Sabarmati River Front, Pride of Bhārata Rāṣṭram. Kudos to NaMo

December 11, 2017, 6:54 pm

≫ Next: China may be using a secret tunnel to divert Brahmaputra water into desert -- Col.Vinayak Bhat

≪ Previous: Rama Setu, an ancient bridge built by Architect Nala

Connecting Sabarmati river to Ambaji Mandiram. Kudos to NaMo

Reconnecting Ahmedabad to its river. Kudos to NaMo.

Night View Riverfront. Gujarati Gaurav Divas, May 11, 2017

River Promenade, an uninterrupted walkway along the river

River Promenade, lower level

View between Swami Vivekanand and Nehru Bridge

Riverfront park

Boating on the river, all the year round

Flower Garden Day view. Flowershow inauguration Jan. 11, 2017

View from Dadhici Rṣi Bridge

Gandhi āśram Night view

http://www.sabarmatiriverfront.com/

Reconnecting Sabarmati river to Ambaji temple

Shakti Tirth : Mata Temple Tirth

http://www.ambajitemple.in/

Top Ahmedabad civic and police officials and authorities of Airports Authority of India supervising trial run of sea plane's possible landing at Sabarmati Riverfront of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. @IndianExpress

twitter.com/i/web/status/940199470653882369 …

0:30

312 views

2:39 AM - 11 Dec 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ckq4yo2CZUI Watch: Narendra Modi's plan to start sea plane service in India

↧

China may be using a secret tunnel to divert Brahmaputra water into desert -- Col.Vinayak Bhat

December 12, 2017, 10:47 pm

≫ Next: Declaration of Ramasetu as National Monument under AMASRAct, 1958

≪ Previous: Sabarmati River Front, Pride of Bhārata Rāṣṭram. Kudos to NaMo

China may be using a secret tunnel to divert Brahmaputra water into desert

COLONEL VINAYAK BHAT (RETD) 13 December, 2017

Satellite photo of China blocking Brahmaputra river — China blocks Brahmaputra completely | Vinayak Bhat

Latest satellite imagery shows the river Brahmaputra disappearing into a 900 m underground tunnel in China.

In what is perhaps the first evidence of a possible diversion project by China, latest satellite imagery shows a massive new dam on the Brahmaputra river — Yarlong Tsangpo in Tibetan — with an underground tunnel that seems to engulf the entire water flow for almost one kilometre.

The Brahmaputra is sacred to Indians and Tibetans alike and has its origins in the Angsi Glacier in Purang county of Tibet. It has been in the news for water reportedly turning black on the Indian side and in connection with Chinese plans to divert it to the arid lands of the Taklamakan desert.

Although the Indian government has said that there is no evidence of any water diversion project, satellite imagery from 26 November 2017, courtesy US commercial vendor of space imagery DigitalGlobe, indicates a new project in an advanced stage. This report – based on latest satellite images — examines only the actual ground position. Measurements are made on very low resolution images and may not be exact.

NEW PROJECT

The available images show a new 200 m wide dam that seems to have completely blocked the water of the Brahmaputra. The entire river seems to be forced into two inlets of almost 50 m width each towards the west of the river. The water flow comes out after around 900 m downstream in two outlets very similar to the size and shape of the inlets.

The project – currently under construction – is located 60 km east of Shannan township as the crow flies. The location is also almost 40 km east of Sangri county.

What has raised questions about this project is that another project – Tsangmo or Zangmu Dam — has recently been constructed just 13 km downstream. This run of the river dam was made operational in end-2015 and has a capacity of 510 MW power production. Beijing did not pay any attention to India’s objections to the Tsangmo dam.

POSSIBLE DIVERSION PLAN

The construction of another dam 13 km upstream of Tsangmo which diverts the entire water inside the mountain suggests that its purpose may not just be hydropower generation. The purpose of this project is possibly for diverting a portion of the Brahmaputra to the parched areas of Taklamakan desert.

The geography of the area, when studied deeply with the elevation profile, clearly indicates that China may actually be planning to divert the waters of the Brahmaputra approximately 1,100 km northwest of the project site.

The path indicated on the image below shows the possible route of the underground tunnel which does not touch any water body on its way. The height difference at the project site and the point of Taklamakan desert suggest that a clear downslope will be available for the water to flow naturally without any additional constructions for large storage wells in between.

India being downstream of the Brahmaputra has full rights over its waters and any diversion of water from this river could likely hurt Indian agriculture. During any emergency, a sudden release of water from this project can also cause havoc on the Indian side.

BLACK WATERS

Satellite imagery shows that polymer resin adhesives are being sprayed by China all around this project area as a dust suppressant system. The resin adhesives are commonly used for large construction projects but are never used for projects near water, according to some water projects construction engineers, since these polymer resin adhesives are said to be harmful to humans and animals.

The resin sprays have been observed over the last two months. The rough estimate of time for water flow to reach India from this project location is 15 to 20 days. The colour of the Brahmaputra water in Assam acquiring a darker shade, according to reports in the media, could possibly be due to the use of these resin adhesives at this project site.

CONSTRUCTION IN FULL SWING

Satellite images clearly show stone crushers and cement plants at the site. The products of this facility are obviously used inside these tunnels for construction purposes. The material being quarried from inside these tunnels is being piled along the river up to the road level. Most of the stones have been crushed to different sizes and some of it may be pushed into the river along with the water flow.

A large number of tippers and other vehicles are seen carrying material to and from this area. An administrative area is also seen east of the project with a large number of red-roofed houses and barracks, possibly living quarters for staff and may also contain administrative buildings.

https://theprint.in/2017/12/13/first-evidence-of-complete-brahmaputra-by-china/

↧

Declaration of Ramasetu as National Monument under AMASRAct, 1958

December 13, 2017, 5:41 am

≫ Next: BJP President Amit Shah tweets on Manmohan Singh

≪ Previous: China may be using a secret tunnel to divert Brahmaputra water into desert -- Col.Vinayak Bhat

Justification for declaration of Ramasetu as National Monument under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.

↧

BJP President Amit Shah tweets on Manmohan Singh

December 13, 2017, 5:53 am

≫ Next: Science Channel on Ram Setu as man-made structure concurs with Historical Rama -- Jayasree Saranathan

≪ Previous: Declaration of Ramasetu as National Monument under AMASRAct, 1958

‏ @DeshGujarat

BJP president Amit Shah posts series of tweets on Manmohan Singh

↧

Science Channel on Ram Setu as man-made structure concurs with Historical Rama -- Jayasree Saranathan

December 13, 2017, 6:04 am

≫ Next: Gandhi family took all decisions, reduced Manmohan Singh to titular head: BJP

≪ Previous: BJP President Amit Shah tweets on Manmohan Singh

Wednesday, December 13, 2017

Science Channel on Ram Setu as man-made structure concurs with Historical Rama.

A video released by Science Channel on Ram Setu shows scientists saying that the submerged structure linking India and Srilanka is man-made. It consists of series or rocks and boulders sitting on a stretch of sand bed.

https://twitter.com/ScienceChannel/status/940259901166600194

The significant information from this video pertains to the dates of the structures. It says that the boulders and rocks found on top of the sand dunes are 7000 years old while the sand dunes are only 4000 years old! The time period of 7000 years BP is the approximate period of Rama at whose behest this structure was built. But the sand dunes that support them being dated at 4000 years BP puts it at post-Krishna period. This could be possible only if the structure was re-built using the same old boulders when the sea level arose.

Boulders of the Ram Setu seen under water.

According to the geologist Dr Badrinarayanan, two dates of rise in sea level was found in this part of the sea, one, between 7,300 to 5,800 years BP and another between 5,400 to 4,000 years BP. As per the video the bounders correspond to the former date while the sand bed underneath them corresponds to the second and last date of sea level increase. But Dr Badrinarayana finds the occurrence of two sets of corals corresponding to these two levels.

This raises the possibility that the original layer was much below the current one which corresponded to 7000 years BP. For a brief period of 400 years between 5800 – 5400 years BP the sea level came down, exposing the Setu Bridge above the sea level. But once again the sea level rose submerging the structure after 5400 years BP. That was when a fresh attempt could have been made to re-construct the bridge – which was done by raising the height by laying a sand bed and re-laying the same boulders and rocks on top of it. The sacredness of the structure and connection with Rama could have made the re-builders to have retained the same boulders and also re-lay in the same way done originally by the vanaras. Research is needed to ascertain these ideas, but the fact is that research is woefully nil in India in the case of Ram Setu.

What is seen in the picture below as white objects (pic taken from the video released by Science Channel) are in fact the visible regions of the Setu above water – the corresponding regions in Google map is shown below this picture.

Till the 14^th century the structure was well above the water level. In the next 6 centuries no attempt was made to restore the bridge perhaps due to changing or deteriorating political scenes in the ensuing period. Today, in these times of stable nationhood, we must have by now started rebuilding the structure using the same boulders after the lifting up the foundation.

The formation of stable nation with the arrival of Independence did nothing to secure the site back to its glory. In the previous UPA government, the focus was denying the Ram Setu as man-made and historical. It is unfortunate the same trend is continuing even now. Nothing much had happened in India in terms of research in this site. It needs a foreign channel to tell the world that Ram Setu is manmade while it is precisely the same we have known for ages. So what are we going to do now – the Government, the research agencies of India and the people?

In the case of people, I wish to clarify two objections or doubts that we often hear on this subject. They are given below.

(1) The time period of Ramayana: Rama belonged to Treta Yuga and the general opinion among the people is that Treta Yuga occurred 17 lakh (1.7 Million) years ago. There also exists a claim by NASA that Setu is 1.75 million years old. However there is no confirmation by NASA that it is man-made. There are many Indians who ascribe to this view as a proof of Rama’s times at 17 lakh years before present.

This is not logical as 17 lakh years ago was the time period when man was just beginning to walk upright. The geological conditions of that period also could not be the same as it is now. In this back-drop it is self-defeating to claim historicity of Rama linked to such an early period.

This issue can be approached from two angles (1) the veracity of NASA image and (2)understanding the true purport of the time period of Rama.

Taking up the first, the NASA image is true as there exists a natural shoal between India and Srilanka. This shoal is actually formed by underwater volcanic material. This has been confirmed in the studies by geologists. From the events of Ramayana we know that a hill called Mainaka existed exactly in the region of the shoal which grew up above the water when Hanuman crossed the sea. Such growth can be linked to a volcanic activity or magma bubbling up.

Earlier to Rama’s times, the sons of Sagara (Rama’s ancestor) were reduced to ashes while digging at this region. (read my article here). Such a description invariably supports the eruption of magma or heat that led to a calamity to them digging up the shoal here. Studies in this region do support such eventualities as heat flow signatures were found supported by hot water springs while drilling. Thus there can no two opinions on the presence of a natural bed formed of the material of the mantle in this region for ages. What NASA had noted in the satellite picture was the exact region of sea bed where magma got piled up (like a suture) Dating of the bed might give us clues on when such eruptions or volcanism first started.

This confirms an opinion that the island of Lanka was an extension of India and not one that got separated by geological activity as held by some. The very name “Ilangai”(Lanka) in Tamil refers to a raised bund in the midst of water or surrounded by water. Srirangam is an Ilangai by this definition. The ‘Maavilangai’ mentioned in one of Tamil Sangam texts refers not to Lanka as some people think, but to a raised land in the course of a river.

(Bingala Nikantu, Ch 4:104)

The natural bund between India and Srilanka served as an extension of habitation in this part for thousands of years. There is even proof of growth of wild rice since Ice Age in this part, signalling presence of habitation here.

(Fuller et al: 2010)

In the above picture, the connecting region between India and Srilanka is marked with ‘P’. It refers to growth of wild rice since 20,000 years before present. This can be taken as a proof of habitation in this part of India at that date. One can see that the linkage between the two countries was very wide. In the picture below one can see the light shaded regions around India and Srilanka (yellow-line border done by me). The land was extended till then when the sea level was low. As per the above figure, there is evidence of growth of wild rice in this extended region.

With such a naturally present land connection for a wider extent, Srilanka of those times existed as an extension of India much like the Kathiawar peninsula.

So there never existed a need to build a bridge in this part. Such a need could arise only when sea water completely inundated this connecting land. The inundation maps produced by Graham Hancock throw better hints on this issue. A comparison of them for different time periods is given below to pin point the date when the need arose to link the two countries by human efforts. The availability of maps start from 21,300 years BP.

Until 8900 BP, the land connection was there naturally, helping in the movement of people. But things changed after this period as sea level rose above the connecting land by 7700 BP. The below-maps show this.

By 7700 BP sea water passed through the connecting land. By 6900 BP the connecting land was completely under sea water.

So any construction of a bridge could have happened only before 7000 years. The naturally occurring base is already there. What people had to do was to raise structures on the base for a few meters. This was what Rama’s Vanara sena had done!

This date tallies with the date of boulders (7000 years) mentioned in the Video released by Science Channel.

This date also tallies with Pushkar Bhatnagar's date of Rama (5114 BCE).

------------------------------------------------------------

Gandhi family took all decisions, reduced Manmohan Singh to titular head: BJP

December 13, 2017, 6:34 am

≫ Next: Ramasetu: SC order of 14 September 2007 stay order on Setusamudram Project dredging

≪ Previous: Science Channel on Ram Setu as man-made structure concurs with Historical Rama -- Jayasree Saranathan

Gandhi family took all decisions, reduced Manmohan Singh to titular head: BJP

TIMESOFINDIA.COM | Updated: Dec 13, 2017, 19:52 IST

NEW DELHI: The BJP on Wednesday used a series of email exchanges to accuse the Gandhi family of interfering in the work of the previous UPA government and reducing then-Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to "just a titular head."

"We have accessed email in which Jayanti Natarajan when UPA minister was even willing to go home to meet personal secretary of Rahul Gandhi. This was how people not a part of government interfered in governance during UPA," said Union minister Piyush Goyal at a press conference.

"Email exchanges between Rahul Gandhi and Jayanthi Natarajan show that all decisions were directly taken by the family and PM Manmohan Singh was just a titular head," he charged.

Goyal brandished a series of emails that he said showed how "projects were stalled and environment ministry was used" in the UPA government.

He said that the emails showed that Rahul had instructed Natarajan to not give environmental clearance to the Nirma project in Gujarat.

"Rahul Gandhi opposed Nirma and instructed Jayanthi Natarajan to not give environmental clearance. He was willing to kill jobs in Gujarat to undermine, to hurt the developmental agenda of Narendra Modi," he said.

The BJP also accused him of giving then-environment minister "guidance" and instructions on the Lavasa issue.

↧

Ramasetu: SC order of 14 September 2007 stay order on Setusamudram Project dredging

December 13, 2017, 4:36 pm

≫ Next: Time to declare Ram Setu as national monument: Kalyanaraman

≪ Previous: Gandhi family took all decisions, reduced Manmohan Singh to titular head: BJP

Are the Ancient Hindu myths of a land bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka true?

Video source https://twitter.com/ScienceChannel/status/940259901166600194?s=17
Are the ancient Hindu myths of a land bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka true? Scientific analysis suggests they are.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=125&v=u-F7rwCf3tk

Are the Ancient Hindu myths of a land bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka true?

Published on Dec 11, 2017...

Are the ancient Hindu myths of a land bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka true? Scientific analysis suggests they are.

↧

Time to declare Ram Setu as national monument: Kalyanaraman

December 14, 2017, 3:24 pm

≫ Next: Language of the Snakes Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India -- Andrew Ollett

≪ Previous: Ramasetu: SC order of 14 September 2007 stay order on Setusamudram Project dredging

Time to declare Ram Setu as national monument: Kalyanaraman

DECCAN CHRONICLE.

Dec 15, 2017, 1:25 am IST

US science channel has reaffirmed that Ram Setu is man-made, the Centre should brook no further delay and declare it as National Monument”.

“Declaring Ram Setu as National Monument would prevent future attempts to destroy the monument''.

Chennai: “The American science channel has stated what we have been saying all these years; in fact, it has only reiterated what our scriptures, what Ramayana, had said ages ago. Now that the US science channel has reaffirmed that Ram Setu is man-made, the Centre should brook no further delay and declare it as National Monument”.

That was Dr S. Kalyanaraman, the president of the Rameswaram Ram Sethu Protection Movement, one of the petitioners before the Supreme Court praying for halt of the Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project (SSCP). The Apex Court had on September 14 in 2007 stayed the project and the stay is still operational.

“Declaring Ram Setu as National Monument would prevent future attempts to destroy the monument. This is the significance of this Discovery Channel report now”, said Dr Kalyanaraman, whose movement had organized one of the biggest rallies ever, at Rohini Park in New Delhi on 31 December 2007, for a public demand for declaration of Ram Setu as a National Monument and heritage site.

“Over 15 lakh people from all over India attended it. There were three podiums of huge height. All the Dharma Sansads were present to bless the event. There was only one call given by that mass of humanity: Protect Ram Setu”, Dr Kalyanaraman said.

He said there had been reluctance on the part of the government to declare Ram Setu as a national monument. “This reluctance is based on the opinion of one ASI official that for declaring something as a national monument under the Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains Act 1958, it must be human intervention and it must be a built heritage. This is not really a correct argument because we have two natural monuments declared as national monuments and also as world heritage sites-Brahma Sarovar in Kurukshetra (a large lake) and Majuli Island in the Brahmaputra River in Assam (1457 sq km river island, one of the largest river islands in the world). But now even assuming that it requires human intervention as a built heritage, this Discovery Channel report takes away that ASI excuse”, he said.

“Eminent geologists Badri Narayanan and K. Gopalakrishnan (he had made the huge minerals map of India, 6ftx6ft map) had proved by doing bathymetric study (studying the depth of sea at different locations) for the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai, way back in 2007 what this Discovery Channel report is now saying”, he said, adding that there were also revenue records in south Tamil Nadu that showed villages existed on the Ram Setu and people used it as a causeway between India and Sri Lanka.

“All these archeological studies, geological researches and scientific findings are all secondary to the foundational evidence of this being the collective memory of the people, the faith, the Shraddha, of the people and treating a visit to Ram Sethu as pilgrimage”, said Dr Kalyanaraman.

https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151217/time-to-declare-ram-setu-as-national-monument-kalyanaraman.html

↧

Language of the Snakes Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India -- Andrew Ollett

December 14, 2017, 3:37 pm

≫ Next: SC order 'shatters' TN children's JNV dreams -- Kumar Chellappan

≪ Previous: Time to declare Ram Setu as national monument: Kalyanaraman

Language of the Snakes traces the history of the Prakrit language as a literary phenomenon, starting from its cultivation in courts of the Deccan in the first centuries of the common era. Although little studied today, Prakrit was an important vector of the kāvyamovement and once joined Sanskrit at the apex of classical Indian literary culture. The opposition between Prakrit and Sanskrit was at the center of an enduring “language order” in India, a set of ways of thinking about, naming, classifying, representing, and ultimately using languages. As a language of classical literature that nevertheless retained its associations with more demotic language practices, Prakrit both embodies major cultural tensions—between high and low, transregional and regional, cosmopolitan and vernacular—and provides a unique perspective onto the history of literature and culture in South Asia.

“Andrew Ollett’s book is one of those scholarly breakthroughs that happen, with luck, once or twice in a generation. It reveals the richness of Prakrit language and literary modes with a precision and depth of insight never seen before.” DAVID SHULMAN, Professor Emeritus, Hebrew University

“Ollett offers a brilliant, original, and thoroughly engaging investigation of the complex language order of premodern India. Bringing to the fore the less-studied role of the literary Prakrits, his work makes a major contribution to our understanding of the history of language and literature in early India and beyond.” R. P. GOLDMAN, Catherine and William L. Magistretti Distinguished Professor in Sanskrit and India Studies, University of California, Berkeley

ANDREW OLLETT works on the literary and intellectual traditions of premodern India.

Language of the Snakes

Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India

Andrew Ollett

https://www.luminosoa.org/site/books/10.1525/luminos.37/
Ollett, A. 2017. Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India. California: University of California Press. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.37

https://www.scribd.com/document/367209748/language-of-the-snakes-prakrit-sanskrit-and-the-language-order-of-pemodern-india-andrew-ollett-2017

Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Pemodern India -- Andrew Ollett (2017)... by Srini Kalyanaraman on Scribd

↧

SC order 'shatters' TN children's JNV dreams -- Kumar Chellappan

December 14, 2017, 6:01 pm

≫ Next: Fault-line of language studies, snake as a lowly creature. Why anthropology is too narrow an intellectual context for archaeology -- Michael E Smith

≪ Previous: Language of the Snakes Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India -- Andrew Ollett

SC ORDER ‘SHATTERS’ TN CHILDREN'S JNV DREAMS

Friday, 15 December 2017 | Kumar Chellappan | CHENNAI

Monday’s Supreme Court order staying the directive issued by Madras High Court to the Tamil Nadu Government to set up Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas has shocked the entire population of the State barring the Dravidian political parties.

The Madras High Court had ordered that the decision of the Tamil Nadu Government not to allow the opening of JNVs in the State was a violation of the fundamental right of the people. The AIADMK Government led by Chief Minister Edappadi Palaniswamy decided to move the Supreme Court against the Madras High Court directive because it wanted to neutralise the political advantage which would have gone to the DMK and other Tamil chauvinist parties if the Government left the directive without challenging it, according to a political commentator, who himself was surprised over the move.

On September 11, the Madras High Court had asked the Tamil Nadu Government to immediately take steps to set up JNVs in all districts and provide temporary sites and buildings to accommodate 240 children in each district. Tamil Nadu is the only State in the country which has not allowed the setting up of the centrally funded and sponsored JNV, an education system which offers public school ambience to the rural poor in the country.

The argument by the Tamil Nadu Government was that the education policy of the State envisages a two-language formula while the JNV follows the three language pattern, viz, English, Hindi and the regional language. The contention of the Tamil Nadu Government was that the Madras High Court order was an encroachment into the State policy.

“The stance of the Tamil Nadu Government is ridiculous. The Dravidian Governments are denying the fundamental rights of the children to get quality education at no cost. What is wrong in me getting a chance to study Hindi as an additional language?” said M Ravinson, a lawyer and president of Kumari Maha Sabha, the organisation which approached the Madras High Court with a plea to direct the Tamil Nadu Government to set up Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in the State. “The State Government has failed miserably in making quality education available to the underprivileged sections. The JNVs offer free public school education to the rural population and it should be launched in the State at the earliest. The standard of education offered by the Government schools in Tamil Nadu is poor,” said B N Alexander, an office bearer of KMS.

Dr S Kalyanaraman, director, Saraswathi Research Centre, Chennai, said the Dravidian parties have an ulterior motive in keeping JNV off the State. “Their children and grand children are all studying Hindi and Sanskrit while the same privilege is denied to the poor children. The Government also argued in the court that Hindi and Sanskrit were not welcome in Tamil Nadu,” said Dr Kalyanaraman.

Ravinson pointed out that the Tamil Andu Government’s argument that there was no three-language formula in school education in Tamil Nadu was wrong. “The State has many Kendriya Vidyalayas whioch follow three-language formula. The stay by the apex court is a set back for us but we will continue our fight for JNVs in the State,” said Ravinson.
http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/sc-order-shatters-tn-childrens-jnv-dreams.html

↧

Fault-line of language studies, snake as a lowly creature. Why anthropology is too narrow an intellectual context for archaeology -- Michael E Smith

December 18, 2017, 11:23 pm

≫ Next: Formation and evolution of languages of pre-modern Bhāratam

≪ Previous: SC order 'shatters' TN children's JNV dreams -- Kumar Chellappan

A provocative enquiry into the nature of social change. Just as Nay Science has introduced the concept of historicism into studying cultures of texts such as the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa, there has been a failure on the part of archaeologists to study the history of languages in the sites they dig into.Michael E Smith rightly focusses on the failures of truncated disciplines such as anthropology or ethnic studies without providing for an inter-disciplinary knowledge system to study a society in a cultural continuum.Such failures are exemplified in the failure of Bhāratīya scholars come up with a history of the formation and evoution of languages in Bhāratam. Sporadic attempts such as the Formation of Marathi Language (Jules Bloch), Formation of Bengali language (SK Chatterjee) are not adequate. A conscious effort is needed to study the evolution of languages as fault-lines in the unity and unified cultural framework of the Hindu Rāṣṭram. Such faultlines are taken advantage of by NayScience pundits like Sheldon Pollock and the recent book by his disciplie titled: Language of the Snakes (2017). In this title, snakes refer to lowly creatures while the book seems to narrate the language history of premodern Bhāratam. This title fails to realise that snakes adorn the neck of Rudra-Rāṣṭra Śiva and that Ananta is a snake that circles the world and adorns Viṣṇu as Anantaśayana. Whoever called the snake a lowly creature?KalyanaramanSunday, May 15, 2011

Why Anthropology is too Narrow an Intellectual Context for Archaeology*

In the past few years I have found two new homes for my work as an archaeologist. Institutionally, I am no longer part of a Department of Anthropology, but rather a faculty member in the new “School of Human Evolution and Social Change” at Arizona State University. Intellectually, I was born and raised in anthropological archaeology, but now consider the amorphous field of comparative and historical social science as more congenial to my research. I still teach courses called anthropology, and I participate in anthropology degree programs. Some of my best friends are anthropologists. But intellectually I have found less and less in common with the discipline of anthropology, and more and more in common with other disciplines, as my career has proceeded.

Most published accounts of the relationship between archaeology and the larger discipline of anthropology (e.g., Earle 2008; Gillespie and Nichols 2003; Gumerman and Phillips 1978; Longacre 2010) consist of either pronouncements (“archaeology must be part of anthropology” or “archaeology should not be part of anthropology”) or else fantasies about ideal conditions (“archaeologists can work together with ethnologists”). If one starts from the perspective that four-field anthropology is something useful, then it is easy to argue that archaeology should be a part of the mix (Gillespie and Nichols 2003). But if one starts by seeking the most productive intellectual context for archaeology, then an affiliation with anthropology is more difficult to argue for.

I was trained in anthropological archaeology, and I have always considered myself an anthropological archaeologist. I belonged to the Archaeology Division of the AAA from its founding until my recent resignation from the AAA. I was “in the trenches” of four-field anthropology at my prior university, organizing lectures and debates on the topic. But in recent years I have come to believe that Wallerstein’s (2003) critique of the structure of the social science disciplines may apply equally to four-field anthropology. Wallerstein argues that “the social construction of the disciplines as intellectual arenas that was made in the 19th century has outlived its usefulness and is today a major obstacle to serious intellectual work” (Wallerstein 2003:453). One of those commenting on Wallerstein’s paper was sociologist Craig Calhoun, who suggested that, “Surely sociology, political science, and economics are as important for a cultural anthropologist (let alone a social anthropologist) as physical anthropology or archaeology” (Calhoun 2003:462).

My undergraduate interests in anthropology started with archaeology and urbanism. My initial impression was that sociocultural anthropologists took ancient cities seriously (e.g., Steward 1961). Many articles in the journal Urban Anthropology in the 1970s seemed relevant to ancient cities. When I returned to comparative urbanism after a number of years working on other topics, I was surprised to discover that the discipline of urban anthropology seemed to have disappeared. The journal Urban Anthropology is now called Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, and the Society for Urban Anthropology is now the “Society for Urban, National, and Transnational/Global Anthropology.” Cities, for sociocultural anthropologists, may be places to do ethnography, but they are not a topic for analysis or comparison. Most research in urban anthropology today consists of studies of “Globalization in this city” and “Globalization in that city.” This retreat from a broadly conceived urban anthropology came at a time when studies of urbanism were exploding in other disciplines, from geography to sustainability science. Ask scholars in these disciplines about the major problems facing humanity today, and cities will be near the top of the list; yet a book called Anthropology and Contemporary Human Problems (Bodley 2007) does not even mention cities! Urban anthropology has really dropped the ball.

When I moved to Arizona State University in 2005, I was pleasantly surprised to find that transdisciplinary research was emphasized and facilitated. A major reason for the transformation of the Department of Anthropology into the School of Human Evolution and Social Change (also in 2005) was to place anthropology within a broader intellectual context and promote transdisciplinary work. Anthropology remains strong here in terms of degrees, courses, and students, but we now have non-anthropologists as colleagues in our school, and most of us are engaged in research that expands the horizons of anthropology in some way.

I recently joined a transdisciplinary research project on urban life (http://cities.asu.edu/). My training in anthropological archaeology had suggested—wrongly—that disciplines like sociology, political science, or planning are irrelevant for archaeologists. I have been delighted to learn that much of the scholarship is in fact relevant to ancient cities, and many researchers in these areas are interested in ancient cities. Geographers, planners, sociologists, and urban historians want to know what the earliest cities were like, and how they compare to modern cities. When I took urban geographers to task for promoting comparative analysis while limiting their scope to the past two centuries (Smith 2009a), they invited me to participate in a symposium on comparative urbanism. When I mentioned the importance of V. Gordon Childe’s (1950) article, “The Urban Revolution,” to the editors of Town Planning Review, they invited me to submit a paper for their centenary volume (Smith 2009b). I still find myself amazed at this outpouring of interest in archaeological research on ancient cities by all kinds of scholars of urbanism (except sociocultural anthropologists).

I have encountered numerous useful concepts, theories, and ideas about urbanism from these other disciplines, but few from sociocultural anthropology (Smith 2011). My own contributions to comparative urbanism (e.g., Smith 2007, 2010) seem more valued by scholars in these areas. Reading the literature and interacting with urban scholars in non-anthropological disciplines has made me question the intellectual usefulness of my affiliation with sociocultural anthropology. Now, perhaps my situation is unique and other anthropological archaeologists get what they need intellectually from their interactions with sociocultural anthropologists. This can be a tricky topic to analyze, because four-field anthropology today is most commonly invoked in reference to university politics (e.g., protecting anthropology departments). It is not professionally feasible in most North American universities to divide anthropology departments into smaller units, even if people were to agree that it is a good idea intellectually. I am fortunate to teach in a unique program that values both anthropology and transdisciplinary research, and this setting has allowed my research on urbanism to thrive.

I recently resigned from the American Anthropological Association. Part of my reasons are intellectual—the anthropological retreat from comparative analysis and the predominance of relativist and interpretivist scholarship—and part are professional—the behavior of the AAA leadership on a variety of issues, from science to ethics (Dreger 2011) to outsourcing AAA journals to a commercial publisher. In its place I have joined the Social Science History Association, whose goals and themes are much more closely aligned to my view of archaeology as a comparative and historical social science discipline.

Rather than toe the four-field anthropological line about the (supposedly) close relationship between archaeology and cultural anthropology, I prefer to take a broader view. Some parts of sociocultural anthropology articulate with archaeology, but then so do parts of other disciplines, including history, economics, geology, linguistics, sociology, botany, planning, semiotics, engineering, political science, soil science, geography, religious studies, agronomy, management studies, ecology, etc. Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips (1958) once claimed that “archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing,” and Lewis Binford (1962) promoted a program of “archaeology as anthropology” [see also \Gillespie, 2003 #9111]. I disagree with these views. Had my research on comparative urbanism remained within the confines of anthropology, it would have remained pedestrian and limited in scope. Based on my personal experience, I suggest that the intellectual horizons of archaeology should not be limited to the rather parochial discipline of anthropology.

Michael E. Smith

Arizona State University

mesmith9@asu.edu

*This is a revised and much expanded version of an article, “Archaeology is Archaeology,” that appeared in Anthropology News, January 2010, page. 35.

References

Binford, Lewis R
1962 Archaeology as Anthropology. American Antiquity 28:217-225.

Bodley, John H.

2007 Anthropology and Contemporary Human Problems. 5th ed. AltaMira, Lanham.

Calhoun, Craig

2003 Comment on Wallerstein, "Anthropology, Sociology, and Other Dubious Disciplines". Current Anthropology 44:462.

Childe, V. Gordon

1950 The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21:3-17.

Dreger, Alice

2011 Darkness's Descent on the American Anthropological Association: A Cautionary Tale. Human Nature 22:(published online).

Earle, Timothy

2008 Cultural Anthropology and Archaeology: Theoretical Dialogues. In Handbook of Archaeological Theories, edited by R. Alexander Bentley, Herbert D. G. Maschner, and Christopher Chippindale, pp. 187-202. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.

Gillespie, Susan D. and Deborah L. Nichols (editors)

2003 Archaeology is Anthropology. Archaeological Papers, vol. 13. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.

Gumerman, George J. and David A. Phillips, Jr.

1978 Archaeology Beyond Anthropology. American Antiquity 43:184-191.

Longacre, William

2010 Archaeology as Anthropology Revisited. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17:81-100.

Smith, Michael E.

2007 Form and Meaning in the Earliest Cities: A New Approach to Ancient Urban Planning. Journal of Planning History 6(1):3-47.

2009a Editorial: Just How Comparative is Comparative Urban Geography?: A Perspective from Archaeology. Urban Geography 30:113-117.

2009b V. Gordon Childe and the Urban Revolution: An Historical Perspective on a Revolution in Urban Studies. Town Planning Review 80:3-29.

2010 Sprawl, Squatters, and Sustainable Cities: Can Archaeological Data Shed Light on Modern Urban Issues? Cambridge Archaeological Journal 20:229-253.

2011 Empirical Urban Theory for Archaeologists. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 18:(in press).

Steward, Julian H.

1961 The Urban Focus: Is There a Common Problem and Method in Studies of City Development—A Science of "Urbanology"? Science 134:1354-1356.

Wallerstein, Immanuel

2003 Anthropology, Sociology, and Other Dubious Disciplines. Current Anthropology 44:453-465.

Willey, Gordon R. and Philip Phillips

1958 Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
http://www.anthropologiesproject.org/2011/05/why-anthropology-is-too-narrow.html
Mirror: https://www.academia.edu/4280133/Why_Anthropology_is_Too_Narrow_an_Intellectual_Context_for_Archaeology_2011_

↧

Formation and evolution of languages of pre-modern Bhāratam

December 19, 2017, 5:42 am

≫ Next: Snakes, cobra-hoods on Indus Script hypertexts and ancient Bhāratīya sculpture signify phaḍa फड wealth accounting ledgers of guilds

≪ Previous: Fault-line of language studies, snake as a lowly creature. Why anthropology is too narrow an intellectual context for archaeology -- Michael E Smith

https://tinyurl.com/yca8eefu

Sarpa, nāga are artisans, sādhya accomplishing divinities like takṣaka

सर्प sarpa 'm. (pl.) N. of a partic. tribe of म्लेच्छs (formerly क्षत्रियs and described as wearing beards)' (हरिवंश) सर्पाणाम् अयनम् ,'a partic. annual festival';नाग Coluber Naga; a नाग or serpent-demon (the race of कद्रु or सु-रसा inhabiting the waters or the city भोग-वती under the earth ; they are supposed to have a human face with serpent-like lower extremities; their kings are शेष , वासुकि , and तक्षक; 7 or 8 of the नागs are particularly mentioned (Mahābhārata) ; with Buddhists they are also represented as ordinary men.); the best or most excellent of any kind (Lexicographers, esp. such as अमरसिंह , हलायुध , हेमचन्द्र , &c.) (cf. ऋषभ , व्याघ्र &c ); tin, lead (भावप्रकाश); साध्य N. of a class of celestial beings (belonging to the गण-देवता, sometimes mentioned in the वेद [see RV. x , 90 , 16]; in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇar. their world is said to be above the sphere of the gods ; according to यास्क [Nirukta, निरुक्त Nir. xii , 41] their locality is the भुवर्लोक or middle region between the earth and sun ; in मनु-स्मृति Manu Smr̥ti i , 22 , the साध्यs are described as created after the gods with natures exquisitely refined , and in iii , 195 , as children of the सोम-सद्s , sons of विराज् ; in the पुराणs they are sons of साध्या , and their number is variously twelve or seventeen; in the later mythology they seem to be superseded by the सिद्धs » सिद्ध ; and theirnames are मनस्, मन्तृ, प्रा*ण, नर, पान,विनिर्भय, नय,दंश, नारायण, वृष, प्रभु) RV. &c; silver; accomplishment,perfection; साध्या f. N. of a daughter of दक्ष and wife of धर्म or मनु (regarded as the mother of the साध्यs).तक्षक 'a cutter' »

काष्ठ- , वृक्ष- (पाणिनि 8-2, 29); a carpenter; विश्वकर्मन्; the सूत्र-धार or speaker in the prelude of a drama; of a नाग prince (cf. °क्ष) AV. viii , 10 , 29 ताण्ड्य-ब्राह्मण xxv , 15 शाङ्खायन-गृह्य-सूत्र 2. iv , 18 , 1 कौशिक-सूत्र3. Mahābhārata.

See the full text of the itihāsa narrative in: Astika Parva in Section LVIII Mahābhārata http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01059.htm

A unique expressive characteristic of Coluber Naga is the snake-hood. This is signified by the Prākr̥tam, Samskr̥tam, vernacular word: फट m. the expanded hood or neck of a serpent; फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c.(Marathi); The word phaḍa signifies public business, complementing the synonym nara 'humanbeing' which is a synonym for sarpa or serpent: फडझडती (p. 313) phaḍajhaḍatī f sometimes फडझाडणी f A clearing off of public business (of any business comprehended under the word फड q. v.): also clearing examination of any फड or place of public business. 2 fig. Scolding vehemently; paying off. v काढ, घे g. of o. 3 Search of or inquiry at the several फड q.v.; taking the accounts of the several फड (as to arrivals of goods, sales, rates &c.) 4 Altercation or dispute of two फड or companies of तमाशेगीर (showmen or sportmen). 5 Freely. Examining or sifting rigorously. फड phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room: also, in an ill-sense, as खेळण्या- चाफड A gambling-house, नाचण्याचाफड A nachhouse, गाण्याचा or ख्यालीखुशालीचाफड A singingshop or merriment shop. The word expresses freely Gymnasium or arena, circus, club-room, debating-room, house or room or stand for idlers, newsmongers, gossips, scamps &c. 2 The spot to which field-produce is brought, that the crop may be ascertained and the tax fixed; the depot at which the Government-revenue in kind is delivered; a place in general where goods in quantity are exposed for inspection or sale. 3 Any office or place of extensive business or work,--as a factory, manufactory, arsenal, dock-yard, printing-office &c. 4 A plantation or field (as of ऊस, वांग्या, मिरच्या, खरबुजे&c.): also a standing crop of such produce. 5 fig. Full and vigorous operation or proceeding, the going on with high animation and bustle (of business in general). v चाल, पड, घाल, मांड. 6 A company, a troop, a band or set (as of actors, showmen, dancers &c.) 7 The stand of a great gun. फडपडणें g. of s. To be in full and active operation. 2 To come under brisk discussion. फडमारणें- राखणें-संभाळणें To save appearances, फडमारणें or संपादणें To cut a dash; to make a display (upon an occasion). फडाच्यामापानें With full tale; in flowing measure. फडासयेणें To come before the public; to come under general discussion. फडनिशी or सी phaḍaniśī or sī f The office or business of फडनीस. फडनीस phaḍanīsa m ( H) A public officer,--the keeper of the registers &c. By him were issued all grants, commissions, and orders; and to him were rendered all accounts from the other departments. He answers to Deputy auditor and accountant. Formerly the head Kárkún of a district-cutcherry who had charge of the accounts &c. was called फडनीस. phaḍa is cognate with Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop (DEDR 3865)..

Thus, a reference to sarpa is a reference to its synonym nāga, public in general and artisans or sādhya in particular. This semantic structure and signifiance of the word, sarpa, explains sarpa sattra conducted by Emperor Janamejaya of the Kuru empire. Janamejaya had to listen to the words of the learned Astika and set Takṣaka free. He also stopped the massacre of the snakes (Nāgas) and ended all the enmity with them. From then onward the snakes (Nāgas) and Kurus lived in peace. After the yajña was stopped Vaiśampāyana who was sitting beside Vedavyāsa, the author of Mahābhārata, started narrating the epic story of Mahābhārata to Janamejaya, where Astika and other Brahmins had also assembled at the venue.

The veneration of the mint, coinage by artisans finds sculptural expression in Amaravati friezes by signifying the artisans with cobra-snake hoods as head-dresses. The throne and the cushion (turban) signified on the sculptural friezes are Indus Script cipher for the rebus (similar-sounding) words फट फडा to signify, throne or cushion. Hence the veneration of the throne with the cushion.

Academics attempting to explain the formation and evolution of Bhāratīya languages of pre-modern times have to understand the metaphors which the images and words signify. This note has demonstrated that the Prākr̥tam, Samskr̥tam, vernacular languages of pre-modern Prākr̥tam of pre-modern Bhāratam were languages of artisans and nara, 'people'. This cultural feature is exemplified by the word/phrases: 1. sarpa 'm. (pl.) N. of a partic. group of people called म्लेच्छs (formerly क्षत्रियs and described as wearing beards)' (हरिवंश); and 2. सर्पाणाम् अयनम् ,'a partic. annual festival'.

Elsewhere, the language of म्लेच्छs has been signified by over 8000 Indus Script hypertexts which constitute the wealth accounting ledgers of artisans and seafaring merchants creating and trading in metalwork products during the Bronze Age Tin-Bronze Revolution. See: Epigraphia Indus Script: Hypertexts & Meanings, 3 volumes (2017).

This is my rejoinder to the recent title titled Language of the Snakes by Andrew Ollett (2017) who has erroneously explained that the reference to 'snakes' is a reference to 'lowly creatures'.. This is an error or judgement and should be rectified by a truthful account of the cultural milieu in which the languages of pre-modern Bhāratam were formed and evolved in a linguistic area (sprachbund, or speech union).

I suggest that the studies related to formation and evolution of languages of pre-modern Bhāratam should be firmly based on the cultural milieu of the societies as evidenced in ancient texts, music, sculptures and other art forms including Indus Script hypertexts which constitute the primary documentary resources for researchers.

S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Centre
December 19, 2017

↧

Snakes, cobra-hoods on Indus Script hypertexts and ancient Bhāratīya sculpture signify phaḍa फड wealth accounting ledgers of guilds

December 19, 2017, 6:15 pm

≫ Next: Aryan Migration Theory: Fraud and Confusion Created to Justify British Rule in India -- Arun Upadhyay

≪ Previous: Formation and evolution of languages of pre-modern Bhāratam

https://tinyurl.com/y93o3s9r

Snakes and cobra-hoods in Bhāratīya sculptural and Indus Script hypertext tradition DO NOT signify lowly creatures, but are sacred, are hieroglyphs to signify artisans and wealth-accounting ledgers.

This monograph posits that it is a travesty of language studies to posit Bhāratīya languages of pre-modern times as language of snakes, lowly creatures.

The languages are the Bhāratīya sacred treasure for over ten millennia, starting with the chandas of R̥gveda, sigiifying a quintessential speech union, sprachbund.encompassing all the languages which continue to be in vogue as the lingua franca..

This is an addendum to the mongraph:Bronze Age kuṭhāru 'armourer, फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons' signified as Indus Script hypertexts

-https://tinyurl.com/yda2b9qo

Holy Feet of Bhudevi (Mother Earth)

Varāha mandiram.Khajuraho. (2.6 m long and 1.7 high) ASI assigns this to circa 900-925.. Varāha mūrti is a hypertext. A sarpa, 'snake' winds between the legs of the sacred boar and entwines around the right leg. Next to the left leg are tha pair of feet of Devi. The hypertext message is: sarpa 'nara, artisan', फड, phaḍa, 'cobra hood' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons, wealth-accounting ledger'. In front of the snake and next to the pair of feet is a yajñakuṇḍa, 'fire-altar'. I suggest that the Indus Script hypertext message is wealth accounting ledger of pada 'feet' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'wealth-accounting ledger'. The pun on the word caṣāla, 'snout of boar''wheat-chaff carburizing process to infuse carbon into molten metel to harden the alloy' is signified as a knowledge system by the signifer sarasvatī sculptural frieze on the snout. The whole body of the boar is sculpted with 765 signifiers of devatā and r̥ṣi-s of the Veda. Themonumental pratimrā of Varāha is a quintessential Indus Script cipher message in the sacred language of Vāgdevi, the divinity of speech while following the tradition of Varāha as yajña puruṣa, signifier of Veda as knowledge system. In the Vernacular, the spoken word for Varāha is badhi 'boar' rebus: badhi 'worker in wood and iron', vardhaki carpenter', వడ్రంగి, వడ్లంగి, వడ్లవాడు vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu or వడ్లబత్తుడు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. వడ్రంగము, వడ్లపని, వడ్రము or వడ్లంగితనము vaḍrangamu. n. The trade of a carpenter. వడ్లవానివృత్తి. వడ్రంగిపని. వడ్రంగిపిట్ట or వడ్లంగిపిట్ట vaḍrangi-piṭṭa. n. A woodpecker. దార్వాఘాటము. వడ్లకంకణము vaḍla-kankaṇamu. n. A curlew. ఉల్లంకులలో భేదము. వడ్లత or వడ్లది vaḍlata. n. A woman of the carpenter caste. An intimation of the semantics of 'chaff' is provided by the word: వడ్లు vaḍlu vaḍḍlu. [from Skt. వృహి. and plu. of వరి.] n. Paddy, rice in the husk, rice grain.

vardhaki m. ʻ carpenter ʼ MBh. [√vardh] Pa. vaḍḍhaki -- m. ʻ carpenter, building mason ʼ; Pk. vaḍḍhaï -- m. ʻ carpenter ʼ, °aïa -- m. ʻ shoemaker ʼ; WPah. jaun. bāḍhōī ʻ carpenter ʼ, (Joshi) bāḍhi m., N. baṛhaï, baṛahi, A. bārai, B. bāṛaï, °ṛui, Or. baṛhaï, °ṛhāi, (Gaṛjād) bāṛhoi, Bi. baṛahī, Bhoj. H. baṛhaī m., M. vāḍhāyā m., Si. vaḍu -- vā. *vārdhaka -- .Addenda: vardhaki -- : WPah.kṭg. báḍḍhi m. ʻ carpenter ʼ; kṭg. bəṛhe\i, báṛhi, kc. baṛhe ← H. beside genuine báḍḍhi Him.I 135), J. bāḍhi, Garh. baṛhai, A. also bāṛhai AFD 94; Md. vaḍīn, vaḍin pl.†*vardhakikarman -- .†*vardhakikarman -- ʻ carpentry ʼ. [vardhaki -- , kár- man -- ]

Md. vaḍām ʻ carpentry ʼ.(CDIAL 11375, 11375a). The phonetic variations affirm the formation and evolution of Bhāratīya sprachbund (speechunion or speech area) among all the ancient languages of Bhāratam.

