543). Kur. karcnā to be tough, (Hahn) be hardened. ? Cf. 1260 Ka. garasu. / Cf. Skt. karaṭa- a low, unruly, difficult person; karkara- hard, firm; karkaśa- rough, harsh, hard; krakaca-, karapattra- saw; khara- hard, harsh, rough, sharp-edged; kharu- harsh, cruel; Pali kakaca- saw; khara- rough; saw; Pkt. karakaya- saw; Apabhraṃśa (Jasaharacariu) karaḍa- hard. Cf. esp. Turner, CDIAL, no. 2819. Cf. also Skt. karavāla- sword (for second element, cf. 5376 Ta. vāḷ).(DEDR 1265)

Counting in fours: gaṇḍaka m. ʻ a coin worth four cowries ʼ lex., ʻ method of counting by fours ʼ W. [← Mu. Przyluski RoczOrj iv 234]S. g̠aṇḍho m. ʻ four in counting ʼ; P. gaṇḍā m. ʻ four cowries ʼ; B. Or. H. gaṇḍā m. ʻ a group of four, four cowries ʼ; M. gaṇḍā m. ʻ aggregate of four cowries or pice ʼ(CDIAL 4001) gaṇḍa2 m. ʻ joint of plant ʼ lex., gaṇḍi -- m. ʻ trunk of tree from root to branches ʼ lex. 2. *gēṇḍa -- . 3. *gēḍḍa -- 2. 4. *gēḍa -- 1. [Cf. kāˊṇḍa -- : prob. ← Drav. DED 1619]1. Pa. gaṇḍa -- m. ʻ stalk ʼ, °ḍī -- f. ʻ sugarcane joint, shaft or stalk used as a bar ʼ, Pk. gaṁḍa -- m., °ḍiyā -- f.; Kt. gäṇa ʻ stem ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. gaṇḍīˊ ʻ stem, stump of a tree, large roof beam ʼ (→ Par. gaṇḍāˊ ʻ stem ʼ, Orm. goṇ ʻ stick ʼ IIFL i 253, 395), gul. geṇḍū, nir. gaṇīˊ, kuṛ. gã̄ṛo; Kal. urt. gəṇ ʻ log (in a wall) ʼ, rumb. goṇ (st. gōṇḍ -- ) ʻ handle ʼ, guṇḍík ʻ stick ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) gon, gonu, (Morgenstierne) gɔ̄ˋn ʻ haft of axe, spade or knife ʼ (or < ghaná -- 2?); K. gonḍu, grọ̆nḍu m. ʻ great untrimmed log ʼ; S. ganu m. ʻ oar, haft of a tool ʼ, °no m. ʻ sweet stalks of millet ʼ; P. gannā m. ʻ sugarcane ʼ (→ H. gannā m.), Bi. gaṇḍā, H. gã̄ṛā m., M. gã̄ḍā m. -- Deriv. Pk. gaṁḍīrī -- f. ʻ sugarcane joint ʼ; Bhoj. gãṛērī ʻ small pieces of sugarcane ʼ; H. gãḍerī f. ʻ knot of sugarcane ʼ; G. gãḍerī f. ʻ piece of peeled sugarcane ʼ; -- Pk. gaṁḍalī -- ʻ sugarcane joint ʼ; Kal. rumb. gaṇḍau (st. °ḍāl -- ) ʻ ancestor image ʼ; S. g̠anaru m. ʻ stock of a vegetable run to seed ʼ.2. Ku. gino ʻ block, log ʼ; N. gĩṛ ʻ log ʼ, gĩṛo ʻ piece of sugarcane ʼ (whence gẽṛnu, gĩṛ° ʻ to cut in pieces ʼ); B. gẽṛ ʻ tuber ʼ; Mth. gẽṛī ʻ piece of sugarcane chopped ready for the mill ʼ.3. Pk. geḍḍī -- , giḍḍiā -- f. ʻ stick ʼ; P. geḍī f. ʻ stick used in a game ʼ, H. geṛī f. (or < 4).4. N. gir, girrā ʻ stick, esp. one used in a game ʼ, H. gerī f., geṛī f. (or < 3), G. geṛī f.*gaṇḍāsi -- ; *agragaṇḍa -- , *prāgragaṇḍa -- .Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 2: S.kcch. gann m. ʻ handle ʼ; -- WPah.kṭg. gannɔ m. ʻ sugar -- cane ʼ; Md. gan̆ḍu ʻ piece, page, playing -- card ʼ.(CDIAL 3998)

gaṇḍá4 m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ lex., °aka -- m. lex. 2. *ga- yaṇḍa -- . [Prob. of same non -- Aryan origin as khaḍgá -- 1: cf. gaṇōtsāha -- m. lex. as a Sanskritized form ← Mu. PMWS 138]1. Pa. gaṇḍaka -- m., Pk. gaṁḍaya -- m., A. gãr, Or. gaṇḍā.2. K. gö̃ḍ m., S. geṇḍo m. (lw. with g -- ), P. gaĩḍā m., °ḍī f., N. gaĩṛo, H. gaĩṛā m., G. gẽḍɔ m., °ḍī f., M. gẽḍā m.Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 4. 2. *gayaṇḍa -- : WPah.kṭg. geṇḍɔ mirg m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ, Md. genḍā ← H.(CDIAL 4000)

खंड khaṇḍa  n A piece, bit, fragment, portion. 5 A section, a part, a division of a book or subject. 6 A division of जंबुद्वीप. There are nine such. See नवखंड (Marathi)

Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻstack of stalks of large milletʼ(CDIAL 3023).

Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'.'iron implements (Santali)

खांडा khāṇḍā .A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). 3 3 A rough furrow, ravine, gully. (Marathi)

खांड khāṇḍa f (खंड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound; a crack or fissure in a wall &c. 2 A jag, indentation, denticulation. (Marathi)

खांडा khāṇḍā ...A kind of sword, straight, broad-bladed, two-edged, and round-ended.खांडेकरी khāṇḍēkarī m A man armed with the sword called खांडा. (Marathi)

kandhara m. ʻ neck ʼ Yājñ. [A. Master BSOAS xii 352 ← Drav. cf. Tel. kandamu ʻ neck ʼ; but see kaṇṭhá -- ]
Pk. kaṁdharā -- f.; OMth. kāndhara ʻ shoulder ʼ; H. kānhar m. ʻ the wooden washer on inner end of the board on which the driver sits at an oil -- press ʼ shaped like a neck or shoulder: see illustration in BPL 48.Addenda: kandhara -- : Md. kan̆durā ʻ nape ʼ.(CDIAL 2730)

Ka. godda a kind of black ant, the bite of which is painful;? koṟale a kind of ant. Te. (B.) gorre-cedalu (Kitt. goṟṟe-cedalu) soldier ants (cf. 1548 Ta. cital).? Kol. (Kin.) kanḍa a big ant (with Ga., Kamaleswaran). ? Ga. (S.) konḍkī, (S.2) konḍke large black ant.? Go. (Mu. Ma.) gōḍe, (Ko.) gōḍo id. (Voc. 1226)(DEDR 2096)

kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV., ʻ arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ cluster, heap ʼ (in tr̥ṇa -- kāṇḍa -- Pāṇ. Kāś.). [Poss. connexion with gaṇḍa -- 2 makes prob. non -- Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < kr̥ntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ ʻ joint of bamboo or sugarcane ʼ EWA i 197]Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m.n. ʻ knot of bough, bough, stick ʼ; Ash. kaṇ ʻ arrow ʼ, Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ, kŕãdotdot;, Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, kuṛ. kō̃, dar. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ torch ʼ; Shum. kō̃ṛ, kō̃ ʻ arrow ʼ, Gaw. kāṇḍ,kāṇ; Kho. kan ʻ tree, large bush ʼ; Bshk. kāˋ'n ʻ arrow ʼ, Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ Ḍ. kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales. kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ (kān m. ʻ arrow ʼ ← Sh.?); S. kānu m. ʻ arrow ʼ, °no m. ʻ reed ʼ, °nī f. ʻ topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ʼ; L. kānã̄ m. ʻ stalk of the reed Sara ʼ, °nī˜ f. ʻ pen, small spear ʼ; P. kānnā m. ʻ the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp ʼ, kānī f. ʻ arrow ʼ; WPah. bhal. kān n. ʻ arrow ʼ, jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, °ṛo ʻ rafter ʼ; A. kã̄r ʻ arrow ʼ; B. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, °ṛāʻ oil vessel made of bamboo joint, needle of bamboo for netting ʼ, kẽṛiyā ʻ wooden or earthen vessel for oil &c. ʼ; Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻ stalk, arrow ʼ; Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ wooden milkpail ʼ; Bhoj. kaṇḍā ʻ reeds ʼ; H. kã̄ṛī f. ʻ rafter, yoke ʼ, kaṇḍā m. ʻ reed, bush ʼ (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow ʼ, °ḍũ n. ʻ wrist ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ʼ; M. kã̄ḍ n. ʻ trunk, stem ʼ, °ḍẽ n. ʻ joint, knot, stem, straw ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, &c.) ʼ; Si. kaḍaya ʻ arrow ʼ. -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba ʻ to shoot with an arrow ʼ.kāˊṇḍīra -- ; *kāṇḍakara -- , *kāṇḍārā -- ; *dēhīkāṇḍa -- Add.Addenda: kāˊṇḍa -- [< IE. *kondo -- , Gk. kondu/los ʻ knuckle ʼ, ko/ndos ʻ ankle ʼ T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 55]S.kcch. kāṇḍī f. ʻ lucifer match ʼ? *kāṇḍakara ʻ worker with reeds or arrows ʼ. [kāˊṇḍa -- , kará -- 1]L. kanērā m. ʻ mat -- maker ʼ; H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers ʼ. *kāṇḍārā ʻ bamboo -- goad ʼ. [kāˊṇḍa -- , āˊrā -- ]Mth. (ETirhut) kanār ʻ bamboo -- goad for young elephants ʼ < *ka&rtodtilde;ār. kāˊṇḍīra ʻ armed with arrows ʼ Pāṇ., m. ʻ archer ʼ lex. [kāˊṇḍa -- ]H. kanīrā m. ʻ a caste (usu. of arrow -- makers) ʼ.(CDIAL 3023 to 3026)

kanda m. ʻ bulbous root ʼ MBh., n. ʻ garlic ʼ lex. [Prob. with gaṇḍa -- 1 ← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 369 and EWA i 152 with lit.]
Pa. kanda -- m. ʻ bulb, bulbous root ʼ; Pk. kaṁda -- m. ʻ bulbous root ʼ, °dī -- f. ʻ radish ʼ; Or. kandā ʻ edible bulbous root; OMth. kã̄da ʻ bulb ʼ; H. kã̄dā m. ʻ onion, Allium capa ʼ, kandā ʻ squill, Scilla indica ʼ; G. kã̄dɔ m. ʻ bulbous root, onion ʼ, M. kã̄dā m.; Ko. kã̄ndo m. ʻ onion ʼ(CDIAL 2727)

करण karaṇa m (Popular form of कर्ण S amongst artisans. ) The hypotenuse of a triangle, or the diagonal of a quadrangular figure.

कारणी or कारणीक kāraṇī or kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c.

Elamite sculptural frieze kātī 'spinner' rebus khātī 'wheelwright‘ validates Indus Script hypertexts and Meluhha cipher

https://tinyurl.com/ya9g3dpb

The falsifiable hypothesis is that the Susa Elamite 'spinner' sculptural frieze is rebus rendering of Meluhha Bhāratīya sprachbund (speech union).

This monograph validates the Meluhha decipherment.

Hieroglyphs/hypertexts of Sarasvati Script signify metalwork in rebus Meluhha cipher, not only on c. 8000 seals/tablets of Script Corpora, but also on sculptural friezes. An example is provided by a Susa spinner sculptural frieze.

This is a conclusive evidence of a visual language rendered in rebus cipher. The apparent message is not that a lady is celebrating a banquet of fish for her dinner. The entire frieze has a number of hieroglyphs constituting a consistent and harmoniously constructed metalwork message of a kātī r'spiner' rebus khātī 'wheelwright‘.

Is the lady spinner ready to eat food? áśana n. ʻ eating, food ʼ ŚBr. [√aś2] Pa. asana -- n., Pk. asaṇa -- , asiṇa -- n.; Mth. H. asan m. ʻ food, meal ʼ prob. ← Sk. (CDIAL 909). No, she is just seated on a seat to provide a metaphor (hieroglyph rebus) for metalwork, ironsmithy.

Annex 1. The Indus Script hypertext message of the sculptural frieze is: copper alloy metal mintwork of Meluhha wheelwright, smelter (kiln, furnace), ironsmith

Meluhha expressions for each semantic component are listed below for each hieroglyph and rebus reading.

F ig. 141 La Fileuse (Lady spinning) Bitumen compound. H 9.3 cm. W. 13 cm. Neo-Elamite period, ca. 8th -7th century BCE. Susa. Sb 2834 (Louvre Museum) Excavated by Morgan.

Hieroglyph (cipher-text): Spinner (kātī) lady rebus khātī 'wheelwright‘

kola 'woman', kola ‘tiger’rebus: kol ‘working in iron’ kolhe ‘smelter’

Hieroglyph: wristlets of spinner lady: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, banglesRebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri)

kulya 'fly whisk' rebus: kulya n. ʻ receptacle for burnt bones of a corpse ʼ MBh., A. kulā ʻwinnowingfan, hood of a snake ʼ; B. kul, °lā ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ; Or.kulā ʻ winnowing fan ʼ, °lāi ʻsmall do. ʼ; Si. kulla, st. kulu -- ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ.(CDIAL 3350) Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron, blacksmith'. kolhe ‘smelter’

Hieroglyph: fish + fins: aya, ayo ‘fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfish-finʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'coiner, coinage, mint (Kannada) Note: कान्त kānta -अयसम् the loadstone ‘magnetite’; कृष्ण-अयसम्,’crude or black iron’; लोहा* यस ‘any metal mixed with copper , (or) copper’ Br. Ka1tyS3r. लोहित lōhita -अयस् n. copper; -कृष्ण a. dark-red. Thus, ayas means ‘iron, metal’.

baṭa six' Sh.gil. băṭ m. ʻstoneʼ, koh.băṭṭ m., jij. baṭ, pales. baṭ ʻmillstoneʼ; K. waṭh, dat. °ṭas m. ʻround stoneʼ, vüṭü f. ʻsmall do.ʼ; L. vaṭṭā m. ʻstoneʼ, khet. vaṭ ʻrockʼ; P. baṭṭ m. ʻa partic. weightʼ, vaṭṭā, ba°m. ʻstoneʼ, vaṭṭī f. ʻpebbleʼ; WPah.bhal. baṭṭ m. ʻsmall round stoneʼ; Or. bāṭi ʻstoneʼ; Bi. baṭṭā ʻstone roller for spices, grindstoneʼ. [CDIAL 11348] rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace‘.

Hieroglyph: stool: Malt. kanḍo stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi)

Hieroglyph: seat: āˊsana1 n. ʻ sitting ʼ AV., °ná -- n. ʻ seat ʼ ŚBr., āsanī -- f. ʻ small seat ʼ Kauś. [√ās] Pa. āsana -- , °aka -- n. ʻ seat ʼ, Pk. āsaṇa -- n.; Dm. ãsai ʻ chair ʼ (or poss. < āsādá -- ); Paš. ōson ʻ stool ʼ Morgenstierne IIFL iii 3, 18, Shum. ásan ʻ seat ʼ; Gaw. āsán ʻ stool ʼ; K. āsan m. ʻ buttocks, rump ʼ; S. āsaṇu m. ʻ cloth for sitting on ʼ and P. āsaṇ m. ʻ stool, seat on a horse ʼ (note -- s -- , not -- h -- ); Ku. āsaṇ ʻ small woollen rug ʼ; A. āhon ʻ that part of an elephant's neck on which the driver sits, steersman's seat, natural seat formed by tree -- branches ʼ, āhuniyā ʻ forming a convenient seat (of branches) ʼ; B. āsan ʻ stool, withers of an elephant ʼ, āsni ʻ small stool, stall, shop ʼ; Bi. āsan ʻ driver's seat on an ekka ʼ āsnī ʻ mat of kuśa grass ʼ; H. āsan m. ʻ driver's seat, withers of an elephant, inner part of the thighs ʼ, āsnī f. ʻ a small deerskin ʼ; G. āsaṇ n. ʻ seat ʼ, Si. asuna, asna. bāṇāsana -- , śilāsana -- , *śr̥ṅgāsana -- .(CDIAL 1484)

Rebs: aśáni f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ RV., °nī -- f. ŚBr. [Cf. áśan -- m. ʻ sling -- stone ʼ RV.]Pa. asanī -- f. ʻ thunderbolt, lightning ʼ, asana -- n. ʻ stone ʼ; Pk. asaṇi -- m.f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ; Ash. ašĩˊ ʻ hail ʼ, Wg. ašē˜ˊ, Pr. īšĩ, Bashg. "azhir", Dm. ašin, Paš. ášen, Shum. äˊšin, Gaw. išín, Bshk. ašun, Savi išin, Phal. ã̄šun, L. (Jukes) ahin, awāṇ. &circmacrepsilon;n (both with n, not ṇ), P. āhiṇ, f., āhaṇ, aihaṇ m.f., WPah. bhad. ã̄ṇ, bhal. ´tildemacrepsilon;hiṇi f., N. asino, pl. °nā; Si. sena, heṇa ʻ thunderbolt ʼ Geiger GS 34, but the expected form would be *ā̤n; -- Sh. aĩyĕˊr f. ʻ hail ʼ (X ?). -- For ʻ stone ʼ > ʻ hailstone ʼ cf. upala -- and A. xil s.v. śilāˊ -- .Addenda: aśáni -- : Sh. aĩyĕˊr (Lor. aĩyār → Bur. *lhyer ʻ hail ʼ BurLg iii 17) poss. < *aśari -- from heteroclite n/r stem (cf. áśman -- : aśmará -- ʻ made of stone ʼ).†*aśari -- ʻ stone ʼ see aśáni -- .(CDIAL 910) Rebus: P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهن ګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهن ګران āhan-garān. Thus, aśáni 'thunderbolt' cognate āhan signifies 'iron'; hence, the person seated on the high seat is āhan gar 'a blacksmith' in addition to being khātī 'a wheelwright.'

Hieroglyph: Claws of feline: panzĕ पन्ज़्य m. the wound made by an animal's claw (cf. panja) (K. 678). panja पंज । पञ्चसंख्यात्मकः, अङ्गुलिपञ्चकसंघः m. an aggregate of five; a five (in cards, on dice, or the like); the hand with the five fingers extended (cf. atha-po, p. 61b, l. 2) (Gr.M.); the paw or claw of beast or bird (Gr.M.; Rām. 41, 61, 697-8, 73; H. xii, 16-17). -- dyunu ; । पञ्चकाघातः m.inf. 'to give the five', i.e. to strike with the five fingers, to scratch with the five finger-nails or (of a wild beast) to tear with the claws. -ʦoṭu ; । छिन्नपञ्चशाखः adj. (f. -ʦüṭü ), one whose fingers, toes, or claws have all been cut off (of man, beast, or bird). panjī पंजी f. a bird's talon (El.); the five fingers (El. panjih, cf. panja; W. 114, panji).(Kashmiri) *pañja -- ʻ heap ʼ *pahuñca ʻ forearm, wrist ʼ. L. pôcā m. ʻ paw ʼ, (Shahpur) paucā m. ʻ paw, claw ʼ; P. pahũcā m. ʻ wrist, paw ʼ; N. paũjā ʻ paw ʼ; OAw. pahuṁcihi obl. sg. f. ʻ wrist ʼ; H. pahũcā m. ʻ forearm, wrist ʼ; G. pɔ̃hɔ̃cɔ m. ʻ wrist ʼ, M. pohãcī f. PĀ1 ʻ drink ʼ: pa -- 1, pāˊtra -- , pāˊna -- , pānīˊya -- , pāyáyati, *pipāsaka -- , pipāsāˊ -- , pipāsitá -- , píbati, pītá -- 1, pīyátē, pēya -- ; āpāna -- 1, nipāna -- , prapāˊ -- . PĀ2 ʻ protect ʼ: pa -- 2, pā -- ; *āpāna -- 2. pā -- in cmpds. ʻ protecting ʼ: adhipāˊ -- , tanūpāˊ -- , paśupāˊ -- ; -- pa -- 2. Addenda: *pahuñca -- : S.kcch. paũco m. ʻ wrist ʼ, WPah.kṭg. pɔ́̄nj̈ɔ m.(CDIAL 8018)

Rebus: panja 'kiln' of metals manufactory: *pañjāpāka ʻ kiln for a heap ʼ. [*pañja -- , āpāka -- ]P. pañjāvā, pãj° m. ʻ brick kiln ʼ; B. pã̄jā ʻ kiln ʼ, G. pajāvɔ m (CDIAL 7686)

Hieroglyph: Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ. 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ(CDIAL 5428).Rebus: A. ṭāṅī ʻ wedge ʼ ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ. (CDIAL 5434)

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Why The Lutyens Mafia Is A Threatened Lot Today -- Jay Bhattacharjee

March 14, 2018, 8:55 am

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Mar 09, 2018, 9:15 pm
The Lutyens zone. (GettyImages)

Snapshot

The members of this exclusive club that screams “entitlement” and “privilege” as a matter of right and heredity, are a threatened lot today, and have turned to sabotage.

Ever since the regime change that India witnessed in May 2014, the country has seen determined resistance to the new order from the well-entrenched oligarchy that had called the shots for the previous six-odd decades since 1947. This happened despite the overwhelming majority of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and National Democratic Alliance (NDA) alliance in the Lok Sabha and in the majority of states.

The nationalist forces or the Indic civilisation advocates were routinely outmanoeuvred, outsmarted, outwitted and outgunned by the Lutyens Zone (LZ) cabal and the secularist storm-troopers (hereafter SS), a term which this commentator pleads guilty of having used for the first time more than a decade ago. These two groups often overlap each other and invariably function in tandem. Both of them fine-tuned their techniques during the Congress regimes; indeed, some analysts say that this lot has been practising their craft for hundreds of years, under the Muslim rule and then the British.

It must be stressed that the LZ term is not restricted to folks, who are residents of the exclusive municipal area in India’s capital, named after the imperialist architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, who wanted to create an island of Pax Britannica amidst the dust and heat of north India. Physical location is not a prerequisite for the LZ cachet. LZ people are paid-up members of an exclusive club that screams “privilege” and “entitlement” as a matter of right and heredity. As one of them confided to me many decades ago, LZ is a frame of mind. You can be born into it, and you can also be inducted into it, if you qualify later on.

As far as the SS are concerned, they have a deep animus against India’s ancient culture and civilisation. In their eyes, the thousands of years of Indic civilisation amount for nothing. It requires another detailed study to unravel how and why the SS internalised their ideology.

To return to the hurly-burly of present-day Indian politics, many of the members and leaders in the new administration were so often humiliated and defeated by their old political foes that some serious questions started being posed by observers and analysts.

What were the reasons behind the repeated debacles of the new regime and its sorry record in the battles and skirmishes that were being fought so regularly? Some facile answers were trotted out by both sides, whether by the actual combatants or their apologists. It would be useful if we were to look at these explanations and subject them to some tests.

The first explanation that did the rounds was that the new occupants of Raisina Hill were wet behind their ears and, therefore, were easy meat (with all its resonances). The second reason cited was that the oligarchs of the Congress, its allies and their supporters had humongous resources at their command, parked in India and abroad. It did not matter where, because of the fungible nature of financial assets and instruments these days. With one stroke on a keyboard, money and financial resources can be transferred wherever they are required.

More ingenious assessments were also trotted out, sometimes by the apologists of the new regime, to explain their dismal performance record in some areas, and very often by the old guard, to sow dissension in the new administration. This is the “fifth column” theory and it basically hinted that there are senior functionaries in the new government who are very close to the Congress cabal and did not really want the BJP-NDA government to do well at all, so that the old gang could come back to power in the 2019 general elections.

Then, there are the doomsday club members, who kept proclaiming that India has too many civilisational, cultural and religious fault lines to allow any type of uniformity in rules, regulations and management in political, social and economic matters. For want of a better term, we can label this lot as the India International Centre/JNU intellectuals and jholawallahs.

Finally, there are the beneficiaries of the loot-and-scam raj of the previous Congress-United Progressive Alliance junta, who are feeling very threatened by the new regime’s proclaimed ideology of good governance and zero tolerance of graft and corruption. These people want their nemesis to be jettisoned from power at the earliest and any tactics are fair in this war for survival. They, therefore, put forward a whole range of hypotheses about the inbuilt defects of the new government and its underlying thought processes.

If we look at each of these hypotheses separately, we will not get a satisfactory and complete explanation of the scenario. In other words, the full assessment of the non-performance of the new regime will still elude us. We will, perforce, have to construct a comprehensive model of how political frameworks are weakened and sabotaged from within and outside, in order to engineer their eventual collapse.

At the outset, we should remember that the 2014 general elections and the installation of the Narendra Modi government was a political tsunami for the entrenched oligarchy and elites in India. Our body politic, that had remained more or less stagnant for 67 years, showed signs of a beginning of fundamental change. The change of guard in Raisina Hill was by no means a full transformation, but a baby step in that direction. Nevertheless, for the forces of status quo, this was perceived as an existential threat.

The entrenched groups which realised that their bailiwicks were in mortal danger are the following:

The bureaucracy at all levels
The entire judiciary
Crony capitalists ranging from the top business groups to the local kirana shop, all of whom thrived on tax evasion and looting the financial institutions
The managers of rural — often caste-based — vote banks, who do not want their roles as intermediaries to be diminished
Religious pressure groups, often financed from abroad, whose allegiances are to institutions based outside India
Academicians and “intellectuals” who had long supped from the deep pool of resources supplied by the previous rulers
Small/regional political parties that have acted as power brokers in some parts of the country and have built up critical mass and a war-chest of funds.

This list is not organised in any order of priority and/or importance. However, the above groups have a high degree of overlap with the LZ and the SS coteries defined earlier.

Soon after May 2014, these seemingly disparate cohorts started mobilising their resources and cementing their alliances to take on the new dispensation. The process of joining hands was hardly seamless, since the satraps in each of these groups were individuals who carefully guarded their bailiwicks.

It should be mentioned at this stage that the subject of disintegration of countries and nation-states has been studied extensively in the last few decades. The causes underlying the break-up of countries have been rigorously assessed by a number of scholars and researchers. Here we must distinguish between the collapse of regimes/ruling oligarchies within a country and the disintegration of a country as a whole.

We must emphasise that most countries that fall apart do so “not with a bang but with a whimper”. This was the conclusion of an incisive study in 2012 in the respected journal Foreign Policy. In this path-breaking essay, academics Daron Acemoglu and James A Robinson identified the major reasons that lead to countries imploding. While identifying the chronic failed states in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America, the study zeroed in on some of the principal reasons why nations fail. They range from a “tilted playing field” in South Africa during apartheid, big men being very greedy (Egypt under Hosni Mubarak), elites blocking new technologies (in Austria and Russia in the early 20th century), to no law and order (in Somalia presently), a weak central government, and bad public services and political exploitation (in present-day Colombia, Peru and Bolivia).

The parallels with India, after more than six decades of woeful misrule of the Congress and its acolytes, are stark. The study also emphasises the importance of an effective centralised state. Without this, it is most difficult to ensure order, an effective legal system, basic public goods and systems for resolving disputes. This, again, will resonate with Indian social scientists.

What the Foreign Policy study of 2012 fails to identify is a scenario where a country’s collapse is brought about by opponents of structural reform and change that a new regime is attempting to bring about, when it assumes power by dislodging entrenched elites, as happened in India in May 2014. In other words, what we are seeing in India is tension created by the status quo advocates rather than disruption brought about by forces that seek change and reform.

In the present crisis that is gripping the country, the LZ coterie and the SS oligarchs are fighting a desperate war (albeit undeclared, at least till now) to forestall any fundamental change or reform that the BJP-NDA is attempting to bring about. The Indian scenario can be summarised as follows, without mincing words.

In the decades since Independence, the Congress juggernaut (along with its allies) had implanted itself in every nook and corner of the administrative and power structure of India. The present government was the first credible threat that the Gandhi-Nehru-Gandhi cabal had ever faced. The short interregnum that India saw earlier between 1977 and 1980 and 1999-2004 were minor distractions and kerfuffle for this power elite.

For 10 Janpath, the elections of 2014 were a combined earthquake and tsunami of epic scale. However, entrenched oligarchies do not disintegrate or descend into disarray. Their DNA does not have a panic button. Therefore, the coterie’s high command set into motion a scorched earth policy against the new regime.

This involved the utilisation of institutions and individuals in equal measure. The seven forces that were identified earlier have now been fully mobilised to engineer the collapse of the present regime, even if it entails the dismemberment of the Indian republic in its present form and, eventually, the Indian nation-state as we know it. Is this an alarmist view? Some observers, including a few in the nationalist camp too, would probably say so.

However, the empirical evidence stares us in the face. The decades of Congress corruption and abysmal governance have ensured that the Indian republic today is a leaking and rusting ship of state. Foreign Policyand the think tank Fund for Peace jointly compile an index that measures the weaknesses/strengths of most of the countries in the world. The annual study is called the Fragile States Index Report (earlier, the Failed States Index). The rankings are from 1 (the most fragile) to 178 (the most stable and the least vulnerable). In 2016-17, the 1st and the 2nd positions were held by South Sudan and Somalia. The strongest (and least fragile) position was that of Finland. The other three Scandinavian countries and Switzerland comprised the rest of the top five positions.

India’s rank is 72, just ahead of Jordan and behind Benin. We are in the category of “Warning” in this index. The only saving grace is that Pakistan is in the 17th position (along with Burundi), and Bangladesh occupies the 39th rank, both in the “Alert” category.

All this demonstrates that our country’s structural stability is far from safe. There is little room for complacency if India is subjected to sustained efforts from determined groups to destabilise and even dismember it. Moreover, history is replete with examples of rearguard hostilities and undeclared war adopted by displaced oligarchies and elites.

In recent history, we have seen, on a number of occasions, the phenomenon of snipers and fifth columnists left behind by fallen regimes. There were the White Russians after the Russian Revolution of 1917. A few centuries earlier, the Royalists in France after 1789, and the Empire Loyalists in the US after 1776, were examples of forces that have tormented successor regimes. Even now, we have the residual Taliban in Afghanistan that wreaks havoc every now and then.

The Breaking India forces are not really a figment of imagination in the minds of those who are sympathetic to the present dispensation in Raisina Hill. This is not just coffee house chatter that confronts our republic.

Jay Bhattacharjee is a policy and corporate affairs analyst based in Delhi.https://swarajyamag.com/magazine/why-the-lutyens-mafia-is-a-threatened-lot-today

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Orthography, semantics of Indus Script sign design confirms use of Meluhha pronunciations which signify dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelters'

March 14, 2018, 6:20 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/ybf3px8p

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelters', signified on Indus script hypertext proclamations, Signs 4 and 5 flag-bearers pataka patāki-'chieftain'. Meluhha, mleccha pronunciation or spoken form dhā̆vaḍ is derived from dhvaja + phaṭāko

and results in Meluhha/Mleccha spoken forms or pronunciation variants demonstrated by the etyma: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻflagʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ] Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻflagʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa id.

పతాకుడు patāki. n. A banneret or ensign. One who has a banner. On Sign 5 of Indus Script, the body of a standing person is ligatured on top with a pair of पताका 'flags'. The rebus reading is: dula'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS dhayavaḍa 'flag' rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'. This is consistent with the semantics of a word phaṭāko ʻcracker' which is the characteristic process of purification of minerals in a smelter to produce metal ingots. In a combined expression dhvaja + phaṭāko results in a pronunciation variant demonstrated by the etyma: dhvajapaṭa m. ʻflagʼ Kāv. [dhvajá -- , paṭa -- ] Pk. dhayavaḍa -- m. ʻflagʼ, OG. dhayavaḍa id. The rebus word is dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelters'. Such a flag-bearing iron-smelter is also a chieftain పతాకుడు patāki, 'one who has a banner' one who is chieftain --pataka patāki-- of a పతాకిని patākini. 'an army' or 'a hundred horses' or 'guild of artisans'. Such a flag-bearer is पतक pataka, is in charge of the office or business of पतकी.

Thus,

Sign 5 signifies a metal caster and an iron smelter.

Sign 4 signifies an iron smelter. The ancient practice of carrying banners to convey proclamations is well attested in Nihal Mishmar archaeological site and in the Indus Script tablets signifying processions.

Mohenjodaro tablet signifying a procession of flagstaff carriers

Image result for nahal mishmar procession

Nahal Mishmar. ca. 6th millennium BCE. Maces apparently carried in processions to signify ḍã̄g'mace'ḍhangar'blacksmith'ḍhāla 'flag'ḍhālako'ingot'

The Kashmiri expression अलम् पताका indicates that पताका a flag is intented for proclamation to अलम् the universe, alam. The proclamation is to make known to the whole world, the functions of the bearer of the flag on a flagstaff. Such a flag bearer is पतक pataka in charge of the office or business of पतकी. A pataka is a body of horse; about a hundred, and generally under an independent chieftain. Thus, the flag bearer is a chieftain of a group of people, పతాకిని patākini. 'an army' i.e. a person of importance, a leader of an artisan guild. పతాక (p. 703) patāka patāka. [Skt.] n. A flag or banner. టెక్కెము. పతాకిని patākini. n. An army. సేన. పతాకి or పతాకుడు patāki. n. A banneret or ensign. One who has a banner, టెక్కెముకలవాడు. మీనపతాకుడు Manmadha whose banner is the dolphin.

Composite signs 4 and 5 are composed of

Variants of Flag Sign 402

Sign 1 and

Sign 402 'flag' hieroglyph.

ālam m. the world, the universe (YZ. 177). अलम् पताका f. a banner, a flag (usually a small one), including the staff. -pōsh -पोश्् । पताकावस्त्रम् m. the cloth of such a flag (usually three-cornered). -tulu -तुलु&below; । पताकोच्छ्रायः m. the height of a flagstaff. -tulis khārun -तुलिस् खारुन् । निन्दापा<-> त्रीकरणम् m.inf. to cause to ascend to the height of a flagstaff; hence, to render a person liable to general reproach by abusing him. alami-kūṭu अलीम-कूटु&below; । ध्वजदण्डम् m. a flagstaff. -pōsh पोश् । पताकोर्ध्ववस्त्रम् m. the same as alampōsh.(Kashmiri)

पतक्या patakyā m (पतक) The officer commanding a पतक or body of horse. 2 sometimes पतकी m A subordinate and hereditary officer in the customs. पतक pataka n m A body of horse; about a hundred, and generally under an independent chieftain. 2 The office or business of पतकी. (Marathi)

पताका patākā f (S) sometimes पताक f A small flag or banner. 2 An emblem carried as an ensign or banner, a symbol. (Marathi)

patākā f. ʻ flag ʼ MBh. 2. paṭākā -- f. lex. 3. *phaṭākā -- . [Prob. ← a non -- Aryan word containing p(h)aṭ aryanized with t EWA ii 200] 1. Pa. patākā -- f. ʻ flag ʼ. 2. Pa. paṭāka -- n., Pk. paḍāga -- m., paḍāyā -- , paḍāiā -- f., mh. paḍāha -- m.; G. paṛāi f. ʻ paper kite ʼ.3. Kal.rumb. phŕā ʻ flag ʼ; Or. phaṛkā (perh. influenced by Or. phaṛa -- phaṛa ʻ with a sudden movement ʼ s.v. *phaṭ -- ).S.kcch. paṛāī f. ʻ paper kite ʼ.(CDIAL 7726) पताका f. (ifc. f(आ).) a flag , pennon , banner , sign ,emblem Br. MBh. Ka1v. &c (°कां- √लभ् or हृ , " to win the palm " Das3. Vcar. ); flagstaf. पताक m. (" flying ") , a flag or banner (perhaps incorrect for °का) (अद्भुत-ब्राह्मण). Paṭāka (nt.) [cp. Sk. paṭāka, connected with paṭa] a flag M i.379; Miln 87; Vism 469; ThA 70. (Pali) *phaṭ1 ʻ sudden movement ʼ. 2. *phaṭṭ -- 1. [Cf. pháṭ interj. ʻ crack! ʼ AV. -- spháṭati ʻ breaks, tears ʼ Dhātup. prob. hyper -- sk. for ph -- ]
1. Ash. paṛakámacrdotdot;ĩ ʻ lightning, flicker ʼ NTS ii 274; S. phaṛphaṛi f. ʻ flapping ʼ, phaṛkaṇu ʻ to tremble, flutter, throb ʼ; P. phaṛphaṛāuṇā ʻ to move convulsively ʼ; B. phaṛ ʻ flapping, explosion ʼ, phaṛphaṛ ʻ flapping ʼ; Or. phaṛaphaṛa ʻ sound of flapping, fluttering, tearing ʼ; H. phaṛphaṛānā ʻ to move convulsively ʼ; G. phaṛ m. ʻ bang ʼ, phaṛphaṛvũ ʻ to flutter ʼ, M. phaḍphaḍṇẽ; -- altern. < *spharati: N. pharpharāunu ʻ to twitch, flutter, flap ʼ; A. pharpharāiba ʻ to tingle ʼ; OAw. pharakaï ʻ throbs ʼ, Mth. pharkab.
2. S. phaṭaṇu ʻ to wound ʼ, phaṭāko m. ʻ cracker ʼ; P. phāṭṭṇā ʻ to beat ʼ, phaṭakṇā ʻ to winnow ʼ, phaṭkārṇā ʻ to shake ʼ; Ku. phaṭakṇo ʻ to winnow, fan ʼ,(CDIAL 9038)

Dhaja [Sk. dhvaja, cp. Ohg. tuoh "cloth" (fr. *dwōko)] a flag, banner; mark, emblem, sign, symbol Vin i.306 (titthiya˚: outward signs of); ii.22 (gihi˚); S i.42; ii.280; A ii. 51; iii.84 sq. (panna˚); M i.139 (id.); A iii.149 (dhamma); J i.52 (+patākā); VvA 173 (id.); J i.65 (arahad ˚;)Th i.961; J v.49=Miln 221; J v.509; vi.499; Nd1 170; Vv 361, 6428 (subhāsita˚=dhamma˚ VvA 284); Dhs 1116, 1233; Vism 469 (+paṭȧka, in comparison); PvA 282; VvA 31, 73; Miln 21; Sdhp 428, 594. Cp. also panna.
-- agga the top of a standard S i.219; A iii.89 sq.; Pug 67, 68; Vism 414 (˚paritta). -- ālu adorned with flags Th 1, 164=J ii.334 (: dhajasampanna Com.); -- āhaṭa won under or by the colours, taken as booty, captured Vin iii.139, 140; Vism 63. -- baddha captured (=˚āhaṭa) Vin i.74 (cora).Dhajinī (f.) [Sk. dhvajinī, f. to adj. dhvajin] "bearing a standard," i. e. an army, legion Sn 442 (=senā SnA 392).(Pali) ध्वज dhvaja m (S) pop. ध्वजा f A flag, an ensign, a banner. ध्वज लावणें To signalize one's self by feats of valor, display of learning &c.: also to become infamously notorious. (Marathi)

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Mohenjo-daro seal decipherment one-horned young bull + text message: smelter, mint-master, merchant, supercargo

March 14, 2018, 8:07 pm

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≪ Previous: Orthography, semantics of Indus Script sign design confirms use of Meluhha pronunciations which signify dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelters'

https://tinyurl.com/y97j39cs

I suggest that the young bull hieroglyph/hypertext is read rebus as:  कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'

This hypothesis is tested and validated with some ancient etyma of Meluhha words in Bhāratīya sprachbund.

Hypertext kō̃da'young bull, with one horn' signifies payĕn-kō̃da wôlu पयन्-कोँद 'metal smelter'

payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü ; । परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषा f. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ ञ । परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace. (Kashmiri)pácana n. ʻ means for cooking ʼ RV., pacanikā -- f. ʻ frying pan ʼ lex. [√pac]Pa. pacana -- n. ʻ cooking ʼ, Pk. payaṇa -- , °ṇaga -- n. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; L.awāṇ. paeṇī ʻ a partic. measure ʼ; N. paini ʻ earthen vessel in which rice -- spirit is distilled ʼ; G. peṇɔ m. ʻ large frying pan ʼ, °ṇī f. ʻ small do. ʼ. (CDIAL 7651) kándu f. ʻ iron pot ʼ Suśr., °uka -- m. ʻ saucepan ʼ.Pk. kaṁdu -- , kaṁḍu -- m.f. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; K. kō̃da f. ʻ potter's kiln, lime or brick kiln ʼ; -- ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ. -- Deriv. Pk. kaṁḍua -- ʻ sweetseller ʼ (< *kānduka -- ?); H. kã̄dū m. ʻ a caste that makes sweetmeats ʼ.  (CDIAL 2726) *kandukara ʻ worker with pans ʼ. [kdu -- , kará -- 1] K. kã̄dar, kã̄duru dat. °daris m. ʻ baker ʼ.(CDIAL 2728) kāndavika m. ʻ baker ʼ Pañcad. [kándu -- ]Pk. kaṁdaviya -- , °dōiya -- , °duia -- (u from kaṁdua -- ) m. ʻ sweetmeat seller ʼ; G. kãdoī m. ʻ confectioner ʼ.Addenda: kāndavika -- : S.kcch. kandhoyo m. ʻ confectioner ʼ(CDIAL 3034)

kã̄dur m. ʻovenʼ; kō̃da f. ʻpotter's kiln, lime or brick kilnʼ (Kashmiri) Phonetic variant of kã̄dur m. ʻovenʼ seems to link to an early phonetic form of kō̃da to signify a smelter's kiln as defined in the expression: .payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद 'melting in a smelter'.

This early form kō̃da 'kiln, furnace' is rebus reading of the one-horned young bull pictorial motif on Indus Script which is read as:  कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner'. Consistent with the semantics of kō̃da 'smelter's kiln', the one-horned young bull may be read rebus:  कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus:  कोंद kōnda 'kiln, smelting furnace.' Thus, the field symbols signifier a smelter. The semantic determinative hieroglyphs often signified on the pictorial motif are: khōṇḍī 'pannier sack'खोंडी (p. 216) [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा ; koḍiya'rings on neck', 'young bull' koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.
Image result for young bull indus script

Image result for young bull indus script

Mohenjo-daro seal

Rakhigarhi. One-horned young bull, sealing.

Decipherment of Mohenjo-daro seal: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'. kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo'.A supercargo (from Spanish sobrecargo) is a person employed on board a vessel by the owner of cargo carried on the ship.
vartaka 'duck' rebus: vartaka 'merchant'
kolmo 'rice-plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting', thus, dul kolimi, metalocasting smithy,forge.
ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin rebus: kammaṭa'mint, coiner, coinage'.
Thus, ayo kammaṭa, a'lloy metal mint'. The message is: supercargo, merchant, alloy metal mint.

kõdā खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus 1: kọ̆nḍu or konḍu । कुण्डम् m. a hole dug in the ground for receiving consecrated fire (Kashmiri) Rebus 2: A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297). kunda 'wealth, nidhi of Kubera' kundaṇa 'fine gold'.

vartaka = a duck (Skt.) batak = a duck (Gujarati) vartikā quail (Rigveda) baṭṭai quail (Nepalese) vártikā f. ʻ quail ʼ RV. 2. vārtika -- m. lex. Rebus: वर्तक a [p= 925,2] mfn. who or what abides or exists , abiding , existing , living W.; n. a sort of brass or steel L. *varta2 ʻ circular object ʼ or more prob. ʻ something made of metal ʼ, cf. vartaka -- 2 n. ʻ bell -- metal, brass ʼ lex. and vartalōha -- . [√vr̥t?]Pk. vaṭṭa -- m.n., °aya -- m. ʻ cup ʼ; Ash. waṭāˊk ʻ cup, plate ʼ; K. waṭukh, dat. °ṭakas m. ʻ cup, bowl ʼ; S. vaṭo m. ʻ metal drinking cup ʼ; N. bāṭā, ʻ round copper or brass vessel ʼ; A. bāṭi ʻ cup ʼ; B. bāṭā ʻ box for betel ʼ; Or. baṭā ʻ metal pot for betel ʼ, bāṭi ʻ cup, saucer ʼ; Mth. baṭṭā ʻ large metal cup ʼ, bāṭī ʻ small do. ʼ, H. baṭṛī f.; G. M. vāṭī f. ʻ vessel ʼ.*aṅkavarta -- , *kajjalavarta -- , *kalaśavarta -- , *kṣāṇavartaka -- , *cūrṇavarta -- , parṇavartikā -- , *hiṅgulavarta -- .Addenda: *varta -- 2: Md. vař ʻ circle ʼ (vař -- han̆du ʻ full moon ʼ).(CDIAL 11347) vartana

वर्तन a. [वृत्-ल्यु ल्युट् वा] 1 Abiding, living, staying, being &c. -2 Stationary. -नः A dwarf. -नी 1 A road, way. -2 Living, life. -3 Pounding, grinding. -4 Sen- ding off, despatching. -5 A spindle. -नम् 1 Living, being. -2 Staying, abiding, residing. -3 Action, mo- vement, mode or manner of living; स्मरसि च तदुपान्तेष्वावयो- र्वर्तनानि U.1.26; (the word may here mean 'abode or residence', also). -4 Living on, subsisting (at the end of comp.). -5 Livelihood, maintenance, subsistence; तैरेवास्य कलेः कलेवरपुषोव दैनंदिनं वर्तनम् Bv.1.13. -6 Turning round, revolving. -7 Rolling on, moving about. -8 Appointing. -9 A means of subsistence, profession, occupation. -1 Conduct, behaviour, proceeding. -11 Wages, salary, hire. -12 Commerce, traffic. -13 A spindle. -14 A globe, ball. -15 Application of; colo- uring; निहितमलक्तवर्तनाभिताम्रम् Ki.1.42. -16 An often- told word. -17 Decoction. -Comp. -विनियोगः sala- ry, wages.

(Apte)

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Semantic design feature of Indus Script cipher. Wealth accounting ledger sã̄gah, 'catalogue' categories: kunda, 'nidhi', kammaṭa, 'mint'

March 15, 2018, 5:02 am

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https://tinyurl.com/y946sjg5

This monograph details the semantic design feature of Indus Script cipher. The monograph is presented in the following sections:

Section 1. Standard device of Indus Script signifies sã̄gah 'catalogue'

Section 2. Semantic structure of Bhāratīya sprachbund (speech union) Meluhha words and expressions signified by hypertext 'standard device' components

Section 3. Some examples without 'standard device' in front of one-horned young bull

Section 4. Decipherment of सांगड sāṅgaḍa सांगडी sāṅgaḍī 'joined animal parts' on Indus Script hypertext

Section 5. Decipherment of Mohenjodaro seal m0008

Section 6. Example 1 -- Hypertext kō̃da 'young bull, with one horn' signifies payĕn-kō̃da wôlu पयन्-कोँद 'metal smelter'

Section 7. Example 2 -- Hypertext kō̃da 'young bull, with one horn' signifies payĕn-kō̃da wôlu पयन्-कोँद 'metal smelter'

Section 1. Standard device of Indus Script signifies signifies sã̄gah 'catalogue'

The 'standard device' of Indus Script Corpora signifies catalogue of wealth accounting categories: kunda, 'nidhi', kammaṭa, 'mint'.

The 'standard device' is

1. a pair of hieroglyph components; the components are:
2.lathe;and
3.portable furnace.

m0008

Figure C is a line drawing based on Mohenjo-daro seal 'standard device' on inscription m0008

1. सांगड sãgaḍ 'a composite formed of two parts'

2. kunda 'lathe'

3. kammaṭa 'portable furnace'.

Line drawings

kunda 'lathe'

kammaṭa 'portable furnace'. The dotted circle on the;crucible of the portable furnace is also a hypertext. A dotted circle hieroglyph is a cross-section of a strand of rope: S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. Rebus: dhāˊtu n. ʻsubstance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour)ʼ; dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ(Marathi) धवड [ dhavaḍa ] m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron (Marathi).

Thus, the hypertext of the 'standard device' has three signifiers:

1. सांगड sãgaḍ 'a composite formed of two parts';
2. kunda'lathe'
3. kammaṭa 'portable furnace'.

In accordance with the semantic design feature Indus Script cipher, the Meluhha rebus readings are:

1. Hieroglyph: सांगड sãgaḍ 'a composite formed of two parts'Rebus: sã̄gah 'catalogue'
2. Hieroglyph: kunda 'lathe' कुन्द 'a turner's lathe L.' Rebus: कुन्द kunda 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures (N. of a गुह्यक Gal. ) L.''the number " nine " W.' कुन्द--कर 'a turner'.
3.Hieroglyph: kammaṭa 'portable furnace'Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236)

Section 2. Semantic structure of Bhāratīya sprachbund (speech union) Meluhha words and expressions signified by hypertext 'standard device' components

Hypertext: सांगड  sāṅgaḍa सांगडी  sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगड्या  sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. (Marathi) M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼl saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ]Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s° ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; Ku. sĩgāṛ m. ʻ doorframe ʼ; N. saṅār, siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ; Or. saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ; Bi. sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ; H. sĩghāṛā m. ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ; G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ(CDIAL 12859)

जांगड  jāṅgaḍa n A contemptuous form of the word जांग, The thigh. (Marathi) jáṅghā f. ʻ shank (ankle to knee) ʼ RV., ratha -- jaṅghā -- f. ʻ part of a chariot ʼ lex. Pa. jaṅghā -- f., Pk. jaṁghā -- f.; Gy. eur. čang, pl. °ga f. ʻ thigh, knee ʼ; Paš. ǰaṅá̃̄, āl -- ǰaṅgṓ ʻ plough handle ʼ; Tor. ǰāṅ ʻ calf of leg ʼ; K. zang f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. j̄aṅgha f.; L. jaṅgh, (Ju.) j̄ãgh f. ʻ leg (from hip down) ʼ; P. jaṅghf. ʻ thigh ʼ; WPah. bhal. j̈haṅg f. ʻ leg ʼ, bhad. zhaṅg f.; Ku. jāṅ f. ʻ thigh ʼ, gng. j̈āṅaṛ; N. jã̄gh, jāṅ ʻ hip, thigh ʼ; A. zāṅ ʻ leg ʼ; B. jāṅ, jāṅi ʻ thigh, leg ʼ; Or. jaṅgha ʻ thighs and hips ʼ, °ghā ʻ calf of leg ʼ; Mth. jã̄gh ʻ thigh ʼ, Bhoj. jāṅh, Aw. lakh. jã̄gh; H. jã̄gh, jã̄g f. ʻ thigh ʼ, jã̄gar m. ʻ thigh and leg ʼ; G. jã̄g(h) f. ʻ thigh ʼ, M. j̈ã̄g(h) f., Ko. jã̄ṅga f.; Si. dan̆gaya ʻ calf of leg ʼ.jaṅghāla -- , *jaṅghiya -- , *jāṅgha -- , jāṅghika -- ; *ujjaṅghura -- .Addenda: jáṅghā -- : S.kcch. jaṅgh f. ʻ thigh ʼ, Garh. jã̄gṛu.(CDIAL 5082)

जांगड  jāṅgaḍa f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken. 3 Linking together (of beasts): joining or attaching (as a scholar to a superior one, in order to learn). v घाल, कर. Also the state, linkedness, co-yokedness, attachment, association. जांगड jāṅgaḍa ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop.

sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati). jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati)  The mercantile agents who were jangadiyo received goods on jangad 'entrusted for approval'. An ancient Near East accounting system was jangaḍ. The system of jangaḍ simply meant 'goods on approval' with the agent -- like the Meluhhan merchant-agents or brokers living in settlements in ancient near East -- merely responsible for showing the goods to the intended buyers. సంగడము (p. 1272) saṅgaḍamu sangaḍamu. [from Skt. సంగతమ్.] n. Dumb-bells, సాముచేయువారు తిప్పేలోడు. Help, assistance, aid, సహాయము. Friendship, జత, స్నేహము. Meeting, చేరిక. Nearness, సమీపము. A retinue, పరిచారము. Service, సేవ. An army, సేన. "అనవుడు వాడునగుచు నీవిక్రమంబునకు నా వెరపు సంగడంబుగాదె." M. VII. iv. 59. "ఉ అంచెలుగట్టి కాలి తొడుసైచనననీవుగదమ్మప్రోదిరా, యంచలివేటి సంగడములయ్యెను." Swa. v. 72. Trouble, annoyance, ౛ం౛ాటము, సంకటము. సంగడమువాడు sangaḍamu-vāḍu. n. A friend or companion. చెలికాడు, నేస్తకాడు. సంగడి sangaḍi. n. A couple, pair, జంట జత. Friendship, స్నేహము. A friend, a fellow, a playmate, నేస్తకాడు. A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side.

Rebus: सं-ग्रह a compendium , summary , catalogue , list , epitome , abridgment , short statement (एण or आत् , " shortly " , " summarily " , " in few words ") (कठ-उपनिषद्. MBh. &c)(Monier-Williams)saṁgraha m. ʻ collection ʼ Mn., ʻ holding together ʼ MBh. [√grah]Pa. saṅgaha -- m. ʻ collection ʼ, Pk. saṁgaha -- m.; Bi. sã̄gah ʻ building materials ʼ; Mth. sã̄gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ, Bhoj. har -- sã̄ga; H. sãgahā ʻ collection of materials (e.g. for building) ʼ; <-> Si. san̆gaha ʻ compilation ʼ ← Pa.*saṁgrahati ʻ collects ʼ see sáṁgr̥hṇāti. (CDIAL 12852)sáṁgr̥hṇāti ʻ seizes ʼ RV. 2. *saṁgrahati. 3. saṁgrāhayati ʻ causes to be taken hold of, causes to be comprehended ʼ BhP. [√grah]1. Pa. saṅgaṇhāti ʻ collects ʼ, Pk. saṁgiṇhaï; Or. saṅghenibā ʻ to take with, be accompanied by ʼ.2. Pa. fut. saṅgahissati, pp. saṅgahita -- ; Pk. saṁgahaï ʻ collects, chooses, agrees to ʼ; Si. han̆ginavā ʻ to think ʼ, hän̆genavā, än̆g° ʻ to be convinced, perceive ʼ, han̆gavanavā, an̆g° ʻ to make known ʼ.3. Or. saṅgāibā ʻ to keep ʼ.*saṁgōpayati ʻ hides ʼ. [Cf. saṁgupta -- ʻ well hidden ʼ MBh., saṁgōpana -- n. ʻ concealment ʼ Pañcat. -- √gup] Pa. saṅgōpēti ʻ guards ʼ; Pk. saṁgōvēi ʻ hides ʼ, caus. saṁgōvāvaï; Si. san̆gavanavā, ha° ʻ to cause to be hidden ʼ. (CDIAL 12850)

Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold.(DEDR 1725)

kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1] N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi. kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m.(CDIAL 3295) kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1]A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ. (CDIAL 3297)

kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī, °dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)

*kuṇḍaka ʻ husks, bran ʼ.Pa. kuṇḍaka -- m. ʻ red powder of rice husks ʼ; Pk. kuṁḍaga -- m. ʻ chaff ʼ; N. kũṛo ʻ boiled grain given as fodder to buffaloes ʼ, kunāuro ʻ husk of lentils ʼ (for ending cf. kusāuro ʻ chaff of mustard ʼ); B. kũṛā ʻ rice dust ʼ; Or. kuṇḍā ʻ rice bran ʼ; M. kũḍā, kõ° m. ʻ bran ʼ; Si. kuḍu ʻ powder of paddy &c. ʼAddenda: kuṇḍaka -- in cmpd. kaṇa -- kuṇḍaka -- Arthaś.(CDIAL 3267)

kuṇḍa3 n. ʻ clump ʼ e.g. darbha -- kuṇḍa -- Pāṇ. [← Drav. (Tam. koṇṭai ʻ tuft of hair ʼ, Kan. goṇḍe ʻ cluster ʼ, &c.) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 374]Pk. kuṁḍa -- n. ʻ heap of crushed sugarcane stalks ʼ; WPah. bhal. kunnū m. ʻ large heap of a mown crop ʼ; N. kunyũ ʻ large heap of grain or straw ʼ, baṛ -- kũṛo ʻ cluster of berries ʼ(CDIAL 3266)

kuṇḍá1 n. (RV. in cmpd.) ʻ bowl, waterpot ʼ KātyŚr., ʻ basin of water, pit ʼ MBh. (semant. cf. kumbhá -- 1), °ḍaka -- m.n. ʻ pot ʼ Kathās., °ḍī -- f. Pāṇ., °ḍikā -- f. Up. 2. *gōṇḍa -- . [← Drav., e.g. Tam. kuṭam, Kan. guṇḍi, EWA i 226 with other ʻ pot ʼ words s.v. kuṭa -- 1]1. Pa. kuṇḍi -- , °ḍikā -- f. ʻ pot ʼ; Pk. kuṁḍa -- , koṁ° n. ʻ pot, pool ʼ, kuṁḍī -- , °ḍiyā -- f. ʻ pot ʼ; Kt. kuṇi ʻ pot ʼ, Wg. kuṇḍäˊi; Pr. künǰúdotdot; ʻ water jar ʼ; Paš. weg. kuṛã̄ ʻ clay pot ʼ < *kũṛā IIFL iii 3, 98 (or poss. < kuṭa -- 1), lauṛ. kuṇḍalīˊ ʻ bucket ʼ; Gaw. kuṇḍuṛīˊ ʻ milk bowl, bucket ʼ; Kal. kuṇḍṓk ʻ wooden milk bowl ʼ; Kho. kúṇḍuk, °ug ʻ milk bowl ʼ, (Lor.) ʻ a kind of platter ʼ; Bshk. kūnḗċ ʻ jar ʼ (+?); K. kŏnḍ m. ʻ metal or earthenware vessel, deep still spring ʼ, kọ̆nḍu m. ʻ large cooking pot ʼ, kunāla m. ʻ earthenware vessel with wide top and narrow base ʼ; S. kunu m. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, °no m. ʻ earthen churning pot ʼ, °nī f. ʻ earthen cooking pot ʼ, °niṛo m.; L. kunnã̄ m. ʻ tub, well ʼ, °nī f. ʻ wide -- mouthed earthen cooking pot ʼ, kunāl m. ʻ large shallow earthen vessel ʼ; P. kū̃ḍā m. ʻ cooking pot ʼ (← H.), kunāl, °lā m., °lī f., kuṇḍālā m. ʻ dish ʼ; WPah. cam. kuṇḍ ʻ pool ʼ, bhal. kunnu n. ʻ cistern for washing clothes in ʼ; Ku. kuno ʻ cooking pot ʼ, kuni, °nelo ʻ copper vessel ʼ; B. kũṛ ʻ small morass, low plot of riceland ʼ, kũṛi ʻ earthen pot, pipe -- bowl ʼ; Or. kuṇḍa ʻ earthen vessel ʼ, °ḍā ʻ large do. ʼ, °ḍi ʻ stone pot ʼ; Bi. kū̃ṛ ʻ iron or earthen vessel, cavity in sugar mill ʼ, kū̃ṛā ʻ earthen vessel for grain ʼ; Mth. kũṛ ʻ pot ʼ, kū̃ṛā ʻ churn ʼ; Bhoj. kũṛī ʻ vessel to draw water in ʼ; H. kū̃ḍ f. ʻ tub ʼ, kū̃ṛā m. ʻ small tub ʼ, kū̃ḍā m. ʻ earthen vessel to knead bread in ʼ, kū̃ṛī f. ʻ stone cup ʼ; G. kũḍ m. ʻ basin ʼ, kũḍī f. ʻ water jar ʼ; M. kũḍ n. ʻ pool, well ʼ, kũḍā m. ʻ large openmouthed jar ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Si. ken̆ḍiya, keḍ° ʻ pot, drinking vessel ʼ.2. N. gũṛ ʻ nest ʼ (or ← Drav. Kan. gūḍu ʻ nest ʼ, &c.: see kulāˊya -- ); H. gõṛā m. ʻ reservoir used in irrigation ʼ.*gōkuṇḍikā -- , taílakuṇḍa -- , *madhukuṇḍikā -- , *rakṣākuṇḍaka -- ; -- kuṇḍa -- 2?Addenda: kuṇḍa -- 1: S.kcch. kūṇḍho m. ʻ flower -- pot ʼ, kūnnī f. ʻ small earthen pot ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kv́ṇḍh m. ʻ pit or vessel used for an oblation with fire into which barley etc. is thrown ʼ; J. kũḍ m. ʻ pool, deep hole in a stream ʼ; Brj. kū̃ṛo m., °ṛī f. ʻ pot ʼ.(CDIAL 3264)

कुण्ड a vessel for coals R. v , 10 , 16 &c; a round hole in the ground (for receiving and preserving water or fire cf. अग्नि-कुण्ड) , pit , well , spring or basin of water (especially consecrated to some holy purpose or person) MBh. R. &c; n. [अस् m. L. ] , a bowl-shaped vessel , basin , bowl , pitcher , pot , water-pot Ka1tyS3r. MBh. &c (Monier-Williams) Ta. kuṭṭam depth, pond; kuṭṭai pool, small pond; kuṇṭam deep cavity, pit, pool; kuṇṭu depth, hollow, pond, manure-pit. Ma. kuṇṭam, kuṇṭu what is hollow and deep, hole, pit. Ka. kuṇḍa, koṇḍa, kuṇṭe pit, pool, pond; guṇḍa hollowness and deepness; guṇḍi hole, pit, hollow, pit of the stomach; guṇḍige pit of the stomach; guṇḍitu, guṇḍittu that is deep; guṇpu, gumpu, gumbu depth, profundity, solemnity, secrecy. Koḍ. kuṇḍïpit; kuṇḍitere manure-pit. Tu. kuṇḍa a pit; koṇḍa pit, hole; guṇḍi abyss, gulf, great depth; gumpu secret, concealed. Te. kuṇṭa, guṇṭa pond, pit; kuṇḍu cistern; guṇḍamu fire-pit; (Inscr.) a hollow or pit in the dry bed of a stream; gunta pit, hollow, depression. Kol. (Pat., p. 115) gunḍi deep. Nk. ghuṇḍik id. Pa. guṭṭa pool. Go. (A.) kunṭa id. (Voc. 737). Konḍa guṭa pit, hollow in the ground. Kui kuṭṭ a large pit (Chandrasekhar, Trans. Linguistic Circle Delhi 1958, p. 2). Kuwi (S.) guntomi pit; (Isr.) kuṇḍi pond. Cf. 1818 Ta. kur̤al and 2082 Kur. xoṇḍxā. / Cf. Skt. kuṇḍa- round hole in ground (for water or sacred fire), pit, well, spring.(DEDR 1669)

Section 3. Some examples without 'standard device' in front of one-horned young bull

Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)

Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf.

Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving.

Text of inscription

karṇaka, kanka'rim of jar' rebus: karṇika 'scribe, account'karṇī 'supercargo'

loa'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh'copper, iron,metal'

Section 4. Decipherment of सांगड sāṅgaḍa सांगडी sāṅgaḍī 'joined animal parts' on Indus Script hypertext

The semantics of सांगड sāṅgaḍa सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together is realized by combining hieroglyphs of animal body parts as shown in the following example.

Image result for bharatkalyan97 young bull rim of jar ficus

Seal.National Museum, Delhi. No.135 konda 'young bull' rebus: konda 'smelter furnace' kundana 'fine gold' kunda 'a nidhi of Kubera'. barat, barad, 'ox' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi). Text of inscription: ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' aya 'iron' (Gujarati) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fin' (Lahnda) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236).

Thus, the message is: Products from mint: fine gold and mixed alloys. The goods from the smelter are documented for invoicing on jangaḍ 'approval basis'.

The Meluhha word which explains 'joined animals' signified on the seal is: sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together (Marathi) Rebus: Marathi. sãgaḍ m.f. ʻfloat made of two canoes joined togetherʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), Si. han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻdouble canoe, raftʼ. [Other rebus reading alternatives are: sáṁgata 'united, union'; sāṅga ʻcompany, companion'; saṁghātá 'adamantine glue' as in expression vajra saṁghātá; sangara 'proclamation'; S سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments. Pl. سنګرونه sangarūnah (Pashto)]. Allographs are: 1. Lathe: sãghāṛɔ m. ʻlathe' (Gujarati) sã̄gāḍī f. ʻlatheʼ (Marathi)(CDIAL 12859) 2. Fire-pan: san:ghāḍo, saghaḍī (G.) = firepan; saghaḍī, śaghaḍi = a pot for holding fire (G.)[cula_ sagaḍi_ portable hearth (G.)] aguḍe = brazier (Tu.) Thus, the two allographs are: Meluhha speech variants of san:gaḍa, ‘lathe, portable furnace’.

Section 5. Decipherment of Mohenjodaro seal m0008

m008 Mohenjodaro seal. Text of inscription: Hieroglyph: koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'. käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'ʼVikalpa: bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of .iron, bhaṭa 'furnace'. PLUS muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali).

Thus, the hypertext message is:sã̄gah kuṭhāru käti muka bhaṭa 'Smelter Metalwork catalogue warehouse, wheelwright, ingot furnace'. The goods from the smelter are documented for invoicing on jangaḍ 'approval basis'.

bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj]Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭāʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭām. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ.(CDIAL 9656)

Hieroglyph composite of the animal pictorial motif: 1. bullcalf, 2. horn/branch of a tree, 3. pannier

1. खोंड [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf.
2. கோடு² kōṭu Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21). [K. kōḍu.] Branch of a tree; மரக்கொம்பு. (பிங்.) 8. Body of a lute; யாழ்த்தண்டு. மகர யாழின் வான்கோடு தழீஇ (மணி. 4, 56).
3. खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood.

Rebus: 1. turner 2. brass-worker 3. engraver (writer) 4. kō̃da कोँद metal smelter.

Section 6. Example 1 --Hypertext kō̃da 'young bull, with one horn' signifies payĕn-kō̃da wôlu पयन्-कोँद 'metal smelter'

kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali). kũdar ‘brass-worker, turner’.

खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal (Marathi).

खोदकाम [ khōdakāma ] n Sculpture; carved work or work for the carver. खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work. கொத்து¹-தல் kottu-, 5 v. tr. cf. kuṭṭ. [K. M. kottu.] . To carve, engrave; எழுத்து
முதலியன செதுக்குதல்.(DEDR 2091 Ma. kottuka to dig, carve; Te. kondu to mince, cut or chop into small pieces; Malt. kothke to peck or strike with the beak, sear with a hot iron; Nk. gondip- to tattoo).

saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s° ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; Ku. sĩgāṛ m. ʻ doorframe ʼ; N. saṅār, siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ; Or. saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ; Bi. sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ; H. sĩghāṛā m. ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ; G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.Addenda: saṁghāṭa -- : Md. an̆goḷi ʻ junction ʼ?saṁghāṭayati ʻ joins together ʼ Sarvad., ʻ causes to collect ʼ Kathās. [√ghaṭ] Or. saṅghāṛibā ʻ to mix up many materials, stir boiling curry, tie two cattle together and leave to graze ʼ.(CDIAL 12859, 12860) जंगडी or जंगड (p. 176) jaṅgaḍī or jaṅgaḍa f Strong attachment; inseparableness (esp. among animals) of them that have always been yoked together. Hence close or thick friendship; close confederation or concert. जंगी (p. 176) jaṅgī f (Commonly जंगडी) Close attachment &c. जांगल (p. 183) jāṅgala f Linking together &c. See जांगड Sig. III. saṁghaṭayati ʻ strikes (a musical instrument) ʼ R., ʻ joins together ʼ Kathās. [√ghaṭ]Pa. saṅghaṭita -- ʻ pegged together ʼ; Pk. saṁghaḍia<-> ʻ joined ʼ, caus. saṁghaḍāvēi; M. sã̄gaḍṇẽ ʻ to link together ʼ. Addenda: saṁghaṭayati: A. sāṅoriba (phonet. x -- ) ʻ to yoke together ʼ AFD 333, sāṅor (phonet. x -- ) ʻ yoking together ʼ 223.(CDIAL 12855)

जांगला or जांगळा (p. 183) jāṅgalā or jāṅgaḷā a (जंगल) A contemptuous or careless epithet for an European.

Marathi: सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.

సంకరము (p. 1269) saṅkaramu sankaramu [Skt.] n. Mixing, blending. సంకలనము (p. 1269) saṅkalanamu san-kalanamu. [Skt.] n. Addition in Arithmetic, సంఖ్యలనుకూర్చుట. సంకలితము ṣankalitamu. adj. That which is added. Added together, as a figure, కూర్పబడిన (సంఖ్య.)

सांगडणी [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of सांगडणें) Linking or joining

together.

सांगडणें [ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals). 2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto.

Rebus 1: जांगड (p. 183) jāṅgaḍa f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken. 3 Linking together (of beasts): joining or attaching (as a scholar to a superior one, in order to learn). v घाल, कर. Also the state, linkedness, co-yokedness, attachment, association. जांगड (p. 183) jāṅgaḍa ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop.  शाखोट (p. 463) śākhōṭa a P (साख) Creditable or credible; trustworthy or true;--as a person or a statement. Rebus 2: जांगड [ jāṅgaḍa ] or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken.Rebus 3: sangaḍa 'a cargo boat'. Rebus 4: sangar̥h 'proclamation'. Rebus 5: sangar 'trade'.

sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ (M.)(CDIAL 12859)  سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments.(Pashto)

sā̃gāḍo, sãgaḍa(lathe/portable furnace) సంగడి sangaḍi. n. A couple, pair (Telugu) Rebus: 1. sãngatarāsu ‘stone-cutter, stone-carver’. संगतराश lit. ‘to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason.’ (Hindi)  sanghāḍo (G.) cutting stone, gilding (Gujarati) 2. sangara [fr. saŋ+gṛ] promise, agreement J iv.105, 111, 473; v.25, 479 (Pali) 3. jangaḍ  id. (Hindi. Gujarati.Marathi)

Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. (Allograph) Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati)

Sangar 'fortification', Afghanistan (evoking the citadels and fortifications at hundreds of archaeological sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization).

saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ (Prakrit)(CDIAL 12859) సంగడి sangaḍi. n. A couple, pair (Telugu) cf. Pairing of two hieroglyphs into a composite ‘standard device’ (as shown in the diagram below).with two distinct components: lathe (gimlet) and (portable) furnace both denoted by lexeme:sangaḍ The word is read rebus for jangaḍ ‘good entrusted on approval basis’.

sãgaḍ ʻfloat made of two canoes joined togetherʼ (Marathi) (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tamil. śaṅgaḍam, Tulu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ) Si. san̆gaḷa ʻpairʼ, han̆guḷa, ang° ʻdouble canoe, raftʼ (CDIAL 12859). saṅghātanika -- in cmpd. ʻbinding togetherʼ (Pali)(CDIAL 12863).

సంగడి A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side (Telugu)சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam, n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.) cf. Orthographic technic on ancient Near East artifacts such as seals: Paired hieroglyphs, example: of two bulls, two buffaloes, two tigers, two antelopes.

Jangaḍ or Entrust Receipt is denoted by the 'standard device' hieroglyph read: sangaḍ 'lathe/gimlet, portable furnace'. Note: The meaning of ‘Jangaḍ’ is well-settled in Indian legal system. Jangaḍ means "Goods sent on approval or 'on sale or return'… It is well-known that the Jangaḍ transactions in this country are very common and often involve property of a considerable value." Bombay High Court Emperor vs Phirozshah Manekji Gandhi on 13 June, 1934 Equivalent citations: (1934) 36 BOMLR 731, 152 Ind Cas 706 Source: http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/39008/

Mohenjo-daro seal decipherment one-horned young bull + text message: smelter, mint-master, merchant, supercargo

https://tinyurl.com/y97j39cs

I suggest that the young bull hieroglyph/hypertext is read rebus as:  कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'

This hypothesis is tested and validated with some ancient etyma of Meluhha words in Bhāratīyasprachbund.

Section 7. Example 2 -- Hypertext kō̃da 'young bull, with one horn' signifies payĕn-kō̃da wôlu पयन्-कोँद 'metal smelter'

payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü ; । परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषा f. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ ञ । परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace. (Kashmiri)pácana n. ʻ means for cooking ʼ RV., pacanikā -- f. ʻ frying pan ʼ lex. [√pac]Pa. pacana -- n. ʻ cooking ʼ, Pk. payaṇa -- , °ṇaga -- n. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; L.awāṇ. paeṇī ʻ a partic. measure ʼ; N. paini ʻ earthen vessel in which rice -- spirit is distilled ʼ; G. peṇɔ m. ʻ large frying pan ʼ, °ṇī f. ʻ small do. ʼ. (CDIAL 7651) kándu f. ʻ iron pot ʼ Suśr., °uka -- m. ʻ saucepan ʼ.Pk. kaṁdu -- , kaṁḍu -- m.f. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; K. kō̃da f. ʻ potter's kiln, lime or brick kiln ʼ; -- ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ. -- Deriv. Pk. kaṁḍua -- ʻ sweetseller ʼ (< *kānduka -- ?); H. kã̄dū m. ʻ a caste that makes sweetmeats ʼ.  (CDIAL 2726) *kandukara ʻ worker with pans ʼ. [kdu -- , kará -- 1] K. kã̄dar, kã̄duru dat. °daris m. ʻ baker ʼ.(CDIAL 2728) kāndavika m. ʻ baker ʼ Pañcad. [kándu -- ]Pk. kaṁdaviya -- , °dōiya -- , °duia -- (u from kaṁdua -- ) m. ʻ sweetmeat seller ʼ; G. kãdoī m. ʻ confectioner ʼ.Addenda: kāndavika -- : S.kcch. kandhoyo m. ʻ confectioner ʼ(CDIAL 3034)

kã̄dur m. ʻovenʼ; kō̃da f. ʻpotter's kiln, lime or brick kilnʼ (Kashmiri) Phonetic variant of kã̄dur m. ʻovenʼ seems to link to an early phonetic form of kō̃da to signify a smelter's kiln as defined in the expression: .payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद 'melting in a smelter'.

This early form kō̃da 'kiln, furnace' is rebus reading of the one-horned young bull pictorial motif on Indus Script which is read as:  कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner'. Consistent with the semantics of kō̃da 'smelter's kiln', the one-horned young bull may be read rebus:  कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus:  कोंद kōnda 'kiln, smelting furnace.' Thus, the field symbols signifier a smelter. The semantic determinative hieroglyphs often signified on the pictorial motif are: khōṇḍī 'pannier sack'खोंडी (p. 216) [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा ; koḍiya 'rings on neck', 'young bull' koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.
Image result for young bull indus script

Mohenjo-daro seal

Rakhigarhi. One-horned young bull, sealing.

Decipherment of Mohenjo-daro seal: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, smelter.'. kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇi supercargo'.A supercargo (from Spanish sobrecargo) is a person employed on board a vessel by the owner of cargo carried on the ship.
vartaka 'duck' rebus: vartaka 'merchant'
kolmo 'rice-plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting', thus, dul kolimi, metalocasting smithy,forge.
ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.
Thus, ayo kammaṭa, a'lloy metal mint'. The message is: supercargo, merchant, alloy metal mint.

Sign 83

(Apte)

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Clustering Indus Texts using K-means - Nisha Yadav et al (IJCA, March 2017)

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https://tinyurl.com/y8gr7amt

I will post a separate note emphasising the significance of this brilliant cluster analysis done by Nisha Yadav, Ambuja Salgaonkar and Mayank Vahia (2017).

At the outset, congratulations to Nisha Yadav, Ambuja Salgaonkar, and Mayank Vahia for this lucid, precisely presented, outstanding contribution which validates my decipherment of the Indus Scipt Cipher as a cataloguing, sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts' rebus: samgraha, samgaha 'catalogue, list, arranger, manager' -- an accounting classification of ledgers for wealth accounting during the Tin-Bronze Revolution, 4th millennium BCE.

Namaskaram.

Dr. S. Kalyanaraman, Sarasvati Research Centre

Clustering Indus Texts using K-means

International Journal of Computer Applications

Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA

Volume 162 - Number 1

Year of Publication: 2017

Authors:

Nisha Yadav, Ambuja Salgaonkar, Mayank Vahia

10.5120/ijca2017913207

Citation Nisha Yadav, Ambuja Salgaonkar and Mayank Vahia. Clustering Indus Texts using K-means. International Journal of Computer Applications 162(1):16-21, March 2017

Abstract

One of the most important undeciphered scripts of the ancient world is the Indus script. Earlier studies had focused on the correlations between signs in the Indus texts using various statistical and computational techniques such as N-grams or Markov chains. In the present study, K-means clustering, an unsupervised machine learning technique is used to identify clusters of similar texts without making any assumptions about its content. The technique is effective in extracting significant clusters and patterns in the script. Nine clusters are extracted from this study. The texts in each cluster share a common set of structural elements and are more similar to each other than the texts in other clusters. The clusters, as extracted from the study, reveal inherent patterns due to adjacent and non-adjacent dependencies between signs in the Indus texts. These clusters have definitive patterns in the usage of the signs but are only weakly associated to any archaeological site or medium of writing. The characteristic signature features of each cluster are identified in the study. The study provides a good handle to extract the logic of writing in the Indus script.

References

Jain, A. K. and Dubes, R. C. 1988 Algorithms for Clustering Data. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Han, J., Kamber, M., and Pei, J. 2011 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. San Francisco, California: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Myatt, G. J. and Johnson, W. P. 2009 Making Sense of Data II: A Practical Guide to Data Visualization, Advanced Data Mining Methods, and Applications. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Kenoyer, J. M. 1998 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Possehl, G. L. 2002 The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
Wright, R. P. 2010 The Ancient Indus – Urbanism, Economy and Society. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Vahia, M. N. and Yadav, N. 2011. Reconstructing the History of Harappan Civilisation. Journal of Social Evolution and History. 10, 67 - 86.
Possehl, G. L. 1996 Indus Age: The Writing System. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Mahadevan, I. 2002. Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995-2000). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 8.
Parpola, A. 1994 Deciphering the Indus Script. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Parpola, A. 2005. Study of the Indus Script. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Eastern Studies,Tokyo: The Tôhô Gakkai, , 28-66.
Yadav, N., Vahia, M. N., Mahadevan, I. and Joglekar, H. 2008. A Statistical Approach for Pattern Search in Indus Writing. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. vol. XXXVII, pp. 39-52.
Yadav, N., Vahia, M. N., Mahadevan, I. and Joglekar, H. 2008. Segmentation of Indus Texts. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. vol. XXXVII, pp. 53-72.
Yadav, N., Joglekar, H., Rao, R. P. N, Vahia, M. N., Adhikari, R. and Mahadevan, I. 2010. Statistical Analysis of the Indus Script Using n-grams. PLoS ONE. vol. 5.
Yadav, N. and Salgaonkar, A. 2012. Statistical Studies of the Indus Script. Man and Environment. vol. XXXVII pp. 1-7.
Yadav, N., Salgaonkar, A. and Vahia, M. N. 2014. Computational Techniques for Inferring the Syntax of Un-Deciphered Scripts. International Journal of Computer Science and Applications. Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 50-61.
Yadav, N. 2013. Sensitivity of Indus Script to Site and Type of Object. Scripta, vol. 5, pp. 67-103.
Rao, R. P. N., Yadav, N., Vahia, M. N., Joglekar, H., Adhikari, R. and Mahadevan, I. 2009. A Markov Model of the Indus Script. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. vol. 106, pp. 13685-13690.
Rao, R. P. N., Yadav, N., Vahia, M. N., Joglekar, H., Adhikari, R. and Mahadevan, I. 2009. Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script. Science. vol. 324, p. 1165.
Rao, R. P. N., Yadav, N., Vahia, M. N., Joglekar, H. Adhikari, R. and Mahadevan, I. 2010. Entropy, the Indus Script and Language: A Reply to R. Sproat. Computational Linguistics. vol. 36, pp. 795-805.
Yadav, N. and Vahia, M. N. 2011. Indus Script: A Study of its Sign Design. Scripta, vol. 3, pp. 133-172.
Vahia, M. N. and Yadav, N. 2010. Harappan Geometry and Symmetry: A Study of Geometrical Patterns on Indus Objects. Indian Journal of History of Science. vol. 45, pp. 343-368.
Yadav, N. and Vahia, M. N. 2011. Classification of Patterns on Indus Objects. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. vol. 40, pp. 89-114.
Sinha, S., Yadav, N. and Vahia, M. N. 2011. In Square Circle: Geometric Knowledge of the Indus Civilization. In Math Unlimited: Essays in Mathematics, R. Sujatha, H. N. Ramaswamy and C. S. Yogananda, Eds., ed Enfield: Science Publishers. pp. 451-462.
Mahadevan, I. 1977. The Indus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Index Terms

Computer Science

Information Sciences

Keywords

Indus texts, ancient script, undeciphered script

Full text: http://www.ijcaonline.org/archives/volume162/number1/yadav-2017-ijca-913207.pdf

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Indus Script Scribes kāraṇikā कारणिका document in HTTP the world's first accounting system on 8000+ inscriptions to create wealth of a nation

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Decipherment of Indus Script poses a challenge to historians and students of civilization studies to document the economic history along an Ancient Maritime Tin Route which predated Silk Road by two millennia, creating Arthaśāstra, study of the wealth of a nation. The Tin Route spans -- along the Indian Ocean Rim and Himalayan and Ancient Near Eastern navigable, riverine waterways -- a maritime regime ranging from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel).

Indus Script Scribes are 4th millennium BCE कारणिका arbiters of metalwork wealth-accounting system symbolised by hieroglyph tagarakatabernaemontana leguminous shrub. This tagaraka hieroglyph is documented on a potsherd dated to ca.3300 BCE at Harappa, signifying the world's early writing system for a wealth-acounting system for a hypertext read rebus: tagara kolami'tin smithy, forge'. The signifier of a smithy is a hieroglyph composed of three long linear strokes.

Sign 102 which reads: kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus, smithy, forge is identified as a cluster subset. This cluster subset hieroglyph of Sign 102 'three' explains why tabernae montana hieroglyph is repeated thrice on the porsherd. The larger sets of wealth-creating metalwork are signified by over 100 field symbols which accompany such ciphertexts of accounting category clusters.

These larger sets of over 100 field symbols documented on Indus Script are presented in a separate addendum monograph supported by

1. over 1150 monographs at https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman and

2. over 8000 semantic clusters of Bhāratīya sprachbund (speech union) in Indian Lexicon of over 25+ ancient languages.

3. over 8000 Indus Script inscriptions presented in 3 volumes of Epigraphia Indus Script, Hypertexts and Meanings (2017)

The thesis of this monograph is that Indus Script Scribes are कारणिका teachers, arbiters of metalwork wealth-accounting system. This is demonstrated in the context of the सांगड sāṅgaḍa system of cataloguing which is a 4th millennium BCE innovation of a wealth-accounting ledger entry system to document economic and mercantile transactions.

The underlying sign design principle सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'joined parts' is HTTP hypertext transfer protocol. A hypertext on an Indus Script inscription is composed of hieroglyphs joined together which are classified as both composite 'signs' and composite 'field symbols', for e.g.,: 1. on field symbols with composite animals such as

hieroglyphs of a bovine body with bos indicus (zebu horns), ram (hoofs), cobrahood (tail), elephant trunk, human face, scarfs on neck,; and 2. on texts with hypertexts wich are composite hieroglyphs such as

a water-carrier hieroglyph superscripted by a rim-of-jar hieroglyph.

It is indeed surprising that this design principle of Indus Script of the 4th millennium BCE is the underlying principle of the modern-day internet of things, cryptographic and computing systems with transmissions of overlaid texts, images, voice/video.

This HTTP thesis is elaborated in falsifiable clusters of:

1. semantics of the expression कारणिक a. (-का or -की f.) a teacher MBh. ii , 167. कच्चित्कारणिका धर्मे सर्वशास्त्रेषु कोविदाः Mb.2.5.34.; mfn. (g. काश्य्-ादि) " investigating , ascertaining the cause " , a judge (Pañcatantra)(Monier-Williams); Causal, causativ (Apte)

2. clusters of accounting classifiers of metalwork wealth categories created by śreṇi, guilds of artisans/seafaring-merchants

Introduction of a unique mercantile transaction system of jangaḍa, 'approval basis invoicing' is evidenced by the written ciphertext expressions of 'joined hieroglyphs': sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together.(Marathi). For example, Mohenjo-daro Seal m0296 is a सांगड sāṅgaḍa, 'a hypertext orthograph formed of two or more components linked together'. Rebus: sangraha, sangaha'catalogue, list' Rebus also: sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati). samgraha, samgaha 'catalogue,list, arranger, manager' The earliest documented ledger entry is on a potsherd of Harappa dated in archaeological context by HARP to ca. 3300 BCE.

Harappa potsherd (discovered by Harvard HARP archeaology team). Accounting ledger entry. kolom'three' rebus: kolami'smithy, forge'tagara'tabernae montana' rebus: tagara'tin'. तमर 'tin' (Monier-Williams). Thus,together the hypertext reds: tagara kolami'tin smithy, forge'

The orthography of the hieroglyph repeated thrice on the potsherd signified a leguminous herb, āhulyamआहुल्यम् N. of a leguminous shrub (तगर, तरवट &c.)

तगरक Tabernaemontana coronaria and a fragrant powder prepared from , it (वराह-मिहिर 's बृहत्-संहिता. li)tagara1 n. ʻ the shrub Tabernaemontana coronaria and a fragrant powder obtained from it ʼ Kauś., °aka<-> VarBr̥S. [Cf. sthagara -- , sthakara -- n. ʻ a partic. fragrant powder ʼ TBr.] Pa. tagara -- n., Dhp. takara; Pk. tagara -- , ṭayara -- m. ʻ a kind of tree, a kind of scented wood ʼ; Si. tuvara, tōra ʻ a species of Cassia plant. ʼ(CDIAL 5622)tagaravallī f. ʻ Cassia auriculata ʼ Npr. [tagara -- 1, vallī -- ]Si. tuvaralā ʻ an incense prepared from a species of Tabernaemontana ʼ. (CDIAL 5624) Rebus; Ta. takaram tin, white lead, metal sheet, coated with tin. Ma. takaram tin, tinned iron plate. Ko. tagarm (obl. tagart-) tin. Ka. tagara, tamara, tavara id. Tu. tamarů, tamara, tavara id. Te. tagaramu, tamaramu, tavaramu id. Kuwi (Isr.) ṭagromi tin metal, alloy. / Cf. Skt. tamara- id. (DEDR 3001)

m0296 See:

Unicorn arrives in Mari 2500 BCE from Meluhha, one-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext, jangaḍiyo ‘military guard', kundaṇa 'pure gold'

https://tinyurl.com/y8jozkty

Ten most frequently used signs, (listed in descending order of frequency from left to right).

kanda kanka'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka'fire-trench account, karṇika'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

kanac'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá 1 m. ʻmetal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metalʼ PLUS mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (oval-/rhombus-shaped like a bun-ingot)

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron'ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

khareḍo 'a currycomb' Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) kharādī' turner, a person who fashions or shapes objects on a lathe ' (Gujarati)

Sign 67 khambhaṛā'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa'alloy metalmint'.

kaṇḍa‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khaṇḍa, khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. kanda 'fire-altar'

kolmo'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka'moltencast, copper'arā 'spoke' rebus:āra'brass'.

Duplicated Sign 391 (as on Dholavira signboard) is read as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul'metal casting' of eraka 'moltencast copper', āra 'brass'.

An eleventh sign may be added to the list:

Sign 123 is comparable to Sign 99 'splinter' hieroglyph. kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi.'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, khāṇḍā kuṭhi metalware smelter.

Variants of Sign 293 Sign 293 is a ligature of

Sign 287 'curve' hieroglyph and 'angle' hieroglyph (as seen on lozenge/rhombus/ovalshaped hieroglyphs). The basic orthograph of Sign 287 is signifiedby the semantics of: kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith. Sign 293 may be seen as a ligature of Sign 287 PLUS 'corner' signifier: Thus, kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá 1 m. ʻmetal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metalʼ PLUS kuṭila 'curve' rebus: kuṭila 'bronze/pewter' (Pewter is an alloy that is a variant brass alloy). The reading of Sign 293 is: kanac kuṭila 'pewter'.

I find a surprisingly comparable Indus Script hieroglyphs.

This 'sign' is a semantic expansion of the

Sign 293 'curve +corner' duplicated, i.e. dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kanac kuṭila 'pewter'. May signify pewter casting. Alternative: kaḍī a chain; a hook; a link (G.); kaḍum a bracelet, a ring (G.) Rebus: kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; kaḍiyaṇa, kaḍiyeṇa a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (Gujarati)

h1028

h1029

Identical to h2049

h2049a baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?). Thus, together, furnace ingots

The following 45 clusters of three consecutive signs (triplets) are examples of joined hieroglyph components to create a composite sign or ciphertext. Such 'joined hieroglyphs' exemplify sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together.(Marathi). Seal m0296 is a सांगड sāṅgaḍa, 'a hypertext orthograph formed of two or more components linked together'. Rebus: sangraha, sangaha 'catalogue, list' Rebus also: sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati).

Cluster1

Sign 293 kanac kuṭila 'pewter'; kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace', 'factory';

Sign 123 kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, kuṭhi khāṇḍā smelter metalware.

Sign 343 kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, khāṇḍā karṇī 'metalware supercargo'.

The inscription message:Pewter factory, smelter metalware,metalware supercargo.

Sign 178 is a ligature of 'three short strokes' and 'crook' hieroglyph shown infixed with a circumscript of duplicated four short strokes as in Sign 179

Sign 178 is: kolmo ‘three’ (Mu.); rebus: kolami ‘smithy’ (Telugu.) मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick, horn &c.) and attrib. such a stick, horn, bullock. मेढा [ mēḍhā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ.(Marathi)(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) Together: kolami meḍ 'iron smithy'.

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'.

Sign 169 may be a variant of

Sign 162. Sign kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the composite hypertext of Sign 389 reads: mũhã̄ kolami 'ingot smithy/forge'.

Cluster 2

Sign 12 is kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)

Sign 178 reads: kolami meḍ 'iron smithy'

Sign 389 reads: mũhã̄ kolami 'ingot smithy/forge'.

Sign 15 reads:

Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS

Sign 342 kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'. Thus, the composite hypertext of Sign 15 reads: kuṭhi karṇika 'smelter helmsman/scribe/supercargo'.

Cluster 3

kuṭhi khāṇḍā smelter metalware.

kolami 'smithy/forge' (for)

khaṇḍa kuṭhi 'implements, (from) smelter'.

||| PLUS

Sign 190

Ciphertext 190: Sprouts (in watery field), twigs: kūdī ‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) PLUS gaṇḍa'four' rebus: kaṇḍa'fire-altar'khaṇḍa'implements, metalware'.

||| Number three reads: kolom'three' rebus: kolami'smithy, forge'. Thus,the hypertext of Sign 190 PLUS numeral three reads: kolami khaṇḍa kuṭhi 'smithy/forge (for) implements, (from) smelter'

Variants of Sign 190

h0048 Text of inscription: kolami khaṇḍa kuṭhi 'smithy/forge (for) implements, (from) smelter'

Shortugai, Bactria (Jarrige, 1984) Text of inscription: kolami khaṇḍa kuṭhi 'smithy/forge (for) implements, (from) smelter'. The same expression is a field-ssymbol on B12 set of Mohenjo-daro copper plates (One example out of 205 copper plates;on the reverse tiger PLUS text). kola 'tiger' rebus:kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith'.

B12 set of an example from 205 Mohenjo-daro copper plates

Sign 123 kuṭhi khāṇḍā smelter metalware.

Sign 102 kolomo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'

Togetherwith Sign102 and Sign 190, the pair of hieroglyphs reads: kolami khaṇḍa kuṭhi 'smithy/forge (for) implements, (with) smelter'.

Thus, Sign 123 which occurs in hypertext Cluster 3 is a semantic determinative: that, the products documented and accounted for in samgara, 'catalogue' relate to smithy/forge implements (from) smelter'.

Cluster 4

kanac kuṭila kuṭhi khāṇḍā kolami, 'bell-netal, pewter smelter metalware (for/from) smithy/forge'.

Sign pair of Signs 123, 293 is instructive on the semantics of the hypertext 'slice' PLUS 'notch' hieroglyphs signified by Sign 123 The hypertext reads: kanac kuṭila kuṭhi khāṇḍā 'bell-metal, pewter smelter metalware.'

Sign 293 kanac kuṭila 'pewter'.

Sign 102 kolomo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

Thus, the hypertext of the triplet of Cluster 4 reads: kanac kuṭila kuṭhi khāṇḍā kolami, 'smelter metalware (for/from) smithy/forge'.

Cluster 5

The hypertext reads: ranku kuṭhi kanda kanka 'tin smelter, fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman. PLUS kūdī‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) or kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

ranku'liquid measure' (Santal8i) Rebus: ranku 'tin' (Santali) rango 'pewter'. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali).

raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567)

Sign 169 may be a variant of

Sign 162. Sign kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. If interpreted as a sprout, the reading is: Sprouts (in watery field), twigs: kūdī ‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali)

Sign 342kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman.

Cluster 6

Hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ koḍ dul kāṇḍā 'cast iron workshop'; 'metalcast equipment'.

Variants of Sign 245 Hieroglyph: khaṇḍa'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware' Duplicated Sign 245: dula'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

Sign 25 ciphertext is composed of

Sign 1 and

Sign 86. mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.)Hypertext reads in a constructed Meluhha expression: mē̃ḍ koḍ 'iron workshop'.

Cluster 7

This is Ciphertext comparable to Cluster 6 (without duplication of 'divisions' hieroglyph) PLUS 'notch' hierogglyph:.खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, the hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ koḍ kāṇḍā 'cast iron workshop'; 'equipment, metalware'.

Cluster 8

Cluster 8 is a variant of Cluster 7.mē̃ḍ koḍ kāṇḍā 'cast iron workshop'; 'equipment, metalware'.

Cluster 9

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman. PLUS kolom'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the hypertext of Sign 345 reads: kolami karṇī 'smithy, forge, supercargo'.

This is ciphertext comparable to Cluster 7 (but replacing 'notch' hieroglyph with hypertext 'rim-of-jar'+ infixed three short linearstrokes). The hypertext reads: mē̃ḍ koḍ kāṇḍā 'cast iron workshop; PLUS kolami karṇī 'smithy, forge, supercargo'.

Cluster 10

Sign 99 is sal'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

'notch' hierogglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

Sign 245 Hieroglyph: khaṇḍa'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware'. The hypertext Cluster 10 reads: kāṇḍā sal 'metalware workshop'. Semantic determinative: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

Cluster11

variants of Sign 336

Hypertext of

Sign 336 has hieroglyph components:muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUS

Sign 328 baṭa'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron'bhaṭa'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

Sign 102 variant

Sign 89 kolomo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

Sign 211 'arrow' hieroglyph: kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Thus ciphertext kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ is rebus hypertext kāṇḍa 'excellent iron', khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

Hypertext Cluster 11 reads : (Catalogue accounting ledger entries) -- mū̃h bhaṭa kolami kāṇḍa 'ingot furnace, smithy/forge, metalware'.

Cluster 12

Hypertext of

Sign 267 is composed of rhombus/oval/bun-ingot shape and signifier of 'corner' hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'. Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756)

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Hypertext Cluster 12 reads: mũhã̄ kañcu sal khāṇḍā 'bun ingot, bell-metal workshop, tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

Cluster 13

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

Hypertext Cluster 13 reads: sal ayas khāṇḍā 'workshop, alloy metal, tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

Cluster 14

Hypertext of

Sign 267 is composed of rhombus/oval/bun-ingot shape and signifier of 'corner' hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'. Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756)

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

Sign 211 'arrow' hieroglyph: kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Thus ciphertext kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ is rebus hypertext kāṇḍa 'excellent iron', khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

Hypertext Cluster 15 reads: mũhã̄ 'kañcu 'ayas khāṇḍā 'bun ingot, bell metal, alloy metal, tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

Cluster 16

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Hypertext of

Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali).PLUS

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

Hypertext Cluster 16 reads: sal, mū̃h bhaṭa, khāṇḍā 'workshop, ingot furnace, tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

Cluster 17

kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá 1 m. ʻmetal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metalʼ PLUS mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (oval-/rhombus-shaped like a bun-ingot)

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 17 reads: kañcu muhã karṇī 'bell-metal ingot, supercargo, scribe'

Cluster 18

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish fin rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236) Thus, ayo kammaṭa, 'alloymetal mint'

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 18 reads: sal kammaṭa karṇī 'workshop, alloymetal mint, supercargo, scribe'

Cluster 19

eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass'.

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 19 reads: eraka āra sal karṇī ''moltencast, copper, brass workshop, supercargo, scribe'

Cluster 20

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Variants of Sign 347

Sign 347 is duplicated

Sign 162: dula 'duplicated,, pair' rebus: dul'metal casting' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali). The hypertext Sign 347 reads: dul kolami 'metal casting smithy, forge'

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 20 reads: sal dul kolami karṇī workshop, metal casting smithy, forgesupercargo, scribe'

Cluster 21

Variants of Sign 293 Sign 293 is a ligature of

Sign 287 'curve' hieroglyph and 'angle' hieroglyph (as seen on lozenge/rhombus/ovalshaped hieroglyphs). The basic orthograph of Sign 287 is signifiedby the semantics of: kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith. Sign 293 may be seen as a ligature of Sign 287 PLUS 'corner' signifier: Thus, kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá 1 m. ʻmetal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metalʼ PLUS kuṭila 'curve' rebus: kuṭila 'bronze/pewter' (Pewter is an alloy that is a variant brass alloy). The reading of Sign 293 is: kanac kuṭila 'pewter'.

Sign 123 is comparable to Sign 99 'splinter' hieroglyph. kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, khāṇḍā kuṭhi metalware smelter.

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 21 reads: kuṭila kañcu khāṇḍā kuṭhi karṇī 'pewter, bell-metal metalware, smelter, scribe, supercargo;.

Cluster 22

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.

Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka'bright alloy metal'

ayo'fish' rebus: ayas'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish fin rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236) Thus, ayo kammaṭa, 'alloymetal mint'

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Clust 22 reads: ayo dhakka ayo kammaṭa karṇī , 'bright alloy metal alloymetal mint, scribe, supercargo.'

Cluster 23

Sign 160 is a variant of Sign 137

Variants of Sign 137 dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali)

Sign 123 is comparable to Sign 99 'splinter' hieroglyph. kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, khāṇḍā kuṭhi metalware smelter.

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 23 reads: khāṇḍā kuṭhi dhatu karṇī 'metalware smelter, mineral, scribe, supercargo'

Cluster 24

Hypertext of

Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali).PLUS

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

Sign 102 variant

Sign 89 kolomo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 24 reads: mū̃h bhaṭa kolami, karṇī 'ingot furnace, smithy, forge, scribe, supercarggo'

Cluster 25

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'ʼVikalpa: bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 25 reads: sal khäti ʻkarṇī 'workshop, wheelwright, scribe, supercargo'

Cluster 26

Sign 249 ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali). Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567)

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 26 reads: ranku kolami karṇī 'tin smithy, forge, scribe, supercargo'

Cluster 27

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali) PLUS semantic determinative: kolom 'thrice' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

Thus, hypertext Cluster 27 reads: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

Cluster 28

eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass'.

Sign 99 sal 'splinter rebus: sal'workshop'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

Hypertext Cluster 28 reads: eraka āra sal kolami 'moltencast copper,brass workshop, smithy,forge'.

Cluster 29

Variants of Sign 343

Sign 343 hypertext is a composite of: 1. rim-of-jar hieroglyph and 2. notch. 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware' PLUS कार्णिक rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe',कर्णिक helmsman' कारणिका 'accountant'. Thus, the hypertext reads: khāṇḍā karṇī 'equipment scribe, accountant'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 S3Br. ix Ka1tyS3r. &c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant essel'.

Hypertext Cluster 29 reads: khāṇḍā karṇī kolami karṇika कर्णिक 'equipment scribe, accountant, smithy/forge, helmsman'.

Cluster 30

Variants of Sign 328

baṭa'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' baṭa 'iron'. dula'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'. Thus, hypertext of duplicated Sign328 hieroglyphs is read: dul bhaṭa 'metalcasting furnace'

Sign 12 variants

Sign 12 hieroglyph kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'

Hypertext Cluster 30 reads: kuṭhi dul baṭa bhaṭa 'smelter, iron metalcasting furnace'

Cluster 31

See:
1. Meluhha hieroglyph kaṁḍa ʻbackbone' rebus:'implements' and cargo on m1429 a Mohenjodaro boat http://tinyurl.com/mq5dh39

2. Bharat, name of a nation. Root: bharatiyo'caster of metals', bharat'metal alloy' in Indus Script http://tinyurl.com/k58uysu

Variants of Sign 48

Seal published by Omananda Saraswati. In Pl. 275: Omananda Saraswati 1975. Ancient Seals of Haryana (in Hindi). Rohtak.

This pictorial motif gets normalized in Indus writing system as a hieroglyph sign: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu)

Sign 48 is a 'backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharataḷ = moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into (Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit. )baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' baṭa 'iron'.

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

Hypertext Cluster 31 reads: bhaṭa bharat kolami'furnace, mixed alloy (copper, zinc,tin)smithy, forge'. The word bharat may explain the semantics of Bhāratīya, 'people working with bharata metal alloys'. bharatiyo are metalcasters, who -- together with agriculturists, textile workers, sculptors, śilpi, seafaring merchant guilds --śreṇi --, medicinemen -- created the wealth of a nation by the key economic factor of 'corporate form of organization' called śreṇi which contributed to 33% of global GDP in 1 CE (pace Angus Maddison).

Cluster 32

Variants/Sign modifications of Sign 373

Sign 386 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 373 and notch. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware' PLUS mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (oval-/rhombus-shaped like a bun-ingot).The hypertext Sign 386 reads two distinct wealth categories: muhã khāṇḍā 'ingots, equipment, tools, metalware'.

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' baṭa 'iron'.

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

Hypertext Cluster 32 reads: muhã khāṇḍā bhaṭa kolami 'ingots, equipment, tools, metalware, iron furnace, smithy, forge'.

Cluster 33

Sign 12 is kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546)

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' baṭa 'iron'.

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

Hypertext of Cluster 33 reads: kuṭh bhaṭa kolami' 'iron smelterfactory, furnace, smithy, forge'.

Cluster 34

Sign 67 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metalmint'.

&c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant vessel'.

Variants of Sign 176

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Hypertext Cluster 34 reads: ayo kammaṭa karṇī karaḍā खरडें 'alloy metal mint, supercargo, scribe, daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. kharādī ' turner'

Cluster 35

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Cluster 36

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Cluster 37

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.

Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Hypertext Cluster 37 reads: ayo dhakka karṇī karaḍā खरडें 'bright alloy metal, scribe, supecargo, daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Cluster 38

Sign 193 signifies a structure, perhaps a pair of warehouse. A variant may be seen on Sohgaura copperplate topline of Indus Script hieroglyphs. dula'two, pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer' Together the hypertext reads: dul kuṭhāru 'metalcasting armourer'

Sohgaura copper plate. Bilingual (Indus Script hypertext+ Brāhmi syllabary) inscription describes functions of two warehouses for itinerant merchants.

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Hypertext Cluster 38 reads: dul kuṭhāru karṇī karaḍā खरडें 'metalcasting armourer, scribe, supecargo, daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Cluster 39

Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus: dul'metalcasting'

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

Cluster 40

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'

Cluster 41

Variants of Sign 403

Sign 403 is a duplication of

dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'.

Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'

Hypertext Cluster 41 reads:dul mũhã̄ dul karṇī 'metalcast ingot, metalcasting, scribe (engraver), supercargo'.

Cluster 42

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

Hypertext Cluster 42 reads: sal dul aya'workshop, metalcasting, alloymetal'

Cluster 43

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

Cluster 44

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'ʼVikalpa: bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.

Hypertext Cluster 44 reads: sal bhaṭa karṇī 'workshop, furnace, scribe (engraver), supercargo'

Cluster 45

Variants of Sign 48

Seal published by Omananda Saraswati. In Pl. 275: Omananda Saraswati 1975. Ancient Seals of Haryana (in Hindi). Rohtak.

This pictorial motif gets normalized in Indus writing system as a hieroglyph sign: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu)

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' baṭa 'iron'.

Hypertext Cluster 45 reads: bharat karṇī bhaṭa 'mixed alloys (5 copper, 4 zinc,1 tin), scribe (engraver), supercargo, iron furnace'.

Background note on how cluster analysis of Indus Script sign hypertexts help identify repeating, freuquently occurring triplets (i.e. three 'signs' in sequence) constituting a semantic cluster

This monograph is in effect an addendum to the cluster analysis of 'signs' presenting the 'sematnic' structure or accounting classifiers of wealth-accounting ledgers.

Clustering Indus Texts using K-means - Nisha Yadav et al (IJCA, March 2017)

https://tinyurl.com/y8gr7amt

Using partition-based clustering (K-means algorithm) to analyse Indus Script texts, Nisha Yadav et al identify the following dominant (high-frequency occurrence) clusters. The cluster analysis is based on a subset of inscriptions. The number of texts included in a computer corpus called EBUDS is 1548. This is a filtered corpus excluding duplicates and ambiguous texts.EBUDS identifies 377 distinct signs. Strings of sign images are read from right to left. The statistical approach in creating EBUDS is detailed in:

Yadav, N., Vahia, M. N., Mahadevan, I. and Joglekar, H. 2008. A Statistical Approach for Pattern Search in Indus Writing. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics.vol. XXXVII, pp. 39-52.

These 45 Semantic clusters of metalwork wealth-accounting are valided in a monograph Table 6 which lists 45 triplets of signs, which are of frequent occurrence.

After Table 6 in: Nisha Yadav, Ambuja Salgaonkar and Mayank Vahia. Clustering Indus Texts using K-means. International Journal of Computer Applications 162(1):16-21, March 2017

http://www.ijcaonline.org/archives/volume162/number1/yadav-2017-ijca-913207.pdf

See: Clustering Indus Texts using K-means - Nisha Yadav et al (IJCA, March 2017)

https://tinyurl.com/y8gr7amt This monograph is an addendum emphasising the significance of this brilliant cluster analysis done by Nisha Yadav, Ambuja Salgaonkar and Mayank Vahia (2017). At the outset, congratulations to Nisha Yadav, Ambuja Salgaonkar, and Mayank Vahia for this lucid, precisely presented, outstanding contribution which validates the decipherment of the Indus Scipt Cipher as a cataloguing, sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts' rebus: samgraha, samgaha

'catalogue,list, arranger, manager' -- an accounting classification of ledgers for wealth accounting during the Tin-Bronze Revolution, 4th millennium BCE.

↧

Cluster analysis of Indus writing system design principle, of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts'; Field symbols for samgaha wealth categories catalogues for accounting ledgers

March 18, 2018, 10:13 pm

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https://tinyurl.com/y8p7b8q2

Thesis of the monograph: Indus Script Field symbols are accounting ledger classifications of wealth categories, classified as metalwork.

This thesis is validated by a Cluster analysis of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts' Indus Script Field symbols evidences samgaha wealth categories for accounting ledgers, samgaha 'catalogue, list, arranger, manager'. The cargo listed in samgaha are inscribed -- as Indus Script inscriptions -- for delivery by જંગડિયો jangaḍiyo'military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati) --in mercantile transactions on jangaḍ ,'invoiced on approval basis'. This mercantile process explains the repeated and frequent deployment of sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts' princple of writing system for both 'signs' and 'field symbols'.

Executive Summary

The cluster analysis presented in this monograph identify superstructures of wealth categories to which the ‘triplets of signs’ are substructures. The study suggests that there are 33 distinct structures relatedto wealth categories of metalwork to document work on: 1. Minerals; 2. Smelting; 3. Use of furnaces to create alloys by mixing minerals or infusing carbon element through carburization processes; smithy, forge work; 4. Forging of implements, tools, metalware; 5. Metalcasting, including cire perdue (lost-waxmethods) of metal casting; 6. Organization in guilds of artisans/seafaring merchants.

The following 38 categories of wealth accounting ledgers are identified by cluster analysis

Cluster 1 Eagle in flight cluster, thunderbolt weapon, blacksmith classifier

Cluster 2 Metallurgical invention of aṅgāra carburization, infusion of carbon element to harden molten metal

Cluster 3 Svastika cluster, zinc wealth category

Cluster 4 Ficus clusters, copper wealth category

Cluster 5 Tiger cluster, smelter category

Cluster 6 Spearing a bovine cluster, smelter work

Cluster 7 A metallurgical process narrative in four clusters -- four sides of a tablet:

Cluster 8 Seafaring boat cluster, cargo wealth category

Cluster 9 Bier cluster, wheelwright category

Cluster 10 Sickle cluster, wheelwright category

Cluster 11 Sun's rays cluster, gold wealth category

Cluster 12 Body of standing person cluster, element classifier

Cluster 13 Frog cluster, ingot classifier

Cluster 14 Serpent cluster as anakku, 'tin ore' classifier

Cluster 15 Tortoise, turtle clusters, bronze classifiers

Cluster 16 Seated person in penance, mint classifier

Cluster 17 Archer cluster, mint classifier

Cluster 18 ayakara 'metalsmith' cluster, alloy metal smithy, forge classifier

Cluster 19 Smelter cluster, wealth-category of smelted mineral ores

Cluster 20 Magnetite, ferrite ore cluster wealth-category or wealth-classification

Cluster 21 Dhokra 'cire perdue' metal cassting artisans classifier

Cluster 22 dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ, dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters' cluster, Iron, steel product cluster

Cluster 23 Endless knot cluster, yajña dhanam, iron category, ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ category

Cluster 24 Dance-step cluster, iron smithy/forge

Cluster 25 Minerals Smelter, metals furnace, clusters

Cluster 26 Armoury clusters

Cluster 27 Double-axe cluster, armourer category

Cluster 28 Seafaring merchant clusters

Cluster 29 Smithy, forge clusters

Cluster 30 Equipment making blacksmithy/forge

Cluster 31 Tin smithy, forge clusters

Cluster 32 Alloy metal clusters

Cluster 33 Metal equipment, product clusters

-- Metalwork samgaha, 'catalogues' cluster सं-ग्रह complete enumeration or collection , sum , amount , totality (एण , " completely " , " entirely ") (याज्ञवल्क्य), catalogue, list

Cluster 34 śreṇi Goldsmith Guild clusters

Cluster 34a Three tigers joined, smithy village,smithy shop category

Cluster 35 पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu'cluster, magnetite ore category pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide

Cluster 36 Dotted circles, Indus Script Hypertexts dhāv 'red ores'

Cluster 37 Indus Script inscriptions on ivory artifacts signify metalwork wealth accounting

Cluster 38 Diffusion of Metallurgy: Meluhha and western Afghanistan sources of tin

This accounting classification of metalwork wealth categories is consistent with the finding that the writing system with a recognized pattern of clustering pictorial motifs was consistently used over the entire gamut of contact areas of Sarasvati civilization. Decipherment of the hieroglyph components of field symbols yields the semantic structure of underlying Meluhha speech in Bhāratīya sprachbund(Speech union).

The total number of objects on M Corpus with distinct, unambiguous pictorials or field symbols is 1894. It is unfortunate that most decipherment claims ignore an analysis of this dominant portion of the documented evidence of the civilization. Some brush them aside as 'cult symbols', some say they are 'religious symbols'.

A cluster analysis of these 1894 Indus Script Field symbols has also been ignored by the cluster analysis of triplets of 'signs' done by K-means by Nisha Yadav et al. I submit that pictorial motifs or field symbols are integral parts of the hypertext messaging system of the Indus Script inscriptions. It should be noted that these pictorial motifs or field symbols occupy the major portion of the space for messaging used on an inscribed object in Indus Script Corpora (which now total over 8000 inscriptions).

This demonstrable laxity in most decipherment claims or cluster analyses is governed by a hypothesis of the 'text' as the writing system, and perhaps ignoring the field symbol or pictorial motifs are extraneous to the messaging system.

I submit that the field symbols or pictorial motifs are the dominant classifiers of the Indus accounting system to identify distinct wealth-accounting category ledgers to document the wealth of a guild of artisans and seafaring merchants. This monograph demonstrates the semantic structure of the field symbols or pictorial motifs in the framework of the principal design principle of the script (which applies to both 'signs' and 'field symbols') which is: sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts' rebus: samgraha, samgaha 'catalogue, list, arranger, manager' jangaḍ ,'invoiced on approval basis' -- an accounting classification of ledgers for wealth accounting during the Tin-Bronze Revolution, 4th millennium BCE. This sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts' principle of writing system design explains why animal parts are joined together to create 'fabulour' or 'composite' animal pictorial motifs or field symbols.

See: Clustering Indus Texts using K-means - Nisha Yadav et al (IJCA, March 2017)

https://tinyurl.com/y8gr7amt

33 clusters of field symbols signify 33 metalwork wealth/guild work classifiers for accounting ledgers

FS 1-7 1159 One-horned young bull (bos indicus aurochs)

FS 120 67 One or more dotted circles

FS 122-123 19 Standard device

FS 8-9 5 Two-horned young bull (bos indicus aurochs)

FS 10 54 Bos indicus, zebu

FS 11-13 95 Short-horned bull or ox (aurochs)

FS 15-17 14 Buffalo

FS 18-20 55 Elephant

FS 22-23 16 Tiger

FS 24-25 5 Horned tiger

FS 16-28 39 Rhinoceros

FS 29 1 Two rhinoceroses

FS 30-38 36 Goat-antelope, short tail

FS 39-41 26 Ox-antelope

FS 42 10 Hare

FS 43 1 Hare

FS 51 20 Fabulous animal

FS 56 9 Fabulous animal

FS 63-67 49 Gharial (crocodile + fish)

FS 68 14 Fish

FS 73 9 Entwined serpent, pillar or rings on pillar

FS 74 4 Bird (eagle) in flight

FS 75-77 34 Kino tree on platform

FS 79 3 Pipal leaf

FS 80-90 22 Horned standing persons

FS 105 3 Person grappling two tigers

FS 109 5 Person seated on tree branch

FS 111 3 Woman grappling two men with uprooted trees\

FS 118-119 50 Svastika (on seals of Indus Script Corpora)

FS 124 4 Endless knot, twisted rope

FS 125 3 Boat

FS 131 6 Sickle

FS 130 3 Writing tablet

FS 133-139 51 ornamental edges

TOTAL 1894

Sarasvati Civilization core area

Sarasvati civilization. Contactareas in Anient Near East

Cluster 1 Eagle in flight cluster, thunderbolt weapon, blacksmith classifier

FS 74 (Frequeny in M Corpus: 4) The hypertext FS 74 signifies: blacksmith's mint and weapon, thunderbolt.

Bird in flight. P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهن ګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهن ګران āhan-garān. آهن ربا āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.); (W.) Pl. آهن رباوي āhan-rubāwī. See اوسپنه.(Pashto) ahan-gār अहन्-गार् (= ) m. a blacksmith (H. xii, 16).(Kashmiri)

khamba ‘wing’ rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint’.

श्येन [p= 1095,2] m. a hawk , falcon , eagle , any bird of prey (esp. the eagle that brings down सोम to man) RV. &c; firewood laid in the shape of an eagle Śulbas. (Monier-Williams) śyēná m. ʻ hawk, falcon, eagle ʼ RV. Pa. sēna -- , °aka -- m. ʻ hawk ʼ, Pk. sēṇa -- m.; WPah.bhad. śeṇ ʻ kite ʼ; A. xen ʻ falcon, hawk ʼ, Or. seṇā, H. sen, sẽ m., M. śen m., śenī f. (< MIA. *senna -- ); Si. sen ʻ falcon, eagle, kite ʼ.(CDIAL 12674) Rebus: sena 'thunderbolt' (Sinhala):

aśáni f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ RV., °nī -- f. ŚBr. [Cf. áśan -- m. ʻ sling -- stone ʼ RV.] Pa. asanī -- f. ʻ thunderbolt, lightning ʼ, asana -- n. ʻ stone ʼ; Pk. asaṇi -- m.f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ; Ash. ašĩˊ ʻ hail ʼ, Wg. ašē˜ˊ, Pr. īšĩ, Bashg. "azhir", Dm. ašin, Paš. ášen, Shum. äˊšin, Gaw. išín, Bshk. ašun, Savi išin, Phal. ã̄šun, L. (Jukes) ahin, awāṇ. &circmacrepsilon;n (both with n, not ṇ), P. āhiṇ, f., āhaṇ, aihaṇ m.f., WPah. bhad. ã̄ṇ, hiṇi f., N. asino, pl. °nā; Si. sena, heṇa ʻ thunderbolt ʼ Geiger GS 34, but the expected form would be ā̤n; -- Sh. aĩyĕˊr f. ʻ hail ʼ (X ?). -- For ʻ stone ʼ> ʻ hailstone ʼcf. upala -- and A. xil* s.v.śilāˊ -- . (CDIAL 910) vajrāśani m. ʻ Indra's thunderbolt ʼ R. [vájra -- , aśáni -- ]Aw. bajāsani m. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ prob. ← Sk.(CDIAL 11207)

aśáni f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ RV., °nī -- f. ŚBr. [Cf. áśan -- m. ʻ sling -- stone ʼ RV.] Pa. asanī -- f. ʻ thunderbolt, lightning ʼ, asana -- n. ʻ stone ʼ; Pk. asaṇi -- m.f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ; Ash. ašĩˊ ʻ hail ʼ, Wg. ašē˜ˊ, Pr. īšĩ, Bashg. "azhir", Dm. ašin, Paš. ášen, Shum. äˊšin, Gaw. išín, Bshk. ašun, Savi išin, Phal. ã̄šun, L. (Jukes) ahin;n (both with n, not ṇ), P. āhiṇ, f., āhaṇ, aihaṇ m.f., WPah. bhad. ã̄ṇ, hiṇi f., N. asino, pl. °nā; Si. sena, heṇa ʻ thunderbolt ʼ Geiger GS 34, but the expected form would be **ā̤n;* -- Sh. aĩyĕˊr f. ʻ hail ʼ (X ?). -- For ʻ stone ʼ > ʻ hailstone ʼ cf. upala -- and A. xil s.v.śilāˊ -- . (CDIAL 910) vajrāśani m. ʻ Indra's thunderbolt ʼ R. [vájra -- , aśáni -- ]Aw. bajāsani m. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ prob. ← Sk.(CDIAL 11207)

Impression of a cylinder seal, unknown Near Eastern Origin.

Image result for indus script cylinder seal

Impression of a cylinder seal, unknown Near Eastern Origin. Louvre Museum.

FS 117 In the upper regiMer from R.-: person grappling with two animals (tigers); a horned personage standing behind a pedestal; a kinn tree; In the lower register from R.-a bird in flight over a

unicorn : an antelope: two horned bulls facingeach other and a cicle (dotted?)

Indus Script inscription, message: Brassworker's guild, smelter metalwork catalogue, pewter, laterite castings, hard alloys, implements, smithy/forge working in iron, lead, metal hard alloys.

Copyrighted photo by M. Chuzeville for the Departement des antiquites orientales, Musee du Louvre. "One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs, surrounded by snakes, fishes and water buffaloes. Copyrighted photo by M. Chuzeville for the Departement des antiquites orientales, Musee du Louvre."

http://www.akhabataku.com/IndusScript.htm (After Fig. 6)

Hieroglyph multiplexes of the hypertext of the cylinder seal from a Near Eastern Source can be identified: aquatic bird, rhinoceros, buffalo, buffalo horn, crucible, markhor, antelope, hoofed stool, fish, tree, tree branch, twig, roundish stone, tiger, rice plant.