Location: Khajuraho, Chhatarpur Dt., Madhya Pradesh, India

Site: Khajuraho

Monument/Object: Varaha Mandir, sculpture

Current Location: same as site location

Subject: Varaha

Photo Depicts: front right leg

Period: Rajput, Candella Dynasty

Date: 10th - 13th century CE

Religious Affiliation: Hindu, Vaisnavite

Material: stone

Scan Number: 14743

Photo Date: 1984

Image Source: Huntington Archive

Scan No. 14725

Scan number 14728 http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/huntington/show_detail.py?ObjectID=19877

Nāgaraja, Erapattra worshipping. Bharhut, 100 BCE.

In a breath-taking splendour of a sculptural relief of Bharhut, Nāgaraja, Erapattra worships in front of the

paṭa which is topped by a tree: kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter.

The tree is atop a पट n. a thatch or roof (= पटल) L.

The Indus Script hypertexts are: paṭa ‘roof’ rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metals manufactory, accounting ledger, Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons'.

The hypertext constitutes the kole.l 'smithy, forge' is kole.l 'temple for फड, phaḍa, 'cobra hood' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons'. That the roof shown on the relief signifies a smelter is reinforced by similar structures shown on Bhuteshwar sculptural fragments discussed in this monograph.

Nāga scene of middle lintel. Southern gate, Sonkh temple, c. 100 CE. The dāman, 'rope' is rebus: dhamma 'dharma'. rebus: dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters'

Three-headed Nāga on block.Southern gate, Sonkh temple, c. 100 CE

Nāga emerging out of makara. Southern gate, Sonkh temple, c. 100 CE makara 'composite crocodile PLUS ele[phant' rebus; dhmakara, dhamaka ''forge-blower, blacksmith'

Naga Deities, Kushana period, horizontal beam (Government Museum, Mathura). Nagas are among the earliest deities to be depicted. They are seen in the art of all religious faiths.

Yaksha from stupa, Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, India. After John Huntington
Detail, relief carved panel, Bharhut. Devotion at Bodhi Tree - Bharhut © Dr. David Efurd

I suggest that the worship is of the 'tree' linked to Skambha of Atharva Veda Skambha sukta, as a fiery pillar of light which topped with caṣāla, godhuma fumes, infuses carbon to harden metal in the fire-altar, furnace, smelter. See:

Functions of Atharva Veda Skambha and significance of Lingodbhava -- Harappa Script data mining

http://tinyurl.com/hd87yyc

Asian civilisations Museum, Singapore. Sculptural fragment, showing the adoration of a fiery pillar. India, 3rd century, limestone. On loan from the Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/the-new-ancient-religions-gallery-at-the-asian-civilisations-museum-singapore Early Bauddham art was a continuum of non-sectarian ancient Bharatiya tradition venerating cosmic dimensions of phenomena, and NOT veneration of an aniconic Bodhi tree.

Just below the garlanded Bodhi tree is a pillar of fire. The ear studs worn by the worshippers have the safflower motifs. The pillar of fire emerges out of the roof of the smelter. This smelter-roof is comparable to the smelter shown on Bhuteshwar sculptural friezes.

The safflower motifs are Indus Script hieroglyphs: करडी [ karaḍī ] f (See करडई) Safflower: also its seed. (Marathi) karaṭa2 m. ʻ Carthamus tinctorius ʼ lex.Pk. karaḍa -- m. ʻ safflower ʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a tree like the karañja ʼ; M. karḍī, °ḍaī f. ʻ safflower, Carthamus tinctorius and its seed ʼ.M. karḍel n. ʻ oil from the seed of safflower ʼ(CDIAL 2788, 2789) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] 'Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c.' (Marathi) kharādī ' turner '

The pillar is identified by a spathe of date palm: sippī ʻspathe of date palmʼ Rebus: sippi 'artificer, craftsman'.

Source: .(Dennys Frenez & Massimo Vidale, 2012, South Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, September 2012, p.115.

The 'cobra hood' as tail of composite animal hypertext means:

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Cobra hood atop a platform. Tree in the background. Two 'signs'.

Mohenjo-daro pottery sealing (loc.cit. Hertel).

फड, phaḍa 'throne, hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

m0492 (DK 8120, NMI 151. National Museum, Delhi).2835 Pict-99: Person throwing a spear at a bison and placing one foot on the head of the bison; a hooded serpent at left.

Hieroglyph: kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)mēṛsa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali)

kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.) •kolhe (iron-smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.lex.)•kol‘to kill’ (Ta.)•sal ‘bos gaurus’, bison; rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali)me~ṛhe~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron; kolhe m. iron manufactured by the Kolhes (Santali); meṛed (Mun.d.ari); meḍ (Ho.)(Santali.Bodding)

nAga 'serpent' Rebus: nAga 'lead'

Hieroglyph: rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ

Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.
paTa 'hood of serpent' Rebus: padanu 'sharpness of weapon' (Telugu)

Hieroglyph: kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī, °dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.
2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)

Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'

Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi)

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin in the Musee du Louvre, Paris. One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs, surrounded by snakes, fishes and water buffaloes.
Copyrighted photo by M. Chuzeville for the Departement des antiquites orientales, Musee du Louvre.
http://www.aakkl.helsinki.fi/melammu/pdf/vidale2004.pdf

http://www.harappa.com/script/gif/parpola8.gif Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin.

http://www.akhabataku.com/IndusScript.htm (After Fig. 6)

http://www.harappa.com/script/parpola0.html (Note 11)

Harappa Script message: Brassworker's guild, smelter metalwork catalogue, pewter, laterite castings, hard alloys, implements, smithy/forge working in iron, lead, metal hard alloys.

The complete pictorial motif may be read: dul sal 'two bos gaurus'; rebus: cast(ing) workshop.

Hieroglyph multiplexes of the hypertext of the cylinder seal from a Near Eastern Source can be identified: aquatic bird, rhinoceros, buffalo, buffalo horn, crucible, markhor, antelope, hoofed stool, fish, tree, tree branch, twig, roundish stone, tiger, rice plant.

Hieroglyph components on the head-gear of the person on cylinder seal impression are: twig, crucible, buffalo horns: kuThI 'badari ziziphus jojoba' twig Rebus: kuThi 'smelter';koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer'; tattAru 'buffalo horn' Rebus: ṭhã̄ṭhāro 'brassworker'. koD 'horns' rebus: koD 'workshop'. Thus, the gypertext message is: a brassworker's workshop with a smelter.

This hieroglyph multiplex ligatures head of an antelope to a snake: nAga 'snake' Rebus:nAga 'lead' PLUS Alternative:

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं ) Akid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ]'hard alloy' ranku 'antelope' Rebus:ranku 'tin'. tuttināgamu is a Prakritam gloss meaning 'pewter, zinc'. A comparable alloy may be indicated by the hieroglyph-multiplex of antelope-snake: rankunAga, perhaps a type of zinc or lead alloy. Cobra-hood is ligatured to the face of a young bull: kunda 'youngbull' rebus: kundana 'fine gold'.

Two fish hieroglyphs flank the hoofed legs of the stool or platform signify: warehouse of cast metal alloy metal implements:

khuṭo ʻleg, footʼ. khũṭ ‘community, guild’ (Santali) Alternative:

फड, phaḍa 'throne' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Ta. kuracu, kuraccai horse's hoof. Ka. gorasu, gorase, gorise, gorusu hoof. Te. gorija, gorise, (B. also) gorije, korije id. / Cf. Skt. khura- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3906 (embedded). (DEDR 1770)

Ta. kurappam currycomb. Ma. kurappam, kurappan id. Ka. korapa, gorapa id. Te. kurapamu, koṟapamu, goṟapamu id. / ? Cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 3730, kṣurapra- ('scraper'-meanings). (DEDR 1771)

Hieroglyph: kaṇḍō a stool Rebus: kanda 'implements'

Hieroglyph: maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse'.

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'

ayo 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi).

This mkultiplx is flanked by 1. kolom 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; 2. kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smeter'. Thus the message is that the warehouse of cast metal alloy metal implements is complemented by a smelter and a smithy/forge -- part of the metalwork repertoire. khuṭo ʻleg, footʼ. khũṭ‘community, guild’ (Santali)

The hieroglyph-multiplex of a woman thwarting two rearing tigers is also signified on other seals and tablets to signify:

Hieroglyph: kola 'woman' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kola 'tiger' Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith'; kolhe 'smelter'; kole.l'smithy, forge'. The kolmo 'rice-plant' Rebus kolimi 'smithy, forge' is a semantic determinant of the cipher: smithy with smelter. taTu 'thwart' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'. Thus, 'mineral smelter'. Together the hieroglyph-multiplex or hypertext of a woman thwarting two tigers signifies: smithy/forge with smelter for dhatu, minerals.

The bottom register of the cylinder seal impression lists the products: smithy/forge forged iron, alloy castings (laterite PLUS spelter), hard alloy implements.

goTa 'roundish stone' Rebus: goTa 'laterite, ferrite ore''gold-lace braid'

dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS rã̄go 'buffalo' Rebus: rāṅgā 'zinc alloy, spelter, pewter'. Thus, cast spelter PLUS laterite, ferrite ore.

markhor PLUS tail

miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) koṭe meṛed = forged iron, in contrast to dul meṛed, cast iron (Mundari) PLUS Kur. xolā tail. Malt. qoli id. (DEDR 2135) Rebus: kol 'working in iron' Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village.

Rhinoceros PLUS aquatic bird [implements and hard alloy (ingots)]

Hieroglyhph: kāṇṭā 'rhinoceros. gaṇḍá m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Gujarati)

karaṛa 'large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy of metals' (Marathi)

Two water-buffalos flanks a hieroglyph: something round, like a seed. Hieroglyph: rã̄go 'buffalo' Rebus: rāṅgā 'zinc alloy, spelter, pewter'. What does the hieroglyph 'something round' signify? I suggest that it signifies goTa 'laterite (ferrous ore)'.

Orthographic variants of tails of 'animal' hieroglyphs, particularly those of ram or antelope are deciphered as rebus-metonymy layered Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) words related to blacksmithy or smelters of iron and other metals including metal infusion and cire perdue lost-wax castings. The 'tail' hieroglyh also gets normalised as a sign on texts to connote kolA 'tail' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith'.

Some hieroglyph components are: hooded snake or short-tail generally on antelopes.

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter'

The bird hieroglyph: karaḍa

करण्ड m. a sort of duck L. కారండవము (p. 0274) [ kāraṇḍavamu ] kāraṇḍavamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. (Telugu) karaṭa1 m. ʻ crow ʼ BhP., °aka -- m. lex. [Cf. karaṭu -- , karkaṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ, karēṭu -- , °ēṭavya -- , °ēḍuka -- m. lex., karaṇḍa2 -- m. ʻ duck ʼ lex: see kāraṇḍava -- ]Pk. karaḍa -- m. ʻ crow ʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. karaṛa -- ḍhī˜gu m. ʻ a very large aquatic bird ʼ; L. karṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ the common teal ʼ.(CDIAL 2787)

Parallels from Harappa Script Corpora:

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS krammara 'look back' Rebus: kamar 'artisan'

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

khura m. ʻ hoof ʼ KātyŚr̥. 2. *khuḍa -- 1 (khuḍaka -- , khula° ʻ ankle -- bone ʼ Suśr.). [← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 376: it belongs to the word -- group ʻ heel <-> ankle -- knee -- wrist ʼ, see *kuṭṭha -- ]1. Pa. khura -- m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Pk. khura -- m. (chura -- after khura -- ~ chura -- < kṣurá -- ); Ash. kū˘r ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, kurkāˊ ʻ heel ʼ; Kt. kyur ʻ foot ʼ, kyurkəté ʻ heel ʼ; Gamb kr ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, Niṅg. xūr, Woṭ.khuru, (Kaţārkalā) khur; Dm. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. khurīˊ f. ʻ hoof, heel ʼ (→ Par. khurīˊ ʻ heel ʼ IIFL i 265), kuṛ. xūr ʻ foot ʼ, dar. kurī ʻ heel ʼ, nir. xurī; Shum. xurem ʻ my foot ʼ, xurigyem ʻ my heel ʼ; Gaw. Kal. khur ʻ foot ʼ; Bshk. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ (khin ʻ heel ʼ, Gaw. khunīk, Sv. khunike X píṇḍa -- or < khuriṇī -- AO xviii 240); Tor. khū ʻ foot ʼ, Mai. khur, ky. khor, Phal. khur m.; Sh. gil. khūrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, khūri̯ f. ʻ heel ʼ, koh. khōrṷ m. ʻ hoof ʼ, jij. khuri ʻ heel ʼ (koh. thŭri, pales. thurī ʻ heel ʼ X *thuḍḍati ʻ kicks ʼ?); K. khor m. ʻ foot (esp. human) ʼ, khōr m. ʻ foot of any living being ʼ, khūru m. ʻ leg of a bed &c. ʼ,khūrü f. ʻ heel ʼ, kash. khōr ʻ foot ʼ, rām. pog. khur; S. khuru m. ʻ hoof ʼ; L. khurā m. ʻ foot track ʼ, °rī f. ʻ heel ʼ, awāṇ. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; P. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ hoof -- print ʼ, °rī f. ʻ small hoof, heel of shoe ʼ, °rṛā m. ʻ divided hoof, its print ʼ; WPah. bhal. pāḍ. khur m. ʻ foot ʼ; Ku. N. khur ʻ hoof ʼ; A. khurā ʻ hoof, leg of table or stool ʼ; B. khur ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā ʻ foot of bedstead ʼ; Or. khura ʻ hoof, foot ʼ, °rā ʻ hoof, leg ʼ; Mth. khūr, khurī ʻ hoof ʼ, Bhoj. khur; H. khur m. ʻ hoof ʼ, °rā m. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ, °rī f. ʻ hoof, heel of slipper, hoof -- print ʼ; G. khur f. ʻ heel ʼ, kharī f. ʻ hoof ʼ; M. khū˘r m. ʻ hoof, foot of bed ʼ, khurī f. ʻ forepart of hoof ʼ, °rā m., °rẽ n. ʻ heel of shoe ʼ (khurũdaḷṇẽ ʻ to trample ʼ X *kṣundati?); Ko. khūru m. ʻ hoof ʼ, Si. kuraya.2. Pk. khuluha -- m. ʻ ankle ʼ; Gy. wel. xur̄, xur m. ʻ hoof ʼ; S. khuṛī f. ʻ heel ʼ; WPah. paṅ. khūṛ ʻ foot ʼ.khuriṇī -- ; *khuraghāta -- , *khurapāśa -- , *khuramr̥ttikā -- ; *catuṣkhura -- .Addenda: khura -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) khūˊr m. ʻ hoof ʼ, J. G. khur m.

See:

http://tinyurl.com/h5j4v96 ANE cylinder seal in Louvre Museum is Harappa Script metalwork catalogue

eruvai ‘eagle’ rebus: eruvai ‘copper’ ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya ‘iron’ ayas ‘metal alloy’ rango ‘buffalo’ rebus: rango ‘pewter’ PLUS dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ goṭa ‘numerative particle, round pebble’ rebus: goṭa ‘laterite, ferrite ore’ miṇḍāl ‘markhor‘ (Tōrwālī) meḍho a merchant; meD ‘iron’ kuThi ‘tree’ rebus: kuThi ‘smelter’ kolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’ kola ‘tiger’ rebus: kol ‘working in iron’
Image result for indus script hooded snake

Image result for indus script hooded snake

Text on obverse of the tablet m453A: Text 1629. m453B Seated in penance, the person is flanked on either side by a kneeling adorant, offering a pot and a hooded serpent rearing up.

Mohenjo-daro tablet (Drawing). Hooded snakes.
Glyph: kaṇḍo ‘stool’. Rebus; kaṇḍ ‘furnace’. Vikalpa: kaṇḍ ‘stone (ore) metal’. Rebus: kamaḍha ‘penance’. Rebus 1: kaṇḍ ‘stone ore’. Rebus 2: kampaṭṭa ‘mint’. Glyph: ‘serpent hood’: paṭa. Rebus: pata ‘sharpness (of knife), tempered (metal). padm ‘tempered iron’ (Ko.) Glyph: rimless pot: baṭa. Rebus: bhaṭa ‘smelter, furnace’. It appears that the message of the glyphics is about a mint or metal workshop which produces sharpened, tempered iron (stone ore) using a furnace.

फड, phaḍa 'throne, hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Rebus readings of glyphs on text of inscription:

koṇḍa bend (Ko.); Tu. Kōḍi corner; kōṇṭu angle, corner, crook. Nk. Kōnṭa corner (DEDR 2054b) G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻangleʼRebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)

aṭar ‘a splinter’ (Ma.) aṭaruka ‘to burst, crack, sli off,fly open; aṭarcca ’ splitting, a crack’; aṭarttuka ‘to split, tear off, open (an oyster) (Ma.); aḍaruni ‘to crack’ (Tu.) (DEDR 66) Rebus: aduru ‘native, unsmelted metal’ (Kannada)

ãs = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya ‘metal, iron’ (Gujarati.) cf. cognate to amśu 'soma' in Rigveda: ancu 'iron' (Tocharian)

G.karã̄ n. pl. ‘wristlets, bangles’; S. karāī f. ’wrist’ (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri)

dula ‘pair’; rebus dul ‘cast (metal)’

Santali glosses.

Sa. mE~R~hE~'d `iron'. ! mE~RhE~d(M).

Ma. mErhE'd `iron'.

Mu. mERE'd `iron'.

~ mE~R~E~'d `iron'. ! mENhEd(M).

Ho meD `iron'.

Bj. merhd(Hunter) `iron'.

KW mENhEd

@(V168,M080)

http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/ETYM/Pinnow&Munda

— Slavic glosses for 'copper'

Мед [Med]Bulgarian

Bakar Bosnian

Медзь [medz']Belarusian

Měď Czech

Bakar Croatian

KòperKashubian

Бакар [Bakar]Macedonian

Miedź Polish

Медь [Med']Russian

Meď Slovak

BakerSlovenian

Бакар [Bakar]Serbian

Мідь [mid'] Ukrainian[unquote]

http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/element.php?sym=Cu

Miedź, med' (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'.

One suggestion is that corruptions from the German "Schmied", "Geschmeide" = jewelry. Schmied, a smith (of tin, gold, silver, or other metal)(German) result in med ‘copper’.

Hieroglyph of a worshipper kneeling: Konḍa (BB) meḍa, meṇḍa id. Pe. menḍa id.
Manḍ. menḍe id. Kui menḍa id. Kuwi (F.) menda, (S. Su. P.) menḍa, (Isr.) meṇḍa id.
Ta. maṇṭi kneeling, kneeling on one knee as an archer. Ma.maṇṭuka to be seated on the heels. Ka. maṇḍi what is bent, the knee. Tu. maṇḍi knee. Te. maṇḍĭ̄ kneeling on one knee. Pa.maḍtel knee; maḍi kuḍtel kneeling position. Go. (L.) meṇḍā, (G. Mu. Ma.) Cf. 4645 Ta.maṭaṅku (maṇi-forms). / ? Cf. Skt. maṇḍūkī- (DEDR 4677)

Hieroglyph: 'human face': mũhe ‘face’ (Santali)

Rebus: mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali) mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali)

The suggested rebus readings indicate that the Indus writing served the purpose of artisans/traders to create metalware, stoneware, mineral catalogs -- products with which they carried on their life-activities in an evolving Bronze Age.Worshippers. Person seated in penance on stool.

kAru 'crocodile' Rebus: kAru 'artisan'.

फड, phaḍa 'throne' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Cylindeer seals Mohenjo-daro baTa 'quail' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' kulA 'hood of snake' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron'.

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

A person with a vase with overflowing water; sun sign. C. 18th cent. BCE. [E. Porada,1971, Remarks on seals found in the Gulf states, Artibus Asiae, 33, 31-7]. meḍha ‘polar star’ (Marathi). meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.Mu.)

Chlorite vessel found at Khafajeh: Ht 11.5 cm. 2,600 BCE, Khafajeh, north-east of Baghdad (Photo from pg. 69 of D. Collon's 1995 Ancient Near Eastern Art).

Ibni-Sharrum cylinder seal shows a kneeling person with six curls of hair.Cylinder seal of Ibni-sharrum, a scribe of Shar-kali-sharri (left) and impression (right), ca. 2183–2159 B.C.; Akkadian, reign of Shar-kali-sharri. The inscription reads “O divine Shar-kali-sharri, Ibni-sharrum the scribe is your servant.” Cylinder seal. Chlorite. AO 22303 H. 3.9 cm. Dia. 2.6 cm.[i] khaṇṭi ‘buffalo bull’ (Tamil) kaṭā, kaṭamā ‘bison’ (Tamil)(DEDR 1114) (glyph). Rebus: khaṇḍ ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’; kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍa-i-o = (Skt. Sthapati, a mason) a bricklayer, mason (G.)]

(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) Glyph of flowing water in the second register: காண்டம் kāṇṭam , n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர்; kāṇṭam ‘ewer, pot’ கமண்டலம். (Tamil) Thus the combined rebus reading: Ku. lokhaṛ ʻiron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ(CDIAL 11171). The kneeling person’s hairstyle has six curls. bhaṭa ‘six’; rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’. मेढा mēḍhā A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Thus, the orthography denotes meḍ bhaṭa ‘iron furnace’.

Girdled nude hero attacking water buffalo; bull-man attacking lion; inscription. Kafaje, Akkadian.c. 2300 BCE, Iraq Museum, Baghdad. From a cylinder seal, in wo narrative frames flanking a star metonymy (Afer Fig. 1d in http://www.destiner.com/destiner_titles_dark_sect01_me.html)

Six curls on hair: baTa 'six' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'

मेढा (p. 665) [ mēḍhā ]A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] The polar star मेढेमत (p. 665) [ mēḍhēmata ] n (मेढ Polar star, मत Dogma or sect.) A persuasion or an order or a set of tenets and notions amongst the Shúdra-people. Founded upon certain astrological calculations proceeding upon the North star. Hence मेढेजोशी or डौरीजोशी.(Marathi). Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.)

The narrative of metalwork is explained as metonymy. A horned person ligatured to the hindpart of a bull: ḍhaṅgaru, ḍhiṅgaru m. ʻlean emaciated beastʼ(Sindhi) Rebus: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili)

His life-activity is in wrestling with lion (hieroglyph): אַרְיֵה (aryeh) 'lion' (Hebrew)Rebus: āra, āramBrass (Tamil) आरः रम् [आ-ऋ-घञ्] 1 Brass; ताम्रारकोष्ठां परिखादुरा- सदाम् Bhāg.1.41.2. Oxide of iron.( The metonymy is thus a rebus rendering of alloy metal)(Samskritam).

Hieroglyph: rã̄go 'buffalo': raṅku m. ʻ a species of deer ʼ Vās., °uka -- m. Śrīkaṇṭh.Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ? (CDIAL 10559) Rebus: rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (Punjabi)rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ (Oriya)

Table decorated with serpents and deities bearing vessels spouting streams of water. Musee du Louvre.

Table ornée de serpents et de divinités aux eaux jaillissantes
XIVe siècle avant J.-C.
Suse, Tell de l'Acropole
Bronze
H. 19.5 cm; W. 15.7 cm; L. 69.5 cm
Fouilles J. de Morgan, 1898 , 1898
[quote] This table, edged with serpents and resting on deities carrying vessels spouting streams of water, was doubtless originally a sacrificial altar. The holes meant the blood would drain away as water flowed from the vessels. Water was an important theme in Mesopotamian mythology, represented particularly by the god Enki and his acolytes. This table also displays the remarkable skills of Elamite metalworkers. A sacrificial table The table, edged with two serpents, rested on three sides on five figures that were probably female deities. Only the busts and arms of the figures survive. The fourth side of the table had an extension, which must have been used to slot the table into a wall. The five busts are realistic in style. Each of the deities was holding an object, since lost, which was probably a water vessel, cast separately and attached by a tenon joint. Water played a major role in such ceremonies and probably gushed forth from the vessels. Along the sides of the table are sloping surfaces leading down to holes, allowing liquid to drain away. This suggests that the table was used for ritual sacrifices to appease a god. It was believed that men were created by the gods and were responsible for keeping their temples stocked and providing them with food. The sinuous lines of the two serpents along the edge of the table mark off holes where the blood of the animals, sacrificed to assuage the hunger of the gods, would have drained away. The importance of water in Mesopotamian mythology In Mesopotamia, spirits bearing vessels spouting streams of water were the acolytes of Enki/Ea, the god of the Abyss and of fresh water. The fact that they figure in this work reflects the extent of the influence of Mesopotamian mythology in Susa. Here, they are associated with another Chtonian symbol, the snake, often found in Iranian iconography. The sinuous lines of the serpents resemble the winding course of a stream. It is thought that temples imitated the way streams well up from underground springs by the clever use of underground channels. Water - the precious liquid - was at the heart of Mesopotamian religious practice, being poured out in libations or used in purification rites. Objects made for a new religious capital Under Untash-Napirisha, the founder of the Igihalkid Dynasty, the Elamite kingdom flourished. He founded a new religious capital, Al-Untash - modern-day Chogha Zanbil - some 40 kilometers southeast of Susa. However, the project was short-lived. His successors soon brought large numbers of religious objects back to Susa, the former capital. This table was certainly among them. Its large size and clever drainage system reflect the remarkable achievements of metalworking at the time.
Bibliography
Amiet Pierre, Suse 6000 ans d'histoire, Paris, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1988, pp.98-99 ; fig. 57.
Miroschedji Pierre de, "Le dieu élamite au serpent", in : Iranica antiqua, vol.16, 1981, Gand, Ministère de l'Éducation et de la Culture, 1989, pp.16-17, pl. 10, fig.3.B
[unquote]
Herbin Nancie
फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/o2wbxrh

Orthographic variants of tails of 'animal' hieroglyphs, particularly those of ram or antelope are deciphered as rebus-metonymy layered Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) words related to blacksmithy or smelters of iron and other metals including metal infusion and cire perdue lost-wax castings. The 'tail' hieroglyh also gets normalised as a sign on texts to connote kolA 'tail' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith'.

Some hieroglyph components are: hooded snake or short-tail generally on antelopes.

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter'

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS krammara 'look back' Rebus: kamar 'artisan'

meḍho-kolhe 'iron smelter' PLUS aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

This hieroglyph appears on Jasper Akkadian cylinder seal. kulā hood of snake Rebus: kolle'blacksmith'

One Proto-Prakritam word signifies both 'tail' and 'hood of serpent'. The word is: xolā 'tail' of antelope and kulā hooded snake as tail. A similar sounding word signifies a blacksmith or smelter: kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter'. These can be cited as 'signature' tunes of the writing system, to convey the semantics of a metalworker -- a smith or a smelter. Alternative:
फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

The hieroglyph component in hieroglyph-multiplex pictorial motifs also gets normalised as a 'sign' on texts of inscriptions. See Sign 169 (Mahadevan Concordance).

Variants of Sign 169 (Mahadevan concordance) Comparable hieroglyph components constitute the 'tail' of antelopes on Indus Script Corpora. This is an example of a 'sign' becoming a component of a 'pictorial motif' thus creating a hieroglyph-multiplex (hypertext).

Hieroglyph: hood of a snake: kulā ʻhood of a snake' (Assamese)kulya n. ʻ receptacle for burnt bones of a corpse ʼ MBh., ʻ winnowing basket ʼ lex. [Prob. ← Drav.: see kulāˊya -- ]Pa. kulla -- m. ʻ raft of basket work, winnowing basket ʼ, °aka -- m. ʻ crate ʼ; Pk. kullaḍa -- n. ʻ packet ʼ; A. kulā ʻ winnowing fan; B. kul, °lā ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ; Or. kulā ʻ winnowing fan ʼ, °lāi ʻ small do. ʼ; Si. kulla, st. kulu -- ʻ winnowing basket or fan ʼ.(CDIAL 3350)
phaḍa फड 'cobra hood' rebus: phaḍa फड 'accounting ledger of metalwork guild'.
m0492Ct 2835 Pict-99: Person throwing a spear at a bison and placing one foot on the head of the bison; a hooded serpent at left.

Mohenjodaro seal (m0302).

The composite animal glyph is one example to show that rebus method has to be applied to every glyphic element in the writing system.

This image is also interpreted in corpora (e.g. Mahadevan's Corpus of Indus script) as: body of a ram, horns of a bison, trunk of elephant, hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail.
m1177 Mohenjo-daro seal.
m1186, m301, m302, m300
Mohenjodaro seals shows a 'composite animal' hieroglyph-muliplex, hypertext composition.
Ligatured faces: some close-up images.

The animal is a quadruped: pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.)Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali) Allograph: panǰā́r ‘ladder, stairs’(Bshk.)(CDIAL 7760) Thus the composite animal connotes a smithy. Details of the smithy are described orthographically by the glyphic elements of the composition.

Rebus reading of the 'face' glyph: mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking (Bi.); ingot (Santali)mũh metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali.lex.) kaula mengro ‘blacksmith’ (Gypsy) mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) The Sanskrit loss mleccha-mukha should literally mean: copper-ingot absorbing the Santali gloss, mũh, as a suffix.

A remarkable phrase in Sanskrit indicates the link between mleccha and use of camels as trade caravans. This is explained in the lexicon of Apte for the lexeme: auṣṭrika 'belonging to a camel'. The lexicon entry cited Mahābhārata: औष्ट्रिक a. Coming from a camel (as milk); Mb.8. 44.28; -कः An oil-miller; मानुषाणां मलं म्लेच्छा म्लेच्छाना- मौष्ट्रिका मलम् । औष्ट्रिकाणां मलं षण्ढाः षण्ढानां राजयाजकाः ॥ Mb.8.45.25. From the perspective of a person devoted to śāstra and rigid disciplined life, Baudhāyana thus defines the word म्लेच्छः mlēcchḥ : -- गोमांसखादको यस्तु विरुद्धं बहु भाषते । सर्वाचारविहीनश्च म्लेच्छ इत्यभिधीयते ॥ 'A person who eatrs meat, deviates from traditional practices.'

The 'face' glyph is thus read rebus: mleccha mũh 'copper ingot'.

It is significant that Vatsyayana refers to crptography in his lists of 64 arts and calls it mlecchita-vikalpa, lit. 'an alternative representation -- in cryptography or cipher -- of mleccha words.'

The glyphic of the hieroglyph: tail (serpent), face (human), horns (bos indicus, zebu or ram), trunk (elephant), front paw (tiger):

poLa 'bos indicus, zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite'

karibha 'trunk of elephant' (Pali) ibha 'elephant' (Samskritam) Rebus: karba 'iron' (Ka.)(DEDR 1278) as in ajirda karba 'iron' (Ka.) kari, karu 'black' (Ma.)(DEDR 1278) karbura 'gold' (Ka.) karbon 'black gold, iron' (Ka.) kabbiṇa 'iron' (Ka.) karum pon 'iron' (Ta.); kabin 'iron' (Ko.)(DEDR 1278) Ib 'iron' (Santali) [cf. Toda gloss below: ib ‘needle’.] Ta. Irumpu iron, instrument, weapon. a. irumpu,irimpu iron. Ko. ibid. To. Ib needle. Koḍ. Irïmbï iron. Te. Inumu id. Kol. (Kin.) inum (pl. inmul)iron, sword. Kui (Friend-Pereira) rumba vaḍi ironstone (for vaḍi, see 5285). (DEDR 486) Allograph: karibha -- m. ʻ Ficus religiosa (?) [Semantics of ficus religiosa may be relatable to homonyms used to denote both the sacred tree and rebus gloss: loa, ficus (Santali); loh ‘metal’ (Skt.)]

miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120)bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ lex. [← Austro -- as. J. Przyluski BSL xxx 200: perh. Austro -- as. *mēḍra ~ bhēḍra collides with Aryan mḗḍhra -- 1 in mēṇḍhra -- m. ʻ penis ʼ BhP., ʻ ram ʼ lex. -- See also bhēḍa -- 1, mēṣá -- , ēḍa -- . -- The similarity between bhēḍa -- 1, bhēḍra -- , bhēṇḍa -- ʻ ram ʼ and *bhēḍa -- 2 ʻ defective ʼ is paralleled by that between mḗḍhra -- 1, mēṇḍha -- 1 ʻ ram ʼ and *mēṇḍa -- 1, *mēṇḍha -- 2 (s.v. *miḍḍa -- ) ʻ defective ʼ](CDIAL 9606) mēṣá m. ʻ ram ʼ, °ṣīˊ -- f. ʻ ewe ʼ RV. 2. mēha -- 2, miha- m. lex. [mēha -- 2 infl. by mḗhati ʻ emits semen ʼ as poss. mēḍhra -- 2 ʻ ram ʼ (~ mēṇḍha -- 2) by mḗḍhra -- 1 ʻ penis ʼ?]1. Pk. mēsa -- m. ʻ sheep ʼ, Ash. mišalá; Kt. məṣe/l ʻ ram ʼ; Pr. məṣé ʻ ram, oorial ʼ; Kal. meṣ, meṣalák ʻ ram ʼ, H. mes m.; -- X bhēḍra -- q.v.2. K. myã̄ -- pūtu m. ʻ the young of sheep or goats ʼ; WPah.bhal. me\i f. ʻ wild goat ʼ; H. meh m. ʻ ram ʼ.mēṣāsya -- ʻ sheep -- faced ʼ Suśr. [mēṣá -- , āsyà -- ](CDIAL 10334) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Mu.) Allograph: meḍ ‘body ' (Mu.)

The glyphic elements of the composite animal shown together with the glyphs of fish, fish ligatured with lid, arrow (on Seal m0302) are:

--ram or sheep (forelegs denote a bovine)
--neck-band, ring
--bos indicus (zebu)(the high horns denote a bos indicus)
--elephant (the elephant's trunk ligatured to human face)
--tiger (hind legs denote a tiger)
--serpent (tail denotes a serpent)
--human face

All these glyphic elements are decoded rebus:

meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120);
kaḍum ‘neck-band, ring’
adar ḍangra ‘zebu’
ibha ‘elephant’ (Skt.); rebus: ib ‘iron’ (Ko.)
kolo ‘jackal’ (Kon.)

mũhe ‘face’ (Santali); mleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali)

கோடு kōṭu : •நடுநிலை நீங்குகை. கோடிறீக் கூற் றம் (நாலடி, 5). 3. [K. kōḍu.] Tusk; யானை பன்றிகளின் தந்தம். மத்த யானையின் கோடும் (தேவா. 39, 1). 4. Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21). Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn, tusk, branch of tree, cluster, bunch, coil of hair, line, diagram, bank of stream or pool; kuvaṭu branch of a tree; kōṭṭāṉ, kōṭṭuvāṉ rock horned-owl (cf. 1657 Ta. kuṭiñai). Ko. kṛ (obl. kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. To. kwṛ (obl. kwṭ-) horn, branch, path across stream in thicket. Ka. kōḍu horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr̤ horn. Tu. kōḍů, kōḍu horn. Te. kōḍu rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (DEDR 2200)

meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)
khāḍ ‘trench, firepit’
aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.) ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.)
kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.)
mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali)
koḍ = the place where artisans work (G.)

Orthographically, the glytic compositions add on the characteristic short tail as a hieroglyph (on both ligatured signs and on pictorial motifs)

xolā = tail (Kur.); qoli id. (Malt.)(DEDr 2135). Rebus: kol ‘pañcalōha’ (Ta.)கொல் kol, n. 1. Iron; இரும்பு. மின் வெள்ளி பொன் கொல்லெனச் சொல்லும் (தக்கயாகப். 550). 2. Metal; உலோகம். (நாமதீப. 318.) கொல்லன் kollaṉ, n. < T. golla. Custodian of treasure; கஜானாக்காரன். (P. T. L.) கொல்லிச்சி kollicci, n. Fem. of கொல்லன். Woman of the blacksmith caste; கொல்லச் சாதிப் பெண். (யாழ். அக.) The gloss kollicci is notable. It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith. kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.); Koḍ. kollë blacksmith (DEDR 2133). फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

A remarkable evidence is provided by a lexeme in Kota. The lexeme is: kole.l ‘smithy, temple’ (Kota) kwala·l Kota smithy (Toda)kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Tamil)(DEDR 2133)Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith; (Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.) kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge. (DEDR 2133).

On the following seal-imprssion, a hooded snake is shown with the face of a goat (kid) with horns.
Impression of an Indus-style cylinder seal of unknown Near Eastern origin (After Fig. 6 http://www.akhabataku.com/IndusScript.htm) "One of the two anthropomorphic figures carved on this seal wears the horns of water buffalo while sitting on a throne with hoofed legs, surrounded by snakes, fishes and water buffaloes. Copyrighted photo by M. Chuzeville for the Departement des antiquites orientales, Musee du Louvre." (Parpola, 2001) फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

Red jasper H. 1 1/8 in. (2.8 cm), Diam. 5/8 in. (1.6 cm) cylinder Seal with four hieroglyphs and four kneeling persons (with six curls on their hair) holding flagposts, c. 2220-2159 B.C.E., Akkadian (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Cylinder Seal (with modern impression). The four hieroglyphs are: from l. to r. 1. crucible PLUS storage pot of ingots, 2. sun, 3. narrow-necked pot with overflowing water, 4. fish A hooded snake is on the edge of the composition. (The dark red color of jasper reinforces the semantics: eruvai 'dark red, copper' Hieroglyph: eruvai 'reed'; see four reedposts held.

koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse'

If the hieroglyph on the leftmost is moon, a possible rebus reading: قمر ḳamar
A قمر ḳamar, s.m. (9th) The moon. Sing. and Pl. See سپوږمي or سپوګمي (Pashto) Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'.

kulā hooded snake Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelters'

koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse'

kamar 'moon' Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

arka 'sun' Rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, gold, moltencast, metal infusion'

lokANDa 'overflowing pot' Rebus: lokhaNDa 'metal implements, excellent

implements'

aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

baTa 'six' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS meDh 'curl' Rebus: meD 'iron'
फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'
Jasper Akkadian cylinder seal
Four standard-bearers with six curls of hair. Storage pot of ingots: mūhā mẽṛhẽt 'iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends.' Head of bull between two storage jars filled with ingots. Warka vase hieroglyph-multiplex.
If the hieroglyph on the leftmost is moon, a possible rebus reading: قمر ḳamar
A قمر ḳamar, s.m. (9th) The moon. Sing. and Pl. See سپوږمي or سپوګمي (Pashto) Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'.

kulā hooded snake Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelters'

koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse'

kamar 'moon' Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

arka 'sun' Rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, gold, moltencast, metal infusion'

lokANDa 'overflowing pot' Rebus: lokhaNDa 'metal implements, excellent

implements'

aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

baTa 'six' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS meDh 'curl' Rebus: meD 'iron'
āra ‘serpent’ Rebus; āra ‘brass’. karaḍa 'double-drum' Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'. (Note the double-drum hieroglyph component affixed atop the flagstaff) Alternatives: kula 'hooded snake' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS nāga 'serpent' Rebus: nāga 'lead (alloy)'
Hieroglyph: मेढा [ mēḍhā ] 'a curl or snarl; twist in thread' (Marathi) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) Thus, the four Akkadian standard bearers are meḍ bhaṭa iron-furnace metal- workers producing alloy implements, moltencast metalcastings, crucible ingots. The hooded snake reinforces the semantic determinative: kulA 'hooded serpent' Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron'.
The proclamation (sangara) is that four types of furnaces are announced: for aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'metal'; lokhANDa 'overflowing pot' Rebus: lokhANDa 'metal implements'; arka 'sun' Rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper'; koThAri 'crucible' ebus: Or. koṭhārī ʻ treasurer ʼ; Bhoj. koṭhārī ʻ storekeeper ʼ, H. kuṭhiyārī m. kōṣṭhāgārika -- : G. koṭhārī m. ʻ storekeeper ʼ.(CDIAL 3551)kulA 'hood of serpent' Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith'. Rebus representation is indicated by a determinative: a conical jar containing ingots. Thus, the reference to the 'crucible' may be a message related to ingots of alloys produced from the crucible, the way the traditions evolved to produce crucible steel.
Red jasper H. 1 1/8 in. (2.8 cm), Diam. 5/8 in. (1.6 cm) cylinder Seal with four hieroglyphs and four kneeling persons (with six curls on their hair) holding flagposts, c. 2220-2159 B.C.E., Akkadian (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Cylinder Seal (with modern impression).
The four hieroglyphs are: from l. to r. 1. crucible PLUS storage pot of ingots, 2. sun, 3. narrow-necked pot with overflowing water, 4. fish A hooded snake is on the edge of the composition. (The dark red color of jasper reinforces the semantics: eruvai 'dark red, copper' Hieroglyph: eruvai 'reed'; see four reedposts held).

कारंडा [ kāraṇḍā ]करंडा [ karaṇḍā ] m A chump or block. the stock or fixed portion of the staff of the large leaf-covered summerhead or umbrella. A clump, chump, or block of wood. करांडा [ karāṇḍā ] m C A cylindrical piece as sawn or chopped off the trunk or a bough of a tree; a clump, chump, or block. करोळा [ karōḷā ] m The half-burnt grass of a Potter's kiln: also a single stalk of it. Kalanda [cp. Sk. karaṇḍa piece of wood?] heap, stack (like a heap of wood? cp. kalingara) Miln 292 (sīsa˚) (Pali) करण्ड [L=44277] n. a piece of wood , block Bhpr.