Hieroglyph components on the head-gear of the person on cylinder seal impression are: twig, crucible, buffalo horns: kuThI 'badari ziziphus jojoba' twig Rebus: kuThi 'smelter';koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer'; tattAru 'buffalo horn' Rebus: ṭhã̄ṭhāro 'brassworker'. koD 'horns' rebus: koD 'workshop'. Thus, the gypertext message is: a brassworker's workshop with a smelter.

This hieroglyph multiplex ligatures head of an antelope to a snake: nAga 'snake' Rebus:nAga 'lead' PLUS karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं ) Akid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ]'hard alloy' ranku 'antelope' Rebus:ranku 'tin'. tuttināgamu is a Prakritam gloss meaning 'pewter, zinc'. A comparable alloy may be indicated by the hieroglyph-multiplex of antelope-snake: rankunAga, perhaps a type of zinc or lead alloy.

Two fish hieroglyphs flank the hoofed legs of the stool or platform signify: warehouse of cast metal alloy metal implements:

khuṭo ʻleg, footʼ. khũṭ ‘community, guild’ (Santali)Ta. kuracu, kuraccai horse's hoof. Ka. gorasu, gorase, gorise, gorusu hoof. Te. gorija, gorise, (B. also) gorije, korije id. / Cf. Skt. khura- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3906 (embedded). (DEDR 1770)

Ta. kurappam currycomb. Ma. kurappam, kurappan id. Ka. korapa, gorapa id. Te. kurapamu, koṟapamu, goṟapamu id. / ? Cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 3730, kṣurapra- ('scraper'-meanings). (DEDR 1771)

Hieroglyph: kaṇḍō a stool Rebus: kanda 'implements'

Hieroglyph: maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse'.

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'

ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi).

This mkultiplx is flanked by 1. kolom 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; 2. kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smeter'. Thus the message is that the warehouse of cast metal alloy metal implements is complemented by a smelter and a smithy/forge -- part of the metalwork repertoire. khuṭo ʻleg, footʼ. khũṭ‘community, guild’ (Santali)

The hieroglyph-multiplex of a woman thwarting two rearing tigers is also signified on other seals and tablets to signify:

Hieroglyph: kola 'woman' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kola 'tiger' Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith'; kolhe 'smelter'; kole.l'smithy, forge'. The kolmo 'rice-plant' Rebus kolimi 'smithy, forge' is a semantic determinant of the cipher: smithy with smelter. taTu 'thwart' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'. Thus, 'mineral smelter'. Together the hieroglyph-multiplex or hypertext of a woman thwarting two tigers signifies: smithy/forge with smelter for dhatu, minerals.

The bottom register of the cylinder seal impression lists the products: smithy/forge forged iron, alloy castings (laterite PLUS spelter), hard alloy implements.

goTa 'roundish stone' Rebus: goTa 'laterite, ferrite ore''gold-lace braid'

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS rã̄go 'buffalo' Rebus: rāṅgā 'zinc alloy, spelter, pewter'. Thus, cast spelter PLUS laterite, ferrite ore.

markhor PLUS tail

miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) koṭe meṛed = forged iron, in contrast to dul meṛed, cast iron (Mundari) PLUS Kur. xolā tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135) Rebus: kol 'working in iron' Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village.

Rhinoceros PLUS eagle aśan, śyena, sena 'eagle' rebus: sena'thunderbolt'ahan'blacksmith' PLUS khamba 'wing' rebus: kammaṭa'mint'.

Hieroglyhph: kāṇṭā 'rhinoceros. gaṇḍá m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Gujarati)

Two water-buffalos flanks a hieroglyph: something round, like a seed. Hieroglyph: rã̄go 'buffalo' Rebus: rāṅgā 'zinc alloy, spelter, pewter'. What does the hieroglyph 'something round' signify? I suggest that it signifies goṭa 'round pebble' rebus: goṭa 'laterite (ferrous ore)'.

Orthographic variants of tails of 'animal' hieroglyphs, particularly those of ram or antelope are deciphered as rebus-metonymy layered Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) words related to blacksmithy or smelters of iron and other metals including metal infusion and cire perdue lost-wax castings. The 'tail' hieroglyh also gets normalised as a sign on texts to connote kolA 'tail' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith'.

Some hieroglyph components are: hooded snake or short-tail generally on antelopes.

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter'

Hieroglyph: eagle in flight:

Parallels from Harappa Script Corpora:

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS krammara 'look back' Rebus: kamar 'artisan'

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

khura m. ʻ hoof ʼ KātyŚr̥. 2. *khuḍa -- 1 (khuḍaka -- , khula° ʻ ankle -- bone ʼ Suśr.). [← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 376: it belongs to the word -- group ʻ heel <-> ankle -- knee -- wrist ʼ, see *kuṭṭha -- ]1. Pa. khura -- m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Pk. khura -- m. (chura -- after khura -- ~ chura -- < kṣurá -- ); Ash. kū˘r ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, kurkāˊ ʻ heel ʼ; Kt. kyur ʻ foot ʼ, kyurkəté ʻ heel ʼ; Gamb kr ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, Niṅg. xūr, Woṭ.khuru, (Kaţārkalā) khur; Dm. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. khurīˊ f. ʻ hoof, heel ʼ (→ Par. khurīˊ ʻ heel ʼ IIFL i 265), kuṛ. xūr ʻ foot ʼ, dar. kurī ʻ heel ʼ, nir. xurī; Shum. xurem ʻ my foot ʼ, xurigyem ʻ my heel ʼ; Gaw. Kal. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Bshk. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ (khin ʻ heel ʼ, Gaw. khunīk, Sv. khunike X píṇḍa -- or < khuriṇī -- AO xviii 240); Tor. khū ʻ foot ʼ, Mai. khur, ky. khor, Phal. khur m.; Sh. gil. khūrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, khūri̯ f. ʻ heel ʼ, koh. khōrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, jij. khuri ʻ heel ʼ (koh. thŭri, pales. thurī ʻ heel ʼ X *thuḍḍati ʻ kicks ʼ?); K. khor m. ʻ foot (esp. human) ʼ, khōr m. ʻ foot of any living being ʼ, khūru m. ʻ leg of a bed &c. ʼ,khūrü f. ʻ heel ʼ, kash. khōr ʻ foot ʼ, rām. pog. khur; S. khuru m. ʻ hoof ʼ; L. khurā m. ʻ foot track ʼ, °rī f. ʻ heel ʼ, awāṇ. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; P. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ hoof -- print ʼ, °rī f. ʻ small hoof, heel of shoe ʼ, °rṛā m. ʻ divided hoof, its print ʼ; WPah. bhal. pāḍ. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ; Ku. N. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; A. khurā ʻ hoof, leg of table or stool ʼ; B. khur ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā ʻ foot of bedstead ʼ; Or. khura ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, °rā ʻ hoof, leg ʼ; Mth. khūr, khurī ʻ hoof ʼ, Bhoj. khur; H. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ, °rī f. ʻ hoof, heel of slipper, hoof -- print ʼ; G. khur f. ʻ heel ʼ, kharī f. ʻ hoof ʼ; M. khū˘r m. ʻ hoof, foot of bed ʼ, khurī f. ʻ forepart of hoof ʼ, °rā m., °rẽ n. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ (khurũdaḷṇẽ ʻ to trample ʼ X *kṣundati?); Ko. khūru m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Si. kuraya.2. Pk. khuluha -- m. ʻ ankle ʼ; Gy. wel. xur̄, xur m. ʻ hoof ʼ; S. khuṛī f. ʻ heel ʼ; WPah. paṅ. khūṛ ʻ foot ʼ.khuriṇī -- ; *khuraghāta -- , *khurapāśa -- , *khuramr̥ttikā -- ; *catuṣkhura -- .Addenda: khura -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khūˊr m. ʻ hoof ʼ, J. G. khur m.

Cluster 2 Metallurgical invention of aṅgāra carburization, infusion of carbon element to harden molten metal

Semantic expansion in expressions: aṅgāra-kāsū 'fire-pit' and kāˊrṣāpaṇika 'bought for a kāsū (metal coin)' indicate the semantics of early use and meaning of word aṅgāra 'carbon' element' with variant Meluhha Bhāratiya sprachbund (language union) pronunciations. kāˊrṣāpaṇika ʻ worth or bought for a kārṣāpaṇa ʼ Pāṇ. [kārṣāpaṇá -- ]Pa. kāhāpaṇika -- , Or. kāhāṇiã̄.kāˊrṣi -- see karṣí -- .*kārṣū -- f. ʻ furrow, trench ʼ ~ karṣūˊ -- with dial. IA. a for ā < IE. o as in Av. karšū ʻ ploughed land ʼ and in karṣí -- ~ kāˊrṣi -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 70, Turner BSOAS xxxvi 429.Pa. kāsū -- in aṅgāra -- kāsū -- f. ʻ fire -- pit ʼ.(CDIAL 3081) kārṣāpaṇá m.n. ʻ a partic. coin or weight equivalent to one karṣa ʼ. [karṣa -- m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ Suśr. (cf. OPers. karša -- ) and paṇa -- 2 or āpana -- EWA i 176 and 202 with lit. But from early MIA. kā̆hā°]Pa. kahāpaṇa -- m.n. ʻ a partic. weight and coin ʼ, KharI. kahapana -- , Pk. karisāvaṇa -- m.n., kāhāvaṇa -- , kah° m.; A. kaoṇ ʻ a coin equivalent to 1 rupee or 16 paṇas or 1280 cowries ʼ; B. kāhan ʻ 16 paṇas ʼ; Or. kāhā̆ṇaʻ 16 annas or 1280 cowries ʼ, H. kahāwan, kāhan, kahān m.; OSi. (brāhmī) kahavaṇa, Si. kahavuṇa, °vaṇuva ʻ a partic. weight ʼ.(CDIAL 3080).

Cluster 3 Svastika cluster, zinc wealth category

FS 118

FS 119 The Svastika generally within a square or rectangular border.

Cluster 4 Ficus clusters, copper wealth category

FS 78 Rosette of pipal leaves

FS 113 From R. - a horned personage standing between two branches of a pipal tree; a ram; a horned personage kneeling in adorat ion: a low pedestal with some

offerings

FS 115 From R.-a personage standing under an ornamental arch; a kneeling adorant; a ram .

Kot Diji ca. 4000 BCE

Kalibangan 053A tablet.

Hypertext variants in Harappa Script Corpora loa ‘ficus religioss’ rebus: loha ‘copper’ PLUS karNa ‘ears’ rebus: karNI ‘supercargo’.

Cluster 5 Tiger cluster, smelter category

Image result for kalibangan cylinder seal

Kalibangan. Cylinder seal impression

FS 104 Fencing. Fabulo us pe rsonage with a composite body of a human (female) being in the upper half and of a tiger in the lower half. having horns. and a trident-like head·dress facing a group of three persons consisting of a woman in the middle flanked by two men on e either side throwing a spear at each other over her head.

Kalibangan065 Cylinder seal impression. Note the scarf of the person ligatured to a tiger.

dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707);

Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral (Pali).

kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'

kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.)The bunch of twigs = kūdī, kūṭī(Skt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda(AV 5.19.12) and KauśikaSūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield,American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss anBohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)

kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)(Phonetic determinant of the twig on the horns of the woman ligatured to the tiger'

koDu 'horn' Rebus: koD 'workshop'

kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

tagaraka, tabernae montana 'flower', 'hair fragrance' Rebus: tagara 'tin'

karaṭi, karuṭi, keruṭi fencing, school or gymnasium where wrestling and fencing are taught (Ta.); garaḍi, garuḍi fencing school (Ka.); garaḍi, garoḍi (Tu.); gariḍi, garidḍī id., fencing (Te.)(DEDR 1262).

Rebus 1: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. Rebus 2: kharādī = turner (G.) Rebus 3: खरड kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. 2 Vehement reviling or abusing. v काढ g. of o. निघ g. of s. 3 The ashes and earth which gather about an ingot of metal during its formation. So called because to be detached they must be scraped off. खरडा kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या &c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book.

Hieroglyph: karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ (Gujarati) Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' kola 'woman' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

FS 112 Fro m R. - a tiger; a goat: a seated personage on a pedestal; a person seated on a Iree with a tiger below.

FS 110 From R, a fabulous animal as in FS. 51; a person seated

on a tree with a tiger below; a svastika within a square border; an elephant.

FS 47

FS 48

FS 51 (Frequency in M Corpus 20) Fabulous animal with the body of a ram. horns of a

bull. trunk of an elephant. hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail.

FS 52

FS 53 FS 52, FS 53 Fabulous animal with the body of a tiger. a human head and horns of an antelope.

Cluster 6 Spearing a bovine cluster, smelter work

Slide 89 Plano convex molded tablet showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three prongs or leaves emerging from the center.

On the reverse (90),a female deity is battling two tigers and standing above an elephant. A single Indus script depicting a spoked wheel is above the head of the deity.

Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width
Harappa, Lot 4651-01
Harappa Museum, H95-2486
Meadow and Kenoyer 1997 karA 'crocodile' Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

kamaDha 'penance' (Prakritam) Rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner'

kUtI 'twigs' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'

muh 'face' Rebus: muhe 'ingot' (Santali)

One side of a molded tablet m 492 Mohenjo-daro (DK 8120, NMI 151. National Museum, Delhi. A person places his foot on the horns of a buffalo while spearing it in front of a cobra hood. FS 99 Person throwing a spear at a sho rt·ho rned bull and placing o ne foot on the head of the animal; a hooded serpe nt at L.

nAga 'snake' Rebus: nAga 'lead, tin'

Hieroglyph: kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)mēṛsa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali)

kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.) •kolhe (iron-smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.lex.)•kol‘to kill’ (Ta.)

(s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā id. rebus: phaḍā, paṭṭaḍa'metals manufactory'. Vikalpa: kulā 'hood of snake' rebus: kol 'working in iron'

Hieroglyph: rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ

Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.
paTa 'hood of serpent' Rebus: padanu 'sharpness of weapon' (Telugu)

Hieroglyph: kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī, °dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)

Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'

Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi) Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'.

Slide 90.

m0489A One side of a prism tablet shows: crocodile + fish glyphic above: elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, tiger looking back and up.
m1431A m1431B Crocodile+ three animal glyphs: rhinoceros, elephant, tiger
It is possible that the broken portions of set 2 (h1973B and h1974B) showed three animals in procession: tiger looking back and up + rhinoceros + tiger.
Reverse side glyphs:
eraka ‘nave of wheel’. Rebus: era ‘copper’.
Animal glyph: elephant ‘ibha’. Rebus ibbo, ‘merchant’.
Composition of glyphics: Woman with six locks of hair + one eye + thwarting + two pouncing tigers + nave with six spokes. Rebus: kola ‘woman’ + kaṇga ‘eye’ (Pego.), bhaṭa ‘six’+ dul ‘casting (metal)’ + kũdā kol (tiger jumping) + era āra (nave of wheel, six spokes), ibha (elephant). Rebus: era ‘copper’; kũdār dul kol ‘turner, casting, working in iron’; kan ‘brazier, bell-metal worker’;
The glyphic composition read rebus: copper, iron merchant with taṭu kanḍ kol bhaṭa ‘iron stone (ore) mineral ‘furnace’.
Glypg: ‘woman’: kola ‘woman’ (Nahali). Rebus kol ‘working in iron’ (Tamil)
Glyph: ‘impeding, hindering’: taṭu (Ta.) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) Ta. taṭu (-pp-, -tt) to hinder, stop, obstruct, forbid, prohibit, resist, dam, block up, partition off, curb, check, restrain, control, ward off, avert; n. hindering, checking, resisting; taṭuppu hindering, obstructing, resisting, restraint; Kur. ṭaṇḍnā to prevent, hinder, impede. Br. taḍ power to resist. (DEDR 3031)

FS 100 Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot .

FS 101 Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot. on its head: three persons standing near a tree at the centre.

Image result for tigers woman six knots bharatkalyan97

FS 105 Person grappling with two tigers standing on either side of him (her?) and rearing on their hindlegs

कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi) Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'.

dula'two' rebus: dul'metal casting' PLUS kola'tiger' rebus: kolhe'smelter', kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith. Thus, dul kolhe,'metal casting smelter'. kola 'woman' rebus:kol 'working in iron' (Semantic determinative). baṭa'six' (knots on hairstyle) rebus: bhaṭa'furnace'.goṭa 'pellets' rebus: gota 'laterite, ferrite ore'.

The note has recorded evidence that கண்வட்டம் kaṇ-vaṭṭam 'mint' has a synonym (demonstrably, a phonetic variant in mleccha/meluhha): khambhaṛā 'fin' (Lahnda) rebus: kammaTa 'mint' and these two expressions are combined in the Begram ivory (Plate 389)

Begram ivories. Plate 389 Reference: Hackin, 1954, fig.195, no catalog N°.
கண்வட்டம் kaṇ-vaṭṭam , n. < id. +. 1. Range of vision, eye-sweep, full reach of one's observation; கண்பார்வைக்குட்பட்ட இடம். தங்கள் கண்வட்டத்திலே உண்டுடுத்துத்திரிகிற (ஈடு, 3, 5, 2). 2. Mint; நாணயசாலை.

In color is a seal, in black and white two seals and corresponding sealings made from them (Joshi and Parpola, Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions, Vol. 1, M 306-8).

The colored seal shows this face of the woman holding back two rearing tigers:

Hieroglyph componens are: face in profile, one eye, circumfix (circle) and 6 curls of hair. Readings: muh 'face' rebus: muhA 'ingot'; கண்வட்டம் kaṇ-vaṭṭam 'eye PLUS circumfix' rebus: கண்வட்டம் kaṇ-vaṭṭan 'mint'; baTa 'six' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS meD 'curl' rebus: meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) Thus, the message is: mint with furnace for iron, copper. Tigers: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'cast metal' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith' kariba 'elephant trunk' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron' eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' arA 'spoke' rebus: Ara 'brass'.

Mark Kenoyer writes that "discoveries of this motif on seals from Mohenjo-daro definitely show a male figure and most scholars have assumed some connection with the carved seals from Mesopotamia that illustrate episodes from the famous Gilgamesh epic. The Mesopotamian motifs show lions being strangled by a hero, whereas the Indus narratives render tigers being strangled by a figure, sometime clearly males, sometimes ambiguous or possibly female. This motif of a hero or heroine grappling with two wild animals could have been created independently for similar events that may have occurred in Mesopotamia as well as the Indus valley," ( Ancient Cities, p. 114).

Mohenjo-daro seal. Mohenjo-daro, ca. 2500 BCE Asko Parpola writes: "The 'contest' motif is one of the most convincing and widely accepted parallels between Harappan and Near Eastern glyptic art. A considerable number of Harappan seals depict a manly hero, each hand grasping a tiger by the throat. In Mesopotamian art, the fight with lions and / or bulls is the most popular motif. The Harappan substitution of tigers for lions merely reconciles the scene with the fauna of the Indus Valley ... The six dots around the head of the Harappan hero are a significant detail, since they may correspond to the six locks of hair characteristic of the Mesopotamian hero, from Jemdet Nasr to Akkadian times," (Deciphering the Indus Script, pp. 246-7).

FS 106 Nude female figure upside down with thighs drawn apart

and a crab (?) issuing from her womb: two tigers standing face to face rearing on the ir hindlegs at L.

FS 107 Drummer and a tiger.

FS 108 Person kneeling under a kino tree facing a tiger

FS 109 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus:5) Pcrson seated on a machan on a kino tree; a tiger below looking up at him/her.

FS 111 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 3) From R.-a woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees fn their hands: a person seated on a tree wit h a tiger below: a tall jar with a lid.

Molded terracotta tablet (H2001-5075/2922-01) with a narrative scene of a man in a tree with a tiger looking back over its shoulder. The tablet, found in the Trench 54 area on the west side of Mound E, is broken, but was made with the same mold as ones found on the eastern side of Mound E and also in other parts of the site (see slide 89 for the right hand portion of the same scene). The reverse of the same molded terra cotta tablet shows a deity grappling with two tigers and standing above an elephant (see slide 90 for a clearer example from the same mold). https://www.harappa.com/indus3/185.html heraka 'spy' rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper' kuTi 'tree' rebus:kuThi 'smelter' karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' barad 'bull' rebus: baraDo 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin'.

Cluster 7 A metallurgical process narrative in four clusters -- four sides of a tablet:

Side 1.Tiger looks back, person on tree.

Side 2 Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right.

Side 3. a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

Side 4. Bos indicus, zebu

FS 116 One side of 4-sided tablet Mohenjodaro m1431. From R. - A person holding a vessel; a woman with a plallet; a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a kino tree.

The following glyphics of m1431 prism tablet show the association between the tiger + person on tree glyphic set and crocile + 3 animal glyphic set.

Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).

kāru ‘crocodile’ (Telugu). Rebus: artisan (Marathi) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri)

kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’. Heraka ‘spy’ Rebus: eraka ‘copper’. khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus: kõdār’turner’ (Bengali) dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

Looking back: krammara ‘look back’ Rebus: kamar ‘smith, artisan’.

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) bhástrā f. ʻ leathern bag ʼ ŚBr., ʻ bellows ʼ Kāv., bhastrikā -- f. ʻ little bag ʼ Daś. [Despite EWA ii 489, not from a √bhas ʻ blow ʼ (existence of which is very doubtful). -- Basic meaning is ʻ skin bag ʼ (cf. bakura<-> ʻ bellows ʼ ~ bākurá -- dŕ̊ti -- ʻ goat's skin ʼ), der. from bastá -- m. ʻ goat ʼ RV. (cf.bastājina -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ MaitrS. = bāstaṁ carma Mn.); with bh -- (and unexpl. -- st -- ) in Pa. bhasta -- m. ʻ goat ʼ, bhastacamma -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ. Phonet. Pa. and all NIA. (except S. with a) may be < *bhāsta -- , cf. bāsta -- above (J. C. W.)]With unexpl. retention of -- st -- : Pa. bhastā -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ (cf. vāta -- puṇṇa -- bhasta -- camma -- n. ʻ goat's skin full ofwind ʼ), biḷāra -- bhastā -- f. ʻ catskin bag ʼ, bhasta -- n. ʻ leather sack (for flour) ʼ; K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ; -- S. bathī f. ʻ quiver ʼ (< *bhathī); A. Or. bhāti ʻ bellows ʼ, Bi. bhāthī, (S of Ganges) bhã̄thī; OAw. bhāthā̆ ʻ quiver ʼ; H. bhāthā m. ʻ quiver ʼ, bhāthī f. ʻ bellows ʼ; G. bhāthɔ,bhātɔ, bhāthṛɔ m. ʻ quiver ʼ (whence bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ); M. bhātā m. ʻ leathern bag, bellows, quiver ʼ, bhātaḍ n. ʻ bellows, quiver ʼ; <-> (X bhráṣṭra -- ?) N. bhã̄ṭi ʻ bellows ʼ, H. bhāṭhī f.OA. bhāthi ʻ bellows ʼ AFD 206.(CDIAL 9424)

ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'. Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa 'rhimpceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.

Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

1. Pk. hēraï ʻ looks for or at ʼ (vihīraï ʻ watches for ʼ); K.ḍoḍ. hērūō ʻ was seen ʼ; WPah.bhad. bhal. he_rnū ʻ to look at ʼ (bhal. hirāṇū ʻ to show ʼ), pāḍ. hēraṇ, paṅ. hēṇā, cur. hērnā, Ku. herṇo, N. hernu, A. heriba, B. herā, Or. heribā (caus. herāibā), Mth. herab, OAw. heraï, H. hernā; G. hervũ ʻ to spy ʼ, M. herṇẽ. 2. Pk. hēria -- m. ʻ spy ʼ; Kal. (Leitner) "hériu"ʻ spy ʼ; G. herɔ m. ʻ spy ʼ, herũ n. ʻ spying ʼ. Addenda: *hērati: WPah.kṭg. (Wkc.) hèrnõ, kc. erno ʻ observe ʼ; Garh. hernu ʻ to look' (CDIAL 14165) Ko. er uk- (uky-) to play 'peeping tom'. Kui ēra (ēri-) to spy, scout; n. spying, scouting; pl action ērka (ērki-). ? Kuwi (S.) hēnai to scout; hēri kiyali to see; (Su. P.) hēnḍ- (hēṭ-) id. Kur. ērnā (īryas) to see, look, look at, look after, look for, wait for, examine, try; ērta'ānā to let see, show; ērānakhrnā to look at one another. Malt. ére to see, behold, observe; érye to peep, spy. Cf. 892 Kur. ēthrnā. / Cf. Skt. heraka- spy, Pkt. her- to look at or for, and many NIA verbs; Turner, CDIAL, no. 14165(DEDR 903)

Hieroglyph: ã̄gru sprout, rebus: aṅgar 'carbon element (to carburize moltencast, molten metal), charcoal'--: aṅkurá 1. ʻ *hooked ʼ. 2. m. ʻ sprout ʼ Uṇ., ʻ tumour ʼ Suśr. [*aṅku -- : √añc]1. Gy. as. agura ʻ crooked ʼ JGLS new ser. ii 331; Ash. áklə ʻ top of shoulder ʼ, Kt. ákři ʻ upper part of arm ʼ, Wg. akřá ʻ peg ʼ, Pr. uku ʻ shoulder ʼ; A. ã̄korā ʻ crooked, bent ʼ.2. Pa. aṅkura -- m. ʻ sprout ʼ, Pk. aṁkura -- m., N. ã̄kuro (lw. with k), B. Mth. ã̄kur; Or. āṅkuribā ʻ to cut off ears of ripe rice ʼ; H. ãkurā m. ʻ sprout ʼ, M. ã̄kūr m., ã̄krī f. ʻ tender spike of a tree ʼ; Si. akura, akara ʻ sprout, tumour ʼ.*aṅkurayati, *upāṅkura -- .Addenda: aṅkurá -- . 2. Garh. ã̄gru ʻ sprout ʼ, ãgryɔṇu ʻ to sprout ʼ.(CDIAL 109) Rebus: áṅgāra--: Niṅg. aṅgāˊr ʻ fire ʼ; Md. aguru ʻ charcoal ʼ. aṅgula-- [Cf. daśāṅgulá-- RV.](CDIAL14200) áṅgāra m. n. ʻ glowing charcoal ʼ RV., °aka -- lex. 2. *iṅgāra -- , iṅgāla -- m. Vāsav. com.1. Pa. aṅgāra -- m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, Pk. aṁgāra -- , °aya -- , aṁgāla -- , °aya -- m., Gy. eur. angár ʻ charcoal ʼ, wel. vaṅār m. (v -- from m. article), germ. yangar (y -- from yag, s.v. agní -- 1); Ash. aṅāˊ ʻ fire ʼ, Kt. aṅǻ, Gmb. aṅāˊ, Pr. anéye, Dm. aṅgar (a < ā NTS xii 130), Tir. Chilis Gau. K. nār (n < ṅ -- , not ← Psht. nār ← Ar. AO xii 184), Paš. aṅgāˊr, Shum. ã̄r (← Paš. NOGaw 59), Gaw. Kal. Kho. aṅgāˊr, Bshk. äṅgāˊr, Tor. aṅā, Mai. agār, Phal. aṅgṓr, Sh. agāˊr, ha° m.; S. aṅaru m. ʻ charcoal ʼ (a < ā as in Dm.), L. aṅgār m., P. aṅgyār, °rā m., EP. ãgeār (y or e from MIA. aggi < agní -- 1?), WPah. bhid. aṅgāˊrõ n., pl. -- ã, Ku. aṅār (ḍaṅār id. X ḍājṇo < dahyátē), N. aṅār, A. āṅgār, eṅgār, B. āṅgār, āṅrā, Or. aṅgāra; Bi. ãgarwāh ʻ man who cuts sugar -- cane into lengths for the mill ʼ (= pakwāh); OMth. aṁgāra, Mth. ãgor, H. ãgār, °rā m., G. ãgār, °rɔ m., M. ãgār m., Si. an̆gura. -- Wg. ãdotdot;ř, ã̄īˊ ʻ fire ʼ (as opp. to aṅarīˊk ʻ charcoal ʼ, see aṅgāryāˊ -- ) poss. < agní -- 1, Morgenstierne NTS xvii 226.

2. Pa. iṅghāḷa -- ʻ glowing embers (?) ʼ, Pk. iṁgāra -- , iṁgāla, °aya -- ; K. yĕngur m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, yĕnguru m. ʻ charcoal -- burner ʼ; M. ĩgaḷ, ĩgḷā m., Ko. ĩgḷo. -- Deriv. M. ĩgḷā m. ʻ a kind of large ant ʼ, ĩgḷī f. ʻ a large black deadly scorpion ʼ.aṅgāraka -- , aṅgāri -- , aṅgāryāˊ -- ; aṅgāradhānī -- , *aṅgāravarta -- , *aṅgārasthāna -- , *aṅgr̥ṣṭha -- .Addenda: áṅgāra -- : Md. an̆guru ʻ charcoal ʼ.aṅgāraka ʻ *red like embers ʼ, m. ʻ charcoal; name of various plants ʼ (aṅgārikā -- f. ʻ stalk of sugar -- cane, flower of Butea frondosa ʼ). 2. m. ʻ the planet Mars ʼ. [áṅgāra -- ]1. Pa. aṅgāraka -- ʻ red like charcoal ʼ; S. aṅārī f. ʻ smut in wheat ʼ; WPah. bhal. aṅāˊri f. ʻ a plant with red flowers ʼ.2. Pa. aṅgāraka -- m. ʻ Mars ʼ, Pk. aṁgāraya -- m.; S. aṅāro m. ʻ Tuesday ʼ.aṅgāradhānī -- , °ikā -- f. ʻ portable stove ʼ lex. [áṅgāra -- , dhāˊna -- ]Paš. aṅgarāˊn, aṅgaranīˊ ʻ fireplace *aṅgāravarta m. ʻ fire stone ʼ. [áṅgāra -- , *varta -- 3]Ash. aṅalawaṭ (r -- r > l -- r). *aṅgārasthāna n. ʻ fireplace ʼ. [áṅgāra -- , sthāˊna -- ]Dm. aṅgarthäĩ (perh. a Dm. cmpd.). -- See *agnisthāna -- .aṅgāri f., aṅgāritā -- f. ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex. [áṅgāra -- ]H. ãgārī f.Addenda: aṅgāri -- : †*aṅgāriṣṭha -- .130a †*aṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ. [aṅgāri -- , stha -- : cf. agniṣṭhá -- ]WPah.kṭg. garṭhɔ m. ʻ charcoal ʼ; J. gārṭhā m. ʻ a small burning coal ʼ.131 aṅgāryāˊ -- , *aṅgāriyā -- , f. ʻ heap of embers ʼ. [Cf. aṅgā- rīya -- ʻ fit for making charcoal ʼ, aṅgārikā -- f., angāritā -- f. ʻ portable fireplace ʼ lex.: áṅgāra -- ]Wg. aṅarīˊk, aṅgríč ʻ charcoal ʼ; Paš. aṅgerík ʻ black charcoal ʼ, Shum. ãdotdot;gerík; Phal. aṅgerīˊ ʻ charcoal ʼ, aṅgerīˊṣi f. ʻ black charcoal ʼ; Ku. aṅāri ʻ sparks ʼ; G. ãgārī f. ʻ small hearth with embers in it ʼ.(CDIAL 125 to 131). This signifies the carbon dhatu or carbon element which enters through godhuma, 'wheat chaff smoke' into the molten metal to harden it.

Bhaja Caitya ca. 100 BCE
Hieroglyph signies arrowhead:
Hieroglyphs signify: vajra 'thunderbolt weapon' and kammaṭa'mint', yupa, caṣāla are the devices which carburize molten metal and make the metal product hard with the infusion of carbon, godhuma, angāraka. Hieroglyph: agāra n. ʻ house ʼ ĀśvGr̥., āgāra -- Mn. [Prob. ← Drav., Mayrhofer EWA i 17 with lit.] agnyagārá m. ʻ a house for keeping the sacred fire ʼ ŚBr., agnyā° KātyŚr., *agniyā̆°. [agní -- 1, agāra -- ]Pa. agyagāra -- , agyā° n. ʻ house in which fire is kept ʼ; G. agiyārī f. ʻ small fire -- temple ʼ, M. agyārī, agerī f. ʻ pit or house in which Fire -- worshippers keep their fire ʼ.(CDIAL 67) Hieroglyph: ãgīṭhā goldsmith's furnace:agniṣṭhá m. ʻ fire -- pan ʼ ĀpŚr., °ṭhāˊ -- f. ʻ that corner of the Yūpa towards the fire ʼ ŚBr., °ṭhikā -- f. ʻ fire -- pan ʼ. [agní -- 1, stha -- ]Pa. aggiṭṭha -- n. (?) or °ṭhā -- f. (?) ʻ fireplace ʼ; Pk. aggiṭṭha -- ʻ being in the fire ʼ; Dm. aṅguṭí ʻ smoke -- hole ʼ; Phal. aṅgúṭ ʻ fireplace, chimney ʼ; S. āg̠īṭhī f. ʻ fireplace ʼ; P. ãgīṭhā m. ʻ stove ʼ, °ṭhī f., gīṭṭhī f. ʻ small stove ʼ; WPah. bhal. ágṭhi f. ʻ hearth ʼ, sod. geṭhe; Ku. ageṭho ʻ portable fire -- vessel ʼ, N. ãgeṭhi; A. āṅgaṭhā ʻ burning coal ʼ; Or. ā̆ṅgaṭhā, aṅgeṭhā ʻ fire -- pan ʼ; Bi. ãgeṭhā, °ṭhī, (North of Ganges) ãgaiṭhā ʻ jeweller's fireplace ʼ; H. ãgīṭhā m. ʻ goldsmith's furnace ʼ, °ṭhī f., ãgeṭhī, °ṭī f. ʻ portable stove ʼ, G. ãgīṭhī, ãgeṭhī f., OM. āṁgīṭhā m. ʻ stove ʼ, M. āgṭhẽ, °ṭẽ n.; āgṭhī, ā̆gṭī, ā̆kṭī f. ʻ heap of kindled sticks ʼ; Ko. āgṭī, ʻ brazier ʼ. -- The nasal of the majority of mod. lggs. may be due to influence of áṅgāra -- or (with Morgenstierne NTS xii 155 for Dm. aṅguṭí) represent *angr̥ -- ṣṭha -- , cf. Pers. angišt ʻ charcoal ʼ (: ángāra -- , or perh. *aṅgriṣṭha -- < IE. *oṅgli -- in OPruss. anglis ʻ charcoal ʼ Pokorny IEW 779). Forms without nasal due to regular phonetic change as in WPah., or to a new compd. with agní -- 1 as in Sk., or to influence of agní -- and its descendants, as in S. with its ā fr. āgi. -- See also *agnisthāna -- .Addenda: agniṣṭhá -- : WPah.kṭg. géṭṭhɔ m. ʻ stone fireplace ʼ, kc. geṭṭho m. ʻ campfire ʼ, kṭg. géṭṭhi, kc. geṭṭhe f. ʻ fireplace, firepan ʼ, J. geṭhā m.; Garh. ageṭhī ʻ portable firepan ʼ. (CDIAL 65) Pa. ā̆gāra -- , °aka -- n., Pk. āgāra -- , ag°, gāra -- n.(CDIAL 52) agní1 m. ʻ fire ʼ. RV.Pa. aggi -- , aggini -- , gini -- m.; Pk. aggi -- , agiṇi -- , agaṇi -- m., Aś. agi -- , Gy. pal. ag ʻ fire, matches ʼ, agi also ʻ hell ʼ; eur. yag f. ʻ fire ʼ (y -- from f. article), Ḍ. ak, obl. agis f.; Wg. ã̄īˊ (Morgenstierne NTS xvii 226, perh. < agní -- with -- gn -- > *ṅg as dn > nd, see ánna -- ; but poss. < áṅgāra -- as in other Kaf. and Dard. lggs.); S. āgi, āgi f. ʻ fire ʼ, āgo m. ʻ goldsmith's furnace ʼ (ā and g point to borrowing from Rj. or G. areas); L. agg f., awāṇ. ag, obl. aggī; P. agg f., āg f. (← H.); WPah. all dialects agg f., Ku. āgu, āgo ( -- o to preserve orig. gender: -- i in agyūṇo ʻ to burn jungle for grazing, to provoke ʼ), N. āgo, OB. āgi, B. āg; Or. Bi. āgi, Mth. āgi, Bhoj. āgī, OAw. āgi, Aw. lakh. āgi, H. āg, āgī f. (agyānā ʻ to clean metal vessels by burning ʼ); OMarw. OG. āgi f., G. āgi f.; OM. āgi m. (Panse Jñān 213), M. Ko. āg f.; OSi. aga (replaced by ginna, stem gini -- ← Pa.). agnika -- ; agnikārya -- , agnidāha -- , agnidhāˊna -- , agnimantha -- , *agnirujā -- , agnírūpa -- , agniśikhāˊ -- , agniṣṭhá -- , *agnisthāna -- , agnyagārá -- ; kāgni -- , davāgni -- , mandāgni -- , *vajrāgni -- , vanāgni -- .Addenda: agní -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) āg f. (rarely m.) ʻ fire ʼ, Garh. āg f.(CDIAL 55) agnikārya m. ʻ kindling the sacred fire with butter ʼ Mn., °rikā -- f. lex. [agní -- 1, kāryà -- ]Pk. aggiāriā -- f. ʻ fire -- worship ʼ; H. agyārī f. ʻ kindling the sacred fire ʼ; M. agerī f. ʻ throwing ghee on the fire during ancestor -- worship ʼ.(CDIAL 58)

Cluster 8 Seafaring boat cluster, cargo wealth category

m1429 Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script.

Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602
Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384
Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39

The large oxhide ingots were signified by ḍhālako a large metal ingot (Hieroglyph: dhāḷ 'a slope'; 'inclination' ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- .1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f.Addenda: ḍhāla -- . 2. *ḍhāllā -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f.(CDIAL 5583).

kāraṇḍava m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ MBh. [Cf. kāraṇḍa- m. ʻ id. ʼ R., karēṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ lex.: see karaṭa -- 1]
Pa. kāraṇḍava -- m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ; Pk. kāraṁḍa -- , °ḍaga -- , °ḍava -- m. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. kānero m. ʻ a partic. kind of water bird ʼ < *kāreno.(CDIAL 3059) करढोंक or की (p. 78) karaḍhōṅka or kī m करडोक m A kind of crane or heron (Marathi) kāraṇḍava m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ MBh. [Cf. kāraṇḍa- m. ʻ id. ʼ R., karēṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ lex.: see karaṭa -- 1]
Pa. kāraṇḍava -- m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ; Pk. kāraṁḍa -- , °ḍaga -- , °ḍava -- m. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. kānero m. ʻ a partic. kind of water bird ʼ < *kāreno.(CDIAL 3059) करढोंक or की (p. 78) karaḍhōṅka or kī m करडोक m A kind of crane or heron (Marathi)

Ox-hide ingots.

The word ḍhāla also means 'shield' and ढालपट्टा (p. 204) ḍhālapaṭṭā m '(Shield and sword.) A soldier's accoutrements comprehensively.' This semantics is clear from a bronze figure of Enkomi, Cyprus signifying a warrior standing atop an ox-hide ingot and holding a shield and a spear.

Hieroglyph: tāla -- m. ʻ fan -- palm ʼ, (Pali) tāṛ m. ʻ palm tree ʼ (Sindhi): *tāḍa3 ʻ fan -- palm ʼ, tāḍī -- 2 f. in tāḍī -- puṭa -- ʻ palm -- leaf ʼ Kād., tāla -- 2 m. ʻ Borassus flabelliformis ʼ Mn., tālī -- , °lakī -- f. ʻ palm -- wine ʼ W. [Cf. hintāla -- ] Pa. tāla -- m. ʻ fan -- palm ʼ, Pk. tāḍa -- , tāla -- , tala -- m., tāḍī -- , tālī -- f., K. tāl m., P. tāṛ m., N. tār (tāṛ ← H.), A. tāl, B. tāṛ, Or. tāṛa, tāṛi, tāḷa, Bi. tār,tāṛ, OAw. tāra, H. G. tāṛ m., M. tāḍ m., Si. tala. -- Gy. gr. taró m., tarí f. ʻ rum ʼ, rum. tari ʻ brandy ʼ, pal. tar ʻ date -- spirit ʼ; S. tāṛī f. ʻ juice of the palmyra ʼ; P. tāṛī ʻ the fermented juice ʼ; N. tāṛī ʻ id., yeast ʼ (← H.); A. tāri ʻ the fermented juice ʼ, B. Or. tāṛi, Bi. tārī, tāṛī, Bhoj. tāṛī; H. tāṛī f. ʻ the juice, the fermented juice ʼ; G. tāṛī f. ʻ the juice ʼ, M. tāḍī f. <-> X hintāla -- q.v.tālavr̥nta -- ; *madatāḍikā -- .Addenda: tāḍa -- 3: S.kcch. tāṛ m. ʻ palm tree ʼ.(CDIAL 5750) Ta. kara tāḷam palmyra palm. Ka. kara-tāḷa fan-palm, Corypha umbraculifera Lin. Tu. karatāḷa cadjan. Te. (B.) kara-tāḷamu the small-leaved palm tree.(DEDR 1270) Ka. tār̤ palmyra or toddy palm, Borassus flabelliformis. Tu. tāri, tāḷi id. Te. tāḍu, (inscr., Inscr.2) tār̤u id.; tāṭi of or belonging to the palmyra tree;tāṭi ceṭṭu palmyra tree; tāṭ-āku palmleaf. Kol. (Kin.) tāṭi māk palmyra tree. Nk. tāṛ māk/śeṭṭ toddy palm. Nk. (Ch.) tāṛ id. Pa. tāṛ id. Ga.
(S.3) tāṭi palmyra palm. Go. (G. Ma. Ko.) tāṛ, (S.) tāṛi, (A.) tāḍi toddy palm; (SR.) tādī kal palm liquor (Voc.1709). Konḍa ṭāṛ maran, ṭāṭi maran palmyra tree. Pe. tāṛ mar toddy palm. Kuwi (Su.) tāṭi mārnu, (S.) tāti id. Kur. tāṛ palm tree. Malt. tálmi Borassus flabelliformis. / Cf. Skt. tāla-, Pkt. tāḍa-, tāla-; Turner, CDIAL, no. 5750 (some of the Dr. items may be < IA).(DEDR 3180) tāl 2 ताल् m. the palmyra tree or fan palm, Borassus flabelliformis. (Kashmiri)

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS Hieroglyph: ढाळ (p. 204) ḍhāḷa Slope, inclination of a plane. Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot . Thus, large metal or iron ingot.

Hieroglyph: ढाळा (p. 204) ḍhāḷā m A small leafy branch, spring. 2 A plant of gram, sometimes of वाटाणा, or of लांक. ढाळी (p. 204) ḍhāḷī f A branch or bough. தளம்³ taḷam, n. < dala. 1. Leaf; இலை. (சூடா.) 2. Petal; பூவிதழ். (சூடா.)

This Mohenjo-daro prism tablet signifies on Side A a pair of palm trees flanking two oxhide ingots. It has been suggested that the hieroglyphs on all three sides of the tablet are read rebus to signify a metalwork catalogue of cargo carried on the boat (bagala?). Side A; tALa 'palm trees' rebus: DhALa 'large ingot (oxhide)' karaDa 'aquatic bird' rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy' Side B: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith', thus aya-kara 'metalsmith' Side C: from l.to r. Part 1: karaNika 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' kanka, karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo, script, engraver' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' muh 'ingot' khANDA 'notch' rebus:kaNDa 'implements' Part 2: kanka, karNaka 'rim of jar' reebus: karNI 'supecargo, script, engrave' ayo, aya 'fish' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy.forge' muh 'ingot' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy/forge'. Thus, the inscription on the three sides signifies mint, metalwork, hard alloys,metalcastings ingots, metal implements from smithy/forge.

Hieroglyph: tamar 'palm' (Hebrew). Rebus: tamba 'copper' (Santali) tamra id .(Samskrtam)

FS 125 (Frequency in M Corpus: 3 Boat (on oneside of a three-sided tablet)

m1186 FS 114 From R. - a horned pe rsonage standing between the branches of a pipal trec: a low pedestal with some offerings: a horn ed personage kneeling in adoration; a ram;a row of seven robed figures in the lower register.

bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ] Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) boul, bolh, Sh. (Lor.) b*lle.(CDIAL 9195) Rebus: baghla 'dhow, cargo boat'.

FS 95

Cluster 9 Bier cluster, wheelwright category

FS 96 Person standing at the centre between a two-tiered

structure at R. and a short·horned bull standing near a trident-headed post at L.

khaḍū1 m. ʻ bier ʼ lex. 2. khaṭṭi -- m. lex. [Cf. kháṭvā -- ] 1. B. khaṛu ʻ bier ʼ.2. B. khāṭi ʻ bier ʼ, Or. khāṭa.(CDIAL 3785) Rebus: khāti 'wheelwright'. Text of inscription: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS arā 'spoke of wheel' rebus: arā 'brass'. Hieroglyph:buffalo: rã̄go 'buffalo' Rebus: rāṅgā 'zinc alloy, spelter, pewter'. Thus, cast spelter Hieroglyph: body: mēd 'body' (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ 'iron' (Ho.)

Cluster 10 Sickle cluster, wheelwright category

FS 131 (Frequency in M Corpus: 6) Inscribed object in the shape of a crescent or sickle

katti 'sickle' (Tamil) kāti the knife attached to the cock's foot (Voc. 490). ? Cf. 1208 Kol. katk-.(DEDR 1204) Rebus 1: khātā 'labour sphere account book' Rebus 2: käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). Hieroglyph: katī 'blacksmith's goldsmith's scissors' rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'

h180: Three-sided prism tablet from Harappa also includes a rearing-set of tigers narrative

FS 106 106: Nude female figure upside down with thighs drawn apart and crab (?) issuing from her womb; two tigers standing face to face rearing on their hindlegs at L.

Image result for bharatkalyan97 dishevelled

FS 92 Man armed with a sickle-shaped weapon facing a seated

woman with dishevelled hair and upraised arms.

A person carrying a sickle-shaped weapon and a wheel on his bands faces a woman with disheveled hair and upraised arm. kuṭhāru ‘armourer’ (Sanskrit) salae sapae = untangled, combed out, hair hanging loose (Santali.lex.) Rebus: sal workshop (Santali) The glyptic composition is decoded as kuṭhāru sal‘armourer workshop.’ eṛaka 'upraised arm' (Tamil). Rebus: eraka = copper (Kannada) Thus, the entire composition of these glyphic elements relate to an armourer’s copper workshop. Vikalpa: मेढा A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: mēḍ 'iron' (Munda)

<raca>(D) {ADJ} ``^dishevelled'' (Munda) rasāṇẽ n. ʻglowing embersʼ (Marathi). rabca 'dishevelled' Rebus: రాచrāca (adj.) Pertaining to a stone.

The descriptive glyphics indicates that the smelting furnace is for bica, stone (ore). This is distinquished from sand ore.

katti 'sickle' (Tamil) kāti the knife attached to the cock's foot (Voc. 490). ? Cf. 1208 Kol. katk-.(DEDR 1204) Rebus 1: khātā 'labour sphere account book' Rebus 2: käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). Hieroglyph: katī 'blacksmith's goldsmith's scissors' rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'

The object between the outspread legs of the woman lying upside down is comparable orthography of a crocodile holding fiish in its jaws shown on tablets h705B and h172B. The snout of the crocodile is shown in copulation with the lying-in woman (as seen from the enlarged portion of h180 Harappa tablet).

kola ‘woman’; rebus: kol ‘iron’. kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.); kollë ‘blacksmith’ (Koḍ) kuThi 'vagina' rebus: kuThi 'smnelter' karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' khamDa 'copulation' rebus: kammaTa 'coin, mint'

The glyphic elements shown on the tablet are: copulation, vagina, crocodile.

Gyphic: ‘copulation’: kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) Vikalpa: kaṇḍa ‘stone (ore)’. Glyph: vagina: kuṭhi ‘vagina’; rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’. The descriptive glyphics indicates that the smelting furnace is for stone (ore). This is distinquished from sand ore. Glyph: ‘crocodile’: karā ‘crocodile’. Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’. kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Te.) Rebus: kāruvu ‘artisan’

kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Te.) mosale ‘wild crocodile or alligator. S. ghaṛyālu m. ʻ long — snouted porpoise ʼ; N. ghaṛiyāl ʻ crocodile’ (Telugu)ʼ; A. B. ghãṛiyāl ʻ alligator ʼ, Or. Ghaṛiāḷa, H. ghaṛyāl, ghariār m. (CDIAL 4422) கரவு² karavu

, n. < கரா. cf. grāha. Alligator; முதலை. கரவார்தடம் (திவ். திருவாய். 8, 9, 9).

கரா karā , n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலை. கராவதன் காலினைக்கதுவ (திவ். பெரியதி. 2, 3, 9). 2. Male alligator; ஆண்முதலை. (பிங்.) கராம் karām , n. prob. grāha. 1. A species of alligator; முதலைவகை. முதலையு மிடங்கருங் கராமும் (குறிஞ்சிப். 257). 2. Male alligator; ஆண் முதலை. (திவா.)கரவா karavā , n. A sea-fish of vermilion colour, Upeneus cinnabarinus; கடல்மீன்வகை. Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

kuṭhi = pubes. kola ‘foetus’ [Glyph of a foetus emerging from pudendum muliebre on a Harappa tablet.] kuṭhi = the pubes (lower down than paṇḍe) (Santali) kuṭhi = the womb, the female sexual organ; sorrege kuṭhi menaktaea, tale tale gidrakoa lit. her womb is near, she gets children continually (H. koṭhī, the womb) (Santali.Bodding) kōṣṭha = anyone of the large viscera (MBh.); koṭṭha = stomach (Pali.Pkt.); kuṭṭha (Pkt.); koṭhī heart, breast (L.); koṭṭhā, koṭhā belly (P.); koṭho (G.); koṭhā (M.)(CDIAL 3545). kottha pertaining to the belly (Pkt.); kothā corpulent (Or.)(CDIAL 3510). koṭho [Skt. koṣṭha inner part] the stomach, the belly (Gujarat) kūti = pudendum muliebre (Ta.); posteriors, membrum muliebre (Ma.); ku.0y anus, region of buttocks in general (To.); kūdi = anus, posteriors, membrum muliebre (Tu.)(DEDR 188). kūṭu = hip (Tu.); kuṭa = thigh (Pe.); kuṭe id. (Mand.); kūṭi hip (Kui)(DEDR 1885). gūde prolapsus of the anus (Ka.Tu.); gūda, gudda id. (Te.)(DEDR 1891).

Glosses: Indian sprachbund

kāru ‘crocodile’ (Telugu). Rebus: artisan (Marathi) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri)

kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’.

Heraka ‘spy’ Rebus: eraka ‘copper’. khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus: kõdār’turner’ (Bengali) dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

Looking back: krammara ‘look back’ Rebus: kamar ‘smith, artisan’.

Hieroglyph: koḍiya 'young bull' rebus: koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel'.

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)]baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) baṭhi furnace for smelting ore (the same as kuṭhi) (Santali) bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace; make an oven, a furnace; iṭa bhaṭa = a brick kiln; kun:kal bhaṭa a potter’s kiln; cun bhaṭa = a lime kiln; cun tehen dobon bhaṭaea = we shall prepare the lime kiln today (Santali); bhaṭṭhā (H.) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā= a barzier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Skt.) mẽṛhẽt baṭi = iron (Ore) furnaces. [Synonyms are: mẽt = the eye, rebus for: the dotted circle (Santali.lex) baṭha [H. baṭṭhī (Sad.)] any kiln, except a potter’s kiln, which is called coa; there are four kinds of kiln: cunabat.ha, a lime-kin, it.abat.ha, a brick-kiln, ērēbaṭha, a lac kiln, kuilabaṭha, a charcoal kiln; trs. Or intrs., to make a kiln; cuna rapamente ciminaupe baṭhakeda? How many limekilns did you make? Baṭha-sen:gel = the fire of a kiln; baṭi [H. Sad. baṭṭhi, a furnace for distilling) used alone or in the cmpds. arkibuṭi and baṭiora, all meaning a grog-shop; occurs also in ilibaṭi, a (licensed) rice-beer shop (Mundari.lex.) bhaṭi = liquor from mohwa flowers (Santali)

ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'. Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa 'rhimpceros' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. The text on h0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.

Hieroglyph: heraka ‘spy’. Rebus: eraka, arka 'copper, gold'; eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion'; era ‘copper’. āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra 'brass'. Hieroglyph: हेर [ hēra ] m (हेरक S through or H) A spy, scout, explorator, an emissary to gather intelligence. 2 f Spying out or spying, surveying narrowly, exploring. (Marathi) *hērati ʻ looks for or at ʼ. 2. hēraka -- , °rika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ lex., hairika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ Hcar., ʻ thief ʼ lex. [J. Bloch FestschrWackernagel 149 ← Drav., Kuiēra ʻ to spy ʼ, Malt. ére ʻ to see ʼ, DED 765]1. Pk. hēraï ʻ looks for or at ʼ (vihīraï ʻ watches for ʼ); K.ḍoḍ. hērūō ʻ was seen ʼ; WPah.bhad. bhal. he_rnū ʻ to look at ʼ (bhal. hirāṇū ʻ to show ʼ), pāḍ. hēraṇ, paṅ. hēṇā, cur. hērnā, Ku. herṇo, N. hernu, A. heriba, B. herā, Or. heribā (caus. herāibā), Mth. herab, OAw. heraï, H. hernā; G. hervũ ʻ to spy ʼ, M. herṇẽ. 2. Pk. hēria -- m. ʻ spy ʼ; Kal. (Leitner) "hériu"ʻ spy ʼ; G. herɔ m. ʻ spy ʼ, herũ n. ʻ spying ʼ. Addenda: *hērati: WPah.kṭg. (Wkc.) hèrnõ, kc. erno ʻ observe ʼ; Garh. hernu ʻ to look' (CDIAL 14165) Ko. er uk- (uky-) to play 'peeping tom'. Kui ēra (ēri-) to spy, scout; n. spying, scouting; pl action ērka (ērki-). ? Kuwi (S.) hēnai to scout; hēri kiyali to see; (Su. P.) hēnḍ- (hēṭ-) id. Kur. ērnā (īryas) to see, look, look at, look after, look for, wait for, examine, try; ērta'ānā to let see, show; ērānakhrnā to look at one another. Malt. ére to see, behold, observe; érye to peep, spy. Cf. 892 Kur. ēthrnā. / Cf. Skt. heraka- spy, Pkt. her- to look at or for, and many NIA verbs; Turner, CDIAL, no. 14165(DEDR 903)

కారుమొసలి a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu).

Rebus: khār ‘blacksmith’ khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru -; । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji -ग&above;जि&below; or । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü ), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü; । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu; । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü -क&above;टू&below; । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 ; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu -न्यचिवु&below; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.

Cluster 11 Sun's rays cluster, gold wealth category

FS 132 Radiating solar symbol

sun arka 'sun' rebus: arka, era 'copper'. arka 'sun' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' (agasāle 'goldsmithy'), eraka 'moltencast'.

Cluster 12 Body of standing person cluster, element classifier

FS 83

FS 84

manḍa 'arbour,canopy' Rebus 1: mã̄ḍ ʻarray of instruments'. Rebus 2: maṇḍā = warehouse, workshop (Konkani.) maṇḍī.'large grain market' (Urdu).

FS 85 FS 83 to FS 85 Personage wearing a diadem or tall head-dress Slanding between two posts or under an ornamental arch

FS 86

FS 87

FS 88 FS 86 to FS 88 Standing pe rsonage with horns and bovine features (hoofed legs an d/or tail).

FS 90 (Frequency in M Corpus:3) Standing pe rsonage with horns and bovine features

holding a staff or mace on his shoulder.

Horned person. Terracotta. Harappa.

mēd 'body' (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ 'iron' (Ho.) Ta. mēṉi body, shape, colour, beauty; mēl body. Ma. mēni body, shape, beauty, excellence; mēl body. Koḍ. me·lï body. Te. mēnu id.; mēni brilliancy, lustre; belonging to the body, bodily, personal. Kol. me·n (pl.me·nḍl) body. Nk. mēn (pl. mēnuḷ) id. Nk. (Ch.) mēn id. Pa. mēn (pl. mēnul) id. Ga. (S.) mēnu (pl. mēngil), (P.) mēn id. Go. (Tr.) mēndur (obl. mēnduḍ-), (A. Y. W. M.) mēndul, (L.) meṇḍū˘l, (SR.) meṇḍol id. (Voc.2963). Konḍa mēndol human body. Kur. mē̃d, mēd body, womb, back. Malt. méth body (DEDR 5099)

Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn, tusk, branch of tree, cluster, bunch, coil of hair, line, diagram, bank of stream or pool; kuvaṭu branch of a tree; kōṭṭāṉ, kōṭṭuvāṉ rock horned-owl (cf. 1657 Ta. kuṭiñai). Ko. ko·ṛ (obl.ko·ṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr̤ horn. Tu. kōḍů, kōḍu horn. Te. kōḍu rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn. Ga. (Oll.) kōr (pl. kōrgul) id. Go. (Tr.) kōr (obl. kōt-, pl. kōhk) horn of cattle or wild animals, branch of a tree; (W. Ph. A. Ch.) kōr (pl. kōhk), (S.) kōr (pl. kōhku), (Ma.) kōr̥u (pl. kōẖku) horn; (M.) kohk branch (Voc. 980); (LuS.) kogoo a horn. Kui kōju (pl. kōska) horn, antler.

(DEDR 2200) Rebus: koḍ artisan's workshop (Kuwi) Ta. koṭṭakai shed with sloping roofs, cow-stall; marriage pandal; koṭṭam cattle-shed; koṭṭil cow-stall, shed, hut; (STD) koṭambe feeding place for cattle. Ma. koṭṭil cowhouse, shed, workshop, house. Ka. koṭṭage, koṭige, koṭṭige stall or outhouse (esp. for cattle), barn, room. Koḍ. koṭṭï shed. Tu. koṭṭa hut or dwelling of Koragars; koṭya shed, stall. Te. koṭṭā̆mu stable for cattle or horses; koṭṭāyi thatched shed. Kol. (Kin.) koṛka, (SR.) korkā cowshed; (Pat., p. 59) konṭoḍi henhouse. Nk. khoṭa cowshed. Nk. (Ch.) koṛka id. Go. (Y.) koṭa, (Ko.) koṭam (pl. koṭak) id. (Voc. 880); (SR.) koṭka shed; (W. G. Mu. Ma.) koṛka, (Ph.) korka, kurkacowshed (Voc. 886); (Mu.) koṭorla, koṭorli shed for goats (Voc. 884). Malt. koṭa hamlet. / Influenced by Skt. goṣṭha-. (DEDR 2058)

Cluster 13 Frog cluster, ingot classifier

Dong Son/Karen Bronze drum. Indus Script hieroglyphs: frog, elephant, peacock karibha'elephant' rebus: karba'iron' maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal', kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi'smelter'arka'sun' rebus: arka'gold' eraka 'moltencast'.

FS 71 Frog

Kur. mūxā frog. Malt. múqe id. / Cf. Skt. mūkaka- id. (DEDR 5023) Rebus: mũhe 'ingot' rebus: muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'

Cluster 14 Serpent cluster as anakku, 'tin ore' classifier

FS 72 Serpent. partly rec lining un a low platform under

a tree.. kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' नाग 'serpent' rebus: nāga, 'lead, tin' (भावप्रकाश) Akkadian: anakku'tin'

FS 73 Serpcnt (!) entwined around a pillar wilh capital (?):

(the motif is always curved in high relief on the reverse side of the inscribed object).(Frequency in M Corpus: 9)

Cluster 15 Tortoise, turtle clusters, bronze classifiers

FS 69 Inscribed object in the shape of a tortoise.

FS 56 (Frequency in M Corpus: 9) dula'duplicated, mirror image' rebus: dul'metal casting' PLUS

https://frontiers-of-anthropology.blogspot.in/2011/11/giant-turtle-that-bears-world-on-its.html?m=1

A giant turtle (of what was thought to be an extinct species) has been found on Pacific island in 2010 CE !!

https://www.wired.com/2010/08/last-giant-land-turtle/

कंस[p= 241,1] mn. ( √कम् Un2. iii , 62), a vessel made of metal , drinking vessel , cup , goblet AV. x , 10 , 5 AitBr. S3Br. &c; a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal

"Front view of Meiolania platyceps fossil

Meiolania ("small roamer") is an extinct genus of cryptodire

turtle from the Oligocene to Holocene, with the last relict populations at New Caledonia which survived until 2,000 years ago.

The animal was rather large, measuring 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in length, making it the second-largest known nonmarine turtle or tortoise, surpassed only by Colossochelys atlas from Asia, which lived in the Pleistocene. It lived in Australia and New Caledonia. Remains have also been found on the island of Efate in Vanuatu, associated with settlements from the Lapitaculture...When the first fossil remains (a vertebra) were found, they were originally thought to be from a large monitor lizard, similar to, but smaller than Megalania, so the genus was named accordingly. Later, when more remains were found, it was realized that the "small roamer" was actually a turtle, and not a lizard. Synonyms include Miolania and Ceratochelys."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiolania

There are examples of copper plates with the pictorial motifs of large turtles combined back to back, as a pair to signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

m1528Act

m1529Act2920

m1529Bct

m1532Act

m1532Bct

m1534Act

m1534Bct

1703 Composition:

Two horned heads one at either end of the body. Note the dottings on the thighs which is a unique artistic feature of depicting a turtles (the legs are like those of an elephant?). The body apparently is a combination of two turtles with heads of turtles emerging out of the shell and attached on either end of the composite body.

Copper tablet type B18, B17b. Tortoise with mirror duplicaes.

B17a, B17b, B18

Hieroglyph: two large turtles joined back to back. Thus, signifying meta casting using cire perdue (lost-wax) technique of creating mirror image metal castings from wax casts.

The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

kamaṭha crab, tortoise (Gujarati); ‘frog’ (Skt.); rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint’ (Kannada)kampaṭṭam ‘coiner, mint’ (Tamil).கமடம், [ *kamaṭam, ] s. A turtle, a tortoise, ஆமை (Winslow Tamil lexicon) కమఠము [ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu. [Skt.] n. A tortoise.

Rebus: కమటము [ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. Allograph: कमटा or ठा [ kamaṭā or ṭhā ] m (कमठ S) A bow (esp. of bamboo or horn) (Marathi). Allograph 2: kamaḍha ‘penance’ (Pkt.) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236)

m1532b On another copper tablet, the emphasis is clearly on the turtle's shell like that of Meiolania's shell.

On copper tablet m1543, the correct identification of the animal heads will be turtle species comparable to Meiolania, a horned large turtle of New Guinea.

Hieroglyph: kassa ‘turtle’: kacchapa m. ʻ turtle, tortoise ʼ MBh. 2. *kacchabha -- . [By pop. etym. through kaccha -- for kaśyápa -- VS. J. Charpentier MO xxvi 110 suggested equivalence in MIA. of kassa -- = kaccha -- to explain creation of kacchapa -- ~ kassapa -- . But K. kochuwu, unless a loan from Ind., points to *kakṣapa -- , which would make the formation earlier.] 1. Pa. kacchapa -- m. ʻ tortoise, turtle, °pinī -- f., Pk. kacchava -- m., °vī -- f., K. kochuwu m. (see above), S. kachãũ, °chū̃ m., L. kachū̃ m., P. kacchū, kacchūkummã̄ m. (< kūrmá -- 1), N. kachuwā, A. kācha, B. kāchim, Or. kechu, °cho, kẽchu, kaï˜cha, °ca, kachima, °cima, Mth. kāchu, Bhoj. Aw. lakh. kachuā; H. kachuā, °chwā m., °uī, °wī f. ʻ tortoise, turtle ʼ, kach -- mach m. ʻ dwellers in the water ʼ (< mátsya -- ) whence kacch, kach m. ʻ turtle, tortoise ʼ, M. kāsav, kã̄s° m., Ko. kāsavu. 2. Pk. amg. kacchabha -- , °aha -- m., °bhī -- f.; Si. käsum̆bu, °ubu H. Smith JA 1950, 188; -- G. kācbɔ m., °bī f. with unexpl. retention of -- b -- and loss of aspiration in c. Addenda: kacchapa -- . 1. A. kācha (phonet. -- s -- ) ʻ tortoise ʼ AFD 217. 2. *kacchabha -- (with -- pa -- replaced by animal suffix -- bha -- ): Md. kahan̆bu ʻ tortoise -- shell ʼ.(CDIAL 2619)

Rebus: OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food.

kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- . 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109. 2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; K. kanzü f. ʻ clay or copper pot ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. kāˊṁsya -- ; -- *kaṁsāvatī -- ? Addenda: kaṁsá -- 1: A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya -- . (CDIAL 2576) It is possible that the word in Tamil for ‘gold, money’ is cognate with these etyma of Indian sprachbund: காசு³ kācu , n. prob. kāš. cf. kāca. [M. kāšu.] 1. Gold; பொன். (ஆ. நி.) 2. Necklace of gold coins; அச்சுத்தாலி. காசும் பிறப்புங் கலகலப்ப (திவ். திருப்பா. 7). 3. An ancient gold coin = 28 gr. troy; ஒரு பழைய பொன்னாணயம். (Insc.) 4. A small copper coin;சிறுசெப்புக்காசு. நெஞ்சே யுனையோர் காசா மதியேன் (தாயு. உடல்பொய். 72). 5. Coin, cash, money; ரொக்கம். எப்பேர்ப்பட்ட பல காசா யங்களும் (S.I.I. i, 89). 6. Gem, crystal bead; மணி.நாண்வழிக் காசுபோலவும் (இறை. 2, உரை, பக். 29). 7. Girdle strung with gems; மேகலாபர ணம்.பட்டுடை சூழ்ந்த காசு (சீவக. 468). 8. (Pros.) A formula of a foot of two nēr acaiveṇpā; வெண்பாவின்இறுதிச்சீர்வாய்பாட்டுள் ஒன்று. (காரிகை, செய். 7.) 9. The hollow in the centre of each row of pallāṅkuḻi; பல்லாங்குழி யாட்டத்திற் காய்கள் சேர்தற்குரிய நடுக்குழிகள்.

1) కంచరవాడు (p. 224) kañcaravāḍu kanṭsu. n. Bell metal. కంచుకుండ a bowl or vessel or bell metal.కంచువాద్యము a cymbal made of bell metal. కంచుతీసినట్లు as...
2) కంచము (p. 223) kañcamu kanṭsamu. [Tel.] n. A metal plate or dish. కంచుకంచము a dish made of bell metal. మా కంచములో రాయి వేసినాడు he threw a stone into our place, i.e., took away our bread, he disturbed us. మందకంచము a dish which as a rim. ఆకుకంచము a dish which has none.

2) ) కంసర (p. 227) kaṃsara or కంసలల kamsara. [Tel.] n. Smithery; working in gold: adj. Of the goldsmith caste. కంసలది a woman of that caste. కంసలపని the business of a gold-smith.

3) కంసము (p. 227) kaṃsamu kamsamu. [Skt.] n. Bell metal.కంచు.
4) కాంస్యము (p. 265) kāṃsyamu kāmsyamu. [Skt.] n. Bell metal. కంచు.

4) కంసాలి (p. 227) kaṃsāli or కంసాలవాడు kamsāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith or silversmith.

5) కంచరవాడు (p. 224) kañcaravāḍu or కంచరి kanṭsara-vaḍu. [Tel.] n. A brazier, a coppersmith. కంచుపనిచేయువాడు. కంచరది a woman of that caste. కంచరిపురుగు kanṭsari-purugu. n. A kind of beetle called the death watch. కంచు kanṭsu. n. Bell metal. కంచుకుండ a bowl or vessel or bell metal. కంచువాద్యము a cymbal made of bell metal. కంచుతీసినట్లు as bright or dazzling as the glitter of polished metal. Sunbright.ఆమె కంచుగీచినట్లు పలికె she spoke shrilly or with a voice as clear as a bell.

కాంచనము (p. 265) kāñcanamu kānchanamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. కాంచనవల్లి a piece of gold wire.కాంచనాంబరము tissue, gold cloth.

Kāñcana काञ्चन a. (-नी f.) [काञ्च्-ल्युट्] Golden, made of gold; तन्मध्ये च स्फटिकफलका काञ्चनी वासयष्टिः Me.81; काञ्चनंवलयम् Ś.6.8; Ms.5.112. -नम् 1 Gold; समलोष्टाश्मकाञ्चनः Bg. 14.24. (ग्राह्यम्) अमेध्यादपि काञ्चनम् Ms.2.239. -2 Lustre, brilliancy. -3 Property, wealth, money. (Apte). kāñcaná ʻ golden ʼ MBh., n. ʻ gold ʼ Mn.Pa. kañcana -- n. ʻ gold ʼ, °aka -- ʻ golden ʼ; Pk. kaṁcaṇa<-> n. ʻ gold ʼ; Si. kasuna ʻ gold ʼ, kasun -- ʻ golden ʼ. (CDIAL 3013)காஞ்சனம்¹ kāñcaṉam , n. < kāñcana. Gold; பொன். (திவா.) కాంచనము (p. 265) kāñcanamu kānchanamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. కాంచనవల్లి a piece of gold wire. కాంచనాంబరము tissue, gold cloth.

The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa

'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

Cluster 16 Seated person in penance, mint classifier

FS 80 (Frequency in M Corpus:3) Horned personage seated on a pedestal.

FS 81

FS 82 kamaḍha'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'; kaṇḍo 'stool, seat' Rebus: kāṇḍa'metalware'

Cluster 17 Archer cluster,mint classifier

FS 89 (Frequency in M Corpus: 6) Standing personage with ho rns and bovine features holding a bow in one hand and an arrow or an uncertain object in the other.

kamaṭha 'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner';

Cluster 18 ayakara 'metalsmith' cluster, alloy metal smithy, forge classifier

FS 63

FS 64

FS 65

FS 66

FS 67 FS 63 to FS 67 Gharia1. sometimes with a fish held in its jaw and/ or surrounded by school of fish. (Frequency in M Corpus: 49)

FS 68 Inscribed object in the shape of a fish (Frequency in M Corpus: 14) ayo'fish' rebus: ayas'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क);steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod.Germ. Eisen.])

Cluster 19 Smelter cluster, wealth-category of smelted mineral ores

FS 75

FS 76

FS 77 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 34) Kino tree generally within a railing or on a platform. kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'

Cluster 20 Magnetite, ferrite ore cluster wealth-category or wealth-classification

FS 10 (Frequency in M Corpus 54) Bos indicus, zebu. Humped bull.

Hieroglyph: पोळ pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. पोळी (p. 305) pōḷī fig. A dewlap. पोळी पिकणें g. of s. To begin to fare sumptuously; to get into good living. पोळा (p. 305) pōḷā m (पोळ) A festive day for cattle,--the day of new moon of श्रावण or of भाद्रपद. Bullocks are exempted from labor; variously daubed and decorated; and paraded about in worship.

Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. To burn: पोळभाज pōḷabhāja f (पोळणें & भाजणें To burn &c.) In agriculture. A comprehensive term for the operations connected with the burning of the ground.

Metal casting clusters (cire perdue, 'lost wax method')

FS 14

FS 127 A large device in the upper register s howing a number of

small circles in three rows with ano the r row of short vertical lines below (identified as a 'seed-drill "!). I suggest that this is an orthographic representation of a bee-hive with horns and 'notches'. पोळ pōḷa n C (Or पोळें) A honeycomb PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' PLUS 'notches' hieroglyph: 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, pōḷa koḍ khāṇḍā 'haematite, ferrite ore workshop, metalware smelter.' (Alternative explanation of the field symbol: A large device in the upper register showing a number of small circles in three rows with another row of short vertical lines below (identified as a 'seed-drill "!)

Sign 222 is

Sign 216 + notch (slanted stroke)Hieroglyph: katī 'blacksmith's goldsmith's scissors' rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights' PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. (Marathi). Thus, khātī khāṇḍā 'wheelwright, equipment'

Sign 254 if duplicated

Sign 86 (long linear stroke) koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' dula 'two, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS 'three horizontal strokes' kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus hypertext of Sign 254 reads: dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'

The cluster of hypertexts in Text message of FS 127 reads:

ayo dhakka, ayo ḍhāḷako khātī khāṇḍā 'bright metal alloy, alloymetal large ingot, wheelwright, equipment' dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'.

Modifier on Sign 72: sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati).

The inscription hypertext of FS 127 reads: pōḷa koḍ khāṇḍā 'haematite, ferrite ore workshop, metalware smelter.' PLUS ayo dhakka, ayo ḍhāḷa khātī khāṇḍā 'bright metal alloy, alloymetal ingot, wheelwright, equipment' dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'.

It is an orthographic variant of a bee-hive. Hieroglyph: पोळ pōḷa n C (Or पोळें) A honeycomb. पोळें pōḷēṃ n C A cake-form or flat honeycomb. पोळा pōḷā m (पोळ) The cake-form portion of a honeycomb. 3 A kindled portion flying up from a burning mass, a flake. 4 C A nest of bees or of उंबील or हुरण (species of ant) formed on trees by doubling over and gluing together leaves. 5 C A portion of the दाढ (loppings and straw strewed over ground to be turned) remaining unburned. 6 C पोकळा or the flowers of शेगवा rolled up in a plantain-leaf and broiled over the fire. An eatable amongst children.

Cluster 21 Dhokra 'cire perdue' metal cassting artisans classifier

FS 103 Horned (female) personage with a tail and bovine legs

standing near a kino tree attacking a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs.

Dhokra kamar as a Meluhha hieroglyph: Dholavira, Mohenjo-daro seals Rebus: lost-wax casting

On both the seals (Mohenjodaro and Dholavira), a decrept woman is signified with breasts hanging down to convey the semantics 'decrepit'. The decrepit woman on both seals is ligatured to the back of a bovine (buttock). On both the seals the woman is shown with her arm upraised signifying semantics of 'striking':P. ṭhokṇā ʻ to strike ʼ; Ku. ṭhokṇo ʻ to wield ʼ; N. ṭhoknu ʻ to knock ʼ; A. ṭhūkiba ʻ to strike ʼ, B. ṭhokā, ṭhukā, Or. ṭhukibā; H. ṭhoknā ʻ to knock, make firm ʼ; G. ṭhokvũ ʻ to strike ʼ, M. ṭhokṇẽ (CDIAL 5513) The rebus rendering is a phonetic determinant: dhokra/dokra 'cire perdue, lost-wax metalcaster'.

Plate II. Chlorite artifacts referred to as 'handbags' f-g (w 24 cm, thks 4.8 cm.); h (w 19.5 cm, h 19.4 cm, thks 4 cm); j (2 28 cm; h 24 cm, thks 3 cm); k (w 18.5, h 18.3, thks 3.2) Jiroft IV. Iconography of chlorite artifacts. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jiroft-iv-iconography-of-chlorite-artifacts

An allograph to signify dhokra/dokra is a dhokra 'basket or wallet.' This hieroglyph is shown on a number of 'basket-shaped or wallet-shaped' stone sculptures from Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex. Hieroglyph: N. dhokro ʻ large jute bag ʼ, B. dhokaṛ; Or. dhokaṛa ʻ cloth bag ʼ; Bi. dhŏkrā ʻ jute bag ʼ; Mth. dhokṛā ʻ bag, vessel, receptacle ʼ; H. dhukṛīf. ʻ small bag ʼ; G. dhokṛũ n. ʻ bale of cotton ʼ; -- with -- ṭṭ -- : M. dhokṭī f. ʻ wallet ʼ; -- with -- n -- : G. dhokṇũ n. ʻ bale of cotton ʼ; -- with -- s -- : N. (Tarai) dhokse ʻ place covered with a mat to store rice in ʼ.2. L. dhohẽ (pl. dhūhī˜) m. ʻ large thatched shed ʼ.3. M. dhõgḍā m. ʻ coarse cloth ʼ, dhõgṭī f. ʻ wallet ʼ.4. L. ḍhok f. ʻ hut in the fields ʼ; Ku. ḍhwākā m. pl. ʻ gates of a city or market ʼ; N. ḍhokā (pl. of *ḍhoko) ʻ door ʼ; -- OMarw. ḍhokaro m. ʻ basket ʼ; -- N.ḍhokse ʻ place covered with a mat to store rice in, large basket ʼ.(CDIAL 6880) Rebus: dhokra ‘cire perdue’ casting metalsmith.

The hieroglyph of dhokaṛa 'an old female with breasts hanging down' and ligatured to the ḍhōṅgā 'buttock' of a bovine is also deployed on a Mohenjo-daro seal; rebus: dhokra.dokra 'cire-perdue lost-wax metal casting artifice' PLUS dhangar'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'; thus, the hypertext signifies: cire-perdue metalcaster smith. On a Mohenjo0daro seal this is reinforced by two hieroglyphs: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'. kuṭhi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi'smelter'. On a Dholavira seal, the reinforcing hieroglyphs are a pair of crocodiles: karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting' Thus, together, metalcaster blacksmith.

Mohenodaro seal. Pict-103 Horned (female with breasts hanging down?) person with a tail and bovine legs standing near a tree fisting a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs.

Dholavira molded terracotta tablet with Meluhha hieroglyphs written on two sides. Hieroglyphs: dhokaṛa ʻdecrepit, hanging down (of breasts)' (Oriya)(CDIAL 5567).

M. ḍhẽg n. ʻ groin ʼ, ḍhẽgā m. ʻ buttock ʼ. M. dhõgā m. ʻ buttock ʼ. (CDIAL 5585). Glyph: Br. kōnḍō on all fours, bent double. (DEDR 204a) Rebus: kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner’s lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Tiger has head turned backwards. క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు (Telugu). Rebus: krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) karmāra ‘smith, artisan’ (Skt.) kamar ‘smith’ (Santali)

**Cluster 22 dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ, dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters' cluster, Iron, steel product cluster** m0304 Seal impression and other field symbol components

FS 50 Fabulous animal with features of an ox and a rhinoceros

facing the special c ult object.

baḍhia 'a castrated boar, a hog' (Santali) বরাহ barāha 'boar' Rebus:baḍhi 'worker in wood and iron' (Santali) bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali) ...gaṇḍa 'rhinoceros'; rebus: khaṇḍ 'tools' barad, balad, ''ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy metal (copper, zinc, tin)

FS 19

FS 20 (Frequency in M Corpus: 55) Elephant. sometimes with a tTOugh in front.

FS 21

FS 27

Cluster 23 Endless knot cluster, yajña dhanam, iron category, ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ category

FS 124 (Frequency in M Corpus: 4) The 'endless knot' motif.

मेध = yajña

मेधा = धन (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क ii , 10.)

Variant of endless knot motif is twisted, plaited threads or strands of rope. FS 102 Group of persons vaulting over an uncertain bovine animal.

मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ' iron' (Munda). Rebus: medha 'yajna'., medhā'dhanam'.

FS 98 Short-ho rned bull trampling a prostrate person underneath.

meṭṭu to tread, trample, crush under foot, tread or place the foot upon (Te.); meṭṭu step (Ga.); mettunga steps (Ga.). maḍye to trample, tread (Malt.)(DEDR 5057) మెట్టు [ meṭṭu ] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అడుగుపెట్టు, నడుచు, త్రొక్కు. "మెల్ల మెల్లన మెట్టుచుదొలగి అల్లనల్లనతలుపులండకు జేరి." BD iv. 1523. To tread on, to trample on. To kick, to thrust with the foot.మెట్టిక meṭṭika. n. A step , మెట్టు, సోపానము (Telugu)

Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.)

ḍhanga = tall, long shanked; maran: ḍhangi aimai kanae = she is a big tall woman (Santali.lex.)

Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (WPah.): ḍānro = a term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.)(CDIAL 5524) ṭhākur = blacksmith (Mth.); ṭhākar = landholder (P.); ṭhakkura – Rajput, chief man of a village (Pkt.); ṭhakuri = a clan of Chetris (N.); ṭhākura – term of address to a Brahman, god, idol (Or.)(CDIAL 5488). dha~_gar., dhã̄gar = a non-Aryan tribe in the Vindhyas, digger of wells and tanks (H.); dhāngar = young servant, herdsman, name of a Santal tribe (Or.); dhangar = herdsman (H.)(CDIAL 5524).

Cluster 24 Dance-step cluster, iron smithy/forge

FS 93 (Frequency in M Corpus:2) Three dancing figures in a row

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'

meḍ 'to dance' (F.)[reduplicated from me-]; me id. (M.) in Remo (Munda)(Source: D. Stampe's Munda etyma) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.)

Clusterr 25 Minerals Smelter, metals furnace, clusters

FS 4

FS 25 (Frequency in M Corpus: 5) Horned tiger.

FS 54

See: Octopus veṛhā, unicorn (young aurochs kondh), Indus Script hypertexts are professional calling cards of jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guards in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ https://tinyurl.com/y9

Cluster 26 Armoury clusters

FS 5 कुठारु kuṭhāru 'a monkey' Rebus: कुठारु kuṭhāru 'an armourer' (Monier-Williams) ,

FS 23 (Frequency in M Corpus 16) Tiger. generally with a trough in front.

kūṭāgāra n.m. ʻ apartment on the roof of a house ʼ R. [kūˊṭa -- 4, agāra -- ]

Pa. kūṭāgāra -- n. ʻ building with an upper storey ʼ; Pk. kūḍāgāra -- n. ʻ house shaped like a crest ʼ; Si. kuḷāra ʻ balcony, gabled house ʼ.(CDIAL 3398) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'

Cluster 27 Double-axe cluster, armourer category

FS 129 (Frequency in M Corpus: 17) Inscribed object in the shape of a double·shield or double-axe.

FS 133 Double-axe without shaft

kuṭhāra m. ʻ axe ʼ R., °raka -- m. VarBr̥S., °rī -- f. lex., °rikā -- f. Suśr. [kuṭhātaṅka -- m., °kā -- f. lex. Prob. ← Drav. and conn. with √kuṭṭ EWA i 223 with lit.]Pa. kuṭhārī -- f., Pk. kuḍhāra -- m., kuhāḍa -- m., °ḍī -- f. (for ṭh -- r ~ h -- ḍ see piṭhara -- ), S. kuhāṛo m., L. P. kuhāṛā m., °ṛī f., P. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f., WPah. bhal. kurhāṛi f., Ku. kulyāṛo, gng. kulyāṛ, B. kuṛā̆l, °li, kuṛul, Or. kuṛāla, kurāṛha, °ṛhi, kurhāṛi, kuṛāri; Bi. kulhārī ʻ large axe for squaring logs ʼ; H. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ axe ʼ, G. kuhāṛɔ m., °ṛī f., kuvāṛī f., M. kurhāḍ, °ḍī f., Si. keṇeri Hettiaratchi Indeclinables 6 (connexion, if any, with keṭeri,°ṭēriya ʻ long -- handled axe ʼ is obscure).Addenda: kuṭhāra --: WPah.kṭg. khəṛari, kəṛari f. ʻ axe ʼ.(CDIAL 3244) Rebus: kuThAru 'armourer' कुठारु [p= 289,1] an armourer L.

Cluster 28 Seafaring merchant clusters

FS 6

Cluster 29 Smithy, forge clusters

FS 7 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 1159) Unicorn, generally facing a standard device.

FS 44 Row of animals in file (a unicorn, an elephant and a

rhinoceros from R.); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at R.

Cluster30 Equipment making black-smithy/-forge

FS 42 (Frequency in M Copus:10 ) Hare facing a bush.

FS 43 (Frequency in M Copus:5) Inscribed object in the shape of a hare.

Examples of incised copper tablets (Hieroglyph-multiplex (FS 42 field symbol): hare PLUS thorn/bush):

m1491Act

m1491Bct

m1492Act

m1492Bct

m1493Bct

1706 Hare

m1494

Pict-42

m1497Act

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/01/data-mining-techniques-decipherment-of.html

Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka ʻ hare ʼ. [ʻ longeared like a donkey ʼ: khara -- 1?]N. kharāyo ʻ hare ʼ, Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) ``^rabbit'' Sa. kulai `rabbit'.Mu. kulai`rabbit'.KW kulai @(M063) खरगोस (p. 113) kharagōsa m ( P) A hare. (Marathi)

Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ(CDIAL 9424) khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji -; or । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü , a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü ; । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu -। लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü - । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu -न्यचिवु&below; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.

Hare in front of the bush: Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) PLUS kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn'; kaṇṭa1 m. ʻ thorn ʼ BhP. 2. káṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ ŚBr., ʻ anything pointed ʼ R. 1. Pa. kaṇṭa -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. pal. ḳand, Sh. koh. gur. kōṇ m., Ku. gng. kã̄ṇ, A. kāĩṭ (< nom. *kaṇṭē?), Mth. Bhoj. kã̄ṭ, OH. kã̄ṭa. 2. Pa. kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; Pk. kaṁṭaya<-> m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. eur. kanro m., SEeur. kai̦o, Dm. kãṭa, Phal. kāṇḍu, kã̄ṛo, Sh. gil. kóṇŭ m., K. konḍu m., S. kaṇḍo m., L. P. kaṇḍā m., WPah. khaś. kaṇṭā m., bhal. kaṇṭo m., jaun. kã̄ḍā, Ku. kāno; N. kã̄ṛo ʻ thorn, afterbirth ʼ (semant. cf.śalyá -- ); B. kã̄ṭā ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ, Or. kaṇṭā; Aw. lakh. H. kã̄ṭā m.; G. kã̄ṭɔ ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; M. kã̄ṭā, kāṭā m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Ko. kāṇṭo, Si. kaṭuva. kaṇṭala -- Addenda: kaṇṭa -- 1. 1. A. also kã̄iṭ; Md. kaři ʻ thorn, bone ʼ.2. káṇṭaka -- : S.kcch. kaṇḍho m. ʻ thorn ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn, mountain peak ʼ, J. kã̄ḍā m.; Garh. kã̄ḍu ʻ thorn ʼ. (CDIAL 2668) Rebus: kaNDa 'implements'. Thus, hare in front of thorn/bush signifies: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kaNDa 'implements', i.e. implements from smithy/forge.

Cluster 31 Tin smithy, forge clusters

FS 33 -FS 38 Goat-antelope with a short tail (and different types of

boms), sometimes with a trough in front. ranku‘antelope’ rebus: ranku‘tin’ krammara ‘turn back’ rebus: kamar‘blacksmith’.

FS 34

FS 36

FS 32

FS 37

FS 38 (Frequency in M Corpus: 36) Goat-antelope with a short tail (and different types of boms), sometimes with a trough in front.

FS 41 (Frequency in M Corpus: 26) Ox-antelope with a long tail, generally with a trough

in front .

Cluster32 Alloy metal clusters

FS 9 (Frequency in M Corpus: 5) Bull with two long horns (otherwise resembling the
'unicorn' ), generally facing the special standard device.

FS 16

FS 17 (Frequency in M Corpus 14) Buffalo. generally with a trough in front.

FS 13 (Frequency in M Corpus: 95) Short-horned bull, generally with head lowered over a trough.

FS 29 Fabulous animal of uncertain desc ription with two heads. one at either end of the hody. (Ref. 1703)

Cluster 33 Metal equipment, product clusters

--Metalwork samgaha, 'catalogues' cluster सं-ग्रह complete enumeration or collection , sum , amount , totality (एण , " completely " , " entirely ") (याज्ञवल्क्य), catalogue, list

FS 28 (Frequency in M Corpus: 39) Rhinoceros. generally with a trough in front.

FS 31

Cluster 34 śreṇi Goldsmith Guild clusters

FS 46

FS 57

FS 58

FS 59

FS 60

Cluster 34a Three tigers joined, smithy village,smithy shop category

FS 61 Composite motif, three tigers joined together

.kol 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' cāli 'interlocked' rebus śālikā 'village of artisans,shop'. Thus kolimi śālikā 'smithy village,smithy shop'

FS 62 Composite mo tif consist ing of six heads of animals viz.thnse of unicorn . short-horned bull. antelope. tiger and of two ulher uncertain animals radiating oulwarth. from a ring. (Frequency: 62 M Corpus) Seal of a Metal guild-master. Hieroglyph: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace) are: blacksmith, turner, smelter, coppersmith, ironsmith (magnetite ore), Supercargo who is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.

m417 Glyph: ‘ladder’: H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ Rebus: Pa. sēṇi -- f. ʻ guild, division of army ʼ; Pk. sēṇi -- f. ʻ row, collection ʼ; śrḗṇi (metr. often śrayaṇi -- ) f. ʻ line, row, troop ʼ RV. The lexeme in Tamil means: Limit, boundary; எல்லை. நளியிரு முந்நீரேணி யாக (புறநா. 35, 1). Country, territory.

The glyphics are:
Semantics: ‘group of animals/quadrupeds’: paśu ‘animal’ (RV), pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.) Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali)

This guild, community of smiths and masons evolves into Harosheth Hagoyim, ‘a smithy of nations’.
It appears that the Meluhhans were in contact with many interaction areas, Dilmun and Susa (elam) in particular. There is evidence for Meluhhan settlements outside of Meluhha. It is a reasonable inference that the Meluhhans with bronze-age expertise of creating arsenical and bronze alloys and working with other metals constituted the ‘smithy of nations’, Harosheth Hagoyim.

This denotes a mason (artisan) guild -- seni -- of 1. brass-workers; 2. blacksmiths; 3. iron-workers; 4. copper-workers; 5. native metal workers; 6. workers in alloys.

The glyphics are:

1. Glyph: ‘one-horned young bull’: kondh ‘heifer’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’.

2. Glyph: ‘bull’: ḍhangra ‘bull’. Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’. koD 'horns' rebus: koD 'workshop'

3. Glyph: ‘ram’: meḍh ‘ram’. Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’

^4.Glyph: ‘antelope’: mr̤eka ‘goat’. Rebus: milakkhu ‘copper’. Vikalpa 1: meluhha ‘mleccha’ ‘copper worker’. Vikalpa 2: meṛh ‘helper of merchant’.

^5.

Indus Script Corpora evidence points to the early working with magnetite, ferrite ore as seen by the signifier hieroglyph पोळ pōḷa, 'bos indicus, zebu'. The prologue dedication is first to this bos indicussignified by the synonym: Nanda, nandi. The word नांदी nāndī signifies prologue dedication.

पोळ (p. 305) pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. As eulogium or praise of the divine, the synonym used is: नंदी (p. 256) nandī m (S) The bull on which Mahádeva rides. A stone-bull is fixed in front of all temples to Mahádeva. The word nanda has specific meanings in the context of trade transactions. नंद (p. 256) nanda m नंदकी f (नंद was a proper name.) A clandestine or covert term, amongst dealers and brokers, for दल्लाली or the fees of brokerage. De- vised to keep the secrets of trade from the employer of the broker and the mere customer. Its vocabulary is भुरका One rupee, ढोकळा One pysa, केवली One, अवारू Two, उधानू Three, पोकू Four, मुळू Five, शेली Six, पवित्रू Seven, भंगी Eight, तेवसू or लेवनू Nine, अंगुळू Ten, एकडू Eleven, रेघी Twelve, ठेपरू Thirteen, चोपडू Fourteen, तळी Fifteen. To this last term the first four numerals successively added (the sense of addition being expressed by तान) form successively 16, 17, 18, 19, as भुरका तान तळी अवारू तान तळी, उधानू तान तळी, पोकू तान तळी. काटी stands for 20; then भुरका तान काटी, अवारू तान काटी &c. express 21, 22 &c. बिटी is 100, ढकार 1000, फाटा is An̤á, अवारू फाटे Two án̤ás, मंगी फाटे Eight án̤ás, तळी फाटे Fifteen án̤ás, दुकार One án̤á, चकार Two án̤ás, पकार Four án̤ás, टाली Half a rupee. The नंद vocabulary however has variations. Expressive of the above account the following अभंग has been composed, मुळू 5 वदनाचा उधानु 3 नेत्राचा ॥ अंगूळू 10 हातांचा स्वामी माझा ॥1॥ मुगुट जयाचा केव- ळ्या 1 आगळी कांटी 20 पवित्र तळवटी चरण ज्याचे ॥2॥ ढकार 1000 वदनाचा आला वर्णावया ॥ जिव्हा त्याच्या चिरल्या वर्णवेना ॥3॥ शेली 6 वेडावली पोकू 4 भौनावली ॥ अगुंळूमंगि 18 थकली नकळे त्यांसी ॥4॥ सद्भावें शरण आवारू 2 जोडून ॥ खेचरवीसा म्हणे स्वामी माझा ॥5॥. नंद थाकणें or ठेवणें To make (i. e. obtain) नंद or secret brokerage.

Another onnotation is a mystical figure of lines drawn on the sacred cloth held at marriages between bride and bridegroom: नंद (p. 256) nanda m (S) Red lines or figures, esp. the mystical figure called स्वस्तिक, drawn on the अंतःपट or cloth which, at marriages, is held between the bride and bridegroom. 2 Vertigo incidental to puerperal women. नंदाचा पासोडा (p. 256) nandācā pāsōḍā m नंदाचा शेला m The अंतःपट (cloth held at marriages between the bride and bridegroom) having red lines or figures drawn over it, esp. the mystical figure called स्वस्तिक which is termed नंद. नंदी nandī (Or नंद) The lines or figures drawn with कुंकूं &c. upon the अंतःपट.

Thus, the terms nanda, nandi get associated with mystic, vikalpa signifiers as in पोळ (p. 305) pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large, as a rebus signifier of: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'.

While rendering eulogies and prayers to the divine, the oblations are signified as नांदीमुख nāndīmukha

A set of synonymous words & expressions: नांदी (p. 259) nāndī f S Eulogium of a king or praise of a deity recited in benedictory verses at the opening of a drama &c. नांदीमुख nāndīmukha n S नांदीश्राद्ध n S Oblations to the manes offered on festal occasions. నాంది (p. 640) nāndi nāndi. [Skt.] n. A preliminary. The exordium, prelude, prologue dedication, or praise of a deity, recited in benedictory verses at the commencement of a religious ceremony or poem. నాందీ యాగము the opening rite. Anand. vi. 1. The opening benedictory verses in a drama. నాటకప్రథమాంగము, మొదలుపెట్టడము. నాందీకరుడు or నాందివాది nāndī-karuḍu. n. One who pronounces the benediction. ఆశీర్వాదముచేయువాడు.

నంది (p. 626) nandi or నందికేశ్వరుడు nandi. [Skt.] n. The name of the bull of Siva. A bull, వృషభము.

A synonym for 'bull', bos indicus, is: poḷa 'zebu' which is a definitive Indus Script hieroglyph. Rebus signifier of poḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'-- a metalwork for wealth creation by artisans of Sarasvati_Sindhu Civilization. This Indus Script hieroglyph which signifies 'zebu' or poḷa is seen on early inscriptions of Indus Script as on the paintings of Nausharo pots. The bird perched on the shoulder of the zebu painting is black drongo: pōlaḍu, 'black drongo',rebus: pōlaḍ, 'steel', The zebu is tied to a post with a rope to signify: meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)^Vikalpa:Glyph: ‘zebu’: khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild, community’ (Semantic determinant of the ‘jointed animals’ glyphic composition). kūṭa joining, connexion, assembly, crowd, fellowship (DEDR 1882) Pa. gotta ‘clan’; Pk. gotta, gōya id. (CDIAL 4279) Semantics of Pkt. lexeme gōya is concordant with Hebrew ‘goy’ in ha-goy-im (lit. the-nation-s)^.Pa. gotta -- n. ʻ clan ʼ, Pk. gotta -- , gutta -- , amg. gōya -- n.; Gau. gū ʻ house ʼ (in Kaf. and Dard. several other words for ʻ cowpen ʼ > ʻ house ʼ: gōṣṭhá -- , Pr. gūˊṭu ʻ cow ʼ; S. g̠oṭru m. ʻ parentage ʼ, L. got f. ʻ clan ʼ, P. gotar, got f.; Ku. N. got ʻ family ʼ; A. got -- nāti ʻ relatives ʼ; B. got ʻ clan ʼ; Or. gota ʻ family, relative ʼ; Bhoj. H. got m. ʻ family, clan ʼ, G. got n.; M. got ʻ clan, relatives ʼ; -- Si. gota ʻ clan, family ʼ ← Pa. (CDIAL 4279). Alternative: adar ḍangra ‘zebu or humped bull’; rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.); ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.)

bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' Also, baTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'.

FS 45 Hypertext, 'bulled, of copulation': saṅghāibā Rebus: jangaḍ ,'invoiced on approval basis'. samgaha, 'catalogue, list'. Vajra saṅghāta 'metallic adamantine glue'.

Vajra is a metallic product as explained in Varahamihira's Brhatsamhita.

The expression used is: vajra samghāta, 'metallic adamantine glue' or 'joining together'. saṁghātá m. ʻ close union, mass ʼ TS., ʻ closing (a door) ʼ VS., ʻ dashing together ʼ MBh. [Cf. saṁhata<-> with similar range of meanings. -[- ghāta] Pa. saṅghāta -- m. ʻ killing, knocking together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāya -- m. ʻ closeness, collection ʼ; Or. saṅghā, saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding inside triangular thatch, crossbeam of thatched house, copulation (of animals) ʼ; -- adj. ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ < **saṁghātā* -- or saṁhatā -- ?saṁghātayati ʻ strikes together, kills ʼ MW. [ghāta -- ] Pa. saṅghātanika -- in cmpd. ʻ binding together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāyaï ʻ strikes together, joins ʼ; S. saṅghāhaṇu ʻ to kill ʼ; Or. saṅghāibā ʻ to cause to meet or be joined, put a cow to bull ʼ (whence ʻ (of a bull) to copulate ʼ).(CDIAL 12862, 12863)

In metallurgy, such a glue is explained as a calcine. To calcine is to reduce, oxidize, or desiccate metallic ores by roasting or exposing to strong heat. This is further explained in the Bharatiya metallurgical proesses as bhasma. Bhasma is a calcined preparation in which a stone-ore (gem) or metal (mineral ore) is converted into ash. vanga-bhasma is calx of tin (Kannada)
Cluster 35 पोळ **[pōḷa], 'zebu'cluster, magnetite ore category pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'**

Nandi1 & (freq.) Nandī (f.) [Sk. nandi, but cp. BSk. nandī Divy 37] 1. joy, enjoyment, pleasure, delight in (c. loc.) S i.16, 39, 54; ii.101 sq. (āhāre); iii.14 (=upādāna); iv.36 sq.; A ii.10 (kāma˚, bhava˚, diṭṭhi˚), iii.246;iv.423 sq. (dhamma˚); Sn 1055 (+nivesana); Nd2 330 (=taṇhā); Pug 57; Dhs 1059≈(in def. of taṇhā); Vbh 145, 356, 361; DhsA 363; ThA 65, 167. -- For nandī at Miln 289 read tandī. -- 2. a musical instrument: joy -- drum [Sk. nandī] Vin iii.108 (=vijayabheri). Cp. ā˚. -- (y)āvatta "turning auspiciously" (i. e. turning to the right: see dakkhiṇāvatta), auspicious, good Nett 2, 4, 7, 113 (always attr. of naya); -- ûpasecana (rāgasalla) sprinkled over with joy, having joy as its sauce Nett 116, 117; cp. maŋsûpasecana (odana) J iii.144=vi.24; -- kkhaya the destruction of (finding) delight S iii.51; -- (ŋ)jaha giving up or abandoning joy Sn 1101 (+okañjaha & kappañjaha); Nd2 331; -- bhava existence of joy, being full of joy, in ˚parikkhīṇa one in whom joy is extinct (i. e. an Arahant), expld however by Com. as one who has rid himself of the craving for rebirth (tīsu bhavesu parikkhīnataṇha DhA iv.192=SnA 469) S i.2, 53; Sn 175, 637=Dh 413; -- mukhī (adj. -- f.) "joyfaced," showing a merry face, Ep. of the night (esp. the eve of the uposatha) Vin i.288 (ratti); ii.236 (id.); -- rāga pleasure & lust, passionate delight S ii.227; iii.51; iv.142, 174, 180; M i.145; Dhs 1059≈, 1136; esp. as attr. of taṇhā in phrase n -- r -- sahagata -- taṇhā (cp. M Vastu iii.332: nandīrāgasahagatā tr̥ṣṇā) Vin i.10; S iii.158; v.425 sq.; Ps ii.137; Nett 72; -- saŋyojana the fetter of finding delight in anything Sn 1109, 1115; Nd2 332; -- samudaya the rise or origin of delight M iii.267. (Pali)

नान्दी [p= 535,2] f. ( √ नन्द्) joy , satisfaction , pleasure RV. MBh.; eulogium or praise of a deity , (esp.) a kind of blessing pronounced as a prologue to a drama Mr2icch. Ka1lid. Sa1h. Prata1p. &c; (in music) a partic. measure; = द्वादश-तूर्य-निर्घोष L. नन्द m. joy , delight , happiness (also pl.) AV. VS. &c; (in mus.) a flute 7 inches long; name of one of कुबेर's 9 gems L.; नन्दा name f. of a river flowing near कुबेर's city अलका MBh. BhP.

Details of this plaque provenanced from Hari Rud and discussions by Massimo Vidale are presented at https://tinyurl.com/y9ta74um

The hypertext of the plaque signifies a smelter working on magnetite ferrite ore and sangatarāśū 'stone cutter'.

1. dāmaṛī ʻheifer', 2. pōḷa vatsatará 'zebu calf' Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'; 2. pōḷa ‘magnetite ore, ferrite ore’ PLUS śrivatsa ‘wealth’ -- that is, wealth derived by a smelter from working on magnetite ferrite ore

pōḷa 'zebu' pōḷa vatsatará m. ʻ zebu young bull or goat before weaning or copulation ʼ, °rīˊ -- f. TS. [vatsá -- 1] Pa. vacchatara -- m. ʻ weaned calf ʼ, °rī -- f.; Pk. vacchadara -- m., °rī -- f., vacchayara -- m. ʻ calf ʼ, Dm. baċhár m., Bshk. baċḗr (< vatsatarīˊ -- ); Phal. baċhāˊr m. ʻ calf 1 -- 2 years old ʼ; Sh. băċhar m. ʻ calf ʼ, băċhăréi f., (Lor.) blċər m. ʻ 3 -- year old calf ʼ, blsəro m. ʻ yearling calf ʼ; S. vachero m. ʻ colt ʼ, L.awāṇ. vacherā, P. vachḗrā, ba° m., WPah.bhal. bachéro m., bhiḍ. bacherɔṭu n. ʻ tiny foal ʼ; Ku.gng. bacher ʻ calf ʼ; Or. bācharā, bach° ʻ young of animal (esp. of horse) ʼ, bācharī ʻ calf ʼ; H. bacherā m. ʻ colt, calf ʼ, bacheṛā m. (< **bacherṛā? -- → N. bacheṛo* ʻ colt ʼ, Bi. bacheṛā); G. vacherɔ m., °rī f. ʻ foal ʼ; OG. vācharaḍaüṁ n. ʻ calf ʼ, G. vācharṛũ n., °ṛī f.Addenda: vatsatará -- [With apravītā trihāyaṇī vatsatarī ʻ unimpregnated 3 year old heifer ʼ, garbhiṇī vatsatarī ʻ heifer which has calved once ʼ cf. Ir. Seistanī gastar ʻ cow expecting calf ʼ, gástar ʻ 3 year old colt ʼ GM 12.5.69]WPah.kṭg. (kc.) bəċhérɔ m. ʻ colt ʼ, bhal. bachero m. ʻ tiny foal ʼ.(CDIAL 11241)

Rebus readings of the hieroglyphs signified on the plaque are:

సగ్గెడ saggeḍa 'A metal vessel' Rebus: sagara 'proclamation, trade'; sangatarāśū 'stone cutter'

śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace)

kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace'.

pōḷā 'zebu' rebus: pōḷa ‘magnetite ore, ferrite ore’

Meluhha is the parole (speech form), lingua franca of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization.

These readings of Jiroft hypertexts are premised on the suggested presence of Meluhha speakers of artisan guilds in Halil Rud (Jiroft culture), as explorers for metal resources and producers of metal products to create wealth of their nation or janapada.

Jiroft culture and Harappa culture are cognates: an iconographic comparison reveals the deep roots of Indo-Iranian traditions. See notes on the arrival of Meluhha speakers in Indo-Iranian region.

When a hypertext is presented with a black drongo perched on a zebu (bos indicus), it is not necessary to posit a mythological narrative. Treating this as a hypertext of metaphors rendered rebus in Indus Script Meluhha provides a truthful framework for realizing the meanings of the signifier and the signified in the message. Hieroglyph: black drongo: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fūlād 'steel' (Arabic) The Prakritam gloss पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; poliya 'citizen, gatekeeper of town quarter'. Thus, the black drongo perched on a zebu, bos indicus as a hypertext signifies: magnetite, ferrite ore and steel.

Halil Rud plaque signifies:in Sarasvati Script hieroglyphs pōlāda pōḷa dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter and worker in magnetite ferrite ore and steel' (in) sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.

White marble seal from Jiroft. Cylinder seal photograph courtesy of Halil Rud Archaeological Project. Paper first published in April 2015 in South Asian Studies.

https://www.harappa.com/blog/rare-white-marble-cylinder-seal-jiroft

A rare white marble cylinder seal from Jiroft. A brand new paper by Massimo Vidale and Dennys Frenez, Indus Components in the Iconography of a White Marble Cylinder Seal from Konar Sandal South (Kerman, Iran) provides a detailed analysis of this seal found at the recently discovered site of Jiroft . Well used, and apparently worn at the wrist, it testifies to the multiple cultural and trade connections between the Indus civilization and its western neighbors. It also suggests many more discoveries and insights into Indus civilization will come from material found at and connected to Jiroft.Read Massimo Vidale's paper Indus Components in the Iconography of a White Marble Cylinder Seal from Konar Sandal South (Kerman, Iran). The first part of the article summarizes what we know about the Jiroft civilization so far, its apparent origins in the late 5th millennium BCE, how it flourished at the height of the Indus civilization, and the tantalizing facts about connections between the two. Could it have been the ancient nation and state of Marhashi/Parahshum about which so little is known but which would have been at the cross-roads of so many cultures? What could have been the function of these so-called whorl seals, only found so far here, at Mohenjo-daro, Allahdino and Kalibangan?
Trough guild clusters
Tiger, & other wild animals in front of the trough classifies the trough as a hieroglyph: Hieroglyph: pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattharaka 'merchant' pattar ‘guild, goldsmith’.

FS 12

FS 15

FS 18

FS 22

FS 26

FS 30

FS 39

FS 97 Person standing at the centre pointing with his right

hand at a short- horned bull facing a trough. and with his le ft hand at the

sign 15

FS 126 Anchor (?)

FS 130 Inscribed object in the shape of a writing tablet

A تحریر taḥrīr, s.m. (2nd) (inf. II of حر), Writing correctly, writing, description. 2. Written, dated. Pl. تحریرونه taḥrīrūnah. تحریر کیدل taḥrīr kedal, verb intrans. To be written. تحریرکول taḥrīr kawul, verb trans. To write, to describe. (Pashto)

FS 134 Motif in a potlcry graffito showing a rectangular enclosure with four marks within looking like X and V

FS 135 Seven linear strokes

FS 136 Divisions in a rectangle

FS 137 + shape (Fire-altar?)

FS 138

FS 139 FS 135 to FS 139 (Frequency in M Corpus:26) Different geometrical patterns ge nentlly occupying the

whole field on one side of lhe inscribed object.

FS 140 Three linear strokes (duplicated) on either end of the two text messages on two sides of the tablet

FS 141

FS 142

FS 143

FS 144

FS 145 FS 140 to FS 145 (Frequency in M Corpus:25) Different ornamental borders of geometrical patlerns

at either or both ends of a text or along the edges.

Cluster 36 Dotted circles, Indus Script Hypertexts dhāv 'red ores'

Together with 'one-horned young bull' (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 1159) the hypertext of 'dotted circles' occurs with high frequency in the Indus Script Corpora.

One or more do lt cd circle ~ as on FS 120 occur on 67 seals in M Corpus. Frequency of occurrence of 'standard device' in M Corpus: 19.

FS 1

FS 2

FS 3 Hieroglyph: आर . v.l. for अर q.v. , a spoke MBh. i , 1498 (ed. Bomb. i , 33 , 4 reads अर).Rebus: आर n. brass BhP. x , 41 , 20 (Apte) आर--कूट 'a kind of brass' (Monier-Williams) आरः रम् [आ-ऋ-घञ्] 1 Brass; ताम्रारकोष्ठां परिखादुरा- सदाम् Bhāg.1.41.2. -2 Oxide of iron. -3 An angle, corner. -4 N. of a tree (मधुराम्रफल). . -कूटः, -टम् brass; उत्तप्तस्फुरदारकूटकपिलज्योतिर्ज्वलद्दीप्तिभिः U.5.14. किमारकूटाभरणेन श्रियः N. Hieroglyph: Ka. kuttige throat, neck, throat and neck. Te. kutika, kutuka throat; kuttika, kuttuka throat, gullet, voice, tone; gontu, gontuka throat, voice, tone. Nk. kutka throat. Pa. kunda gōlu nape of the neck. Konḍa gotika throat; (Sova dial.) kutu neck. Pe. kuta, in: kuta asponḍ hiccough. Manḍ. kuta ahponḍ id. Kuwi (Ṭ.) kuta, in: kuta ve'uri id.; (F.) kūta vē'ūri aiyali to hiccough; (S.) kūtha wiuri hicock (sic); (for ve'uri, see 5383).(DEDR 1718)

FS 8

FS 24

FS 35

FS 40

FS 49

FS 55

FS 70

FS 79 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 3) Inscribed object in the shape of a pipal leaf.

FS 91

FS 94

FS 120

FS 121 Lozenge infixed in a dotted circle.

FS 122

FS 123 The special standard device -- lathe & portable furnace (with dotted circles)

FS 128 Inscribed o bject in the sha pe of a heart (Dotted circles)

h101 Ivory stick. Harappa.

Hypertext 4561: Dotted circle is an orthography composed of 'strand' (cross-section of a thread) and 'circle': dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu'ore'; dhāū, dhāv 'red stone minerals'.PLUS circle: vr̥ttá ʻ turned ʼ RV., ʻ rounded ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ completed ʼ MaitrUp., ʻ passed, elapsed (of time) ʼ KauṣUp. 3. n. ʻ conduct, matter ʼ ŚBr., ʻ livelihood ʼ Hariv. [√vr̥t1] 1. Pa. vaṭṭa -- ʻ round ʼ, n. ʻ circle ʼ; Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -- , vitta -- , vutta -- ʻ round ʼ; L. (Ju.) vaṭ m. ʻ anything twisted ʼ; Si. vaṭa ʻ round ʼ, vaṭa -- ya ʻ circle, girth (esp. of trees) ʼ; Md. va'ʻ round ʼ GS 58; -- Paš.ar. waṭṭəwīˊk, waḍḍawik ʻ kidney ʼ ( -- wĭ̄k vr̥kká -- ) IIFL iii 3, 192?(CDIAL 12069) வட்டம்¹ vaṭṭam, < Pkt. vaṭṭavṛtta. n. 1. Circle, circular form, ring-like shape; மண்ட லம். (தொல். சொல். 402, உரை.) 2. Halo round the sun or moon, a karantuṟai-kōḷ; பரிவேடம். (சிலப். 10, 102, உரை.) (சினேந். 164.) 3. Potter's wheel; குயவன் திரிகை. (பிங்.) 4. Wheel of a cart; வண்டிச்சக்கரம். (யாழ். அக.) 5. The central portion of a leaf-plate for food; உண்கல மாய்த் தைக்கும் இலையின் நடுப்பாகம். Loc. 6. cf. āvṛtti. Turn, course, as of a mantra; தடவை. விநாயகர் நாமத்தை நூற்றெட்டு வட்டஞ் செய்து (விநாயகபு. 74, 214). 7. Revolution, cycle; சுற்று. (W.) 8. Cycle of a planet; ஒரு கிரகம் வான மண்டலத்தை ஒரு முறை சுற்றிவருங் காலம். அவன் சென்று ஒரு வியாழவட்டமாயிற்று. 9. Circuit, surrounding area or region; சுற்றுப்பிரதேசம். கோயில் வட்டமெல்லாம் (சீவக. 949). 10. A revenue unit of a few villages; சில ஊர்களைக் கொண்ட பிரதேசம். Thus, dhav+vr̥ttá'circle, rounded' Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'

Hieroglyph: goldsmith's scissors, shears: karttrī f. ʻ scissors ʼ lex. 2. *kārttrī -- (X *kārti -- ?). [> kartari -- ? -- √kr̥t1]1. Pk. kattiyā -- f. ʻ scissors, shears ʼ; Gy. gr. hung. kat f., rum. span. kača (< *katya) f. ʻ shears ʼ; P. katī f. ʻ goldsmith's or blacksmith's scissors ʼ; A. kātī ʻ scissors ʼ; H. kātī f. ʻ goldsmith's scissors ʼ, G. kāt f.2. L. kātr m.f. ʻ scissors ʼ, P. kāt f. Addenda: karttrī -- : WPah.kṭg. kəṭeurɔ m. ʻ scissors ʼ.(CDIAL 2863). Ta. katti knife, cutting instrument, razor, sword, sickle. Ma. katti knife. Ko. katy

billhook knife; kati·r- (katrc-; < katy-tayr, katy-tarc-) to cut; kaṇkeyt, kaṇki·t sickle (for kaṇ, see 1166). To. kaṇ koty dagger-shaped knife burned with corpse (cf. 1166). Ka. katti knife, razor, sword. Koḍ. katti knife.Tu. katti, katte id. Te. katti knife, razor, sword. Go. (Ch.) katti cock's spur; (Elwin) kāti the knife attached to the cock's foot (Voc. 490). ? Cf. 1208 Kol. katk-.(DEDR 1204) Rebus 1: khātā 'labour sphere account book' Rebus 2: käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). Hieroglyph: katī 'blacksmith's goldsmith's scissors' rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'

Variant of Sign 216

Hieroglyph: Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'.(Kashmiri)

Sign 123 kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, khāṇḍā kuṭhi metalware smelter.

Ivory inscription 18

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter). dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'.