Rebus: करडा [ karaḍā ]Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi)
Four flag-posts(reeds) with rings on top held by the kneeling persons define the four components of the iron smithy/forge. This is an announcement of four shops, पेढी (Gujarati. Marathi). पेंढें 'rings' Rebus: पेढी 'shop'.āra 'serpent' Rebus; āra 'brass'. karaḍa 'double-drum' Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy'.
Specific materials offered for sale/exchange in the shop are: hard alloy brass metal (ayo, fish); lokhaṇḍ (overflowing pot) 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware'; arka/erka 'copper'; kammaṭa (a portable furnace for melting precious metals) 'coiner, mint' Thus, the four shops are: 1. brass alloys, 2. metalware, 3. copper and 4. mint (services).
erãguḍu bowing, salutation (Telugu) iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to bow before (as in salutation), worship (Tamil)(DEDR 516). Rebus: eraka, eṟaka any metal infusion (Kannada.Tulu) eruvai 'copper' (Tamil); ere dark red (Kannada)(DEDR 446).
puṭa Anything folded or doubled so as to form a cup or concavity; crucible. Alternative: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati)
Allograph: ढाल [ ḍhāla ] f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain: also a flag flying on forts &c. ढालकाठी [ ḍhālakāṭhī ] f ढालखांब m A flagstaff; esp.the pole for a grand flag or standard. 2 fig. The leading and sustaining member of a household or other commonwealth. 5583 ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- . 1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583).
They are four Glyphs: paṭākā 'flag' Rebus: pāṭaka, four quarters of the village.
kã̄ḍ reed Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.
1. Pk. kamaḍha -- , °aya -- m. ʻ bamboo ʼ; Bhoj. kōro ʻ bamboo poles ʼ. 2. N. kāmro ʻ bamboo, lath, piece of wood ʼ, OAw. kāṁvari ʻ bamboo pole with slings at each end for carrying things ʼ, H. kã̄waṛ, °ar, kāwaṛ, °ar f., G. kāvaṛf., M. kāvaḍ f.; -- deriv. Pk. kāvaḍia -- , kavvāḍia -- m. ʻ one who carries a yoke ʼ, H. kã̄waṛī, °ṛiyā m., G. kāvaṛiyɔ m. 3. S. kāvāṭhī f. ʻ carrying pole ʼ, kāvāṭhyo m. ʻ the man who carries it ʼ. 4. Or. kāmaṛā, °muṛā ʻ rafters of a thatched house ʼ; G. kāmṛũ n., °ṛī f. ʻ chip of bamboo ʼ, kāmaṛ -- koṭiyũ n. ʻ bamboo hut ʼ. 5. B. kāmṭhā ʻ bow ʼ, G. kāmṭhũ n., °ṭhī f. ʻ bow ʼ; M. kamṭhā, °ṭā m. ʻ bow of bamboo or horn ʼ; -- deriv. G. kāmṭhiyɔ m. ʻ archer ʼ. 6. A. kabāri ʻ flat piece of bamboo used in smoothing an earthen image ʼ. 7. kã̄bīṭ, °baṭ, °bṭī, kāmīṭ, °maṭ, °mṭī, kāmṭhī, kāmāṭhī f. ʻ split piece of bamboo &c., lath ʼ.(CDIAL 2760). kambi f. ʻ branch or shoot of bamboo ʼ lex. Pk. kaṁbi -- , °bī -- , °bā -- f. ʻ stick, twig ʼ, OG. kāṁba; M. kã̄b f. ʻ longitudinal division of a bamboo &c., bar of iron or other metal ʼ. (CDIAL 2774). कंबडी [ kambaḍī ] f A slip or split piece (of a bamboo &c.)(Marathi)
The rings atop the reed standard: पेंढें [ pēṇḍhēṃ ] पेंडकें [ pēṇḍakēṃ ] n Weaver's term. A cord-loop or metal ring (as attached to the गुलडा of the बैली and to certain other fixtures). पेंडें [ pēṇḍēṃ ] n (पेड) A necklace composed of strings of pearls. 2 A loop or ring. Rebus: पेढी (Gujaráthí word.) A shop (Marathi) Alternative: koṭiyum [koṭ, koṭī neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (Gujarati) Rebus: ācāri koṭṭya = forge, kammārasāle (Tulu)
The four hieroglyphs define the four quarters of the village smithy/forge: alloy, metalware, turner's lathe-work, cruble (or, ingot).
ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayo 'metal, alloy'
కాండము [ kāṇḍamu ] kānḍamu. [Skt.] n. Water. నీళ్లు (Telugu) kaṇṭhá -- : (b) ʻ water -- channel ʼ: Paš. kaṭāˊ ʻ irrigation channel ʼ, Shum. xãṭṭä. (CDIAL 14349).
lokhãḍ 'overflowing pot' Rebus: ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ (Gujarati)
arká1 m. ʻ flash, ray, sun ʼ RV. [√arc] Pa. Pk. akka -- m. ʻ sun ʼ, Mth. āk; Si. aka ʻ lightning ʼ, inscr. vid -- äki ʻ lightning flash ʼ.(CDIAL 624) அருக்கன் arukkaṉ, n. < arka. Sun; சூரி யன். அருக்க னணிநிறமுங் கண்டேன் (திவ். இயற். 3, 1).(Tamil) agasāle 'goldsmithy' (Kannada) అగసాలి [ agasāli ] or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు. (Telugu) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) cf. eruvai = copper (Tamil) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tulu) Rebus: eraka = copper (Ka.) eruvai = copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a = syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada) akka, aka (Tadbhava of arka) metal; akka metal (Te.) arka = copper (Skt.) erako molten cast (Tulu)
Alternative: kunda 'jasmine flower' Rebus: kunda ʻa turner's latheʼ. kundaṇa pure gold.
The image could denote a crucible or a portable furnace: kammaṭa 'coiner, mint, a portable furnace for melting precious metals (Telugu) On some cylinder seals, this image is shown held aloft on a stick, comparable to the bottom register of the 'standard device' normally shown in front of a one-horned young bull. Alternatives: puṭa Anything folded or doubled so as to form a cup or concavity; crucible. Ta. kuvai, kukai crucible. Ma. kuva id. Ka. kōve id. Tu. kōvè id., mould. (DEDR 1816). Alternative: Shape of ingot: దళము [daḷamu] daḷamu. [Skt.] n. A leaf. ఆకు. A petal. A part, భాగము. dala n. ʻ leaf, petal ʼ MBh. Pa. Pk. dala -- n. ʻ leaf, petal ʼ, G. M. daḷ n.(CDIAL 6214). <DaLO>(MP) {N} ``^branch, ^twig''. *Kh.<DaoRa>(D) `dry leaves when fallen', ~<daura>, ~<dauRa> `twig', Sa.<DAr>, Mu.<Dar>, ~<Dara> `big branch of a tree', ~<DauRa> `a twig or small branch with fresh leaves on it', So.<kOn-da:ra:-n> `branch', H.<DalA>, B.<DalO>, O.<DaLO>, Pk.<DAlA>. %7811. #7741.(Munda etyma) Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati).Hieroglyph: arká1 m. ʻ flash, ray, sun ʼ RV. [√arc] Pa. Pk. akka -- m. ʻ sun ʼ, Mth. āk; Si. aka ʻ lightning ʼ, inscr. vid -- äki ʻ lightning flash ʼ.(CDIAL 624)

Rebus: arka 'copper (metal)'; araka 'sublimation, sublimate' (Kannada) అగసాలి (p. 0023) [ agasāli ] or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు. அருக்கம்¹ arukkam, n. < arka. (நாநார்த்த.) 1. Copper; செம்பு. Ka. Ka. eṟe cast (as metal); eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal) (DEDR 866)

Hieroglyph: kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi)

Hieroglyhph: <lo->(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See <lo-> `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. <lo->(B) {V} ``to be ^left over, to be ^saved''. Caus. <o-lo->. @B24300. #20861.(Munda etyma)

Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi)

The hieroglyph multiplex clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper. लोहोलोखंड [ lōhōlōkhaṇḍa ] n (लोह & लोखंड) Iron tools, vessels, or articles in general.रुपेशाई लोखंड [ rupēśāī lōkhaṇḍa ] n A kind of iron. It is of inferior quality to शिक्केशाई. लोखंड [ lōkhaṇḍa ] n (लोह S) Iron. लोखंडाचे चणे खावविणें or चारणें To oppress grievously. लोखंडकाम [ lōkhaṇḍakāma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith. लोखंडी [ lōkhaṇḍī ] a (लोखंड) Composed of iron; relating to iron. 2 fig. Hardy or hard--a constitution or a frame of body, one's हाड or natal bone or parental stock. 3 Close and hard;--used of kinds of wood. 4 Ardent and unyielding--a fever. 5 लोखंडी, in the sense Hard and coarse or in the sense Strong or enduring, is freely applied as a term of distinction or designation. Examples follow. लोखंडी [ lōkhaṇḍī ] f (लोखंड) An iron boiler or other vessel. लोखंडी जर [ lōkhaṇḍī jara ] m (लोखंड & जर) False brocade or lace; lace &c. made of iron.लोखंडी रस्ता [ lōkhaṇḍī rastā ] m लोखंडी सडक f (Iron-road.) A railroad.
फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'
Jasper cylinder seal, Mesopotamia, Uruk Period, 4100 BC–3000 BC. This early seal depicts lion-headed eagles and two Serpopards (mythical long-necked lion beasts). Serpopards also appear on the Narmer Palette
फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'
Gadd seal 6. (cut down into Ur III mausolea from Larsa level; U. 16220), enstatite; Legrain, 1951, No. 632; Collon, 1987, Fig. 611 Cylinder seal; BM 122947;humped bull stands before a palm-tree, a thorny stone(?), tabernae montana (five-petalled fragrant flower); snake; person with long legs; behind the bull a scorpion ... Deciphered Indus writing: pola 'zebu, bos indicus'; pola ‘magnetite ore’ (Munda. Asuri); bichi 'scorpion'; 'hematite ore'; tagaraka 'tabernae montana'; tagara 'tin'; ranga 'thorny'; Rebus: pewter, alloy of tin and antimony; kankar., kankur. = very tall and thin, large hands and feet; kankar dare = a high tree with few branches (Santali) Rebus: kanka, kanaka = gold (Samskritam); kan = copper (Tamil) nAga 'snake' nAga 'lead' (Samskritam).
Four cobra-hoods PLUS pudendum muliebre as Indus Script hypertext on Daimabad charioteer
Four hoods of cobra arch over membrum virile. Hypertext expression reads: lo gaṇḍa phaṇin Rebus plaintext readings : 1. phaṇi lokhaṇḍa, 'tin or lead foil,metalware,metal implements market (pun on the word paṇi, 'market'); 2. lokhaṇḍa paṇe (paṇi) 'metal implements production,metals quarry'. Thus, the charioteer is described to be a paṇikkan, 'a metals workers, a master metallurgical artificer'. Alternative: mēṇḍhra -- m. ʻ penis ʼ(Samskritam)(CDIAL 9606) rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho.Mu.) Alternative: reinforcement of semantics for upraised penis, for lo: bhar̥kanu 'rise of penis' (N.)(CDIAL 9365) rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace, smelter' Thus, an alternative plain text is: bhaṭa phaṇi lokhaṇḍa 'furnace (for) tin or lead foil, metal implements'.
Curved stick held in his right hand: मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick, horn &c.) rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho.Mu.)

Ta. paṇṭi cart, waggon, carriage; vaṇṭi id., cartload; vaṇṭil cart, carriage, bandy, wheel; pāṇṭi cart with a top, bullock cart; pāṇṭil two-wheeled cart, horse-drawn chariot. Ma.vaṇṭi, vaṇṭil wheel, cart, bandy. Ko. vaṇḍy cart. To. poḍy bullock-cart. Ka. baṇḍi bandy, cart, carriage, wheel. Tu. baṇḍi, bhaṇḍi cart. Te. baṇḍi carriage, cart, any wheeled conveyance. Kol. baṇḍi bullock-cart for freight. Ga. (P. S.&super2;) banḍi cart. Kuwi (Su. Isr.) baṇḍi id. / Skt. (Hem. Uṇ. 608) Or. baṇḍi. Ultimately from Skt. bhāṇḍa- goods, wares, as carrying these; for an IE etymology for bhāṇḍa-,(DEDR 50)

Hieroglyph: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS pōlaḍu, 'black drongo' rebus: pōlāda 'steel', pwlad (Russian), fuladh (Persian) folādī (Pashto).पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fUlAd 'steel' (Arabic).

Hieroglyph: कोला (p. 105) kōlā m (Commonly कोल्हा) A jackal. For compounds see under कोल्हे. कोल्हा (p. 105) kōlhā m A jackal, Canis aureus. Linn. कोल्हें (p. 105) kōlhēṃ n A jackal. Without reference to sex. Pr. अडलें कोल्हें मंगळ गाय Even the yelling jackal can sing pleasantly when he is in distress. कोल्हें Ta. kol working in iron, lacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l
smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi
blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.) kollusānā to mend implements; (Ph.) kolstānā, kulsānā to forge; (Tr.) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi
(F.) kolhali to forge.(DEDR 2133)

Hieroglyph: barad, 'bullock': balivárda (balīv° ŚBr.) m. ʻ ox, bull ʼ TBr., balivanda- m. Kāṭh., barivarda -- m. lex. [Poss. a cmpd. of balín -- (cf. *balilla -- ) and a non -- Aryan word for ʻ ox ʼ (cf. esp. Nahālī baddī and poss. IA. forms like Sik. pāḍō ʻ bull < *pāḍḍa -- : EWA ii 419 with lit.)]
Pa. balivadda -- m. ʻ ox ʼ, Pk. balĭ̄vadda -- , balidda -- , baladda -- m. (cf. balaya -- m. < *balaka -- ?); L. baledā, mult. baled m. ʻ herd of bullocks ʼ (→ S. ḇaledo m.); P. bald,baldh, balhd m. ʻ ox ʼ, baled, baledā m. ʻ herd of oxen ʼ, ludh. bahld, balēd m. ʻ ox ʼ; Ku. balad m. ʻ ox ʼ, gng. bald, N. (Tarai) barad, A. balad(h), B. balad, Or. baḷada, Bi.barad(h), Mth. barad (hyper -- hindiism baṛad), Bhoj. baradh, Aw.lakh. bardhu, H. balad, barad(h), bardhā m. (whence baladnā ʻ to bull a cow ʼ), G. baḷad m. balivardin -- .Addenda: balivárda -- [Cf. Ap. valivaṇḍa -- ʻ mighty ʼ, OP. balavaṇḍā]: WPah.kc. bɔḷəd m., kṭg. bɔḷd m. (LNH 30 bŏḷd), J. bald m., Garh. baḷda ʻ bullock ʼ.(CDIAL 9176) Rebus: भरत (p. 353) bharata n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.; भरती (p. 353) bharatī a Composed of the metal भरत.; भरताचें भांडें (p. 353) bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ n A vessel made of the metal भरत. (Marathi)

karukku-paṇi embossed work (Ma.)(DEDR 1280) Ka. paṇe ground that is worked, tillage, quarry; paṇṇeya, paṇya farm, landed estate. Tu. (B-K.) paṇe quarry. (DEDR 3891) Ta. paṇ service, work, business, employment, decoration; paṇi act, action, performance, work, service, decoration; paṇati workmanship, action, creation, ornament; paṇiti work, structure, ornament; paṇikkaṉ master-builder, carpenter; paṇikkam, paṇikku accuracy of design, elaboration in a work; paṇinar servants; paṇpu action, deed; paṇṇu (paṇṇi-) to make, effect, produce, adorn; paṉṉu (paṉṉi-) to do anything with consideration and skill. Ma. paṇi work, labour, service, building, exertion; paṇikkan workman, artificer; paṇiyuka to build; paṇiyan a caste of cultivators in hilly districts; game-trackers, living chiefly in Wynad; paṇṇuka, paṇṇikka vb. denoting coitus (obscene). Ko. paṇynman of a caste at Gudalur in Wynad; fem. paṇc; ? paṇ anvil. To. poṇy work. Ka. paṇṇu to make ready, prepare, equip, decorate; paṇṇika, paṇṇige, paṇṇuge arranging, making ready, equipping. Koḍ. paṇi work. Tu. paṇipuni to give a shape (e.g. to a vessel). Te. pani work, labour, act, deed, workmanship, art; (inscr.) paṇi work; pannu to contrive, plan, design, invent; (K. also) be ready, make ready; (K. also) n. suitability. Kol. (SR.) pannī work, labour. Nk. pani work. Pa. panḍp- (panḍt-) to make, do. Ga. (Oll.) panḍ- to be able. Go. (LSI, Kōi) paṇi, (Grigson) paṛī, (Ko.) paṛi work (Voc. 2092); panḍ- (G.) to build (house), (Mu.) to make, build, repair, (Ma.) to make, construct; (L.) pandānā to make, repair (Voc. 2093). Konḍa pand- (-it-) to prepare, construct, devise, plan; paṇi work(DEDR 3884)

gaṇḍa set of four (Santali); rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar, furnace' (Santali) rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi) खंडा [ khaṇḍā ] m A sort of sword. It is straight and twoedged. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A kind of sword, straight, broad-bladed, two-edged, and round-ended. खांडाईत [khāṇḍāīta] a Armed with the sword called खांडा. (Marathi)

PLUS phaṇin 'cobra hood' rebus: phaṇi 'tin or lead foil'.
फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Hieroglyph: lo 'penis' Go<luGguj>(Z) [lUGguy'] {NB} ``male ^genitals, ^penis, ^scrotum''.(Munda etyma) loe 'penis' (Ho.) Rebus: loh 'copper, iron, metal' (Indian sprachbund, Meluhha) लोह [p= 908,3]mfn. (prob. fr. a √ रुह् for a lost √ रुध् , " to be red " ; cf. रोहि , रोहिण &c ) red , reddish , copper-coloured S3rS. MBh.made of copper S3Br. (Sch.)made of iron Kaus3.m. n. red metal , copper VS. &c
```
Hieroglyph: ``^penis'':So. laj(R)  ~ lij  ~ la'a'j  ~ laJ/ laj  ~ kaD `penis'.Sa. li'j `penis, esp. of small boys'.
Sa. lO'j `penis'.Mu. lOe'j  ~ lOGgE'j `penis'.  ! lO'jHo loe `penis'.Ku. la:j `penis'.@(C289) ``^penis'':
Sa. lOj `penis'.Mu. lOj `penis'.KW lOj@(M084) <lO?Oj>(D),,<AlAj>(L)//<lAj>(DL)  {N} ``^penis''.  #43901.
<ului>(P),,<uluj>(MP)  {NB} ``^penis, male organ, male^genitals''.  Cf. <kOlOb>(P),<susu>(M) `testicle'; <kuLij>(M), <kuRij>(P) `vulva'.  *Sa., MuN<lO'j>, MuH, Ho<lo'e>,So.<laj-An>, U.Tem.<lo'> ??. %33271.  #33031.So<lO?Oj>(D),,<AlAj>(L)//<lAj>(DL)  {N} ``^penis''.
<lohosua>(D)  {NI} ``^dance''.  #20141. lo-khaṇḍa, penis + gaṇḍa, 4 balls; Rebus:lokhaṇḍa iron, metalware.
```
Hieroglyph: फणि 1 [p= 716,1] m. a serpent (only gen. pl. फण्/ईनाम्) Suparn2.;
in comp. for फणिन् m. " hooded " , a serpent esp. Coluber नाग) Ka1v. Katha1s.
Pur. phaṇin ʻ hooded (of snake, esp. cobra) ʼ Kathās. [phaṇá -- 1] Pk. phaṇi -- m. ʻ snake ʼ; P. phaṇī ʻ flat -- headed (of snake) ʼ; A. phanī ʻ snake ʼ; Or. phaṇī ʻ hooded ʼ, sb. ʻ snake ʼ; H. phanī ʻ hooded ʼ; G. phaṇī m. ʻ snake ʼ, Si. paṇiya.(CDIAL 9046) phaṇa1 m. ʻ expanded hood of snake (esp. of cobra) ʼ MBh. 2. *phēṇa -- 2. [Cf. phaṭa -- , *phēṭṭa -- 2 and *phaṇati2. -- For mng. ʻ shoulder -- blade ʼ &c. cf. association of shape in phaṇāphalaka -- Bhartr̥. ~ aṁsaphalaká -- ŚBr. and cf. phēna -- n. ʻ cuttlefish bone ʼ Car.] 1. Pa. phaṇa -- m. ʻ expanded hood of snake ʼ, Pk. phaṇa -- m., °ṇā -- f.; Wg. paṇ -- šī ʻ big snake ʼ (+šai ʻ head ʼ? NTS xvii 287); K. phan m. ʻ expanded hood of snake ʼ, S. phaṇi f., L.awāṇ. phaṇ, P. phaṇ, °ṇu f., ludh. phan m., WPah. (Joshi) faṇ m., Ku. phaṇ, °ṇi, N. phani, A. phanā, B. phan, °nā, Or. phaṇā̆, Mth. phanā, Bhoj. phan, H. phan, °nā m., G. pheṇ (< *phaṇi), phaṇī f., M. phaṇ m., °ṇī f., Si. paṇa, peṇa. -- S. phaṇi f. ʻ shoulderblade ʼ; H. phanī f. ʻ wedge ʼ; G. phaṇɔ m. ʻ fore part of foot ʼ. 2. A. phenā ʻ expanded hood of snake ʼ, Or. pheṇā̆. phaṇin -- , phaṇakara -- .phaṇá -- 2 ʻ froth ʼ see phāṇita -- .Addenda: phaṇa -- 1: S.kcch. phaṇ f. ʻ snake's hood, front part of foot ʼ, phaṇī f. ʻ weaver's toothed instrument for pressing and closing the woof ʼ; WPah.kṭg. phɔ́ṇ m. ʻ cobra's hood ʼ; Garh. phaṇ ʻ snake's hood ʼ. (CDIAL 9042) phaṇakara m. ʻ cobra ʼ lex. [Cf. phaṇākara -- , phaṇa- dhara -- , phaṇādh° m. lex. -- phaṇa -- 1, kará -- 1]L. phaniar m., P. phanyar m., WPah. (Joshi) fanā'r m. (all with n, not ṇ?).Addenda: phaṇakara -- : WPah.kṭg. phɔ́ṇər m. ʻ cobra ʼ, J. fanā'r m. (kṭg. phɔ́ṇir m. poss. ← P. Him.I 127). (CDIAL 9043)

Rebus 1: tin or metal foil: फणिन् [p= 716,2] n. (prob.) tin or lead Ka1lac. panī f. ʻ tinfoil ʼ(Sindhi); P. pannā m. ʻ leaf, page ʼ, pannī f. ʻ gilt leather ʼ; H. pān m. ʻ leaf ʼ, pannā m. ʻ leaf, page ʼ, pannī f. ʻ metal foil, grass for thatching ʼ; G. pānũ n. ʻ blade ʼ(CDIAL 7918) prāmāṇika ʻ founded on authority ʼ Dāyabh., m. ʻ chief of a trade ʼ W. [pramāṇa-- ] B. pāni, pã̄in, pāin a surname? (CDIAL 8949)

Rebus 2: पणि [p= 580,2] a market L.; N. of a class of envious demons watching over treasures RV. (esp. x , 108) AV. S3Br.; m. a bargainer , miser , niggard (esp. one who is sparing of sacrificial oblations) RV. AV.

Rebus: <loha>(BD) {NI} ``^iron''. Syn. <luaG>(D). *@. #20131) laúha -- ʻ made of copper or iron ʼ Gr̥Śr., ʻ red ʼ MBh., n. ʻ iron, metal ʼ Bhaṭṭ. [lōhá -- ] Pk. lōha -- ʻ made of iron ʼ; L. lohā ʻ iron -- coloured, reddish ʼ; P. lohā ʻ reddish -- brown (of cattle) ʼ.lōhá 11158 lōhá ʻ red, copper -- coloured ʼ ŚrS., ʻ made of copper ʼ ŚBr., m.n. ʻ copper ʼ VS., ʻ iron ʼ MBh. [*rudh -- ] Pa. lōha -- m. ʻ metal, esp. copper or bronze ʼ; Pk. lōha -- m. ʻ iron ʼ, Gy. pal. li°, lihi, obl. elhás, as. loa JGLS new ser. ii 258; Wg. (Lumsden) "loa"ʻ steel ʼ; Kho.loh ʻ copper ʼ; S. lohu m. ʻ iron ʼ, L. lohā m., awāṇ. lōˋā, P. lohā m. (→ K.rām. ḍoḍ. lohā), WPah.bhad. lɔ̃u n., bhal. lòtilde; n., pāḍ. jaun. lōh, paṅ. luhā, cur. cam.lohā, Ku. luwā, N. lohu, °hā, A. lo, B. lo, no, Or. lohā, luhā, Mth. loh, Bhoj. lohā, Aw.lakh. lōh, H. loh, lohā m., G. M. loh n.; Si. loho, lō ʻ metal, ore, iron ʼ; Md.ratu -- lō ʻ copper ʼ.WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lóɔ ʻ iron ʼ, J. lohā m., Garh. loho; Md. lō ʻ metal ʼ. (CDIAL 11172).
lōhakāra m. ʻ iron -- worker ʼ, °rī -- f., °raka -- m. lex., lauhakāra -- m. Hit. [lōhá -- , kāra -- 1]Pa. lōhakāra -- m. ʻ coppersmith, ironsmith ʼ; Pk. lōhāra -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, S. luhā̆ru m., L. lohār m., °rī f., awāṇ. luhār, P. WPah.khaś. bhal. luhār m., Ku. lwār, N. B. lohār, Or. lohaḷa, Bi.Bhoj. Aw.lakh. lohār, H. lohār, luh° m., G. lavār m., M. lohār m.; Si. lōvaru ʻ coppersmith ʼ.WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lhwāˋr m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, lhwàri f. ʻ his wife ʼ, Garh. lwār m. (CDIAL 11159).lōhaghaṭa 11160 *lōhaghaṭa ʻ iron pot ʼ. [lōhá -- , ghaṭa -- 1]Bi. lohrā, °rī ʻ small iron pan ʼ.*lōhaphāla -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , phāˊla -- 1]WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl m. ʻ an agricultural implement ʼ Him.I 197; -- or < †*lōhahala -- .(CDIAL 11160) lōhala ʻ made of iron ʼ W. [lōhá -- ]G. lohar, lohariyɔ m. ʻ selfwilled and unyielding man ʼ.(CDIAL 11161).*lōhaśālā ʻ smithy ʼ. [lōhá -- , śāˊlā -- ]Bi. lohsārī ʻ smithy ʼ. (CDIAL 11162).lōhahaṭṭika 11163 *lōhahaṭṭika ʻ ironmonger ʼ. [lōhá -- , haṭṭa -- ] P.ludh. lōhṭiyā m. ʻ ironmonger ʼ.†*lōhahala -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , halá -- ]WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl ʻ an agricultural instrument ʼ; rather < †*lōhaphāla -- .(CDIAL 11163).

Hooded snake on kudurrus. Indus Script: phaṇi 'cobra hood' rebus: phaṇi 'lead or zinc'; paṇi 'merchant, marketplace'.

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Tree atop a temple on a kudurru. Indus Script:kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' PLUS kuṭhi a sacred, divine tree, kuṭi 'temple'; kuṭhi 'smelter'

Limestone kudurru reign of Marduk-nadin-ahhe: the boundary-stone consists of a block of black limestone, which has been shaped and rubbed down to take sculptures and inscriptions. Culture/period: Middle Babylonian Date: 11thC BC From: Babylon (Asia, Middle East, Iraq, South Iraq, Babylon) Materials: limestone Technique: carved British Museum number: 90841

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/351632683381152064

Blog dedicated to the greatest ancient culture - Mesopotamia.

ASPECTS OF EARLY NĀGA CULT IN INDIA

HERBERT HÄRTEL

Journal of the Royal Society of Arts

Vol. 124, No. 5243 (OCTOBER 1976), pp. 663-683

Published by: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41372392

Indus Script hypertext to signify फडा phaḍā 'metals manufactory' has cognates in expressions of Bhāratīya languages

https://tinyurl.com/y8me6tze

All cognates: phaṭā फटा (Samskrtam), phaḍā फडा (Marathi), paṭam (Tamil. Malayalam), paḍaga (Telugu) have the same meaning: cobra hood. Rebus words/expressions which signify 'manufactory, metals workshop' are: bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnaceʼ, paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai 'anvil, smithy, forge', paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi 'workshop'.

This concordance suggested by the use of Indus Script Cipher evidenced in many inscriptions (See links cited below) indicates the essential semantic unity of Bhāratīya languages and the evolution of manufactories/workshops for metalwork all over Bhāratam during the Bronze Age.

The semantic unity is matched by the cultural significance of the pratimā of Gaṇeśa of Gardez, with the Indus Script hypertexts of cobra hood and elephant-face ligature to a human body attesting to the significance of Gaṇeśa as the leader of the hosts performing ironwork (karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus:karba, ib 'iron'); phaḍā फडा 'cobra hood' rebus: phaḍā फडा 'metals manufactory'; mūṣa 'mouse' rebus: mūṣa 'crucible'; meḍ 'step, dance step' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic)

Based on this example of word-sets of Bhāratīya languages suggesting phonetic variants of phaḍā, paṭammeaning 'cobra hood', I suggest that phaḍā 'metals manufactory' in Marathi is cognate with and explains, semantically, the derivatives with cognate meanings: paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi 'workshop' (Kannada) and paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai 'anvil, smithy, forge.'(Tamil). It is also possible to suggest a cognate bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnaceʼ (Punjabi). Semantics of forge, smithy are seen in the following lexemes signifying 'furnace work': bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj] Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ,bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v. bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ.(CDIAL 9656)

Hieroglyph: फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. Ta. paṭam cobra's hood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers. A cognate expression for workshop, smithy, forge are the following expressions: Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop. Cf. 86 Ta. aṭai. (DEDR 3865) Ta. aṭai prop. slight support; aṭai-kal anvil. Ma. aṭa-kkallu anvil of goldsmiths. Ko. aṛ gal small anvil. Ka. aḍe, aḍa, aḍi the piece of wood on which the five artisans put the article which they happen to operate upon, a support; aḍegal, aḍagallu, aḍigallu anvil. Tu. aṭṭè a support, stand. Te. ḍā-kali, ḍā-kallu, dā-kali, dā-gali, dāyi anvil.(DEDR 86) adhikaraṇīˊ f. ʻ *anvil ʼ, adhikaraṇa -- n. ʻ receptacle, support ʼ TUp. [√kr̥1]
Pa. adhikaraṇī -- f. ʻ smith's anvil ʼ; Pk. ahigaraṇī -- f. ʻ a piece of apparatus for a smith ʼ; K. yīran, dat. yṳ̄rüñ f. ʻ anvil ʼ, S. aharaṇi, araṇi f., L. (Jukes) ariṇ f., awāṇ. &circmacrepsilon;ruṇ, P. aihran, airaṇ, ā̆hraṇ f., WPah. bhal. arhini; roh. erṇe ʻ smithy ʼ, N. āran; H. aheran, ā̆hran m. ʻ anvil ʼ; -- H. Smith BSL 101, 115.Addenda: adhikaraṇīˊ -- : S.kcch. eṇ f. ʻ anvil ʼ; WPah.kṭg. n/arəṇ, n/arṇi f. ʻ furnace, smithy ʼ; āˊrəṇ m. prob. ← P. Him.I 4; jaun. āraṇ, airaṇ; G. eraṇi f. ʻ anvil ʼ, M. aheraṇ, ahiraṇ, airaṇ, airṇī, haraṇ f.(CDIAL 252)

A number of expressions are presented below which relate to the semantics of 'public office', for e.g. paṭṭaśāle, 'reading hall' (Kannada).

பட்டகசாலை paṭṭaka-cālai, n. < T. paṭa- šāla. [K. paṭṭasāle.] 1. Central or principal hall in a house; கூடம். Loc. 2. Dining hall adjoining a house; மனையில் உண்ணுமிடம். Nāṭ. cheṭṭi.

பட்டடை¹ paṭṭaṭai , n. prob. படு¹- + அடை¹-. 1. [T. paṭṭika, K. paṭṭaḍe.] Anvil; அடைகல். (பிங்.) சீரிடங்காணி னெறிதற்குப் பட்ட டை (குறள், 821). 2. [K. paṭṭaḍi.] Smithy, forge; கொல்லன் களரி. 3. Stock, heap, pile, as of straw, firewood or timber; குவியல். (W.) 4. Corn-rick, enclosure of straw for grain, wattle and daub, granary; தானியவுறை. (W.) 5. Layer or bed of olas for grain; தானியமிடுற்கு ஓலைகளாலமைத்த படுக்கை. (W.) 6. Anything held against another, as a support in driving a nail; prop to keep a thing from falling or moving; ஆணி முதலியன செல்லுதற்கு அடியிலிருந்து தாங்குங் கருவி. (W.) கொல்லன்பட்டடை kollaṉ-paṭṭaṭai , n. < கொல்லன் +. Anvil; அடைகல். (C. G.)

கொல்லன்பட்டரை kollaṉ-paṭṭarai , n. < id. +. Blacksmith's workshop, smithy; கொல்லன் உலைக்கூடம்.

फडपूस (p. 313) phaḍapūsa f (फड & पुसणें) Public or open inquiry. फडफरमाश or स (p. 313) phaḍapharamāśa or sa f ( H & P) Fruit, vegetables &c. furnished on occasions to Rajas and public officers, on the authority of their order upon the villages; any petty article or trifling work exacted from the Ryots by Government or a public officer.

फडनिविशी or सी (p. 313) phaḍaniviśī or sī & फडनिवीस Commonly फड- निशी & फडनीस. फडनीस (p. 313) phaḍanīsa m ( H) A public officer,--the keeper of the registers &c. By him were issued all grants, commissions, and orders; and to him were rendered all accounts from the other departments. He answers to Deputy auditor and accountant. Formerly the head Kárkún of a district-cutcherry who had charge of the accounts &c. was called फडनीस.

फडकरी (p. 313) phaḍakarī m A man belonging to a company or band (of players, showmen &c.) 2 A superintendent or master of a फड or public place. See under फड. 3 A retail-dealer (esp. in grain).

फडझडती (p. 313) phaḍajhaḍatī f sometimes फडझाडणी f A clearing off of public business (of any business comprehended under the word फड q. v.): also clearing examination of any फड or place of public business.

फड (p. 313) phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room: also, in an ill-sense, as खेळण्या- चा फड A gambling-house, नाचण्याचा फड A nach house, गाण्याचा or ख्यालीखुशालीचा फड A singing shop or merriment shop. The word expresses freely Gymnasium or arena, circus, club-room, debating-room, house or room or stand for idlers, newsmongers, gossips, scamps &c. 2 The spot to which field-produce is brought, that the crop may be ascertained and the tax fixed; the depot at which the Government-revenue in kind is delivered; a place in general where goods in quantity are exposed for inspection or sale. 3 Any office or place of extensive business or work, as a factory, manufactory, arsenal, dock-yard, printing-office &c. 4 A plantation or field (as of ऊस, वांग्या, मिरच्या, खरबुजे &c.): also a standing crop of such produce. 5 fig. Full and vigorous operation or proceeding, the going on with high animation and bustle (of business in general). v चाल, पड, घाल, मांड. 6 A company, a troop, a band or set (as of actors, showmen, dancers &c.) 7 The stand of a great gun. फड पडणें g. of s. To be in full and active operation. 2 To come under brisk discussion. फड मारणें- राखणें-संभाळणें To save appearances, फड मारणें or संपादणें To cut a dash; to make a display (upon an occasion). फडाच्या मापानें With full tale; in flowing measure. फडास येणें To come before the public; to come under general discussion.

Cloth worn onGaṇeśa pratimā, Gardez, Afghanistan. Hieroglyph: படம்¹ paṭam , n. < paṭa. 1. Cloth for wear; சீலை. (பிங்.) மாப்பட நூலின் றொகுதிக் காண் டலின் (ஞானா. 14, 21). 2. Painted or printed cloth; சித்திரச்சீலை. (பிங்.) இப்படத்தெழுது ஞான வாவி (காசிக. கலாவ. 2). 3. Coat, jacket; சட்டை. படம்புக்கு (பெரும்பாண். 69). 4. Upper garment, cloak; போர்வை. வனப்பகட்டைப் பட மாக வுரித்தாய் (தேவா. 32, 7). 5. Body; உடல். படங்கொடு நின்றவிப் பல்லுயிர் (திருமந். 2768).

Hieroglyph: படம் paṭam, n. < pada. Instep; பாதத் தின் முற்பகுதி. படங்குந்திநிற்றல் (சூடா. 9, 53). Ta. aṭi foot, footprint, base, bottom, source, origin; aṭimai slavery, servitude, slave, servant, devotee; aṭitti, aṭicci maidservant; aṭiyavaṉ, aṭiyāṉ, aṭiyōṉ slave, devotee. Ma. aṭi sole of foot, footstep, measure of foot, bottom, base; aṭima slavery, slave, feudal dependency; aṭiyān slave, servant; fem. aṭiyātti. Ko. aṛy foot (measure); ac place below; acgaṛ place beneath an object, position after the first in a row; ac mog younger son. To. oṛy foot. Ka. aḍi foot, measure of foot, step, pace, base, bottom, under; aḍime slavery; aḍiya slave. Koḍ. aḍi place below, down. Tu. aḍi bottom, base; kār aḍi footsole, footstep; aḍi kai palm of the hand. Te. aḍugu foot, footstep, footprint, step, pace, measure of a foot, bottom, basis; aḍime slavery, slave, bondman; aḍiyãḍu slave, servant; aḍi-gaṟṟa sandal, wooden shoe.Ga. (S.2) aḍugu footstep (< Te.). Go. (G.) aḍi beneath; (Mu.) aḍit below; aḍita lower; aṛke below; (Ma.) aḍita, aḍna lower; (M.) aḍ(ḍ)i below, low; (L.) aḍī down; (Ko.) aṛgi underneath; aṛgita lower (Voc. 33). Konḍa aḍgi below, underneath; aḍgiR(i) that which is underneath; aḍgiRaṇḍ from below, from the bottom. (DEDR 72)

फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

See:
https://tinyurl.com/y7a26nhe

All Indus Script hypertexts with phaḍā 'serpent hood' signify metals manufactory public officers

https://tinyurl.com/yar94t7p Harappa seal signifies फडा phaḍā 'metals manufactory' sēṇa 'eagle' rebus sena 'thunderbolt'

All Indus Script hypertexts with phaḍā 'serpent hood' signify metals manufactory public officers

https://tinyurl.com/y7a26nhe

Hieroglyph: फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. Ta. patam cobra's hood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

Cloth worn on Gaṇeśa pratimā, Gardez, Afghanistan. Hieroglyph: படம்¹ paṭam , n. < paṭa. 1. Cloth for wear; சீலை. (பிங்.) மாப்பட நூலின் றொகுதிக் காண் டலின் (ஞானா. 14, 21). 2. Painted or printed cloth; சித்திரச்சீலை. (பிங்.) இப்படத்தெழுது ஞான வாவி (காசிக. கலாவ. 2). 3. Coat, jacket; சட்டை. படம்புக்கு (பெரும்பாண். 69). 4. Upper garment, cloak; போர்வை. வனப்பகட்டைப் பட மாக வுரித்தாய் (தேவா. 32, 7). 5. Body; உடல். படங்கொடு நின்றவிப் பல்லுயிர் (திருமந். 2768). A cobra-hood is also signified on the yajnopavita, 'sacred thread' of Gaṇeśa pratimā.

Image result for composite animal bharatkalyan97

m1177, m0300 Mohenjo-daro seals ligature a human face to the trunk of an elephant; the tail is a sarpa, 'serpent' PLUS cobra-hood. I suggest that the cobra-hood is the classifier hieroglyph.It signifies फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

Image result for composite animal indus script

A truly fascinating paper by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale on composite Indus creatures and their meaning: Harappa Chimaeras as 'Symbolic Hypertexts'. Some Thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization at a.harappa.com/...

The classifier is the cobra hood: फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

On this seal, the key is only 'combination of animals'. This is an example of metonymy of a special type called synecdoche. Synecdoche, wherein a specific part of something is used to refer to the whole, or the whole to a specific part, usually is understood as a specific kind of metonymy. Three animal heads are ligatured to the body of a 'bull'; the word associated with the animal is the intended message.The ciphertext of this composite animal is to be decrypted by rendering the sounds associated with the animals in the combination: ox, young bull, antelope. The rebus readings are decrypted with metalwork categories: barad 'ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'; kondh ‘young bull’ rebus: kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker, engraver (writer)’; ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'.

Mohenjo-daro. Sealing. Surrounded by fishes, lizard and snakes, a horned person sits in 'yoga' on a throne with hoofed legs. One side of a triangular terracotta amulet (Md 013); surface find at Mohenjo-daro in 1936, Dept. of Eastern Art, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. [seated person penance, crocodile?]

The classifier is the cobra hood: फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

Brief memoranda: kamaḍha ‘penance’ Rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint, coiner’; kaṇḍo ‘stool, seat’ Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘metalware’ kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’.

kāru 'crocodile' Rebus: kāru 'artisan'; khar 'blacksmith'

Hieroglyphs (allographs):

kamaḍha 'penance' (Prakriam)

kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali)

kamaṭha crab (Skt.)

kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Sanskrit) kamaḍha = ficus religiosa (Sanskrit)

kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Sanskrit)

Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) kamaṭa = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Telugu); kampaṭṭam = mint (Tamil)

eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper' arka 'gold'.

Image result for bharatkalyan97 louvre serpent

able ornée de serpents et de divinités aux eaux jaillissantes
XIVe siècle avant J.-C.
Suse, Tell de l'Acropole
Bronze
H. 19.5 cm; W. 15.7 cm; L. 69.5 cm
Fouilles J. de Morgan, 1898, 1898
Sb 185
Near Eastern Antiquities
Sully wing
Ground floor
Iran, Susiana (Middle Elamite period)
Room 10
Author(s):Herbin Nancie
This table, edged with serpents and resting on deities carrying vessels spouting streams of water, was doubtless originally a sacrificial altar. The holes meant the blood would drain away as water flowed from the vessels. Water was an important theme in Mesopotamian mythology, represented particularly by the god Enki and his acolytes. This table also displays the remarkable skills of Elamite metalworkers.
A sacrificial table
The table, edged with two serpents, rested on three sides on five figures that were probably female deities. Only the busts and arms of the figures survive. The fourth side of the table had an extension, which must have been used to slot the table into a wall. The five busts are realistic in style. Each of the deities was holding an object, since lost, which was probably a water vessel, cast separately and attached by a tenon joint. Water played a major role in such ceremonies and probably gushed forth from the vessels. Along the sides of the table are sloping surfaces leading down to holes, allowing liquid to drain away. This suggests that the table was used for ritual sacrifices to appease a god. It was believed that men were created by the gods and were responsible for keeping their temples stocked and providing them with food. The sinuous lines of the two serpents along the edge of the table mark off holes where the blood of the animals, sacrificed to assuage the hunger of the gods, would have drained away.
The importance of water in Mesopotamian mythology
In Mesopotamia, spirits bearing vessels spouting streams of water were the acolytes of Enki/Ea, the god of the Abyss and of fresh water. The fact that they figure in this work reflects the extent of the influence of Mesopotamian mythology in Susa. Here, they are associated with another Chtonian symbol, the snake, often found in Iranian iconography. The sinuous lines of the serpents resemble the winding course of a stream. It is thought that temples imitated the way streams well up from underground springs by the clever use of underground channels. Water - the precious liquid - was at the heart of Mesopotamian religious practice, being poured out in libations or used in purification rites.
Objects made for a new religious capital
Under Untash-Napirisha, the founder of the Igihalkid Dynasty, the Elamite kingdom flourished. He founded a new religious capital, Al-Untash - modern-day Chogha Zanbil - some 40 kilometers southeast of Susa. However, the project was short-lived. His successors soon brought large numbers of religious objects back to Susa, the former capital. This table was certainly among them. Its large size and clever drainage system reflect the remarkable achievements of metalworking at the time.
Bibliography
Amiet Pierre, Suse 6000 ans d'histoire, Paris, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1988, pp.98-99 ; fig. 57.
Miroschedji Pierre de, "Le dieu élamite au serpent", in : Iranica antiqua, vol.16, 1981, Gand, Ministère de l'Éducation et de la Culture, 1989, pp.16-17, pl. 10, fig.3.
http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/table-decorated-serpents-and-deities-bearing-vessels-spouting-streams-water

The classifier is the cobra hood hieroglyph/hypertext: फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

Hieroglyph: kāṇḍə ‘water’ Wg. káṇṭä ʻ water -- channel ʼ, Woṭ. kaṇṭḗl f., Gaw. khāṇṭ*l, Bshk. kāṇḍə (CDIAL 2680). காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16)

khaṇḍa ‘implements (metal)’

Image result for bharatkalyan97 serpent hood

Text on obverse of the tablet m453A: Text 1629. m453BC Seated in penance, the person is flanked on either side by a kneeling adorant, offering a pot and a hooded serpent rearing up.

Glyph: kaṇḍo ‘stool’. Rebus; kaṇḍ ‘furnace’. Vikalpa: kaṇḍ ‘stone (ore) metal’. Rebus: kamaḍha ‘penance’. Rebus 1: kaṇḍ ‘stone ore’. Rebus 2: kampaṭṭa ‘mint’. Glyph: ‘serpent hood’: paṭa. Rebus: pata ‘sharpness (of knife), tempered (metal). padm ‘tempered iron’ (Ko.) Glyph: rimless pot: baṭa. Rebus: bhaṭa ‘smelter, furnace’. It appears that the message of the glyphics is about a mint or metal workshop which produces sharpened, tempered iron (stone ore) using a furnace.

Rebus readings of glyphs on text of inscription:

koṇḍa bend (Ko.); Tu. Kōḍi corner; kōṇṭu angle, corner, crook. Nk. Kōnṭa corner (DEDR 2054b) G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻangleʼRebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295)

aṭar ‘a splinter’ (Ma.) aṭaruka ‘to burst, crack, sli off,fly open; aṭarcca ’ splitting, a crack’; aṭarttuka ‘to split, tear off, open (an oyster) (Ma.); aḍaruni ‘to crack’ (Tu.) (DEDR 66) Rebus: aduru ‘native, unsmelted metal’ (Kannada)

ãs = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya ‘metal, iron’ (Gujarati.) cf. cognate to amśu 'soma' in Rigveda: ancu 'iron' (Tocharian)G.karã̄ n. pl. ‘wristlets, bangles’; S. karāī f. ’wrist’ (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri)

dula ‘pair’; rebus dul ‘cast (metal)’

Glyph of ‘rim of jar’: kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)

The suggested rebus readings indicate that the Indus writing served the purpose of artisans/traders to create metalware, stoneware, mineral catalogs -- products with which they carried on their life-activities in an evolving Bronze Age.

Jasper Akkadian cylinder seal

Red jasper H. 1 1/8 in. (2.8 cm), Diam. 5/8 in. (1.6 cm) cylinder Seal with four hieroglyphs and four kneeling persons (with six curls on their hair) holding flagposts, c. 2220-2159 B.C.E., Akkadian (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Cylinder Seal (with modern impression). The four hieroglyphs are: from l. to r. 1. crucible PLUS storage pot of ingots, 2. sun, 3. narrow-necked pot with overflowing water, 4. fish A hooded snake is on the edge of the composition. (The dark red color of jasper reinforces the semantics: eruvai 'dark red, copper' Hieroglyph: eruvai 'reed'; see four reedposts held.

koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse'

If the hieroglyph on the leftmost is moon, a possible rebus reading: قمر ḳamar

A قمر ḳamar, s.m. (9th) The moon. Sing. and Pl. See سپوږمي or سپوګمي (Pashto) Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'.

kulā hooded snake Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelters'

koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse'

kamar 'moon' Rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'

arka 'sun' Rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, gold, moltencast, metal infusion'

lokANDa 'overflowing pot' Rebus: lokhaNDa 'metal implements, excellent

implements'

aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda)

baTa 'six' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS meDh 'curl' Rebus: meD 'iron'

m0492Ct 2835 Pict-99: Person throwing a spear at a bison and placing one foot on the head of the bison; a hooded serpent at left.

nAga 'serpent' Rebus: nAga 'lead' sarpa 'serpent' is cognatewith nara 'people, artisans'.

Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'

Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi)

C-49 a,b,c

+ hieroglyph in the middle with covering lines around/dots in corners poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite'; dhAv 'strand' rebus: dhAv 'smelter'; kulA 'hooded snake' rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'; kolmo 'three' koD 'horn' rebus: kolimi 'smithy' koD 'workshop'. tri-dhAtu 'three strands, threefold' rebus: tri-dhAv 'three mineral ores'.