Etyma

kaṇṭhá m. (a) ʻ throat, neck ʼ ŚBr. (b) ʻ narrowest part of a hole ʼ Suśr. (c) ʻ voice ʼ MBh., ʻ sound ʼ W. (d) ʻ *border, immediate proximity ʼ Pañcat.[Mayrhofer EWA i 146 accepts connexion with Drav. (T. Burrow BSOAS xi 133) but considers both IA. and Drav. forms to have originated in Muṇḍa (Kuiper PMWS 29). This is supported by the many forms with a varying degree of phonet. similarity not referable to a common IA. original: see *gāṭṭa -- 1, gāˊtra -- , *gicca -- , *ghaṭṭā -- , *ghaṇṭa -- , ghāṭā -- 1, *ghicca -- 1, *ghiñca -- , *ghēñca -- , *ghēṇṭu -- , *śraṭṭa -- , kŕ̊kāṭikā -- , kandhara -- ]

(a) Pa. kaṇṭha -- m. ʻ throat, neck ʼ; Pk. kaṁṭha -- m. ʻ neck ʼ; Gy. pal. kand ʻ throat ʼ, Gaw. Sv. khaṇṭi; L. awāṇ. kadhlī ʻ neck -- strap ʼ; WPah. bhal. kaṇṭh m. ʻ collar of a shirt ʼ, kaṇṭhi f. ʻ sheep with a black neck ʼ; Ku. gng. kāni ʻ neck ʼ or < skandhá -- ; Or. kaṇṭhā ʻ throat ʼ, H. poet. kã̄ṭhā m.; M. kã̄ṭhẽ n. ʻ neck ʼ; Si. kaṭa ʻ throat, mouth ʼ (X skandhá -- in SigGr. kaṇḍa ʻ neck ʼ).
(b) Wg. káṇṭä ʻ water -- channel ʼ, Woṭ. kaṇṭḗl f., Gaw. khāṇṭ*l, Bshk. kāṇḍə.
(c) Kt. kaṭīˊ ʻ sound ʼ, Pr. (LSI) kuṭ; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍā ʻ voice, word ʼ, kuṛ. kāṇ ʻ shouting ʼ; Gaw. khaṇṭ f. ʻ word ʼ.
(d) Pk. kaṁṭha -- m. ʻ border, edge ʼ; L. awāṇ. kaḍḍhā ʻ bank ʼ; P. kaṇḍhā m. ʻ bank, shore ʼ, °ḍhī f. ʻ land bordering on a mountain ʼ; WPah. cam. kaṇḍhā ʻ edge, border ʼ; N. kānlo, kã̄llo ʻ boundary line of stones dividing two fields ʼ, kã̄ṭh ʻ outskirts of a town ʼ ← a Mth. or H. dial.; H. kã̄ṭhā ʻ near ʼ; OMarw. kāṭha m. (= kã̄°?) ʻ bank of a river ʼ; G. kã̄ṭhɔ m. ʻ bank, coast, limit, margin of a well ʼ; M. kāṭh, kã̄ṭh, °ṭhā m. ʻ coast, edge, border ʼ, kã̄ṭhẽ n. ʻ arable land near the edge of a hill. ʼ -- L. P. kaṇḍh f. ʻ wall ʼ perh. infl. in meaning by kanthā -- 1.kaṇṭhaka -- ; utkaṇṭhati, utkaṇṭhā -- , utkaṇṭhita -- ; kaṇṭhamaṇi -- .Addenda: kaṇṭá -- : (a) S.kcch. kano m. ʻ neck (of a pot) ʼ.(d) S.kcch. kaṇṭho m. ʻ bank, coast ʼ; Garh. kã̄ṭhu ʻ throat (?), bank (?) ʼ.(CDIAL 2680) Ta. kar̤uttu neck, throat. Ma. kar̤uttu neck (of man, animal, plant, vessel, etc.). Ir. kaṇucu neck, throat. Ko. kaṛtl neck; ? kiḍg id. Ka. kattu neck, throat; gaṇṭalu, gaṇṭlu, gaṇṭala throat. Tu. kaṇṭelů neck, throat. Ga. (Oll.) gaḍli neck. Konḍa gaḍli id., hollow in the nape of the neck. Kuwi (Su.) gaḍli back of neck. ? Cf. 1996 Kur. xēser. / Cf. Skt. kaṇṭha- neck; Turner, CDIAL, no. 2680. (DEDR 1366) skandhá m. ʻ shoulder, upper part of back ʼ AV., ʻ trunk of tree, mass (esp. of an army) ʼ MBh., skándhas<-> n. ʻ branching top of a tree ʼ RV. [Absence of any trace of initial s -- in Kafiri and Dardic supports possibility of IA. *kandha -- beside sk° (unnecessarily assumed in ODBL 438 for NIA. k -- which is dissim. from kh<-> before dh as prob. in Aś. agi -- k(h)aṁdha -- )]Pa. khandha -- m. ʻ shoulder, back, tree -- trunk ʼ, °aka<-> m. ʻ division, chapter ʼ; Pk. khaṁdha -- , ka° m. ʻ shoulder, tree trunk, wall ʼ; Ash. kándä ʻ stem, trunk ʼ, Kt. kə́nē, Wg. kaná; Paš.lauṛ. xānd ʻ shoulder ʼ, ar. kandīˊ, kuṛ. kōn (obl. kānda); Shum. kandam ʻ my shoulder ʼ; Gaw. kandík ʻ shoulder ʼ; Bshk. kān (with rising tone) ʻ shoulder, upper part of back ʼ; Tor. kan ʻ shoulder ʼ, Sv. kandike, Phal. kān, kan; S. kandhu m. ʻ neck, back of neck ʼ, °dho m. ʻ back of neck, edge ʼ, °dhī f. ʻ bank of river ʼ, °dhī pāso ʻ neighbourhood ʼ; L.awāṇ. khaddhā ʻ multitude ʼ, P. khandhā m. ʻ mass, multitude, flock of sheep or goats, herd of buffaloes ʼ, ludh. kannhā m. ʻ shoulder ʼ, (Ambala) kandhā m.; Ku. kã̄d, kã̄dho, kāno ʻ shoulder ʼ, gng. kāni ʻ neck ʼ; N. kã̄dh, kã̄d ʻ shoulder, back ʼ (whence khãduwā, °dilo ʻ heavy, solid ʼ, kãdheuli, khãde° ʻ stick carried by coolies across shoulders to take the weight of a load ʼ); A. kāndh, kān ʻ shoulder ʼ, kandhā, kanā ʻ large bundle of reeds &c. carried on the shoulder ʼ, kã̄dhi ʻ pent house, veranda, eaves ʼ; B. kã̄dh ʻ shoulder ʼ, kã̄dhā ʻ edge, bank ʼ; Or.kāndha, kã̄dhā ʻ shoulder ʼ; Bi. kānhe ʻ on the shoulder ʼ, (Patna) khandh, °dhā ʻ large area of cultivated land ʼ; Mth. kānh, kanhā ʻ shoulder ʼ, Bhoj. kānh, Aw.lakh. kã̄dh; H. kã̄dh, °dhā m. ʻ shoulder ʼ, kandh m. ʻ tree trunk, thick branch ʼ; G. khã̄dhi, kã̄° f. ʻ shoulder ʼ; M. khã̄d, °dā m. ʻ shoulder, back of neck ʼ, f. ʻ large bough ʼ; Ko. khã̄ndhu m. ʻ shoulder ʼ; Si. kan̆da ʻ shoulder, tree trunk, collection, mass ʼ, kan̆du ʻ mountain ʼ (< -- aka -- ). -- With metath. K. nakh, dat. °khas m. ʻ shoulder ʼ? <-> Bshk. khan m. ʻ hill ʼ, Tor. Mai. khān, Chil. Gau. kān (→ Par. khándi IIFL i 265) poss. all < skandhá -- , but prob. like Tor. (Grierson) khaṇḍ ʻ hill ʼ, Phal. khāṇ, khaṇ, Sh.koh. khŭṇ m., gur. khonn, pales. khōṇə, jij. khɔ̈̄ṇ rather < khaṇḍá -- AO xviii 240. -- X maṇi -- 2 q.v. skandhayati, skandhika -- , *skandhiya -- , skándhya -- , *skāndhika -- ; *skandhakāṣṭha -- , *skandhakīla -- , *skandhataṭa -- , *skandhapaṭṭa -- , *skandhavarti -- , *skandhāvara -- , *skandhāvāra -- ; kālaskandha -- .Addenda: skandhá -- : S.kcch. kandh m. ʻ back of neck ʼ, kandho m. ʻ shoulder ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kannh m. ʻ shoulder ʼ, kc. kānh, jaun. kānn m.; kṭg. (kc.) khándɔ m. ʻ big box along the wall of living room for grain ʼ.†*skandhavāla -- .(CDIAL 13627) *gāṭṭa1 ʻ neck, throat ʼ. [Cf. ghāṭā -- 1: see list s.v. kaṇṭhá -- ]S. g̠āṭo m. ʻ nape of neck ʼ; L. gāṭṭā m. ʻ neck, throat ʼ, (Ju.) g̠āṭā m. ʻ nape of neck ʼ, awāṇ. gāṭā; P. gāṭṭā m. ʻ neck, throat ʼ; -- S. g̠āṭru m. ʻ throat ʼ(CDIAL 4111)kr̥kāṭikā f. ʻ joint of neck ʼ Suśr., kŕ̊kāṭa -- n. AV., °ṭaka -- n. lex., kakāˊṭikā -- f. ʻ a part of the skull ʼ AV. [PMWS 29 groups -- kāṭ -- , prefixed by kr̥ -- , ka -- , with kaṇṭhá -- as Mu., and so separates from kr̥ka -- ʻ throat, neck ʼ]Pk. kiāḍiā -- f. ʻ upper part of neck ʼ, kiyāḍiyā -- f. ʻ upper part of ear ʼ; S. kiāṛī f. ʻ back of the head, the hair on it ʼ; L. kīāṛī f. ʻ nape of neck ʼ; P. kiāṛī f. ʻ nape of neck, back of head, jaw ʼ, adv. ʻ behind ʼ; WPah. khaś. kiāṛī ʻ back of neck ʼ; -- ext. with -- kk -- : Wg. kirīk ʻ back of neck ʼ and poss. Ash. kakeṛík ʻ throat ʼ despite apparent survival of -- k -- .
*upakr̥kāṭī -- .Addenda: kr̥kāṭikā -- , kŕ̊kāṭa -- : S.kcch. tiṛo m. ʻ back ʼ, pl. ʻ bones of the back ʼ < *tr̥kāṭa -- with dissimilation of k -- k; WPah.kṭg. keṛi f. ʻ neck ʼ, kc. kēr, J. kyāṛi, keṛi f. -- cf. Wkc. keṭho (keṭo?) m. ʻ neck ʼ. (CDIAL 3419)

Rebus: Tu. kandůka, kandaka ditch, trench. Te. kandakamu id. Konḍa kanda trench made as a fireplace during weddings. Pe. kanda fire trench. Kui kanda small trench for fireplace. Malt. kandri a pit. (DEDR 1214)

†kaṇṭhāla -- m. ʻ boat ʼ lex. [kaṇṭhá -- ]G. kãṭhāḷ ʻ maritime ʼ.(CDIAL2682a)

Hypertext of Harappa ivory stick inscription reads: dhā̆vaḍ khātī khāṇḍā kuṭhi 'iron smelter, wheelwright, metalware smelter (furnace)or metalware factory.'

In addition to an ivorystick inscription of Harappa, there are 18 Indus Script inscriptions on ivory sticks, ivory plaques and ivory cubes in Mohenjo-daro:

530 and 531 ivory rods are shaped like a meDga 'stake' rebus: medha 'yajna' (yupa) with caSAla (as described in Satapatha Brahmana and Taittiriya Samhita) for a Soma yaga.

John Marshall wrote: "Seals of this group [cylinder seals, although Mackay above is not sure they are true cylinder seals]], if indeed they are seals, are very rarely found at Mohenjo-daro, only five specimen being obtained in all. They are all made of ivory and differ from the cylinder seals of other countries in being very long and thing; nor are they perforated for suspension on a cord. It is possible that these so-called seals are not true seals at all. They incised characters upon them might conceivably be identification marks for a game or something similar. On the other hand, they are certainly suitable for use a seals and in this account they are included in this chapter For the sake of clearness the actual seal is shown side by side with each impression.

No 529 (Pl. CXIV, HR 5515). Ivory. 2.7 inches long by 0.25 in. in diameter. Double groove at one end for attachment of cord. The other end is decorated with three parallel grooves. Level, 4 feet below surface. Central Courtyard (30), House LIII, Block 7, HR Area.
No 530 (Pl. CXIV, HR 4985). Ivory. 2.05 inches long by 0.25 in. in diameter. Double groove at one end for a cord; the other end is broken. Level 3 feet below surface. Central Courtyard (30), House LIII, Block 7, HR Area.
No 531 (Pl. CXIV, DK 2666). Ivory. Now 2.05 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. Its polish shows that it has been much used. About one-half of the seal is covered with an inscription, deeply and roughly incised and bordered by two deep cut lines. One end of the seal is shaped into a conical head with a deep groove possibly intended for a cord. The seal is not bored; nor is it perfectly round. Level, 4 feet below surface. Street between Blocks 1 and 2, Section B, DK Area.
No 532 (Pl. CXIV, VS 875). Ivory. Now 2 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. One end is broken and a small piece is missing. The seal tapers slightly towards its complete end. Five deeply incised characters occupy a space of about two-thirds of the circumference of the seal. Level, 12 feet below surface. Found in front of Room 70, House XXVII, VS Area.
No 533 (Pl. CXIV, VS 958). Ivory. 2.75 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. Decorated at 0-.5 in. from each end with a deeply incised cross-hatched border. Towards one end of the intervening space are two deeply incised characters This seal is not perfectly round. Level, 10 feet below surface of the ground. From Room 69, House XXVIII, VS Area. (John Marshall, Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, p. 371

The 5 ivory rod inscriptions (529 to 533 Marshall) are flipped left horizontally and presnted with rebus readings:

Ivory inscription 1

kuTi 'water carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS karNika 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' gaNDa 'four' rebus: kaNDa 'implements'. Thus the message is: Smelter, metalcater, Supercargo working with iron/copper implements and furnace.

Ivory inscription 2

khaNDa 'divisions'; rebus: kaNDa 'implements' dhAv 'strand' dhAv 'string' rebus: dhAvaD 'smelter' dhaTo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'minerals'. Thus the message is: Smelter of minerals, (maker of metal) implements.'

Ivory inscription 3

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) kamaTha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage' ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' PLUS khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) muh 'ingot'.Thus, the message is: Turner of metal castings, mins-master-coiner, iron (metal) implements, ingots and metal (alloys) turner.

Ivory inscription 4

(529 Marshall Ivory rod) khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the message is: Blacksmith, Turner, Supercargo implements workshop, mint-master/coiner. (529 and 530 ivory rods have identical inscriptions; 530 has an additional hieroglyph: three linear strokes)

Ivory inscription 5

(530 Marshall Ivory rod) khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, engraver, account' karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the message is: Blacksmith, Turner, Supercargo (engraver) implements workshop, mint-master/coiner, (working in) smithy/forge..

Ivory inscription 6

m1650 Ivory stick

Hypertext 3505 daTo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' gaNDA 'four' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.)Thus, the message is: Supercargo, (worker in) minerals, bronze implements, smithy/forge, metal caster, Metals turner (alloys) using furnace

Ivory inscription 7

Pict-141 Geometrical pattern

Hypertext 2942 karNika 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khaNDa 'divisions'; rebus: kaNDa 'implements'. Tus, the message is: Supercargo (working in) iron/copper implements workshop.

Ivory inscription 8

Pict 142 geometrical pattern

Hypertext 2941 Ivory or bone rod geometrical pattern followed by inscription koḍa'one' rebus: koḍ'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul'metal casting' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Turner, Supercargo in metal casting workshop and (working with) furnace

Ivory inscription 9

Hypertext 2943 Hypertext 2943 is a duplication of the Hypertext 2941: koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Turner, Superargo in metal casting workshop and (working with) furnace.

Ivory inscription 10

Pict 143 Geometrical pattern

Hypertext 2948 gaNDa 'four' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' (thus, tin implements) kuTi 'water carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' PLUS karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). (thus, Supercargo, engraver working with smelter) khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) Thus, the message is: Supercargo (working with smelter) Tin work and Turner (of metal alloys) working with furnace and engraving.

Ivory inscription 11

Hypertext 2944 Ivory or bone rod Phal. tērc̣hi ʻ adze ʼ (with "intrusive" r).Rebus: takṣa in cmpd. ʻ cutting ʼ, m. ʻ carpenter ʼ VarBr̥S PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Thus, carpenter working with smithy/forge). muH 'ingot' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Thus smithy/forge ingots) kuTi 'water carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' PLUS karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' Thus the message is: Carpenter working with smithy/forge, ingots for smithy and Supercargo working with smelter and engraving.

Ivory inscription 12

Hypertext 2945 Ivory or bone rod gaNDa 'four' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Thus, the message is: (Maker of) implements in smithy/forge.

Ivory inscription 13

Ivory rod, ivory plaques with dotted circles. Mohenjo-daro (Musee National De Arts Asiatiques, Guimet, 1988-1989, , Les cites oubliees de l’Indus Archeologie du Pakistan.] dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'. dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'. Thus, the message signified by dotted circles and X hieroglyph refers to dhā̆vaḍ priest of 'iron-smelters'. The aquatic duck shown atop an ivory rod is: karaṇḍa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaṛa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) Thus, the metalworker (smelter) works with hard alloys (using carburization process). Three dotted circles: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus working with minerals and hard alloys for smithy, forge.

Ivory inscription 14

m1652 Ivory stick sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS daTo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus the message is: workshop for minerals, metals and metalcaster.

Ivory inscription 15

m1651 Ivory stick A, D, F

Hypertext 2947 Dotted circle hieroglyphs at the ends of the rod: dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter) dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'. Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.muh 'ingot' PLUS khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Thus, ingot implements) koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop (Kuwi) karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). thus the message is: Working with dhatu (minerals), mint (coiner), ingot implements workshop, Supercargo (scribe, account), Turner (alloys) of metal, Smelter

Ivory inscription 16

Hypertext 2940 Ivory or bone rod dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' arA 'spokes' rebus: Ara 'brass' eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, copper'.kamaTha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage' karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Supercargo (scribe, account), Turner (of alloys) of metal, mint-master, working with metal casting.

Ivory inscription 17

m1653 ivory plaque

Hypertext 1905 bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' kuṭila 'bent' CDIAL 3230) Rebus:kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin).Thus, a bronze furnace worker.

Vajra and Indus Script ivory hypertexts on a seal, ivory artifacts

https://tinyurl.com/y85goask

I suggest that this fillet (dotted circle with a connecting strand or tape is the hieroglyph which signifies धातु (Rigveda) dhāu (Prakrtam) 'a strand' rebus: element, mineral ore. This hieroglyph signifies the पोतृ,'purifier' priest of dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters' of dhāū, dhāv 'red stone minerals'.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/11/priest-of-dhavad-iron-smelters-with.html Orthography of the 'dotted circle' is representation of a single strand: dhāu rebus: dhāū 'red stone minerals.

It is this signifier which occurs in the orthography of the dotted circle hieroglyph-multiplex on early punch-marked coins of Magadha -- a proclamation of the dhāū 'element, mineral ores' used in the Magadha mint. On one Silver Satamana punch-marked coin of Gandhara septa-radiate or, seven strands emerge from the dotted circle signifying the use in the mint of सप्त--धातु 'seven mineral ores'.

navan नवन् num. a. (always pl.). Nine; -धातु m. Nine metals; हेमतारारनागाश्च ताम्ररङ्गे च तीक्ष्णकम् । कांस्यकं कान्तलोहं च धातवो नव कीर्तिताः ॥, -निधि m. (pl.) the nine treasures of Kubera. i. e. महापद्मश्च पद्मश्च शङ्खो मकरकच्छपौ । मुकुन्दकुन्द- नीलाश्च खर्वश्च निधयो नव ॥

सप्त--धातु [p= 1149,3] mf(उ)n. (°त्/अ-) consisting of 7 , 7-fold RV.(Monier-Williams) saptá ʻ 7 ʼ RV.

Pa. Pk. satta ʻ 7 ʼ, NiDoc. Dhp. sata, Ḍ. svt, Ash. sot, sūt, Wg. sōt, Kt. sut, Pr. sete, Dm. Tir. sat, Paš.lauṛ. sāta, uzb. sātə, ar. sāt, dar. chil. sat, Niṅg. Shum. Woṭ. sat, Gaw. sɔt, Kal. sat, sāt, Kho. sot, Bshk. s*lt, s*ltt, Tor. Kand. Mai. sāt, Sv. sat, Phal. sat, sāt, Sh.gil. săt, koh. gur. sătt, jij. sät, K. sath (dat. satan), rām. pog. kash. ḍoḍ. satt, S. sata, L. P. WPah. (all dial.) satt, Ku. N. sāt, A. xāt, B. sāt, Or. sāta, Mth. Bhoj. Aw.lakh. H. Marw. G. M. sāt, Ko. sāta, OSi. (Brāhmī inscr.) sata, Si. sat -- a, ha°, Md. hat.saptaka -- , saptatí -- , saptamá -- , saptin -- , sāˊpta -- ; saptaguṇa -- , saptácatvāriṁśat -- , saptatriṁśat -- , saptádaśa, saptanavati -- , saptapañcāśat -- , saptaparṇa -- , saptabhūma -- , *saptamāsa -- , saptamāsya -- , saptavarṣa -- , saptáviṁśati -- , saptaṣaṣti -- , saptasaptati -- , saptāśīti -- , saptāhá -- , saptōttara -- , *sāptānna -- ; sārdhasapta.Addenda: saptá: WPah.kṭg. sátt (obl. -- a) ʻ 7 ʼ, kc. sāt, Garh. sāt. (CDIAL 13139)

The 'dot' within the circle is a signifier of a mineral dhāū ingot खोट khōṭa 'A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.'

Trefoil motifs are carved on the robe of the so-called "priest-king" statuette from Mohenjo-daro and are also known from contemporary sites in western Pakistan,

Image result for cult object gold fillet mohenjodaro

Image result for cult object gold fillet mohenjodaro

Sumerian marble calf with inlaid trefoils of blue stone. From the late Uruk era, Jemdet Nasr cira 3300 - 2900 B.C.E 5.3 cm. long; Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin; Parpola, 1994, p. 213.

Sitting bull Louvre AO7021.jpg Black marble (formerly inlaid), found in Warka (ancient city of Uruk), Djemdet-Nasr period (ca. 3000 BCE)

Steatite statue fragment. Mohenjo-daro (Sd 767). After Ardeleanu-Jansen, 1989: 196, fig. 1; cf. Parpola, 1994, p. 213

Mesopotamian lama deity, a bull with a human head, kind, protective spirits associated with the great sun god Shamash. In one inscription, an Assyrian king called upon lama deities to "turn back an evil person, guard the steps, and secure the path of the king who fashioned them." 2100-2000 BCE Serpentine, a smooth green stone the color of life-giving water in a desert area. The hollowed-out shapes on the body originally were inlaid with pearly shell or lapis lazuli.


"Images of human-headed bulls are found throughout Mesopotamian history. Several statuettes dating from the late third millennium BC show a bearded creature wearing the divine horned headdress, lying down with its head turned to the side. They have been found at various Sumerian sites, the majority from Telloh.

Crete. Cow-head rhython with trefoil decor.

9.5 x 13.9 cm ca. 1450-1400 BCE Rhyton in the form of a bull's head

[Minoan; Greece, Crete] (1973.35) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art






Harry Burton photograph taken during the excavation of the tomb in 1922 in pharaoh's Antechamber, Treasury and Burial chamber.
















Funeral couch of Tutankhamen features cow with solar disc and inlay blue glass trefoils decorating the body. Said to represent Goddess Hathor."An inscription from The Book of the divine cow found in the Burial chamber alludes to its sacred function as a solar barque for bearing the pharaoh to the heavens...Hieroglyphs carved on the footboard promise the protection of Isis and the endurance of Osiris." 




http://www.kingtutexhibit.com/catalogs/tutankhamun_catalog.pdf Tutankhamun ascended to the throne around 1332 B.C.E, when he was about 9 years old.The boy king died in 1323 B.C.E around the age of 18. - See more at: http://www.livescience.com/54090-tutankhamun-king-tut.html#sthash.Xy0Q04lU.dpuf 








A suggestion: A dotted circle as dhAv 'strand' hieroglyph may be read rebus as: धाम 




[p= 514,3] m. pl. N. of a class of superhuman beings MBh.; abode (Samskrtam) This may explain the significance of three dotted circles (trefoil) on the couch of Tuutankhamun with damkom bull calves signified on the couch.

The hieroglyph of 'dotted circle' continues in early punch-marked coins as in Kuru Janapada with variants orthographically signifying metalwork in a mint.

Evolution ḍha-, dha- in Brahmi script syllables are evocative of 'string' and 'circle, dotted circle' as may be seen from the following orthographic evidence of epigraphs dated from ca. 300 BCE:

It may be seen from the table of evoution of Brahmi script orthography that

1. a circle signified the Brahmi syllable 'ṭha-' and a dotted circle signified the syllable 'tha-';

2. a string with a twist signified the syllable 'da-', a string ending in a circled twist signified the syllable 'ḍha-' and a stepped string signified the syllable 'ḍa-'.

Section 4: Orthograhy of Brahmi syllabary from ca. 300 BCE

Terracotta sivalinga, Kalibangan.Shape of polished lingam found at Harappa is like the summit of Mt. Kailas, Himalayas. Plate X(c), Lingam in situ in trench Ai (MS Vats, 1940, Exxcavations at Harappa, Vol. II, Calcutta). In trenches III and IV two more stone lingams were found. (MS Vats, opcit., Vol. I, pp. 51-52). The Hindu traditional metaphor of s'iva is the glacial river Ganga emerging from locks of his hair as he sits in penance on summit of Mt. Kailas, Himalayas. The metaphor results in Kailas in Ellora, showing Ravana lifting up the mountain.

Circular seal, of steatite, from Bahrein, found at Lothal.

A Stamp seal and its impression from the Harappan site of Lothal north of Bombay, of the type also found in the contemporary cultures of southern Iraq and the Persian Gulf Area. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/archaeology-in-india/

http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/shipping-and-maritime-trade-of-the-indus-people/

Dilmun seal from Barbar; six heads of antelope radiating from a circle; similar to animal protomes in Failaka, Anatolia and Indus. Obverse of the seal shows four dotted circles. [Poul Kjaerum, The Dilmun Seals as evidence of long distance relations in the early second millennium BC, pp. 269-277.] A tree is shown on this Dilmun seal.

Glyph: ‘tree’: kuṭi ‘tree’. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali).

baTa 'six' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Munda) Alternative: ranku 'antelope' Rebus: ranku 'tin'

Izzat Allah Nigahban, 1991, Excavations at Haft Tepe, Iran, The University Museum, UPenn, p. 97. furnace’ Fig.96a.

There is a possibility that this seal impression from Haft Tepe had some connections with Indian hieroglyphs. This requires further investigation. “From Haft Tepe (Middle Elamite period, ca. 13th century) in Ḵūzestān an unusual pyrotechnological installation was associated with a craft workroom containing such materials as mosaics of colored stones framed in bronze, a dismembered elephant skeleton used in manufacture of bone tools, and several hundred bronze arrowpoints and small tools. “Situated in a courtyard directly in front of this workroom is a most unusual kiln. This kiln is very large, about 8 m long and 2 and one half m wide, and contains two long compartments with chimneys at each end, separated by a fuel chamber in the middle. Although the roof of the kiln had collapsed, it is evident from the slight inturning of the walls which remain in situ that it was barrel vaulted like the roofs of the tombs. Each of the two long heating chambers is divided into eight sections by partition walls. The southern heating chamber contained metallic slag, and was apparently used for making bronze objects. The northern heating chamber contained pieces of broken pottery and other material, and thus was apparently used for baking clay objects including tablets . . .” (loc.cit. Bronze in pre-Islamic Iran, Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bronze-i Negahban, 1977; and forthcoming).

One badge used had a bangle with trefoil hieroglyph.

It was suggested that this may relate to the functions of a dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' tri-dhAtu,'‘three

minerals'.

Terracotta bangle fragments decorated with red trefoils outlined in white

on a green ground from the late Period 3C deposits in Trench 43. This image

shows both sides of the two fragments

(H98-3516/8667-01 & H98-3517/8679-01)

Detail of terracotta bangle with red and white trefoil on a green background H98-3516/8667-01 from Trench 43).

miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Munda)

"Late Harappan Period dish or lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar. It shows a Blackbuck antelope with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs, possibly representing stars. It is associated with burial pottery of the Cemetery H period,dating after 1900 BC.The Late Harappan Period at Harappa is represented by the Cemetery H culture (190-1300 BC) which is named after the discovery of a large cemetery filled with painted burial urns and some extended inhumations. The earlier burials in this cemetery were laid out much like Harappan coffin burials, but in the later burials, adults were cremated and the bones placed in large urns (164). The change in burial customs represents a major shift in religion and can also be correlated to important changes in economic and political organization. Cemetery H pottery and related ceramics have been found throughout northern Pakistan, even as far north as Swat, where they mix with distinctive local traditions. In the east, numerous sites in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab provide evidence for the gradual expansion of settlements into this heavily forested region. One impetus for this expansion may have been the increasing use of rice and other summer (kharif) crops that could be grown using monsoon stimulated rains. Until late in the Harappan Period (after 2200 BC) the agricultural foundation of the Harappan cities was largely winter (rabi) crops that included wheat and barley. Although the Cemetery H culture encompassed a relatively large area, the trade connections with thewestern highlands began to break down as did the trade with the coast. Lapis lazuli and turquoise beads are rarely found in the settlements, and marine shell for ornaments and ritual objects gradually disappeared. On the other hand the technology of faience manufacture becomes more refined, possibly in order to compensate for the lack of raw materials such as shell, faience and possibly even carnelian." (Kenoyer in harappa.com slide description)http://www.harappa.com/indus2/162.htm

Trefoil motifs are carved on the robe of the so-called "priest-king" statuette from Mohenjo-daro and are also known from contemporary sites in western Pakistan, Afghanistan, and southern Central Asia.dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' tri-dhAtu,'‘three minerals". त्रिधातु mfn. consisting of 3 parts , triple , threefold (used like Lat. triplex to denote excessive)RV. S3Br. v , 5 , 5 , 6; n. the aggregate of the 3 minerals.tri त्रिधा ind. in 3 parts, ways or places; triply, ˚त्वम् tripartition; Ch. Up. -धातुः an epithet of Gaṇeśa. dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼMBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ

lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f.ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773)

त्रिधातुः is an epithet of Gaṇeśa. This may indicate three forms of ferrite ores: magnetite, haematite, laterite which were identified in Indus Script as poLa 'magnetite', bichi 'haematite' and goTa 'laterite'.

Rebus readings of Indus Script hieroglyphs may explain the त्रिधातुः epithet of Gaṇeśa: karibha 'elephant's trunk' rebus: karba 'iron'ibha'elephant' rebus: karba, ib'iron'.

It has been suggested at

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/11/trefoil-of-indus-script-corpora-and.html?view=sidebar that the trefoil decorating the shawl of the 'priest-king' of Mohenjo-daro is a cross-sectional signifier of three strands of rope.

Thus, a dotted circle is signified by the word: dhāī 'wisp of fibre' (Sindhi).

Single strand (one dotted-circle)

Two strands (pair of dotted-circles)

Three strands (three dotted-circles as a trefoil)

These orthographic variants provide semantic elucidations for a single: dhātu, dhāū, dhāv 'red stone mineral' or two minerals: dul PLUS dhātu, dhāū, dhāv 'cast minerals' or tri- dhātu, -dhāū, -dhāv 'three minerals' to create metal alloys'. The artisans producing alloys are dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa caste of iron -- smeltersʼ, dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ)(CDIAL 6773).

dām 'rope, string' rebus: dhāu 'ore' rebus: मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda).

Semantics of single strand of rope and three strands of rope are: 1. Sindhi dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, Lahnda dhāī˜ id.; 2. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ (RigVeda)

Ta. vaṭam cable, large rope, cord, bowstring, strands of a garland, chains of a necklace; vaṭi rope; vaṭṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to tie. Ma. vaṭam rope, a rope of cowhide (in plough), dancing rope, thick rope for dragging timber. Ka. vaṭa, vaṭara, vaṭi string, rope, tie. Te. vaṭi rope, cord. Go. (Mu.) vaṭiya strong rope made of paddy straw (Voc. 3150). Cf. 3184 Ta. tār̤vaṭam. / Cf. Skt. vaṭa- string, rope, tie; vaṭāraka-, vaṭākara-, varāṭaka- cord, string; Turner, CDIAL, no. 11212. (DEDR 5220) vaṭa2 ʻ string ʼ lex. [Prob. ← Drav. Tam. vaṭam, Kan. vaṭi, vaṭara, &c. DED 4268]N. bariyo ʻ cord, rope ʼ; Bi. barah ʻ rope working irrigation lever ʼ, barhā ʻ thick well -- rope ʼ, Mth. barahā ʻ rope ʼ.(CDIAL 11212)

I suggest that the expression dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' signified by trefoil or three strands is a semantic duplication of the parole words:

dhāī 'wisp of fibre' PLUS vaṭa, vaṭara, vaṭi string, rope, tie. Thus, it is possible that the trefoil as a hieroglyph-multiplex was signified in parole

by the expression dhā̆vaḍ 'three strands' rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter'.

The shawl decorated with dhā̆vaḍ 'trefoil' is a hieroglyph: pōta 'cloth' rebus:

पोता पोतृ, 'purifier' in a yajna. போற்றி pōṟṟi, போத்தி pōtti Brahman temple- priest in Malabar; மலையாளத்திலுள்ள கோயிலருச் சகன். Marathi has a cognate in

पोतदार [pōtadāra] m ( P) An officer under the native governments. His business was to assay all money paid into the treasury. He was also the village-silversmith. The shawl decorated with dhā̆vaḍ 'trefoil' is a hieroglyph: pōta 'cloth' rebus:

पोतदार [pōtadāra] m ( P) An officer under the native governments. His business was to assay all money paid into the treasury. He was also the village-silversmith. पोतृ पु० पुनाति पु--तृन् । ऋत्विग्मेदे अच्छावाकशब्दे ८५ पृ० दृश्यम् । होत्रादिशब्देन द्वन्द्वे ऋत आत् । पोताहोतारौ ।

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम्

पोता, [ऋ] पुं, (पुनातीति । पू + “नप्तृनेष्टृ-त्वष्टृहोतृपोतृभ्रातृजामातृमातृपितृदुहितृ ।”उणा० २ । ९६ । इति तृन्प्रत्ययेन निपात्यते ।) विष्णुः । इति संक्षिप्तसारोणादिवृत्तिः ॥ऋत्विक् । इति भूरिप्रयोगः ॥ (यथा, ऋग्वेदे ।४ । ९ । ३ ।“स सद्म परि णीयते होता मन्द्रो दिविष्टिषु ।उत पोता नि षीदति ॥”)

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः पोतृ [p= 650,1] प्/ओतृ or पोतृ, m. " Purifier " , N. of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice (the assistant of the Brahman ; = यज्ञस्य शोधयिट्रि Sa1y. )

RV. Br. S3rS. Hariv. N. of विष्णु L. पौत्र, पोत्री f. N. of दुर्गा Gal. (cf. पौत्री). pōtṛ

पोतृ m. One of the sixteen officiating priests at a sacrifice (assistant of the priest called ब्रह्मन्). पोत्रम् [पू-त्र] The office of the Potṛi. ब्रह्मन् m. one of the 4 principal priests or ऋत्विज्as (the other three being the होतृ , अध्वर्यु and उद्गातृ ; the ब्रह्मन् was the most learned of them and was required to know the 3 वेदs , to supervise the sacrifice and to set right mistakes ; at a later period his functions were based especially on the अथर्व-वेद) RV. &c होतृ m. (fr. √1. हु) an offerer of an oblation or burnt-offering (with fire) , sacrificer , priest , (esp.) a priest who at a sacrifice invokes the gods or recites the ऋग्-वेद , a ऋग्-वेद priest (one of the 4 kinds of officiating priest »ऋत्विज् , p.224; properly the होतृ priest has 3 assistants , sometimes called पुरुषs , viz. the मैत्रा-वरुण , अच्छा-वाक, and ग्रावस्तुत् ; to these are sometimes added three others , the ब्राह्मणाच्छंसिन् , अग्नीध्र or अग्नीध् , and पोतृ , though these last are properly assigned to the Brahman priest ; sometimes the नेष्टृ is substituted for the ग्राव-स्तुत्) RV.&c नेष्टृ m. (prob. fr. √ नी aor. stem नेष् ; but cf. Pa1n2. 3-2 , 135 Va1rtt. 2 &c ) one of the chief officiating priests at aसोम sacrifice , he who leads forward the wife of the sacrificer and prepares the सुरा (त्वष्टृ so called RV. i , 15 ,3) RV. Br. S3rS. &c अध्वर्यु m.

one who institutes an अध्वर any officiating priest a priest of a particular class (as distinguished from the होतृ , the उद्गातृ , and the ब्रह्मन् classes. The अध्वर्युpriests " had to measure the ground , to build the altar , to prepare the sacrificial vessels , to fetch wood and water , to light the fire , to bring the animal and immolate it " ; whilst engaged in these duties , they had to repeat the hymns of the यजुर्-वेद , hence that वेद itself is also called अध्वर्यु)pl. (अध्वर्यवस्) the adherents of the यजुर्-वेद; उद्-गातृ m. one of the four chief-priests (viz. the one who chants the hymns of the सामवेद) , a chanterRV. ii , 43 , 2 TS. AitBr. S3Br.

Ka1tyS3r. Sus3r. Mn. &c अच्छा-वाकm. " the inviter " , title of a particular priest or ऋत्विज् , one of the sixteen required to perform the great sacrifices with the सोम juice. ग्रावन् m. a stone for pressing out the सोम (originally 2 were used RV. ii , 39 , 1 ; later on 4 [ S3a1n3khBr.xxix , 1] or 5 [Sch. on S3Br. &c ]) RV. AV. VS. S3Br.= ग्राव-स्त्/उत् Hariv. 11363

pōtrá1 ʻ *cleaning instrument ʼ (ʻ the Potr̥'s soma vessel ʼ RV.). [√pū]Bi. pot ʻ jeweller's polishing stone ʼ? -- Rather < *pōttī -- .(CDIAL 8404) *pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼ.Pk. pottī -- f. ʻ glass ʼ; S. pūti f. ʻ glass bead ʼ, P. pot f.; N. pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ; B. pot ʻ glass bead ʼ, puti, pũti ʻ small bead ʼ; Or. puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ; H. pot m. ʻ glass bead ʼ, G. M. pot f.; -- Bi. pot ʻ jeweller's polishing stone ʼ rather than < pōtrá --(CDIAL 8403) pōtana पोतन a. 1 Sacred, holy. -2 Purifying.

Hence the importance of the office of Potr̥, 'Rigvedic priest of a yajna' signified as 'purifier', an assayer of dhāˊtu 'minerals.

Meluhha artifacts in Ancient Near East, Indus Script hypertext evidence from Gonur Depe, Tell Abraq, Mohenjo-daro

https://tinyurl.com/ycfaahgv

Indus Script hypertext evidence from Gonur Tepe, Tell Abraq, Mohenjo-daro include the following; both relate to documented accounting ledgers of Tin-Bronze Age metalwork:

1.Hieroglyph of tabernae montana on an ivory comb, on a bronze axe

2.Hieroglyph of dotted circles on ivory combs and on ivory artifacts

It is clear from the evidence that there was diffusion of metallurgical technologies between Meluhha artisans and Ancient Near East artisans.

The hypertexts signify:

tabar = a broad axe (Punjabi). Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ tagara ‘tabernae montana’, ‘tulip’. Rebus: tagara ‘tin’.

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter).

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'. Eight dotted circles evoke the Veda tradition of aṣṭāśri Yupa, eight-angled pillar to proclaim the sacred prayers.

See:

Dotted circles, tulips and tin-bronze revolution of 4th millennium BCE documented in Harappa Script

http://tinyurl.com/z3x7zev

In the course of my studies on hieroglyphs of ancient Near East 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE, and the Tin Road of the Bronze Age, I have come across the use of a flower used for perfume oil:tabernae montana as a hieroglyph. I find that this hieroglyph is deployed on hair combs and also on a metal, shaft-hole axe.

In interaction areas, tabernae montana glyph appears: 1. on an ivory comb discovered at Oman Peninsula site of Tell Abraq, 2. on a Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex stone flask and, 3. on a copper alloy shaft-hole axe-head of (unverified provenance) attributed to Southeastern Iran, ca. late 3rd or early 2nd millennium BCE 6.5 in. long, 1980.307 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

The ivory comb found at Tell Abraq measures 11 X 8.2 X .4 cm. Both sides of the comb bear identical, incised decoration in the form of two long-stemmed flowers with crenate or dentate leaves, flanking three dotted circles arranged in a triangular pattern. The occurrence of wild tulip glyph on the ivory comb can be explained.

The spoken word tagaraka connoted a hair fragrance from the flower tagaraka These flowers are identified as tulips, perhaps Mountain tulip or Boeotian tulip (both of which grow in Afghanistan) which have an undulate leaf. There is a possibility that the comb is an import from Bactria, perhaps transmitted through Meluhha to the Oman Peninsula site of Tell Abraq.

At Mundigak, in Afghanistan, only one out of a total of five shaft-hole axes analysed contained as much as 5% Sn. Such shaft-hole implements have also been found at Shah Tepe, Tureng Tepe, and Tepe Hissar in level IIIc (2000-1500 BCE).

Tell Abraq axe with epigraph (‘tulip’ glyph + a person raising his arm above his shoulder and wielding a tool + dotted circles on body) [After Fig. 7 Holly Pittman, 1984, Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 29-30].

tabar = a broad axe (Punjabi). Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ tagara ‘tabernae montana’, ‘tulip’. Rebus: tagara ‘tin’. Glyph: eṛaka ‘upraised arm’ (Tamil); rebus: eraka = copper (Kannada)

A rebus reading of the hieroglyph is: tagaraka, tabernae montana. Rebus: tagara ‘tin’ (Kannada); tamara id. (Skt.) Allograph: ṭagara ‘ram’. Since tagaraka is used as an aromatic unguent for the hair, fragrance, the glyph gets depicted on a stone flask, an ivory comb and axe of Tell Abraq.

The glyph is tabernae montana, ‘mountain tulip’. A soft-stone flask, 6 cm. tall, from Bactria (northern Afghanistan) showing a winged female deity (?) flanked by two flowers similar to those shown on the comb from Tell Abraq.(After Pottier, M.H., 1984, Materiel funeraire e la Bactriane meridionale de l'Age du Bronze, Paris, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations: plate 20.150) Two flowers are similar to those shown on the comb from Tell Abraq. Ivory comb with Mountain Tulip motif and dotted circles. TA 1649 Tell Abraq. [D.T. Potts, South and Central Asian elements at Tell Abraq (Emirate of Umm al-Qaiwain, United Arab Emirates), c. 2200 BC—AD 400, in Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio, South Asian Archaeology 1993: , pp. 615-666] Tell Abraq comb and axe with epigraph After Fig. 7 Holly Pittman, 1984, Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 29-30].

"A fine copper axe-adze from Harappa, and similar bronze examples from Chanhu-daro and, in Baluchistan, at Shahi-tump, are rare imports of the superior shaft-hole implements developed initially in Mesopotamia before 3000 BC. In northern Iran examples have been found at Shah Tepe, Tureng Tepe, and Tepe Hissar in level IIIc (2000-1500 BC)...Tin was more commonly used in eastern Iran, an area only now emerging from obscurity through the excavation of key sites such as Tepe Yahya and Shahdad. In level IVb (ca. 3000 BCE)at Tepe yahya was found a dagger of 3% tin bronze. (Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. and M., 1971, An early city in Iran, Scientific American, 1971, 224, No. 6, 102-11; Muhly, 1973, Appendix 11, 347); perhaps the result of using a tin-rich copper ore." (Penhallurick, R.D., 1986, Tin in Antiquity, London, Institute of Metals, pp. 18-32)

Indus Script hypertexts: 1. dotted circles; and 2. tabernae montana 'mountain tulip' Rebus readings: 1.Hieroglyph: dotted circles: dāntā 'ivory' rebus dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' 2. Hieroglyph: tagaraka 'tabernae montana, mountain tulip' rebus: tagara 'tin'. Thus, two mineral ores are signified by the two hieroglyphs: ferrite, copper ores and tin ore (cassiterite).

Dotted circles, tulips on ivory combs signify dāntā 'ivory' rebus dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (Rigveda) tagaraka 'tulip' rebus tagara 'tin'

h1522 Potsherd ca. 3300 BCE (from Indus Writing Corpora)
Note: The first known examples of writing may have been unearthed at an archaeological dig in Harappa, Pakistan. So-called 'plant-like' and 'trident-shaped' markings have been found on fragments of pottery dating back 5500 years. According to Dr Richard Meadow of Harvard University, the director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project, these primitive inscriptions found on pottery may pre-date all other known writing.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/334517.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/334517.stm

A rebus reading of the hieroglyph is: tagaraka, tabernae montana. Rebus:

tagara ‘tin’ (Kannada); tamara id. (Skt.) Allograph: ṭagara ‘ram’. Since tagaraka

is used as an aromatic unguent for the hair, fragrance, the glyph gets depicted on a stone flask, an ivory comb and axe of Tell Abraq.

Discovery of tin-bronzes was momentous in progressing the Bronze Age Revolution of 4th millennium BCE. This discovery created hard alloys combining copper and tin. This discovery was also complemented by the discovery of writing systems to trade in the newly-produced hard alloys.The discovery found substitute hard alloys, to overcome the scarcity of naturally occurring arsenical copper or arsenical bronzes. The early hieroglyph signifiers of tin and copper on an ivory comb made by Meluhha artisans & seafaring merchants point to the contributions made by Bhāratam Janam (RV), ca. 3300 BCE to produce tin-bronzes. The abiding significance of the 'dotted circle' is noted in the continued use on early Punch-marked coins.

The dotted circle as a signifier of interactions between Meluhha and Gonur Tepe has been brilliantly analysed in the context of the following artifacts cited by Dennys Frenez in: Manufacturing and trade of Asian elephant ivory in Bronze Age Middle Asia. Evidence from Gonur Depe (Margiana, Turkmenistan) by Dennys Frenez (2017)
https://www.academia.edu/34596109/Manufacturing_and_trade_of_Asian_elephant_ivory_in_Bronze_Age_Middle_Asia._Evidence_from_Gonur_Depe_Margiana_Turkmenistan

Diffusion of Metallurgy: Meluhha and western Afghanistan sources of tin

"...In the later 4th and early 3rd millennia, greater tin values occur--5.3% in a pin from Susa B; and 5% in an axe from Mundigak III in Afghanistan; but these are still exceptional in a period characterized by the use of arsenical copper ...arond 270 BC, during Early Dynastic III in Mesopotamia...eight metal artifacts of forty-eight in the celebrated 'vase a la cachette' of Susa D are bronzes; four of them -- three vases and one axe -- have over 7% tin. The analyses of objects from the Royal Cemetery at UR present an even clearer picture: of twenty-four artifacts in the Iraq Museum subjected to analysis, eight containing significant quantities of tin and five with over 8% tin can be considered true bronzes in the traditional sense.a contemporary shaft-hole axe from Kish contains 4% tin, and significant amounts were detected in a few artifacts from Tepe Giyan and Tepe Yahya IVB in Iran, and Hili in Oman. Thus, we see an increasing pattern of tin usage......Gudea of Lagash (2150-2111BCE)speaks of the tin of Meluhha...the geographer Strabo (XV.2.10) who, in referring to the inhabitants of Drangiana (modern Sistan), says that they have 'only scanty supplies of wine, but they have tin in their country'...this passage..does accord well with the discoveris in the area of Herat...There are two possible routes from Afghanistan to Mesopotamia. One crosses the northern part of the Iranian plateau, along the Elburz mountains, then through the passes in the Zagros descends to Babylonia and Assyria. In the 1st millennium it was one of the principal supply routes of eastern goods to Assyria. In the 2nd millennium the tin that Assur exported to Anatolia might have followed this route. Along it are found such sites as Tepe Sialk (where the use of tin is attested in the 4th millennium), Tepe Giyan and Tepe Hissar, wehre other finds (such as lapis lazuli at Hissar) implicate them in long-distance commerce in the 3rd millennium...Recently Oman has yielded the first signs of the use of tin in the region. The analysis of a sword from Hili, dated to the mid-3rd millennium, shows a tin content of 6.5%, and a mold of a tap hole (?) associated with the remains of a furnace held metal with a tin content of 5%...At Umm an-Nar artifacts with tin contents on the order of 2% were recovered; the tin must have been mixed with the local copper...Meluhha...the use of tin is attested already in the late 4th or early 3rd millennium at Mundigak III in southern Afghanistan. Tin appears only in small quantities in artifacts from Sahr-i-Sokhta in eastern Iran and at Tepe Yahya in southern Iran...In the Indus Valley, the copper-tin alloy is known at Mohenjodaro...The discoveries of tin in artifacts at Hili, though singular, are important because the site lies in an area clearly involved in long-distance trade. However, there is no clear evidence that the site was a way-station on the route which brought tin from Afghanistan to Mesopotamia. Therefore the presence of tin at Hili indicates only that it was transported in the Gulf area, where it was also used to fill local needs. The collective indications are that western Afghanistan ws the zone able to provide the tin used in Southwest Asia in the 4th and 3rd millennia...In order to elucidate the questions raised by our findings, a project aimed specifically at tin-- its sources and metallurgy-- should be organized." (Serge Cleuziou and Thierry Berthoud, Early Tin in the Near East, in: Expedition, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1982, pp. 14-19). cf. R.J.Forbes, 1954, Extracting, smelting and alloying, in: Charles Singer, E.J.Holmyard and AR Hall (eds.), 1954, A History of Technology, Oxford, Clarendon Press. Knox, Robert, 1994, A new Indus Valley Cylinder Seal, pp. 375-378 in: South Asian Archaeology 1993, Vol. I, Helsinki. Ibid., p. 377; cf. Lamberg- Karlovsky and Tosi 1973: pl. 137.

It is likely that the sources of tin can also extend the Tin Road of Meluhha into the river beds of Sindhu and Sarasvati rivers and associated tributary rivers and water channels for panned tin obtained by prospectors.

An unresolved problem in the study of Bronze Age civilizations has been the identification of sources of tin. Arsenical bronzes of the millennia earlier to the 5th millennium were replaced by tin-bronzes creating a veritable revolution in the march of civilization.

John Muhly has highlighted and contributed significantly to the resolution of this problem. Many cuneiform texts do point to Meluhha as the major source of tin, reaching through the transit points of Magan and Dilmun along the Persian Gulf region and west of Mehergarh.

A possible scenario is presented by a geologist, TM Babu (2003) in: Advent of the bronze age in the Indian subcontinent In Mining and metal production: through the ages, eds. P. Craddock and J. Lang, London, British Museum Press, pp175-180. In this article, Babu starts with the traditions in ancient India of making idols for worship using pancha-loha (lit. five metals), creating an alloy of copper, tin, lead, zinc, arsenic and less commonly, silver and gold. A word in Tamil denoting this alloy is kol which also means ‘working in iron’. This lexeme is denoted by the hieroglyphs: tiger (kola), woman (kola), rice-plant (kolom). Similar rebus readings of hundreds of hieroglyphs on Indus writing point to the Indian sprachbund, a linguistic union which explains the presence, for example, Munda words in ancient Sanskrit texts.

Papagudem boy wearing a bangle of tin

“Bronze articles such as ornamental mirrors, arrowheads, pins, bangles and chisels, of both low tin and high tin content, have been recovered from Lothal, the Harappn port on the Gujarat coast, which has been dated earlier than 2200 BCE. The tin content in these articles range from 2.27% to 11.82%; however, some of the articles contain no tin. Tin is said to have been brought as tablets from Babylon and mixed with copper to make an alloy of more pleasing colour and luster, a bright golden yellow. The utilization of bronze is essential only for certain articles and tools, requiring sharp cutting edges, such as axes, arrowheads or chisels. The selection of bronze for these items indicates the presence of tin was intentional…Recent discoveries of tin occurrences in India are shown in…Fig. 11.2. However, none of these occurrences shows evidences of ancient mining activity. This is because, unlike copper ores, the mining and metallurgy of the tin ore cassiterite is simple, and leaves little permanent trace…tin ore is usually recovered by simple panning of surface deposits, often contained in gravel, which soon collapse, leaving little evidence of having once been worked. Cassiterite is highly resistant to weathering, and with its high specific gravity, it can be easily separated from the waste minerals. The simple mining and metallurgical methods followed even now by Bastar and Koraput tribals in Chattisgarh and Orissa, central India, could be an indication of the methods used in the past. These tribal people produce considerable quantities of tin without any external help, electric power or chemical agents, enough to make a modern metallurgist, used to high technology, wonder almost in disbelief. Clearly though, the technology practiced has a considerable importance for those studying early smelting practices. The history of this process is poorly known. Back in the 1880s Ball (1881) related the story of a Bastar tribal from the village of Papagudem, who was observed to be wearing a bangle of tin. When questioned as to where the metal had come from, he replied that black sands, resembling gunpowder were dug in his village and smelted there. Thus it is very likely that the present industry is indigenous, and may have a long history. That being said, neither the industry or its products appear in any historical document of any period, and thus is unlikey to have been a significant supplier of metal…The tin content of cassiterite ranges from 74.94% (mean 64.2%), showing that pebbles contain about 70% to 90% of the tin oxide, cassiterite…The ore is localized in gravel beds of the black pebbles of cassiterite which outcrop in stream beds etc. and there are other indicators, in the vegetation. The leaves of the Sarai tree (Shoria robusta) growing on tin-rich ground are often covered in yellow spots, as if suffering from a disease. (The leaves were found to contain 700 ppm of tin on analysis!) Wherever the tribals find concentrations of ore in the top soil, the ground all around the area is dug up and transported to nearby streams, rivers or ponts…The loose gravelly soil containing the tin ore is dug with pick and shovel, and carried to the washing sites in large, shoulder-strung bamboo baskets. The panning or washing of the ore is carrie out using round shallow pans of bamboo. The soil is washed out, leaving the dense casiterite ore at the bottom of the pan…The ore is smelted in small clay shaft furnaces, heating and reducing the ore using charcoal as the fuel…The shft furnaces are square at the base and of brick surmounted by a clay cylindrical shaft…The charcoal acts as both the heating and reducing agent, reducing the black cassiterite mineral into bright, white tin metal…a crude refining is carried out by remelting the metal in an iron pan at about 250 degrees C. The molten tin is then poured into the stone-carved moulds to make square- or rectangular-shaped tin ingots for easy transportation. (Babu, TM, 2003, Advent of the bronze age in the Indian subcontinent in: Craddock, PT and J. Lang, Mining and Metl production through the ages, British Museum, pp.174-180).

Trefoil Indus Script hieroglyph signifies dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' dhāu 'ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, hematite, laterite) is an epithet of Gaṇeśa

A "bent bar" shatamana from the Kuru and Panchala janapada, c.500-350 BCE

Source: http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/saylesandlavender/store/viewitem.asp?idProduct=5939

Kuru Janapada from Haryana Region, Silver ½-Karshapana (2), triangular mark, rev six-armed symbol, the second uniface on a dumpy flan, attributed to Kuru Janapada of Babyal (Haryana) region by Handa (Rajgor series 21, 428).

Kuru janapada. Dotted triskelion. 450 to 350 BCE. Triskelion arms encircle dots. Arrows attach to the dotted circle. 'Twist' hieroglyphs are shown next to the arrows.

Coins of Kuru #Janapada 1 of the 16 #Mahajanapadas. Haryana-Delhi region, c.450–350 BCE. #IndianHistory #IndianCoin https://t.co/z7VsdWeRJc

Coins of Kuru #Janapada 1 of the 16 Mahajanapadas. Haryana-Delhi region, c.450–350 BCE. https://t.co/z7VsdWeRJc - 2015-11-25 13:14:47
http://twicsy.com/i/EQMR3i#1fXO1da71PEArcjT.99

c. 4th Century BCE
Weight:1.73 gm., Diam:12-13 mm.

Triskele with crescents and dots /
blank

A triskelion hieroglyph of Kuntala punchmarked coins can be signifiers of त्रि धातु 'three minerals'. The endings of the triskelion are curved like crucibles holding 'dots' or ingots. koṭhārī ʻ crucible ʼ (Old Punjabi) rebus: koṭhari 'chamber' (oriya) koṭṭhāgāra ʻstorehouse' (Prakrtam) खोट khōṭa 'A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.'

The chariot linch-pin found at Kirkburn has a triskele hieroglyph-multiplex with an orthography of hierolyph components signifying associated semantics of metalwork. The circular edge of the ends of the linch-pin is embossed with raised circles signifying ingots out of the three sets of crucibles.

Copper alloy and iron linch pin; exposed iron shank, rectangular in section and markedly off-centre to the upper terminal. Upper terminal slightly lop-sided, its perforation is clear of corrosion, and there are wear facets at two points on the edge of th

In this hieroglyph-multiplex, the central hieroglyph component is three curved (crucibles) emanating from the centre. At the tip of each of the three cuve-endings, an explanatory hieroglyph component signifies: 1. crucible; and 2. a round ingot emanating from the crucible. Orthography clearly signifies metalwork by a Celtic artisan. The bend in the curved legs emanating from the centre in the triskele is relatable to: कोट or bend, कोटः kōṭḥ Crookedness. A beard (Samskritam. Apte)

Hieroglyph: koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible (Old Punjabi)(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: Pk. koṭṭhāgāra -- , koṭṭhāra -- n. ʻ storehouse ʼ; K. kuṭhār m. ʻ wooden granary ʼ, WPah. bhal. kóṭhār m.; A. B. kuṭharī ʻ apartment ʼ, Or. koṭhari; Aw. lakh. koṭhār ʻ zemindar's residence ʼ; H. kuṭhiyār ʻ granary ʼ; G. koṭhār m. ʻ granary, storehouse ʼ, koṭhāriyũ n. ʻ small do. ʼ; M. koṭhār n., koṭhārẽ n. ʻ large granary ʼ, -- °rī f. ʻ small one ʼ; Si.koṭāra ʻ granary, store ʼ.(CDIAL 3550).

Note: poLa 'magnetite', bichi 'haematite' and goTa 'laterite' may refer to tri-dhAtu 'three red ferrite ores'.

Rendering of जटा jaṭā on ekamukhalinga is a unique orthographic/ iconographic metaphor signified by sculptors to denote the nature of चषालः caṣāla and its role in the pyrolysis process to carburize metal into hard alloys during smelting. "Pyrolysis has been used since ancient times for turning wood into charcoal on an industrial scale. Besides wood, the process can also use sawdust and other wood waste products...Pyrolysis is used on a massive scale to turn coal into coke for metallurgy, especially steelmaking."

Av. wazra, Pahl. warz, NPers. gorz; with epithets vājrabāhu- “mace in arm,” °hasta- “mace in hand,” °dakṣiṇa- “mace in his right [hand],” vajrabhṛˊt-, °vāh- “mace-carrying,” vajrín- “mace-possessing”) and the epithet vṛtrahán- (Av. wərəθrajan-) “slaying, smashing vṛtrā.” http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indra

Gorz. "It is mentioned in Avesta as the special weapon of Mithra (Yt. 10.132) and Kərəsāspa-/Garšāsp (Y. 9.10). Kərəsāspa is portrayed as having long hair (gaēsuš) and wielding a club (gaδavarō; see Reichelt, p. 2), while Mithra’s club is described as being made of gold and bearing one hundred knobs and one hundred edges. It is also called the most solid and the most effective weapon in securing victory and as swift as imagination (Yt. 10.132)." http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorz

Kuntala janapada Punch-marked coin 450 BCE. Two angular shaped parallel lines having solid dot on the head connect to the central dot There is a A triskelion or triskele (which invariably has rotational symmetry) a motif consisting of three interlocked spirals between the two solid dots.

śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah.) śr̥ṅkhala m.n. ʻ chain ʼ MārkP., °lā -- f. VarBr̥S., śr̥ṅkhalaka -- m. ʻ chain ʼ MW., ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ. [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]Pa. saṅkhalā -- , °likā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ; Pk. saṁkala -- m.n., °lā -- , °lī -- , °liā -- , saṁkhalā -- , siṁkh°, siṁkalā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ, siṁkhala -- n. ʻ anklet ʼ; Sh. šăṅāli̯ f., (Lor.)š*lṅāli, šiṅ° ʻ chain ʼ (lw .with š -- < śr̥ -- ), K. hö̃kal f.; S. saṅgharu m. ʻ bell round animal's neck ʼ, °ra f. ʻ chain, necklace ʼ, saṅghāra f. ʻ chain, string of beads ʼ,saṅghirī f. ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ; L. saṅglī f. ʻ flock of bustard ʼ, awāṇ. saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ; P. saṅgal m. ʻ chain ʼ, ludh. suṅgal m.; WPah.bhal. śaṅgul m. ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ, śaṅgli f. ʻ chain ʼ, śiṅkhal f. ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ, (Joshi) śã̄gaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ, jaun. śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻ chain ʼ; Ku. sã̄glo ʻ doorchain ʼ, gng. śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ; N. sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ, °li ʻ small do. ʼ, A. xikali, OB. siṅkala, B. sikal, sikli, chikal, chikli, (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454, Or.sāṅk(h)uḷā, °ḷi, sāṅkoḷi, sikaḷā̆, °ḷi, sikuḷā, °ḷi; Bi. sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ, Mth. sī˜kaṛ; Bhoj. sī˜kar, sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ, OH. sāṁkaḍa, sīkaḍa m., H. sã̄kal, sã̄kar,°krī, saṅkal, °klī, sikal, sīkar, °krī f.; OG. sāṁkalu n., G. sã̄kaḷ, °kḷī f. ʻ chain ʼ, sã̄kḷũ n. ʻ wristlet ʼ; M. sã̄k(h)aḷ, sāk(h)aḷ, sã̄k(h)ḷī f. ʻ chain ʼ, Ko. sāṁkaḷ; Si. säkilla, hä°, ä° (st. °ili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼ.śr̥ṅkhalayati.Addenda: śr̥ṅkhala -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) śáṅgəḷ f. (obl. -- i) ʻ chain ʼ, J. śã̄gaḷ f., Garh. sã̄gaḷ.śr̥ṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś. [śr̥ṅkhala -- ]Ku.gng. śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (< śr̥ṅkhalita -- ); Or. sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain ʼ.(CDIAL 12580, 12581)சங்கிலி¹ caṅkili, n. < šṛṅkhalaā. [M. caṅ- kala.] 1. Chain, link; தொடர். சங்கிலிபோ லீர்ப்புண்டு (சேதுபு. அகத். 12). 2. Land-measuring chain, Gunter's chain 22 yards long; அளவுச் சங்கிலி. (C. G.) 3. A superficial measure of dry land=3.64 acres; ஓர் நிலவளவு. (G. Tn. D. I, 239). 4. A chain-ornament of gold, inset with diamonds; வயிரச்சங்கிலி என்னும் அணி. சங்கிலி நுண்டொடர் (சிலப். 6, 99). 5. Hand-cuffs, fetters; விலங்கு.

Three dots joined suggest tri-dhātu 'three minerals' alloyed together to constitute adamantine glue.

Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. (Allograph) Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati)

वज्र [p=913,1] mn. " the hard or mighty one " , a thunderbolt (esp. that of इन्द्र , said to have been formed out of the bones of the ऋषि दधीच or दधीचि [q.v.] , and shaped like a circular discus , or in later times regarded as having the form of two transverse bolts crossing each other thus x ; sometimes also applied to similar weapons used by various gods or superhuman beings , or to any mythical weapon destructive of spells or charms , also to मन्यु , " wrath "RV. or [with अपाम्] to a jet of water AV. &c ; also applied to a thunderbolt in general or to the lightning evolved from the centrifugal energy of the circular thunderbolt of इन्द्र when launched at a foe ; in Northern Buddhist countries it is shaped like a dumb-bell and called Dorje ; » MWB. 201 ; 322 &c ) RV. &c; a diamond (thought to be as hard as the thunderbolt or of the same substance with it) , Shad2vBr. Mn. MBh. &c; m. a kind of column or pillar VarBr2S.; m. a kind of hard mortar or cement (कल्क) VarBr2S. (cf. -लेप); n. a kind of hard iron or steel L.

Note: In Rigveda, vajra refers to something hard or mighty compared to a thunderbolt or a jet of water. At what stage of semantic evolution, the gloss was expanded to mean 'adamantine, glue' is unclear. This is the stage when the artisans might have recognized the feature of cementite, as a nanotube which forms when carbon combines with iron. It is clear that in VarAhamira's time, the gloss vajra meant an adamantine glue: sanghAta. It is possible that this gloss was signified by the sangaDa 'lathe' which is a device most commonly deployed on Indus Script Corpora.

It appears that the orthographic shapes chosen during the Bronze Age to denote a metallic thunderbolt weapon use the wavy lines or streaks of lightning as a metaphor. Now that it is evident that iron forging is dated to the 3rd millennium BCE, the use of hardened or carbide ferrous metal weapons cannot be ruled out. The ancient word which denoted such a metallic weapon is vajra in Rigveda, specifically described as Ayasam vajram, metallic weapon or metallic thunderbolt.

I suggest that the association of the gloss vajra with lightning becomes a metaphor to further define vajrasangAta 'adamantine glue' which creates a steel metallic form with nanotubes or cementite.

The samAsa used by Varahamihira is vajrasanghAta, an adamantine glue. In archaeometallurgical terms, this is defined as a mixture consisting of eight parts of lead, two of bell-metal and one of iron dust.

In Meluhha hypertext tradition smelting of minerals is signified by 'dotted circle' hypertext.

Section: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (Gujarati)(CDIAL 4271) is an Indus Script hypertext

The centre-piece of the dotted circle an vajra is a spherical pebble or stone, a blob. This 'pebble, stone' stone hieroglyph is surrounded by a circle.

Shatamanas double-sigloi, bent bars and fractions from Gandhara. The dot shown between spokes of the six-armed hypertext signifies gōṭā 'spherical pebble' rebus: goṭī 'lump of silver'.-- a signifier of the silver punchmarked coin of goṭī.dhā̆vaḍ vathāra 'quarter of town for smelting and furnac work of silver and minerals'.

The Meluhha Indus Script readings are: gōṭā 'spherical pebble' rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' PLUS dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'. Thus, the unique vajra hypertext signified smelters of iron and workers with silver metal.

The central dotted circle of the vajra hypertext is thus read as: goṭī dhā̆vaḍ, 'silver, iron workers'. This explains why early punchmarked coins were silver coins.

Dotted circles, tulips and tin-bronze revolution of 4th millennium BCE documented in Harappa Script

http://tinyurl.com/z3x7zev

Dotted circles, tulips on ivory combs signify dāntā 'ivory' rebus dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (Rigveda) tagaraka 'tulip' rebus tagara 'tin'

Discovery of tin-bronzes was momentous in progressing the Bronze Age Revolution of 4th millennium BCE. This discovery created hard alloys combining copper and tin. This discovery was also complemented by the discovery of writing systems to trade in the newly-produced hard alloys.The discovery found substitute hard alloys, to overcome the scarcity of naturally occurring arsenical copper or arsenical bronzes. The early hieroglyph signifiers of tin and copper on an ivory comb made by Meluhha artisans & seafaring merchants point to the contributions made by Bhāratam Janam (RV), ca. 3300 BCE to produce tin-bronzes. The abiding significance of the 'dotted circle' is noted in the continued use on early Punch-marked coins.

A (गोटा) gōṭā Spherical or spheroidal, pebble-form. (Marathi) Rebus: khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ (metal) (Marathi) खोट [khōṭa] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge (Marathi). P. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼ (CDIAL 3931) goṭa 'laterite ferrite ore'. goṭo m. ʻgold or silver lace' (Sindhi); goṭa m. ʻedging of gold braidʼ(Kashmiri)(CDIAL 4271)

*gōṭṭa ʻ something round ʼ. [Cf. guḍá -- 1. -- In sense ʻ fruit, kernel ʼ cert. ← Drav., cf. Tam. koṭṭai ʻ nut, kernel ʼ, Kan. goṟaṭe &c. listed DED 1722] K. goṭh f., dat. °ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H. goṭ f. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, °ṭɔ m. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, °ṭilɔ m. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ.*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- .Addenda: *gōṭṭa -- : also Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Ta. koṭṭai seed of any kind not enclosed in chaff or husk, nut, stone, kernel; testicles; (RS, p. 142, items 200, 201) koṭṭāṅkacci, koṭṭācci coconut shell. Ma. koṭṭa kernel of fruit, particularly of coconut, castor-oil seed; kuṟaṭṭa, kuraṭṭa kernel; kuraṇṭi stone of palmfruit. Ko. keṭ testes; scrotum. Ka. koṭṭe, goṟaṭe stone or kernel of fruit, esp. of mangoes; goṭṭa mango stone. Koḍ. koraṇḍi
id. Tu. koṭṭè kernel of a nut, testicles; koṭṭañji a fruit without flesh; koṭṭayi a dried areca-nut;
koraṇtu kernel or stone of fruit, cashew-nut; goṭṭu kernel of a nut as coconut, almond, castor-oil seed. Te. kuriḍī dried whole kernel of coconut. Kol. (Kin.) goṛva stone of fruit. Nk. goṛage stone of fruit. Kur. goṭā any seed which forms inside a fruit or shell. Malt. goṭa a seed or berry. / Cf. words meaning 'fruit, kernel, seed' in Turner, CDIAL, no. 4271 (so noted by Turner). (DEDR 2069)

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter). dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'.

Read on... https://tinyurl.com/y8p7b8q2

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Full domestication of Oryza sativa (rice) in Sarasvati Civilization ca. 2000 BCE

March 19, 2018, 2:25 am

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≪ Previous: Cluster analysis of Indus writing system design principle, of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts'; Field symbols for samgaha wealth categories catalogues for accounting ledgers

J. Bates, CA Petrie, RN Singh, 2017,
Approaching rice domestication in South Asia: New evidence from Indus settlements in northern India, in: Journal of Archaeological Science 78 (2017) 193e201

Abstract
The nature and timing of rice domestication and the development of rice cultivation in South Asia is much debated. In northern South Asia there is presently a significant gap (c.4200 years) between earliest evidence for the exploitation of wild rice (Lahuradewa c.6000 BCE) and earliest dated evidence for the utilisation of fully domesticated rice (Mahagara c.1800 BCE). The Indus Civilisation (c.3000e1500 BCE) developed and declined during the intervening period, and there has been debate about whether rice was adopted and exploited by Indus populations during this ‘gap’. This paper presents new analysis of spikelet bases and weeds collected from three Indus Civilisation settlements in north-west India, which provide insight into the way that rice was exploited. This analysis suggests that starting in the period before the Indus urban phase (Early Harappan) and continuing through the urban (Mature Harappan/ Harappan), post-urban (Late Harappan) and on into the post-Indus Painted Grey Ware (PGW) period, there was a progressive increase in the proportion of domesticated-type spikelet bases and a decrease in wild-types. This pattern fits with a model of the slow development of rice exploitation from wild foraging to agriculture involving full cultivation. Importantly, the accompanying weeds show no increased proportions of wetland species during this period. Instead a mix of wetland and dryland species was identified, and although these data are preliminary, they suggest that the development of an independent rice tradition may have been intertwined with the practices of the eastern most Indus peoples. These data also suggest that when fully domesticated Oryza sativa ssp. japonica was introduced around 2000 BCE, it arrived in an area that was already familiar with domesticated rice cultivation and a range of cultivation techniques.

Full text: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0305440316300322/1-s2.0-S0305440316300322-main.pdf?_tid=76c7c262-32d2-4714-b75a-bd341cc4c8d7&acdnat=1521451016_8fdf59a85862f3b686fe2632fce0b59e

New research on three archaeological sites of the famed Indus Valley civilization (3000-1500 BC) in north-west India has revealed that domesticated rice farming in South Asia began far earlier than previously believed, and may have developed in tandem with — rather than as a result of — rice domestication in China.

A flood-prone rice field being plowed by a farmer using water buffaloes. Image credit: International Rice Research Institute / CC BY 2.0.

Evidence for very early rice use has been known from the site of Lahuradewa in the central Ganges basin, but it has long been thought that domesticated rice agriculture didn’t reach South Asia until towards the end of the Indus era, when the wetland rice arrived from China around 2000 BC.

A research team led by University of Cambridge archaeologists found evidence of domesticated rice in South Asia as much as 430 years earlier.

The team’s findings, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science and the journal Antiquity, also confirm that Indus farmers were the earliest people to use multi-cropping strategies across both seasons, growing foods during summer (rice, millets and beans) and winter (wheat, barley and pulses), which required different watering regimes.

“The nature and timing of rice domestication and the development of rice cultivation in South Asia is much debated,” the authors said.

“In northern South Asia there is presently a significant gap (about 4,200 years) between earliest evidence for the exploitation of wild rice (Lahuradewa, 6000 BC) and earliest dated evidence for the utilization of fully domesticated rice (Mahagara, 1800 BC).”

“The Indus Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, developed and declined during the intervening period, and there has been debate about whether rice was adopted and exploited by Indus populations during this gap.”

The researchers found evidence for an entirely separate domestication process in ancient South Asia, likely based around the wild species Oryza nivara.

“This led to the local development of a mix of ‘wetland’ and ‘dryland’ agriculture of local Oryza sativa indica rice agriculture before the truly ‘wetland’ Chinese rice, Oryza sativa japonica arrived around 2000 BC,” said co-lead author Dr. Jennifer Bates, from the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Cambridge.

“While wetland rice is more productive, and took over to a large extent when introduced from China, our findings appear to show there was already a long-held and sustainable culture of rice production in India as a widespread summer addition to the winter cropping during the Indus Valley civilization.”

The team sifted for traces of ancient grains in the remains of several Indus villages within a few miles of the site called Rakhigari: the most recently excavated of the Indus cities that may have maintained a population of some 40,000.

As well as the winter staples of wheat and barley and winter pulses like peas and vetches, the archaeologists found evidence of summer crops: including domesticated rice, but also millet and the tropical beans urad and horsegram, and used radiocarbon dating to provide the first absolute dates for Indus multi-cropping: 2890-2630 BC for millets and winter pulses, 2580-2460 BC for horsegram, and 2430-2140 BC for rice.

Millets are a group of small grain, now most commonly used in birdseed, which the authors describe as “often being used as something to eat when there isn’t much else”.

Urad beans, however, are a relative of the mung bean, often used in popular types of Indian dhal today.

In contrast with evidence from elsewhere in the region, the village sites around Rakhigari reveal that summer crops appear to have been much more popular than the wheats of winter.

“This may have been down to the environmental variation in this part of the former civilization: on the seasonally flooded Ghaggar-Hakra plains where different rainfall patterns and vegetation would have lent themselves to crop diversification – potentially creating local food cultures within individual areas,” the scientists explained.

“This variety of crops may have been transported to the cities. Urban hubs may have served as melting pots for produce from regional growers, as well as meats and spices, and evidence for spices have been found elsewhere in the region.”

“While we don’t yet know what crops were being consumed at Rakhigarhi, it is certainly possible that a sustainable food economy across the Indus zone was achieved through growing a diverse range of crops, with choice being influenced by local conditions,” Dr. Bates said.

“It is also possible that there was trade and exchange in staple crops between populations living in different regions, though this is an idea that remains to be tested”.

“Such a diverse system was probably well suited to mitigating risk from shifts in climate,” said co-lead author Dr. Cameron Petrie, also from the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Cambridge.

“It may be that some of today’s farming monocultures could learn from the local crop diversity of the Indus people 4,000 years ago.”

_____

J. Bates et al. Approaching rice domestication in South Asia: new evidence from Indus settlements in northern India. Journal of Archaeological Science, published online November 21, 2016; doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.018

C.A. Petrie et al. Feeding ancient cities in South Asia: dating the adoption of rice, millet and tropical pulses in the Indus civilisation. Antiquity 90 (354): 1489-1504; doi: 10.15184/aqy.2016.210

This article is based on a press-release from the University of Cambridge.

http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/indus-civilization-rice-04400.html

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महाभारत में व्याख्यित क्षेत्र एवं स्थान्, सरस्वती सभ्यता

March 19, 2018, 3:13 am

≫ Next: Validation of metalwork catalogues using select Indus Script inscriptions, sign design and positional analysis of signs by Sundar Ganesan et al (2009)

≪ Previous: Full domestication of Oryza sativa (rice) in Sarasvati Civilization ca. 2000 BCE

Mahābhārata which describes Sri Balarama's pariyātrā along Vedic Rive Sarasvati also describes many regions of Bhārata. This points to the need for further researches on links of Sarasvati civilization people with all regions of Bhāratam in the 3rd millennium BCE.

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Validation of metalwork catalogues using select Indus Script inscriptions, sign design and positional analysis of signs by Sundar Ganesan et al (2009)

March 19, 2018, 8:52 am

≫ Next: Anthropomorphs dharma samjña. Position analysis of Indus Script hypertexts Sign 389, Sign 387 bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'twig', 'riceplant' rebus: ‘smelter’ ‘smithy’

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https://tinyurl.com/ycyrg5yp

Sundar Ganesan, Chandrasekhar Subramanian, GC Suresh Babu, and Iravatham Mahadevan, 2009, "The Indus Script: text and context, a statistical-positional analysis of significant text segments" -- (Research monograph of Indus Research Centre, Roja Muthiah Research Library, Chennai Bulletin of the Indus Research Centre 2009) have drawn attention to some unique associations of 'signs' and 'triplets of signs' with field symbols.and copper tablets.

https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/38298864/volume-no-1-a-september-2009-roja-muthiah-research-library/6

I am thankful to these scholars and also to MV Bhaskar and Iravatham Mahadevan who identified the orthography of the pair of closed fists on Sign 358 'pair of closed fists' in a monograph.

http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/userfiles/files/Evidence_for_the_Artisan_in_the_Indus_Script.pdf (undated).

I present this monograph based on the cited scholars' identifications of Sign 358 (pair of closed fists). triplets on copper plate inscriptions as a validation of my decipherment presented in the three Sets, Set 1, Set 2, Set 3 monographs with URLs cited at the end of this monograph.

Sign FS 83 (Dotted circle)

signifies dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'., occurs with high frequency with the following signs and Triplet

The triplet signifies baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) entered in the daybook and handed to seafaring supercargo for transport.

The following semantics explain the association with 'dotted circle' which signifies: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'. See decipherment in Set 1.

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.

dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware'.

Triplet (Frequency mostly solo, in M Corpus: 41, on miniature tablets Harappa)

The decipherment of this triplet hasbeen presented in Set 2 as Cluster 35.

Cluster 35

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.

Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa ix (कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र)&c Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant vessel'.

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

The following signs occur with high frequency on copper tablets

Hieroglyph: dhāḷ 'a slope'; 'inclination' ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- .1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f.Addenda: ḍhāla -- . 2. *ḍhāllā -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f.(CDIAL 5583). Rebus: ḍhālako a large metal ingot PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas'alloy metal'. See decipherment in Set 1.

Hypertext of

Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus:mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali).PLUS

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

Sign 403 is a duplication of

Altrrnative reading: If interpreted as a sprout, the reading is: Sprouts (in watery field), twigs: kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali).

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Sign 169 may be a variant of

Sign 162. Sign kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the composite hypertext of Sign 389 reads: mũhã̄ kolami 'ingot smithy/forge'.

The following frequent signs do not occur at all on copper tablets:

Sign 347 is duplicated

Sign 162: dula 'duplicated,, pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali). The hypertext Sign 347 reads: dul kolami 'metal casting smithy, forge'

Variants of Sign 293 Sign 293 is a ligature of

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Sign 162. Sign kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolami 'smithy, forge'.

Sign 1 mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.)

Sign 15 reads:

Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS

Sign 391 eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass'.

The sign 358 'Pair of closed fists' occurs with high-frequency with Field Symbol ox-antelope

Figure 1. Examples of Copper plate inscriptions including Sign 358 (two upraised, closed fists)

Ox-antelope (FS 40)

Detachable perforatedarms of an alabaster statue. Source: Lothal, Vol. II: Plate CCLXIIB. Image inverted to show fisted hands. "The object is interpreted by us as the physical basis of the Indus Ideogram, depicting a pair of raised hands with folded fingers, conveying the intended meanings 'dexterity, skill, competence'. "

http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/userfiles/files/Evidence_for_the_Artisan_in_the_Indus_Script.pdf

Raised, closed fists. This Sign 358 shown on inscriptions of Figure 1 signifies मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. The rebus reading of upraised arm: eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' araka 'gold'. Since, the fists are ligatured to the rim of jar, the rebus reading includes the two rebus expressions:1. kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams) karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi). 2. dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muka 'fist' rebus: mũhe 'ingot'. Thus, together dul mũhe 'ingot, metalcasting'.

FS 42 (Frequency in M Copus:10 ) Hare facing a bush. occurs with the following signs.

1498 B

Triplets composed with three of the following signs explain the field symbol association mainly on copper plates.

Furnace ingot

Smithy/forge

Blacksmith ingots

bright alloy metal

ranku'antelope' (ranku'tin') PLUS koḍa'one'koḍ'workshop'

URLs of Set 1, Set 2, Set 3 for decipherments

Set 1 Cluster analysis of Indus writing system design principle, of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts'; Field symbols for samgaha wealth categories catalogues for accounting ledgers

https://tinyurl.com/y8p7b8q2

Set 2: Indus Script Scribes kāraṇikā कारणिका document in HTTP the world's first accounting system on 8000+ inscriptions to create wealth of a nation

https://tinyurl.com/y9h44pbh

Set 3: Indus Script decipherment validated by Catalogue of मुष्टिक goldsmith signified on Mohenjodaro copper tablet m557. dula muka 'two fists' rebus dul mũhe 'ingot metalcasting'

https://tinyurl.com/y7qx5jr3

↧

Anthropomorphs dharma samjña. Position analysis of Indus Script hypertexts Sign 389, Sign 387 bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'twig', 'riceplant' rebus: ‘smelter’ ‘smithy’

March 19, 2018, 7:03 pm

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≪ Previous: Validation of metalwork catalogues using select Indus Script inscriptions, sign design and positional analysis of signs by Sundar Ganesan et al (2009)

https://tinyurl.com/y7a6htzw

Anthropomorphs are ‘professional calling cards’, dharma samjña, signifiers of responsibilities of the metalsmith-carpenter-merchant

Signs 389, 387 signify mũhã̄ kuṭhi 'ingot smelter', mũhã̄ kolami'ingot smithy, forge'.

Anthropomorphs of Sarasvati Civilization are Indus Script hypertexts which signify metalwork.

Anthropomorphs of Sarasvati Civilization are hypertexts which signify:

meḍ 'body', meḍho 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'(ram hieroglyph, (human) body hieroglyph)

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman (Monier-Williams)

ayas 'alloy metal' (fish hieroglyph)

कोंद kōnda ‘engraver' (one-horned young bull hieroglyph)

bāṛaï 'carpenter' (boar hieroglyph)

bari barea'merchant' (boar hieroglyph)

These anthropomorphs are dharma samjña, signifiers of responsibilities of the metalsmith-carpenter-merchant and complement the semantics of Indus Script hypertexts which are discussed below..

Orthography is distinct and unique on the following two Sign composites which are hypertexts, Sign 389, Sign 387.

1..

Sign 389, bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'twig', i.e. ingots produced from a smelter. This indicates that copper plates on which this hypertext occurs with high frequency are accounting ledgers of products produced from a smelter.

Sign 387, bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'riceplant', i.e. ingots worked on in a smithy/forge. This hypertext DOES NOT occur on copper plates. This indicates that Sign 387 signifies ingots processed in a smithy/forge, i.e. to forge ingots into metalware, tools, implements, weapons.

The two distinctly orthographed Indus Script hypertexts signify 1. mũhã̄ kuṭhi'ingot smelter', 2. mũhã̄ kolami'ingot smithy, forge'.

I agree with Sundar Ganesan et al that Sign 387 and Sign 389 have to be distinguished since Sign 387 is principally associated with the artisan who created and signified the metalwork on the copper plates (Sundar Ganesan, Chandrasekhar Subramanian, GC Suresh Babu, and Iravatham Mahadevan, 2009, "The Indus Script: text and context, a statistical-positional analysis of significant text segments" -- (Research monograph of Indus Research Centre, Roja Muthiah Research Library, Chennai Bulletin of the Indus Research Centre 2009) have drawn attention to some unique associations of 'signs' and 'triplets of signs' with field symbols.and copper tablets.

https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/38298864/volume-no-1-a-september-2009-roja-muthiah-research-library/6).

I suggest the association of Sign 389 with 'smelter' signifies that the copper plates are documentation of products taken out of the smelter.

twig, smelter.

Sign 387 signifies documentation of ingot products worked on in a smithy/forge.

rice plant, smithy/forge.

In metawork processes, there are two distinct operations: 1. ingots which are brought out of a smelter furnace and 2. ingots like wedges forged in a smithy to achieve the desired shapes of implements.

See: Paul Yule, 1985, Metalwork of the Bronze Age in India, CH Beck’sche Vrlag Buchhandlung,Munchen

https://www.academia.edu/1044353/The_Bronze_Age_Metalwork_of_India._PBF_XX_8_Munich_1985_ISBN_3_406_30440_0

(Paul Yule, 1985, p.6)

See: Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India Jonathan M. Kenoyer and Heather M.-L. Miller

https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1999_Metal%20Technologies%20of%20the%20Indus%20Valley%20Tradition.pdf

See:

Bronze Age Indus Script inscriptions of Mohenjo-daro on metal, are karaḍā ledger entries of metalwork wealth accounts http://tinyurl.com/yark28l7

This is an anthropomorph found at Saipa. It uses orthographic forms drawn from Indus Script hieroglyphs signifying horns of a ram, an a person in seated posture. In other variants, the copper artefact shows two spread legs of a human. Anthropomorphic figure. Northenr India, Doab region, Ganga-Sarasvati Basins. Copper hoard culture. Copper. H. 35.7 cm.W 2.8 cm. Inv. 2504-137. “Like most of the other exemplars of this type, this anthropomorphic figure in copper was probably found in a ‘hoard’, composed of a set of objects deliberatey buried in the ground, a way to store objects of value or to make religious offerings. Paul Yule has enumerated 129 of these ‘caches’, which, in addition to anthropomorphic figures,may contain harpoons, spears, flat axes, and swords (Paul Yule, 1989/1992). One of these figures was found at the site of Saipa, but no stratigraphic information or context has allowed u to provide a precise date, which may have been situated during the second millennium BCE. The figure itself displays no cutting edge or particular traces of its function, apart from the longitudinal impact marks from hammering, suggestive of those on an ingot, and short obliqu groovs superposed on thee fist st of marks, indicating a second operation, perhaps linked to the act of making an offering – Published in Yule, 1998. La profane et le divin, arts de l’;Antiquite, Fleurons de musee Barbier-Mueller, Geneva, Musee Barber-Mueller & Hazan (ed., 2008, p. 299.)”http://www.barbier-mueller.ch/collections/antiquite/age-du-bronze/?lang=fr

P. Yule/A. Hauptmann/M. Hughes, The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 36, 1989 [1992], 193-275 http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/509/
http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/509/1/00jrgzm_all.pdf

I suggest that the anthropomorphs evidenced from the days of Sarasvati Civilization (e.g., find of Lothal) are Indus Script hypertexts to signify the professional calling card of a blacksmith, metalworker, artisan.

I suggest that the anthropomorphs of the types found in Sheorajpur and Haryana with Indus Script hieroglyphs are dharma samjña, signifiers of responsibilities or functions performed by the holder of the hieroglyphic-sculptural token. The hieroglyphs indicate the functions of metalworker and trader of metal merchandise.

The findspot of Type II anthropomorph (with 'fish' hieroglyph) is Sheorajpur where an ancient Shiva temple has been discovered. The temple ceiling is decorated with metalwork plates of sculptural friezes attesting to the metalwork tradition of the site during the Bronze Age (See image of a temple in Sheorajpur with metal ceiling).

Fish sign incised on copper anthropomorph, Sheorajpur, upper Ganges valley, ca. 2nd millennium BCE, 4 kg; 47.7 X 39 X 2.1 cm. State Museum, Lucknow (O.37) Typical find of Gangetic Copper Hoards. Sheorajpur anthropomorph with 'fish' hieroglyph and 'markhor' horns hieroglyph. ayo'fish' Rebus: ayo 'iron, metal' (Gujarati) khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaṭa'mint, coiner, coinage'.
The anthropomorph which stands with spread legs. karṇaka 'spread legs' (Atharvaveda XX.133) rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.) The shape of all three types is patterned like the horns of a ram: miṇḍāl ‘markhor’ (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) Meluhha glosses are annexed which indicate association with cire perdue (or lost wax) method of casting metals using beeswax, particularly in the glosses for miedź, med' 'copper' in Northern Slavic and Altaic languages.

Type 2 anthropomorph shows: ram's horns,standing person with spread legs, modified with hieroglyph 'fish'. ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'

Ram's horns and standing person with spread legs are modified with additional hieroglyphs on Type 3 anthropomorphs: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Hieorglyph: boar: baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’; baḍhoe‘a carpenter, worker in wood’; badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) বরাহ barāha 'boar' Rebus: bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali)

Thus, the anthropomorphs are hypertexts which signify:

meḍ 'body', meḍho 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'

कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman (Monier-Williams)

ayas'alloy metal'

कोंद kōnda ‘engraver'

bāṛaï 'carpenter'

On these anthropomorphs reported from Haryana (by Ahuja) and from ASI Central Antiquity Section (by Sanjay Manjul) , two hieroglyphs are added to the basic Type 1 anthropomorph of 'ram' and 'standing person': boar ligatured to the head; one-horned young bull inscribed on the chest. (The composite copper Anthropomorphic figure along with a copper sword was found by Dr. Sanjay Manjul, Director, Institute of Archaeology at the Central Antiquity Section, ASI, Purana Qila in 2005.)

A brilliant exposition on the etymology of the word Varāha is provided by वाचस्पत्यम् Vācaspatyam: वराय अभीष्ठाय मुस्तादिलाभाय आहन्ति खनति भूमिम् To represent a boon, (to obtain) wished, desired products (including species of grass) mined from the earth, by striking, hitting. Thus, Varāha is a hieroglyph metaphor to represent, signify mining for minerals.Both anthropomorphs (Sheorajpur and Haryana) are shaped like a standing person with spread legs and with the horns of a markhor or ram.

On the second type of anthropomorph, a Varāha head is ligatured to the top of the anthropomorph and an additional hieroglyph is incised on the chest: That of a 'one-horned young bull' which accounts for nearly 80% of pictorial motifs on Indus Script seals. miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Gujarati) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda) Hieorglyph of one-horned bull inscribed on chest: khoṇḍ, kõda 'young bull-calf' Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Hieorglyph: boar: baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’; baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’; badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) 'Rebus: bari 'merchant'.barea 'merchant' (Santali)বরাহ barāha 'boar'Rebus: bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali) Varāha is explained by वाचस्पत्यम् Vācaspatyam: वराय अभीष्ठाय मुस्तादिलाभाय आहन्ति खनति भूमिम् To represent a boon, (to obtain) wished, desired products (including species of grass) mined from the earth, by striking, hitting. Hieroglyph: Spread legs: कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: karNa 'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account''supercargo'. Thus, the hieroglyphs on the anthropomorph Type 2 signify a helmsman, engraver who works with metals and mines to produce supercargo of mined products.

The sign 358 'Pair of closed fists' occurs with high-frequency with

Field Symbol ox-antelope Field Symbol ox-antelope Field Symbol ox-antelope mainly on copper plates.

Field symbol,antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'

Hypertext of Sign 358 which evokes the pair of closed fists of an artisan, ligatured to the rim of a narrow-necked jar: The rebus reading of upraised arm: eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' araka 'gold'. Since, the fists are ligatured to the rim of jar, the rebus reading includes the two rebus expressions:1. kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams) karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi). 2. dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muka 'fist' rebus: mũhe 'ingot'. Thus, together dul mũhe 'ingot, metalcasting'.

Sign 162. Sign kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolami 'smithy, forge'.

MAR

Validation of metalwork catalogues using select Indus Script inscriptions, sign design and positional analysis of signs by Sundar Ganesan et al (2009)

https://tinyurl.com/ycyrg5yp

https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/38298864/volume-no-1-a-september-2009-roja-muthiah-research-library/6

I am thankful to these scholars and also to MV Bhaskar and Iravatham Mahadevan who identified the orthography of the pair of closed fists on Sign 358 'pair of closed fists' in a monograph.

http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/userfiles/files/Evidence_for_the_Artisan_in_the_Indus_Script.pdf (undated).

Sign FS 83 (Dotted circle)

signifies dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'., occurs with high frequency with the following signs and Triplet

The triplet signifies baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) entered in the daybook and handed to seafaring supercargo for transport.

The following semantics explain the association with 'dotted circle' which signifies: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'. See decipherment in Set 1.

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'.

dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware'.

Triplet (Frequency mostly solo, in M Corpus: 41, on miniature tablets Harappa)

The decipherment of this triplet hasbeen presented in Set 2 as Cluster 35.

Cluster 35

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'.

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

The following signs occur with high frequency on copper tablets

Hypertext of

Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus:mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali).PLUS

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

Sign 403 is a duplication of

Altrrnative reading: If interpreted as a sprout, the reading is: Sprouts (in watery field), twigs: kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali).

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Sign 169 may be a variant of

Sign 162. Sign kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the composite hypertext of Sign 389 reads: mũhã̄ kolami 'ingot smithy/forge'.

The following frequent signs do not occur at all on copper tablets:

Sign 347 is duplicated

Sign 162: dula 'duplicated,, pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali). The hypertext Sign 347 reads: dul kolami 'metal casting smithy, forge'

Variants of Sign 293 Sign 293 is a ligature of

Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati).

Sign 162. Sign kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolami 'smithy, forge'.

Sign 1 mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.)

Sign 15 reads:

Sign 12 kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) PLUS

Sign 373

has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata =

the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. PLUS Sign 162. Sign kolmo 'rice plant' rebus:kolami 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the composite hypertext of Sign 389 reads: mũhã̄ kolami 'ingot smithy/forge'.

The following signs occur with high frequency on copper tablets:

Hieroglyph: dhāḷ 'a slope'; 'inclination' Rebus: ḍhālako a large metal ingot PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'.

Hypertext of Sign 154

muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali). PLUS

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

Hypetext of

Sign 124 (Strokes signify semantics of inclination, slope) Hieroglyph: dhāḷ'a slope'; 'inclination' Rebus: ḍhālako a large metal ingot PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'.

Sign 403 iwhich s a duplication of

Variants of Sign 190
Variants of Sign 169
Variant on Text 7072 from Lothal. A comparable hieroglyph appears as a short-tail of antelopes (Alternative:खर khara, 'wild ass, onager' rebus: khār'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) to signify ranku kuṭhi 'tin smeter'. Sign 184

Image result for lothal fish bharatkalyan97

Image result for lothal fish bharatkalyan97

Lothal seal L048 Ibex. Another hieroglyph shown on the seal: ayo 'fish' rebus: ayo 'metal alloy' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Sanskrit) ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS 'tail' on Sign 184: Kur. xolā tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135) rebus: kol 'working in iron'kolhe'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith'. See:

Antithetical antelopes Indus Script hypertext from United Arab Emirates, Failaka; dul milakkhu sippi 'copper casting sculptor' http://tinyurl.com/japd8uq

m0304

On base of Mohenjodaro Seal m0304 The pair of antelopes have their heads turned backwards.క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. Again. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు.krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) Rebus: karmāra ‘smith, artisan’ (Skt.) kamar ‘smith’ (Santali) The two antithetical antelopes thus denote: dula 'pair' rebus: tul 'cast metal', tagar kamar‘tin artisan, cast tin smith, tin merchant.’ Marathi कारकुन kaarkun, from Persian کارکن kaarkon manager, from کار kaar work, business + کن -kon doer. India: CLERK.

Kammika (adj. -- n.) [fr. kamma] 1. ( -- ˚) one who does or looks after; one whose occupation is of such & such a character: āya˚ revenue -- overseer, treasurer DhA i.184; sabba˚ (always with ref. to amacca, the king's minister) one who does everything, the king's confidant Vism 130; PvA 81. -- On term ādi˚ beginner (e. g. Vism 241) see Cpd. 53, 129 n.2. -- 2. a merchant, trader, in jalapatha˚ and thalapatha˚ by sea & by land J i.121. -- 3. a superintendent, overseer, manager J ii.305 (executioner of an order); vi.294; Mhvs 30, 31. -- 4. one connected with the execution of an ecclesiastical Act Vin ii.5 (cp. p. 22); Bdhd 106.

Variants of Sign 184

See top register variants of Sign 50 Text 3118.

Lothal 97 seal

Text kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolami'smithy, forge'.

कूदी [p= 300,1] f. a bunch of twigs , bunch (v.l. कूट्/ई) AV. v , 19 , 12

कौशिक-सूत्र, according to Sāyaṇa. = बदरी, "Christ's thorn")(Monier-Williams).

Comparable to sprouts in a watery field , twigs (See variants of Sign 169 and Sign 190 shown above): kūdī'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi'smelter furnace' (Santali).

Sign 389 is a composite hypertext composed of

Sign 169 infixed in 'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

Triplets composed with three of the following signs explain the field symbol association mainly on copper plates.

Furnace ingot

Smithy/forge

Smelter

Blacksmith ingots

bright alloy metal

ranku 'antelope' (ranku 'tin') PLUS koḍa 'one' koḍ 'workshop'

↧

Evolution of hieroglyphs on ancient Bhāratīya Monetary System of coinage from Indus Script writing system

March 20, 2018, 2:33 am

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≪ Previous: Anthropomorphs dharma samjña. Position analysis of Indus Script hypertexts Sign 389, Sign 387 bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'twig', 'riceplant' rebus: ‘smelter’ ‘smithy’

https://tinyurl.com/y8p2pvl7

This monographs demonstrates that early punch-marked coins of Bhāratīya Monetary System of coinage documented a continuum of Indus Script cipher tradition to inscribe on the coins, catalogues of wealth-accounting metalwork ledgers.

Early Bhāratīya coinage is anepigraphic, i.e. the coins are without a legend and early punch-marked coins bore hieroglyphs on one side or on both sides. In contrast, a legend characterised ancient Greek coinage typically with busts of kings or deities. Many views are expressed about the exchange of ideas for design of coins between Bhāratīya tradition dating back to the Tin-Bronze Age days of Sarasvati Civilization (ca. 3300 BCE) and to the Indo-Greek/Greek tradition of coinage exemplified by the Lydia coins dated to ca. 7th century BCE. Surprisingly, this Lydia coinage deploys Indus Script hieroglyphs -- most significantly the most frequent hypertext one-horned young bull.

Indus script hypertext: 1. Dots emanating from the mouth of the lion; 2. Profile of the lion 3. Feline paw 4. Profile of the one-horned young bull with rings on neck. The hypertexts are read rebus in Meluhha Bhāratīya sprachbund (speech union): 1. gota'round stone, pebble' rebus:goti 'silver'; 2. arye 'lion' rebus: ara, āra 'brass'; panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'; 4. खोंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda) koṭiyum 'rings on neck; a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal' (Gujarati.) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) kunda 'nidhi of Kubera'; Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold.(DEDR 1725). Thus, the opposition posited on the narrative legend on the Lydia coin is a contention between kundana 'fine gold' signified by khōṇḍa 'young bull calf' and ara, āra or aes or 's'm (assem -- Egyptian), or soma 'electrum, i.e. gold with silver or electrum or brass alloy' signified by arye'lion'.

Quintus Curtius- Rufus, notes that Omphis, the king of Taxila presented 80 talents of marked silver (signati argenti) to Alexander.' (Kirankumar Thaplyal & Prashant Srivastava, Coins of Ancient India, p. 16). The expression signati argenti is generally interpreted as coined silver money (NOT as silverbullion). The 80 talents of signati argenti may thus refer to punch-marked silver coins marked or punched with Indus Script hieroglyphs. Archaeological evidence which supports this literary text of Quintus Curtius-Rufus is as follows: At Bhir Mound of Taxila, a silver hoard was discovered (1924) with 1055 very worn punch-marked coins (signifying extensive money circulation), in addition to two coins of Alexander and one coin of Aridaeus which were in mint condition. (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, No.59, pp.1-2.) The Bhir Mound is dated to ca. 4th century BCE; thus evidencing that coined money was in circulation in the region well before the arrival of Alexander. Alexander Cunningham makes the following observations about the antiquity of the punch-marked coins of the Bhir Mound pre-dated Alexandeer: "The Indian Monetary System was essentially original as it differed from the Greek and from all other systems, in its unit of weight as well as its scale of multiples. Its nomenclature was also quite different and the common form of money was not round, but square...(hence) no hesitation in stating that the Indian Monetary System is the original invention of the Hindu mind...How old these punch-marked coins may be, it is difficult to say. They were certainly in use in the time of Buddha, i.e. 6th century BCE. But I see no difficulty in thinking that they might have been in vogue as early as 1000 BCE. "(Alexander Cunnigham, Coins of Ancient India, p.43.)

The date of ca. 1000 BCE posited by Cunningham bring the Bhāratīya Monetary System close in time to the final Harappan phase of Sarasvati Civilization exemplified by the metalwork symbolised by Anthropomorphs of Sheorajpur. (See:

Anthropomorphs dharma samjña. Position analysis of Indus Script hypertexts Sign 389, Sign 387 bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'twig', 'riceplant' rebus: ‘smelter’ ‘smithy’ https://tinyurl.com/y7a6htzw).

Indus Script decipherment has demonstrated the significance of the following hypertexts/hieroglyphs to signify metalwork catalogues as wealth-accounting ledgers: See:

Cluster analysis of Indus writing system design principle, of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts'; Field symbols for samgaha wealth categories catalogues for accounting ledgers

https://tinyurl.com/y8p7b8q2

It has been demonstrated that Dotted circle)

signifies dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'., occurs with high frequency with the following signs and Triplet

The triplet signifies baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) entered in the daybook and handed to seafaring supercargo for transport. See: Validation of metalwork catalogues using select Indus Script inscriptions, sign design and positional analysis of signs by Sundar Ganesan et al (2009) https://tinyurl.com/ycyrg5yp

The hypertext of 'dotted circle' of Indus Script Corpora

which reads and signifies dhā̆vaḍ'iron smelter' as a wealth-accounting ledger category becomes the dominant hieroglyph on early, ca. 1000 BCE punch-marked coins of Bhāratīya Monetary System. Punch-markied coins use this hypertext with semantic expansion of expressions related mint work.

पण a weight of copper used as a coin (= 20 माषs = 4 काकिनीs) (मनु-स्मृति, याज्ञवल्क्य); a partic. measure (पाणिनि 3-3 , 66 ("a handful" -- Sāyaṇa ); wealth , property, business (Monier-Williams)

kārṣāpaṇa or Punch-marked coins are referred to as Purāṇa, i.e. older than Greek coins.कार्षा* पण mn. (g. अर्धर्चा*दि ; cf. कर्ष्) " weighing a कर्ष " , a coin or weight of different values (if of gold , = 16 माषs » कर्ष ; if of silver , = 16 पणs or 1280 Kowries , commonly termed a Kahan ; if of copper , = 80 रक्तिकाs or about 176 grains ; but accord. to some = only 1 पण of Kowries or 80 Kowries)(मनु-स्मृति viii , 136 ; 336 ; ix , 282); (ifc.) worth so many कार्षापणs (पाणिनि. 5-1 , 29. ). The cognates of कर्ष् is: Ta. kācu (< Te.; Voc. 663). / ? Cf. Skt. karṣa-. (DEDR 1431) kārṣāpaṇá m.n. ʻ a partic. coin or weight equivalent to one karṣa ʼ. [karṣa -- m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ Suśr. (cf. OPers. karša -- ) and paṇa -- 2 or āpana -- EWA i 176 and 202 with lit. But from early MIA. kā̆hā°]Pa. kahāpaṇa -- m.n. ʻ a partic. weight and coin ʼ, KharI. kahapana -- , Pk. karisāvaṇa -- m.n., kāhāvaṇa -- , kah° m.; A. kaoṇ ʻ a coin equivalent to 1 rupee or 16 paṇas or 1280 cowries ʼ; B. kāhan ʻ 16 paṇas ʼ; Or. kāhā̆ṇaʻ 16 annas or 1280 cowries ʼ, H. kahāwan, kāhan, kahān m.; OSi. (brāhmī) kahavaṇa, Si. kahavuṇa, °vaṇuva ʻ a partic. weight ʼ. kāˊrṣāpaṇika ʻ worth or bought for a kārṣāpaṇa ʼ Pāṇ. [kārṣāpaṇá -- ]Pa. kāhāpaṇika -- , Or. kāhāṇiã̄; †*kārṣū -- f. ʻ furrow, trench ʼ ~ karṣūˊ -- with dial. IA. a for ā < IE. o as in Av. karšū ʻ ploughed land ʼ and in karṣí -- ~ kāˊrṣi -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 70, Turner BSOAS xxxvi 429. Pa. kāsū -- in aṅgāra -- kāsū -- f. ʻ fire -- pit ʼ..(CDIAL 3080, 3081) See: karṣí ʻ furrowing ʼ Kapiṣṭh. [Cf. kāˊrṣi -- ʻ ploughing ʼ VS., karṣūˊ -- f. ʻ furrow, trench ʼ ŚBr.: √kr̥ṣ]Pr. kṣe_ ʻ plough -- iron ʼ, Paš. kaṣí ʻ mattock, hoe ʼ; Shum. káṣi ʻ spade, pickaxe ʼ; S. kasī f. ʻ trench, watercourse ʼ; L. kass m. ʻ catch drain, ravine ʼ, kassī f. ʻ small distributing channel from a canal ʼ; G. kã̄s m. ʻ artificial canal for irrigation ʼ -- Dm. Phal. khaṣīˊ ʻ small hoe ʼ perh. X khánati.Addenda: karṣí -- (kaṣĭ̄ -- f. ʻ spade ʼ lex.). [Like Av. karšivant<-> ʻ cultivator ʼ < IE. *kworsi -- with alternative development of IE. o ~ kāˊrṣi -- , kārṣīvaṇa -- ʻ cultivator ʼ T. Burrow, BSOAS xxxviii 63, 70; cf. karṣūˊ -- ~ †*kārṣū -- Turner BSOAS xxxvi 425](CDIAL 2909).

Jātaka stories which depict life in 6th-5th centuries BCE refer to contacts between Bhāratīya merchants and Baveru (Babylonia) merchants. The possibility of the Babylonian 'shekels' (525 BCE) -- based on the weight system of 132 grains being influenced by Bhāratīya Monetary System of paṇa -- based on the weight system of 56 grains and also the weight of raktikā, abrus precatorious seed, with an average weight of 1.8 grains -- cannot be ruled out, while the source of silver may be traced to the Meluhha (mleccha, 'copper (workers)' contact regions of Ancient Near East.) The weight of the Achaemenian sytem of sigloi is based on its weight of 56 grains. An Achaemenian coin does show the Indus Script hypertext of an archer: kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

Silver bent bar coins of Taxils which are the earliest Bhāratīya Monetary System of coinage are based on the weight standard of 175 grains and which are identified as śatamāna, literally 'hundred weight units;.Given the average weight of 1.8 grains per raktikā, abrus precatorious seed, the identification of the silver bent bar coins of Taxils with śatamāna, i.e. hundred raktikā is reasonable. Bhāratīya śatamāna weight is the same as double Persian sigloi. (Weight of a sigloi is 86 grains). शत--मान mfn. (शत्/अ-.) hundred-fold (वाजसनेयि-संहिता); weighing a hundred (रक्तिकाs -- Sāyaṇa)(तैत्तिरीय-संहिता; काठक; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa शतपथ-ब्राह्मण; कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र); m. n. a weight (or gift) of a hundred मानs in gold or silver ( -दक्षिण mfn. कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र; मनु-स्मृति; याज्ञवल्क्य). Thus, the existence of Bhāratīya Monetary System of coinage traces back to Vedic times of ca. 3rd millennium BCE (co-terminus with the Tin-Bronze phase of Sarasvati Civilization).

Twelve silver bent bar coins were found in the Chaman Huzuri (Kabul) hoard of Afghanistan dated to ca. 380 BCE.((ADH Bivar, The Chaman Huzuri Hoard: Counter-marked Greek Flans as the Proto-type of Indian punch-marked coins, Numismatic Chronicle, 15, pp. 163-72). In Bivar's opion, the unstamped bent bar of 7th cent. BCE was replaced later in the 5th cent.BCE with small oblong pieces of silver which were perhaps cut off from the bent bar ingots.

Chaman Huzuri hoard

Sacks full of coins from Mir-Zakah, each weighing at least 50 kg

Examples of coins of Chaman-Huzuri hoard. https://iias.asia/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL27_14.pdf

The archer on Coin 2 is an Indus Script hieroglyph which signifies a mint: kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

The wheel on Coin 1 is a punch-marked coin. Wheel is an Indus Script hypertext:

Sign 391 eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass'.

These coins are provenanced: "From the composition of this find it is clear that the hoard must have been buried somewhere in the fourth century BC, possibly not long after circa 380 BC. This terminus ante quem is based on the presence in the hoard of a coin from a series that copies a sixth-century Athenian coin type, but was actually struck in the early fourth century BC. Most of the coins in the hoard are much older: sixty-three of the Chaman-i-Hazuri coins were struck by the Greeks before 550 BC (cp. 4); eight coins were issued in the name of the Achaemenid King Darius I, who ruled between 521 and 486 BC(cp. 2). Of unknown date are twelve bent-bar coins in the hoard carrying punched wheel symbols.(1) These coins are typically found in early Gandhara, but their exact period of circulation is not known so far. Finally, the hoard contained forty-three coins, apparently of local manufacture, which have been punched with animal motifs on two sides.(3) The hoard thus illustrates that Greek, Iranian, and local Gandharan coins may have circulated in the area of Kabul shortly before its burial. The hoard forms a perfect numismatic illustration to the blended cultural entourage of fourth century BC Afghanistan."

Punch-marked coins bear the archer hieroglyph in addition to a number of other hieroglyphs, such as birds, animals, human figures, trees, hills, rivers, sun, crescent, wheels -- all of which are traced to the Indus Script cipher of wealth-accounting ledgers signified by hypertexts composed of hieroglyphs.

Taxila hoard of 175 punch-marked coins occured together with a gold coin of Diodotus (a kṣatrapa of Antiochus who declared independence of Bactria ca.250 BCE) struck in the name of Antiochus II of Syria. Clearly, the punch-marked coins pre-dated the Bactrian coin.

In a second hoard discovered in Taxila, coin of Alexander and Persian sigloi coins were found mixed up with punch-marked coins. (Satya Prakash and Rajendra Nath, Coinage in Ancient India, p. 326).

From the following examples taken from tens of thousands of punch-marked coins of Bhāratīya Monetary System of coinage, some hieroglyphs are clearly and unambiguously traced to the Indus Writing sytem tradition of accounting ledgers for wealth-accounting of metalwork in mints. For example, the Indus Script hieroglyhs which continue to be used on Punch-marked coins are:

1. Sun's rays

Indus Script Field-symbol 32 Sun's rays. arka 'sun' rebus: arka 'gold,copper' eraka 'moltencast.

2. Spoked wheel

Sign 391 eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' arā 'spoke' rebus: āra 'brass'.

3. Dotted circle

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter' The derivation of the expression dotted circle to signify a smelter is evidenced from a number of Indus Script inscriptions. See:

Cluster analysis of Indus writing system design principle, of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts'; Field symbols for samgaha wealth categories catalogues for accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y8p7b8q2
Cluster 36 Dotted circles, Indus Script Hypertexts dhāv 'red ores'

Together with 'one-horned young bull' (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 1159) the hypertext of 'dotted circles' occurs with high frequency in the Indus Script Corpora.

One or more do lt cd circle ~ as on FS 120 occur on 67 seals in M Corpus. Frequency of occurrence of 'standard device' in M Corpus: 19.
FS 1
FS 3 Hieroglyph: आर . v.l. for अर q.v. , a spoke MBh. i , 1498 (ed. Bomb. i , 33 , 4 reads अर).Rebus: आर n. brass BhP. x , 41 , 20 (Apte) आर--कूट 'a kind of brass' (Monier-Williams) आरः रम् [आ-ऋ-घञ्] 1 Brass; ताम्रारकोष्ठां परिखादुरा- सदाम् Bhāg.1.41.2. -2 Oxide of iron. -3 An angle, corner. -4 N. of a tree (मधुराम्रफल). . -कूटः, -टम् brass; उत्तप्तस्फुरदारकूटकपिलज्योतिर्ज्वलद्दीप्तिभिः U.5.14. किमारकूटाभरणेन श्रियः N. Hieroglyph: Ka. kuttige throat, neck, throat and neck. Te. kutika, kutuka throat; kuttika, kuttuka throat, gullet, voice, tone; gontu, gontuka throat, voice, tone. Nk. kutka throat. Pa. kunda gōlu nape of the neck. Konḍa gotika throat; (Sova dial.) kutu neck. Pe. kuta, in: kuta asponḍ hiccough. Manḍ. kuta ahponḍ id. Kuwi (Ṭ.) kuta, in: kuta ve'uri id.; (F.) kūta vē'ūri aiyali to hiccough; (S.) kūtha wiuri hicock (sic); (for ve'uri, see 5383).(DEDR 1718)
FS 128 Inscribed o bject in the sha pe of a heart (Dotted circles)
h101 Ivory stick. Harappa.
Hypertext 4561: Dotted circle is an orthography composed of 'strand' (cross-section of a thread) and 'circle': dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'; dhāū, dhāv 'red stone minerals'.PLUS circle: vr̥ttá ʻ turned ʼ RV., ʻ rounded ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ completed ʼ MaitrUp., ʻ passed, elapsed (of time) ʼ KauṣUp. 3. n. ʻ conduct, matter ʼ ŚBr., ʻ livelihood ʼ Hariv. [√vr̥t1] 1. Pa. vaṭṭa -- ʻ round ʼ, n. ʻ circle ʼ; Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -- , vitta -- , vutta -- ʻ round ʼ; L. (Ju.) vaṭ m. ʻ anything twisted ʼ; Si. vaṭa ʻ round ʼ, vaṭa -- ya ʻ circle, girth (esp. of trees) ʼ; Md. va'ʻ round ʼ GS 58; -- Paš.ar. waṭṭəwīˊk, waḍḍawik ʻ kidney ʼ ( -- wĭ̄k vr̥kká -- ) IIFL iii 3, 192?(CDIAL 12069) வட்டம்¹ vaṭṭam, < Pkt. vaṭṭavṛtta. n. 1. Circle, circular form, ring-like shape; மண்ட லம். (தொல். சொல். 402, உரை.) 2. Halo round the sun or moon, a karantuṟai-kōḷ; பரிவேடம். (சிலப். 10, 102, உரை.) (சினேந். 164.) 3. Potter's wheel; குயவன் திரிகை. (பிங்.) 4. Wheel of a cart; வண்டிச்சக்கரம். (யாழ். அக.) 5. The central portion of a leaf-plate for food; உண்கல மாய்த் தைக்கும் இலையின் நடுப்பாகம். Loc. 6. cf. āvṛtti. Turn, course, as of a mantra; தடவை. விநாயகர் நாமத்தை நூற்றெட்டு வட்டஞ் செய்து (விநாயகபு. 74, 214). 7. Revolution, cycle; சுற்று. (W.) 8. Cycle of a planet; ஒரு கிரகம் வான மண்டலத்தை ஒரு முறை சுற்றிவருங் காலம். அவன் சென்று ஒரு வியாழவட்டமாயிற்று. 9. Circuit, surrounding area or region; சுற்றுப்பிரதேசம். கோயில் வட்டமெல்லாம் (சீவக. 949). 10. A revenue unit of a few villages; சில ஊர்களைக் கொண்ட பிரதேசம். Thus, dhav+vr̥ttá 'circle, rounded' Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'

Punch-marked coins are mostly made of silver, bear hieroglyphss, each of which is punched on the coin with a separate punch.

Punch Marked Coin, Silver Bent Bar

Silver Punch Marked Coins

"Issued initially by merchant Guilds and later by States, the coins represented a trade currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development. They are broadly classified into two periods : the first period (attributed to the Janapadas or small local states) and the second period (attributed to the Imperial Mauryan period). The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols."http://indiancoinsgks.blogspot.in/2014/04/indias-first-coinage-punch-marked-coins.html

Representative Symbols Appearing on Punch Marked Coins. Cognate Indus Script hypertexts are:

Indus Script Field-symbol 32 Sun's rays.Sun's rays. arka 'sun' rebus: arka 'gold,copper' eraka 'moltencast.

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'

3. kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.)The bunch of twigs = kūdī, kūṭī(Skt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda(AV 5.19.12) and KauśikaSūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield,American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss anBohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)

4. Oval shape (bun-ingot) superscripted with crucible: Hieroglyph 'oval shape': mũhe 'ingot' rebus: muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'

OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: कुठारु kuṭhāru 'armourer'.(Monier-Williams)

Field symbol 10.of Indus Script Corpora Bos indicus, zebu. Humped bull. Hieroglyph: पोळ pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. पोळी (p. 305) pōḷī fig. A dewlap. पोळी पिकणें g. of s. To begin to fare sumptuously; to get into good living. पोळा (p. 305) pōḷā m (पोळ) A festive day for cattle,--the day of new moon of श्रावण or of भाद्रपद. Bullocks are exempted from labor; variously daubed and decorated; and paraded about in worship.

Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'.

Imperial Punch Marked Coins

Asmaka Janapada Punch Marked Coin

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter' Hypertext: Dottedcircle PLUS 'crucible hieroglyph'; PLUS OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: कुठारु kuṭhāru 'armourer'.(Monier-Williams)

e. Hieroglyph: karibha, ibha'elephant' rebus: karba, ib'iron'

4.Hieroglyph: twig: kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.)The bunch of twigs = kūdī, kūṭī(Skt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda(AV 5.19.12) and KauśikaSūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield,American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss anBohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)

Imperial Punch Marked Coin Type 1

Imperial Punch Marked Coin Type 2

Imperial Punch Marked Coin Type 3

Sources: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia and RBI Monetary Museum Site.

Source: https://www.academia.edu/33778310/Dating_Indias_earliest_coins_in_South_Asian_Archaeology_1983_Naples_1985_ed._M._Taddei_and_J._Schotsmans_pp.535-54

Quarter unit 2.80 grm; obverse: cockerel facing left, S-shaped motif above; reverse: wheels-haped design.

I suggest that this Fig.5 of a coin in Cham-Huzuri hoard signifies Indus Script hieroglyphs:

kāṇḍa 'water' Rebus: khāṇḍā 'metalware, pots and pans, tools'.

poladu 'black drongo' rebus: polad 'steel'

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter' The derivation of the expression dotted circle to signify a smelter is evidenced from a number of Indus Script inscriptions.

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Decipherment of 31 triplet clusters of Indus Script Hypertexts as metalwork catalogues & of accounting system for ledgers of wealth categories

March 20, 2018, 10:33 am

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https://tinyurl.com/ybf2p98h

This is an addendum to the monograph at

Indus Script Scribes kāraṇikā कारणिका document in HTTP the world's first accounting system on 8000+ inscriptions to create wealth of a nation https://tinyurl.com/y9h44pbh

Sundar Ganesan et al have presented a positional analysis and identified 68 significant triplets which recur in Indus Script Corpora (based on M77 Corpus).

The triplets with the following commencing signs are excluded in the process of identification of 68 triplets out of a total of 3710 triplets..High frequency occurrence of the 68 triplets is defines these sets of hypertexts as distinct wealth clusters used as accounting system classifiers.

Sign 97,

Sign 99.

Sign123,

Sign 211,

Sign342,

Sign130

After such an exclusion, there are only 68 'significant' triplets with high frequency occur, out of a total of 3710 triples in M77 Corpus

37 triplets out of this set of 68 have been deciphered in the context of the cluster analysis done on 1548 EBUDS Corpus of inscriptions.

31 triplets which HAVE NOT BEEN identified in the cluster analysis of Yadav and Vahia are included in the lsit provided by Sundar Ganesan et al which is based on the unabridged M77 Corpus which has 3710 triplets out of which 68 triplets are identified with a freuency of occurrence of 10 and more.

For a reading of these 45 triplets, see:

Indus Script Scribes kāraṇikā कारणिका document in HTTP the world's first accounting system on 8000+ inscriptions to create wealth of a nation https://tinyurl.com/y9h44pbh

The following 45 Semantic clusters (out of a total of 1548 EBUDS subset of M77 Corpus) of metalwork wealth-accounting have been validated in a monograph Table 6 which lists 45 triplets of signs, which are of frequent occurrence. See:

Indus Script Scribes kāraṇikā कारणिका document in HTTP the world's first accounting system on 8000+ inscriptions to create wealth of a nation https://tinyurl.com/y9h44pbh

After Table 6 in: Nisha Yadav, Ambuja Salgaonkar and Mayank Vahia. Clustering Indus Texts using K-means. International Journal of Computer Applications 162(1):16-21, March 2017

http://www.ijcaonline.org/archives/volume162/number1/yadav-2017-ijca-913207.pdf

31 triplets (frequency in M77 Corpus of 10 and more) NOT IDENTIFIED by Yadav and Vahia are as follows:

ranku'liquid measure' rebus: ranku'tin'; kuṭi 'twig' rebus: kuṭhi'smelter'; karṇaka, kanka'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

bica'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'; mẽḍhāʻcrook, hook' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); dāṭu = cross (Te.); dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā'to send out, pour out, cast (metal)' (CDIAL 6771).;

aḍar 'harrow' Rebus: aduru = gaṇiyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada); bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa'furnace'l karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

See Cluster 1 decipherment at

Indus Script Scribes kāraṇikā कारणिका document in HTTP the world's first accounting system on 8000+ inscriptions to create wealth of a nation https://tinyurl.com/y9h44pbh

kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá 1 m. ʻmetal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metalʼ PLUS mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (oval-/rhombus-shaped like a bun-ingot)

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Sign 67 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭamcoinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metalmint'.

Variants of Sign 44

Sign 44 koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

aḍar 'harrow' Rebus: aduru = gaṇiyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada);ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

kaṇḍa ‘arrow’ (Skt.) H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers (CDIAL 3024). Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khaṇḍa, khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. kanda 'fire-altar'

Sign 245 Hieroglyph: khaṇḍa'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware'

Sign 358 decipherment. See:

Validation of metalwork catalogues using select Indus Script inscriptions, sign design and positional analysis of signs by Sundar Ganesan et al (2009)

https://tinyurl.com/ycyrg5yp 'Pair of closed fists'-- Raised, closed fists. This Sign 358 shown on inscriptions of Figure 1 signifies मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. The rebus reading of upraised arm: eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' araka 'gold'. Since, the fists are ligatured to the rim of jar, the rebus reading includes the two rebus expressions:1. kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams) karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi). 2. dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muka 'fist' rebus: mũhe 'ingot'. Thus, together dul mũhe 'ingot, metalcasting'.

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

ḍato'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali)

Hypertext of

Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus:mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali).PLUS

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'PLUS 'notch' खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, khāṇḍā sal 'equipment workshop'

Sign 403 is a duplication of

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar'blacksmith' Vikalpa: meṭṭu 'hill' Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

Sign 245 Hieroglyph: khaṇḍa'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware'

Sign 358 मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. The rebus reading of upraised arm: eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper' araka 'gold'. Since, the fists are ligatured to the rim of jar, the rebus reading includes the two rebus expressions:1. kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams) karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi). 2. dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muka 'fist' rebus: mũhe 'ingot'. Thus, together dul mũhe 'ingot, metalcasting'.

Hypertext of

Sign 267 is composed of rhombus/oval/bun-ingot shape and signifier of 'corner' hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'.

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.

Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'

Hypertext of

Sign 267 is composed of rhombus/oval/bun-ingot shape and signifier of 'corner' hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'.

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Sign 87 dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

Sign 1 mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.)

mudrākara m. ʻ maker of seals ʼ MW. [mudrāˊ -- , kará -- 1]

Si muduvarayā ʻ goldsmith ʼ.(CDIAL 10204)

Sign 347 is duplicated

Sign 162: dula 'duplicated,, pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge. Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali). The hypertext Sign 347 reads: dul kolami 'metal casting smithy, forge'

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

Sign 373 mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (oval-/rhombus-shaped like a bun-ingot).

Sign 287 'curve' hieroglyph The basic orthograph of Sign 287 is signifiedby the semantics of: kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith.

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

Sign 403 is a duplication of

kūdī ‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

Sign 67 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭamcoinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metalmint'.

Sign 1 mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.)