Image result for bharatkalyan97 serpent tabernae montana

Cylinder seal with a zebu, scorpion, man, snake and tree. Enstatite.H. 2.6 cm (1 in.); diam. 1.55 cm (5/8 in.). Mesopotamia, Ur, U. 16220. Late 3rd millennium BCE. British Museum. BM 122947

Gadd seal 6. (cut down into Ur III mausolea from Larsa level; U. 16220), enstatite; Legrain, 1951, No. 632; Collon, 1987, Fig. 611 Cylinder seal; BM 122947;humped bull stands before a palm-tree, a thorny stone(?), tabernae montana (five-petalled fragrant flower); snake; person with long legs; behind the bull a scorpion ... Deciphered Indus writing: pola 'zebu, bos indicus'; pola ‘magnetite ore’ (Munda. Asuri); bichi 'scorpion'; 'hematite ore'; tagaraka 'tabernae montana'; tagara 'tin'; ranga 'thorny'; Rebus: pewter, alloy of tin and antimony; kankar., kankur. = very tall and thin, large hands and feet; kankar dare = a high tree with few branches (Santali) Rebus: kanka, kanaka = gold (Samskritam); kan = copper (Tamil) nAga 'snake' nAga 'lead' (Samskritam).

Jiroft artifacts with Meluhha hieroglhyphs referencing dhokra kamar working with metals.

Dark grey steatite bowl carved in relief. Zebu or brahmani bull is shown with its hump back; a male figure with long hair and wearing akilt grasps two sinuous objects, representing running water, which flows in a continuous stream. Around the bowl, another similar male figure stands between two lionesses with their head turned back towards him; he grasps a serpent in each hand. A further scene (not shown) represents a prostrate bull which is being attacked by a vulture and a lion.

The zebu is reminiscent of Sarasvati Sindhu seals. The stone used, steatite, is familiar in Baluchistan and a number of vessels at the Royal Cemetery at Ur were made out of this material.

The bowl dates from c. 2700-2500 B.C. and the motif shown on it resembles that on a fragment of a green stone vase from one of the Sin Temples at Tell Asmar of almost the same date.

Khafajeh bowl; a man sitting, with his legs bent underneath, upon two zebu bulls. This evokes the proto-Elamite bull-man; the man holds in his hands streams of water and issurrounded by ears of corn. He has a crescent beside his head. On the other side of the bowl, a man is standing upon two lionesses and grasping two serpents.

Figure 11: a. mountains landscape and waers; (upper part) a man under an arch with sun and crescent moon symbols; (lower part) man seated on his heels holding zebus; b. man holding a snake; c. two men (drinking) and zebus, on a small cylindrical vessel; d. Head of woman protruding from jar, and snakes; 3. man falling from a tree to the trunk of which a zebu is tied; f. man with clas and bull-man playing with cheetahs, and a scorpion in the center (on a cylindrical vessel). http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jiroft-iv-iconography-of-chlorite-artifacts.

bica 'scorpion' rebus; bicha 'haematite, ferrite ore'

पोळा [ pōḷā ] rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'magnetite, Fe3O4'

khaṇḍa ‘implements (metal)’

Bhāratīya itihāsa, Indus Script hypertexts signify metalwork wealth-creation by Nāga-s in paṭṭaḍa ‘smithy’ https://tinyurl.com/ya6lsf5a

-- Location: capital Dhānyakaṭaka Amarāvati, the place of immortals

Early Satavahanas (220 B. C. E. to Second half of first century B. C. E.)

Thesis of this monograph is that Nāga-s signified by the Indus Script hieroglyph-hypertext फड, phaḍa 'cobra hood' were artisans in-charge of manufactories to produce wealth of the nation in paṭṭaḍa ‘smithy’ of the Bronze Age.

फडनिविशी or सी (p. 313) phaḍaniviśī or sī & फडनिवीस Commonly फड- निशी & फडनीस. फडनिशी or सी (p. 313) phaḍaniśī or sī f The office or business of फडनीस. फडनीस (p. 313) phaḍanīsa m ( H) A public officer,--the keeper of the registers &c. By him were issued all grants, commissions, and orders; and to him were rendered all accounts from the other departments. He answers to Deputy auditor and accountant. Formerly the head Kárkún of a district-cutcherry who had charge of the accounts &c. was called फडनीस. फडपूस (p. 313) phaḍapūsa f (फड & पुसणें) Public or open inquiry.

[quote] As province after province fell out of the empire of Ashoka and formed itself into a separate kingdom under some chief, a branch of the Satiyaputras who are mentioned in the Edicts of Ashoka took advantage of this opportunity and founded a kingdom in what was known as Maharashtra [Bakhle, 45.]. In the light of the information supplied by the Hathigumpha inscription of Kharevela and that at Nane Ghat, we get 220 B. C. E. as the approximate year in which Simuka founded the dynasty of the Satavahanas [Bakhle, 48; Sir R. Bhandarkar and D. R. Bhandarkar, however, advocate 75 B. C. E. as the date of the rise of their dynasty.]. The independent State of Satiputra

army was situated along the western ghats and the konkan coast below [Sir R. Bhandarkar c/f Bakhle, 51.]. Their territory extended from sea to sea [Chitgupi, 28.].

Satakarni was probably contemporary with Pushyamitra and the performance of the Ashvamedha sacrifice recorded in the Nane Ghat inscription can be explained by supposing that he was the actual conqueror of Ujjain [Bakhle, 53.]. The sacrifices and fees paid to the Brahmans testify eloquently to the wealth of his realm and his Ashvamedha sacrifice bespeaks his sarvabhaumatva. But after Kuntala, the Satavahanas were forced to take refuge in Southern Maharashtra.

In this work of conquests, the Satavahanas were helped by the Rathikas and Bhojas who were duly rewarded with offices, titles and matrimonial alliances [Nilkanta Sastri, History of South India, 88.] [unquote]

http://ratnagiri.nic.in/gazetter/gom/his_satavahanas.html

http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=057

The sculptural friezes of Amaravati are replete with a recurrent theme of adoration of
Nāga-s.

Nāga-s worship the Atharva Veda fiery pillar of light (AV X.7), worshipped in kole.l 'smithy,forge' calling it kole.l 'temple. Nāga-s venerated Dhamma as exemplified by Indus Script hypertexts.

Sculptural Frieze 1, Amaravati

Sculptural Frieze 2, Amaravati

The two sculptural friezes 1 and 2 show artisans carrying a threaded-rope and the entire scene emerges out of the snout of a makara. On frieze 1, the purnakumbha signifying wealth is kept on top of a base signified by the 'srivatsa' hypertext which reads: khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'. Thus, the hypertext message is: dul aya kammaṭa 'cast metal mint'. The threaded-rope is a hypertext which signifies: 1. dāmanī दामनी A foot-rope. dāmā दामा A string, cord. धामन् dhāman A fetter. dāˊman1 ʻropeʼ

R̥gveda rebus: dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ). 2. mēḍhā 'twist' rebus med 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) mēḍhā 'yajña, dhanam, nidhi'. makara 'composite animal of crocodile PLUS elephant': karabha,ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' PLUS karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith'.PLUS dhmakara, dhamaka 'forge-blower, blacksmith'.

The message of the two friezes is thus an itihāsa narrative of wealth-production by metal smelters and artisans of Amaravati and related heritage sites during the Bronze Age.

कटक [p= 243,3] m. (Comm. on Un2. ii , 32 and v , 35) a twist of straw , a straw mat Comm. on Ka1tyS3r.

कटक is also the name of the capital of Orissa. The two friezes affirm the name of Amaravati as Dhānyakaṭaka by showing artisans carrying a threaded rope of straw the source of dhanam, wealth and hence, the name Dhānyakaṭaka, 'wealth from the twist of straw' which is a metaphor for dul aya kammaṭa, 'cast metal mint' work producing wealth.

Nāga-s were a फड, phaḍa, metalwork artisan-architect guild. That they were a फड, phaḍa is signified by the Indus Script hypertext:फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'guild in charge of manufactory

Hieroglyph: படம் paṭam, n. < pada. Instep; பாதத் தின் முற்பகுதி. படங்குந்திநிற்றல் (சூடா. 9, 53).

फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

Instep venerated. Amaravati sculptural friezes. Skambha with ayo khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: ayo kammaṭa 'alloy metals mint, coiner, coinage'.

The hypertexts are:

ayo kammaṭa dvāra, 'entrance mint workshop'

paṭṭaḍi 'metal anvil workshop'.

Hieroglyph: फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c स्फट [p= 1269,3] m. a snake's expanded hood L. phaṭa n. ʻ expanded hood of snake ʼ MBh. 2. phēṭṭa -- 2. [Cf. phuṭa* -- m., °ṭā -- f., sphuṭa -- m. lex., °ṭā -- f. Pañcat. (Pk. phuḍā -- f.), sphaṭa -- m., °ṭā -- f., sphōṭā -- f. lex. andphaṇa -- 1. Conn. words in Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 386] 1. Pk. phaḍa -- m.n. ʻ snake's hood ʼ, °ḍā -- f., M. phaḍā m., °ḍī f. 2. A. pheṭ, phẽṭ. (CDIAL 9040) పటము (p. 695) paṭamu paṭamu. [Skt.] n. A cloth, వస్త్రము. A picture. గెరిపటము a paper kite, పతంగి. The hood of a serpent, (See hoods of cobra adorning the worshipping naga-s).

Ta. patam cobra'shood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45. (DEDR 47)

Rebus: Factory, guild: फड (p. 313) phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room: also, in an ill-sense, as खेळण्या- चा फड A gambling-house, नाचण्याचा फड A nachhouse, गाण्याचा or ख्यालीखुशालीचा फड A singingshop or merriment shop. The word expresses freely Gymnasium or arena, circus, club-room, debating-room, house or room or stand for idlers, newsmongers, gossips, scamps &c. 2 The spot to which field-produce is brought, that the crop may be ascertained and the tax fixed; the depot at which the Government-revenue in kind is delivered; a place in general where goods in quantity are exposed for inspection or sale. 3 Any office or place of extensive business or work,--as a factory, manufactory, arsenal, dock-yard, printing-office &c. फडकरी (p. 313) phaḍakarī m A man belonging to a company or band (of players, showmen &c.) 2 A superintendent or master of a फड or public place. See under फड. 3 A retail-dealer (esp. in grain). फडनीस (p. 313) phaḍanīsa m ( H) A public officer,--the keeper of the registers &c. By him were issued all grants, commissions, and orders; and to him were rendered all accounts from the other departments. He answers to Deputy auditor and accountant. Formerly the head Kárkún of a district-cutcherry who had charge of the accounts &c. was called फडनीस.(Marathi) பட்டரை¹ paṭṭarai , n. See பட்டறை¹. (C. G. 95.) பட்டறை¹ paṭṭaṟai , n. < பட்டடை¹. 1. See பட்டடை, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14. 2. Machine; யந்திரம். 3. Rice-hulling machine; நெல்லுக் குத்தும் யந்திரம். Mod. 4. Factory; தொழிற்சாலை. Mod. 5. Beam of a house; வீட்டின் உத்திரம். 6. Wall of the required height from the flooring of a house; வீட்டின் தளத்திலிருந்து எழுப்ப வேண்டும் அளவில் எழுப்பிய சுவர். வீடுகளுக்குப் பட்டறை மட்டம் ஒன்பதடி உயரத்துக்குக் குறை யாமல் (சர்வா. சிற். 48). பட்டறை² paṭṭaṟai , n. < K. paṭṭale. 1. Community; சனக்கூட்டம். 2. Guild, as of workmen; தொழிலாளர் சமுதாயம். (Tamil)

పట్టడ (p. 696) paṭṭaḍa paṭṭaḍu. [Tel.] n. A smithy, a shop. కుమ్మరి వడ్లంగి మొదలగువారు పనిచేయు చోటు.

పటసాల (p. 695) paṭasāla paṭa-sāla. [Tel.] n. A hall or courtyard. பட்டகசாலை paṭṭaka-cālai , n. < T. paṭa- šāla. [K. paṭṭasāle.] 1. Central or principal hall in a house; கூடம். Loc.
See:

Indus Script hypertexts ayo kammaṭa dvāra, 'entrance mint workshop' (Mahāvamsa); paṭṭaḍi 'metal anvil workshop'

https://tinyurl.com/y94jt7ah

Cholas & Nāga-s. Nāga-s created the Dhānyakaṭaka, Amarāvati monument, the place for immortals

"Historically, relations between the early Chola dynasty and the Naga dynasty of Tamilakam became well established. Royals by the name Chora-Naga, Ila Naga, Cula Naga and Kunjja Naga ruled the island of Eelam (Ceylon) between 62 BCE - 196 CE. During this period, Tondai Nadu, the homeland of the Pallavas was inhabited by the Kurumbar or Aruvar/Aruvalar people (Tamil: Aruval = people with bill-hook/ Telugu name for Tamil people), one of several Tamil Naga tribes that the Kaliththokai describes as having migrated to mainland Tamilakam during the Sangam period. Ptolemy mentions the coasts of the Cholas (Soringoi) of Chola Nadu and the Aruvar (Arouarnoi) of Aruva Nadu, writing that "Orthoura" was a royal city of Soretai ruled by Sornagos, and Malanga ruled by Basaranagos of the latter. Historians have conjectured that Orthoura refers to the early Chola capital of Uraiyur while Malanga refers to Mavilanka, near Kanchipuram. "Orthoura" may refer to the northeastern Jaffna Tamil port town Uduthurai, where an early copper coin discovered carries the name Naka bumi in Tamil Brahmi, referring to the Naka Dynasty of Naka Nadu. Manimekhalai of the Sangam literature corpus describes the liaison of Princess Pilli Valai of Nāka Nadu with King Killivalavan of Chola Nadu at Nainativu; out of which union was born Prince Tondai Ilandiraiyan(Thiraiyar/sea farer of Eelam), corroborating tradition that the Pallavas were an off-shoot or branch of the Cholas and that their formation began from an ancient Chola-Nāka alliance. The Velurpalaiyam plates, dated to 852 CE credits the Naga liaison episode, and creation of the Pallava line, to a king named Virakurcha, son of Chutapallava, while preserving its legitimizing significance:[Michael D Rabe. (1997). The Māmallapuram Praśasti: A Panegyric in

Figures, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 57, No. 3/4 (1997), pp. 189-241.]

திரையன் tiraiyaṉ, n. < id. 1. Ruler or chief in a maritime tract; நெய்தனிலத்தலைவன். (அக. நி.) 2. An ancient chief of Toṇṭaināṭu, who was believed to have come from across the sea; கடல்வழியாக வந்து தொண்டைநாடாண்ட தாகக் கருதும் பழைய அரசவகுப்பினன். வென்வேற் றிரையன் வேங்கட நெடுவரை (அகநா. 85) The earliest Tamil literature which throws light on a region associated with the Pallavas is the Akanānūru, which locates the elder Tiraiyan in Gudur, Nellore district, with a kingdom extending to Tirupati or Thiruvengadam. This Tiraiyan is called the elder in order to distinguish him from the younger Tiraiyan whose capital was Kanchipuram. Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai 29-30, 454] The Sangam work, Perumbanūr̥r̥uppatai, traces the line of the younger Tiraiyan (aka Ilam Tiraiyan) to the Solar dynasty of Ikṣvākus, while the later Tamil commentators identify him as the illegitimate child of a Chola king and a Naga princess.[KR Subramanian. (1989). Buddhist remains in Āndhra and the history of Āndhra between 224 & 610 A.D, p.72]. Historically, early relations between the Nāgas and Pallavas became well established.[KR Subramanian. (1989). Buddhist remains in Āndhra and the history of Āndhra between 224 & 610 A.D, p.71]."

http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/Pallava_dynasty/en-en/

Amaravati Drum Slabs: Nagas

Although the pictures below show only a portion of each drawing, they lead into pop-up images of entire drawings. Detailed scans of each folio can be accessed through the links, but will take some time to download.

The central decoration of these drum slabs is a multi-headed serpent.
Drawing of a drum slab measuring 4ft.8in. by 2ft.8in.[WD1061, folio 18]
Copyright © The British Library Board

Inscribed: H.H. September 1816.
Location of Sculpture: Unknown.
Larger image (70KB)
Full-page image (424KB)
Drawing of a drum slab measuring 4ft.5in. by 3ft.0.9in. [WD1061, folio 20]
Copyright © The British Library Board

Inscribed:Tope slab. 25th Sept'r 1816. M.BLocation of Sculpture: Unknown.
Larger image (100KB)
Full-page image (597KB)
Drawing of a drum slab measuring 5ft.5in. by 2ft.9in. [WD1061, folio 23].
Copyright © The British Library Board

Inscribed:H.H. 15th October 1816.
Location of Sculpture: Unknown.
Larger image (68KB)
Full-page image (488KB)
Drawing of a drum slab measuring 4ft.6in. by 3ft.2in. [WD1061, folio 32]
Copyright © The British Library Board

Inscribed: Inner Circle S.W. No.7. 27th October 1816.
Location of Sculpture: Unknown.
Larger image (71KB)
Full-page image (578KB)
Drawing of a drum slab measuring 4ft.9in. by 3ft. [WD1061, folio 35]
Copyright © The British Library BoardInscribed: Inner circle S.W. side. No.8. 15th Nov'r. 1816. T.A. & M.B.
Location of Sculpture: Unknown.
Larger image (95KB)
Full-page image (486KB)
Drawing of a drum slab measuring 4.5ft. by 3ft. [WD1061, folio 46]
Copyright © The British Library Board

Inscribed: Sculpture at Amrawutty. Resembles No. 7. March 5th 1816.
Location of Sculpture: The British Museum. See Knox (1992) catalogue number 74; Barrett (1954) catalogue number 93; BM81.
Larger image (82KB)
Full-page image (395KB)

Drawing of a rectangular slab with two scenes showing four standing figures with a horse above and Naga king with four Naga women below. [WD1061, folio 31]
Copyright © The British Library Board

Inscribed: 6ft. by 3ft.l0in. Loose stone lying on the south side. H.H. 25th October 1816.
Location of Sculpture: The British Museum. Knox (1992) catalogue number 102; Barrett (1954) catalogue number 72; BM53.
Larger image (61KB)
Full-page image (385KB)
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/amaravati/twoframe.html

↧

Aryan Migration Theory: Fraud and Confusion Created to Justify British Rule in India -- Arun Upadhyay

December 20, 2017, 4:54 pm

≫ Next: Michio Kaku And Gerald Edelman: Interactions Within The Human Brain Differ From Artificial Intelligence -- Kim McLendon

≪ Previous: Snakes, cobra-hoods on Indus Script hypertexts and ancient Bhāratīya sculpture signify phaḍa फड wealth accounting ledgers of guilds

Aryan Migration Theory: Fraud and Confusion Created to Justify British Rule in India
Aryan invasion theory

To justify British rule in India, it was necessary to create a theory that all Indians also migrated from outside in past and ruled India. British rule was the latest version. They could not find any evidence in ancient Indian texts. Even the Greek Historians in time of Alexander wrote that India is only country where all persons are indigenous. As India was self sufficient in food and minerals, it never attacked any nation in past 15,000 years. From figure of 15,000 years, one zero was dropped and 1500 BC was declared as start of Vedic civilization of Aryans who migrated from north west.

In absence of any evidence, digging was done in 1920 in two well known historic sites in northwest India as ruins due to attack of Janamejaya on Naga Kingdom and Indika of Megasthenese was suitably changed by McCrindle in 1927. When one clerk R D Bannerji wrote that evidence of Vedic civilization was found in Indus valley, he was dismissed from service. All theories were created almost opposite to description in texts. Unread script of Indus valley was called most authentic than Vedasand Purāṇas being read since more than 10,000 years. Indra was called ruler of east, he was made god of Aryans from west.

Knowledge and devotion had started from south as per Bhāgavata discourses. But it was told that Vedas was imposed on southern Dravidas by Aryans of north. Meanings of all words were twisted and destroyed so much that even genuine scholars are confused in ocean of falsehood. Its basic aim declared in Boden Chair at Oxford in 1831 was to destroy Vedic culture for spreading of Christianity. This aim has been repeated by all major authors in their books -Maxmuller, Weber, Monier Williams, etc.

To destroy chronology for fitting history into Biblical creation in 4004 BC and manipulation of Vedic era of 1500 BC, all kings who started any calendar were declared fictitious. Later wave of research was centred on Saraswatī river which dried up in about 2700 BC and name Saraswatī-Sindhu civilization was given. But drying up of a river can destroy civilization, not originate it. Instead of studying need of several scripts and languages, theory was made that there was no script in Vedic period.

Introduction

Divine right of Britishers to rule India was being established by several theories:

(1) William Jones made interpolation in Bhaviṣya Purāṇa that British people were descendants of Hanumān (son of Marut in north west) who was blessed by Bhagavān Rāma that his descendants will rule India. भविष्य पुराण, प्रतिसर्ग पर्व, चतुर्थ खण्ड, अध्याय २२-

पुरा तु राघवो धीमान् जित्वा रावण राक्षसम्। कपीन् उज्जीवयामास सुधावर्षैः समन्ततः॥६५॥

विकटो वृजिलो जालो वरलीनो हि सिंहलः। जव-स्सुमात्रश्च तथा नाम्ना ते क्षुद्र वानराः॥६६॥

रामचन्द्रं वचः प्राहुः देहि नो वाञ्छितं प्रभो। रामो दाशरथिः श्रीमान् ज्ञात्वा तेषां मनोरथम्॥६७॥

देवाङ्गनोद्बवाः कन्या रावणाल्लोक रावणात्। दत्वा तेभ्यो हरिः साक्षात् वचनं प्राह हर्षितः॥६८॥

भवन्नामचये द्वीपा जालन्धर विनिर्मिताः। तेषु राज्ञो भविष्यन्ति भावन्तो हितकारिणः॥६९॥

नन्दिन्या गोश्च रुण्डा द्वै जाता म्लेच्छा भयानकाः। गुरुण्डा जायतस्तेषां तास्तु तेषु सदा स्थिताः॥७०॥

जित्वा ताँश्च गुरुण्डान् वै कुरुध्वं राज्यमुत्तमम्। इति श्रुत्वा हरिं नत्वा द्वीपेषु प्रययुर्मुदा॥७१॥

विकटान्वय सम्भूता गुरुण्डा वानराननाः। वाणिज्यार्थं इहायाता गौरुण्डा बौद्धपन्थिनः॥७२॥

ईशपुत्र मते संस्थास्तेषां हृदयमुत्तमम्। सत्यव्रतं कामजितं अक्रोधं सूर्य तत्परम्॥७३॥

यूयं तत्रोष्य कार्यं च नृणां कुरुतमाचिरम्। इति श्रुत्वा तु ते देवाः कुर्युः आर्चिकं आदरात्॥७४॥

नगर्य्यां कलिकातायां स्थापयामासुरुद्यताः। विकटे पश्चिमे द्वीपे तत् पत्नी विकटावती॥७५॥

अष्ट कौशल मार्गेण राज्यमत्र चकार ह। तत् पतिस्तु पुलोमार्चिः कलिकातां पुरीं स्थितः॥७६॥

(2) Indians were to be shown as similar foreign invaders from the west. There was no reference to any migration from north west. Even Greek authors in time of Alexander wrote firmly that India was only country where all people were indigenous.

Megasthenes in his book Indika said that India, being of enormous size when taken as a whole, is peopled by races both numerous and diverse, of which not even one was originally of foreign descent, but all were evidently indigenous; and moreover that India neither received a colony from abroad, nor sent out a colony to any other nation.

(3) Declared distortion by British-Greek tradition of falsifying history was mentioned by Berosus (300 BC). Berosus derided the “Greek historians” had distorted the history of his country. He knew, for example, that it was not Semiramis who founded the city of Babylon, but he was himself the prisoner of his own environment and cannot have known more about the history of his land than was known in Babylonia itself in the 4th century BC.

Al-Biruni-Chronology of Ancient Nations, page 44- “However, enemies are always eager to revile the patronage of people, to detract from their reputation, and to attack their deeds and merits, in same way as friends and partisans are eager to embellish that which is ugly, to cover up the weak parts, to proclaim publicly that which is noble, and to refer everything to great virtues, as the poet describes them in these words-

‘The eye of benevolence is blind to every fault,

But the eyes of hatred discovers every vice’”

William Jones, as Judge supervised brutal torture and killing of 10 million Indians in 1770 (called Bengal famine) for revenue collection. He was also the pioneer in distortion and fabrication of Indian History. Tortures and murders have been classified by Bankim Chandra in his book Ananda-matha and can be seen in British reports also.

Sir William Jones, 1784 (from Asiatic Researches Vol. 1. Published 1979, pages 234-235. First published 1788) – “As to the general extension of our pure faith in Hindustan there are at present many sad obstacles to it… We may assure ourselves, that… Hindus will never be converted by any mission from the church of Rome, or from any other church; and the only human mode, perhaps, of causing so great a revolution, will be to translate into Sanscrit… such chapters of the Prophets, particularly of ISAIAH, as are indisputably evangelical, together with one of the gospels, and a plain prefatory discourse, containing full evidence of the very distant ages.”

British government continued the policy and added the removal of available literature to Europe and destruction by mis-information and false interpretations. This was symbolized by establishment of Boden chair at Oxford University in 1831 where Col. Boden donated his earnings from loot of India for the purpose of uprooting Vedic culture from India for spread of Christianity. This has been stated by Prof. Monier Williams in his Sanskrit Dictionary, preface page ix, 1899 which has been reprinted by Rashtriya Sanskrita Sansthana at subsidized rates for spread in Indian Universities-

“I must draw attention to the fact that I am only the second occupant of the Boden Chair, and that its founder, Colonel Boden, stated most explicitly in his will (dated August 15, 1811 AD) that the special object of his munificent bequest was to promote the translation of scriptures into Sanskrita, so as to enable his countrymen to proceed in the conversion of the natives of India to the Christian religion.”

Max Muller chaired the edition of oriental texts and omitted all Indian sources from which materials were stolen or looted or the Indian Pandits whose help was taken to understand the meaning. As per Oxford criteria of research, this itself makes the work untenable. To further the aim of Boden Chair for uprooting Vedas, he devoted his life, but Indian devotees of Oxford call him Mokṣamūlara-i.e. savoir of Vedas. His own statements oppose the view-

(1) History seems to teach that the whole human race required a gradual education before, in the fullness of time, it could be admitted to the truths of Christianity (History of Ancient Indian Literature).

(2) Large number of Vedic Hymns are childish in the extreme; tedious, low, commonplace (Chips from a German Workshop, 2nd edition, 1966, page 27)

(3) Nay, they (the Vedas) contain, by the side of simple, natural, childish thoughts, many ideas which to us sound modern, or secondary and tertiary (India, what can it teach us).

Life and Letters of Frederick Max Muller was published by Longman Geen & Co., 1902 in 2 vols. Some examples of his letters explain his purpose-

(1) Letter to his wife in 1866 AD – This edition of mine and the translation of the Veda will here after tell to a great extent on the fate of India…. it is the root of their religion and to show what the root is, I feel sure, is the only way of uprooting all that has sprung from it during the last three thousand years.

(2) Letter to his son – Would you say that any one book is superior to all others in the world ?… I say the New Testament. After that, I should place the Koran, which in its moral teachings, is hardly more than a later edition of the New Testament. Then would follow … the Old Testament, the Southern Buddhist Tripiṭaka, … The Veda and the Avesta.

(3) His letter to Duke of Argyl, Minister of India, on 16-12-1868 in context of grant for Vedic publication – The ancient religion of India is doomed and if Christianity does not step in, whose fault will it be?

(4) Letter to Sri Bairamji Malabari on 29-1-1882 – I wanted to tell … what the true historical values of this ancient religion is, as looked upon, not from an exclusively European or Christian, but from a historic point of view. But discover it in steam engines and electricity and European philosophy and morality, and you deprive it of its true character.

Unread Indus Script

Actually, there is nothing like Indus script. Only some earthen toys were found as wooden objects, which were either burnt or decayed in soil. These objects could by toys for children or Tantrik symbols. They do not indicate even real animals. They can be fitted to any literature by some assumptions. Massive misuse of Vedic grammar and imaginary linguistics have been made by scholars to show them as Vedic symbols or of Aryans from still unknown place. There is no writing in any script. Most of remains were burnt indicating their destruction in a war. How it could be start of civilization? Names of places also mean the same. Moin-jo-Daro means place of dead. Harappa means heap of bones. There is no reason to assume that all Indian texts are meaningless or false and accept only unread script. If Indian texts are unreliable, then why research in Vedic grammar? Linguistics also has been created with a pre-judged migration.

महाभारत, आदि पर्व, अध्याय ३-

स (जनमेजय) तथा भ्रातॄन् संदिश्य तक्षशिलां प्रत्यभिप्रतस्थे तं च देशं वशे स्थापयामास॥२०॥

तस्य तक्षको दृढमासन्नः स तं जग्राह गृहीतमात्रः सद्रूपं विहाय तक्षत रूपं कृत्वा सहसा धरण्यां विवृतं महाबिलं प्रविवेश॥१२९॥ बहूनि नागवेश्मानि गङ्गायास्तीर उत्तरे॥१३६॥ इच्छेत् कोऽर्कांशुसेनायां चर्तुमैरावतं विना॥१३७॥

सर्पाणां प्रग्रहा यान्ति धृतराष्ट्रो यदैजति॥१३८॥ तक्षकाश्चाश्वसेनश्च नित्यं सहचरावुभौ॥१४०॥

कुरुक्षेत्रं च वसतां नदीमिक्षुमतीमनु। जघन्यस्तक्षकस्य श्रुतसेनेति यः श्रुतः॥१४१॥

अवसद् यो महाद्युम्नि प्रार्थयन् नागमुख्यताम्॥१४२॥

भगवान् उतङ्कः क्रुद्धः तक्षकं प्रति चिकीर्षमाणो हस्तिनापुरं प्रतस्थे॥१७०॥

स हास्तिनपुरं प्राप्य न चिराद् विप्रसत्तमः। समागच्छत राजानमुक्तो जनमेजयम्॥१७१॥

पुरा तक्षशिला संस्थं निवृत्तमपराजितम्। सम्यग्विजयिनं दृष्ट्वा समन्तान्मन्त्रिभिर्वृतम्॥१७२॥

तक्षकेण महीन्द्रेण येन ते हिंसितः पिता। तस्मै प्रतिकृष्व त्वं पन्नगाय दुरात्मने॥१७८॥

कार्यकालं हि मन्येऽहं विधिदृष्टस्य कर्मणः। तद्गच्छापचितिं राजन् पितुस्तस्य महात्मनः॥१७९॥

अध्याय ५०-अनन्तरं च मन्येऽहं तक्षकाय दुरात्मने॥४८॥ प्रतिकर्तव्यमित्येवं येन मे हिंसितः पिता॥

अध्याय ५१-अस्ति राजन् महत् सत्रं त्वदर्थं देवनिर्मितम्। सर्पसत्रमिति ख्यातं पुराणे परिपठ्यते॥६॥

अध्याय ५३-अल्पशेष परीवारो वासुकिः पर्यतप्यत॥१९॥

अध्याय ५४-ब्रह्मोवाच-जरत्कारुर्जरत्कारुं यां भार्यां समवाप्स्यति। तत्र जातो द्विजः शापान्मोक्षयिष्यति पन्नगान्॥

अध्याय ५७-सर्पयज्ञ में जले मुख्य सर्प-वासुकि कुल, तक्षक कुल, ऐरावत कुल, कौरव्य कुल, धृतराष्ट्र कुल,

अध्याय ५८-समाप्यतामिदं कर्म पन्नगाः सन्त्वनामयाः। प्रीयतामयमास्तीकः सत्यं सूतवचोऽस्तु तत्॥८॥

आस्तीकं प्रेषयामास गृहानेव सुसंस्कृतम्। राजा प्रीतमनाः प्रीतं कृतकृत्यं मनीषिणम्॥१५॥

पुनरागमनं कार्यमिति चैनं वचोऽब्रवीत्। भविष्यसि सदस्यो मे वाजिमेधे महाक्रतौ॥१६॥

अध्याय ६०-तस्य तद् वचनं श्रुत्वा कृष्णद्वैपायनस्तदा। शशास शिष्यमासीनं वैशम्पायनमन्तिके॥२१॥

व्यास उवाच-कुरूनां पाण्डवानां च यथा भेदोऽभवत् पुरा। तदस्मै सर्वमाचक्ष्व यन्मत्तः श्रुतवानसि॥२२॥

आश्रमवासिक पर्व-अध्याय ३५-

इत्युक्तवचने तस्मिन् नृपे व्यासः प्रतापवान्। प्रसादमकरोत् धीमानानयच्च परीक्षितम्॥६॥

आस्तीक विविधाश्चर्यो यज्ञोऽयमिति मे मतिः। यदद्यायं पिता प्राप्तो मम शोक प्रणाशनः॥११॥

स्वर्गारोहण पर्व, अध्याय ५-

विसर्जयित्वा विप्रांस्तान् राजापि जनमेजयः। ततस्तक्षशिलायाः स पुनरायाद् गजाह्वयम्॥३४॥

The above quotes from Mahābhārata mean that Nāga king Takshaka had killed Parīkṣita, grandson of Arjuna who was coronated on 25-8-3102 after death of Bhagavān Kṛṣṇa on 17-2-3102 at start of Kaliyuga. On coronation day, Jaya Samvatsara started and Yudhiṣṭhira went for Abhyudaya, so it was called Yudhiṣṭhira Jayābhyudaya Śaka. After rule for 60 years, Parikṣita had been killed in 3042 BC after which his son Janamejaya became king. After some time, he gave charge of capital Hastināpura to brothers and conquered Takṣaśilā, capital of Nāga king Takṣaka.

Takṣaka after losing kingdom continued his loot and plunder. His terrorism was reported by sage Utanka to king Janamejaya who was reminded about treacherous murder of his father Parīkṣita by Takṣaka. Janamejaya verified the incidents and started Sarpa-satra to eliminate Nāgas. Here, Nāga means snake also and people of hill or transporter of goods on land and sea (Naga = mountain, Nāga-vīthi = route north of equator). Many Nāgas of different tribes were killed-Vāsuki, Takṣaka, Airāvata, Kauravya, Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

Thus, Takṣaka was not a single man, it was a tribe near Afghanistan. Kauravya and Dhṛtarāṣṭra could be associates of Kaurava family and king Dhṛtarāṣṭra, whose son Duryodhana had set up Takṣaśilā university. The Vāyu Purāṇa traces the start of Takṣaśilā, to Takṣa, son of Bharata (brother of Sri Ram Chandra). Takṣaśilā also finds a mention in Mahabharata – citing Dhaumya, as the āchārya of Takṣaśilā. It was at Takṣaśilā, that Vaiśampāyana made the first recorded narration of the Mahābhārata to Janamajeya.

According to a story contained in the Mujma-t-Tawarikh, a twelfth-century Persian translation from the Arabic version of a lost Sanskrit work, thirty thousand Brahmans with their families and retinue had in ancient times been collected from all over India and had been settled in Sindh, under Duryodhana, the King of Hastināpur.

Takṣaśilā has become Ṭakasāla = pot for melting and mould, Mint where coins are moulded & marked. Tanka = to mark or engrave, Tankā = coin with marking. This can also mean educational institute where students are moulded.

Tashkanda (Uzbekistan) could be derived from Takṣa-Khaṇḍa = region of Takṣa, son of Bharata. That could be region where Lagagha wrote Vedānga Jyotiṣa. It had north latitude of 35⁰ where maximum day length was 16 hours.

Rule of Duryodhana was for 36 years before Mahābhārata on 16-10 to 2-11-3139 BC. 58 days after fall of Bhīṣma on 10th day, Uttarāyaṇa started on 22-12-3139 BC. 36 years after that on 17-2-3102 midnight Kaliyuga started. Thus, Takṣaśilā university was built sometime between 3175 to 3139 BC.

Brahmāṇḍa purāṇa, chapter 2/20 tells about Nāga tribes in various lokas of earth. Takṣaka and Kāliya tribes were from Sutala, west quadrant from Bhārata. Vāsuki was in westernmost region, i.e north America (verse 41). Āstīka Nāga could be from Aztec (Mexico) tribe. For trade or mining etc, many persons of these tribes lived in India.

After conclusion of Sarpasatra at Takṣaśilā on request of Āstīka, Janamejaya returned to Hastināpura. The 2 sites were towns destroyed and burnt by Janamejaya.

Chronology

Janamejaya gave land grants at various places for temples on 27-11-3014 BC when there was solar eclipse (probably at Puri). The grants for Kedāranātha and Rāma-mandira on Tungā river bank still continue. He also made Digvijaya for Aśvamedha conquering whole country. Grants for southern lands were issued from Kiṣkindhā capital. All these grants were published in Mysore Antiquary in June, 1901 issue, but their period were distorted by about 4540 years and were placed on 7-4-1921 AD by Colebrook with help of Royal astronomer Airy. That was on basis of an eclipse on that date.

Eclipses are repeated after every 18 years 10.5 days and every year there are 5 eclipses on average. This method is still being used in name of scientific analysis to distort Indian chronology. Completion of Sarpa-satra (destruction of Takṣaka kingdom), Digvijaya and grants were in 3014 BC and dates are given by all 5 methods. That all were in year 89 of Yudhiṣṭhira Jayābhyudaya Śaka starting on 25-8-3102 BC.

By mistake, Britishers couldn’t destroy date part as it was in middle of grants. As far as possible, they destroyed date parts everywhere. Col. James Todd destroyed at least 300 copper plates to show in his Annals of Rajsthan that Rajput kings of Mewar etc from Shaka and Huna tribes. All dates were checked in 2007 by Indic Studies Foundation, California, USA.

Sarasvatī river dried in about 2700 BC with about 100 years drought. That was in 5th generation from Janamejaya. That was accompanied by excess floods in eastern side and Pāṇḍava capital at Hastināpur was washed out. Pāṇḍava king Nichakṣu had to shift to Kauśāmbī.

दुर्गा सप्तशती, अध्याय ११ (मार्कण्डेय पुराण, अध्याय ८८)-

भूयश्च शतवार्षिक्यामनावृष्ट्यामनम्भसि। मुनिभिः संस्तुता भूमौ सम्भविष्याम्ययोनिजा॥४६॥

ततः शतेन नेत्राणां निरीक्षिष्यामि यन्मुनीन्। कीर्तयिष्यन्ति मनुजाः शताक्षीमिति मां ततः॥४७॥

ततोऽहमखिलं लोकमात्मदेहसमुद्भवैः। भरिष्यामि सुराः शाकैरावृष्टेः प्राणधारकैः॥४८॥

शाकम्भरीति विख्यातिं तदा यास्याम्यहं भुवि। तत्रैव च वधिष्यामि दुर्गमाख्यं महासुरम्॥४९॥

विष्णु पुराण अंश ४, अध्याय -२१-

अतःपरं भविष्यानहं भूपालान्कीर्तयिष्यामि।१। यो‍ऽयंसाम्प्रतमवनीपतिः परीक्षित्तस्यापि जनमेजय-श्रुतसेनो-ग्रसेन-भीमसेनाश्चत्वारः पुत्राः भविष्यन्ति।२। जनमेजयस्यापि शतानीको भविष्यति।३। योऽ‍सौ याग्यवल्क्याद् वेदमधीत्य कृपादस्त्राण्यवाप्य विषमविषयविरक्तचित्तवृत्तिश्च शौनकोपदेशादात्मज्ञानप्रवीणः परं निर्वाणमवाप्स्यति।४। शतानीकादश्वमेधदत्तो भविता।५। तस्मादप्यधिसीमकृष्णः।६। अधिसीमकृष्णान्निचक्षुः (निचक्नुः)।७। यो गङ्गायपहते हस्तिनापुरे कौशाम्ब्यां निवत्स्यति।८।

मत्स्यपुराण, अध्याय ५०-अधिसीमकृष्णपुत्रस्तु विवक्षु (निचक्षु) र्भविता नृपः। गङ्गया तु हृते तस्मिन् नगरे नागसाह्वये ॥७८॥ त्यक्त्वा विवक्षुर्नगरं कौशाम्ब्यां तु निवत्स्यति।

This must have created havoc in country. There was a Devī incarnation in that period-Śtākṣī called later as Śākambharī. They arranged food and killed Durgama Asura who tried to invade taking advantage of famine. That was the time when king of Kāśī took sanyāsa as 23rd Jaina Tīrthankara Pārśvanātha. Only a sanyāsī could have prevented outbreak of crime in drought and flood situation. From that period, Jaina texts count Yudhiṣṭhira śaka in 2634 BC. Either Yudhiṣṭhira was pre-sanyāsa name of Pārśvanātha or he was as pious as king Yudhiṣṭhira, called Dharmarāja. Jaina Yudhiṣṭhira śaka starts in 504 Yudhiṣṭhira śaka or 468 Kali year (2634 BC) used in Jina-vijaya. Birth of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa is given in this era-

ऋषि(७)र्वार (७)स्तथा पूर्ण(०) मर्त्याक्षौ (२) वाममेलनात्. एकीकृत्य लभेताङ्क क्रोधीस्यात्तत्र वत्सरः॥

भट्टाचार्य कुमारस्य कर्मकाण्डैकवादिनः। ज्ञेयः प्रादुर्भवस्तस्मिन् वर्षे यौधिष्ठिरे शके॥

This is 2077 Jaina year = 557 BC.

This tallies with geological estimates of drying of Sarasvatī river. But we don’t have ancient record of Asyria to know about their king who attacked India. Confirmation of Sarasvatī river is confirmation of accounts in Vedas and Purāṇas. But it is not proper to call it Sindhu-Sarasvatī civilization. By drying of a river, civilization can only end, not start. It is yet to be confirmed whether this river merged with Gangā-Yamunā confluence at Prayāga called meeting of 3 rivers (Triveṇī-sangama).

Vedic Chronology

There cannot be a single chronology of Vedas. A lot of confusion has been created by Oxford and traditional scholars also.

(1) God given-This concept is copy of Bible and Koran. Unseen and abstract God had not given any book, printed or otherwise to a particular person. If it was secret for that person, there is no method to verify it. Veda has been called Apauruṣeya (super human) in 3 ways-

-In addition to perception through 5 senses, some knowledge is received through 2 more abstract senses in state of Samādhi-by Parorajā and Ṛṣi Prāṇas. These are called Asat Prāṇa (un perceived). By that only, we can perceive link between 3 world systems-cosmic, physical (on earth), within human body which are considered images of each other. If there is some experiment to find link, these worlds will obstruct each other and creation cannot continue. This separation is one aspect of Māyā.

-It is obtained in meditation when one is united with supreme, so there is no personal error.

-It is average of sayings of many Ṛṣis to eliminate errors of language and expression.

Writing

There is a saying that Śruti (= hearing) is followed by Smṛti (memory). This was being interpreted that there was no script in Vedic period and verses were memorised for thousands of generation by hearing only. This is absurd. One cannot remember own writing after an hour. Veda is called Śruti (hearing) because it is knowledge obtained by 5 normal means like hearing and 2 special senses. Smṛti doesn’t mean memory of Vedas, it means Dharma-śāstra (rules of law). It is similar to saying that after hearing physics, one will remember chemistry.

Even Dharma-śāstra is not remembered by anybody. It is assumed that everybody knows what is wrong or right in society. Ignorance of law is not an excuse for criminal. Moreover, the knowledge didn’t come at one time. Thousand Ṛṣis were in different eras and places, not necessarily from ancient India only. First Bṛhaspati was from China, Sānkhya Atri was from north-west region, Pulah-Pulastya were from west of Bharata and so on. It was preserved as India had tradition of accepting all views and not destroying earlier ones. Unless the mantra of different Ṛṣis were in writing, they could not have been compiled by anybody.

Main Traditions

Purāṇas list 28 Vyāsas starting with Svāyambhuva Manu (Human Brahmā) in 29102 BC to Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana in 3102 BC-gap of 26000 years in described in Brahmāṇḍa purāṇa, chapters 9 & 29 of (1/2). Each Vyāsa compiled the stored knowledge of his era. Originally there was only one Veda, called Atharva. Later on, it was divided into 4 Vedas and 6 Angas. It is absurd to call Ṛgveda as the first book. One person quoted reference of Sāmaveda 30 times in first of 10 Maṇḍala of Ṛgvedaand still called Sāmaveda of later period.

Though there were 28 Vyāsas, there are 2 main traditions. Veda starting with Brahmā (Svāyambhuva Manu) is called Brahma Sampradāya. Vedic tradition from Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC) is called Āditya sampradāya. (Āditya & Vivasvān-both mean sun). In astronomy also, these are 2 main traditions – older tradition of Brahmā is called Pitāmaha (grand father) siddhānta used in south India. Later tradition of Vivasvān (father of Vaivasvata Manu) is called Sūrya siddhānta, followed in north.

Thus, it is not that Aryans of north India imposed Vedas on south. Rather, Vedic knowledge started in Draviḍa, grew in Karnataka and spread till Maharashtra. Basic meaning of words is physical, its extension to cosmic and inner world is growth. Since Veda is called Śruti perceived by ear (karṇa), its growth region is Karnataka. Surrounding is called Mahar (mahal = house in Persian), so spread area is Maharashtra. Otherwise it should have been called Rāṣṭra and bigger region Bhārata should be called Maharashtra.

Different Languages

It is stated that Brahmā named the objects. Unless some authority decides language and words, nobody will follow it. Unless, same meaning is given to words, people cannot talk. What one says will have different meaning for others. Then, why there are different languages within India itself. Veda continues since Brahmā because its language Sanskrit is same till today.

But different scripts were created for different purposes. World cannot be understood by a single theory. For creation, there is duality called Puruṣa and Prakṛti(feminine). Their interaction is through 3 Guṇas-Sattva, Raja, Tama. So, there are 3×2 = 6 ways of viewing world, called 6 Darśanas (views, philosophy). Parallel to 6 Darśanas, there are 6 Darśa-vāk (visible sound) or script. Another view is world of 10 dimensions, giving rise to 10 directions, 10 Mahāvidyā etc. 5 dimensions are needed to describe mechanical world, i.e. 5 basic units are needed in physics. For Consciousness (Chetanā which can do Chiti = design), there are 5 more levels. Simple arrangement is Puruṣa. Link between 2 objects is Ṛṣi (rassi, string). Curved boundary is Vṛtra (snake). Density difference is Randhra (hole) which is cause of new creation. Uniform abstract source is Rasa or Ānanda. The elements in these are equal to number of letters in script-

Sāknhya-5×5 elements, Roman script, Script for nakṣatra names (Avakahaḍā) with 20 consonants linked with 5 vowels a, i, u, e, o.