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

kūdī ‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

Sign 67 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭamcoinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metalmint'.

kūdī ‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) Vikalpa: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra ‘smithy, forge’ (Santali)

dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' Vikalpa: meṭṭu 'hill' Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'ʼVikalpa: bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' (excluding the 'one' hieroglyph:koḍa 'one' rebus:koḍ 'workshop'

Variants of Sign 293 Sign 293 is a ligature of

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware'.

koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop (Kuwi) Vikalpa: सांड [ sāṇḍa ] f (षद S) An outlet for superfluous water (as through a dam or mound); a sluice, a floodvent. सांडशी [ sāṇḍaśī ] f (Dim. of सांडस, or from H) A small kind of tongs or pincers.

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

Sign 65 is a hypertext composed of

Sign 59 and 'lid of pot' hieroglyph.

Sign 134 ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ays 'iron' PLUS

dhakka 'lid of pot' rebus: dhakka 'bright' Thus, ayo dhakka, 'bright alloy metal.' Thus, Sign 65 hypertext reads: ayo dhakka 'bright alloy metal'

Sign 67 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭamcoinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.]). Thus, ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metalmint'.

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

aḍar 'harrow' Rebus: aduru = gaṇiyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada)

ranku 'antelope' (ranku 'tin')

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

ranku 'antelope' (ranku 'tin')

ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क); steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'

Variants of Sign 293 Sign 293 is a ligature of

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware'.

Variant of Sign 193? koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

The first hypertext is an orthographic variant of three strands plaited into a rope. Hieroglyph: दामा dāmā A string, cord. (Samskritam) தாமம்¹ tāmam, n. < dāman. Rope, cord, string; கயிறு. (பிங்.) Wreath, flower garland, chaplet, especially worn on shoulders.

Rebus: N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ)

dhāˊtu ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]; S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) తాడు [ tāḍu ] or త్రాడు tādu. [Tel.] n. A cord, thread, string. A match for a gun. The palm tree, so called because cordage is made from it. See under తాటి. The cord of marriage, being the string round the bride's neck, from which the పుస్తె or tali is hung. Henceతాడు తెగిన (lit. cord broken) means widowed. అగ్గితాడు or జేనకితాడు a match, made of cord dipped in brimstone.

dāmam दामम् (At the end of a compound) Wreath, garland.dāman दामन् n. [दो-मनिन्] 1 A string, thread, fillet, rope. -2 A chaplet, a garland in general; आद्ये बद्धा विरहदिवसे या शिखा दाम हित्वा Me.93; कनकचम्पकदामगौरीम् Ch. P.1; Śi.4.5. -3 A line, streak (as of lightning); वुद्युद्- दाम्ना हेमराजीव विन्ध्यम् M.3.2; Me.27. -4 A large bandage. -5 Ved. A gift. -6 A portion, share. -7 A girdle. -Comp. -अञ्चलम्, -अञ्जनम् a foot-rope for horses, &c.; सस्रुः सरोषपरिचारकवार्यमाणा दामाञ्चलस्खलितलोलपदं तुरङ्गाः Śi.5.61. -उदरः an epithet of Kṛiṣṇa. दामनी dāmanīA foot-rope.दामा dāmā A string, cord. dāmnī दाम्नी A garland; 'यस्या दाम्न्या त्रिधाम्नो जघनकलितया˚'विष्णुपादादिकेशान्तवर्णनस्तोत्रम् 22. (Samskritam) 6283 dāˊman1 ʻ rope ʼ RV. 2. *dāmana -- , dāmanī -- f. ʻ long rope to which calves are tethered ʼ Hariv. 3. *dāmara -- .[*dāmara -- is der. fr. n/r n. stem. -- √dā2]1. Pa. dāma -- , inst. °mēna n. ʻ rope, fetter, garland ʼ, Pk. dāma -- n.; Wg. dām ʻ rope, thread, bandage ʼ; Tir. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Paš.lauṛ.dām ʻ thick thread ʼ, gul. dūm ʻ net snare ʼ (IIFL iii 3, 54 ← Ind. or Pers.); Shum. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Sh.gil. (Lor.) dōmo ʻ twine, short bit of goat's hair cord ʼ, gur. dōm m. ʻ thread ʼ (→ Ḍ. dōṅ ʻ thread ʼ); K. gu -- dômu m. ʻ cow's tethering rope ʼ; P. dã̄u, dāvã̄ m. ʻ hobble for a horse ʼ; WPah.bhad. daũ n. ʻ rope to tie cattle ʼ, bhal. daõ m., jaun. dã̄w; A. dāmā ʻ peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ʼ; B. dām,dāmā ʻ cord ʼ; Or. duã̄ ʻ tether ʼ, dāĩ ʻ long tether to which many beasts are tied ʼ; H. dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ, dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ; G. dām n. ʻ tether ʼ, M. dāvẽ n.; Si. dama ʻ chain, rope ʼ, (SigGr) dam ʻ garland ʼ. -- Ext. in Paš.dar. damaṭāˊ, °ṭīˊ, nir. weg. damaṭék ʻ rope ʼ, Shum. ḍamaṭik, Woṭ. damṓṛ m., Sv. dåmoṛīˊ; -- with -- ll -- : N. dāmlo ʻ tether for cow ʼ, dã̄wali, dāũli, dāmliʻ bird -- trap of string ʼ, dã̄wal, dāmal ʻ coeval ʼ (< ʻ tied together ʼ?); M. dã̄vlī f. ʻ small tie -- rope ʼ.2. Pk. dāvaṇa -- n., dāmaṇī -- f. ʻ tethering rope ʼ; S. ḍ̠āvaṇu, ḍ̠āṇu m. ʻ forefeet shackles ʼ, ḍ̠āviṇī, ḍ̠āṇī f. ʻ guard to support nose -- ring ʼ; L. ḍã̄vaṇ m., ḍã̄vaṇī, ḍāuṇī (Ju. ḍ̠ -- ) f. ʻ hobble ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ strip at foot of bed, triple cord of silk worn by women on head ʼ, awāṇ. dāvuṇ ʻ picket rope ʼ; P. dāuṇ, dauṇ, ludh. daun f. m. ʻ string for bedstead, hobble for horse ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ gold ornament worn on woman's forehead ʼ; Ku. dauṇo m., °ṇī f. ʻ peg for tying cattle to ʼ, gng. dɔ̃ṛ ʻ place for keeping cattle, bedding for cattle ʼ; A. danʻ long cord on which a net or screen is stretched, thong ʼ, danā ʻ bridle ʼ; B. dāmni ʻ rope ʼ; Or. daaṇa ʻ string at the fringe of a casting net on which pebbles are strung ʼ, dāuṇi ʻ rope for tying bullocks together when threshing ʼ; H. dāwan m. ʻ girdle ʼ, dāwanīf. ʻ rope ʼ, dã̄wanī f. ʻ a woman's orna<-> ment ʼ; G. dāmaṇ, ḍā° n. ʻ tether, hobble ʼ, dāmṇũ n. ʻ thin rope, string ʼ, dāmṇī f. ʻ rope, woman's head -- ornament ʼ; M. dāvaṇ f. ʻ picket -- rope ʼ. -- Words denoting the act of driving animals to tread out corn are poss. nomina actionis from *dāmayati2.3. L. ḍãvarāvaṇ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ã̄v° ʻ to hobble ʼ; A. dāmri ʻ long rope for tying several buffalo -- calves together ʼ, Or. daũ̈rā, daürā ʻ rope ʼ; Bi. daũrī ʻ rope to which threshing bullocks are tied, the act of treading out the grain ʼ, Mth. dã̄mar, daũraṛ ʻ rope to which the bullocks are tied ʼ; H. dã̄wrī f. ʻ id., rope, string ʼ, dãwrī f. ʻ the act of driving bullocks round to tread out the corn ʼ. -- X *dhāgga<-> q.v.*dāmayati2; *dāmakara -- , *dāmadhāra -- ; uddāma -- , prōddāma -- ; *antadāmanī -- , *galadāman -- , *galadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāman -- , *gōḍḍadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāmara -- .dāmán -- 2 m. (f.?) ʻ gift ʼ RV. [√dā1]. See dāˊtu -- .*dāmana -- ʻ rope ʼ see dāˊman -- 1.Addenda: dāˊman -- 1. 1. Brj. dã̄u m. ʻ tying ʼ.3. *dāmara -- : Brj. dã̄wrī f. ʻ rope ʼ.

தாமம்¹ tāmam

, n. < dāman. 1. Rope, cord, string; கயிறு. (பிங்.) 2. Line to tie cattle. See தாமணி. 3. Wreath, flower garland, chaplet, especially worn on shoulders; பூமாலை. (பிங்.) வண்டிமிருந் தாம வரைமார்ப (பு. வெ. 12, இருபாற். 3). 4. Necklace of beads; string, as of pearls; வடம். (பிங்.) முத்துத் தாம முறையொடு நாற்றுமின் (மணி. 1, 49). 5. Woman's waist ornament of 16 or 18 strings of beads; 18W.) 6. Row, line; ஒழுங்கு. தடமலர்த் தாம மாலை (சீவக. 1358). 7. Flower; பூ. (பிங்.) 8. An ornamental part of a crown, one of the five muṭi-y-uṟuppu, q. v.; முடியுறுப்புகள் ஐந்தனுள் ஒன்று. (திவா.) 9. Senna. See கொன்றை. (பிங்.)

धातु 1 [p=513,3] constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. त्रि-ध्/आतु , threefold&c ; cf. त्रिविष्टि- , सप्त- , सु-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c

धातु 1 [p=513,3] primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral , are (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &celement of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists धातु means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [धातु-लोक] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गर्भ]).

dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- (CDIAL 6773) هژدات haj̱ẕ-dāt, s.m. (6th) (corrup. of S اژدهات) The name of a mixed metal, bell-metal, brass. Sing. and Pl. د هژداتو غر da haj̱ẕ-dāto g̠ẖar, A mountain of brass, a brazen mountain.

धावडी [ dhāvaḍī ] a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron.धवड [ dhavaḍa ] m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron.

dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo'

'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph

dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhatu 'mineral' (Santali)

Hypertext of

Sign 267 is composed of rhombus/oval/bun-ingot shape and signifier of 'corner' hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'. Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756)

sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' khaṇḍa 'implements, metalware'. PLUS 'split parenthesis' is a split of oval hieroglyph read rebus:

Sign 373 mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (oval-/rhombus-shaped like a bun-ingot).

Hypertext of

Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus:mū̃h 'ingot' (Santali).PLUS

Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'.

Sign 403 is a duplication of

Pairs associated with

buffalo FS 6 (FS 15, 16, 17)

Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567). The decipherment of all these pairs have been subsumed in the decipherment of 31 triplets presented in this monograph.

Triplet freq. 41.

Triplet freq. 12

preferred dot-in-circle environ, miniature tablets

Triplet frequency 12. preferred FS 07

(FS 18) elephant, FS 91

(FS 129) double-axe, preferred miniature tablets

Triplet frequency 12, preferred FS 44 tree

(FS 75)

preferred initial position, does not occur on copper tablets

preferred final position, does not occur on copper tablets

Sign 358

preferred mid positions, ox-antelope FS 14, copper tablets

preferred mid positions, ox-antelope FS 14, copper tablets.

↧

Deciphered two-sided Harappa tablet h179 karã̄ 'wristlets'खार् khār 'blacksmith' kūṭa, 'horn' kūṭa 'company, guild'

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Bull-man hypertexts in Ancient Near East including Meluhha Bhāratīya sprachbund (speech union) signify a blacksmith.

Ugarit relief, 2nd-1st millennium, BCE. Mountain-god and two bulls with human heads and arms. Basalt bas-relief on a socle (13th BCE) from Ain Dara, north of Aleppo, Syria. National Museum, Aleppo, Syria

Image result for dhangar flag staff bharatkalyan97

British Museum number103225 Baked clay plaque showing a bull-man holding a post.

Old Babylonian 2000BC-1600BCE Length: 12.8 centimetres Width: 7 centimetres Barcelona 2002 cat.181, p.212 BM Return 1911 p. 66

On this terracotta plaque, the mace is a phonetic determinant of the bovine (bull) ligatured to the body of the person holding the mace. The person signified is: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) ḍhangra ‘bull’. Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’.
Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5488) N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ "... head and torso of a human but the horns, lower body and legs of a bull...Baked clay plaques like this were mass-produced using moulds in southern Mesopotamia from the second millennium BCE. British Museum. WCO2652. Bull-manTerracotta plaque. Bull-man holding a post. Mesopotamia, ca. 2000-1600 BCE."

Terracotta. This plaque depicts a creature with the head and torso of a human but the horns, lower body and legs of a bull. Though similar figures are depicted earlier in Iran, they are first seen in Mesopotamian art around 2500 BC, most commonly on cylinder seals, and are associated with the sun-god Shamash. The bull-man was usually shown in profile, with a single visible horn projecting forward. However, here he is depicted in a less common form; his whole body above the waist, shown in frontal view, shows that he was intended to be double-horned. He may be supporting a divine emblem and thus acting as a protective deity.

Old Babylonian, about 2000-1600 BCE From Mesopotamia Length: 12.8 cm Width: 7cm ME 103225 Room 56: Mesopotamia Briish Museum

Baked clay plaques like this were mass-produced using moulds in southern Mesopotamia from the second millennium BCE. While many show informal scenes and reflect the private face of life, this example clearly has magical or religious significance.

Hieroglyph carried on a flagpost by the blacksmith (bull ligatured man: Dhangar 'bull' Rebus: blacksmith') ḍhāla 'flagstaff' Rebus: ḍhāla 'large ingot'

Note: Indus Script Corpora signifies bull as a hieroglyph: dhangar 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

Harappa prism tablet

Field Symbol Figures 83 to 89

Field Symbol codes 50 to 53:

50. Personage wearing a diadem or tall head-dress Slanding between two posts or under an ornamental arch.

51. Standing pe rsonage with horns and bovine features (hoofed legs an d/or tail).

52. Standing personage with ho rns and bovine features. hold ing a bow in one hand and an arrow o r an un ce rtain

object in the other.

53. Standing pe rsonage with horns and bovine features holding a staff or mace on his shoulder.

Stone seal. h179. National Museum, India. Carved seal. Scan 27418 Tongues of flame decorate the flaming pillar, further signified by two 'star' hieroglyphs on either side of the bottom of the flaming arch.

The canopy is visually and semantically reinforced by a series of decorative canopies (pegs) topped by umbrella hieroglyph along the arch.

The hypertexts are read rebus in Meluhha Bhāratīya sprachbund (speech union):

1. The adorned, horned person standing within the canopy: karã̄ 'wristlets'khār'blacksmith' kūṭa, 'horn'kūṭa'company'

2. Headdress: kolmo'rice plant' rebus: kolami'smithy, forge'. Vikalpa: Vikalpa: kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.) Rebus: kuṭhi = furnace (Santali).Thus the standing person with twig headdress is a khār blacksmith working with khār smelter and furnace.

3. Canopy: M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ(CDIAL 9734) rebus:

maṇḍā 'warehouse, workshop' (Konkani) maṇḍī 'market' karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, banglesRebus: khār'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri).कर्मार m. an artisan , mechanic , artificer; a blacksmith &c RV. x , 72 , 2 AV. iii , 5 , 6 VS. Mn. iv , 215 &c (Monier-Williams) karmāˊra m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ RV. [EWA i 176 < stem *karmar -- ~ karman -- , but perh. with ODBL 668 ← Drav. cf. Tam. karumā ʻ smith, smelter ʼ whence meaning ʻ smith ʼ was transferred also to karmakāra -- ]Pa. kammāra -- m. ʻ worker in metal ʼ; Pk. kammāra -- , °aya -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, A. kamār, B. kāmār; Or. kamāra ʻ blacksmith, caste of non -- Aryans, caste of fishermen ʼ; Mth. kamār ʻ blacksmith ʼ, Si. kam̆burā.*karmāraśālā -- .

Addenda: karmāˊra -- : Md. kan̆buru ʻ blacksmith ʼ.(CDIAL 2898)

4 Decoration on canopy: umbrella on pegs: Hieroglyph: canopy, umbrella: Ta. kuṭai umbrella, parasol, canopy. Ma. kuṭa umbrella. Ko. koṛ umbrella made of leaves (only in a proverb); keṛ umbrella. To. kwaṛ

id. Ka. koḍe id., parasol. Koḍ. koḍe umbrella. Tu. koḍè id. Te. goḍugu id., parasol. Kuwi (F.) gūṛgū, (S.) gudugu, (Su. P.) guṛgu umbrella (< Te.). / Cf. Skt. (lex.) utkūṭa- umbrella, parasol.Ta. kūṭāram(DEDR 1881) Rebus: kūṭa 'company' (Kannada)

5. The canopy is flanked by a pair of stars: Hieroglyph:मेढा [ mēḍhā ] 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Thus, signifying a cast iron smelter.

6. Text message on the obverse of the Harappa tablet h179:

Signs 47, 48khāra 2 खार (= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1 ), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 153)(Kashmiri) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Sign 8 käti ʻwarrior' (Sinhalese)(CDIAL 3649). rebus: khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights'ʼVikalpa: bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ bhaṭa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace', thus reinforcing the smelting process in the fire-altars. Smelters might have used bhaThi 'bellows'. bhástrā f. ʻ leathern bag ʼ ŚBr., ʻ bellows ʼ (CDIAL 9424)

Sign 342 karṇaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebs: karṇī 'scribe, supercargo' कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams)

Ka. kūṭa joining, connexion, assembly, crowd, heap, fellowship, sexual intercourse; ku·ṭï gathering, assembly. Tu. kūḍuni to join (tr.), unite, copulate, embrace, adopt; meet (intr.), assemble, gather, be mingled, be possible; kūḍisuni to add; kūḍāvuni, kūḍisāvuni to join, connect, collect, amass, mix; kūṭuni, kūṇṭuni to mix, mingle (tr.); kūḍa along with; kūḍigè joining, union, collection, assemblage, storing, mixing; kūṭaassembly, meeting, mixture. Te. kūḍu to meet (tr.), join, associate with, copulate with, add together; meet (intr.), join, agree, gather, collect, be proper; kūḍali, kūḍika joining, meeting, junction; kūḍa along with; kūḍaniwrong, improper; kūḍami impropriety; kūṭamu heap, assembly, conspiracy; kūṭuva, kūṭuvu heap, collection, army; kūṭami meeting, union, copulation; kūṭakamu addition, mixture; kūr(u)cu to join, unite, bring together, amass, collect; caus. kūrpincu; kūrpu joining, uniting. Kol. (Kin.) kūṛ pāv meeting of ways (pāv way, path). Pa. kūṛ er- to assemble. Go. (S.) kūṛ- to join; (Mu.) gūḍ- to assemble (Voc. 833); (M.) guṛnā to swarm (Voc. 1160). Konḍa kūṛ- (-it-) to join, meet, assemble, come together; kūṛp- to mix (cereals, etc.), join or put together, collect; kūṛaŋa together. Pe. kūṛā- (kūṛa ā-) to assemble. Kuwi (Su.) kūṛ- id.; (Isr.) kūṛa ā-to gather together (intr.); kūṛi ki- to collect (tr.); (S.) kūḍi kīnai to gather; kūṛcinai to collect. Kur. xōṇḍnā to bring together, collect into one place, gather, wrinkle (e.g. the nose), multiply in imagination; xōṇḍrnā to meet or come together, be brought into the company of.(DEDR 1882)

Obverse: Pictorial motif

khār 'blacksmith' emerges out of the tree or flaming pillar (skambha) identified by the 'star' hieroglyph'. The wristlets he wears and headdress signify that he is khār working with kuṭhi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace'. He is a smith engaged in smelting.

Hieroglyph:मेढा [ mēḍhā ] 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) dula'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Thus, signifying a cast iron smelter.

Santali glosses.

Hieroglyph: karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'
Hieroglyph: head-dress: kūdī, kūṭī bunch of twigs (Sanskrit) kuṭhi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace' (Santali) (Phonetic determinative of skambha, 'flaming pillar', rebus:kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'). Skambha, flamiung pillar is the enquiry in Atharva veda Skambha Sukta (AV X.7,8)
Scan 27419.

Reverse Text message:

Hieroglyphs: backbone + four short strokes

Signs 47, 48: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) + gaṇḍa ‘four’ Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’. Thus, Sign 48 reads rebus: bharat kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’, furnace for mixed alloy called bharat(copper, zinc, tin alloy), Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.( (CDIAL 2670) rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'. Vikalpa:

Hieroglyph: khāra 2 खार (= ) or khār 4 खार् (L.V. 96, K.Pr. 47, Śiv. 827) । द्वेषः m. (for 1, see khār 1 ), a thorn, prickle, spine (K.Pr. 47; Śiv. 827, 153)(Kashmiri) Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.*kaṇṭa3 ʻ backbone, podex, penis ʼ. 2. *kaṇḍa -- . 3. *karaṇḍa -- 4. (Cf. *kāṭa -- 2, *ḍākka -- 2: poss. same as káṇṭa -- 1]1. Pa. piṭṭhi -- kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ bone of the spine ʼ; Gy. eur. kanro m. ʻ penis ʼ (or < káṇṭaka -- ); Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼ; P. kaṇḍ f. ʻ back, pubes ʼ; WPah. bhal. kaṇṭ f. ʻ syphilis ʼ; N. kaṇḍo ʻ buttock, rump, anus ʼ, kaṇḍeulo ʻ small of the back ʼ; B. kã̄ṭ ʻ clitoris ʼ; Or. kaṇṭi ʻ handle of a plough ʼ; H. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Si. äṭa -- kaṭuva ʻ bone ʼ, piṭa -- k° ʻ backbone ʼ.2. Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) కరాళము karāḷamu karāḷamu. [Skt.] n. The backbone. వెన్నెముక (Telugu) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ bhaTa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace', thus reinforcing the smelting process in the fire-altars. Smelters might have used bhaThi 'bellows'. bhástrā f. ʻ leathern bag ʼ ŚBr., ʻ bellows ʼ Kāv., bhastrikā -- f. ʻ little bag ʼ Daś. [Despite EWA ii 489, not from a √bhas ʻ blow ʼ (existence of which is very doubtful). -- Basic meaning is ʻ skin bag ʼ (cf. bakura<-> ʻ bellows ʼ ~ bākurá -- dŕ̊ti -- ʻ goat's skin ʼ), der. from bastá -- m. ʻ goat ʼ RV. (cf.bastājina -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ MaitrS. = bāstaṁ carma Mn.); with bh -- (and unexpl. -- st -- ) in Pa. bhasta -- m. ʻ goat ʼ, bhastacamma -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ. Phonet. Pa. and all NIA. (except S. with a) may be < *bhāsta -- , cf. bāsta -- above (J. C. W.)]With unexpl. retention of -- st -- : Pa. bhastā -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ (cf. vāta -- puṇṇa -- bhasta -- camma -- n. ʻ goat's skin full ofwind ʼ), biḷāra -- bhastā -- f. ʻ catskin bag ʼ, bhasta -- n. ʻ leather sack (for flour) ʼ; K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ; -- S. bathī f. ʻ quiver ʼ (< *bhathī); A. Or. bhāti ʻ bellows ʼ, Bi. bhāthī, (S of Ganges) bhã̄thī; OAw. bhāthā̆ ʻ quiver ʼ; H. bhāthā m. ʻ quiver ʼ, bhāthī f. ʻ bellows ʼ; G. bhāthɔ,bhātɔ, bhāthṛɔ m. ʻ quiver ʼ (whence bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ); M. bhātā m. ʻ leathern bag, bellows, quiver ʼ, bhātaḍ n. ʻ bellows, quiver ʼ; <-> (X bhráṣṭra -- ?) N. bhã̄ṭi ʻ bellows ʼ, H. bhāṭhī f.Addenda: bhástrā -- : OA. bhāthi ʻ bellows ʼ .(CDIAL 9424) bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj]

Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭhm., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ.*bhraṣṭrāgāra ʻ grain parching house ʼ. [bhráṣṭra -- , agāra -- ]P. bhaṭhiār, °ālā m. ʻ grainparcher's shop ʼ.(CDIAL 9656, 9658)

Hieroglyph: canopy: nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?)(CDIAL 9737)

maṇḍapa m.n. ʻ open temporary shed, pavilion ʼ Hariv., °pikā -- f. ʻ small pavilion, customs house ʼ Kād. 2. maṇṭapa -- m.n. lex. 3. *maṇḍhaka -- . [Variation of ṇḍ with ṇṭ supports supposition of non -- Aryan origin in Wackernagel AiGr ii 2, 212: see EWA ii 557. -- Prob. of same origin as maṭha -- 1 and maṇḍa -- 6 with which NIA. words largely collide in meaning and form]1. Pa. maṇḍapa -- m. ʻ temporary shed for festive occasions ʼ; Pk. maṁḍava -- m. ʻ temporary erection, booth covered with creepers ʼ, °viā -- f. ʻ small do. ʼ; Phal. maṇḍau m. ʻ wooden gallery outside a house ʼ; K. manḍav m. ʻ a kind of house found in forest villages ʼ; S. manahũ m. ʻ shed, thatched roof ʼ; Ku. mãṛyā, manyā ʻ resthouse ʼ; N. kāṭhmã̄ṛau ʻ the city of Kathmandu ʼ (kāṭh -- < kāṣṭhá -- ); Or. maṇḍuā̆ ʻ raised and shaded pavilion ʼ, paṭā -- maṇḍoi ʻ pavilion laid over with planks below roof ʼ, muṇḍoi, °ḍei ʻ raised unroofed platform ʼ; Bi. mã̄ṛo ʻ roof of betel plantation ʼ, mãṛuā, maṛ°, malwā ʻ lean -- to thatch against a wall ʼ, maṛaī ʻ watcher's shed on ground without platform ʼ; karã̄ 'wristlets' khār 'blacksmith' kūṭa, 'horn' kūṭa 'company'ʼ, mã̄ḍvɔ m. ʻ booth ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ slightly raised platform before door of a house, customs house ʼ, mã̄ḍaviyɔm. ʻ member of bride's party ʼ; M. mã̄ḍav m. ʻ pavilion for festivals ʼ, mã̄ḍvī f. ʻ small canopy over an idol ʼ; Si. maḍu -- va ʻ hut ʼ, maḍa ʻ open hall ʼ SigGr ii 452.2. Ko. māṁṭav ʻ open pavilion ʼ.3. H. mã̄ḍhā, māṛhā, mãḍhā m. ʻ temporary shed, arbour ʼ (cf. OMarw. māḍhivo in 1); -- Ku. mã̄ṛā m.pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (or < maṇḍa -- 6?]*chāyāmaṇḍapa -- .Addenda: maṇḍapa -- : S.kcch. māṇḍhvo m. ʻ booth, canopy ʼ(CDIAL 9734)

maṇḍa6 ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402). If so, it may belong to maṇḍapá -- and maṭha -- ]
Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (if not < *mã̄ṛhā < *maṇḍhaka -- s.v. maṇḍapá -- ).(CDIAL 9737)

maṇḍa2 m. ʻ ornament ʼ lex. [√maṇḍ]Pk. maṁḍaya -- ʻ adorning ʼ; Ash. mōṇḍa, mōnda, mūnda NTS ii 266, mōṇə NTS vii 99 ʻ clothes ʼ; G. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ arrangement, disposition, vessels or pots for decoration ʼ, māṇ f. ʻ beautiful array of household vessels ʼ; M. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. ʼ; Si. maḍa -- ya ʻ adornment, ornament ʼ.(CDIAL 9736)maṇḍana n. ʻ adorning ʼ MBh., maṇḍaná -- adj. Pāṇ. [√maṇḍ]
Pa. maṇḍana -- n., Pk. maṁḍaṇa -- n. and adj.; OMarw. māṁḍaṇa m. ʻ ornament ʼ; G. mã̄ḍaṇ n. ʻ decorating foreheads and cheeks of women on festive occasions ʼ. (CDIAL 9739) *maṇḍadhara ʻ ornament carrier ʼ. [maṇḍa -- 2, dhara -- ]N. maṛher, maṛer ʻ one who carries ornaments &c. in the marriage procession ʼ. (CDIAL 9738) maṇḍáyati ʻ adorns, decorates ʼ Hariv., máṇḍatē, °ti Dhātup. [√maṇḍ]
Pa. maṇḍēti ʻ adorns ʼ, Pk. maṁḍēi, °ḍaï; Ash. mū˘ṇḍ -- , moṇ -- intr. ʻ to put on clothes, dress ʼ, muṇḍaāˊ -- tr. ʻ to dress ʼ; K. manḍun ʻ to adorn ʼ, H. maṇḍnā; OMarw. māṁḍaï ʻ writes ʼ; OG. māṁḍīiṁ 3 pl. pres. pass. ʻ are written ʼ, G. mã̄ḍvũ ʻ to arrange, dispose, begin ʼ, M. mã̄ḍṇẽ, Ko. mã̄ṇḍtā.(CDIAL 9741)

Konḍa maṇḍi earthen pan, a covering dish. Pe. manḍi cooking pot. Kui manḍi brass bowl. Kuwi (S.)

mandi basin; (Isr.) maṇḍi plate, bowl. Cf. 4682 Ta. maṇṭai(DEDR 4678)Ta. maṇṭai

mendicant's begging bowl, earthen vessel, head, skull, cranium, brain-pan, top portion as of palms, a standard of measure. Ma. maṇṭa skull; similar objects. Ko. maṇḍ head. To. maḍ id.

Ka. maṇḍe id.; (Hav.) maṇḍage a big jar. Koḍ. maṇḍe head. Tu. maṇḍè large earthen vessel, skull, head. Kor. (M.) maṇḍa, (O. T.) manḍe head. Cf. 4678 Konḍa maṇḍi. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) maṇḍa- head. (DEDR 4682)

Ta. maṇṭu (maṇṭi-) to blaze up, glow; maṭu (-pp-, -tt-) to kindle. Te. maṇḍu to burn, blaze, flame, cause or produce a burning pain, be angry, be in a fury or violent rage, be envious; maṇṭa flame, blaze, burning pain, anger, wrath, fury, envy; maṇḍincu to burn (tr.), inflame, provoke, irritate; maḍḍu great heat, redhot iron, brand; very hot; (K.) mrandu to be consumed by fire, burn. Kol. (Pat., p. 167) manḍeng to burn, scorch(intr.). Nk. manḍ- to burn (intr.). Go. (M.) maṛgānā to blaze; (Ma.) maṛg- to burn (intr.) (Voc. 2745); (Tr.) maṛūstānā to cook in oil (Voc. 2743); (ASu.) maṛū- (curry) to be charred. Kui mṛahpa (mṛaht-) to consume by fire, burn; n. destruction by fire.(DEDR 4680)

Grain market: OAw. māṁḍa m. ʻ a kind of thin cake ʼ, lakh. maṇḍī ʻ grain market ʼ(CDIAL 9735)

↧

Indus Script Crypto-engineering principles & examples of hypertext transfer protocols (HTTP)

March 21, 2018, 7:29 am

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≪ Previous: Deciphered two-sided Harappa tablet h179 karã̄ 'wristlets'खार् khār 'blacksmith' kūṭa, 'horn' kūṭa 'company, guild'

https://tinyurl.com/yd94dh6p

An overview of Crypto-engineering engines, machines and structures used in Indus Script is presented in this monograph.

engineering

ɛndʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ/

noun

1.
the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures.
2.
the action of working artfully to bring something about.

Crypto-engineering is the design and building of cryptography (cipher writing) to solve a human problem of long-distance messaging.

Indus Script Crypto-engineering is a design and building process of cryptography achieved in 4th millennium BCE to document and communicate innovations in human life-activities which resulted in wealth-creation for a nation and a Tin-Bronze industrial revolution spanning the Ancient Maritime Tin Route which linked Hanoi (Vietnam) and Haifa (Israel) along the Indian Ocean Rim and riverine waterways (Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween, Brahmaputra, Sarasvati, Sindhu,Tigris-Euphrates etc.).

The design principles of Indus Script crypto-engineering are:

1. Hypertexts are joined hieroglyphs of pictorial motifs of (a) signs (pictographs), (b) field symbols (pictographs) and (c) underlying speech sound of the word signified by a pictograph, i.e. hypertext is a composite representation of text (pictographs), pictographs of flora/fauna and sound media of human messaging (in the present case of Meluhha speech sounds which are evidenced in Bharatiya sprachbund (speech union) words described in the Indian Lexicon with semantic clusters from over 25 ancient languages).

2. Orthographic representations with joined hieroglyphs of a) flora and fauna; b) grapical lines, e.g. shown below of (i) bos indicus + black drongo, (ii) body of bull + aurochs indicus young bull + antelope, (iii) fish + arrow and/or circumscript of fourt short lines together with bos indicus, zebu.

3. The process of joining hieroglyphs is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa (in the language of Indus Script writers -- which means 'joined parts of a composite hypertext'). This word सांगड sāṅgaḍa evokes a similar sounding word, saṁgaha, samgraha which means 'catalogues'. Thus, in the hypertext of (i), (ii), and (iii) shown above, the catagloues of the intended message are communicated through the rebus word associated with the picttographs (hieroglyphs).For e.g. (i) signhifies pola 'zebu' rebus: pola 'magnetite ferrite ore' + poladu 'black drongo' rebus: poladu 'steel'; (ii) signifies barad, 'bull' rebus: bharat 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin, zinc; konda 'young bull aurochs indicus' rebus: konda 'fire-altar',kundana 'fine gold'; ranku 'antelope' rebus:ranku 'tin';(iii) pola 'zebu, bos indicus' + aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' + khanda 'arrow' rebus: khanda 'implements'; pola 'zebu,bos indicus' + ya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' +ganda 'four' (circumscript) rebus: khanda 'implements'. This process of cryptengineering explains how samgaha,'catalogues' are realised as Hyper Text Transfer Protocols (HTTP).

4. Orthographic representation of a strand of fibre or strand of rope as a cross-section is through a dotted circle: dha 'strand (dot)'+ vatta 'circle'rebus: dhavad 'melter'

Thus, the dotted circle as a hypertext signifies the lifee-activity of dhavad,'a smelter' of dhatu, 'mineral ores' and metals.

To sumup, the cryptengineering principle is demonstrated in the following pictograph of a bull-man, horned and with a raised arm on a Harappa tablet.

dhangra 'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' + eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper' +kod 'horn' rebus: kod workshop'.. Thus, the messaging system of Indus Script has communicated the catalogu of work done by the workshop of blackksmith working with moltencast copper.

See:

Deciphered two-sided Harappa tablet h179 karã̄ 'wristlets'खार् khār 'blacksmith' kūṭa, 'horn' kūṭa 'company, guild'

https://tinyurl.com/y9sn4l5t

The following examples demonstrate the HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) to convey messages using Indus Script hypertexts:

Why is a 'dancing girl' glyph shown on a potsherd? Dance-step is a hieroglyph metaphor.

(a) Forge scene stele. Forging of a keris or kris (the iconic Javanese dagger) and other weapons. The blade of the keris represents the khaNDa. Fire is a purifier, so the blade being forged is also symbolic of the purification process central theme of the consecration of gangga sudhi specified in the inscription on the 1.82 m. tall, 5 ft. dia. lingga hieroglyph, the deity of Candi Sukuh.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/01/sekkizhar-periya-puranam-candi-sukuh.html

The sculptural of Candi Sukuh narrative depicts Bhima as the blacksmith in the left forging the metal holding a steel sword on his right hand, Ganesha in the center with a dance-step (med 'dance step' rebus: meD 'iron'), and Arjuna in the right operating bellows. Ganesa as dancer on a Candi Sukuh sculpture in the context of smelting processes to produce steel swords. karibha 'elephant's trunk' rebus: karba 'iron' ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' PLUS meD 'step' rebus: meD 'iron, metal, copper'.

(b) The ekamukha linga signified on such pillars atop a kiln or smelter on Bhuteswar sculptural friezes refer to mũh 'face' rebus: mũhe 'ingot', mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes, 'smelters'. (Santali) A garland is arried by a dwarf, to signify dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ rebus: Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (Red ochre is Fe

2O3, takes its reddish color from the mineral hematite, which is an anhydrous iron oxide.) The kharva 'dwarfs' next to the smelter structure are rebus: karba 'iron'. It is notable the structure of the smeltershown on Bhutesvar frieze compares with the sculptural frieze of smelter shown on Candi-sukuh artifact.

Architectural fragment with relief showing winged dwarfs (or gaNa) worshipping with flower garlands, Siva Linga. Bhuteshwar, ca. 2nd cent BCE.Lingam is on a platform with wall under a pipal tree encircled by railing. (Srivastava, AK, 1999, Catalogue of Saiva sculptures in Government Museum, Mathura: 47, GMM 52.3625) The tree is a phonetic determinant of the smelter indicated by the railing around the linga: kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ lex., °ṭaka -- m. ʻ a kind of tree ʼ Kauś.Pk. kuḍa -- m. ʻ tree ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. kuṛāˊ ʻ tree ʼ, dar. kaṛék ʻ tree, oak ʼ ~ Par. kōṛ ʻ stick ʼ IIFL iii 3, 98. (CDIAL 3228). http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/smithy-is-temple-of-bronze-age-stambha_14.html H. dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ, dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ(CDIA Si. dama ʻ chain, rope ʼ, (SigGr) dam ʻ garland ʼ.L 6283) rebus: dhAu 'metal; (Prakrtam) dhAI 'wisp of fibres' (S.) dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]

Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whenceḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773)

Sculptures in hypertexts of Candi Sukuh Java, Bhima Swarga iconographic metaphors of Bali compare with Indus Script metalwork heritage http://tinyurl.com/jz6ems8
The Candi Sukuh sculptures (in Java tradition) are also in the metalwork tradition documenting Bhima and Arjuna as metalworkers.

Bhima Swarga episodes are also signified on candi Sukuh sculptures with Indus Script metalwork hieroglyphs and metaphors.
See: Stanley J. O'Connor, “Metallurgy and Immortality at Candi Sukuh, Central Java”, Indonesia , Vol. 39. (Apr., 1985), pp. 52-70
On this narrative of metalwork Indus Script traditions signified by hieroglyphs, in front of a smelter (kiln), on the left is Bhima bringing out a dagger from the furnace; Ganesa in a dance step (meD 'step, dane' rebus: meD 'iron'; Arjuna working on the bellows; ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'.kaNDa 'sword' rebus: khaNṇḍa 'implements'.

Example of water-carrier hieroglyph as Indus script. Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747) Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); dia. 2.6, ht. 0.9 cm.; Gadd, PBA 18 (1932), pp. 11-12, pl. II, no. 12; Porada 1971: pl.9, fig.5; Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476).

An unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal.

That this is a representation of a water-carrier is validated by the following historical examples:

Water-carrier of bhestie. http://www.oldindianarts.in/2012/03/illustrations-from-book-india-1876-part.html బిస్తి, బిహిస్తి

Transporte de jarras para almacenaje. Amarna.

Kur. goṭā any seed which forms inside a fruit or shell. Malt. goṭa a seed or berry(DEDR 069) N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ (CDIAL 4271) <gOTa>(P) {ADJ} ``^whole''. {SX} ``^numeral ^intensive suffix''. *Kh., Sa., Mu., Ho<goTA>,B.<goTa> `undivided'; Kh.<goThaG>(P), Sa.<goTAG>,~<gOTe'j>, Mu.<goTo>; Sad.<goT>, O., Bh.<goTa>; cf.Ju.<goTo> `piece', O.<goTa> `one'. %11811. #11721. <goTa>(BD) {NI} ``the ^whole''. *@. #10971. (Munda etyma) Rebus: <gota> {N} ``^stone''. @3014. #10171. Note: The stone may be gota, laterite mineral ore stone. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ (Punjabi) Rebus: koṭe ‘forging (metal)(Mu.) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (G.) goṭi = silver (G.) koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati). P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ(CDIAL 4271) Rebus: goṭa 'laterite' khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ (Punjabi) koṭe ‘forging (metal)(Mu.) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (G.) goṭi = silver (G.) koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati).

This is an Indus Script seal because of the hieroglyphs used on the seal inscription: water-carrier, two stars and a parenthesis which is a split oval or lozenge shape.

Split oval is a hypertext, an oval shape of the bun ingot is split into parentheses ( ) :Hence the Meluhha expression to signify split parentheses is: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerk (Gujarati); mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)

The inscription on the Ur circular seal is deciphered dul meḍ mūhā kuṭhi 'iron (cast metal) ingot, tin smelter furnace'.

kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ (Telugu); Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); krvṛI f. ‘granary (WPah.); kuṛī, kuṛo house, building’(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232) kuṭi ‘hut made of boughs’ (Skt.) guḍi temple (Telugu) [kuṭhi 'smelter' furnace for iron/ kuṭila, 'tin (bronze) metal; kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, ‘brass’ (Samskritam)]

मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] 'polar' star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Munda)

kuṭi 'womanwater-carrier' (Telugu) kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali)] A pair of hieroglyphs flank the head of the water-carrier. It is read as the polar star मेढ [mēḍha](Marathi) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) dula ‘pair’ (Kashmiri); rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)’(Santali)

kuṭhi 'smelter, furnace for iron' (Santali) kūṭa कूट -पालकः a potter; a potter's kiln. (Samskritam) कुटिलिका A blacksmith's forge. (Samskritam) कुटिलक [p= 288,2] f. a tool used by a blacksmith Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18 Ka1s3.कुटी a hut , cottage , house , hall , shop MBh. R. &c kut.hi, kut.i (Or.; Sad. kot.hi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith; kut.ire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of e_kut.i has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kut.hi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2’ 6” dia. At the base and 1’ 6” at the top. The hole in the centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6” to 7” in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari)

měď (copper)(Czech) mіdʹ (copper, cuprum, orichalc)(Ukrainian) medʹ (copper, cuprum, Cu), mednyy (copper, cupreous, brassy, brazen, brass), omednyatʹ (copper, coppering), sulʹfatmedi (Copper), politseyskiy (policeman, constable, peeler, policemen, redcap), pokryvatʹ medʹyu (copper), payalʹnik (soldering iron, copper, soldering pen, soldering-iron), mednyy kotel (copper), medno-krasnyy (copper), mednaya moneta (copper). медь (copper, cuprum, Cu), медный (copper, cupreous, brassy, brazen, brass), омеднять (copper, coppering), Сульфатмеди (Copper), полицейский (policeman, constable, peeler, policemen, redcap), покрывать медью (copper), паяльник (soldering iron, copper, soldering pen, soldering-iron), медный котел (copper), медно-красный (copper), медная монета (copper).(Russian)

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A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family -- Vishnupriya Kolipakam et al (March 2018)

March 21, 2018, 8:40 am

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My comments posted at the website where the study was published:

An impressive presentation on the archaeology of Dravidian languages. It is surprising that the scholars have not noted the observations of one of the authors of Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (DEDR) - MB Emeneau, that India constituted a linguistic area (also called sprachbund or language union) with Dravidian-Munda-Indo-Aryan speakers interacting with one another and absorbing features from among the language groups. The possibility of the existence of this sprachbund during the days of Sarasvati (Indus) civilization from ca. 3300 BCE (the date of first find of a potsherd with Indus Script) cannot be ruled out. The presence of Munda words in Samskrtam has been well-attested by Kuiper. So has the lilnk between Munda and Mon-Khmer groups of languages established by Univ. of Hawaii researchers. My Indian Lexicon has shown that 4000+ etyma in DEDR have cognates in Indo-Aryan and Munda groups. I have no comments on the so-called Aryan invasion/migration/tourist theories which are merely matters of faith. -- S. Kalyanaraman

Dravidian language family is 4,500 years old, finds international study

Dating Dravidian languages is relevant for a wider understanding of the peopling of South Asia, especially population movements of particular language groups, says the lead corresponding author of the study published in Royal Society Open Science.

South Asia is home to at least 600 languages that belong to four large language families: Dravidian, Indo-European, Austo-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan.(HT File Photo/Image for representational purpose only)

The Dravidian language family, which comprises 80 variations spoken by 220 million people across southern and central India and other parts of south Asia, is 4,500 years old, according to an international study that emphasizes the influence it has had on other language groups through Eurasian prehistory.

South Asia is home to at least 600 languages that belong to four large language families: Dravidian, Indo-European, Austo-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan.

Sanskrit and Tamil are among the world’s classical languages, but unlike Sanskrit, the continuity between Tamil’s classical and modern forms is documented in inscriptions, poems, secular and religious texts, and songs, according to a team of international researchers that used data collected first-hand from native speakers representing all previously reported Dravidian subgroups.

“Dating Dravidian languages is relevant for a wider understanding of the peopling of South Asia, especially population movements of particular language groups. This study confirms, for instance, that Dravidian speakers were present in the subcontinent before the Indo-Aryan speakers arrived (around 3,500 years ago). We know about this from Dravidian (word) loans into Sanskrit but this is a confirmation,” said lead corresponding author Annemarie Verkerk of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany.

“One thing we don’t know is which Dravidian language(s) were in contact with Sanskrit; if we have an idea of the timing, we can make inferences on which ancestral language this could have been,” said Verkerk. The same goes for contact with Munda speakers and relationships with the isolate languages of the subcontinent.

The study, published in the journal Royal Society Open Science, suggests that it is likely the Dravidian languages were much more widespread to the west of India in the past than they are today.

Brahui, perhaps the oldest of the Dravidan family, is spoken by 600,000 people in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran, and 10,000 more speak Dangar in Nepal, according to the Thiruvananthapuram-based Dravidian Linguistics Association.

“Because some of the Dravidian languages (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Tulu) have very long literary traditions, we can link certain diversification events (such as the split between Tamil and Malayalam) to real chronological time. These so-called ‘calibration points’ help to map lexical change in the entire family to real time, and that is how we get the age for the ancestor of all Dravidian languages,” said Verkerk.

Archaeology inferences date back the diversification of Dravidian into Northern, Central, and Southern branches to 4,500 years, coinciding with the beginnings of cultural developments found in archaeological records.

“We know rice was being cultivated in south India 10,000-11,000 years ago and an agrarian society calls for communication using at least basic sound icons to articulate thought processes,” said Ganesh N Devy, linguist and founder-director of the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre, Vadodara. Devy led the People’s Linguistic Survey of India in 2010, which documented 780 living Indian languages.

“In the absence of carbon dating and neuroscience to study structures of language perception to date language, advanced statistical models provide crucial bits of evidence that piece together the evolution of languages,” said Devy.

https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dravidian-language-family-is-4-500-years-old-finds-international-study/story-xRsAAzj5wqOIVPAgd3TkWL.html

A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family

Vishnupriya Kolipakam, Fiona M. Jordan, Michael Dunn, Simon J. Greenhill, Remco Bouckaert, Russell D. Gray, Annemarie Verkerk

R. Soc. open sci. 2018 5 171504; DOI:10.1098/rsos.171504. Published 21 March 2018

Abstract

The Dravidian language family consists of about 80 varieties (Hammarström H. 2016 Glottolog 2.7) spoken by 220 million people across southern and central India and surrounding countries (Steever SB. 1998 In The Dravidian languages (ed. SB Steever), pp. 1–39: 1). Neither the geographical origin of the Dravidian language homeland nor its exact dispersal through time are known. The history of these languages is crucial for understanding prehistory in Eurasia, because despite their current restricted range, these languages played a significant role in influencing other language groups including Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) and Munda (Austroasiatic) speakers. Here, we report the results of a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of cognate-coded lexical data, elicited first hand from native speakers, to investigate the subgrouping of the Dravidian language family, and provide dates for the major points of diversification. Our results indicate that the Dravidian language family is approximately 4500 years old, a finding that corresponds well with earlier linguistic and archaeological studies. The main branches of the Dravidian language family (North, Central, South I, South II) are recovered, although the placement of languages within these main branches diverges from previous classifications. We find considerable uncertainty with regard to the relationships between the main branches.

1. Introduction

The dispersal of human languages and their speakers around the world is often viewed through the lens of large language families. However, the modestly sized Dravidian language family has an important role in resolving questions about the dispersal of human populations throughout Eurasia as well as ancient contact between language families, including Indo-European and Austroasiatic. Dravidian is a language family of around 80 varieties [1] spoken mainly in southern and central India, as well as in a handful of locations in northern India (Kurukh, Malto), Nepal (Kurukh) and Pakistan and Afghanistan (Brahui) (figure 1). These languages range from being spoken by small language communities (Vishavan, 150 speakers), by far larger communities (Kodava, 200 000 speakers), to global languages with literary histories that go back hundreds of years: Malayalam, 33 million speakers; Kannada, 38 million speakers; Tamil, 61 million speakers; and Telugu, 74 million speakers. Dravidian languages have been written for over 2000 years [3], [4, p. 4], [5] have influenced Vedic Sanskrit [6], may have been a part in the formation of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, including even larger languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi and Marathi [7, pp. 35–42], and are spoken by over 200 million people today [4, p. 4].

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Figure 1.

Map of the Dravidian languages in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nepal adapted from Ethnologue [2]. Each polygon represents a language variety (language or dialect). Colours correspond to subgroups (see text). The three large South I languages, Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam are light red, while the smaller South I languages are bright red. Languages present in the dataset used in this paper are indicated by name, with languages with long (950 + years) literatures in bold.

Neither the geographical origin of the Dravidian language homeland nor its exact dispersal through time are known. Krishnamurti [7, p. 5] suggests that the Dravidians were ‘natives of the Indian subcontinent who were scattered throughout the country by the time the Aryans entered India around 1500 BCE’. There is linguistic evidence for a much wider dispersal of the Dravidian languages than found today. Most famously, the Indo-European language Marathi, spoken in West-Central India, has substantial input from Dravidian languages indicative of it being spoken in a Dravidian ‘substrate’ environment ([8, pp. 288ff], but this is debated, see [9]). There is clear evidence of Dravidian loanwords into Old-Indo-Aryan (1750–250 BCE) dating to the middle Rigvedic period (ca 1200 BCE) in a source area that might have been Sindh, contemporary Southwest Pakistan [6], [8, pp. 69ff, 88]. Southworth [8, p. 64] proposes Sindh, Gujarat and eastern Maharashtra as areas where Dravidian would have been spoken at earlier stages. Krishnamurti [7, pp. 35–42] goes further and suggests a Dravidian substratum affecting Middle Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) and subsequently all modern Indo-Aryan languages. If correct, then this would indicate that these languages arose when Dravidian speakers merged with the Aryan society and learned their language. However, Dravidian speakers were clearly not the first inhabitants of the subcontinent. Southworth [8, pp. 89–90] discusses foreign words and features (e.g. retroflex consonants) that are neither native to Old-Indo-Aryan, nor borrowed from Dravidian or Munda (Afroasiatic). Instead, these features may originate in the South Asian linguistic interaction zone that predates the entry of the Indo-Aryan languages into the subcontinent and that includes languages that have left no known descendants (see additionally on this topic [10, p. 337]; [11, p. 168]; and [12], the latter of which does not refer to the possibility of an extinct substrate).

It has therefore been difficult to assess hypotheses about the Dravidian homeland and dispersal, given the reduced modern-day distribution of the languages from that presumed in pre-Old-Indo-Aryan times. Krishnamurti [7, p. 501] suggests that the Indus civilization, with sites scattered around modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Western India, was Proto-Dravidian, while Parpola [13, p. 174] relates the Indus Script to the Dravidian languages. This is partly based on the notion that the contact with Dravidian in the middle Rigvedic period cannot have been with Proto-North-Dravidian, but may have been with some ancient form of Dravidian. Southworth [8, p. 245] connects Proto-Dravidian with the Southern Neolithic complex, which first appeared in the present Gulbarga, Raichur and Bellary districts of Karnataka, and Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh around 4500 years ago. However, Southworth [8, p. 249] contends the fit between reconstructed vocabulary items and archaeological remains of crops and cultural items is not perfect, and thus, the link between linguistic and archaeological evidence is not clear [8, p. 256].

The ancient dispersal of the Dravidian speakers is critical to understanding the relationship between the various Dravidian subgroups recognized today. Krishnamurti [7, pp. 18–20] and Southworth [8, p. 50] recognize four main branches: North Dravidian, Central Dravidian, South I Dravidian and South II Dravidian (figure 1). Krishnamurti [7, pp. 492ff] gives a set of 13 sound changes and 27 morphological features (9 nominal, 13 verbal and 5 other) that support these four subgroups, as well as a common stage of South I and South II. South I plus South II Dravidian and Central Dravidian may have shared a common stage, but the evidence for this is minimal [8, pp. 233–236]. Central Dravidian is defined by comparatively few innovations (four, only one of which is a sound change), and Southworth [8, p. 233] emphasizes that even if there is little to no evidence for a common stage of South I + South II Dravidian and Central Dravidian, these two branches must have been in contact at various points in the past to explain several isoglosses cutting across them. Both Southworth [8, p. 235] and Krishnamurti [7, p. 21] (electronic supplementary material, figure S1) opt for a ternary divergence of Proto-Dravidian, into North, Central and South I + South II, which is reflected in the Glottolog reference tree ([1]; see electronic supplementary material, figure S2). However, there is substantial uncertainty in this topology, and Krishnamurti [7, p. 21] is especially uncertain about how the majority of the South I languages relate to each other.

A simplistic view of dispersal and linear genealogical descent of the Dravidian languages is insufficient for understanding their ancient and more recent dispersal. The Dravidian languages have been in contact with each other and their unrelated neighbours for centuries [14]. There exists a major disparity both in prestige and devoted research between smaller, often unwritten languages and the four lingua francas Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu, each with literary histories spanning centuries, as well as non-Dravidian state languages including Marathi, Hindi and Desiya (see electronic supplementary material, §6). However, the multi-lingual situation is not simply one where a prestigious state language is learned in school by speakers of smaller languages—Kolami speakers, for instance, may speak Gondi, while most Yeruva speakers are trilingual in both Kodava and Kannada. Even the smaller languages are characterized by their own dialect variation (Gondi [3], Malto [5], Ollari Gadba [15], Koya [16], Tulu [17], Yeruva [18] and Badaga [19]).

Here, we apply Bayesian phylogenetic methods to basic vocabulary data elicited first hand from speakers across the entire language family for this purpose. Basic vocabulary is known to be less likely to be borrowed than other aspects of the lexicon [20]. Rama & Kolachina [21] include an overview of previous quantitative work, which includes various distance-based phylogenetic analysis of morphological and lexical data drawn from existing datasets. Rama & Kolachina [21] itself is a distance-based analysis of lexical data from the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, revised 2nd edition (known as DEDR [22]); lexical data from Krishnamurti [7]; phonological, morphological and syntactic features from Krishnamurti [7]; and Swadesh lists taken from the ASJP project [23]. However, none of these datasets have been gathered with the aim of character-based phylogenetic inference for Dravidian family relationships, as has recently become the standard for similar investigations of other language families, including Austronesian [24], Indo-European [25] and Pama-Nyungan [26]. The current study remedies this gap by combining appropriate first-hand collection of lexical data with sophisticated Bayesian phylogenetic inference methods. The immediate benefit of this approach is that we infer a set of highly supported language family trees, rather than a single best fit, enabling us to capture uncertainty in genealogical patterning.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Materials

We collected 100 items of basic vocabulary from native speakers of a diverse sample of Dravidian languages. Swadesh's 100-concept elicitation list [27] was used to collect lexical data for 20 languages, listed in table 1. For the purposes of the analysis, we made a point of sampling a sufficient number of varieties to represent all the previously reported subgroups of Dravidian. Data elicitation took place by presenting each informant (all native speakers of the relevant language, except for Malto and Betta Kurumba) with the Swadesh list on paper in the commonly used literary language for that particular language. Care was taken to provide the right context of each concept [30]. The informants were asked to say the word for each comparative concept in their native language. Responses were recorded and written down if this was possible. For some unwritten languages, informants did not want to write down responses in non-native scripts. Recordings and written transcripts were transcribed to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Table 1.

Data sources of languages included in the study.

Critically, this methodology is an improvement on previous studies of the Dravidian family, including Rama & Kolachina [21] and Borin et al. [14], who use pre-existing comparative datasets derived from dictionaries. Collecting data first hand with the contexts of the required concept provided as described above addresses three issues. First, dictionaries will often provide multiple translations for a word, which may artificially inflate the number of cognate sets with deep histories [31]. Second, dictionaries of lesser-known languages may have many gaps. These factors can create artificial clusters in the analysis: languages with more speakers or long literary histories will have better descriptions in dictionaries, which may cause ‘large’ languages to cluster together in phylogenetic analysis. At the other extreme, languages with a lot of missing data may also be clustered together. A third difference is that we are modelling the history of synonymous cognate sets, i.e. groups of related words for the same concept, whereas what is taken from etymological dictionaries are proper cognates sets, which may have undergone change in meaning.

The primary reason for collecting first-hand data was therefore methodological. In addition, existing lexical comparative datasets for Dravidian are limited. Grierson [32] features 19 Dravidian languages; Beine [33] is a survey of Gondi dialects in 46 locations (see [34] for a computational analysis). The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, revised 2nd edition [22] features information on 29 languages, but is heavily skewed towards written languages, and especially towards the four largest Dravidian languages Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu. The lexicons of Dravidian languages are generally under-described, with only 15 out of 80 varieties listed on Glottolog [1] to have a dictionary, plus 12 more with word lists that are not Grierson [32] or Beine [33]. See also [35, pp. 106–107] on the status of description of the Dravidian family.

We add to table 1 the number of missing comparative concepts for each language. For Kuwi, Ollari Gadba and Parji, elicitation of comparative concepts was problematic because in several cases, we could not be sure that the speaker had understood the correct Swadesh context due to a missing common language. Additionally, in cases where multi-lingual speakers did not know the word in their native language, but used a word from another language they spoke, responses were not recorded (see electronic supplementary material, §6 on multi-lingualism).

Cognate coding of the responses was performed using the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, revised 2nd edition [22]. For words where cognacy information was not available, judgements on cognacy were based on sound changes from Proto-Dravidian to the contemporary languages as listed in Burrow & Emeneau [22]. Errors by the informants or transcription errors were excluded from the analysis. Loan words listed as borrowings in Burrow & Emeneau [22] as well as clear loans from Indo-European languages were excluded from the analysis. Multi-state cognate-coded words for each comparative concept were transformed into binary-coded cognate sets with each site representing whether a cognate in that particular cognate set is present (1), absent (0) or missing (?) in each language. The dataset contains 778 sites of which 91% are complete. It has been published as Kolipakam et al. [36] and is available online.

2.2. Methodology

2.2.1. Robustness of cognate coding

To provide a further check on cognate coding, we used new methods designed to aid robustness of linguistic inferences. Sound sequences in the original data were adjusted with help of orthography profiles [37], ‘segments’ package) that provide a simple means to segment and correct phonetic transcriptions. To increase the future comparability of the data, all concepts were linked to the Concepticon [38]. An automatic cognate detection analysis of the data was performed with LingPy (v. 2.5.1, [39]) using the LexStat-Infomap algorithm [40]. The standard threshold of 0.55 [40, p. 8] yielded precision values of 0.90 and an overall F-score of 0.84 (using B-cubed evaluation scores), giving 90% agreement between our cognate coding and the automatic cognate detection algorithm. The code and files for the automatic cognate detection analysis have been made available as electronic supplementary material.

2.2.2. Model of evolution

We used BEAST 2 (v. 2.4.3, [41]) for all phylogenetic analyses. We tested three different models of cognate gain and loss. The first cognate model was a simple binary continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) model that is essentially the generalized time reversible model [42] for binary data [43], and allows cognates to be gained and lost at the same rate. The second cognate model was a binary covarion [44] which allows each cognate set to remain relatively stable over time but occasionally switch into a faster rate category to undergo bursts of change on different branches. The third cognate model was a stochastic Dollo [45,46] that allows cognates to appear once on a tree but get lost multiple times (i.e. Dollo's Law).