Śaiva-6×6 elements-Latin, Gurumukhi (35 + oum).

Marut-7×7-Devanāgarī-33 consonants for 33 Devas.

Brāhmī -8×8 letters-Kannada, Telugu. Tamil was created as shorthand of Brāhmī.

Vijñāna (Vedic symbols)-(8+9)², 36×3 vowels, 36×5 consonants, Oum.

Sahasra-Many thousand letters beyond Vyoma (Tibet) in China, Japan.

Words of Samsthā

Meanings of words changes with different contexts, region, subjects etc. These have been divided into 7 Samsthā (set up). Common literary language is basic. Its meaning is extended to Cosmic and inner worlds (astronomy, Yoga-Tantra). Then meanings change with regions (geography, climate), sciences, trades, history. Every region of India has specific vedic words which prove that since time immemorial Vedic culture was spread throughout India, more particularly in eastern part from Myanmar to Vietnam and Indonesia. Some key words of each region are-

1. Bhojpuri around Kashi-India was centre of knowledge and Kashi was its centre. In sky, creation started with Hiraṇya-garbha (centre of brightness). In same sense, knowledge centre of India was called Kāśī (kāś = brightness). Being Hiraṇya-garbha on earth, eastern boundary of the region is Sone river which was called Hiraṇyabāhu. Vartata is used here, so Vartate verb (Bāṭe) is used only in this region.

हिरण्यगर्भः समवर्तताग्रे भूतस्य जातः पतिरेक आसीत्। स दाधार पृथिवीं द्यामुतेमां कस्मै देवाय हविषा विधेम॥

(ऋक् १०/१२१/१, वाजसनेयी यजुर्वेद १३/४, २३/१, अथर्व ४/२/७)

There is a verse which says that a mortal being is like Mahādeva in whom Yajña bull vibrates (Rava). So, Ravā is word of respect in this region. King Puru had started institution of Yajña, so he was the first to be called Puru-Ravā.

त्रिधा बद्धो वृषभो रोरवीति, महोदेवो मर्त्यां आविवेश॥ (ऋक् ४/५८/३)

There are about 50 Vedic words used only in this region.

2. Maithilī-Kāśī is region of Śiva, Mithilā is Śakti-both joined are Hara. Magadha is region of Hari (Viṣṇu) (Gaya is called Viṣṇu-pada). Junction of the 3 languages-Bhojpuri, Maithili and Magahi- is called Hari-Hara-Kṣetra (Sonpur). This junction continues since at least 20,000 years, despite various foreign invasions and even shifting of rivers. Śakti is worshipped as letters from A to H which describe the world. Man being image of world is also from A to H and hence word of respect is Ahām here. There are many specific vedic words related to farming. Central region had only Darbha (grasses like paddy, wheat) and no forest. So, it is called Darbhanga.

3. South Indian junction-Harihara of Karnataka is junction of Malayalam (Harihara-putra Ayyappa), Kannada (Śāradā), Telugu (Varāha incarnation of Viṣṇu), Marathi (Gaṇśa) and Tamil (Subrahmanya). There are many Vedic words used only in south. First Sūkta of Ṛgveda uses words Doṣā-vastā (night-day). Night time meal is called Dosa. Vasta is used for day or sun in rural Telugu. Viṣṇu (man) had designed towns. Being largest (Uru) design, Viṣṇ is called Urukrama in śānti-pāṭha. Towns are called Uru only in south, e.g-Bengaluru, Mangaluru, Nellore, Chittur, Tanjaur etc. Hegde means village head in Vedas. This is used only in Kannada. In Hindi, its derivative Hekaḍī (bossism) is used. Farmers on coast have been called Reddy in Ṛgveda. Andhra has largest farmland in south, so farmers here have title Reddy.

उरुं हि राजा वरुण श्चकार (ऋग् वेद १/२४/८) शं नो विष्णुरुरुक्रमः (ऋग् वेद १/९०/१)

एकः सुपर्णः स समुद्रमाविवेश स इदं भुवनं वि चष्टे ।

तं पाकेन मनसापश्यमन्तितस्तं, माता रेऴ्हि स उ रेऴ्हि मातरम् ॥ (ऋग् वेद १०/११४/४)

4. West India – Varuṇa was lord of west, so words related to him are on west coast and spread till west. Old town made by Varuṇa was called Uru. That is the oldest town of Iraq. Varuṇa was called Ap-pati (lord of waters). So, Appā or Appā-sāhab is word of respect in Maharashtra. Vidarbha is without Darbha = grass or rain shadow region. So, off-springs of cows and horses are more favourite here. Child of man or cow has same name in Sanskrit. So, children are called Mulā for affection here-

क्षेत्रस्य पतिना वयं हितेनेव जयामसि।

गामश्वं पोषयित्न्वा स नो मृळातीदृशे॥१॥ क्षेत्रस्य पते मधुमन्त मूर्मिं धेनुरिव पयो अस्मासु धुक्ष्व।

मधुश्चुतं घृतमिव सुपूतमृतस्य नः पतयो मृळयन्तु॥२॥ (ऋक् ४/५७)

5. East part – Bhārata has been described of 9 parts in Purāṇas spread from Arab to Indonesia, out of which central part called Kumārikā (present India) was most important. It was also called Himavat varṣa, Ajanābha varṣa etc and was standard for surrounding regions. There were 7 main rivers in 3 major parts-Central India, West of Sindhu, East of Brahmaputra. They were called 3 Sapta-sindhu (7 rivers).

मत्स्य पुराण, अध्याय ११४-अथाहं वर्णयिष्यामि वर्षेऽस्मिन् भारते प्रजाः। भरणच्च प्रजानां वै मनुर्भरत उच्यते।५।

निरुक्तवचनाच्चैव वर्षं तद् भारतं स्मृतम्। यतः स्वर्गश्च मोक्षश्च मध्यमश्चापि हि स्मृतः।६।

न खल्वन्यत्र मर्त्यानां भूमौकर्मविधिः स्मृतः। भारतस्यास्य वर्षस्य नव भेदान् निबोधत।७।

इन्द्रद्वीपः कशेरुश्च ताम्रपर्णो गभस्तिमान्। नागद्वीपस्तथा सौम्यो गन्धर्वस्त्वथ वारुणः।८।

अयं तु नवमस्तेषं द्वीपः सागरसंवृतः। योजनानां सहस्रं तु द्वीपोऽयं दक्षिणोत्तरः।९।

(ऋग्वेद १०/६४)-त्रिः सप्त सस्रा नद्यो महीरपो वनस्पतीन् पर्वताँ अग्निमूतये।

कृशानुमस्तॄन् तिष्यं सधस्थ आ रुद्रं रुद्रेषु रुद्रियं हवामहे॥८॥

सरस्वती सरयुः सिन्धुरूर्मिभिर्महो महीरवसा यन्तु वक्षणीः।

देवीरापो मातरः सूदयित्न्वो घृतवत्पयो मधुमन्नो अर्चत॥९॥

(ऋग्वेद १०/७५)-प्र सु व आपो महिमानमुत्तमं कारुवोचाति सदने विवस्वतः।

प्र सप्तसप्त त्रेधा हि चक्रमुः सृत्वरीणामति सिन्धुरोजसा॥१॥

इमं मे गङ्गे यमुने सरस्वति शुतुद्रि स्तोमं सचता परुष्ण्या।

असिक्न्या मरुद्वृधे वितस्तयार्जीकिये शृणुह्या सुषोमया॥५॥

तृष्टामया प्रथमं यातवे सजूः सृसर्त्वा रसया श्वेत्या त्या।

त्वं सिन्धो कुभया मेहव्वा सरथं याभिरीयसे॥६॥

ऋजीत्येनी रुशती महित्वा ज्रयांसि भरते रजांसि।

E.g. Irāvatī is not only Rāvī in west India, it is also Iravatī (Irawadi) of Myanmar and Thailand. Elephant of Indra was named Airāvata, which means on the other (east) side of Irāvatī. This was described as white. Even now elephants of Thailand are called white.

ब्रह्माण्ड पुराण, खण्ड २, तृतीय पाद, अध्याय ७-

इरावत्याः सुतो यस्मात्तस्मादैरावतः स्मृतः। देवराजोपवाह्यत्वात् प्रथमः स मतङ्गराट्॥३२६॥

श्वेताभ्राभ्रश्चतुर्दन्तः श्रीमानैरावतो गजः। अञ्जनस्यैकमूलस्य सुवर्णाभस्य हस्तिनः॥३२७॥

Main river of Vietnam also is called Mā-Gangā (mother Gangā) distorted to Mekong in English. Quote of Ṛgveda (10/64/9) also tells rivers as mother followed only in Vietnam. Same is in Purāṇas– पद्मपुराण, आदिखण्ड, अध्याय ६-

विश्वस्य मातरः सर्वाः सर्वाश्चैव महाफलाः। तथा नद्यः स्वप्रकाशाः शतशोऽथ सहस्रशः॥३२॥

Indra has been called Sutrāmā on whose name is Sumatra, west island of Indonesia. Rāmāyaṇa, Kiṣindhā Kāṇḍa, chapter 40 tells Indonesia as 7 major islands with capital at Yava-dvīpa (Java). Palaces of Indra and Garuḍa are described here. Amaraāvatī of Indra was 900 east from Sanyamanī (Amman) equal to 1 feet of Vāmana. Even now, airlines of Indonesia is called Garuḍa. Indra is called Baṭ-mahāṇ in Ṛgveda, i.e. person with ample Baṭ. Currency of Thailand is called Baht and great temple of Cambodia is Angkor-Vat.

बट् सूर्य श्रवसा महाँ असि (ऋग्वेद (८/१०१/१२)

Elephant of Indra were called Vaṭūri or Mahā-vaṭūri. These words are used in Thai language.

अभिव्लग्या चिदद्रिवः शीर्षा यातुमतीनाम्। छिन्धि वटूरिणा पदा महावटूरिणा पदा॥(ऋग्वेद १/१३३/२)

Indra was called Achyut-chyut, who could defeat the undefeated. So, Indra (king) in Asam was called Chyut (Chutiyā). Hills there are named Jayantia in name of Indra’s son.

यो अच्युतच्युत् स जनास इन्द्रः (ऋक् २/१२/९, अथर्व २०/३४/९)

There are Śoṇa rivers in Thailand and Myanmar also-both called masculine due to red coloured water as of Śoṇa of India. वाल्मीकि रामायण, किष्किन्धा काण्ड अध्याय ४०-

रत्नवन्तं यवद्वीपं सप्तराज्योपशोभितम्॥२९॥ ततो रक्तजलं शोणमगाधं शीघ्रवाहिनम्॥३२॥

गता द्रक्ष्यथ तां चैव बृहतीं कूटशाल्मलीम्। गृहं च वैनतेयस्य (Garuḍa) नानारत्नविभूषितम्॥३९॥

त्रिशिराः काञ्चनः केतुस्तालस्तस्य (3 faced pyramid) महात्मनः। स्थापितः पर्वतस्याग्रे विराजति सवेदिकः॥५३॥

पूर्वस्यां दिशि निर्माणं कृतं तत्त्रिदशेश्वरैः (By Indra)। ततः परं हेममयः श्रीमानुदयपर्वतः॥५४॥

तत्र पूर्वपदं कृत्वा पुरा विष्णुस्त्रिविक्रमे (East step of Viṣṇu)। द्वितीयं शिखरे मेरोश्चकार पुरुषोत्तमः॥५८॥

Vaikanka (Bangkok) and Kumuda hills (place of Comodo dragon) are described in east-

वायु पुराण, अध्याय ३६-शीतान्तश्च कुमुदञ्जश्च सुवीरश्चाचलोत्तमः। विकङ्को मणिशीलश्च वृषभश्चाचलोत्तमः॥१८॥ Vaikuṇṭha of Viṣṇu is called Beikthano or the Vishnu City of Pyu Kingdom in Myanmar.

Multiple meanings of Vedic words

(1) Ārya-It is derived from Ṛt = right.

a. Spread of Ṛt is Ārya (Area, Ryot).

b. Person with good conduct is Ārya, so it was used as word of respect, not to be used for self.

c. Elder person in family was also called Ārya.

d. Vedic civilization was started by Svāyambhuva Manu (human Brahmā) who was called Pitāmaha (grand father) prior to later father of Vedic culture Vivasvān (= sun). So, the astronomy methods of Brahmā were called Ārya Siddhānta and the person who revived it slightly after Mahābhārata (360 kali) was called Āryabhaṭa. Thus, Ārya (Ajā) still means Pitāmaha (grandfather).

आर्यभट-महासिद्धान्त-पराशरमताध्याय (२)

कलिसंज्ञे युगपादे पाराशर्यं मतं प्रशस्तमतः। वक्ष्ये तदहं तन्मम मततुल्यं मध्यमान्यत्र॥१॥

एतत्सिद्धान्तद्वयमीषद्याते कलौ युगे जातम्। स्वस्थाने दृक् तुल्या अनेन खेटाः स्फुटाः कार्याः॥२॥

आर्यभटीय, कालक्रियापाद-

षष्ट्यब्दानां षड्भिर्यदा व्यतीतास्त्रयश्च युगपादाः। त्र्यधिका विंशतिरब्दास्तदेह मम जन्मनोऽतीताः॥१०॥

आर्यभटीय, गोलपाद-सदसज्ज्ञानसमुद्रात् समुद्धृतं ब्रह्मणः प्रसादेन। सज्ज्ञानोत्तमरत्नं मया निमग्नं स्वमतिनावा॥४९॥

आर्यभटीयं नाम्ना पूर्वं स्वायम्भुवं सदा नित्यम्। सुकृतायुषोः प्रणाशं कुरुते प्रतिकञ्चुकं योऽस्य॥५०॥

(2) Draviḍa-Ārya region is plain land of north more suitable for farming. Persons settled in land and producing their food are more righteous, so it is Ārya land. South India had international trade by ships, so it was Draviḍa. Money also is called Dravya (like liquid) because it flows from one place to other.

(3) Indra-It is radiation in space which exists even in vacuum. On earth, Indra was king of 3 Deva-lokas-Russia, China, India. So, China was called middle kingdom. Indra was prominent for 10 yugas = 3600 years. There were 14 main Indras who ruled for about 100 years each, called Śatakratu. Original script of Bṛhaspati gave words and signs for each object. That continues in China. Russia and India switched over to basic sounds indicated by letters, so about 3000 Russian words still retain vedic meanings. In human body, Indra means organs.

(4) Viṣṇū-It is one of 3 aspects of Brahma, creator and created world. They are Brahmā, material structures, Viṣṇu = action, Śiva = knowledge. Vṣṇu as conscious aspect of world, called Puruṣa. Specific part of action (Karna) is Yajña which is creation of useful objects in cycle. Standard 9 time cycles of creation of world are stated. Perception of their duration is measure of time-an aspect of Śiva. There were 10 human incarnations of Viṣṇu to save Devas from Asuras. One was named Viṣṇu himself called Vāmana also.

(5) Brahmā-He is creator aspect. In space, his body is perceived as 7 lokas, measure of each has been called a Vitasti (Palm length). Human body also is 7 vitasti long. There were 7 Human Brahmās described in Mahābhārata, Śānti Parva, chapters 348-349. Most important was Svāyambhuva Manu who unified knowledge as Vedas in 29102 BC as Veda. He ruled from Ayodhyā in north India.

वायु पुराण खण्ड १, अध्याय १४-मार्कण्डेय उवाच-

वैवस्वतेन मनुना येन सा निर्मिता पुरी। स तु कृत्वा चिरं राज्यमिक्ष्वाकुमभिषिच्य च॥१॥

रामायण, बालकाण्ड, अध्याय ५-

अयोध्या नाम नगरी तत्रासील्लोकविश्रुता। मनुना मानवेन्द्रेण या पुरी निर्मिता स्वयम्॥६॥

(6) Yajña-It doesn’t mean sacrifice of animals or burning something in fire with recitation of some mantra. Yajña is called Adhvara = non-violent. Gītā (3/10, 16) defines Yajña as production of useful objects in cycles. Civilization progresses when yajña systems of society complement each other. Asuras also did yajña, but their yajña was to destroy or loot others.

सहयज्ञाः प्रजाः सृष्ट्वा पुरो वाच प्रजापतिः ।

अनेन प्रसविष्यध्वमेष वोऽस्त्विष्टकामधुक् ॥१०॥ (गीता, अध्याय ३)

एवं प्रवर्तितं चक्रं नानुवर्तयतीह यः । अघायुरिन्द्रियारामो मोघं पार्थ स जीवति ॥१६॥

ब्रह्माग्नवपरे यज्ञं यज्ञेनैवोपजुह्वति । (गीता ४/२५)

यज्ञेन यज्ञमयजन्त देवास्तानि धर्माणि प्रथमान्यासन् ।

ते ह नाकं महिमानः सचन्त यत्र पूर्वे साध्याः सन्ति देवाः ॥ (पुरुष-सूक्त, यजुर्वेद ३१/१६)

Baseless Aryan Migration Theory

(1) Unnecessary-Since we knew in middle ages about Asia, Europe or adjacent parts of Africa only, it was assumed that people migrated from Asia to America. It was further assumed that people could not have travelled by sea, so they went by crossing Siberia and enter America via polar Alaska region. Firstly, there was no need to travel so far if there was shortage of food. Secondly, even if well fed, all would have died by extreme cold and starvation on very long route. There is no reason to assume that civilization could flourish in south or central Asia only and not in north or south America. Similarly, there is no reason to assume that Vedic civilization could not have started in India. India had the best climate and river system and protected by Himalaya in north from long term havocs in climate due to ice age or glacial flood age. It is not possible for a civilization to thrive in deserts on central Asia instead of fertile plains of India.

(2) There is no reference in any literature of India or west and central Asia about migration. Greek authors have already denied in 300 BC. No reference exists in records of Assyria, Sumeria or south Europe from where so called Aryans could come.

(3) Genetic records can show both ways migration.

(4) No place is known so far from where Aryans came nor any Vedic culture exists there.

Ref:

1. Megasthenes – Indika

2. Berosus

3. British reports, British reports 2, British reports 3.

4. Summary of distortions

5. Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World By André Wink.

6. Astronomical Dating of Events & Select Vignettes from Indian History by Kosla Vepa.

7. मार्कण्डेय पुराण

8. विष्णु पुराण

9. मत्स्य पुराण

10. ब्रह्माण्ड पुराण

11. पद्मपुराण

12. वायु पुराण

13. वायु पुराण

14. Vedas

15. Brahmāṇḍa purāṇa

16. Mahābhārata

17. Bhaviṣya Purāṇa

18. Rāmāyaṇa, Kiṣindhā Kāṇḍa

19. Bhagavat Gita

20. Megasthenes: Indika and more.

Featured Aryan migration representational image courtesy: Hinduwebsite.com and themystique.net

Arun Upadhyay

Arun Upadhyay is a retired IPS officer. He is the author of 10 books and 80 research papers.

Shanti Prakash Sharma ·

Srs govt college, kaladera, jaipur

Great work sir it helps in joining many pieces of Jigsaw of Indian History. thank you

LikeReply18 hrs

Koenraad Elst ·

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

This lengthy piece contains interesting information, esp. textual, but also outrageously false claims. To limit myself to the title's claim, it is patently untrue that the AIT ("AMT") was "created" as instrument for any political goal whatsoever. Once kinship between the IE languages was realized, with a common homeland, the first homeland was India itself. Only ca. 1820, long before Max Müller, did it shift to Bactria and further West, necessitating an invasion to explain its presence in India.

LikeReply12 hrs

Gopal Sugandh ·

Head - Marketing and Business Analysis at J B Group of Companies - J B & Brothers,Mumbai

Great work Sir...it should be part of history books of our education system

https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2017/12/19/aryan-migration-theory-confusion-created-justify-british-rule/

↧

Michio Kaku And Gerald Edelman: Interactions Within The Human Brain Differ From Artificial Intelligence -- Kim McLendon

December 20, 2017, 5:58 pm

≫ Next: Rudra-Śiva mūrti of Tala, Indus Script Hypertext signifies dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter', kammaṭa 'mint', kol 'smithy/forge'

≪ Previous: Aryan Migration Theory: Fraud and Confusion Created to Justify British Rule in India -- Arun Upadhyay

Kim McLendon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=WiGt0lh5Hb4 7 BIZARRE Human Consciousness Theories Published on Nov 16, 2016

Published on Nov 16, 2016
When you're cold cocked by a guy in a parking lot you become unconscious, when you wake up in hospital seven hours later you are magically conscious again.  One of the most fascinating questions posed regarding human consciousness asks whether human brains develop it, or they merely receive consciousness from an external source.   
Despite it being a non-physical concept, the idea of consciousness is now becoming more fundamental to our discussions of the physical world. 

Isn't it great when a group of people come together and work harmoniously on a single goal, whether it's building a bridge, creating a movie or invading and burning a country to ashes, there's something deeply satisfying about individuals setting aside their own goals in the name of teamwork.   A recent hypothesis currently being investigated by University teams from Paris and Toronto claims that human consciousness is merely a by-product of one of the universe's most fundamental principles - entropy.  When you watch a movie you're not viewing a fluid depiction of motion, you're actually seeing a series of still images which are projected so fast you perceive it as one seamless piece of movement.   The main property of consciousness is deemed to be its ability to integrate all of our sensory experiences into one single reality, and the Integrated Information Theory states that this is all consciousness is; a complex system of interactions and evaluations.  Despite being the most fundamental aspect of our very being, consciousness has rarely been studied within the context of evolution.

December 20, 2017

Michio Kaku And Gerald Edelman: Interactions Within The Human Brain Differ From Artificial Intelligence

A Nobel Prize Winner discusses consciousness and the inner workings of the ‘most complex object in the known physical universe.'

EVAN AGOSTINI AND AGSANDREW / AP IMAGES AND SHUTTERSTOCK

SCIENCE

Michio Kaku interviewed Nobel Prize Winner Gerald Edelman on the subject of consciousness, brain function, structure, and evolution. Professor Edelman has written a book titled Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge. The conversation between Kaku and Edelman begins at the 30-minute mark of the video below.

Gerald Edelman told Michio Kaku the human mind was unlike any other structure.

“The brain is the most complex object in the known physical universe.” Even with all the talk about a singularity, Gerald Edelman holds that the human brain has no equal, and arguably never will in the machine world. Michio Kaku and many others agree the human perception of consciousness would be hard for a machine to equal. Michio Kaku and Gerald Edelman pondered the question of whether consciousness arises from the physical structure of the brain, or if consciousness might be the product of something greater or at least other than the physical brain.Gerald Edelman believes the mind and consciousness are exclusively a product of the physical brain structure. Michio Kaku did not state his personal opinion, but many people feel consciousness and creativity may transcend the physical form.Apart from the conversation between Michio Kaku and Gerald Edelman, Subhash Kak, professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, wrote in Singularity Hub about the debate, about machine consciousness compared to human consciousness.“I can say that researchers are divided on whether these sorts of hyper-aware machines will ever exist. There’s also debate about whether machines could or should be called “conscious” in the way we think of humans, and even some animals, as conscious. Some of the questions have to do with technology; others have to do with what consciousness actually is.”Consciousness would be especially hard to replicate since it remains undefined by those who experience it daily. However, it remains clear that consciousness is far more than mere awareness of one’s surroundings, but involves intuition, inner narratives, dreams, and visions, as Singularity Hub points out.“Some scholars have argued that the creative moment is not at the end of a deliberate computation.”Michio Kaku and Gerald Edelman are aware that other differing scientific, philosophical, and spiritual theories of consciousness have been held by some of the greatest minds in history. No one can be certain which theory of consciousness is correct.Many great discoveries have been attributed to dreams, visions, intuition, or even spiritual revelation, rather than basic computation, as pointed out by Subhash Kak on Singularity Hub.Do these intuitions arise entirely from the mind as Gerald Edelman hypotheses?Do all visionary perceptions arise from the brain’s structure as Gerald Edelman explained to Michio Kaku or are they an example of the mind’s ability to tap into something other than itself.While Gerald Edelman feels confident in his assertion, that consciousness arises completely from the mind, what about subconsciousness and superconsciousness? No one understands the human mind well enough to be certain what happens in such experiences, and perhaps Michio Kaku was wise to remain silent on the subject.Michio Kaku asked about various theories of the evolution and development of the human brain. Is it not the development of the cerebral cortex that made the human brain so powerful?Gerald Edelman told Michio Kaku that although the cerebral cortex is often considered the most important aspect when considering consciousness and intellect, he feels it is more accurately the connections between various parts of the brain that are most important to consciousness. After all, consciousness involves many perceptions brought to the cerebral cortex via the entire nervous system.Gerald Edelman’s explanation on Michio Kaku’s video might be enriched by this quote from a new paper appearing in Frontiers in Psychology, by David A. Oakley and Peter W. Halligan.“In particular, we argue that all “contents of consciousness” are generated by and within non-conscious brain systems in the form of a continuous self-referential personal narrative that is not directed or influenced in any way by the “experience of consciousness.”Oakley and Halligan, in line with the theories of Michio Kaku’s guest Gerald Edelman, are contending that the mind does arise from the brain, but it is the sum and total of all the various parts that work, somehow apart from general awareness. These systems work as a “continuously updated personal narrative” arising from “selective internal broadcasting.” The narrative springs from non-conscious executive systems.As Gerald Edelman explained, it is the capacity of the cerebral cortex to connect with the more primitive sensory regions of the brain, as well as countless connections within the cerebrum that yield the multidimensional thoughts and feelings human beings call consciousness. Perhaps this includes more than conventional consciousness related to awareness, as suggested in Frontiers of Psychology.Michio Kaku asked Gerald Edelman if the human brain is a type of computer, to which Edelman replied it was not similar to a computer at all.The evidence is overwhelming that it has none of the properties of what people in the computer business call a Turing machine, after Alan Turing the great British mathematician who wrote a theorem. Gerald Edelman quoted this theorem describing computer processes to Michio Kaku in the video above.“He can carry out any set of effective procedures or algorithms that you can name as long as they are unambiguous. What he had to do is call upon a tape which has binary arithmetic theories.”Gerald Edelman told Michio Kaku that each human brain is unique, unlike computers that are built on an assembly line. Edelman joked with Michio Kaku saying manufacturing each computer as a unique individual would not be a good way to run a computer company.Michio Kaku’s guest Gerald Edelman indicates that human beings are rarely presented with unambiguous data in the real world. Most of the time information enters the human mind in bits and pieces and conclusions must be drawn. It is these intuitive and often subjective conclusions, drawn from insufficient data, which artificial intelligence might find very difficult to master.Gerald Edelman explained to Michio Kaku humans don’t have the luxury of being fed consistent and unambiguous data.“The world is not a piece of tape… The machine is an instructive system, but the brain is a selectional system. It already has a huge number of possibilities and you pick amongst them to strengthen one or the other.”Gerald Edelman explained to Michio Kaku that each human embryo develops its own patterns while in the womb. Even embryonic brains can be observed developing unique features before birth, which are not necessarily genetic.“Neurons that fire together wire together. It’s not genetic at all, It isn’t pre-fixed. Certain things are but most things are not. So every individual brain is indeed individual.”Michio Kaku has expressed in the past that he does not feel singularity is near. Professor Kaku feels robots and artificial intelligence are a very long way from rivaling a human mind, much less surpassing it.Gerald Edelman explains to Michio Kaku that human beings are intuitive and use a selective process when problem-solving, that is vastly individual. Computers cannot even weigh the kind of data that humans rely on every day. It is possible that computers can mimic human behavior and thought, but Gerald Edelman makes it clear, human brains process data very differently than a computer.Michio Kaku, Gerald Edelman, and others seem to agree, for better or worse, artificial intelligence will not be exactly like human consciousness. https://www.inquisitr.com/4693321/michio-kaku-and-gerald-edelman-interactions-within-the-human-brain-differ-from-artificial-intelligence/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=kmIBLYG7mfM
Dr Michio Kaku December 17 2017 ★ CONCERNING BRAIN AND EVOLUTION ★ Michio Kaku 2017

↧

Rudra-Śiva mūrti of Tala, Indus Script Hypertext signifies dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter', kammaṭa 'mint', kol 'smithy/forge'

December 24, 2017, 10:12 pm

≫ Next: kaṁsá, pittala, jasta, tuttha, ranga, loha Indus Script hypertexts signify bell-metal, pewter, brass, zinc, copper

≪ Previous: Michio Kaku And Gerald Edelman: Interactions Within The Human Brain Differ From Artificial Intelligence -- Kim McLendon

https://tinyurl.com/y9evsmzd

I submit that an extraordinary pratimā, mūrti (sacred personification), venerated in Chattisgarh is an Indus Script hypertext. This suggests that the people of Chattisgarh are in the lineage of the builders of Sarasvati Civilization.

The sacred pratimā, mūrti of puruṣa 'Supreme Being' is a hypertext composed of Indus Script hieroglyphs to signify the attributes of dhā̆vaḍ, 'smelter of metals' and phaḍa 'metals workshop'.

Rudra Shiva red sandstone sculpture at Tala, Chhatisgarh

Red sandstone sculpture.Said to be Rudra-Śiva
Image result for tala chhattisgarh

Devrani-Jethani Temples, Tala, Chattisgarh.

See also other examples of such sacred sculptures in Dholkal (Chattisgarh) and Gardez (Afghanistan):

Dholkal Ganeśa restored. Indus Script hieroglyph tradition restored.

http://tinyurl.com/jmvqrtt

Ganesha, Indus Script tradition. significance of hieroglyphs on Dholkal, Bastar, Chattisgarh Ganesha with metal chain and pine cone

https://www.academia.edu/s/32bd84b1b4

Tridhātu as Gaṇeśa, Tridhātu on Indus Script metalwork for crucible steel, ādhyātmikā metaphor pr̥thvyaptejorūpadhātu (R̥gveda)

http://tinyurl.com/kptlbz3

Tri-dhātu Gaṇeśa in Gardez; Indus Script hypertext cipher, ib 'iron worker’, phaḍa, 'manufactory in-charge'

https://tinyurl.com/y7vo7gqx

Some of the hieroglyphs rendered in rebus readings are: karṇa ‘ears' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' karṇaka ‘helmsman’ The hypertext is peacock's feathers PLUS black drongo: maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal' pōlaḍu, 'black drongo',rebus: pōlaḍ, 'steel'kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' karibha 'trunk of elephant'; ibha 'elephant' Rebus: karba 'iron' (Tulu). ib 'iron' (Santali) ibbo 'merchant' panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'

bicha 'scorpion' (Assamese) rebus: bica 'haematite stone ore'

karā, karavā 'crocodile' rebus: khār खार्। 'blacksmith'

khambhaṛā''fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa'mint, coiner, coinage'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. Ta. patam cobra's hood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, .rebus: phaḍa 'metals manufactory, account register' paṭṭaḍa 'workshop, metals workshop'.

Hieroglyphs:Group 1: mũh 'face'

Group 2: Kur. mūxā frog. Malt. múqe id. / Cf. Skt. mūkaka- id. (DEDR 5023) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot' mũhe 'ingot' mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native furnace.

gota 'round stone, pebble' rebus:goti 'silver' गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe

Below the waist, two faces of women together with cords/garlands are signified. The rebus renderings are:

kola 'woman' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith'

kokkolha 'leopard' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter'. kul ‘tiger’ (Santali); kōlu id. (Te.) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.)Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha — m. ʻ jackal ʼ< *kōḍhu -- ; H.kolhā, °lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m. krōṣṭŕ̊ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu — m. Pāṇ. [√kruś] Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka — and kotthu -- , °uka — m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu — m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615). कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pañcaloha’ (Ta.)

dāˊman1 ʻ rope ʼ RV. 2. *dāmana -- , dāmanī -- f. ʻ long rope to which calves are tethered ʼ Hariv. 3. *dāmara -- .[*dāmara -- is der. fr. n/r n. stem. -- √dā2] 1. Pa. dāma -- , inst. °mēna n. ʻ rope, fetter, garland ʼ, Pk. dāma -- n.; Wg. dām ʻ rope, thread, bandage ʼ; Tir. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Paš.lauṛ. dām ʻ thick thread ʼ, gul. dūm ʻ net snare ʼ (IIFL iii 3, 54 ← Ind. or Pers.); Shum. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Sh.gil. (Lor.) dōmo ʻ twine, short bit of goat's hair cord ʼ, gur. dōm m. ʻ thread ʼ (→Ḍ. dōṅ ʻ thread ʼ); K. gu -- dômu m. ʻ cow's tethering rope ʼ; P. dã̄u, dāvã̄ m. ʻ hobble for a horse ʼ; WPah.bhad. daũ n. ʻ rope to tie cattle ʼ, bhal. daõ m., jaun. dã̄w; A. dāmā ʻ peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ʼ; B. dām, dāmā ʻ cord ʼ; Or. duã̄ ʻ tether ʼ, dāĩ ʻ long tether to which many beasts are tied ʼ; H. dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ, dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ; G. dām n. ʻ tether ʼ, M. dāvẽ n.; Si. dama ʻ chain, rope ʼ, (SigGr) dam ʻgarland ʼ. -- Ext. in Paš.dar. damaṭāˊ, °ṭīˊ, nir. weg. damaṭék ʻ rope ʼ, Shum. ḍamaṭik, Woṭ. damṓṛ m., Sv. dåmoṛīˊ; -- with -- ll -- : N. dāmlo ʻ tether for cow ʼ, dã̄wali, dāũli, dāmli ʻ bird -- trap of string ʼ, dã̄wal, dāmal ʻ coeval ʼ (< ʻ tied together ʼ?); M. dã̄vlī f. ʻ small tie -- rope ʼ.2. Pk. dāvaṇa -- n., dāmaṇī -- f. ʻtethering rope ʼ; S. ḍ̠āvaṇu, ḍ̠āṇu m. ʻ forefeet shackles ʼ, ḍ̠āviṇī, ḍ̠āṇī f. ʻ guard to support nose -- ring ʼ; L. ḍã̄vaṇ m., ḍã̄vaṇī, ḍāuṇī (Ju. ḍ̠ -- ) f. ʻ hobble ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ strip at foot of bed, triple cord of silk worn by women on head ʼ, awāṇ. dāvuṇ ʻ picket rope ʼ; P. dāuṇ, dauṇ, ludh. daun f. m. ʻ string for bedstead, hobble for horse ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ gold ornament worn on woman's forehead ʼ; Ku. dauṇo m., °ṇī f. ʻ peg for tying cattle to ʼ, gng. dɔ̃ṛ ʻ place for keeping cattle, bedding for cattle ʼ; A. dan ʻ long cord on which a net or screen is stretched, thong ʼ, danā ʻ bridle ʼ; B. dāmni ʻ rope ʼ; Or. daaṇa ʻ string at the fringe of a casting net on which pebbles are strung ʼ,dāuṇi ʻ rope for tying bullocks together when threshing ʼ; H. dāwan m. ʻ girdle ʼ, dāwanī f. ʻ rope ʼ, dã̄wanī f. ʻ a woman's orna<->ment ʼ; G. dāmaṇ, ḍā° n. ʻ tether, hobble ʼ, dāmṇũ n. ʻ thin rope, string ʼ, dāmṇī f. ʻ rope, woman's head -- ornament ʼ; M. dāvaṇ f. ʻ picket -- rope ʼ. -- Words denoting the act of driving animals to tread out corn are poss. nomina actionis from *dāmayati2. 3. L. ḍãvarāvaṇ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ã̄v° ʻ to hobble ʼ; A. dāmri ʻ long rope for tying several buffalo -- calves together ʼ, Or. daũ̈rā, daürā ʻ rope ʼ; Bi.daũrī ʻ rope to which threshing bullocks are tied, the act of treading out the grain ʼ, Mth. dã̄mar, daũraṛ ʻ rope to which the bullocks are tied ʼ; H. dã̄wrī f. ʻ id., rope, string ʼ, dãwrī f. ʻ the act of driving bullocks round to tread out the corn ʼ. -- X *dhāgga<-> q.v. *dāmayati2; *dāmakara -- , *dāmadhāra -- ; uddāma -- , prōddāma -- ; *antadāmanī -- , *galadāman -- , *galadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāman -- , *gōḍḍadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāmara -- .

dāmán -- 2 m. (f.?) ʻ gift ʼ RV. [√dā1]. See dāˊtu -- . *dāmana -- ʻ rope ʼ see dāˊman -- 1.
Addenda: dāˊman -- 1. 1. Brj. dã̄u m. ʻ tying ʼ. 3. *dāmara -- : Brj. dã̄wrī f. ʻ rope ʼ.(CDIAL 6283)*dāmayati2 ʻ ties with a rope ʼ. [dāˊman -- 1] Bi. dã̄wab ʻ to drive bullocks trading out grain ʼ, H. dāwnā, dã̄nā; G. dāmvũ ʻ to tie with a cord ʼ. -- Nomina actionis from this verb rather than derived directly from dāˊman -- 1, dāmanī -- (but cf. Bi. daũrī < *dāmara<-> denoting both ʻ rope ʼ and nomen actionis): N. (Tarai)dāuni ʻthreshing ʼ, Bi. daunī ʻ treading out corn ʼ, Mth. dāuni; -- Ku. daĩ f. ʻdriving oxen or buffaloes to tread out grain ʼ, N. dāĩ, dã̄i, Bi.dawã̄hī, Mth. damāhī; H. dāẽ f. ʻ tying a number of bullocks together for treading corn, the treading out, the unthreshed corn. ʼ -- S. ḍ̠āiṇu ʻ to shackle the forelegs ʼ and P. dāuṇā ʻ to hobble horse oṛ ass ʼ rather < *dāyayati.(CDIAL 6285)

Rebus: 'smelter': M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

bhar̥kanu 'rise of penis' (N.)(CDIAL 9365) rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace, smelter'

mēṇḍhra -- m.ʻpenis ʼ(Samskritam)(CDIAL 9606) rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho.Mu.) lo 'membrum virile' rebus: loh 'copper' lōkhaṇḍa ] n ( लोह S) Iron. metal implements'.

See: Daimabad charioteer

Cobra hoods arching over membrum virile of charioteer. Daimabad.

फड, phaḍa, 'cobra hood' rebus:

फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'. paṭṭaḍe 'metals workshop, smithy/forge'.

Testicles: muṣká m. ʻ testicle, scrotum ʼ RV. Pk. mukkha -- m.n. ʻ scrotum ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) mušk (ṣ?) ʻ testicles (?) ʼ. muṣkapuṭikā ʻ scrotum ʼ. [muṣká -- , puṭa -- ] Kho. muc̣hoḷi* ʻ testicles ʼ (< **mukṣa* -- with metath.?).(CDIAL 10218, 10219) rebus: mūṣā f. ʻ crucible ʼ MārkP. A. muhi ʻ crucible ʼ, B. muchi, Or. musā, H. G. M. mūs f., Si. musā.(CDIAL 10262)

Source: https://www.inditales.com/unique-rudra-shiva-of-tala/

Full text of the blogpost is reproduced below for ready reference:

Unique Sculpture of Rudra Shiva

The most important piece of sculpture at Tala is a more than two meters high figure in red sandstone called Rudra Shiva. This is a unique piece of sculpture that is not found anywhere else in archeological history. This one of its kind piece that to me looked more like a Yaksha figure but for the Raudra or Ugra (aggressive) expression that it carries. It has been named Rudra Shiva. Another potential reason why it might have been inferred as Shiva is because Shiva is known as Pashupatinathor the Lord of the animals. And this figures portrays that aspect of him through various animal figures sculpted as body parts of this image. I think this can be the signature sculpture of Chhattisgarh.

Understanding the Rudra Shiva sculpture
Body parts made of animal and human faces make this a unique figure. Look at the picture attentively and you will see the following.
·         The headgear is made of coils of a snake.
·         Nose is a Chameleon with endings like Scorpio.
·         Eyebrows made with Frog.
·         Eyeballs as eggs.
·         Ears as Peacocks.
·         Chin with Crab.
·         Moustache made of fishes.
·         Shoulders are the mouth of Crocodile.
·         Arms like an elephant trunk.
·         Fingers like the mouth of snake – some say Panchmukhi Nag or five-faced Snake.
·         Human figures on the breasts – may represent twins.
·         A round pot like human figure as stomach – may denote Kumbha.
·         Vidyadhar figures on the thighs – may be Matsyakanya or mermaids – also similar to a balance or Tula.
·         Gandharva figures on the sides of the thighs – may be Matsyakanya too.
·         Lion faces on the knees – Leo.
·         Feet like elephants.
·         Two snakes as Rakshaks on both shoulders.
·         Another snake wrapped from behind near the lower legs.
·         As you can see some of these animals are associated with various astrological signs. Like Twins with Geminis, Kumbha with Aquarius, Lions with Leos, Balance with Libra, Crocodile for Capricorn, Virgins for Virgo, Scorpios, and Cancer etc. Some locals say that this figure contains all the 12 rashis or astrological signs. Though there is no further explanation that I could get off this. Surprisingly, though some parts of the image are broken, it is still worshiped. ASI has put it in a small enclosure that is kept locked and people worship it through a metal door.
Devrani Jethani Complex
The Devrani Jethani temple complex where this statue is currently housed is placed during the Gupta period but there is no clue about the date of this particular statue. From the style also it is so unique that it is difficult to map it to a certain period. Going by the bulkiness it could belong to an ancient period or it could be a later folk art.
Artwork
Visiting Rudra Shiva at Tala was discovering an absolutely unknown piece of history, just like I discovered Ahom dynasty at Sivasagar. Rudra Shiva keeps me intrigued even today, as its iconography is so bizarre. Could it be a piece of some artist’s imagination, some animal lover’s or some astrologer’s expression of the human body? Is it really a standalone piece or we are yet to discover its peers? The fact that someone called it Shiva and today it is being worshiped as Shiva, tells us how the faith propagates. And how it the faith that makes a piece of stone God.

S. Kalyanaraman, Sarasvati Research Center, December 25, 2017

↧

kaṁsá, pittala, jasta, tuttha, ranga, loha Indus Script hypertexts signify bell-metal, pewter, brass, zinc, copper

December 25, 2017, 8:07 pm

≫ Next: Call for participation Vedic River Sarasvati, Intl. Conf. 19, 20 Jan. 2018: International Sarasvati Mahotsava-2018, Heritage development

≪ Previous: Rudra-Śiva mūrti of Tala, Indus Script Hypertext signifies dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter', kammaṭa 'mint', kol 'smithy/forge'

https://tinyurl.com/y8pdmonk

Cannon made of bell metal at Malik-e-Maidan, Bijapur.

I suggest that the lingua franca of metalworkers of the Bronze Age across an extensive area from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel) was meluhha signified by the form and metaphors of Indus Script hypertexts to constitute catalogues of metalwork repertoire creating metal alloys. This medium of communication is seen in:

1.Three pure tin ingots discovered in a shipwreck in Haifa, Israel

2. Bronze peacocks of Vatican, peacocks on Dongson/Karen bronze drum tympanums, peacocks on the ears of Ruda Śiva pratimā in Tālā village, Chattisgarh

3. Spread of Munda languages into Mon-Khmer language area of Ancient Far East which constitutes
the largest tin belt of the globe.

The hypothesis is that an ancient maritime tin route extended from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel)with Meluhha artisans and seafaring merchants as active participants in the Tin-Bronze revolution,acting as intermediaries to reach the resource of tin to all regions of Eurasia.

The source of tin for the Tin-Bronze revolution has been an enigma. "The enigma has even grown over the past decades, because it turned out that the earliest bronzes appear in a wide area stretching from the Aegean to the Persian Gulf that is geologically devoid of any tin deposits. There is tin in western and central Europe and there is also tin in central Asia. Thus, tin or bronze seems to have been traded over large distances but it is unknown in which direction. Now a new method has become available that offers the chance to trace ancient tin via tin isotope signatures. It was found that the isotope ratios of tin exhibit small but measurable variations in nature making different tin deposits identifiable so that bronze objects can in principle be related to specific ore deposits. It is proposed to apply for the first time this new technology to characterize all known tin deposits in the Old World and relate them to bronze and tin artefacts of the third and second millennia BCE. This groundbreaking interdisciplinary study will increase our understanding of Bronze Age metal trade beyond surmise and speculation with vast implications for the reconstruction of socio-economic relations within and between Bronze Age societies. The impact will be a major advance in our understanding of the earliest complex societies with craft specialization and the formation of cities and empires."

http://www.cez-archaeometrie.de/?p=1072&lang=en

I suggest that the suggested tin isotope signatures should be identified by archaeometallurgical researches on: 1. three pure tin ingots of Haifa shipwreck; 2. bronze peacocks in Vatican; 3. bronze/copper anthropomorphs of ancient India; 4. bronze implements of Susa pot, Chanhudaro to prove the sources of tin which catalysed the Tin-Bronze revolution of the third millennium BCE.

Bronze implements in Susa pot with Indus Script inscription with hypertexts: fish-fin, black drongo. aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' poladu 'black drongo' rebus: polad 'steel'.A clay storage pot discovered in Susa (Acropole mound), Old Elamite period, ca. 2500-2400 BCE (H. 20 1/4 in. or 51 cm.) now in Musee du Louvre, Paris.
Image result for chanhudaro sheffield

Illustrated London News 1936 - November 21st carried an illustrated story of discoveries from Chanhu-daro declaring it as the Sheffield of Ancient India.
Image result for anthropomorphs indus script

Image result for anthropomorphs indus script

Anthropomorphs with Indus Script hypertexts: fish, ram's horns, boar, one-horned young bull. aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloyed metal' badhi 'boar' rebus: badhi 'worker in iron and wood'; kundar 'young bull' rebus: kundana 'fine gold' kundar 'turner, furnace worker'. karnika 'spread legs' rebus: karnika 'helmsman, script writer, account-keeper'; med 'ram' rebus: med 'iron, copper'.

Three avatāra puruṣa, three divine forms, conquer ('achieve technological/metallurgical mastery') over three golden/brass forms: हिरण्याक्ष, 'the golden-eyed'. हिरण्यकशिपु,'clothed in gold'. and kamsa'brass, pewter, bell metal' (brass is an alloy of copper and zinc; pewter is an alloy of opper and high tin;bronze is an alloy of copper and lower percentage of tin).

The metaphor 'conquer' is a signifier of recognition of nature of metals, attainment of metallurgical competence and invention of a metal alloy with utility value by processing minerals and metals (and with infusion of carbon (by caṣāla atop yupaskambha or aṣṭāśri yupa , fumes of wheat chaff,godhūma), to harden alloys in furnaces). cf. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa and RV for Soma samsthā yajña. See:

Shapes of चषालः caṣāla and vajra 'thunderbolt weapon' are octagonal as stipulated in SBr vedic text

http://tinyurl.com/zd8wmeq

चषालः caṣāla on Yupa, an Indus Script hieroglyph like a crucible to carburize ores into steel/hard alloys

http://tinyurl.com/h24ueao

हिरण्या* क्ष m. N. of a noted दैत्य (twin brother of हिरण्य-कशिपु , and killed by विष्णु , in his third or वर्ष अवतार) MBh. Hariv. Pur. ( IW.327)

Varāha conquers हिरण्याक्ष, 'the golden-eyed'. Narasimha conquers हिरण्यकशिपु, 'clothed in gold'..

कृष्ण is कंस-जित्, victor over Kamsa.

कालिय m. N. of a नाग (inhabiting the यमुना , slain by कृष्ण , also written कालीय VP. ) MBh. Hariv. &c

Image result for krishna kamsa sculpture

कृष्ण conquers kālīya, lit. 'black lead' Cobra-hood signifies फट, phaṭa, phaḍa 'expanded cobra hood' rebus: phaḍa 'metals manufactory,workshop'. phaṭa n. ʻ expanded hood of snake ʼ MBh. 2. *phēṭṭa -- 2. [Cf. phuṭa -- m., °ṭā -- f., sphuṭa -- m. lex., °ṭā -- f. Pañcat. (Pk. phuḍā -- f.), sphaṭa -- m., °ṭā -- f., sphōṭā -- f. lex. and phaṇa -- 1. Conn. words in Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 386] 1. Pk. phaḍa -- m.n. ʻ snake's hood ʼ, °ḍā -- f., M. phaḍā m., °ḍī f.2. A. pheṭ, phẽṭ.(CDIAL 9040) फड phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room: also, in an ill-sense, as खेळण्या- चा फड A gambling-house, नाचण्याचा फड A nachhouse, गाण्याचा or ख्यालीखुशालीचा फड A singingshop or merriment shop. The word expresses freely Gymnasium or arena, circus, club-room, debating-room, house or room or stand for idlers, newsmongers, gossips, scamps &c. Any office or place of extensive business or work,--as a factory, manufactory, arsenal, dock-yard, printing-office; फडनीस phaḍanīsa m ( H) A public officer,--the keeper of the registers &c. By him were issued all grants, commissions, and orders; and to him were rendered all accounts from the other departments. He answers to Deputy auditor and accountant. Formerly the head Kárkún of a district-cutcherry who had charge of the accounts &c. was called फडनीस; फडशा phaḍaśā m ( H) Clearance, settlement, liquidated state (of a debt): settled, performed, or executed state (of an affair or a business): consumption, exhaustion, consumed state (of articles of provision). कर, हो.(Marathi) Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop.(DEDR 3865)

Viṣṇu as Narasimha kills Hiranyakaśipu, stone sculpture from Halebidu, Karnataka. Pahari style painting showing Hiranyaksha and Varaha in ocean with rescued earth on top

कृष्ण is कंस-जित्, victor over Kamsa. Banteay Srei.

Wat Phu sculptural frieze.

Kamsa, Devaki.Shri Krishna Temple (Taliparamba, Kannur Dt., Kerala) http://www.dvaipayana.net/trichambaram/trichambaram-sculptures.html

Parambanan.कृष्ण is कंस-जित्, victor over Kamsa.

Banteay Srei. कृष्ण is कंस-जित्, victor over Kamsa.

Hieroglyph: ranku 'liquid measure' (Santali)

Hieroglyph: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ? -- more prob. < raṅká-<-> s.v. *rakka -- .(CDIAL 10559)

Hieroglyph: antelope: raṅku m. ʻ a species of deer ʼ Vās., °uka -- m. Śrīkaṇṭh. (CDIAL 10559) kuraṅgá1 m. ʻ antelope ʼ MBh., kulaṅgá -- MaitrS., kuluṅgá -- TS. Pa. kuraṅga -- , kuruṅga -- m., Pk. kuraṁga -- m., P. kuraṅg m., OG. karaṁgī f., G. kurãg m., °gī, °gṇī f.; Si. kurun̆ga ʻ antelope ʼ, kiran̆gu ʻ the elk Rusa aristotelis ʼ.(CDIAL 3320)

Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.*raṅgapattra -- .(CDIAL 10562)*raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567)

ranku 'tin' (Santali)

جس jas, s.m. (6th) Pewter. Sing. and Pl. See also HI جست jast, s.m. (6th) Pewter. Sing. and Pl. (Pashto) jasth जस्थ । त्रपु m. (sg. dat. jastas जस्तस्), zinc, spelter; pewter. jastuvu; । त्रपूद्भवः adj. (f. jastüvü , made of zinc or pewter.(Kashmiri) sattva 'zinc' sattva 'svastika glyph'.

trápu n. ʻ tin ʼ AV. Pa. tipu -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; Pk. taü -- , taüa -- n. ʻ lead ʼ; P. tū̃ m. ʻ tin ʼ; Or. ṭaü ʻ zinc, pewter ʼ; OG. tarūaüṁ n. ʻ lead ʼ, G. tarvũ n. -- Si. tum̆ba ʻ lead ʼ GS74, but rather X tam̆ba < tāmrá -- .(CDIAL 5992)

पित्तल n. brass , bell-metal L. pittala2 n. ʻ brass ʼ lex. [pītala -- 2 n. ʻ brass ʼ lex. -- Cf. pītala -- 1: see pittá -- ]Pk. pittala -- n. ʻ brass ʼ; P. pittal m. (→ S. pitalu m.), Ku. pĭ̄tal, N. A. B. pital, Or. pitaḷa, Bi. Bhoj. pītar, H. pītal m., G. pĭ̄taḷ n., M. pitaḷ n. -- Deriv.: P. pitlī, °līā ʻ brazen ʼ; A. pitalīyā ʻ made of brass ʼ; -- Ku. pitlaiṇo ʻ tasting of brass, rather bitter ʼ; H. pitrāī f. ʻ verdigris ʼ.paittala -- ; pittalagandha -- .Addenda: pittala -- 2: S.kcch. pittar m. ʻ brass ʼ, WPah.kṭg. pitəḷ m., J. pitḷ m.*pittalagandha ʻ smell of brass ʼ. [pittala -- 2, gandhá -- ] H. pitarāĩdh f. ʻ smell or taste of brass ʼ.(CDIAL 8184, 8185)paittala ʻ made of brass ʼ lex. [pittala -- 2]L.awāṇ. pētlā ʻ made of bronze ʼ. (CDIAL 8388)

कंस mn. ( √कम् Un2. iii , 62), a vessel made of metal , drinking vessel , cup , goblet AV. x , 10 , 5 AitBr. S3Br. &c; (a noun ending in अस् followed by कंस in a compound does not change its final cf. अयस्-कंस , &c Pa1n2. 8- , 3 , 46); a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal;
m. N. of a place g. तक्षशिला*दि Pa1n2. 4-3 , 93 kāˊṁsya ʻ made of bell -- metal ʼ KātyŚr., n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Yājñ., ʻ cup of bell -- metal ʼ MBh., °aka -- n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ. 2. *kāṁsiya -- . [kaṁsá -- 1]1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. (?) ʻ bronze ʼ, Pk. kaṁsa -- , kāsa -- n. ʻ bell -- metal, drinking vessel, cymbal ʼ; L. (Jukes) kã̄jā adj. ʻ of metal ʼ, awāṇ. kāsā ʻ jar ʼ (← E with -- s -- , not ñj); N. kã̄so ʻ bronze, pewter, white metal ʼ, kas -- kuṭ ʻ metal alloy ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, B. kã̄sā, Or. kãsā, Bi. kã̄sā; Bhoj. kã̄s ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, kã̄sā ʻ base metal ʼ; H. kās, kã̄sā m. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, G. kã̄sũ n., M. kã̄sẽ n.; Ko. kã̄śẽ n. ʻ bronze ʼ; Si. kasa ʻ bell -- metal ʼ.2. L. kã̄ihã̄ m. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, P. kã̄ssī, kã̄sī f., H. kã̄sī f. *kāṁsyakara -- , kāṁsyakāra -- , *kāṁsyakuṇḍikā -- , kāṁsyatāla -- , *kāṁsyabhāṇḍa -- .Addenda: kāˊṁsya -- : A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ, or < kaṁsá -- . *kāṁsyakara ʻ worker in bell -- metal ʼ. [See next: kāˊṁsya -- , kará -- 1] L. awāṇ. kasērā ʻ metal worker ʼ, P. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ (both ← E with -- s -- ); N. kasero ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; Bi. H. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ. kāṁsyakāra m. ʻ worker in bell -- metal or brass ʼ Yājñ. com., kaṁsakāra -- m. BrahmavP. [kāˊṁsya -- , kāra -- 1] N. kasār ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; A. kãhār ʻ worker in bell -- metal ʼ; B. kã̄sāri ʻ pewterer, brazier, coppersmith ʼ, Or. kãsārī; H. kasārī m. ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; G. kãsārɔ, kas° m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ; M. kã̄sār, kās° m. ʻ worker in white metal ʼ, kāsārḍā m. ʻ contemptuous term for the same ʼ.*kāṁsyakuṇḍikā ʻ bell -- metal pot ʼ. [kāˊṁsya -- , kuṇḍa -- 1]N. kasaũṛi ʻ cooking pot ʼ. kāṁsyatāla m. ʻ cymbal ʼ Rājat. [kāˊṁsya -- , tāla -- 1]Pa. kaṁsatāla -- m. ʻ gong ʼ; Pk. kaṁsālā -- , °liyā -- f. ʻ cymbal ʼ, OB. kaśālā, Or. kãsāḷa; G. kã̄sāḷũ n. ʻ large bell -- metal cymbals ʼ with ã̄ after kã̄sũ ʻ bell -- metal ʼ; M. kã̄sāḷ f. ʻ large cymbal ʼ; -- Si. kastalaya ʻ metal gong ʼ (EGS 40) is Si. cmpd. or more prob. ← Pa. *kāṁsyabhāṇḍa ʻ bell -- metal pot ʼ. [kāˊṁsya -- , bhāṇḍa -- 1]Pa. kaṁsabhaṇḍa -- n. ʻ brass ware ʼ; M. kāsã̄ḍī, °sãḍī f. ʻ metal vessel of a partic. kind ʼ.(CDIAL 2987 to 2992) kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; K. k&ebrevdotdot;nzü f. ʻ clay or copper pot ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. kāˊṁsya -- ; -- *kaṁsāvatī -- ?Addenda: kaṁsá -- 1: A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya -- .kaṁsa2 m. ʻ name of a king of Mathurā ʼ MBh. (CDIAL 2576)Pk. kaṁsa -- m.; MB. kã̄śa also name of a Hindu prince between 1450 and 1500 written in Pers. histories as k'ns S. K. Chatterji BSOS viii 461.(CDIAL 2577)
tutthá n. (m. lex.), tutthaka -- n. ʻ blue vitriol (used as an eye ointment) ʼ Suśr., tūtaka -- lex. 2. *thōttha -- 4. 3. *tūtta -- . 4. *tōtta -- 2. [Prob. ← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 381; cf. dhūrta -- 2 n. ʻ iron filings ʼ lex.] 1. N. tutho ʻ blue vitriol or sulphate of copper ʼ, B. tuth. 2. K. thŏth, dat. °thas m., P. thothā m. 3. S. tūtio m., A. tutiyā, B. tũte, Or. tutiā, H. tūtā, tūtiyā m., M. tutiyā m.
4. M. totā m.(CDIAL 5855)

Lohatā (f.) [abstr. fr. loha] being a metal, in (suvaṇṇassa) aggalohatā the fact of gold being the best metal VvA 13.Loha (nt.) [Cp. Vedic loha, of Idg. *(e)reudh "red"; see also rohita & lohita] metal, esp. copper, brass or bronze. It is often used as a general term & the individual application is not always sharply defined. Its comprehensiveness is evident from the classification of loha at VbhA 63, where it is said lohan ti jātilohaŋ, vijāti˚, kittima˚, pisāca˚ or natural metal, produced metal, artificial (i. e. alloys), & metal from the Pisāca district. Each is subdivided as follows: jāti˚=ayo, sajjhaŋ, suvaṇṇaŋ, tipu, sīsaŋ, tambalohaŋ, vekantakalohaŋ; vijāti˚=nāga -- nāsika˚; kittima˚=kaŋsalohaŋ, vaṭṭa˚, ārakūṭaŋ; pisāca˚=morakkhakaŋ, puthukaŋ, malinakaŋ, capalakaŋ, selakaŋ, āṭakaŋ, bhallakaŋ, dūsilohaŋ. The description ends "Tesu pañca jātilohāni pāḷiyaŋ visuŋ vuttān' eva (i. e. the first category are severally spoken of in the Canon). Tambalohaŋ vekantakan ti imehi pana dvīhi jātilohehi saddhiŋ sesaŋ sabbam pi idha lohan ti veditabbaŋ." -- On loha in similes see J.P.T.S. 1907, 131. Cp. A iii.16=S v.92 (five alloys of gold: ayo, loha, tipu, sīsaŋ, sajjhaŋ); J v.45 (asi˚); Miln 161 (suvaṇṇam pi jātivantaŋ lohena bhijjati); PvA 44, 95 (tamba˚=loha), 221 (tatta -- loha -- secanaŋ pouring out of boiling metal, one of the five ordeals in Niraya). -- kaṭāha a copper (brass) receptacle Vin ii.170. -- kāra a metal worker, coppersmith, blacksmith Miln 331. -- kumbhī an iron cauldron Vin ii.170. Also N. of a purgatory J iii.22, 43; iv.493; v.268; SnA 59, 480; Sdhp 195. -- guḷa an iron (or metal) ball A iv.131; Dh 371 (mā ˚ŋ gilī pamatto; cp. DhA iv.109). -- jāla a copper (i. e. wire) netting PvA 153. -- thālaka a copper bowl Nd1 226. -- thāli a bronze kettle DhA i.126. -- pāsāda "copper terrace," brazen palace, N. of a famous monastery at Anurādhapura in Ceylon Vism 97; DA i.131; Mhvs passim. -- piṇḍaan iron ball SnA 225. -- bhaṇḍa copper (brass) ware Vin ii.135. -- maya made of copper, brazen Sn 670; Pv ii.64. -- māsa a copper bean Nd1 448 (suvaṇṇa -- channa). -- māsaka a small copper coin KhA 37 (jatu -- māsaka, dāru -- māsaka+); DhsA 318. -- rūpa a bronze statue Mhvs 36, 31. -- salākā a bronze gong -- stick Vism 283.(Pali)

Three tin ingots found in a shipwreck in Haifa with Indus Script hypertexts.

See:

Kalyanaraman, S. (2010), "The Bronze Age Writing System of Sarasvati Hieroglyphics as Evidenced by Two "Rosetta Stones" - Decoding Indus script as repertoire of the mints/smithy/mine-workers of Meluhha", Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies, 11, pp. 47–74 loc.cit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times

After the publication in 1977, of the two pure tin ingots found in a shipwreck at Haifa, Artzy published in 1983 (p.52), two more ingots found in a car workshop in Haifa which wasusing the ingots for soldering broken radiators. Artzy's finds were identical in size and shape with the previous two; both were also engraved with two marks. In one of the ingots, at the time of casting, a moulded head was shown in addition to the two marks. Artzy compares this head to Arethusa. (Artzy, M., 1983, Arethusa of the Tin Ingot, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 250, p. 51-55). Artzy went on to suggest the ingots may have been produced in Iberia and disagreed with the suggestion that the ingot marks were Cypro-Minoan script.

I suggest an alternative to with both suggestiosns identifying the script as Iberian or Cypro-Minoan script. I suggest that the script is Sindhu-Sarasvati (Indus) Script. My monograph on this conclusion has been published in Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies, Vol. 1, Number 11 (2010), pp.47-74 — The Bronze Age Writing System of Sarasvati Hieroglyphics as Evidenced by Two “Rosetta Stones” By S. Kalyanaraman (Editor of JIJS: Prof. Nathan Katz)http://www.indojudaic.com/index.php?option=com_contact&view=contact&id=1&Itemid=8

All these hieroglyphs on the three tin ingots of Haifa are read rebus in Meluhha:

Hieroglyph: ranku = liquid measure (Santali)

Hieroglyph: raṅku m. ʻa species of deerʼ

Vās., rankuka id., Śrīkaṇṭh. (Samskrtam)(CDIAL 10559).

Rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali) raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m.ʻpewter, tinʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ. (CDIAL 10562)

Hieroglyph: dāṭu = cross (Telugu)

Rebus: dhatu = mineral ore (Santali) Rebus: dhāṭnā ‘to send out, pour out, cast (metal)’ (Hindi)(CDIAL 6771).

Hieroglyph: mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh, 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time from the furnace’ (Santali)

Thus, two tin ingots reported from Haifa contain the following plain texts:

raṅku m. ʻa species of deerʼ PLUS dāṭu = cross rebus: plain text: ranku 'tin' PLUS dhatu 'cast mineral' Thus, together, the plain text reads:tin mineral casting

raṅku m. ʻliquid measureʼ PLUS dāṭu = cross rebus: plain text: ranku 'tin' PLUS dhatu 'cast mineral' Thus, together, the plain text reads: tin mineral casting.

The ingot reported from a Haifa car repair workshop contains the following plain text:

raṅku m. ʻliquid measureʼ PLUS dāṭu = cross PLUS mũh 'a face' rebus: plain text: ranku 'tin' PLUS dhatu 'cast mineral' PLUS mũh, 'ingot'. Thus, together, the plain text reads: tin mineral cast ingot.

Two inscribed tin ingots from Hishule Carmel After Galili et al, pp. 29, 30 (Galili, E., Shmueli, N. and M. Artzy, 1986, Bronze Age ship’s cargo of copper and tin. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 15/1, pp. 25-37.

The hieroglyph components in these hypertext variants are:

1. dhāḷ, 'slanted stroke'
2. khāṇḍā, 'notch, jag'

Both together signify rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS khaṇḍa 'implement'.

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' A. ḍhaliba ʻto leanʼ, B. ḍhalā; Or. ḍhaḷibā ʻto inclineʼ(CDIAL 5581) Rebus: dhāḷako'large ingot'(Gujarati)

खांड (p. 116) khāṇḍa f (खंड S) A break or opening in a dam or mound; a crack or fissure in a wall &c. 2 A jag, indentation, denticulation. 3 A gap in the teeth; a notch  खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: khaṇḍa 'metal implements' as in:lokhaṇḍa

^ adaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'native metal'
| koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'

Thus, the two sets of hypertexts on the tin ingots of Hishule Carmel are read rebus in Meluhha:

1. dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS khaṇḍa 'implement'.
2. aduru 'native metal' PLUS koḍ 'workshop'

These two examples of tin ingots are also cited in: Kassianidou, Vasiliki, 2003, The trade of tin and island of copper, in: Alessandra Giumlia-Mair & Fulvia Lo Schiavo, 2003, Le probleme de l’etain a l’origine de la metallurgie, The problem of early tin, Bronze Age in Europe and the Mediterranean, Colloque/Symposium 11.2, 2-8 Sept. 2001, University of Liege, Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, Archaeopress, Oxford, England, pp.109-119 https://www.academia.edu/4038201/The_trade_of_tin_and_the_island_of_copper

Map of Cyprus showing Middle and Late Bronze Age sites and sites where copper oxhide ingots have been found (After Fig. 1 in Kassianidou, Vasiliki, 2003).

Sugbufuer of Indus Script hypertexts on Dongson/Karen Bronze drums and in Vatican sculptures

Image result for dongson bronze drums findspots

Findspots of DongSon type bronze drums.

Bronze peacocks in the Vatican are made by Bharatam Janam and an Indus Script hieroglyph 'a type of steel'

http://tinyurl.com/z2xcphj

Two bronze peacocks, 11 ft. high bronze pine cone at Vatican are Meluhha hieroglyphs/Indus Script hypertexts, metalwork catalogues. Archaeometallurgical analyses by Vatican suggested
mora peacock; morā ‘peafowl’ (Hindi); rebus: morakkhaka loha, a kind of copper, grouped with pisācaloha (Pali). [Perhaps an intimation of the color of the metal produced which shines like a peacock blue feather.] moraka "a kind of steel" (Samskritam) The peacocks and pinecone bronze age monuments were taken from

Temple de Serapis. This temple was built for the Egyptian merchants. It was located on the Commercial Agora near the western gate. There is also another entrance into the temple from the south-west corner of the Agora through stairs. There are certain indications that suggest the temple was never finished fully. It is estimated that the construction of the temple was started in the 2nd century CE. Temple of Isis, Pompeii. "the original building built under Augustan was damaged in an earlier earthquake of 62 CE...The cult of Isis is thought to arrived in Pompeii around 100 BCE."

http://www.crystalinks.com/isis.html

Pinnow’s map of Austro-AsiaticLanguage speakers correlates with bronze age sites. See: https://sites.google.com/site/kalyan97/indian-hieroglyphs-meluhha-and-archaeo-metallurgy Munda (reddish) and Mon-Khmer languages

<b>Munda</b> (reddish) and Mon-Khmer languages

http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/faculty/stampe/aa.html Map 1 (Bronze-age sites) correlates with Austro-Asiatic languages map 2. A focus on this area for areal linguistics will yield significant results to delineate the ancient structure and form of mleccha language. Santali and Munda lexicons and literature will be of considerable relevance with particular reference to cultural traditions and village festivals associated with the work on minerals and metals.

Bronze Age sites of eastern India and neighbouring areas: 1. Koldihwa; 2.Khairdih; 3. Chirand; 4. Mahisadal; 5. Pandu Rajar Dhibi; 6.Mehrgarh; 7. Harappa;8. Mohenjo-daro; 9.Ahar; 10. Kayatha; 11.Navdatoli; 12.Inamgaon; 13. Non PaWai; 14. Nong Nor;15. Ban Na Di andBan Chiang; 16. NonNok Tha; 17. Thanh Den; 18. Shizhaishan; 19. Ban Don Ta Phet [After Fig. 8.1 in: Charles Higham, 1996, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, Cambridge University Press.

Stannifrous areas of the world (From RG Taylor, Geology of Tin Deposits, Amsterdam 1979, 6, fig. 2.1)

Artisans at work in Burma making Karen drum

Image result for bharatkalyan97 karen drum peacock

Sun motif in the centre of the tympanum, Karen drum.

arká1 m. ʻ flash, ray, sun ʼ RV. [√arc] Pa. Pk. akka -- m. ʻ sun ʼ, Mth. āk; Si. aka ʻ lightning ʼ, inscr. vid -- äki ʻ lightning flash ʼ.(CDIAL 624) rebus: erako 'moltencast' arka, eraka 'gold, copper'.

Detail of the tympanum of Karen drum.

ayo 'fish' rebus; aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy'

Frog on the Karen bronze pancaloha 'five metal alloys' drum.

Kur. mūxā frog. Malt. múqe id. / Cf. Skt. mūkaka- id. (DEDR 5023) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ mũhe 'ingot' mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native furnace.

Elephant motif. karba, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'.Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir, ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal. Tu. ajirda karba very hard iron. (DEDR 192) "The town of Nwe Daung, 15 km south of Loikaw, capital of Kayah (formerly Karenni) State, is the only recorded casting site in Burma. Shan craftsmen made drums there for the Karens from approximately 1820 until the town burned in 1889. Karen drums were cast by the lost wax technique; a characteristic that sets them apart from the other bronze drum types that were made with moulds. A five metal formula was used to create the alloy consisting of copper, tin, zinc, silver and gold. Most of the material in the drums is tin and copper with only traces of silver and gold. The Karen made several attempts in the first quarter of the twentieth century to revive the casting of drums but none were successful."

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/dating-tin-bronze-culture-of-ancient_15.html

In ancient Indian texts, such as Manasollasa, Silparatna, Manasara,the cire perdue technique is referred to as madhucchiṣṭa vidhānam. मधु madhu -उच्छिष्टम्,-उत्थभ्,-उत्थितभ् 1 bees'-wax; शस्त्रासवमधूच्छिष्टं मधु लाक्षा च बर्हिषः Y.3.37; मधूच्छिष्टेन केचिच्च जध्नुरन्योन्यमुत्कटाः Rām.5.62.11.-2 the casting of an image in wax; Mānasāra; the name of 68th chapter. This technique was clearly attested in the Epic Rāmāyaṇa. मधुशिष्ट madhuśiṣṭa 'wax' (Monier-Williams, p. 780).

karaṇḍa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaṛa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) karaDa 'safflower' rebus:karaḍa 'double-drum' Rebus: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c kharādī = turner (Gujarati)

कारण्डवः, पुं, स्त्री, (ञमन्ताडड इति रमेर्ड । रण्डः । ईषत् रण्डः । “ईषदर्थे” ६ । ७ । १०५ । इति कोः कादेशः । कारण्डं वाति । वा गतौ + “आतोनुपेति” । ३ । २ । ३ । कः । करण्डस्येदं कारण्डं तदाकारं वाति वा ।) हंसविशेषः इत्यमरः । २ । ५ । ३४ ॥ खडहाँस इति भाषा (यथा ऋतुसंहारे । शरद्वर्णणे ८ । “कारण्डवाननविघट्टितवीचिमालाः कादम्बसारसकुलाकुलतीरदेशाः” ॥)

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः

कारण्डव पुंस्त्री रम--ड तस्य नेत्त्वम् रण्डः ईषत् रण्डः कारण्डः तं वाति वा--क करण्डस्येदं कारण्डं तदाकारं वाति वा--क वा । हंसभेदे “हंसकाण्डवोद्गीताः सारसाभिरुतास्तथा” भा० व० ३८ अ० । स्त्रियां जाति- त्वात् ङीष् । अस्य अजिरादि० पाष्ठात् मतौ संज्ञायामपि न दीर्घः कारण्डववती नदीविशेषः । “हससारसक्रौञ्च- चक्रवाककुररकादम्बकारण्डवेत्युपक्रमे” प्लवाः सधचारिणश्च” इति सुश्रुते तस्य प्लवत्वं स घचारित्वञ्चोक्तम् ।

https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम्

kuṭhi 'tree' rebus kuṭhi 'a furnace for smelting iron ore, to smelt iron') tALa 'palm trees' rebus: DhALa 'large ingot (oxhide)'

The main monument of Sukuh temple.

The walls of the monument which is Sukuh candi (15th cent. temple) in Indonesia (Java) have many bas-reliefs.

Rhinoceros/boar: baḍhia = a castrated

boar, a hog (Santali) baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’

(Santali) baṟea ‘merchant’ ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron' (Santali)

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/10/indus-script-archer-boar-tiger.html

A headless life-sized male figure grasping penis

Ko. geṇḍ kaṭ- (kac-) dog's penis becomes stuck in copulation. Ka. geṇḍe penis.

Go. (Tr. Ph.) geṭānā, (Mu.) gēṭ- to have sexual intercourse; (Mu.) gēṭ sexual intercourse (Voc. 1181).(DEDR 1949).

``^penis'':

So. laj(R)

  ~ lij

  ~ la'a'j

  ~ laJ/ laj

  ~ kaD `penis'.

Sa. li'j `penis, esp. of small boys'.

Sa. lO'j `penis'.

Mu. lOe'j

  ~ lOGgE'j `penis'.  ! lO'j

Ho loe `penis'.

Ku. la:j `penis'.

@(C289)

``^penis'':

Sa. lOj `penis'.

Mu. lOj `penis'.

KW lOj

@(M084) Rebus: lo 'copper' lōhá ʻ red, copper -- coloured ʼ ŚrS., ʻ made of copper ʼ ŚBr., m.n. ʻ copper ʼ VS., ʻ iron ʼ MBh. [*rudh -- ]

Pa. lōha -- m. ʻ metal, esp. copper or bronze ʼ; Pk. lōha -- m. ʻ iron ʼ, Gy. pal. li°, lihi, obl. elhás, as. loa JGLS new ser. ii 258; Wg. (Lumsden) "loa"ʻ steel ʼ; Kho. loh ʻ copper ʼ; S. lohu m. ʻ iron ʼ, L. lohā m., awāṇ. lōˋā, P. lohā m. (→ K.rām. ḍoḍ. lohā), WPah.bhad. lɔ̃un., bhal. lòtilde; n., pāḍ. jaun. lōh, paṅ. luhā, cur. cam. lohā, Ku. luwā, N. lohu, °hā, A. lo, B. lo, no, Or. lohā, luhā, Mth. loh, Bhoj. lohā, Aw.lakh. lōh, H. loh, lohā m., G. M. loh n.; Si. loho, lō ʻ metal, ore, iron ʼ; Md. ratu -- lō ʻ copper ʼ. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lóɔ ʻ iron ʼ, J. lohā m., Garh. loho; Md. lō ʻ metal ʼ.(CDIAL 11158)

gaṇḍá4 m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ lex., °aka -- m. lex. 2. *ga- yaṇḍa -- . [Prob. of same non -- Aryan origin as khaḍgá --1: cf. gaṇōtsāha -- m. lex. as a Sanskritized form ← Mu. PMWS 138]1. Pa. gaṇḍaka -- m., Pk. gaṁḍaya -- m., A. gãr, Or. gaṇḍā. 2. K. gö̃ḍ m., S. geṇḍo m. (lw. with g -- ), P. gaĩḍā m., °ḍī f., N. gaĩṛo, H. gaĩṛā m., G. gẽḍɔ m., °ḍī f., M. gẽḍā m.Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 4. 2. *gayaṇḍa -- : WPah.kṭg. geṇḍɔ mirg m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ, Md. genḍā ← H. (CDIAL 4000). காண்டாமிருகம் kāṇṭā-mirukam , n. [M. kāṇṭāmṛgam.] Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Gujarati) Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi)

*kartyā ʻ knife ʼ. 2. *kr̥tyā -- . [Cf. kr̥tí -- 2 and Psht. čāṛa ʻ knife ʼ < *kartyā -- EVP 19: √kr̥t1]

1. Sh. kačí f. ʻ scissors ʼ, K. köċü f. ʻ betelnut scissors ʼ; N. kaciyā ʻ sickle ʼ, A. kāsi, B. kāci; Or. kaciā ʻ big scythe ʼ; Bi. kaciyā ʻ toothed sickle ʼ; H. kaciyā ʻ reapinghook ʼ.
2. Pk. kiccā -- f. ʻ cutting ʼ. [Cf. Ir. *kartyā -- in Shgh. čā̤d ʻ knife ʼ](CDIAL 2866) Kol. (SR.) kaccī sword. Go. kacci (A.) sword, (SR.) iron sword; (Ch. Ma.) kacci, (Tr. W. Ph.) kaccī, (M.) kacci, kac, (Ko.) kas iron; (Mu.) kacc iron, iron blade (of spade) (Voc. 460).(DEDR 1096)

Ta. katti knife, cutting instrument, razor, sword, sickle. Ma. katti knife. Ko. katy billhook knife; kati·r- (katrc-; < katy-tayr, katy-tarc-) to cut; kaṇkeyt, kaṇki·t sickle (for kaṇ, see 1166). To. kaṇ koty dagger-shaped knife burned with corpse (cf. 1166). Ka. katti knife, razor, sword. Koḍ. katti knife. Tu. katti, katte id. Te. katti knife, razor, sword. Go. (Ch.) katti cock's spur; (Elwin) kāti the knife attached to the cock's foot (Voc. 490). ? (DEDR 1204).

karta2 m. ʻ *cutting ʼ (ʻ separation ʼ BhP.). [i.e. *kárta -- : √kr̥t1]S. katu m. ʻ a cut, cutting a nib ʼ; L. kaṭṭ m. ʻ deduction ʼ; N. kāṭ -- kuṭ ʻ cutting down ʼ, kāṭā -- kāṭ, kāṭ -- mārʻ slaughter ʼ; B. kāṭā -- kāṭi ʻ mutual slaughter ʼ; Or. kāṭa ʻ act of cutting, shape ʼ; H. kāṭā -- kāṭī f. ʻ cutting to pieces ʼ; M. kã̄t m. ʻ shavings of wood &c. ʼ; -- ext. with --r -- , -- l -- , -- ll -- : G. kātrī f. ʻ thin slice ʼ, kātḷũ n. ʻ round piece of sugar cane cut off ʼ, kātlī f. ʻ slice ʼ.(CDIAL 2852)

Stone carvings and hieroglyphic writing at bas-relief walls in Candi Sukuh. The carvings indicate that the smithy was an armourer's workshop. kole.l (Kota) is both a smithy and a temple.For association of Ganesha with metalwork, see: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/01/multiplex-as-metaphor-ligatures-on.html Multiplex as metaphor: ligatures on Indus Meluhha writing and Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization art forms of Bharatam Janam See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/01/itihasa-of-bharatam-janam-hinduized.html

Two stylized peacocks constituting an arch around some hieroglyphs in Candi Sukuh. mora peacock; morā ‘peafowl’ (Hindi); rebus: morakkhaka loha, a kind of copper, grouped with pisācaloha (Pali). [Perhaps an intimation of the color of the metal produced which shines like a peacock blue feather.] moraka "a kind of steel" (Sanskrit) smāraka 'memorial' (Sanskrit)

nāgá 'snake' Rebus: nāgá 'lead' dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' (Santali)

kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi)

<lo->(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See <lo-> `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re<lo->(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See <lo-> `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) The hieroglyph clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper.

దళము [daḷamu] daḷamu. [Skt.] n. A leaf. ఆకు. A petal. A part, భాగము. dala n. ʻ leaf, petal ʼ MBh. Pa. Pk. dala -- n. ʻ leaf, petal ʼ, G. M. daḷ n.(CDIAL 6214). <DaLO>(MP) {N} ``^branch, ^twig''. *Kh.<DaoRa>(D) `dry leaves when fallen', ~<daura>, ~<dauRa> `twig', Sa.<DAr>, Mu.<Dar>, ~<Dara> `big branch of a tree', ~<DauRa> `a twig or small branch with fresh leaves on it', So.<kOn-da:ra:-n> `branch', H.<DalA>, B.<DalO>, O.<DaLO>, Pk.<DAlA>. %7811. #7741.(Munda etyma) Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati)

(After Fig. 17. Cult relief found in a well located in the Ashur temple at Ashur. Old Assyrian period, early 2^nd millennium BCE, limestone, h. 52 ½ in. (1.36in) Vorderasiatisches Museum.)

Witnessing an event, than interpreting a text. (O'Connor, Stanley J., 1985, Metallurgy and Immortality at Caṇḍi Sukuh, Central Java, Indonesia, Volume 39 (April 1985), 53--70.p. 65); '...iron working was was a metaphor for spiritual transmutation in ancient Java. ' (p.54);'...iron working is both a craft and a spiritual exercise.' (p. 55); "Metallurgy, especially the complex and, to the pre-scientific mind, mysterious process by which ores are drawn from the living earth are reduced to a molten state, transformed into a rough iron mass of residual slag and iron chips by the smelter, and then purified, hardened in the presence of carbon, and forged into beautiful and useful objects by the smith, makes a fruitful analogue for the metamorphosis of the soul after death." (P.56).

The scene in bas relief The scene depicted Bhima as the blacksmith in the left forging the metal, Ganesha in the center, and Arjuna in the right operating the tube blower to pump air into the furnace.

Bhīma is the blacksmith working at the smithy/forge/kiln/metals workshop producing kris sword; Gaṇeśa's dance-step is an Indus Script hypertext meḍ 'dance-step' rebus: meḍ 'iron, ferrite ore'; Arjuna is the dhmakara, dhamaka, 'bellows blower'. dhmakara is also signified by the makara 'composite animal -- crocodile, feline paw, elephant trunk, fish-fin -- hypertext' on many sculptural friezes of Ancient Far east and ancient Bhāratam.

Pl. 1 Relief of smithy at Candi Sukuh, central Java. On the left, a smith forging a weapon. Person on left (Bhima) is surrounded by tools and weapons and is forging a sword.In the center, a dancing elephant-headed figure. Far right, an assistant operating the traditional double-piston bellows of Southeast Asia.

On this narrative of metalwork Indus Script traditions signified by hieroglyphs, in front of a smelter (kiln), on the left is Bhima bringing out a dagger from the furnace; Ganesa in a dance step (meD 'step, dane' rebus: meD 'iron'; Arjuna working on the bellows; ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'.kaNDa 'sword' rebus: kaNDa 'implements'.

Pl. 2 Detail of Pl. 1 showing smith grasping tang of weapon with bare hand. Note the blade rests on the smith's knee. There is no hammer in the upraised hand.

Pl. 3 The elephant-headed figure, almost crtainly Ganesha, wears a crown and carries a small animal, probably a dog (jackal looking backwards?)

Pl. 4 Detail showing bone rosary or rattle carried by Ganesha.

A relief of yoni–lingga on the floor of the Candi Sukuh's entrance

Pl. 5 Phallus and vulva repreented, on the floor of the monumental gateway at Sukuh. (Portable furnace, bottom register of the standard device hieroglyph on over 1000 inscriptions of Indus script corpora?)

Pl. 6 Linga discovered at Candi Sukuh and now in Museum Pusst, Jakarta (from CJ van der VLie, Report of 1843).Linga is six feet long, five feet in circumference. Old Javanese inscription: 'Consecration of the Holy Gangga sudhi...the sign of masculinity is the essence of the world.' Sword is carved in relief on the shaft of the linga.

Peacock as Indus Script hypertext

Peacock bronze sculpture in the Vatican, peacock on Dongson/Karen Bronze Drums and peacock on the ears of Rudra-siva of Tala, Chattisgarh are Indus Script hypertexts signifiers of metalwork, calcining metals.

Rudra-Śiva mūrti of Tālā, Indus Script Hypertext signifies dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter', kammaṭa 'mint', kol 'smithy/forge'

https://tinyurl.com/y9evsmzd

bicha 'scorpion' (Assamese) rebus: bica 'haematite stone ore'

karā, karavā 'crocodile' rebus: khār खार् । 'blacksmith'

khambhaṛā''fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Hieroglyphs:Group 1: mũh 'face'

Group 2: Kur. mūxā frog. Malt. múqe id. / Cf. Skt. mūkaka- id. (DEDR 5023) Rebus: mū̃h 'ingot' mũhe 'ingot' mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native furnace.

gota 'round stone, pebble' rebus:goti 'silver' गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe

Below the waist, two faces of women together with cords/garlands are signified. The rebus renderings are:

kola 'woman' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith'

kokkolha 'leopard' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter'. kul ‘tiger’ (Santali); kōlu id. (Te.) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.)Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha — m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H.kolhā, °lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m. krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu — m. Pāṇ. [√kruś] Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka — and kotthu -- , °uka — m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu — m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615). कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pañcaloha’ (Ta.)

dāˊman1 ʻ rope ʼ RV. 2. *dāmana -- , dāmanī -- f. ʻ long rope to which calves are tethered ʼ Hariv. 3. *dāmara -- .[*dāmara -- is der. fr. n/r n. stem. -- √dā2] 1. Pa. dāma -- , inst. °mēna n. ʻ rope, fetter, garland ʼ, Pk. dāma -- n.; Wg. dām ʻ rope, thread, bandage ʼ; Tir. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Paš.lauṛ. dām ʻ thick thread ʼ, gul. dūm ʻ net snare ʼ (IIFL iii 3, 54 ← Ind. or Pers.); Shum. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Sh.gil. (Lor.) dōmo ʻtwine, short bit of goat's hair cord ʼ, gur. dōm m. ʻ thread ʼ (→ Ḍ. dōṅ ʻ thread ʼ); K. gu -- dômu m. ʻ cow's tethering rope ʼ; P. dã̄u, dāvã̄ m. ʻ hobble for a horse ʼ; WPah.bhad. daũ n. ʻ rope to tie cattle ʼ, bhal. daõ m., jaun. dã̄w; A. dāmā ʻ peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ʼ; B. dām, dāmā ʻ cord ʼ; Or. duã̄ ʻ tetherʼ, dāĩ ʻ long tether to which many beasts are tied ʼ; H. dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ, dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ; G. dām n. ʻ tether ʼ, M. dāvẽ n.; Si. dama ʻ chain, rope ʼ, (SigGr) dam ʻ garland ʼ. -- Ext. in Paš.dar. damaṭāˊ, °ṭīˊ, nir. weg. damaṭék ʻ rope ʼ, Shum. ḍamaṭik, Woṭ. damṓṛ m., Sv. dåmoṛīˊ; -- with -- ll -- : N. dāmlo ʻ tether for cow ʼ, dã̄wali, dāũli, dāmli ʻ bird -- trap of string ʼ, dã̄wal, dāmal ʻ coeval ʼ (< ʻtied together ʼ?); M. dã̄vlī f. ʻ small tie -- rope ʼ.2. Pk. dāvaṇa -- n., dāmaṇī -- f. ʻ tethering rope ʼ; S. ḍ̠āvaṇu, ḍ̠āṇu m. ʻ forefeet shackles ʼ, ḍ̠āviṇī, ḍ̠āṇī f. ʻ guard to support nose -- ring ʼ; L. ḍã̄vaṇ m., ḍã̄vaṇī, ḍāuṇī (Ju. ḍ̠ -- ) f. ʻ hobble ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ strip at foot of bed, triple cord of silk worn by women on head ʼ, awāṇ. dāvuṇ ʻ picket rope ʼ; P. dāuṇ, dauṇ, ludh. daun f. m. ʻ string for bedstead, hobble for horse ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ gold ornament worn on woman's forehead ʼ; Ku. dauṇo m., °ṇī f. ʻ peg for tying cattle to ʼ, gng. dɔ̃ṛ ʻ place for keeping cattle, bedding for cattle ʼ; A. dan ʻ long cord on which a net or screen is stretched, thong ʼ, danā ʻ bridle ʼ; B. dāmni ʻ rope ʼ; Or. daaṇa ʻ string at the fringe of a casting net on which pebbles are strung ʼ,dāuṇi ʻ rope for tying bullocks together when threshing ʼ; H. dāwan m. ʻ girdle ʼ, dāwanī f. ʻ rope ʼ, dã̄wanī f. ʻ a woman's orna<->ment ʼ; G. dāmaṇ, ḍā° n. ʻ tether, hobble ʼ, dāmṇũ n. ʻ thin rope, string ʼ, dāmṇī f. ʻ rope, woman's head -- ornament ʼ; M. dāvaṇ f. ʻ picket -- rope ʼ. -- Words denoting the act of driving animals to tread out corn are poss. nomina actionis from *dāmayati2. 3. L. ḍãvarāvaṇ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ã̄v° ʻ to hobble ʼ; A. dāmri ʻ long rope for tying several buffalo -- calves together ʼ, Or. daũ̈rā, daürā ʻ rope ʼ; Bi.daũrī ʻ rope to which threshing bullocks are tied, the act of treading out the grain ʼ, Mth. dã̄mar, daũraṛ ʻ rope to which the bullocks are tied ʼ; H. dã̄wrī f. ʻ id., rope, string ʼ, dãwrī f. ʻ the act of driving bullocks round to tread out the corn ʼ. -- X *dhāgga<-> q.v. *dāmayati2; *dāmakara -- , *dāmadhāra -- ; uddāma -- , prōddāma -- ; *antadāmanī -- , *galadāman -- , *galadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāman -- , *gōḍḍadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāmara -- .

dāmán -- 2 m. (f.?) ʻ gift ʼ RV. [√dā1]. See dāˊtu -- . *dāmana -- ʻ rope ʼ see dāˊman -- 1.
Addenda: dāˊman -- 1. 1. Brj. dã̄u m. ʻ tying ʼ. 3. *dāmara -- : Brj. dã̄wrī f. ʻ rope ʼ.(CDIAL 6283)*dāmayati2 ʻ ties with a rope ʼ. [dāˊman -- 1] Bi. dã̄wab ʻ to drive bullocks trading out grain ʼ, H. dāwnā, dã̄nā; G. dāmvũ ʻ to tie with a cord ʼ. -- Nomina actionis from this verb rather than derived directly from dāˊman -- 1, dāmanī -- (but cf. Bi. daũrī < *dāmara<-> denoting both ʻ rope ʼ and nomen actionis): N. (Tarai)dāuni ʻ threshing ʼ, Bi. daunī ʻ treading out corn ʼ, Mth. dāuni; -- Ku. daĩ f. ʻ driving oxen or buffaloes to tread out grain ʼ, N. dāĩ, dã̄i, Bi.dawã̄hī, Mth. damāhī; H. dāẽ f. ʻ tying a number of bullocks together for treading corn, the treading out, the unthreshed corn. ʼ -- S. ḍ̠āiṇu ʻ to shackle the forelegs ʼ and P. dāuṇā ʻ to hobble horse oṛ ass ʼ rather < *dāyayati.(CDIAL 6285)

Rebus: 'smelter': M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron-- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ(CDIAL 6773)

bhar̥kanu 'rise of penis' (N.)(CDIAL 9365) rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace, smelter'

ghaṇṭā f. ʻ bell ʼ MBh., °ṭikā -- f. ʻ small bell ʼ, °ṭu -- m. ʻ string of bells round an elephant's chest ʼ lex. [Cf. BHSk. gaṇḍĭ̄ -- f. ʻ gong ʼ, EWA i 356 < granthi -- m. ʻ bell ʼ Kathās., but this prob. sanskritization of Pk. ghaṁṭiā -- ] Pa. ghaṇṭā -- , °ṭī -- f. ʻ bell ʼ, Pk. ghaṁṭa -- m., °ṭiā -- f.; Paš. gaṇḍīˊ ʻ iron kettle ʼ IIFL iii 3, 70 with (?); S. ghaṇḍu m. ʻ bell ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ small do. ʼ, ghiṇḍu m. (with i from onom. ghiṇkaṇu = ghaṇ° ʻ to ring like a bell ʼ); L. ghaṇḍ m. ʻ iron bell on a buffalo's neck ʼ; P. ghaṇḍā m. ʻ a bell used to attract deer ʼ; Ku. ghāno ʻ bell ʼ, gng. gã̄ṛ; N. ghã̄ṛo ʻ bell on a dog's neck ʼ; Or. ghaṇṭā, °ṭī ʻ bell clock ʼ (← H. or Sk.?); H. ghaṇṭā m. ʻ bell, clock, hour ʼ (→ Sh. găṇṭa m. ʻ hour ʼ), ghaṇṭī f. ʻ small bell, small metal pot ʼ; OG. ghāṁṭa m. ʻ bell ʼ, M. ghã̄ṭ f., Ko. ghāṇṭa f.
Addenda: ghaṇṭā -- 1: WPah.kṭg. ghàṇṭɔ m. ʻ bell ʼ, Garh. ghaṇṭā m. both ← H.(CDIAL 4421) ghanṭi small bell (Santali) rebus: khaṇḍa ‘implements’ (Marathi)

mēṇḍhra -- m.ʻ penis ʼ(Samskritam)(CDIAL 9606) rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho.Mu.) lo 'membrum virile' rebus: loh 'copper' lōkhaṇḍa ] n ( लोह S) Iron. metal implements'.