To account for rate variation across branches, we fitted two different clock models. The first clock model is a strict clock that assumes no rate variation over time. The second clock model was a relaxed clock [47] where branch rates were sampled from a lognormal distribution with parameters estimated from the data. We performed ascertainment correction to compensate for the fact that only sites are included in the cognate alignment that have at least one 1 in them, taking missing data in account [31]. Further, we tested for the case where individual concept classes have their own relative mutation rate estimated versus keeping them fixed at 1, as proposed by Chang et al. [31]. With a relative rate of 1, all concepts are assumed to evolve at the same overall rate. This has been the common practice in previous language phylogeny work. With ‘word rates’, each site (=cognate set) in a concept class has its rate shared with other sites in the same concept class, but each concept class has its own rate. This adds more complexity to the model, but models the rate variation between comparative concepts. For the CTMC model, γ rate heterogeneity with four rate categories was investigated as well [48].

The tree prior consists of uniform priors over subgroups (see below) and the Yule prior, which is governed by the birth rate. The prior on the birth rate is uniform (0,1), so the birth rate is bounded. The combination of these priors guarantees that the resulting prior on the tree is a proper prior: it cannot collapse to zero height due to lower bounds, and cannot escape to infinity due to upper bounds. This makes it possible to perform stepping stone analyses [49] reliably with the combined tree prior.

We ran each analysis for 100 million generations, sampling trees every 5000 generations to remove autocorrelation, resulting in a sample of 20 000 trees. A burn-in of 10% of the iterations was removed leaving a posterior sample of 18 000 trees. For estimating marginal likelihoods, we used a stepping stone analysis [49] as implemented in BEAST 2 with 64 steps and 1 million samples per step. Autocorrelation and convergence checks were carried out using Tracer v. 1.6 [50]. Maximum clade credibility (MCC) trees were generated using TreeAnnotator [51].

2.2.3. Subgrouping and dating

To estimate the age of the Dravidian language family, we incorporated historical information as priors on language divergence times. These priors allow the clock parameter to make inferences on chronological time using rates of cognate gain and loss. Calibrations were based on information on phonological and morphological innovations (Brahui, North, South I, South II) and the first attestations of the written Dravidian languages in cave inscriptions and literary works (Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Tulu). We specified these dates as amount of years in the past, taking 2000 as the date for the present. Additionally, we included several priors on subgrouping. We placed constraints on the North, South I and South II groups to be monophyletic as these have well-documented shared phonological and morphological innovations. On South I, we included a calibration so that this group could not be younger than 2250 years, because Tamil was recorded first in 254 BCE [4, p. 6]. Constrained subgroup priors and calibrations were implemented as probabilistic priors on the relevant nodes as indicated in table 2; further details are given in the electronic supplementary material, §1.

Table 2.

Calibration points.

In order to further assess the certainty associated with the higher-order subgrouping, we investigated two further sets of calibrations. Regime (1) had no monophyletic constraints, because we removed calibration points 2, 3 and 4, in order to assess the tree topology obtained without subgrouping constraints. Regime (2) had an extra monophyletic calibration on South I and South II, to test Krishnamurti's idea [7, pp. 495–497] that South I and South II languages form a clade. We used the highest ranking model of evolution for these two analyses, as below.

3. Results

3.1. NeighborNet network

To visualize potential conflicting signal in our lexical dataset, we first constructed a NeighborNet network (figure 2) using SplitsTree v. 4.14.4 [52]. The network was calculated from the cognate-coded data using Hamming distances between pairs of languages. The size of the boxes at the core of the network is a measure of conflicting signal (such as borrowing) between the languages. Two other measures of conflicting signal calculated by SplitsTree, δ scores and Q-residuals, are included in the electronic supplementary material, §3, and discussed below.

Figure 2.

A NeighborNet visualization of lexical differences. The NeighborNet network identifies three groups, going in clockwise direction starting from Telugu in the upper left corner: South II + Central (Telugu, Koya, Kolami, Gondi, Parji, Ollari Gadba and Kuwi), North (Kurukh, Malto and Brahui) and South I (Tulu, Tamil, Malayalam, Yeruva, Kodava, Kannada, Badga, Toda, Kota and Betta Kurumba). Colour-coding gives subgroup affiliation: red, South I; blue, Central; purple, North; yellow, South II.

While the NeighborNet network clearly distinguishes three groups, reticulate signal is evident for Tulu, which is located on the edge of the South I subgroup and shows some affinity with Brahui, and Telugu and Koya. These visual patterns are corroborated by two statistics calculated on the network, the δ score [53] and the Q-residual [54]. The mean δ score is 0.30, Telugu and Tulu have higher scores, suggesting greater contribution to reticulate patterns (Telugu: 0.38; Tulu: 0.35). Telugu also has a high Q-residual score, 0.0132, almost twice as high as the mean of 0.0069. The mean δ score and Q-residual score are not different to what has been reported for other families: Polynesian [54], described as having substantial conflicting signal, δ score 0.41, Q-residual 0.02; Cariban [55] δ score 0.36; Austronesian [54] δ score 0.33, Q-residual 0.002; Indo-European [54] δ score 0.22, Q-residual 0.002. We believe at least a part of the conflicting signal can be explained by the multi-lingual situations in which speakers of nearly all Dravidian languages find themselves. As an illustration, we present other languages commonly spoken in each language community, along with other sociolinguistic information, in electronic supplementary material, §6. The consequences of these sociolinguistic patterns are further elaborated upon in Discussion.

3.2. Model of evolution

To identify the best-fitting model of cognate evolution and clock model, we calculated marginal likelihoods using path sampling [49,56], as implemented in BEAST 2, and Bayes factors [57], given in table 3. The best performing model was the covarion model with relaxed clock and individual mutation rates estimated (marginal L = −4128), which showed positive support over the next best model, the CTMC analysis with relaxed clock and estimated mutation rates (marginal L = −4131). The MCC tree of the best-fitting model, including posterior support values for the nodes and a scale giving time in years before present, is shown in figure 3. A DensiTree [58] is given in the electronic supplementary material, §4, to illustrate the variation in the posterior sample of trees. The BEAST 2 xml file for the best-fitting model, as well as the resulting set of phylogenetic trees and their MCC tree, have been made available as electronic supplementary material.

Figure 3.

MCC tree summary of the posterior probability distribution of the tree sample generated by the analysis with the relaxed covarion model with relative mutation rates estimated. Node bars give the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) limits of the node heights. Numbers over branches give the posterior probability of the node to the right (range 0–1). Colour coding of the branches gives subgroup affiliation: red, South I; blue, Central; purple, North; yellow, South II.

Table 3.

Model comparison results. Models of cognate gain and loss included are (i) CTMC; (ii) CTMC plus γ rate heterogeneity with four rate categories (CTMC + γ); (iii) binary covarion (Covarion); (iv) stochastic Dollo (Dollo). Models of tree rate variation are (i) strict clock (strict); (ii) relaxed clock with rates sampled from lognormal distribution (relaxed). Models of concept rate variation are (i) relative mutation rate estimated for individual concepts (word rates); (ii) no relative mutation rate estimated (overall rate).

3.3. Subgrouping

In the MCC tree of the highest ranking model tree sample (figure 3; hereafter ‘best-supported tree’), we find four main groups, all of which, except Central, were constrained in the priors: South I (Badga, Betta Kurumba, Kota, Toda, Kannada, Kodava, Yeruva, Malayalam, Tamil, Tulu), South II (Gondi, Kuwi, Telugu, Koya, with the Central language Kolami as outgroup), Central (Ollari Gadba, Parji) and North (Brahui, Kurukh, Malto). To discuss this finding, we present the most commonly used reference tree, Krishnamurti's [7, p. 21] family tree, in the electronic supplementary material, figure S1. Following, MCC trees of the two additional analyses ran using the highest ranking model above, the relaxed covarion model with relative mutation rates estimated, with either no monophyletic groups (figure 4) or an extra South I + South II monophyletic group (figure 5). We also include the expert-judgement classification presented in Glottolog [1] in the electronic supplementary material, figure S2, which is derived from Krishnamurti [7, p. 21] and other information. The Glottolog tree corresponds exactly to Krishnamurti's [7] classification, except for the placement of Betta Kurumba, which is closer to Kannada in Glottolog [1].

Figure 4.

Analysis without monophyletic constraints on the North, South I and South II subgroup. MCC tree summary of the posterior probability distribution of the tree sample, relaxed covarion model with relative mutation rates estimated. Node bars give the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) limits of the node heights. Numbers over branches give the posterior probability of the node to the right (range 0–1). Colour coding of the branches gives subgroup affiliation: red, South I; blue, Central; purple, North; yellow, South II.

Figure 5.

Analysis with additional monophyletic constraints on South I + South II. MCC tree summary of the posterior probability distribution of the tree sample, relaxed covarion model with relative mutation rates estimated. Node bars give the 95% HPD limits of the node heights. Numbers over branches give the posterior probability of the node to the right (range 0–1). Colour coding of the branches gives subgroup affiliation: red, South I; blue, Central; purple, North; yellow, South II.

The structure of the South I group matches previous linguistic hypotheses fairly well. The first match is the close affinity of Tamil and Malayalam as sisters in both trees. The position of Tulu in the best-supported tree matches Krishnamurti [7, p. 21] as it is the first language to split off from the South I group, but it is uncertain (see the DensiTree in the electronic supplementary material, figure S4, see also [59,60]). The hierarchical grouping of Badga, Toda, Kota and Betta Kurumba is present in both trees; one difference is that the close relationship between Badga and Kannada present in Krishnamurti's tree is not supported by ours. The best-supported tree seems to return geographical proximity for South I languages. Out of the smaller South I languages, Kodava and Yeruva are spoken in Kannada territory, so these are likely to have borrowed from the more widely spoken language Kannada. Yeruva and Kodava are neighbouring languages. The other group is formed by Badga, Betta Kurumba, Kota and Toda, which are spoken in very close proximity in the borderlands of Malayalam, Kannada and Tamil.

In the South II group, Koya is sister to Telugu in the best-supported tree, although Hammarström et al. [1] place Koya and Gondi together. We find that the Central language Kolami tends to be clustered with the South II group, leaving Ollari Gadba and Parji as the remaining two Central languages: these form a clade sister to the North subgroup. Within the North subgroup, the best-supported tree matches well with Krishnamurti [7, p. 21]: Brahui splits off first, while Malto and Kurukh are more closely related.

Most notably, the higher subgrouping presented in figure 3 diverges from Krishnamurti's [7, p. 21] subgrouping. There, South I and South II are grouped together, so the main three groups splitting off from Proto-Dravidian are North, Central and South I + South II. In our best-supported tree, the main split is between South I and the three other groups. However, note that the support for this grouping is low, with low posterior support for the node connecting South II, Central and North, and the node connecting Central and North. The posterior support for South I and South II in the best-supported tree is low (found in only 42 trees out of 18 000, proportion 0.0023).

We analysed two further calibration regimes that were (i) less and (ii) more constrained. For these, we used the highest ranking model of cognate evolution (relaxed covarion model with relative mutation rates estimated), with either no monophyletic groups (MCC tree presented in figure 4) or an extra South I + South II monophyletic group (figure 5). Regime (1) contained no monophyletic groupings, and only calibration points 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 from table 2. Under these assumptions, we recover the main split between South I and the other three groups that is found in the more constrained analyses (figures 3 and 5). Support for the higher-order branches in the North + Central + South II group remains low. With the monophyletic constraint on South II released, Kuwi positions as sister to the two Central languages, Ollari Gadba and Parji. Kolami is included in the South II group in this less constrained analysis.

Under regime (2), with monophyletic priors kept in and a ninth calibration constraining South I and South II as monophyletic added (figure 5), we instead recover the more ‘traditional’ topology as hypothesized in Krishnamurti [7, p. 493] and Fuller [61, p. 200] (as based on [62, p. 267]). The North group splits off first, and South I + South II diverges last.

3.4. Dating

Root dating of the Dravidian language family using the calibration points captured in table 2 varies only slightly between models, as shown in figure 6. The only model to diverge from a general 95% highest posterior density (HPD) interval on the root of the tree between approximately 3000 and 6500 years ago is the stochastic Dollo model, which performs much worse than all other models (see marginal log-likelihood in table 3). We note that the stochastic Dollo model makes the unrealistic assumption that there is no semantic change—reflexes of real cognate sets may drift in and out of the Swadesh list as their meaning changes. We find the general congruence across models on a median root age for the Dravidian language family of around 4000–4500 years ago including similar 95% HDP ranges supportive of a positive evaluation of the dating results. Nevertheless, the uncertainty on the root age is large, especially for the best-fitting analyses featuring a relaxed clock. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that the root of the Dravidian language family is 6000 or 6500 years old.

Figure 6.

Frequency plots of the age of the Dravidian language family (tree height) for all models, with age in years from the present. Analyses are ordered by marginal log-likelihood, table 3, and electronic supplementary material, table S2. Models of cognate gain and loss included are (i) CTMC; (ii) CTMC plus γ rate heterogeneity with four rate categories (CTMC + γ); (iii) binary covarion (covarion); (iv) stochastic Dollo (Dollo). Models of tree rate variation are (i) strict clock; (ii) relaxed clock with rates sampled from lognormal distribution. Models of concept rate variation are (i) relative mutation rate estimated for individual concepts (word rates); (ii) no relative mutation rate estimated (overall rate).

4. Discussion

Our best-supported model of evolution (the relaxed covarion analysis with relative mutation rates estimated; figure 3) returns a main two-way split between South I (Badga, Toda, Betta Kurumba, Kota, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Tulu, Kodava, Yeruva) and South II–Central–North (Gondi, Kolami, Koya, Telugu, Kuwi, Ollari Gadba, Parji, Brahui, Kurukh, Malto). This main split is also found in a less constrained analysis using the same model of evolution. However, a more constrained analysis, restricting South I and South II to be sisters, finds a different higher-order topology. The best-supported model puts the origin and first diversification of the Dravidian languages at approximately 4500 years ago, a result that matches well with earlier archaeological findings, including inferences made regarding agricultural practices. Below we discuss our subgrouping and dating inference results in the light of previous literature on the Dravidian family.

4.1. Higher-order subgrouping

The relationships between the four Dravidian subgroups (North, Central, South II and South I) have been subject to considerable research, but are far from resolved because still little is known on some of the smaller Dravidian languages. While Krishnamurti [7, pp. 492–493] and Southworth [8, p. 235] both group South I and South II together, McAlpin [63, p. 21] finds any attempt of higher structuring of the language groups on the level below the four-part division premature. While there certainly are connections between South II and Central [8, pp. 233–236], Krishnamurti [7, pp. 492--493] shies away from positing a Central + South I + II group as there is little evidence for such a proto-language. Only when we restrain the tree topology, do we find the topology featured in Krishnamurti [7, p. 493] and Fuller [61, p. 200] (as based on [62]), with the North group splitting off first, and South I + South II diverging last. This is not necessarily surprising, as the subgrouping by Krishnamurti [7, pp. 492--493] is based on a small number of phonological and morphological innovations, whereas our subgrouping is based on a Bayesian analysis of cognate-coded material. Rama & Kolachina [21], in an exploratory distance-based analysis of both lexical and phonological/morphological datasets, found that the latter returned the four subgroups very neatly [21, pp. 147–148], while lexical data did not. Given the low posterior support for the Central–North and South II–Central–North groups as presented in figure 3, combined with high support for individual subgroups in the unconstrained analysis (figure 4), we find that the current dataset has low resolution for the higher-order subgrouping, despite recovering the four subgroups with reasonable confidence. While these results could be affected by our failure to identify loan words, the methods we use here are robust to moderate levels of borrowing—Greenhill et al. [64] suggest that greater than 15% of the data every 1000 years may be problematic—and it is unlikely that unidentified borrowing is affecting the timeline and topology substantially.

4.2. Lower subgrouping

The best-fitting analysis presented in figure 3 returns four subgroups that can be related to the classification by Krishnamurti [7, p. 21] (electronic supplementary material, figure S1): South I, South II, Central and North. The relations of the North languages are clear and in line with previous research; however, the other groups demand further attention. In this discussion, we compare our results to the classifications by Krishnamurti [7, p. 21] and Hammarström et al. [1], but also to a large extent draw on grammars and other sources on individual languages cited in the electronic supplementary material, §6.

The South I subgroup, aside from Tulu that splits off first, splits into two smaller groups, one containing Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Kodava and Yeruva, the second containing Badga, Toda, Betta Kurumba and Kota. Out of these groupings, the close connection between Tamil and Malayalam is undisputed (it is found in 100% of the posterior tree sample, figure 3). Our best-supported trees pattern differently to Krishnamurti's [7, p. 21] family tree, but we note that Krishnamurti is also unsure about the position of many of these languages (see also [65, p. 14]).

First, Kodava and Yeruva are sisters in our tree set, but belong to different South I subgroups in previous accounts. Hammarström et al. [1] give Kodava as most closely related to Tamil and Malayalam, and Yeruva as a Kannadoid language, but see also Bhattacharya [66, p. 32], Luiz [67, p. 27] and Mallikarjun [18, p. 46] for partly conflicting classifications. The reason that we find them as sisters in our tree set is probably due to the fact that Yeruva speakers, especially men, are bilingual in Kodava, a local lingua franca [18, pp. 47–49].

Then, the second South I subgroup, formed by Badga, Toda, Betta Kurumba and Kota. These are four of perhaps 16 small languages spoken in the Nilgiri Hills and their slopes, with Badga, Toda, Kota, and Ālu and Pālu Kurumba speakers living in especially close and long-lasting (over 2000 years) contact [68,69]. The subgrouping of these languages is different across sources (see [1], [7, p. 21], [68, pp. 497, 499, 523], [70, pp. 327–328]). Importantly, Badga is a mixed language, probably once a dialect of Kannada, but has since entered in a diffusional relationship with Ālu Kurumba (primarily), Toda and Kota [71, pp. 42–54], [19]. Previous work indicates that Kota and Toda differ to a large extent from the other South I languages, while their relationship remains unclear [72, pp. 1, 49–50]. It is unclear why in our best-supported tree Betta Kurumba is sister to Kota. Betta Kurumba is located geographically on the outskirts of the cluster containing Toda, Kota, Badga, and Ālu and Pālu Kurumba [68]. Its closest affiliations to other South I languages are unclear, with Zvelebil [68, p. 499] calling it a Kannada dialect, and Upadhyaya [70, pp. 327–328] claiming that Betta Kurumba and Kodava are sisters (echoed in [7, p. 21]).

The current results detect some mixing of the South II and Central branch, which we discuss together. Kolami, a Central language, groups with the South II languages, and when we leave South II unconstrained (see discussion of figure 4), the South II language Kuwi becomes sister to Central Parji and Ollari Gadba. This can be accounted for by an unfortunate lack of data for the Kuwi, Ollari Gadba and Parji languages. Between 36 and 44 comparative concepts are missing, constituting over one-third of the dataset (see §3.1 and table 1). There is enough data to infer their relationship in the Central–South II subgroup overall, but our analysis cannot place them with more certainty within the subgroup itself.

The cluster of Kolami, Gondi, Koya and Telugu does merit further investigation. Kolami is a Central language, found to be most closely related to Ollari Gadba and Parji. However, it has borrowed heavily from Telugu [73, pp. 146–157], [7, p. 26]. We checked those cognate sets that constituted isoglosses for Kolami, Telugu and other South II languages to make sure we had not included obvious Telugu–Kolami loans. They are difficult to identify, but we are confident we have removed them (see electronic supplementary material, §5). A similar explanation can be given for the placement of Koya as a sister to Telugu, rather than Gondi, where it is placed by Hammarström et al. [1]. Koya has traditionally been called a dialect of Gondi ([16, pp. 3–4], on Gondi, see [3]). Our sample of Gondi is from Northern Gondi spoken in Madhya Pradesh, whereas Koya is spoken in the Telugu heartland, and has been influenced by Telugu in various ways [16, pp. 4–5], [7, pp. 122, 242, 356]. Our classification of Koya as a sister to Telugu is a result of Telugu influence on Koya as well as the non-geographical adjacency of our sample of Gondi and Koya.

The placement of four language pairs (Kolami–Telugu, Koya–Telugu, Yeruva–Kodava and Badga–Toda–Kota–Betta Kurumba) in our phylogenies may perhaps reflect geographical proximity rather than genealogical descent. This is perhaps an unexpected result, because the Swadesh basic vocabulary list that was used for lexical data collection has been shown to be mostly resistant to borrowing [20]. However, we believe that the topology identified by the current analysis deserves more investigation, especially because it captures certain groupings that have been discussed in the literature, but which have not been captured by traditional expert classifications such as Krishnamurti [7, p. 21] and Hammarström et al. [1]. The extent of multi-lingualism and resulting contact also mentioned by Krishnamurti [7, pp. 499–500] regarding the Central languages demands further attention in all of the Dravidian language family. The strength of the approach here is that larger datasets reveal new, targeted directions for investigating contact.

4.3. Dating

The age of the tree set of the highest ranking relaxed covarion model of cognate evolution corresponds well with the time depth of the Dravidian language family proposed in earlier literature. We find that the root of the tree has a mean of 4650 years ago (median 4433), thus indicating that the ancestor of all Dravidian languages, Proto-Dravidian, may have been spoken around 4500 years ago. In earlier research, Krishnamurti [7, p. 501] associates Proto-Dravidian with the Indus civilization, places it ‘around the early part of the third millennium’, and adds that even if the Indus valley supposition is incorrect, that date is necessary to account for subsequent developments. Although the mean and median of the best-supported tree set (as well as all other analyses except for the stochastic Dollo) match Krishnamurti's [7, p. 501] timing well, the 95% HPD intervals on the root age range from approximately 3000–6500 years ago. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that the root of the Dravidian language family is significantly older than 4500 years. Contrary to other work by Pagel et al. [74], our findings suggest this younger age rather than their Proto-Dravidian estimate of around 13 000 years ago. Future work should investigate the disparity in clock rates here.

Southworth [8, pp. 249–250], on the basis of archaeological findings, linguistic evidence and reconstructed lexicon that at least partly matches the archaeological record, agrees with Krishnamurti on the timing (but not on the homeland, which he places at the lower Godavari basin). Southworth [8, pp. 249–250] places the diversification of the North, Central and South branches in the time period of 4500–4000 years ago, coinciding with the beginnings of the Southern Neolithic complex. Subsequently, he places the expansion of the South I and South II between 4000 and 3000 years ago, coinciding with the expansion of the Southern Neolithic. The dispersal of North, Central and South and later dispersal of South I and South II also matches with the timing in our best-supported trees, notwithstanding that the splitting of our subgroups is binary rather than ternary. The split between South I and the other groups is as ancient as the root of the tree and thus located approximately 4500 years ago. The South I and South II languages start diverging between 3000 and 2500 years ago, which is a little bit later than the timeframe Southworth [8, pp. 249–250] discusses for the expansion of the Southern Neolithic. When the analysis is constrained so that South I and South II form a clade (see the maximum credibility tree in figure 5), the timing of the Southern Neolithic expansion matches the tree structure a bit better, with South II starting to diverge within Southworth's [8, pp. 249–250] timeframe of 4000–3000 years ago.

It is possible to find external corroborating evidence for the dating of the Dravidian dispersals, and in turn, for the calibration points used in the current analysis, by matching language groups with archaeological finds and agricultural practices. Southworth [8, pp. 250–256] tentatively connects South I and South II Dravidian groups with phase 3 (3800–3200 years ago) of the Southern Neolithic archaeological complex. His main concern is that reconstructed vocabulary terms from the South I and II subgroups suggest a society that is advanced beyond anything that has to date been found in the archaeological record of peninsular India, and thus whether there is a mismatch between linguistics and archaeology. Fuller [61, pp. 200–201] suggests that the ancestors of the Central, South I and South II may have spread with the locally developed agricultural economy. He lists crop terms from the South Indian Neolithic native crop package that can be reconstructed to Proto-Central-South, including horsegram, mungbean, urd, pigeonpea and various wild fruits. In addition to these, Fuller [61, p. 203] lists a large number of crops whose terms are reconstructed for Proto-South, including wheat, lentils and cotton. On the basis of reconstructed crop vocabulary and archaeological attestations of crops, Fuller [61, p. 208] tentatively places the differentiation of the Dravidian languages around 6000 years ago, one millennium earlier than Krishnamurti [7] and Southworth [8]. Southworth [75] is a comprehensive analysis of reconstructed crop terms and attestations of the corresponding crops in two phases of the Southern Neolithic archaeological complex. His argument is the same as that of Fuller [61], but importantly, Southworth [75, §5.2] adds to Fuller [61] the rejection of a split between South and Central Dravidian, treating them as a single branch due to early and continued borrowing of words. The diversification of the South I, South II and Central groups in our results is slightly too late to match the start of the spread of the locally developed agricultural economy between 3800 and 3200.

5. Conclusion

The history of the Dravidian language family, albeit a small family, is relevant to anyone interested in the history of Eurasia. The current analysis points towards complex patterns of language descent and subsequent long-term contact between languages rather than straightforwardly supporting the well-known reference family tree by Krishnamurti [7, p. 21]. Such diachronic patterns might apply in other small language families as well, making the study of Dravidian relevant for all of historical linguistics. The relationships between the Dravidian languages had previously not all been described to satisfaction, and as this analysis also makes clear, more data on particularly the smaller languages, such as the Gondi dialects, are needed to tease apart descent from contact. This is especially important in the light of the location of the Dravidian language family on the crossroads of ancient population movements into and through South Asia. We propose that our best-supported analysis should be considered the current best estimate of Dravidian genealogical relations, including topology and chronology.

Ethics

All language informants participated voluntarily and gave informed verbal consent to being consulted on language usage. No personal or demographic data were collected and informants were not paid for their time.

Data accessibility

The complete database of cognate data listing coding sources is available on Zenodo and citable as Kolipakam et al. [36] (see references, http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181715). The BEAST 2 xml file for the best-supported analysis, which includes the nexus file containing the binary cognate data on which the phylogenetic analysis is based, as well as further electronic supplementary material, is available through RSOS. For information on BEAST 2, see the website (www.beast2.org), which lists further documentation and resources.

Authors' contributions

Study design: V.K., F.M.J. and M.D.; data collection: V.K.; data analysis: V.K., F.M.J., M.D. and A.V.; conducted the experiment: V.K., A.V., S.J.G. and R.B.; interpreted results: V.K., M.D., F.M.J., A.V., S.J.G., R.B. and R.D.G.; manuscript draft: A.V.; manuscript revision: V.K., M.D., F.M.J., A.V., S.J.G., R.B. and R.D.G. All authors gave their final approval for publication.

Competing interests

We declare we have no competing interests.

Funding

This article is funded by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics through the Independent Research Group Evolutionary Processes in Language and Culture (V.K., F.M.J., M.D. and A.V.); Wildlife Institute of India—National Tiger Conservation Authority, Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change, Government of India (V.K.); University of Bristol (F.M.J.); Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (F.M.J., S.J.G., R.B., R.D.G. and A.V.); Uppsala University (M.D.); ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australian National University (S.J.G.); Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland (R.B.).

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the 20 Dravidian language speakers who gave their time and expertise, and without whom this study would not have been possible. We also thank Johann-Mattis List for his help with automated cognate recognition, and Robert Forkel for his help on data formatting. We thank Stephen C. Levinson for his continued support of our work.

Footnotes

Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4025020.

Received September 29, 2017.
Accepted February 21, 2018.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Adding Meuhha voice overlay HTTP to Indus Script hypertexts: voice, images, lexis

March 21, 2018, 8:15 pm

≫ Next: Footsole or dance-step is an Indus Script hypertext, signifies 'iron work'. “The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art.” -- Leonardo da Vinci

≪ Previous: A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family -- Vishnupriya Kolipakam et al (March 2018)

https://tinyurl.com/ycrmk86o

The challenge of Indus Script decipherment is to add voice in Bharatīya Sprachbund (speech union) – speech forms of Meluhha -- to the images (hieroglyphs, hypertexts) presented by the writing system.

This note demonstrates how hypertext transfer protocols were realized in Indus Script Crypto-engineering in 4th millennium BCE Sarasvati Civilization.

See: Indus Script Crypto-engineering principles & examples of hypertext transfer protocols (HTTP) https://tinyurl.com/yd94dh6p

An overview of Crypto-engineering engines, machines and structures used in Indus Script is presented in this monograph.

engineering /ɛndʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ/

https://clyp.it/v5thx0wk

noun

1.
the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures.
2.
the action of working artfully to bring something about.

Example of HTTP overlay of Meluhha sound of word linked to image of bos indicus, zebu:

Example:

Voice link to file, pola, 'bos indicus, magnetite ferrite ore' Voice overlay HTTP of Meluhha word to signify bos indicus, zebu and meaning of homonym: magnetite, ferrite ore:https://clyp.it/0viotjef Cryptography.

↧

Footsole or dance-step is an Indus Script hypertext, signifies 'iron work'. “The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art.” -- Leonardo da Vinci

March 21, 2018, 11:06 pm

≫ Next: Footstep in Indus Script hypertext cipher, on Varāha pratimā signifies meḍ 'foot' meḍ 'iron', paṭṭaḍa फड phaḍa, 'manufactory'

≪ Previous: Adding Meuhha voice overlay HTTP to Indus Script hypertexts: voice, images, lexis

https://tinyurl.com/yb8md9uq

“The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art.” ― Leonardo da Vinci

This insightful observation of Leonardo da Vinci is validated by Indus Script hypertexts which relate foot-related hypertexts to blcksmithy work of artisans.

Footstep is an Indus Script hypertext, signifies 'iron work'.

Image result for foot anklet bharatkalyan97

Foot with anklet; copper alloy. Mohenjo-daro (After Fig. 5.11 in Agrawal. D.P. 2000. Ancient Metal Technology & Archaeology of South Asia. Delhi: Aryan Books International.)

Hieroglyph: step: meḍ 'to dance' (F.)[reduplicated from me-]; me id. (M.) in Remo (Munda)(Source: D. Stampe's Munda etyma) meṭṭu to tread, trample, crush under foot, tread or place the foot upon (Te.); meṭṭu step (Ga.); mettunga steps (Ga.). maḍye to trample, tread (Malt.)(DEDR 5057) మెట్టు (p. 1027) [ meṭṭu ] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అడుగుపెట్టు, నడుచు, త్రొక్కు. "మెల్ల మెల్లన మెట్టుచుదొలగి అల్లనల్లనతలుపులండకు జేరి." BD iv. 1523. To tread on, to trample on. To kick, to thrust with the foot.మెట్టిక meṭṭika. n. A step , మెట్టు, సోపానము (Telugu)

Hieroglyph: step, foot: The gloss is meḍ 'dance' (Remo); meḍ 'step' (Santali) మెట్టు [meṭṭu] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అడుగుపెట్టు (Telugu) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.).

Hieroglyph: anket: śr̥ṅkhala m.n. ʻ chain ʼ MārkP., °lā -- f. VarBr̥S., śr̥ṅkhalaka -- m. ʻ chain ʼ MW., ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ. [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]Pa. saṅkhalā -- , °likā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ; Pk. saṁkala -- m.n., °lā -- , °lī -- , °liā -- , saṁkhalā -- , siṁkh°, siṁkalā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ, siṁkhala -- n. ʻ anklet ʼ;OH. sāṁkaḍa, sīkaḍa m., . sã̄kal, sã̄kar, °krī, saṅkal, °klī, sikal, sīkar, °krī f.; OG. sāṁkalu n., G. sã̄kaḷ, °kḷī f. ʻ chain ʼ, sã̄kḷũ n. ʻ wristlet ʼ; M. sã̄k(h)aḷ, sāk(h)aḷ, sã̄k(h)ḷī f. ʻ chain ʼ, Ko. sāṁkaḷ; Si. säkilla, hä°, ä° (st. °ili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼ.(CDIAL 12580) Rebus: samgaha, samgaha 'catalogue'. Thus, meḍ samgaha 'iron catalogue'.

m0493Bt Pict-93: Three dancing figures in a row. Text 2843 Glyph: Three dancers. Kolmo ‘three’; meḍ ‘to dance’
Rebus: kolami ‘furnace, smithy’; meḍ ‘iron’. Thus, iron smithy.

Sign 44 (this glyph could be compared with the orthography of three dancers in a row; the glyph is a ligature showing a 'dance step' and a rimless pot). Glyphs: meḍ 'dance' (Remo); rebus: meḍ 'iron'; baṭa 'pot'; baṭhi 'furnace'.

Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) Miedź, med' (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'.

One suggestion is that corruptions from the German "Schmied", "Geschmeide" = jewelry. Schmied, a smith (of tin, gold, silver, or other metal)(German) result in med ‘copper’.(Slavic languages)

Santali glosses.

Tepe Yahya. Seal impressions of two sides of a seal. Six-legged lizard and opposing footprints shown on opposing sides of a double-sided steatite stamp seal perforated along the lateral axis. Lamberg- Karlovsky 1971: fig. 2C Shahr-i-Soktha Stamp seal shaped like a foot.

dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) Miedź, med' (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'. Thus, dul mẽṛhẽt, 'cast iron' (Santali)

Glyph: aṭi foot, footprint (Tamil) Rebus: aḍe, aḍa, aḍi the piece of wood on which the five artisans put the article which they happen to operate upon, a support (Kannada)

Hieroglyph: footsole:Tu. aḍi bottom, base; kār aḍi footsole, footstep; aḍi kai palm of the hand. Te. aḍugu foot, footstep, footprint, step, pace, measure of a foot, bottom, basis (DEDR 72) Rebus: khār aḍi 'blacksmith anvil'.

Glyph: araṇe 'lizard' (Tulu) eraṇi f. ʻ anvil ʼ (Gujarati); aheraṇ, ahiraṇ, airaṇ, airṇī, haraṇ f. (Marathi) அரணை Ta. araṇai typical lizard, Lacertidae; smooth streaked lizard, Lacerta interpunctula. Ma. araṇa green house lizard, L. interpunctula. Ka. araṇe, rāṇe, rāṇi greenish kind of lizard which is said to poison by licking, L. interpunctula. Tu. araṇe id. (DEDR 204).

Glyph: bhaṭa ‘six’ (G.) rebus: baṭa = kiln (Santali) baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) [Note: six legs shown on the lizard glyph]

The rebus readings are: khār aḍi 'blacksmith anvil': Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'.khār खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b,l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta 'bellows of blacksmith'. (Kashmiri); kāru ‘artisan’ (Marathi) PLUS aḍi 'anvil' airaṇ 'anvil' (for use in) baṭa 'iron working' or kiln/furnace-work.

The expressions which may relateto khār aḍi 'blacksmith anvil':are:

காரடம் kāraṭam , n. [T. gāraḍamu, K. gāraḍa.] See காரடவித்தை.
காரடவித்தை kāraṭa-vittai , n. < காரடம் +. Juggling, legerdemain; சாலவித்தை.
காரடன் kāraṭaṉ , n. < id. Juggler; சால வித்தைக்காரன்.

காரடையாநோன்பு kāraṭaiyā-nōṉpu, n. < காரடை + ஆம் +. A ceremonial fast observed by women when the sun passes from Aquarius to Pisces, praying for the longevity of their husbands; மாசியும் பங்குனியும் கூடும்நாளில் தம் கணவ ரின் தீர்க்காயுளைக் கருதிக் காரடையை உணவாகக் கொண்டு மகளிர் கைக்கொள்ளும் ஒரு விரதம்.

Is a blacksmith working with an anvil a conjurer? Or, simply a person with knwledgeof snake-poison antidote?

gāruḍika m. ʻ charmer, dealer in antidotes ʼ Siṁhās. [gāruḍa -- ]

S. gāroṛī (g!) m. ʻ snake -- bite charmer ʼ; A. gāruri ʻ incantation for healing snake -- bite &c. ʼ; MB. gāṛurī ʻ snake -- charmer ʼ, Or. gāruṛiā, gāriṛiā, garuṛī; H. G. gāruṛī m. ʻ snake -- charmer, juggler ʼ, M. gāruḍī, °roḍī m.(CDIAL 4139)

An allograph: Ta. karaṭi, karuṭi, keruṭi fencing, school or gymnasium where wrestling and fencing are taught. Ka. garaḍi, garuḍi fencing school. Tu. garaḍi, garoḍi id. Te. gariḍi, gariḍī id., fencing (DEDR 1262) Rebus readings suggest the expansion of the functions of a blacksmith: Rebus 1: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard fromalloy--iron, silver &c. Rebus 2: khara_di_ = turner (G.)

Kalibangan065 Cylinder seal impression. Note the scarf of the person ligatured to a tiger. Hieroglyph: Horns of a markhor: Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)

Hieroglyph: twig on horned headdress: kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.)The bunch of twigs = kūdī, kūṭī(Skt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda(AV 5.19.12) and KauśikaSūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield,American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss anBohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)

Hieroglyph: karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ (Gujarati) Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' kola 'woman' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

Hieroglyph: múkha n. ʻ mouth, face ʼ RV., ʻ entrance ʼ MBh.Pa. mukha -- m.; Aś.shah. man. gir. mukhato, kāl. dh. jau. °te ʻ by word of mouth ʼ; Pk. muha -- n. ʻ mouth, face ʼ, Gy. gr. hung. muy m., boh. muy, span. muí, wel. mūīf., arm. muc̦, pal. mu', mi', pers. mu; Tir. mū ʻ face ʼ; Woṭ. mū m. ʻ face, sight ʼ; Kho. mux ʻ face ʼ; Tor. mū ʻ mouth ʼ, Mai. mũ; K. in cmpds. mu -- ganḍ m. ʻ cheek, upper jaw ʼ, mū -- kāla ʻ having one's face blackened ʼ, rām. mūī˜, pog. mūī, ḍoḍ. mū̃h ʻ mouth ʼ; S. mũhũ m. ʻ face, mouth, opening ʼ; L. mũh m. ʻ face ʼ, awāṇ. mū̃ with descending tone, mult. mũhã m. ʻ head of a canal ʼ; P. mū̃h m. ʻ face, mouth ʼ, mū̃hã̄ m. ʻ head of a canal ʼ; WPah.śeu. mùtilde; ʻ mouth, ʼ cur. mū̃h; A. muh ʻ face ʼ, in cmpds. -- muwā ʻ facing ʼ; B. mu ʻ face ʼ; Or. muhã ʻ face, mouth, head, person ʼ; Bi. mũh ʻ opening or hole (in a stove for stoking, in a handmill for filling, in a grainstore for withdrawing) ʼ; Mth. Bhoj. mũh ʻ mouth, face ʼ, Aw.lakh. muh, H. muh, mũh m.; OG. muha, G. mɔ̃h n. ʻ mouth ʼ, Si. muya, muva. -- Ext. -- l<-> or -- ll -- : Pk. muhala -- , muhulla -- n. ʻ mouth, face ʼ; S. muhuro m. ʻ face ʼ (or < mukhará -- ); Ku. do -- maulo ʻ confluence of two streams ʼ; Si. muhul, muhuna, mūṇa ʻ face ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 179.; -- -- ḍ -- : S. muhaṛo m. ʻ front, van ʼ; Bi. (Shahabad) mohṛā ʻ feeding channel of handmill ʼ. -- Forms poss. with expressive -- kkh -- : seemúkhya -- . -- X gōcchā -- s.v. *mucchā -- .mukhará -- , múkhya -- , maukhya -- ; *mukhakāṣṭha -- , *mukhaghāṭā -- , mukhacandra -- , *mukhajāla -- , *mukhanātha -- , mukhatuṇḍaka -- , *mukhatuttikā -- , *mukhadhara -- , mukhaśuddhi -- , *mukhahāra -- , mukhāgra -- , *mukhāñcala -- , *mukhānta -- , *mukhāyana -- ; amukhá -- , abhimukhá -- , āmukha -- , unmukha -- , *nirmukha -- ; adhōmukha -- , ūrdhvamukha -- , kālamukha -- , gṓmukha -- , caturmukha -- , *paścamukha -- , valīmukha -- , śilīmukha -- , saṁmukhá -- , *sāṁmukha -- , sumukha -- .Addenda: múkha -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) mū̃ (with high level tone) m. (obl. -- a) ʻ mouth, face ʼ; OMarw. muhaṛaü ʻ face ʼ.(CDIAL 10158) Ta. muka (-pp-, -nt-), mukar (-v-, -nt-), mō (-pp-, -nt-) to smell; mōppam smell; nose (DEDR 4886) Ta. mukam face, mouth; Ka. moga face, mouth; Go. (G. Ma.) mukam, (M.) mukum id. (Voc. 2861); (A. S. Ko.) mokom id (Voc. 2972). Konḍa mokom id.;Kuwi (Su. P. Isr. F.) mūmbu, (S.) mūmbū, (Mah.) mūkā id. (DEDR 4889) Ko. mu·k nose, funnel of bellows; mu·kn man with long nose; fem. mu·ky. To. mu·k nose (in songs); Koḍ. mu·kï nose. Tu. mūku, mūgu, mūṅku nose, beak; Ta. mūkku nose, nostril, beak, nose-shaped part of anything; Te. mukku nose, beak, end, point, tip. Kol. muŋgaḍ (Kin.) mukk, (SR.) mukku nose (DEDR 5024)

Rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ (Munda) mũh ʻ opening or hole (in a stove for stoking, in a handmill for filling, in a grainstore for withdrawing) ʼ (Bihari)(CDIAL 10158)mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = copper; milakkha (Pali) mu~hu~ = face (S.) Rebus: mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking, in a handmill for filling, in a grainstore for withdrawing)(Bi.)

Hieroglyph: khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus 1: kõdār ’turner’ (Bengali)

Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree (DEDR 2200). Rebus 2: खोट [khōṭa] alloyed ingot (Marathi). koḍ ‘artisan’s workplace’.

Hieroglyph: kut.i, kut.hi, kut.a, kut.ha a tree (Kaus'.); kud.a tree (Pkt.); kur.a_ tree; kar.ek tree, oak (Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228). kut.ha, kut.a (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.) kut.ha_ra, kut.ha, kut.aka = a tree (Samskritam) kut., kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khut. = id.(Or.) kut.amu = a tree (Telugu) Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'.

dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707);

Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral (Pali).

kola 'woman' (Nahali) kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'

kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)(Phonetic determinant of the twig on the horns of the woman ligatured to the tiger'

koDu 'horn' Rebus: koD 'workshop'

kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

tagaraka, tabernae montana 'flower', 'hair fragrance' Rebus: tagara 'tin'

Rebus 1: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard fromalloy--iron, silver &c. Rebus 2: khara_di_ = turner (G.)

karuvu n. Melting: what is melted (Te.)कारु [ kāru ] m (S) An artificer or artisan. 2 A common term for the twelve बलुतेदार q. v. Also कारुनारु m pl q. v. in नारुकारु. (Marathi) कारिगर, कारिगार, कारागीर, कारेगार, कारागार [ kārigara, kārigāra, kārāgīra, kārēgāra, kārāgāra ] m ( P) A good workman, a clever artificer or artisan. 2 Affixed as an honorary designation to the names of Barbers, and sometimes of सुतार, गवंडी, & चितारी. 3 Used laxly as adj and in the sense of Effectual, availing, effective of the end. बलुतें [ balutēṃ ] n A share of the corn and garden-produce assigned for the subsistence of the twelve public servants of a village, for whom see below. 2 In some districts. A share of the dues of the hereditary officers of a village, such as पाटील, कुळकरणी &c. बलुतेदार or बलुता [ balutēdāra or balutā ] or त्या m (बलुतें &c.) A public servant of a village entitled to बलुतें. There are twelve distinct from the regular Governmentofficers पाटील, कुळकरणी &c.; viz. सुतार, लोहार, महार, मांग (These four constitute पहिली or थोरली कास or वळ the first division. Of three of them each is entitled to चार पाचुंदे, twenty bundles of Holcus or the thrashed corn, and the महार to आठ पाचुंदे); कुंभार, चाम्हार, परीट, न्हावी constitute दुसरी orमधली कास or वळ, and are entitled, each, to तीन पाचुंदे; भट, मुलाणा, गुरव, कोळी form तिसरी or धाकटी कास or वळ, and have, each, दोन पाचुंदे. Likewise there are twelve अलुते or supernumerary public claimants, viz. तेली, तांबोळी, साळी, माळी, जंगम, कळवांत, डवऱ्या, ठाकर, घडशी, तराळ, सोनार, चौगुला. Of these the allowance of corn is not settled. The learner must be prepared to meet with other enumerations of the बलुतेदार (e. g. पाटील, कुळ- करणी, चौधरी, पोतदार, देशपांड्या, न्हावी, परीट, गुरव, सुतार, कुंभार, वेसकर, जोशी; also सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, कुंभार as constituting the first-class and claiming the largest division of बलुतें; next न्हावी, परीट, कोळी, गुरव as constituting the middle class and claiming a subdivision of बलुतें; lastly, भट, मुलाणा, सोनार, मांग; and, in the Konkan̤, yet another list); and with other accounts of the assignments of corn; for this and many similar matters, originally determined diversely, have undergone the usual influence of time, place, and ignorance. Of the बलुतेदार in the Indápúr pergunnah the list and description stands thus:--First class, सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, महार; Second, परीट, कुंभार, न्हावी, मांग; Third, सोनार, मुलाणा, गुरव, जोशी, कोळी, रामोशी; in all fourteen, but in no one village are the whole fourteen to be found or traced. In the Panḍharpúr districts the order is:--पहिली or थोरली वळ (1^st class); महार, सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, दुसरी or मधली वळ(2^nd class); परीट, कुंभार, न्हावी, मांग, तिसरी or धाकटी वळ (3^rd class); कुळकरणी, जोशी, गुरव, पोतदार; twelve बलुते and of अलुते there are eighteen. According to Grant Duff, the बलतेदार are सुतार, लोहार, चाम्हार, मांग, कुंभार, न्हावी, परीट, गुरव, जोशी, भाट, मुलाणा; and the अलुते are सोनार, जंगम, शिंपी, कोळी, तराळ or वेसकर, माळी, डवऱ्यागोसावी, घडशी, रामोशी, तेली, तांबोळी, गोंधळी. In many villages of Northern Dakhan̤ the महार receives the बलुतें of the first, second, and third classes; and, consequently, besides the महार, there are but nine बलुतेदार. The following are the only अलुतेदार or नारू now to be found;--सोनार, मांग, शिंपी, भट गोंधळी, कोर- गू, कोतवाल, तराळ, but of the अलुतेदार & बलुते- दार there is much confused intermixture, the अलुतेदार of one district being the बलुतेदार of another, and vice lls. (The word कास used above, in पहिली कास, मध्यम कास, तिसरी कास requires explanation. It means Udder; and, as the बलुतेदार are, in the phraseology of endearment or fondling, termed वासरें (calves), their allotments or divisions are figured by successive bodies of calves drawing at the कास or under of the गांव under the figure of a गाय or cow.) (Marathi)kruciji ‘smith’ (Old Church Slavic)

Dance-step of a male dancer shown on a sculpture of Harappa. I suggest that this is an early representation of Mahes'vara as the cosmic dancer. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/11/identity-ca-3500-bce-of-bharatam-janam.html

What is shown as a hypertext on a Bhirrana potsherd is also shown on a Mohenjo-daro bronze figurine of a dancer's dance-step. The gloss is meḍ 'dance' (Remo); మెట్టు [meṭṭu] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అడుగుపెట్టు (Telugu) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.). It is notable that Bhirrana on the banks of River Sarasvati was an archaeological settlement with continuous settlement from ca. 7th millennium BCE.

Why is a 'dancing girl' glyph shown on a potsherd discovered at Bhirrana? Because, dance-step is a hieroglyph written as hypertext cipher.

Dance step of Gaṇeśa shown on a sculptural friezed of Candi Sukuh:

Dansende Ganesha & geboorte van de walvis

Forge scene stele. Forging of a keris or kris (the iconic Javanese dagger) and other weapons. The blade of the keris represents the khaṇḍa,'sword' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'. Fire is a purifier, so the blade being forged is also symbolic of the purification process central theme of the consecration of gangga sudhi specified in the inscription on the 1.82 m. tall, 5 ft. dia. lingga hieroglyph, the deity of Candi Sukuh.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/01/sekkizhar-periya-puranam-candi-sukuh.html

The readings of hypertexts on Kalibangan potsherd and on Candi Sukuh sculptural frieze are: meḍ 'dance', 'dance-step' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) Miedź, med' (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'.

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Footstep in Indus Script hypertext cipher, on Varāha pratimā signifies meḍ 'foot' meḍ 'iron', paṭṭaḍa फड phaḍa, 'manufactory'

March 22, 2018, 12:32 am

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See: Footsole or dance-step is an Indus Script hypertext, signifies 'iron work'. “The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art.” -- Leonardo da Vinci https://tinyurl.com/yb8md9uq

A footstep Indus Script hypertext was read as a Meluhha expression, a catalogue of metalwork.:

Foot with anklet; copper alloy. Mohenjo-daro (After Fig. 5.11 in Agrawal. D.P. 2000. Ancient Metal Technology & Archaeology of South Asia. Delhi: Aryan Books International.)

Hieroglyph: step: meḍ 'to dance' (F.)[reduplicated from me-]; me id. (M.) in Remo (Munda)(Source: D. Stampe's Munda etyma) meṭṭu to tread, trample, crush under foot, tread or place the foot upon (Te.); meṭṭu step (Ga.); mettunga steps (Ga.). maḍye to trample, tread (Malt.)(DEDR 5057) మెట్టు (p. 1027) [ meṭṭu ] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అడుగుపెట్టు, నడుచు, త్రొక్కు. "మెల్లమెల్లనమెట్టుచుదొలగిఅల్లనల్లనతలుపులండకుజేరి." BD iv. 1523. To tread on, to trample on. To kick, to thrust with the foot.మెట్టిక meṭṭika. n. A step , మెట్టు, సోపానము (Telugu)

Hieroglyph: step, foot: The gloss is meḍ'dance' (Remo); meḍ'step' (Santali) మెట్టు [meṭṭu] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అడుగుపెట్టు (Telugu) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.).

sã̄kal, sã̄kar, °krī, saṅkal, °klī, sikal, sīkar, °krī f.; OG. sāṁkalu n.,siṁkhala -n. ʻ ankletʼ;OH. sāṁkaḍa,

sīkaḍa m., Rebus: samgaha, samgaha 'catalogue'. Thus, meḍ samgaha 'iron catalogue'.

In a remarkable continuum of Indus Script hypertext cipher, a monolithic Varāha pratimā signified as a yajñapuruṣa also has almost identical hypertext of 'footstepwith anklet' with two footsteps shown in front of the boar's front legs, and next to the cobra that is shown winding through the legs. Varāha pratimā signifies Sarasvati on the snout and all divinities of the Veda on the body -- as a yajñapuruṣa, personification of the Veda knowledge, enquiry system.

Clearly, the two footsteps are unique representations of hieroglyphs, sacred parts of the pratimā distinctly signified.

What do the two footsteps signify?

I suggest the rebusMeluhha readings of hypertext: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS meḍ 'step' (Santali) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.). Thus, the pair of stesp signify: dul mẽṛhẽt, dul meḍ 'cast iron'.

Santali glosses.

The winding cobra is: phaṭā फटा (Samskrtam), phaḍā फडा (Marathi), paṭam (Tamil. Malayalam), paḍaga (Telugu) (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild'. Rebus: పట్టడ paṭṭaḍa paṭṭaḍu. [Tel.] n. A smithy, a shop.

Hieroglyph: boar: baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; baḍhia, বরাহ barāha'boar' rebus: baḍhi 'a caste who work both in iron and wood' baṛae = blacksmith (Ash.) baḍhi, bāṛaï'carpenter', vāḍhī, bari, barea'merchant' పట్టడ paṭṭaḍa paṭṭaḍu. [Tel.] n. A smithy, a shop. కుమ్మరి వడ్లంగి మొదలగువారు పనిచేయు చోటు. వడ్రంగి, వడ్లంగి, వడ్లవాడు (p. 1126) vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu or వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. వడ్రంగము, వడ్లపని, వడ్రము or వడ్లంగితనము vaḍrangamu. n. The trade of a carpenter. వడ్లవానివృత్తి. వడ్రంగిపని. వడ్రంగిపిట్ట or వడ్లంగిపిట్ట vaḍrangi-piṭṭa. n. A woodpecker. దార్వాఘాటము. వడ్లకంకణము vaḍla-kankaṇamu. n. A curlew. ఉల్లంకులలో భేదము. వడ్లత or వడ్లది vaḍlata. n. A woman of the carpenter caste. Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop. Cf. 86 Ta. aṭai. (DEDR 38650) There is also a pun on the word aṭai., aṭi. 'anvil' in a smithy.

Thus, Varāha pratimā of Khajuraho signifies a worker, merchant dealing in carpentry and iron work and working in a smithy, forge, shop.

Hieroglyph: फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c.फडी phaḍī f (Dim. of फडा) The expanded hood of Coluber Nága &c paṭṭaḍa फड phaḍa

A variant pronunciation of paṭṭaḍa workshop is the semantics relatedto public place, factory,manufactory: Rebus: फड phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room: also, in an ill-sense, as खेळण्या- चा फड A gambling-house, नाचण्याचा फड A nachhouse, गाण्याचा or ख्यालीखुशालीचा फड A singingshop or merriment shop. The word expresses freely Gymnasium or arena, circus, club-room, debating-room, house or room or stand for idlers, newsmongers, gossips, scamps &c. 2 The spot to which field-produce is brought, that the crop may be ascertained and the tax fixed; the depot at which the Government-revenue in kind is delivered; a place in general where goods in quantity are exposed for inspection or sale. 3 Any office or place of extensive business or work,--as a factory, manufactory, arsenal, dock-yard, printing-office &c. 4 A plantation or field (as of ऊस, वांग्या, मिरच्या, खरबुजे &c.): also a standing crop of such produce. 5 fig. Full and vigorous operation or proceeding, the going on with high animation and bustle (of business in general). v चाल, पड, घाल, मांड. 6 A company, a troop, a band or set (as of actors, showmen, dancers &c.) 7 The stand of a great gun. फड पडणें g. of s. To be in full and active operation. 2 To come under brisk discussion. फड मारणें- राखणें-संभाळणें To save appearances, फड मारणें or संपादणें To cut a dash; to make a display (upon an occasion). फडाच्या मापानें With full tale; in flowing measure. फडास येणें To come before the public; to come under general discussion.

Hieroglyph: फड (p. 313) phaḍa m (Commonly फडा) An end or a fragment of a branch of the Date-tree: also a leaf or spike of it. फडा (p. 313) f m A common term for the joints of Flat-jointed prickly pear. A root (as of ginger or turmeric) which separates into cloves, a race or sprig. 4 m An end or a fragment of a branch of the Date-tree: also a spike or pinnate leaf of it.

फडकरी (p. 313) phaḍakarī m A man belonging to a company or band (of players, showmen &c.) 2 A superintendent or master of a फड or public place. See under फड. 3 A retail-dealer (esp. in grain).
फडच्या or छ्या (p. 313) phaḍacyā or chyā m Commonly फडशा. फडशा phaḍaśā m ( H) Clearance, settlement, liquidated state (of a debt): settled, performed, or executed state (of an affair or a business): consumption, exhaustion, consumed state (of articles of provision). कर, हो.
फडझडती (p. 313) phaḍajhaḍatī f sometimes फडझाडणी f A clearing off of public business (of any business comprehended under the word फड q. v.): also clearing examination of any फड or place of public business. 2 fig. Scolding vehemently; paying off. v काढ, घे g. of o. 3 Search of or inquiry at the several फड q.v.; taking the accounts of the several फड (as to arrivals of goods, sales, rates &c.) 4 Altercation or dispute of two फड or companies of तमाशेगीर (showmen or sportmen). 5 Freely. Examining or sifting rigorously.
फडणिशी or सी (p. 313) phaḍaṇiśī or sī & फडणीस Preferably फडनिशी or सी & फडनीस. फडनिविशी or सी (p. 313) phaḍaniviśī or sī & फडनिवीस Commonly फड- निशी & फडनीस. फडनिशी or सी (p. 313) phaḍaniśī or sī f The office or business of फडनीस. फडनीस (p. 313) phaḍanīsa m ( H) A public officer,--the keeper of the registers &c. By him were issued all grants, commissions, and orders; and to him were rendered all accounts from the other departments. He answers to Deputy auditor and accountant. Formerly the head Kárkún of a district-cutcherry who had charge of the accounts &c. was called फडनीस.
फडपूस phaḍapūsa f (फड & पुसणें) Public or open inquiry.

↧

Sign 280 The hypertext of Sign 280 is composed of Sign 267, notch and lid of pot. Sign 280 The hypertext of Sign 280 is composed of Sign 267, notch and lid of pot. The reading is: kancu ʼmũh dhakka khāṇḍa 'bell-metal ingot, bright,blazing metal tools, pots and pans and metalware'.

Circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'.

Sign 281 The hypertext is Sig 280 PLUS circumscript 'four short vertical strokes'. The reading is: kaṇḍa kancu ʼmũh dhakka khāṇḍa 'fire-altar (for) bell-metal ingot, bright,blazing metal tools, pots and pans and metalware'.

Sign 284Variants of Sign 284

Circumscript: four short strokes: gaṇḍā 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. Sign 285 is a composite of hieroglyphs: Sign 267 four corners, four short linear strokes as circumscript. kaṇḍa kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'bell-metal ingot, implements (from) fire-altar'.

Sign 286Variants of Sign 286

kaṇḍa āra eraka kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'fire-altar (for) brass, moltencast copper, bell-metal ingot, implements.'

Snapshot

Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf.

Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving.

खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal (Marathi).

Abstract

References

Index Terms

Keywords

See: 1. Meluhha hieroglyph kaṁḍa ʻbackbone' rebus:'implements' and cargo on m1429 a Mohenjodaro boat http://tinyurl.com/mq5dh39

See: Clustering Indus Texts using K-means - Nisha Yadav et al (IJCA, March 2017)

See: Clustering Indus Texts using K-means - Nisha Yadav et al (IJCA, March 2017)

Cluster 13 Frog cluster, ingot classifier

Cluster 22 dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ, dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters' cluster, Iron, steel product cluster m0304 Seal impression and other field symbol components

Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.)

meḍ 'to dance' (F.)[reduplicated from me-]; me id. (M.) in Remo (Munda)(Source: D. Stampe's Munda etyma) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.)

See: Octopus veṛhā, unicorn (young aurochs kondh), Indus Script hypertexts are professional calling cards of jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guards in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ https://tinyurl.com/y9

The hypertext of the plaque signifies a smelter working on magnetite ferrite ore and sangatarāśū 'stone cutter'.

1. dāmaṛī ʻheifer', 2. pōḷa vatsatará 'zebu calf' Rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron smelter'; 2. pōḷa ‘magnetite ore, ferrite ore’ PLUS śrivatsa ‘wealth’ -- that is, wealth derived by a smelter from working on magnetite ferrite ore

Rebus readings of the hieroglyphs signified on the plaque are:

pōḷā 'zebu' rebus: pōḷa ‘magnetite ore, ferrite ore’

Ivory inscription 18

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter). dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'.

Sitting bull Louvre AO7021.jpg Black marble (formerly inlaid), found in Warka (ancient city of Uruk), Djemdet-Nasr period (ca. 3000 BCE)

https://tinyurl.com/ycfaahgv

Indus Script hypertext evidence from Gonur Tepe, Tell Abraq, Mohenjo-daro include the following; both relate to documented accounting ledgers of Tin-Bronze Age metalwork:

1.Hieroglyph of tabernae montana on an ivory comb, on a bronze axe

2.Hieroglyph of dotted circles on ivory combs and on ivory artifacts

It is clear from the evidence that there was diffusion of metallurgical technologies between Meluhha artisans and Ancient Near East artisans.

The hypertexts signify:

tabar = a broad axe (Punjabi). Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ tagara ‘tabernae montana’, ‘tulip’. Rebus: tagara ‘tin’.

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter).

dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'. Eight dotted circles evoke the Veda tradition of aṣṭāśri Yupa, eight-angled pillar to proclaim the sacred prayers.

See:

Diffusion of Metallurgy: Meluhha and western Afghanistan sources of tin

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter). dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'.

See:
1. Meluhha hieroglyph kaṁḍa ʻbackbone' rebus:'implements' and cargo on m1429 a Mohenjodaro boat http://tinyurl.com/mq5dh39

**Cluster 22 dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ, dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters' cluster, Iron, steel product cluster** m0304 Seal impression and other field symbol components