Further archaeometallurgical investations and researchers are needed to delineate the Ancient Maritime Tin Route which predated the Silk Road by 2 millennia using the cassiterite tin resources of Himalayan River Basins of Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween which sonstitute the largest Tin Belt of the Globe which catalysed the Tin-Bronze Revolution of the Bronze Age from 5th millennium BCE attested by Nahal Mishmar artifacts and scores of cire perdue artifacts comparable to the cire perdue methos used to signify Indus Script hypertexts on the tympanums of Karen and Dong Son Bronze Drums.

Bronze Age Tin

Geological sources, production, and distribution of tin in Bronze Age Eurasia International workshop from 14 to 16 March 2018 at the Reiss Engelhorn Museums in Mannheim, Germany BRONZE AGE TIN is a multidisciplinary project funded by the European Research Council comprising archaeology, history, geochemistry, and geology. The objective is to decipher the enigma of the origin of tin in the early bronzes by combining new archeological data and tin isotope ratios. These bronzes appear in a wide area stretching from the Aegean to the Persian Gulf, but this region is geologically devoid of any tin deposits. The results of this research will be presented and discussed during four half-day sessions on geology and ore deposits, metallurgy and archaeology. In addition, there will be a welcome meeting on Wednesday evening, 14 March, a symposium dinner on Friday evening, 16 March, and the option for a tour through the Old City of Heidelberg on Saturday, 17 March 2018. Participation at the workshop Anyone interested is invited to participate. There will be only invited talks, find the programme attached. Participants please contact the workshop office at bronzeagetin@cez-archaeometrie.de Please respond to this invitation by using the registration form (see below) before 2 February 2018 and specify your participation at the workshop, conference dinner and/or city tour through Heidelberg. The number of seats is limited and participation will be confirmed on a first come basis. Conference fees

Additional information on the workshop, the registration form and directions to the workshop location in Mannheim are given at : http://www.cez-archaeometrie.de/?p=1528

http://www.cez-archaeometrie.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Programm_final.pdf

S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Centre
December 26, 2017

Bibliography (Select archaeometallurgical investigations):

2017

Adolphi, F., Muscheler, R., Friedrich, M., Güttler, D., Wacker, L., Talamo, S., Kromer, B . 2017, "Radiocarbon calibration uncertainties during the last deglaciation: Insights from new floating tree-ring chronologies, Quaternary Science Reviews , 170 , 98-108.

Alterauge, A., Weber, P., Rosendahl, W. , Lösch, S. 2017, Naming the dead: An interdisciplinary study on remains from 17 th to 19 th century crypts in Germany, PLoS ONE , 11 (12), e0168014 ; S.1-36; doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183588

Armbruster, B., Blet-Lemarquand, M., Gratuze, B., Leusch, V., Pernicka, E., Schorer, B., Schwab, R, 2017, Metallurgical and Technological Aspects of Early Iron Age Gold, in I Montero, A. Perea (eds.), Archaeometallurgy in Europe IV, Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference, June 1 - 3 , Bibliotheca Prahestorica Hispana 23, Madrid, 167-176.

Baales, M., Birker, S., Kromer, B. , Pollmann, H.-O., Rosendahl, W. , Stapel, B. 2017, Megaloceros, reindeer and elk - first AMS-14C data on Final Palaeolithic findings from Westphalia (western Germany), Proceedings UISPP, 234-258.

Berger, D. , Rode, H. 2017, New Letternfunde from the Wittenberg old town. Another interdisciplinary contribution to early modern book printing and the history of written history, annual for Central German prehistory , 96 , 305-400.

Berger, D. 2017, Post-medieval printing type from Mainz and Oberursel, Germany, and the composition of early German type metal, Historical Metallurgy , 49 (2), 110-125.

Bobokhyan, A., Kunze, R., Meliksetian, Kh., Pernicka, E. 2017, Society and Metal in Bronze Age Armenia, E. Rova, M. Tonussi (eds.), At the Northern Frontier of Near Eastern Archeology : Recent Research on Caucasia and Anatolia in the Bronze Age / At the Northern Frontier of Near Eastern Archeology: New Research on Caucasus and Anatolian Bronze Age , Proceedings of the International Humboldt College, Venice, January 9-12, 2013, Subartu 38, 501 -524.

Borg, G., Pernicka, E. 2017, Golden Times? - European gold occurrences and their reference to the Nebra Sky Disc, Annual for Central German Prehistory , 96 , 111-138.

Brauns, M., Degryse, P., Schifer, T., Pernicka, E. 2017, Possibilities and limitations of osmium isotope ratios for determining the origin of archaeological iron objects - a model study of smelting remnants from Hüttenberg (Austria). in B. Cech (ed.), The production of Ferrum Noricum at Hüttenberger Erzberg. The results of the interdisciplinary research at the site Semlach / Eisner in the years 2006-2009 , Austria Antiqua 6, Vienna, 151-165.

Brugmann, G., Berger, D., Pernicka, e . Determination of the stable metal isotopic composition in tin-bearing metals and minerals by MC-ICP-MS, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research , 41 (3), 437-448.

Cabral, AR, Tupinambá, M., Zeh, A., Lehmann, B., Wiedenbeck, M., Brauns M. , Kwitko-Ribeiro, R. 2017, Platiniferous gold tourmaline aggregates in the gold palladium belt of Minas Gerais , Brazil: implications for regional boron metasomatism, Mineralogy and Petrology , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-017-0496-0

Chang, D., Knapp, M., Enk, J., Lippold, S., Kircher, M., Lister, A., Macphee, RDE, Widga, C., Czechowski, P., Sommer, R., Hodges , E., Stümpel, N., Barnes, I., Love Dalén, L., Derevianko, A., Germonpré, M., Hillebrand-Voiculescu, A., Constantin, S., Kuznetsova, T., Mol, D , Rathgeber, T., Rosendahl, W. , Tikhonov, AN, Willerslev, E., Hannon, G., Lalueza-Fox, C., Joger, U., Hofreiter, M., Poinar, H. & Shapiro, B. (2016): The Evolutionary and Phylogeographic History of Woolly Mammoths: A Comprehensive Mitogenomic Analysis, Scientific Reports , 7 , 44585; doi: 10.1038 / srep44585.

Čivilytė, A., Duberow, E., Pernicka, E. , Skvortzov, K. 2017, The new Late Bronze Age hoard from Kobbelbude (formerly Eastern Prussia, district Fischhausen) and the first results of its archaeometallurgical investigations, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences , 9 , 755-761.

Doppler, Th., Gerling, C., Heyd, V., Knipper, C. , Kuhn, Th., Lehmann, FM, Pike, AWG, Schibler, J. 2017, Landscape opening and herding strategies: Carbon isotope analyzes of herbivore bone collagen from the Neolithic and Bronze Age lakeshore site of Zurich-Mozartstrasse, Switzerland, Quaternary International , 436(B), 18-28.

Galli, M., Coletti, F., Mitschke, S., Döppes, D., Lemorini, C., Siegmund, C. 2017, In the Footsteps of Ancient Textile Culture: Textile Remains at the Time of the Vesuvius Eruption 79 AD, Restauro , 123 (4), 40-45.

Gerling, C., Doppler., Th., Heyd, V., Knipper, C. , Kuhn, Th., Lehmann, MF, Pike, AWG, Schibler, J. 2017, High-resolution isotopic evidence of specialized cattle herding in the European Neolithic, PLoS ONE 12 (7), e0180164. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180164

Hirsch, A. Ch., Hotz, G., Rosendahl, W. , Zumstein, V., Rihli, F., Muller-Gerbl, M. 2017, CT-Osteoabsorptiometry (CT-OAM) - a new investigation technique in the field of mummy research, Anthropological Scoreboard: Journal of biological and clinical anthropology , 74 (1), 1-7.

Hoffmann, H., Friedrich, R., Kromer, B. , Fahrni, S. 2017, Status Report: Implementation of Gas Measurements at the MAMS 14 C AMS Facility in Mannheim, Germany, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms , 410 , 184-187.

Classes, L., Gandois, H., Pétrequin, P., Villes, A., Pernicka, E., 2017, Outils en cuivre du sud-est de I'Europe des V e et lV e millénaires dans les collections françaises, in P. Pétrequin, E. Gauthier, A.-M. Pétrequin (eds.), JADE - Objets-signs et interprêtations sociales des jades alpins dans l'Europe néolithique 4 , Besançon, 933-949.

Knipper, C. , Mittnik, A., Massy, K., Kociumaka, C., Kucukkalipci, I., Maus, M., Wittenborn, F., Metz, St.E., Staskiewicz, A., Krause, J ., Stockhammer, Ph. W. 2017, Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 114 (38), 10083-10088.

Knipper, C. , Reinhold, S., Gresky, J., Belinskiy, A., Old, KW 2017, Economic Strategies at Bronze Age and Early Iron Age upland sites in the North Caucasus: Archaeological and stable isotope investigations, in AR Ventresca Miller, Ch. Makarewicz (eds.), Isotopic Investigations of Pastoral Production: Innovative Approaches to Patterns of Mobility, Economy, and Exploitation . Themes in Contemporary Archeology 4, London, New York, 123-140.

Knipper, C. , Diaz-Zorita Bonilla, M., Bocherens, H., Witzel, C. 2017, A Carolingian stone slab grave in today's Hildesheim Cathedral vault: anthropological study and isotope analyzes on the skeletal remains handed down in it, in KB Kruse (ed.) , The Building History of the Hildesheim Cathedral , Regensburg, 121-139.

Knipper, C., Pichler, S., Rissanen, H., Spichtig, N., Stop, B., Kühn, M., Alt, KW 2016, What's on the menu in a Celtic town? Dietary reconstruction for human remains from settlement features and two cemeteries at Basel-Gasfabrik, Switzerland, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 9 , 1307-1326.

Kozłowski, SK, Terberger, T. Bobak, D., Orschiedt, J. , Połtowicz-Bobak, M. 2017, Eastern borders of the Magdalenian 'à navettes'. Maszycka cave in Lesser Poland, C. Bourdier, L. Chehmana, R. Malgarini, M. Połtowicz-Bobak (eds.) L'essor du Magdalénien. Aspects culturels, symboliques et techniques des faciès à Navettes et à Lussac-Angles, Actes de la séance de la Société préhistorique française de Besançon, 17-19 octobre 2013, Séances de la Société préhistorique française 8, Paris, 187-205.

Kropp, C., Kirsch, A.-K., Rosendahl, W., Orschiedt, J. , Fischer, L. 2017, Buried and Forgotten? Bones tell history , Heppenheim.

Kropp, C., Orschiedt, J., Rosendahl, W. 2017, People at Lorsch Abbey - Bones tell history, archeology in Germany , 3/2017 , 64-65.

Leusch, V. , Zäuner, S., Slavčev, V., Krauss, R., Armbruster, B., Pernicka, E. , 2017, Rich metallurgists' (?) Graves from the Varna I cemetery. Rediscussing the social role of the earliest metalworkers, in A. Brysbaert & A. Gorgues (eds.), Artisans versus nobility? Multiple identities of elites and 'commoners' viewed through the lens of crafting from the chalcolithic to the iron Ages in Europe and the Mediterranean , Leiden, 101-124.

Lindauer, S., Marali, S., Schöne, BR, Uerpmann, H.-P., Kromer, B. , Hinderer, M. 2017, Investigating the Local Reservoir, Stable isotopes of shells from Southeast Arabia, Radiocarbon , 59 (2), 355-372.

Malgora, S., Milani, C., Elias, J., Rosendahl, W. , Zinc, A. 2017, La mummia di Merano. Viaggio alla scoperta di una mummia , Merano.

Orschiedt, J. , Heuschen, W., Baales, M. 2017, Leaf Cave - Record of 10 years excavation, archeology in Germany , 2/2017 , 60-63.

Panzer, S., Pernter, P .; Piombino-Mascali, D., Jankauskas, R., Zesch, S., Rosendahl, W. , Hotz, G. Zink, A. 2017, Checklist and Scoring System for the Assessment of Soft Tissue Preservation in CT Examinations of Human Mummies: Application to the Tyrolean Iceman, RöFo - Advances in X-ray and Imaging Techniques , 189, 10 pp .; doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-116668

Panzer, S., Wittig, H., Zesch, S., Rosendahl, W. , Blache, S., Muller-Gerbel, M., Hotz, G. 2017, Evidence of neurofibromatosis type 1 in a multimorbid Inca child mummy: a paleoradiological investigation by CT, PlosOne , 12 (4), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175000

Pernicka, E. 2017, On the chemical composition of the gold discoveries of Vălčitrăn, in S. Haag, Ch. Popov, B. Horejs, S. Alexandrov, G. Plattner (ed.), The First Gold. Ada Tepe: The oldest gold mine in Europe , Vienna, 87-92.

Pernicka, E. 2017, Provenance and recycling of ancient silver. A comment on "Iridium to provenance ancient silver" by Jonathan R. Wood *, Michael F. Charlton, Mercedes Murillo-Barroso, Marcos Martinon-Torres. Journal of Archaeological Science 81, 1-12. Journal of Archaeological Science , 86 , 123-126.

Pernicka, E. , Wunderlich, Ch.-H. 2017, review by Rupert Gebhard and Rüdiger Krause (ed.?), Bernstorf. Archaeological-scientific analyzes of the gold and amber finds from Bernstorfer Berg near Kranzberg, Upper Bavaria. With contributions by B. Armbruster, V. Bähr, U. Baumer, P. Dietemann, KT Fehr (†), P. Freiberger, J. Haberstroh, W. Häusler, R. Hochleitner, H. Hoffmann, B. Kromer, A Lazzaro, P. Paoletti, M. Pietsch, M. Radtke, C. Rewitzer, A. Röpke, C. Rohde, H. Schulze, CS Sommer, FE Wagner, U. Wagner, S. Winghart, treatises and inventory catalogs of the archaeological Staatssammlung 3 (Munich 2016) edited by R. Gebhard, at the same time Frankfurt Archaeological Schriften 31, edited by H.-M. by Kaenel, R. Krause, J.-W. Meyer and W. Raeck, Prehistorische Zeitschrift ,92 (2). DOI 10.1515 / pz-2017-0013

Rademakers, FW, Rehren, T., Pernicka, E. 2017, Copper for the Pharaoh: Identifying multiple metal sources for Ramesses' workshops from bronze and crucible remains, Journal of Archaeological Science , 80 , 50-73.

Radivojević, M., Rehren, Th., Farid, S., Pernicka, E, Camurcuoğlu, D. 2017, Repealing the Catalhhöyük extractive metallurgy: The green, the fireand the slag, Journal of Archaeological Science , 86 , 101- 122nd

Rosendahl, W. 2017, Discovered 110 years ago - the primitive man (Homo heidelbergensis) of the Wall, fossils - Journal of Earth History , 5 , 44-48.

Schwab, R. 2017, Archaeometallurgical investigation of soft solder on the Trierer silver can, in A. Kaufmann-Heinimann, M. Martin, The apostle pot and the silverware in the hoard from 1628. Trierer silver treasures of the 5th century , Trier magazine Beiheft 35, Trier, 171-173.

Siegmund, C. Mitschke, p. 2017, Mannheim's piupiu project: Capturing and Digitally Reconstructing a Maori Textile, Restauro , 123 (3), 46-51.

Stadler, B., Herbig, Chr., Westphal, Th. 2017, Archaeological, Archaeobotanical and Dendrochronological Investigations at the Baroque Fortress in Mannheim, Archaeological Excavations in Baden-Württemberg, 2016 , 318-322.

Willer, F., Schwab, R. , Mirschenz, M. 2017, results of archaeometric and manufacturing research on the "Limesbronzen", in M. Kemkes (ed.) Roman large bronze at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Limes , contributions to the World Heritage Limes 9 , Darmstadt, 78-105.

2016

Berger, D. , 2016, On the Technology of Early Bronze Age Dusting Works North of the Alps with Special Consideration of the Sword of the Marais de Nantes, in B. Armbruster, H. Eilbracht, O. Hahn, O. Heinrich-Tamaska (ed.), Hidden knowledge. Innovation and transformation of fine-technical developments in diachronic comparison, conference contributions of the network Archaeological-Historical Metal Crafts 1, Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, Berlin, 73-101.

Berger, D. , 2016, Seven Grade Letters, in R. Kluttig-Altmann, K. Herbst (ed.), Martin Luther. Treasures of the Reformation , Dresden, 277.

Berger, D. , 2016, Bleilettern, R. Kluttig-Altmann, K. Herbst (ed.), Martin Luther. Treasures of the Reformation , Dresden, 267.

Berger, D., Berthold, C., Bunnefeld, H., Keuper, M. 2016, A mysterious black ornamentation on Early Bronze Age dagger from Schoolbek (Kosel), Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 5 , 407-421.

Bogaard, A., Arbogast, R.-M., Ebersbach, R., Fraser, RA, Knipper, C. , Krahn, Chr., Schafer, M., Styring, A., Krause, R. 2016, The Band Ceramics Settlement of Vaihingen an der Enz, Ludwigsburg (Baden-Württemberg): an integrated perspective on land use, economy and diet, Germania , 94 , 1-60.

Brinker, U. Schramm, A., Jantzen, D., Piel, J., Hauenstein, K., Orschiedt, J. 2016, The Bronze Age battlefield in the Tollense Valley, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Northeast Germany - Combat marks on human bones as evidence of early warrior societies in northern Middle Europe, in F. Coimbra, D. Delfino (eds.) The Emergence of warrior societies and its economic, social and environmental implications , Oxford, 39-56.

Čivilytė, A., Duberow, E. Pernicka, E. 2016, His left foot: A new investigation of the Middle East Bronze Age figurine from Šernai (Western Lithuania) and the question of its authenticity, Germania , 93 , 97-120.

Döppes, D., age eye, A., Zesch, S., Rosendahl, W . 2016, Gods, Tombs and Popes - Practical Examples from the 3D Laboratory at the Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, Mannheim, Museum Aktuell , 227 , 24-27.

Döppes, D., Pacher, M., Rabeder, G., Lindauer, S., Friedrich, R., Kromer, B. , Rosendahl, W. 2016, Unexpected! New AMS dating from Austrian cave bear sites, Cranium, 33 (1), 26-30.

Drucker, D., Rosendahl, W. , Van Neer, W., Görner, I., Bocherens, H. 2016, Environment and subsistence in northwestern Europe during the Younger Dryas: an isotopic study of the human of Rhünda (Germany), Journal of Archaeological Science Reports , 6 , 690-699.

Flohr, S., Rieger, A., Orschiedt, J. , Kierdorf, H., Kierdorf, U., 2017, An Osteometric Study on the Variation in the Orientation of the Lesser Trochanter in Early Medieval Human Skeletal Assemblage and Comparison with an Individual from the Late Upper Palaeolithic, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology , DOI: 10.1002 / oa.2603.

Gauert, O., Zesch, S., Rosendahl, W. 2016, Child Mummy of the Greco-Roman Period, in R. Schulz, C. Bayer, O. Gauert (ed.), Mummies of the World , Hildesheim, 110-113.

Gibson, SA, Dale, CW, Spirit, DJ, Day, JA, Brügmann, G. , Harpp, KS 2016, Re-Os isotope systematics of ocean island basalt: Constraints from Galápagos, Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 449 , 345-359

Grünberg, J., Gramsch, B., Larsson, L., Orschiedt, J. , Meller, H. (ed.) 2016, Mesolithic burials - Rites, symbols and social organization of early postglacial communities, International conference Halle (Saale) , Germany 18 th- 21 st September 2013, Meetings of the National Museum of Prehistory Halle 13 / I / II, Halle (Saale).

Hajdua, T., Gyorgy-Toronyic, A., Pap, I., Rosendahl, W. , Szabo, G. 2016, Anthropological and Archaeological Data on the Transdanubian Encrusted Pottery Decoration, Prehistoric Journal , 91 (2 ), 353-368.

Hammer, S., Friedrich, R., Kromer, B. , Cherkinsky, A., Lehman, SJ, Meijer, HAJ, Nakamura, T., Palonen, V., Reimer, RW, Smith, AM, Southon, JR, Szidat, S., Turnbull, J., Uchida, M. 2016, 'Compatibility of Atmospheric 14CO 2 Measurements: Comparing the Heidelberg Low-Level Counting Facility to International Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Laboratories', Radiocarbon , 1-9, doi: 10.1017 / RDC.2016.62

Hoppe, T., Schwab, R. 2016, An animal odyssey or a kettle of colorful. New metallurgical investigations at the Löwenkessel in Hochdorf, in M. Bartelheim, B. Horejs, R. Krauss (ed.), From Baden to Troia - resource use, metallurgy and knowledge transfer. A jubilee letter for Ernst Pernicka, Oriental and European Archeology 3, Rahden / Westf., 423-437.

Khalidi, L. Gratuze, B., Stein, G., McMahon, A., Al-Quntar, S., Carter, R., Cuttler, R., Drechsler, Ph., Healey, E., Inizan, M. -Lm Mouralis, D., Pernicka, E., Robin, AK 2016 , The growth of early social networks: Newgeochemical results of obsidian from the Ubaid to Chalcolithic period in Syria, Iraq and the Gulf, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports , 9 , 743-757.

Knipper, C. 2016 Elite in death - Elite in life: the sweet life of the upper social class . Archeology in Germany, 4/2016 , 36-39.

Knipper, C. 2016. On everyone's lips: food in prehistory and early history. Archeology in Germany, 4/2016 , 20-21.

Knipper, C., Fragata, M., Nicklisch, N., A. Siebert, A., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Hubensack, V., Metzner-Nebelsick, C., Meller, H., Alt, KW 2016 , A distinct section of the Early Bronze Age society? Stable isotope investigations of burials in settlement pits and multiple inhumations of the Únětice Culture in Central Germany, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 159 (3), 496-516.

Knipper, C. , Maus, M., 2016, Isotope analyzes for the reconstruction of mobility and nutrition of the burials of the Hallstatt Necropolis of Mauenheim, in L. Wamser, Mauenheim and Bargen. Two grave mound fields of the Hallstatt and early La Tène period from northern Hegau, research and reports on archeology in Baden-Württemberg 2, Wiesbaden, 461-486.

Krock, A., Westphal, Th. 2016, The secret of a picture. "Die Lesende" by Peter Paul Rubens and Jan Boeckhorst, Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter , 30 , 107-116.

Leusch, V., Brauns, M., Pernicka, E. 2016, Precise and Accurate Analysis of Gold Alloys: Varna, the Earliest Gold of Mankind - A Case Study, L. Dussubieux , M. Golitko , B. Gratuze (eds .), Recent Advances in Laser Ablation ICP-MS for Archeology , Natural Science in Archeology , Berlin, Heidelberg, 95-113.

Leusch, V., Pernicka, E., Krauss, R. 2016, Composition and technology of gold finds from the Chalcolithic burial ground of Varna I, in V. Nikolov, W. Schier (ed.), The Black Sea region from the Neolithic to the early Iron Age (6000-600 BC). Cultural Interference in the Circumpontic Zone and Contacts with Neighboring Areas , Prehistoric Archeology in Southeastern Europe 30, Rahden / Westf., 165-182.

Lindauer, S. 2016, Lumineszenz an Ofeneinventar, GV Grimm (ed.), The Wormser Bildbäckerei I - Meister - Werkstatt - Effekt, Büchenbach, 312-318.

Lutz, J. 2016, Alpenkupfer - the Eastern Alps as a resource source in prehistoric times, in M. Bartelheim, B. Horejs, R. Krauss (ed.), From Baden to Troy - resource use, metallurgy and knowledge transfer. A jubilee letter for Ernst Pernicka, Oriental and European Archeology 3, Rahden / Westf., 333-358.

Meliksetian, Kh., Pernicka, E. 2016, Appendix 1. Chemical composition and Lead Isotope Analysis of metal objects, 2002-2010, in R. Badalyan, AT Smith, I. Lindsay, A. Harutyunyan, A. Greene, M. Marshal, B. Monahan, R. Hovsepyan, Aragats on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia, Archaeological Communications from Iran and Turan , 46 , 203-210 , A preliminary report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 investigations .

Meyer, Chr., Jacobi, F., Knipper, C. , Fecher, M., Roth, Chr., Old, KW 2016, The human skeletal finds from Glauberg. Anthropological and bioarchaeometric investigations of burials from truncated cone pits and "prince grave mounds", in L. Hansen, C. Pare, investigations in the vicinity of the Glauberg. On the genesis and development of a early La Tène princely seat in the eastern Wetterau . Materials on Pre- and Early History of Hesse 28, Glauberg Studies 2 , Wiesbaden, 145-195.

Orschiedt, J. 2016, Bones and genes - a small piece of Neanderthal man is still in us, archeology in Germany , 3/2016 , 26-27.

Orschiedt, J. 2016, Bodies, bits and pieces II: the Late Palaeolithic and Early Mesolithic Burial Practices in Europe, in J. Greenberg, B. Gramsch, L. Larsson, J. Orschiedt , H. Meller (ed.), Mesolithic burials - Rites, symbols and social organization of early postglacial communitie s, International conference Halle (Saale), Germany 18 th - 21 st September 2013. Meetings of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle 13 (2), Halle (Saale), 809-825.

Orschiedt, J. , Bollongino, R., Nehlich, O. Burger, J. 2016, The Leaf Hollow. An example of the collaboration of archaeologists and scientists, practice of science , 65 (4), 11-15.

Orschiedt, J. , Flohr, p. 2016, The late Paleolithic remains of Irlich, in M. Baales, T. Terberger (ed.), World in Transition. Life at the end of the last ice age , special issue archeology in Germany, Darmstadt, 57.

Orschiedt, J. , Kind, C.-J. Mesolithic human remains from Southern Germany, in J. Greenberg, B. Gramsch, L. Larsson, J. Orschiedt , H. Meller (ed.), Mesolithic burials - Rites, symbols and social organization of early postglacial communitie s, International conference Halle (Saale), Germany 18 th - 21 st September 2013. Meetings of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Hall 13 (1), Halle (Saale), 373-383.

Panzer, S., Zesch, S., Pommerening, T., Henzler, T., Rosendahl, W. 2016, Trauma, death and death treatment - an ancient Egyptian mummy head from the National Museum of History and Art Luxembourg, RöFo - Advances in the field X-rays and Imaging , 188 , 957-959.

Pernicka, E. 2016, Real or Wrong? An intermediate to the dispute over the finds of Bernstorf, archeology in Germany , 3/2016, 62-65.

Pernicka, E. 2016, Appendix: For the Isotopic and Chemical Studies of the Antimony Origin, in H. Meller, A. Reichenberger, Ch.-H. Wunderlich (ed.), Alchemy and science of the16. Century. Case studies from Wittenberg and comparable findings. International Conference from 3 to 4 July 2015 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 15, Halle (Saale), 86-87.

Pernicka, E., Jablonka, P., Pieniążek, M. 2016, Researching Troy - A Conclusion, Spectrum of Science , 12(16), 66-75.

Pernicka, E., Lutz, J., Stöllner, Th. 2016, Bronze Age Copper Produced at Mitterberg, Austria, and its Distribution, Archaeologia Austriaca , 100 , 19-55.

Pernicka, E., Nessel, B., Mehofer, M., Safta, E. 2016, Lead Isotope Analyzes of Metal Objects from the Apa Hoard and Other Early and Middle Bronze Age ltems from Romania, Archaeologia Austriaca , 100 , 57-86 ,

Pernicka, E. , Reichenberger, A. 2016, An Alleged Alchemist Coin by Plötzkau, in H. Meller, A. Reichenberger, Ch.-H. Wunderlich (ed.), Alchemy and science of the16. Century. Case studies from Wittenberg and comparable findings. International Conference from 3 to 4 July 2015 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 15, Halle (Saale), 353-358.

Pernicka, E. , Ünlüsoy, S., Blum, St. (eds.) 2016, Early Bronze Age Troy - Chronology, Cultural Development, and Interregional Contacts , Studia Troica Monographs 8, Bonn.

Reinecke, A., Lockhoff, N. 2016 , Metal analysis of gold and silver objects from Go Tháp and Cát Tiên, in A. Reinecke (ed.), Treasures of the archeology of Vietnam , accompanying volume to the special exhibition, Mainz, 512.

Rosendahl, W. , Zesch, S., Döppes, D., Van Vilsteren, V. 2016, A Mummy from the 3D Printer - Archeology and High Tech for Yde Girl's Mooring Body, Antique World , 6/2016 , 30-34 ,

Rosendahl, G., Döppes, D., Friedland, SN, Rosendahl, W. 2016, Ice Age Safari: Travel companion , Munich.

Rosendahl, G., Rosendahl, W . 2016, Ice Age Safari: Primeval Adventure for Kids , Munich.

Rosendahl, W., Rosendahl, G., Döppes, D., Friedland SN 2016, Ice Age Safari - Information and Ideas for an Extraordinary Mind Trip to Humans and Animals of the Last Glaciation.- PdN Biology at School , 4/65, 16-20.

Schaefer, JM, Winckler, G., Blard, PH, Balco, G., Shuster, DL, Friedrich, R., Jull, AJT, Wieler, R., Schluechter, C. 2016, Performance of CRONUS-PA pyroxene reference material for helium isotope analysis, Quaternary Geochronology , 31, 237-239.

Schwab, R. , Willer, F. 2016, The Composition and Possible Origin of Cast Alloys, in M. Fitzenreiter, F. Willer J. Auenmüller, Materials of a Casting Workshop by Qubbet el-Hawa , Bonner Aegyptica, Berlin, 71-81.

Siebert, A., Knipper, C., Nicklisch, N., Friederich, S., Alt, KW 2016, Change in diet in Central Germany between 5500 and 1600 BC Chr. Archeology in Germany, 4/2016 , 24-25.

Stöllner, T., Rüden, C., Hanning, E., Lutz, J. , Kluwe, S. 2016, The Enmeshment of Eastern Alpine Mining Communities in the Bronze Age. From Economic Networks to Communities of Practice, in G. Körlin, M. Prange, T. Stöllner, Ü. Yalҫın (ed.), From Bright Orest o Shiny Metals. Festschrift for Andreas Hauptmann on the Occasion of 40 Years of Research in Archaeometallurgy and Archaeometry , Der Anschnitt Beiheft 29, Bochum, 75-108.

Walker, SA, Azetsu-Scott, K., Normandeau, C., Kelley, DE, Friedrich, R. , Newton, R., Schlosser, P., McKay, JL, Abdi, W., Kerrigan, E., Craig , SE, Wallace, DWR 2016, Oxygen isotope measurements of seawater (H 2 18 O / H 2 16 O): A comparison of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), Limnology and Oceanography: Methods , 14 (1), 31-38.

Westphal, Th. , Heussner, K.-U. 2016, Little Guide to Dealing with Wood for Dendrochronological Age Determinations, Munich.

Wolff, S. Schwab, R . 2016, A Hallstatt sword from Möhrendorf (LKR Erlangen-Höchstadt)? New Findings on an Ancient Fund, Archaeological Bulletin , 46 (2), 201-211.

Zesch, S., Doberentz, E., Schmauder, M., Rosendahl, W. , Madea, B. 2016, skeletons in Bornheim-Uedorf (Rhein-Sieg-Kreis) surprised with a high skeletal age - research results from legal medicine, anthropology and archeology , Archive for Criminology , 237 (3/4), 102-115.

Zesch, S., Panzer, S., Rosendahl, W. , Schoenberg, O., Henzler, T. 2016, From first to latest imaging technology: Revisiting the first mummy with X-ray in 1896 by using dual-energy computed tomography, European Journal of Radiology Open , 3 , 172-181.

2015

Berger, D. , 2015, Composition and decoration of the so called Zinnfigurenstreifen found in Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, Restoration and Archeology , 7 , 64-80.

Berger, D. , Greb, M., Rode, H., 2015, Notes for the Reformer? To investigate the types of prints from the Wittenberg Franciscan Monastery and their relationship with the musical pressure of the Reformation, in H. Meller (ed.), Focus: Wittenberg. The city and its Lutherhaus. Multidisciplinary research on underground and underground , research reports of the National Museum of Prehistory, Hall 7, 133-196.

Berger, D., 2015, Artificial patination in Early Iron Age Europe: An analytical case study of a unique bronze artifact, Journal of Archaeological Science , 57 , 130-141.

Blard, P.-H., Balco, G., Burnard, PG, Farley, KA, Fenton, CR, Friedrich, R., Jull, AJT, Niedermann, S., Pik, R., Schaefer, JM, Scott, EM, Shuster, DL, Stuart, FM, Mare, M., Tibari, B., Winckler, G., Zimmermann, L., 2015. An inter-laboratory comparison of cosmogenic 3 He and radiogenic 4 He in the CRONUS-P pyroxenes standard, Quaternary Geochronology , 26 , 11-19

Calo, A., Prasetyo, B, Bellwood, P, Lankton, JW, Gratuze, B., Pryce, TO, Reinecke, A., Leusch, V., Schenk, H., Wood, R., Bawono, RA, I Dewa Kompiang Gede, Ni LK Citha Yuliati, Fenner, J., Reepmeyer, C., Castillo, C. and Carter, AK 2015, Sembiran and Pacung on the north coast of Bali: astrategic crossroads for early trans-Asiatic exchange, Antiquity 89 , 378-396.

Fehren-Schmitz, L., Llamas, B., Lindauer, S., Tomasto-Cagigao, E., Kuzminsky, S., Rohland, N., Santos, FR, Kaulicke, P., Valverde, G., Richards, SM, Nordenfelt, S., Seidenberg, V., Mallick, S., Cooper, A., Reich, D., Haak, W. 2015, A re-appraisal of the early Andean human remains from Lauricocha in Peru, PlosOne, 10 (6), e0127141.

Fehren-Schmitz, L., Skoglund, P., Llamas, B., Lindauer, S., Tomasto-Cagigao, E., Kuzminsky, S., Rohland, N., Nordenfelt, S., Mallick, S., Cooper , A. 2015, Genome-wide data from ancient Peruvian highlanders and the Population History of South America, American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 156 , 131.

Knipper, C. , 2015, strontium and oxygen isotope analyzes, in M. Ernée, Prague-Miškovice. Archaeological and scientific studies on the grave, burial customs and inventories of an Early Bronze Age necropolis . Roman-Germanic Research 72, Mainz, 207-216.

Knipper, C. 2015. Isotope analyzes, in T. Otten, J. Kunow, MM Rind, M. Trier (ed.), Archeology in North Rhine-Westphalia 2010-2015: Findings - Research - Methods, writings on soil preservation in North Rhine-Westphalia, 11 (2), Darmstadt, 144-145.

Knipper, C., Grefen-Peters, S., Silver, N. 2015, Pferdeland Niedersachsen: Horsepower moves humans, archeology in Lower Saxony 2015 , 100-104.

Knipper, C. , Alt, KW 2015, Strontium isotope analyzes on teeth and bones, in P. Henrich, The Gallo-Roman theater of Dalheim "Hossegronn". Dossiers d'Archeology XV. National Museum of History and Art Center National de Recherche Archéologique, Luxembourg, 216-219.

Knipper C , Alt, CW 2015, Strontium and oxygen isotope analyzes of the double burial of Bonn-Oberkassel, in L. Giemsch, R. Schmitz, The Late Glial Burial from Oberkassel Revisted , Rheinische Ausgrabungen 72, Darmstadt, 209-218.

Knipper, C., Pichler, S., Brönnimann, D., Old, KW 2015, Thinking outside the box: High-tech makes old bones speak. Basel 2015 n. Chr. Excavations in focus. Archeology Switzerland , 38 (2), 60-61.

Knipper, C., Held, P, Fecher, M., Nicklisch, N. Meyer, Chr., Schreiber, H., Zich, B., Metzner-Nebelsick, C., Hubensack, V., Hansen, L., Nieveler, E., Alt, KW 2015, Outstanding in life - outstanding in death: Dietary distinction of Central European prehistoric and medieval elites, Current Anthropology 56 (4), 579-589.

Kraus, S., Yagshimuradov, G. 2015, XRF Analysis of a Chalcolithic Dagger from Dashly Depe (Turkmenistan), Miras , 1 (57), 56-57.

Kraus, S .; Schröder, C .; Klemm, S. & Pernicka, E. , 2015, Archaeometallurgical studies on the slags of the Middle Bronze Age Copper Smelting Site S1, Styria, Austria, in A. Hauptmann & D. Modaressi-Tehrani (eds.), Archaeometallurgy in Europe III , The bleed Beiheft 26, Bochum, 301-308.

Krauss, R., Pernicka., E. 2015, Early Balkan Metallurgy, International workshop, Sozopol, 23 to 26 April 2015. Bulgarian e-Journal of Archeology, 5 , 77-79.

Lehner, JW, Yazgan, E., Pernicka, E., Kulakoğlu, F., 2015, Continuity of Tin Bronze Consumption during the Late 3 rd Millennium BC at Kültepe, in F. Kulakoğlu, C. Michel (eds.), Subartu XXXV , KIM 1 , Proceedings of the Kültepe International Meeting, Kültepe 19-23 September 2013 ,. Brepols, Turnhout, Belgium, 195-217.

Leusch, V., Armbruster, B., Pernicka, E., Slavčev, V. 2015, On the Invention of Gold Metallurgy: The Gold Objects from the Varna I Cemetery (Bulgaria) -Technological Consequence and Inventive Creativity, Cambridge Archaeological Journal , 25 (1), 353-376.

Lindauer, S., Tomasto-Cagigao, E., Fehren-Schmitz, L. 2015, The Skeletons of Lauricocha: New Data on Old Bones, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports , 4 , 387-394.

Liu, S., Rehren, Th., Pernicka, E., House Manager A. 2015, Copper Processing in the Oasis of Northwest Arabia: Technology, Alloys and Provenance, Journal of Archaeological Science, 53 , 492-503.

Lutz, J., Oeggl, K. 2015, Late-Holocene land use changes caused by exploitation in the mining region of Kitzbühel (Tyrol, Austria), Vegetation History and Archaeobotany , 24 (6), 711-729.

Lutz, J., Schwab, R. , 2015, Iron Age Use of Alpine Copper Deposits, in Th. Stöllner, K. Oeggl (ed.), "BERGAUF BERGAB - 10,000 Years of Mining in the Eastern Alps", published by the German Mining Museum Bochum 207, Bochum, 113-116.

Meyer, C., Heun, M., Brandt, G., Knipper, C., Alt, KW, 2015, On the Bioarchaeology of the Neolithic. Insights into the complex interplay between man and the environment, in T. Otten, J. Kunow, MM Rind, M. Trier (ed.), Revolution Neolithic. Archaeological State Exhibition of North Rhine-Westphalia, writings on earth monument preservation in North Rhine-Westphalia, 11 (2), Darmstadt, 93-101.

Mitschke, p. 2015, finds in the findings. The dark side of textile analysis, in V. May, D. Oltrogge (Red.), Insights: Contributions to Conservation - Restoration - Art Technology; Festschrift for Prof. dr. Elisabeth Jägers on the occasion of the retirement 2015 , Cologne, 143-150.

Mörseburg, A., Alt, KW, Knipper, C . 2015, Same old in Middle Neolithic diets? A stable isotope study of bone collagen from the burial community of Jechtingen, Southwest Germany, Journal of Anthropological Archeology, 39 , 210-221.

Nessel, B., Brügmann, G., Pernicka, E. 2015, Tin Isotopes and the Sources of Tin in the early Bronze age Únětice culture, Libro de Actas del XV Congreso Internacional Sobre Patrimonio Geológico y Minero. XIXSesión Científica de la Sociedad Española para la Defensa del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero, Logrosán (Cáceres), Septembrie 2014, 11-28.

Nicklisch, N., Knipper, C., Held, P., Pickard, L., Ramsthaler, F., Friederich, S., Alt, CW 2015, The 47 soldiers from the mass grave - results of bioarchaeological investigations, in H. Meller, M. Schefzik (ed.), Krieg - An archaeological search for traces , accompanying volume to the special exhibition from 6 November 2015 to 22 May 2016 in the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle, Darmstadt, 405-420.

Pernicka, E. 2015, What is Archaeometry? Research and Teaching , 22 , 42-43.

Pernicka, E. 2015, The extension of the archaeological senses: The Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometry at the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museums in Mannheim, focus on archeology, 2/2015 , 126-131.

Pernicka, E., Frank, C. 2015, The copper of the Mondseegruppe, Th. Stöllner, K. Oeggl (ed.), "BERGAUF BERGAB - 10,000 Years of Mining in the Eastern Alps", published by the German Mining Museum Bochum 207 , Bochum, 77-82.

Pernicka, E., Lutz, J. 2015, Fahlerz- and Kupferkiesnutzung in the Bronze and Iron Age, in Th. Stöllner, K. Oeggl (ed.), "BERGAUF BERGAB - 10,000 years of mining in the Eastern Alps", published from the German Mining Museum Bochum 207, Bochum, 107-111.

Prelević, D., G. Brügmann , M. Barth, M. Božović, V. Cvetkovic, SF Foley, Z. Maksimovic, 2015, Os-isotopic constraints on the dynamics of orogenic mantle: The Case of the Central Balkans, Gondwana Research , 27 , 1560-1573.

Schwab, R. 2015, Methods of Archaeometry, in T. Otten, J. Kunow, MM Rind, M. Trier (ed.), Archeology in North Rhine-Westphalia 2010-2015: Findings - Research - Methods , writings on Bodensekmalpflege in North Rhine-Westphalia , 11 (2), Darmstadt, 175.

Schwab, R., 2015, Book Review: William O'Brien, Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe. 5500-500 BC, Archaeologia Austriaca , 99 , 243-245.

Stockhammer, PW, Massy, K., Knipper, C., Friedrich, R., Kromer, B., Lindauer, S., Radosavljevic, J., Wittenborn, F., Krause, J., 2015, Rewriting the Central European Early Bronze Age chronology: Evidence from large-scale radiocarbon dating, PLoS ONE, 10 (10): e0139705. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139705.

Stockhammer, PW, Massy, K., Knipper, C., Friedrich, R., Kromer, B., Lindauer, S., Radosavljevic, J., Pernicka, E., Krause, J., 2015. Continuity and Change of Late Neolithic Early Bronze Age in the Augsburg Region, in H. Meller, HW Arz, R. Jung, R. Risch (ed.), 2200 BC - A Climate Shock as a Cause for the Disintegration of the Old World? / 2200 BC - A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7th Central German Archaeological Day from 23 to 26 October 2014 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle 12 (Halle [Saale]), 617-642.

Ströbele, F., Hildebrandt, LH, Baumann, A., Pernicka, E. , Markl, G. 2015, Pb isotope data of Roman and medieval objects from Wiesloch near Heidelberg, Germany, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 7 (4), 465 -472.

Tolksdorf, JF, Elburg, R., Schröder, F., Knapp, H., Herbig, C., Westphal, Th. , Schneider, B., Fülling, A., Hemker, C. 2015, Forest exploitation for charcoal production and timber since the 12 th century in on intact medieval mining site in the Niederpöbel Valley (Ore Mountains, Eastern Germany), Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports , 4 , 487-500.

Westphal, Th. 2015, Lahnau-Waldgirmes - Lists of the dendrochronologically examined objects (wells 1 and 2), in A. Becker, G. Rasbach, Waldgirmes. The excavations in the late Augustinian settlement of Lahnau-Waldgirmes (1993-2009), 1. Findings and finds, Roman-Germanic Research 71, Darmstadt, 351-361.

Westphal, Th. 2015, Dendrochronological investigations on wood of the site Modautal-Ernsthofen, in U. Recker (ed.), The long ditch. Archeology along the gas pipeline MIDAL-Süd Loop / Gernsheim connection line,hessenARCHÄOLOGIE, Sonderband 3, Darmstadt, 148-149.

Wieczorek, A., Pernicka, E., Wiegand, S. 2015, In Memoriam Klaus Tschira, Mannheim History Gazette , 26 , 156-157.

Willer, F., Schwab, R., Bott, K., 2015, Roman bronze statues from the UNESCO World Heritage Limes, in A. Hauptmann, D. Modarressi-Therani (eds.), Archaeometallurgy in Europe III , The Prelude Booklet 26, Bochum, 239-245.

Zesch, S., Pommerening, T., Madea, B., Henzler, T., Friedrich, R., Rosendahl, W. 2015, On the interdisciplinary investigation of Egyptian mummy objects from the National Museum of History and Art Luxembourg, exhibition catalog National Museum of History and Art Art Luxembourg

2014

Alt, KW, Brandt, G., Knipper, C. , Lehn, C., 2014. Recommendations for Sampling in Forensic Anthropology. Examination of DNA and stable isotopes , forensic medicine 24 , 179-185.

Alt, KW, Knipper, C., Peters, D., Muller, W., Maurer, A.-F., Kollig, I., Muller, C., Karimnia, S., Brandt, G., Rosner, M ., Mende, B., Schöne, B., Vida, T., von Freeden, U. 2014, Lombards on the move? - An integrative study of the migration period cemetery at Szólád, Hungary. PlosOne. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0110793

Alt, KW, Meyer, Chr., Nicklisch, N., Becker, Th., Mörseburg, A., Knipper, C. 2014, Jechtingen. Anthropology of a Middle Neolithic burial ground, finds from Baden Württemberg 34 , 177-298.

Bartelheim, M., Contreras Cortés, F., Montero Ruiz, I. Moreno Onorato, A., Murillo Barroso, M., Pernicka, E.2014, Plata argárica: producción y distribución, in Eduardo García Alfonso (ed.), Movilidad, contacto y cambio. II Congreso de Prehistoria de Andalucía, Antequera, 15-17 febrero 2012, Cultura y Depot de la Junta de Andalucía, Seville, 429-440.

Berger, D., 2014, Late Bronze Age iron inlays on bronze artifacts from central Europe, in E. Pernicka, R. Schwab (eds.), Under the volcano, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Metallurgy of the European Iron Age , Research on Archaeometry and Archeology 5, Rahden / Westf., 9-24.

Berger, D., Stieme, SL, 2014, Investigations on Early Modern Book Printing on Bleilettern from Wittenberg, in H. Meller (ed.), Central Germany in the Age of Reformation. Interdisciplinary Conference from 22 to 24 June 2012 in Halle (Saale), Research Reports of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle 4, Halle, 236-243.

Berger, D., Malliaris, M., 2014, Early evidence of medieval pewterers in Zerbst, district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, archeology in Saxony-Anhalt, 7 , 88-134.

Berger, D., Bremen, MB, Bullerjahn, K., Gutjahr, M., Jung, M., Kluttig-Altmann, R. 2014, The project "Lutherarchaeology" - a research contribution to the Reformation anniversary, archeology in Saxony-Anhalt, 7 , 14-23.

Berger, D., Greb, M., Rode, H., 2014, Notes for the Reformer? To investigate the types of prints from the Wittenberg Franciscan Monastery and their relationship with the musical pressure of the Reformation, in H. Meller (ed.), Heavy Metal. Moving letters for moving sounds , Halle (Saale), 6-67.

Blöck, L., Bräuning, A., Deschler-Erb, E., Fischer, A., Hecht, Y., Knipper, C. , Marti, R., Nick M., Rissanen, H., Spichtig, N. , Roth-Zehner, M. 2014, Interdisciplinary and tri-national research into a La Tène settlement landscape, M. Fernandez-Goetz, H. Wendling, K. Winger (eds), Paths to complexity - Centralization and Urbanization in Iron Age Europe , Exeter, 179-190.

Breitenlechner, E., Stöllner, Th., Thomas, P., Lutz, J., Oeggl, K. 2013, An Interdisciplinary Study on the Environmental Reflection of Prehistoric Mining Activities at the Mitterberg Main Lode (Salzburg, Austria), Archaeometry , 56 (1), 102-128.

Knipper, C., Warnberg, O., Old, KW, 2014. Analyzes génétiques et isotopiques appliquées à la population du Mormont, Archéothéma 7 , 51.

Knipper, C., Meyer, Chr., Jacobi, F., Roth, Chr., Fecher, M., Stephan, E., Schatz, K., Hansen, L., Posluschny, A., Hoeppner, B., Maus, M., Pare, Chr.FE, Alt, KW 2014, Social differentiation and land use at Early Iron Age "Princely seat": Bioarchaeological investigations at the Glauberg (Germany), Journal of Archaeological Science 41 , 818-835.

Kraus, S. , 2014, Archaeometallurgical Studies on Bronze Age Copper Smelting Technology at the Copper Smelting Site S1 in the Eisenerzer Ramsau (Styria, Austria), Dissertation at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, http://hdl.handle.net/ 10900/53927

Krauss, R., Zäuner, S., Pernicka, E. 2014, Statistical and Anthropological Analysis of the Varna Necropolis, in H. Meller, R. Risch, E. Pernicka (eds.), Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver / Metals of power - Early gold and silver. 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) / 6th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 17-19, 2013 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 20, Halle, 371-388 .

Lauermann, E., Pernicka, E. 2014, The Early Bronze Age coffered deposits from Kilb, VB Melk and Obermarkersdorf, VB Hollabrunn Lower Austria, contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe 74 , 143-160.

Leusch, V., Pernicka, E., Armbruster, B., 2014, Chalcolithic gold from Varna - Provenance, circulation, processing, and function, in H. Meller, R. Risch, E. Pernicka (ed.), Metals of Power - Early gold and silver / Metals of power - Early gold and silver. 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) / 6th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 17-19, 2013 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 20, Halle, 165-182.

Lockhoff, N., Pernicka, E. 2014, Archaeometallurgical investigations of Early Bronze Age gold artifacts from central Germany including gold from the Nebra hoard, in H. Meller, R. Risch, E. Pernicka (ed.), Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver / Metals of Power - Early gold and silver. 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) / 6 th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 17-19, 2013 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 20, Halle , 223-236.

Lutz, J., Pernicka, E. 2013, Prehistoric Copper from the Eastern Alps, Open Journal of Archaeometry 1: e25 , 122-126.

Lutz, J., Schwab, R. 2014, The Early Iron Age Hoard from Fliess at Tyrol and Ore Resources in the Eastern Alps, at E. Pernicka, R. Schwab (eds.), Under the Volcano, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Metallurgy of the European Iron Age , Research on Archaeometry and Classical Studies 5, Rahden / Westf., 25-34.

Martinelli, N., Meadows, J., Valzolgher, E., Pignatelli, O., Anglani, L., Kromer, B. 2014, Combining dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating at the Late Medieval site of Sant'Alvise, Venice, Italy Open Journal of Archaeometry 2: 5263, 49-54.

Mitschke, S. 2014, A pair of embroidered trimmings from the Mainz Cathedral, in I. Siede, A. Stauffer, textile treasures of Hohenstaufen rulers. Workshops - Pictures - Functions , Petersburg, 77-90.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A., Mitschke, S., Melillo, L. 2014, purple, gold and silk. Textile variety from the ashes of Vesuvius, Ancient World 1/14, 15-21.

Pernicka, E. 2014, Possibilities and limitations of provenance studies of ancient silver and gold, in H. Meller, R. Risch, E. Pernicka (ed.), Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver / Metals of Power - Early gold and silver , 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) / 6 th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 17-19, 2013 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 20, Hall, 153-164.

Pernicka, E. 2014, On the Question of the Authenticity of the Bernstorfer Gold Findings, in H. Meller, R. Risch, E. Pernicka (ed.), Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver / Metals of Power - Early gold and silver , 6 Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) / 6 th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 17-19, 2013 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 20, Halle, 247-256.

Pernicka, E. 2014, Provenance Determination of Archaeological Metal Objects, in BW Roberts, C. Thornton (eds.), Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective. Methods and Syntheses . New York, 239-268.

Pernicka, E., Lutz, J. 2014, Alloy analysis of objects of Wiener Neustädter Schatzfundes: A comparison of methods, in N. Hofer (ed.), The treasure trove of Wiener Neustadt , Horn, 80-87.

Pernicka, E., Thumm, D. 2014, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, 1853-1940, Scientific excavation at Troy, in B. Fagan (ed.), The Great Archaeologists, London, 140-142.

Peters, D., Knipper, C., von Freeden, U., Müller, W., Maurer, A.-F., Alt, KW, Vida, T. 2014, Melting Pot Balaton? On the relationship of "Lombard" immigrant groups and (pre-) Lombard Romansh population at Lake Balaton - Szólád and Keszthely-Fenékpuszta between archeology and isotope, in O. Heinrich-Tamaska, P. Straub (ed.), Man, settlement and landscape in change of Millennia at Lake Balaton , Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense 4, Rahden / Westf., 337-360.

Pryce, TO, Baron, S., Bellina, BHM, Bellwood, PS, Chang, N., Chattopadhyay, P., Dizon, E., Glover, IC, Hamilton, E., Higham, CFW, Kyawi, AA, Laychour , V., Natapintu, S., Nguyen, V., Pautreau, J.-P., Pernicka, E.,Pigott, VC, Pollard, M., Pottier, C., Reinecke, A., Sayavongkhamdy, T. , Souksavatdy, V., White, J. 2014, More questions than answers: The Southeast Asian Lead Isotope Project 2009-2012 , Journal of Archaeological Science 42 , 273-294.

Rehren, Th., Pernicka, E. 2014, First data on the nature and origin of the metalwork from Tell el-Farkha, in A. Mączyńska (ed.), The Nile Delta as a center of cultural interaction between Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in 4th millennium BC, Studies in African Archeology 13, Poznan, 237-252,

Scheeres, M., Knipper, C., Hauschild, M., Schoenfelder, M., Siebel, W., Pare, Chr., Old, KW 2014. "Celtic migrations" - Fact or fiction? Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of the Czech cemeteries of Radovesice and Kutna Hora in Bohemia, American Journal of Physical Anthropology . DOI: 10.1002 / ajpa.22597.

Schwab, R. 2014, Iron Age Copper Alloys and Copper Processing between the Alps and the Eifel, in S. Hornung (ed.), Production - Distribution - Economics. Settlement and economic patterns of the Latène period , files of the international colloquium in Otzenhausen, 28.-30. October 2011, University Research on Prehistoric Archeology 248, Bonn, 149-162.

Schwab, R. 2014, Resources and Recycling: Copper Alloys and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in the Oppidum of Manching (Germany), in E. Pernicka, R. Schwab (eds.), Under the volcano, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Metallurgy of the European Iron Age , Research on Archaeometry and Classical Science 5, Rahden / Westf., 175-188.

Schwab, R. , Willer F., 2014, Metallurgical investigations on the large bronzes, in broken shine - Roman large bronzes at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Limes , exhibition catalog, Rheinisches LandesMuseum Bonn, 180-182.

Schwab, R., Willer F., 2014, About the Origin of Lead in the Great Brons, in Broken Shine - Roman Great Brons at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Limes, Exhibition Catalog, Rheinisches LandesMuseum Bonn, 201-203.

Sergeev, DS, Dijkstra, AH, Meisel, T., Bruegmann, G., Sergeev, SA 2014, Traces of Ancient Mafic Layers in the Tethys Oceanic Mantle, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 389 , 155-166.

Şimşek, C., Konakçı, E., Pernicka, E. 2014, Analyzes of Origin for the Obsidian Found at Asopos Hill, Laodicea, in C. Şimşek (ed.), 10th Yılında Laodikea (2003-2013 Yılları), Oksijen Basım ve Matbaacılık San. Istanbul, 123-144.

Wolf, D., Kunze, R. 2014, Gegharkunik - New sources of ancient gold from the South Caucasus? in H. Meller, R. Risch, E. Pernicka (ed.), Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver / Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver,6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle ( Saale) / 6 th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 17-19, 2013 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 20, Halle, 111-140.

Wunderlich, C.-H., Lockhoff, N., Pernicka, E., 2014, De Cementatione, or: On the Art of Purifying Gold in the Style of the Ancients, H. Meller, R. Risch, E. Pernicka (ed .), Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver / Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver, 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) / 6 th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 17- 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale), conferences of the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale) 20, Halle, 353-370.

Yakubovich, OV, Shukolyukov, Yu. A., Kotov, AB, Braun, M. , Samsonov, AV, Komarov, AN, Yakovleva, S. Z, Sal'nikova, EB & Gorokhovskii, BM (2014): U-Th-He Dating of Native Gold: First Results, Problems, and Outlooks, Petrology , 22 , (5), 429-437.

2013

Aslan, CC, Pernicka, E., 2013, Wild Goat style ceramics at Troy and the impact of Archaic Periodic Colonization on the Troad, Anatolian Studies , 63 , 35-53.

Banck-Burgess, J., Verhecken-Lammens, C., Mitschke, S., Vanden Berghe, I., Fuchs, R., Oltrogge, D., van Strydonck, M., Frei, KM, Michler, E. Andersson Schleich, A. 2013, Methods of Textile Archeology, M. Tellenbach, R. Schulz, A. Wieczorek (ed.), The Power of Toga. Dress code in the Roman Empire, exhibition catalog Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum Hildesheim, Regensburg, 21-30.

Brauns, M., Schwab, R., Gassmann, G., Wieland G., Pernicka E., 2013, Provenance of Iron Age iron in Southern Germany: a new approach, Journal of Archaeological Science, 40 (2), 841- 849 .

Brüggler, M., Dirsch, C., Drechsler, M., Schwab, R. , Willer, F., 2013, A Roman rail arm protection from the auxiliary camp Till-Steincheshof and the brass production in the Roman imperial period, Bonner Jahrbücher , 212 , 121 -152.

Cabral, AR, Eugster, O., Brauns, M., Lehmann, B., Rösel, D., Zack, Th., Robério de Abreu, F., Pernicka, E.,Barth, M., 2013, Direct dating of gold by radiogenic helium: Testing the method on gold from Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Geology , 41 (2), 163-166.

Cassitti, P., Berger, D., Fourlas, B. 2013, 'St Peter in Volders' and related base metal figurines resembling the famous statue in the Vatican Basilica, Post-Medieval Archeology, 47 (2), 322-357.

Čufar, K., Velušček, Kromer, B., 2013, Two decades of dendrochronology in the pile dwellings of the Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia, in DENDRO - Chronology - Typology - Ecology, Festschrift for Andre Billamboz on the occasion of his 65th birthday, Freiburg, 35 -40.

Güttler, D., Wacker, L., Kromer, B., Friedrich, M. Synal, HA 2013, Evidence of 11-year Solar Cycles in Tree Rings from 1010 to 1110 AD - Progress on High Precision AMS measurements, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms , 294 , 459-463.

Engibaryan, N., Bobokhyan, A., Kunze, R. 2013, Excavations in Karchaghbyur, Gegharkunik Province, H. Meller & P. Avetisyan (ed.), Archeology in Armenia II - Reports on Cooperations in 2011 and 2012 and Selected Single Studies, Publications of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum of Prehistory, 67, Halle (Saale), 109-163.

Kamenetsky, VS, Maas, R., Fonseca, ROC, Ballhaus, C., Heuser, A., Brauns, M. , Norman, MD, Woodhead, JD, Rodemann, T., Kuzmin, DV, Bonatti, E. 2013 Noble metals potential of sulphate de-saturated melts from the subcontinental lithosphere, Geology , 41 (5), 575-578.

Kromer, B., Lindauer, S., Synal, HA., Wacker, L., 2013, MAMS - A new AMS facility at the Curt-Engelhorn Center for Achaeometry, Mannheim, Germany, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms , 294 , 11-13

Kunze, R., 2013 Studies on the small finds of Udabno I-III (Eastern Georgia) - The state of the investigations, in A. Mehnert, G. Mehnert & S. Reinhold (ed.), Exchange and cultural contact in the South Caucasus and its adjoining regions in the Late Bronze / Early Iron Age, writings of the Center for Archeology and Cultural History of the Black Sea Region 22, Langenweißbach, 139-147.

Kunze, R., 2013 Interdisciplinary studies on the small finds of the settlements Udabno I-III (Eastern Georgia), dissertation at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University of Tübingen, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz: 21-Op-69609

Kunze, R., Bobokhyan, A., Pernicka, E. , Meliksetian, Kh. 2013, Project Ushkiani. Investigations of the cultural landscape around the prehistoric gold district of Sotk, in H. Meller & P. Avetisyan (ed.), Archeology in Armenia II. Reports on the cooperation projects in 2011 and 2012 as well as selected individual studies. Publications of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte 67, Halle (Saale), 49-92.

Levin, I., Kromer, B., Hammer, S. 2013, Atmospheric Δ 14 CO 2 trend in Western to 2000 to 2012, Tellus B , 65 , http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb .v65i0.20092

Lindauer, S., Kromer, B., 2013, carbonates Sample Preparation for 14 C dating using at Elemental Analyzer, Radiocarbon, 55 (2-3) , 364-372.

Lutz, J., 2013, The composition of early modern glasses from the collection of the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, in N. Brüderle, glasses from the 16th to 19th centuries, collection catalogs of the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum 17, Braunschweig, 24-34.

Mitschke, S. 2013, Textile Fiber Analysis at the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter 25 , 2013, 137-143.

Mitschke, S. 2013, Textile Qualities in the Roman Army of the Rhine Provinces, in M. Tellenbach, R. Schulz, A. Wieczorek (ed.), Die Macht der Toga. Dress code in the Roman Empire, exhibition catalog Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum Hildesheim, Regensburg, 229-237.

Mitschke, S., Albaladejo, M. 2013, The Import of Roman Textiles to Rome, in M. Tellenbach, R. Schulz, A. Wieczorek (ed.), The Power of Toga. Dress code in the Roman Empire, exhibition catalog Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum Hildesheim, Regensburg, 137-143.

Pernicka, E. , Mehofer, M. 2013, Archaeometallurgical Investigations, in E. Lauermann & E. Rammer (ed.), The urnfeldzeitlichen metal hoards of Lower Austria - With special consideration of the two depot finds from Enzersdorf im Thale, University research on prehistoric archeology 226, Bonn , 42-59.

Pernicka, E. 2013, The Spread of Metallurgy in the Old World, in Ju.Ju. Piotrovski (ed.), Бронзовый век -Европа без границ: Четвертое - первое тысячелетия до новой эры / Bronze Age. Europe without borders. 4. -1. Millennium BC Chr., Exhibition Catalog, St. Petersburg, State Hermitage, Moscow, State Historical Museum, St. Petersburg, 66-78.

Pernicka, E. 2013, Chemical and lead isotope analyzes on two silver vessels from an Iron Age warrior grave near Tarquinia. In: Andrea Babbi. Uwe Peltz (ed.), La Tomba del Guerriero di Tarquinia Identità elitaria, concentrazione del potere e networks dinamici nell'avanzato VIII sec. A. C. / The Warrior Grave of Tarquinia Elite Identity, Concentration of Power and Dynamic Networks in the Late 8th Century BC Monographs of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum 109, Mainz, 179-181.

Ruttkay, E., Binsteiner, A., Pernicka, E. , Witte, N. 2013, Le Salzkammergut (Autriche) au IV e millenaire av. J.-C. - Le groupe du Mondsee et la première métallurgie entre Alpes et Danube, in MA Borrello (ed.), Les hommes préhistoriques et les Alpes, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2476, Oxford, 245-259.

Schubert, M., Pernicka, E. 2013, The Early Bronze Age copper processing on the Buchberg in the Lower Inn Valley, Tyrol, in Montanwerke Brixlegg AG, K. Oeggl, V. Schaffer (ed.), Cuprum Tyrolense - 5550 years mining and copper smelting in Tyrol, Reith i. A., 123-152.

Schwab, R. 2013, Investigations of bronze waste from mine house 1034a2 and its surroundings, in S. Sievers, M. Leicht, B. Ziegaus, results of the excavations 1996-1999 in Manching-Altenfeld. The excavations in Manching 18, Wiesbaden, 243-250.

Schwab, R. 2013, Studies on the Technology and Origin of Iron Tools and Weapons, in S. Sievers, M. Leicht, B. Ziegaus, Results of the Excavations 1996-1999 in Manching-Altenfeld. The excavations in Manching 18, Wiesbaden, 251-293.

Usmanova, E., Mitschke, S. 2013, Women's clothing - on the state of textile technology in the Bronze Age, in Th. Stöllner & Z. Samašev (ed.), Unknown Kazakhstan. Archeology in the Heart of Asia, Exhibit Catalog German Mining Museum Bochum, Bochum, 315-323

Usoskin, IG, Kromer, B. , Ludlow, F., Beer, J., Friedrich, M., Kovaltsov, GA, Solanki SK, Wacker, L. 2013, The AD775 cosmic event revisited: The Sun is to Blame, Astronomy & Astrophysics , 552 (L3), 1-4.

Wolf, D., Borg, G., Meliksetian, Kh., Allenberg, A., Pernicka, E. , Hovanissyan, A., Kunze, R. 2013, New sources of ancient gold? in H. Meller & P. Avetisyan (ed.), Archeology in Armenia II. Reports on the cooperation projects in 2011 and 2012 as well as selected individual studies. Publications of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte 67, Halle (Saale), 27-48.

2012

Bechter, D., Tropper, P., Hauzenberger, C., Lutz, J., Leitner, W., Nutz, B., 2012, First geochemical investigations of East Alpine and Southern Alpine Silex occurrences: A pilot study in the course of the SFB HiMAT. Archaeologia Austriaca 93/2009, 7-21.

Blum, SWE, Aslan, R., Uysal, FE, Kirschner, S., Kraus, S. , 2012, Archaeological Investigations on the Pre-Iron Age Culture Sequence of Bozkoy-Hanaytepe, Northwest Turkey, Studia Troica 19/2011, 119-163.

Cabral, AR, Eugster, O., Brauns, M., Lehmann, B., Roesel, D., Zack, Th., Roberto de Abreu, F., Pernicka, E.,Barth, M., Direct dating of gold by radiogenic helium: Testing the gold on diamondina, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Geology G33751.1, http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2012/11/28/G33751.1.full.pdf+ html

Dreyspring, B., Mitschke, S. , 2012, From the Lead Coffin of Editha - Examination of Textiles. In H. Meller, W. Schenkluhm, BEH Schmuhl (ed.), Queen Editha and her burial places in Magdeburg, archeology in Saxony-Anhalt Sonderband 18, Halle, 169-183.

Mitschke, S. , 2012, Textile Research at the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter 24, 115, 116.

Mitschke, S. , Paetz gen. Schieck, A ,. 2012, dressing the dead in the city of Rome: burial customs according to textiles. In M. Carroll, JP Wild (eds.), Dressing the Dead in Classical Antiquity, Stroud, 115-133.

Frank, C., Pernicka, E. , 2012, Copper artifacts of the Mondsee group and their possible sources. In: MS Midgley and J. Sanders (eds.), Lake Dwellings after Robert Munro, Proceedings from the Munro International Seminar: The Lake Dwellings of Europe 22nd and 23rd October 2010, University of Edinburgh, Leiden, 113-138.

Goldenberg, G., Breitenlechner, E., Deschler-Erb, S., Hanke, K., Hiebel, G., Hüster-Plogmann, H., Hye, S., Klaunzer, M., Kovács, K., Krismer , M., Lutz, J. , Maas, A., Moser, M., Nicolussi, K., Oeggl, K., Pernicka, E. , Pichler, Th., Pöllath, N., Schibler, J., Staudt , M., Stop, B., Thurner, A., Töchterle, U., Tomedi, G., Tropper, P., Vavtar, F., Weinold, Th. 2012, Prehistoric copper ore mining in the Maukental near Radfeld / Brixlegg. In: Goldenberg, G., Töchterle, U., Oeggl, K., Krenn-Leeb, A. (ed.): Research program HiMAT - News on the mining history of the Eastern Alps. Archeology Austria's Special 4, 61-110.

Knipper, C., Maurer, AF., Peters, D., Meyer, C., Brauns, M., Galer, SJG, von Freeden, U., Schöne, B., Meller, H., Alt, KA, 2012 , Mobility in Thuringia or mobile Thuringians: A strontium isotope study from early medieval Central Germany. Kaiser, E. Burger, J., Schier, W. (eds.), Population Dynamics in Prehistory and Early History: New Approaches Using Stable Isotopes and Genetics, Berlin, Boston, 298-310.

Krause, R., Bechter, D., Lutz, J., Oeggl, K., Pernicka, E., Schwarz, A. St., Tropper, Würfel, F. 2012, Prehistoric Settlements and Medieval Mining in the Montafon, Vorarlberg. In: Goldenberg, G., Töchterle, U., Oeggl, K., Krenn-Leeb, A. (Hrsg.): Research program HiMAT - News on the mining history of the Eastern Alps. Archeology Austria's Special 4, 147-166.

Kaiser, KF, Friedrich, M., Miramont, C., Kromer, B., Sgier, M. Schaub, M., Boeren, I., Remmele, S., Talamo, S., Guibal F., Sivan, O ., 2012, Challenging process to make lateglacial tree-ring chronologies from Europe absolute - to inventory, Quaternary Science Reviews, 36, 78-90.

Mathis, F., Anreiter, P., Bodner, R., Breitenlechner, E., Goldenberg, G., Hilber, M., Kathrein, Y., Leib, S., Lutz, J.,Neuhauser, G., Nicolussi, K., Oeggl, K., Pichler, T., Schneider, I., Unterkircher, A. 2012, The mining district on Kogelmoos near Schwaz. In Goldenberg, G., Töchterle, U., Oeggl, K., Krenn-Leeb, A. (ed.), Research program HiMAT - News on the mining history of the Eastern Alps. Archeology Austria's Special 4, 169-218.

Nadeau, M.-J., Huls, M., Grootes, PM, Fernandes, R., Kromer, B. , Lindauer, S. , 2012, Dating the finds contained in the cenotaph of Queen Editha. In Meller, H., Schenkluhn, W., Schmuhl, BEH (eds.), Queen Editha and her burial places in Magdeburg, archeology in Saxony Anhalt special volume 18, 157-168.

Nickel, D., Haustein, M., Lampke, T., Pernicka, E. , 2012, Identification of forgeries by measuring isotopes in corroded bronze objects. Archaeometry 54 (1), 167-174.

Oeggl, K., Anreiter, P., Goldenberg, G., Hanke, K., Krause, R., Leitner, W., Mathis, F., Moser, J., Nicolussi, K., Pernicka, E. , Schibler, J., Schneider, I., Stöllner, Th., Tomedi, G., Tropper, P. 2012: SFB HiMAT - The history of mining in Tyrol and its adjoining areas: effects on the environment and human societies. In: Goldenberg, G., Töchterle, U., Oeggl, K., Krenn-Leeb, A. (Hrsg.): Research program HiMAT - News on the mining history of the Eastern Alps. Archeology Austria's Special 4, 11-15.

Pfälzner, P., Niehr, H., Pernicka, E. , Wissing, A. (eds.) 2012, (Re-) Constructing Funerary Rituals in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Tübingen Post-Graduate School "Symbols of the Dead" in May 2009, Wiesbaden.

Rehren, Th., Boscher, L., Pernicka, E. , 2012, Large scales melting of arsenic and copper at Early Bronze Age Arisman, Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39 (6), 1717-1727.

Schlosser, S., Reinecke, A., Schwab, R. , Pernicka, E. , Sonetra, S., Laychour, V., 2012, Early Cambodian gold and silver from Prohear: composition, trace elements and gilding, Journal of Archaeological Science, 39 (9), 2877-2887.

Schreiner, M., Heyd, V., Pernicka, E. , 2012, Copper Age Metal in Western Slovakia. In: Kujovský, R., Mitáš, V. (ed.), Václav Furmánek a doba bronzová; zborník k sedemdesiatym narodeninám (Festschrift Václav Furmánek), Archaeologica Slovaca: Monographiae: Communicationes Instituti Archaeologici Nitriensis Academiae Scientiarum Slovacae 13, Nitra, 355-366.

Stöllner, T., Breitenlechner, E., Eibner, C., Herd, R., Kienlin, T., Lutz, J. , Maass, A., Nicolussi, K., Pichler, T., Pils, R., Röttger, K., Song, B., Taube, N., Thomas, P., Thurner, A. 2012, The Mitterberg - The major producer of copper in the Eastern Alps during the Bronze Age. In Goldenberg, G., Töchterle, U., Oeggl, K., Krenn-Leeb, A. (ed.), Research program HiMAT - News on the mining history of the Eastern Alps. Archeology Austria's Special 4, 113-144.

Ströbele, F., Staude, S., Pfaff, K., Premo, WR, Hildebrandt, LH, Baumann, A., Pernicka, E. , Markl, G., 2012, Pb isotope constraints on fluid flow and mineralization processes in SW Germany. New Yearbook of Mineralogy / Essays 189/3, 287 - 309.

Töchterle, U., Bach Netzer, Th., Brandl, M., Deschler-Erb, S., Goldenberg, G., Krismer, M., Lutz, J., Oeggl, K., Pernicka, E. , Scheiber, E ., Schibler, J., Schwarz, A. St., Tomedi, G., Tropper, P., Vavtar, F. 2012, The Kiechlberg at Thaur - a Neolithic to Early Bronze Age hilltop settlement. In Goldenberg, G., Töchterle, U., Oeggl, K., Krenn-Leeb, A. (ed.), Research program HiMAT - News on the mining history of the Eastern Alps. Archeology Austria's Special 4, 31-58.

Tekkök, B., Pernicka, E. , 2012, Analysis of Eastern Sigillata B Finds From Troy. In: Akyol, AA, Kameray Ö. (eds.), Türkiye'de arkeometrin Ulu Cinarlari / Two Eminent Contributors to Archaeometry in Turkey - To honor Prof. Dr. med. Ay Melek Özer and Prof. Dr. med. Şahinde Demirci, Ankara, 345-358.

Unkel, I., Reindel, M., Gorbahn, H., Isla Cuadrado, J., Kromer, B. , Sossna, V., 2012, A Comprehensive Numerical Chronology for the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Palpa Valley, South Coast of Peru, Journal of Archaeological Science, 39 (7) 2294-2303.

2011

Bartelheim, M., Behrendt, S., Kizilduman, B., Müller, U. Pernicka, E. , 2011, The Treasure on the Royal Hill, Kaleburnu / Galinoporni, Cyprus. In: Ü. Yalçin (ed.), Anatolian Metal V, The Bleed, Beiheft 24, Bochum, 91-110.

Bartelheim, M., Kizilduman, B., Muller, U., Pernicka, E. , 2011, rescue excavation on the Royal Hill. Archeology in Germany 2, 56-58.

Boudin, M. v. Strydonck, M., Boeckx, P. Vandenabeele, P., Mitschke, S. , 2011, Monitoring the presence of humic substances in wool and silk by the use of non-destructive fluorescence spectroscopy: quality control for 14C dating of wool and silk , Radiocarbon 53 (3), 429-442.

Cabral, AR, Lehmann, B., Tupinamá, M., Wiedenbeck, M., Brauns, M. , 2011, Geology, mineral chemistry and tourmaline B isotopes of the Córrego Bom Sucesso area, southern Serra do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brazil : Implications for Au-Pd-Pt exploration in quartzite terrain. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 110, 260-277.

Drews, E. , Pernicka, E. , 2011, Archaeometallurgical investigations on finds of the southern Aunetitzer culture and their importance for the hoard of Nebra. ArchaeoPlus Writings on Archeology and Archaeometry of the Paris Lodron - University of Salzburg 2nd Conference Volume on the Second Austrian Archaeometry Congress 2010, Salzburg, 109-113

Drews, E. , Pernicka, E. , Krenn-Leeb, A, 2011, Eastern Alps or Western Carpathians: Early Bronze Age metal streams in the Wieselburg culture. Special Issue "Lebenswelten" Archeology of Austria 22/1, 38-44

Ehser, A., Borg, G., Pernicka, E. , 2011, Provenance of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, Central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall. European Journal of Mineralogy 23 (6), 895-910.

Haustein, M., Pernicka, E. , 2011, The Tracking of the Bronze Age Pewter Sources of Europe by Zinnisotope - a New Way of Answering an Old Question. Annual for Central German Prehistory 92, 387-417.

Hoffmann-Schimpf, B., Melillo, L., Schwab, R. , 2011, A gladiator's helmet from Herculaneum. Restoration and Archeology, 4, 15-36.

Jung, R., Mehofer, M., Pernicka, E. , 2011, Metal Exchange in Italy from the Middle to the Final Bronze Age (14th-11th Century BCE). In PP Betancourt, SC Ferrence (eds.), Metallurgy, Understanding, learning why: Studies in Honor of James D. Muhly, Philadelphia, 231-248.

Jung, S., Pfänder, JA, Brauns, M. , Maas, R., 2011, Crustal contamination and mantle source characteristics in continental intra-plate volcanic rocks: Pb, Hf and Os isotopes from central European volcanic province basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 2664-2683.

Kraus, S. , Klemm, S., Pernicka, E. , 2011, Studies on Bronze Age Copper Extraction in Eisenerzer Ramsau, Styria: First Slag Scientific Results. ArchaeoPlus Writings on Archeology and Archaeometry of the Paris Lodron - University of Salzburg 2nd Conference Volume on the Second Austrian Archaeometry Congress 2010, Salzburg, 115-118

Kunze, R. , 2011, Archaeometric Investigations of Basaltic "Grinding Stones" from the Iron Age settlements of Udabno, Georgia. In A. Cilingiroglu, A. Sagona (eds.) Anatolian Iron Ages 7: The Proceedings of the Seventh Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Hero at Edirne 19-24 April 2010, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement 39, 167-175.

Kunze, R. , Bobokhyan, A., Meliksetian, Kh., Pernicka, E. , Wolf, D., 2011, Archaeological investigations on the environment of the gold mines in Armenia focusing on Sotk, Gegharkunik province. In H. Meller, P. Avetisyan (ed.), Archeology in Armenia - Results of Cooperation Projects 2010 - A preliminary report. Publications of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, 64. 17-49

Lutz, J. , 2011, Materialanalytische investigations on the helmets of the pass Lueg, Anlauftal and Moosbruckschrofen. In A. Lippert, The two-shell east-alpine comb helmets and related helmet forms of the late Bronze and early Iron Age, archeology in Salzburg 6, Salzburg, 113-117.

Lutz, J. , Pernicka, E. , Schwab, R. , 2011, The Hallstatt Hortfund of Fliess in Tyrol and the use of East Alpine copper deposits in the Iron Age. In K. Oeggl, G. Goldenberg, Th. Stöllner, M. Prast (ed.), The history of mining in Tyrol and its adjoining areas Proceedings to the 5th Milestone Meeting of SFB HiMAT from 7.-10.10.2010 in Mühlbach , Innsbruck, 51-58.

Martins, S. Mitschke, S. , 2011, A Roman shears in material combination from the skeleton grave I.1 of the "Younger Praunheimer burial ground". In P. Fasold, The burial places of the Roman military camp and Civitas capital NIDA (Frankfurt am Main-Heddernheim and -Praunheim), Frankfurt, 277-282.

Meliksetian, K., Kraus, S. , Pernicka, E. , Avetissyan, P., Devejian, S., Petrosyan, L., 2011, Metallurgy of Prehistoric Armenia. In Ü. Yalçin (ed.), Anatolian Metal V, The Bleed, Beiheft 24, Bochum, 201-210.

Mitschke, S. , 2011, An Atlas of Ancient Textile Raw Materials. The fiber database of the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen Mannheim. In J. Kunow (ed.), Textiles in Archeology, Materials for Bodensekmalpflege in the Rhineland 22, Treis-Karden, 117-121.

Nezafati, N .; Pernicka, E. , Momenzadeh, M., 2011, Early Tin-Copper Ore from Iran, a Possible Clue for the Enigma of Bronze Age Tin. In Ü. Yalçin (ed.), Anatolian Metal V, The Bleed, Beiheft 24, Bochum, 211-230.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2011, Late Roman shoes from Akhmim in the former Gabriel by Max collection of the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museum Mannheim. In: De Moor, A., Fluck, C. (ed.), Dress Accessories of the 1st Millennium AD from Egypt, Proceedings of the 6th Conference of the Research Group, Textiles from the Nile Valley 'Antwerp, 2-3 October 2009 , Tielt, 162-179.

Schell, A. , Fuchs, R., 2011, Color Spectrometry - a non-destructive Method of Dye Analysis applied to Late Roman Textiles from Egypt. In Alfaro, C., Brun, J.-P., Borgard, P., Pierobon Benoit, R. (ed.), Textiles Y Tintes en la Ciudad Antigua, Purpureae Vestes III, Valencia - Naples, 109-118.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , Mitschke, S. , NESAT XI - Conference of the Northern European Symposium of Ancient Textiles, 9-13 May 2011, Esslingen, Germany, Review. In e-conservationline 21, Sept. 2011, 17-20 ( www.e-conservationline.com ).

Pernicka, E. , 2011, Chemical and Lead Isotope Analyzes on the Xanten Boy. In HJ. Schalles, U. fur, the Xantener boy. Technology, Iconography, Function and Dating, Xantener Berichte 22, Darmstadt / Mainz, 150-154.

Pernicka, E. , 2011, Provenance determination of archaeological metal objects. In A. Aspes (ed.), I bronzi del Garda - Valorizzazione dell collezioni di bronzi preistorici di uno dei più importante centri metallurgici dell'Europa del II ° millennio aC Memories of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona - 2nd series, Sezione delle Scienze dell'Uomo 11, 27-37.

Pernicka, E. , Salzani, P., 2011, Remarks on the analysis and future prospects. In A. Aspes (ed.), I bronzi del Garda - Valorizzazione dell collezioni di bronzi preistorici di uno dei più importante centri metallurgici dell'Europa del II ° millennio aC Memories of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona - 2nd series, Sezione delle Scienze dell'Uomo 11, 89-98.

Pernicka, E. , Adam, K., Bohme, M., Hezarkhani, Z., Nezafati, N., Schreiner, M., Winterholler, B., Momenzadeh, M., Vatandoust, A., 2011, Archaeometallurgical researches at Arisman in central Iran. A. Vatandoust, H. Parzinger, B. Helwing (eds.), Early Mining and Metallurgy on the Central Iranian Plateau. Report on the first five years of research of the Joint Iranian-German Research Project. Archeology in Iran and Turan 9, Mainz am Rhein, 633-705.

Pryce, TO, Brauns, M. , Chang, N., Pernicka, E. , Pollard, M., Ramseya, C., Rehren, T., Souksavatdye, V., Sayavongkhamdye, T., 2011, Isotopic and technological variation in prehistoric Southeast Asian primary copper production, Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (12), 3309-3322

Pryce, TO, Pollard, M., Martinón-Torres, M., Pigott, VM, Pernicka, E. , 2011, Southeast Asia's first isotopically defined prehistoric copper production system: When did extractive metallurgy begin in the Khao Wong Prachan valley of central Thailand? Archaeometry 53 (1), 146-163.

Schlosser, M., Gebhard, R., Pernicka, E. , 2011, Observations on the Manufacture, Use, and Repairs of Bronze Age Urnfield Period Bronze Vessels. Restoration and Archeology 4, 1-14.

Schwab, R. , 2011, An Alchemist Laboratory in B 4,13? Mannheim History Leaflets 22, 138-142.

Schwab, R. , 2011, Copper Alloys and Copper Processing in the Oppidum on the Martberg. Reports on archeology at the Middle Rhine and Moselle 17, 267-285.

Schwab, R. , Pernicka, E. , Furger, AR, 2011, Bleiisotopenuntersuchungen on the "Schrottfund" by Augusta Raurica, annual reports from Augst and Kaiseraugst 32, 223-234.

Wolf, D., Borg, G., Pernicka, E. , Meliksetian, Kh., Kunze, R. , Bobokhyan, A., 2011, Geoarchaeological investigations of gold deposits of Sotk and Fioletovo, Armenia. In H. Meller, P. Avetisyan (ed.), Archeology in Armenia. Publications of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum of Prehistory Volume 64, 51-68.

2010

Berger, D., Schwab, R. , Wunderlich, C.-H., 2010; Technological investigations on Bronze Age metal-cutting techniques north of the Alps against the backdrop of the hoard of Nebra. In the grip of the stars. How Europe's elites came to power and wealth (Ed. H. Meller, F. Bertemes), International Symposium in Halle (Saale) 16.-21. February 2005, Meetings of the National Museum of Prehistory Halle Volume 05 / II, 751-777

Blanc, C., Lutz, J. , Merlet, J.-C., Pernicka, E., 2010, Analyzes de cuivres et de bronzes protohistoriques du sud-ouest de la France. Résultats de la comparaison de méthodes analytiques. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 107 (4), 767-774.

Breitenlechner, E., Hilber, M., Lutz, J. , Kathrein, Y., Unterkircher, A., Oeggl, K., 2010, The impact of mining activities on the environment reflected by pollen, charcoal and geochemical analyzes. Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 37 (7), 1458-1467.

Breitenlechner, E., Hilber, M., Lutz, J. , Kathrein, Y., Unterkircher, A., Oeggl, K., 2010, A multi-proxy analysis the environmental impact of ancient mining near Schwaz (Tyrol). In J. Cemper-Kandt, F. Lang, K. Schaller, C. Uhlir, M. Unterwurzacher (ed.), ArchaeoPLUS - Archeology and Archaeometry writings of the Paris Lodron University Salzburg 1, 70-75.

Breitenlechner, E., Hilber, M., Lutz, J. , Kathrein, Y., Unterkircher, A., Oeggl, K., 2010, The Environmental Impact of Ancient Mining Evidenced by a Multi-Proxy Analysis. In P. Anreiter et al. (eds.): Mining in European History and its Impact on Environment and Human Societies - Proceedings for the 1st Mining in the European History Conference of the SFB HiMAT, 12.-15. Nov. 2009, Innsbruck, 69-74.

Duberow, E. , Pernicka, E., 2010, Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Traisen Valley - Archaeometallurgical Studies on finds from the burial grounds of Franzhausen I and II. In: J. Cemper-Kiesslich, F. Lang, K. Schaller, C. Uhlir, M. Unterwurzacher (Ed.): Proceedings of the First Austrian Archaeometry Congress May 15 - 17, 2009. archaeoPLUS - Writings on Archeology and Archaeometry of the Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Volume 1, 49-53.

Haustein, M., Gillis, C., Pernicka, E. , 2010, Tin isotopy - a new method for solving old questions. Archaeometry 52, 816-832.

Horejs, B., Mehofer, M., Pernicka, E. , 2010, metal craftsman in early 3.Jt. v. Chr. - New results from Çukuriçi Höyük. Istanbul News, 60, 7-37.

Knaut, M., Schwab, R. , 2010, Archeology in the 21st Century. Innovative methods - groundbreaking results.
In M. Knaut, R. Schwab (ed.), Archeology in the 21st century. Innovative methods - groundbreaking results, special volume of the magazine archeology in Germany, Stuttgart, 7-11.

Krismer, M., Töchterle, U., Goldenberg, G., Vavtar, F., Tropper, P., Lutz, J. , Pernicka, E. , 2010, A Mineralogical and Petrological Investigation of Early Bronze Age Copper Slags from the Kiechlberg (North Tyrol, Austria). In P. Anreiter et al. (eds.): Mining in European History and its Impact on Environment and Human Societies - Proc. 1st Mining in the European History Conference of the SFB-HIMAT, 12.-15. November 2009, Innsbruck, 107-108.

Lutz, J. , Pernicka, E. , Pils, R., 2010, Geochemical characterization of copper ores from the Mitterberg region and their importance as a resource in prehistoric times. In: J. Cemper-Kiesslich, F. Lang, K. Schaller, C. Uhlir, M. Unterwurzacher (ed.), ArchaeoPLUS - writings on archeology and archaeometry of the Paris Lodron University Salzburg 1, 76-81.

Lutz, J. , Pernicka, E. , Pils, R., Tomedi, G., Vavtar, F., 2010, Geochemical characteristics of copper ores from the Greywacke zone in the Austrian Alps and their relevance as a source of copper in prehistoric times. In P. Anreiter et al. (eds.): Mining in European History and its Impact on Environment and Human Societies - Proceedings for the 1st Mining in the European History Conference of the SFB HiMAT, 12.-15. Nov. 2009, Innsbruck, 145 - 150

Lutz, J. , Pils, R., Pernicka, E. , Vavtar, F., 2010, Geochemical investigations on Eastern Alpine copper deposits and their use in prehistoric times. Journal of Alpine Geology 52, 172-173.

Meliksetian, K., Pernicka, E. , 2010, Geochemical characterization of Armenian Early Bronze Age metal artifacts and their relation to copper ores. In S. Hansen, A., Hauptmann, I., Motzenbäcker, I., E., Pernicka (ed.), From Maykop to Trialeti. Extraction and Distribution of Metals and Obsidian in Caucasus in the 4th-2nd Centuries Jt. V. Contributions of the International Symposium in Berlin from 1.-3. June 2006. Colloquia on pre- and early history 13, Bonn, 41-58.

Mitschke, S. , 2010, Who is behind it? Questions about Roman identity using the example of equestrian helmets. Mannheim History Pages 19, 99-113.

Mitschke, S. , Schwab, R. , 2010, equestrian helmets with the finest horsehair: Research on the quality of Roman fibers.
In M. Knaut, R. Schwab (ed.), Archeology in the 21st century, special volume of the journal archeology in Germany, Stuttgart, 56-63.

Mitschke, S. , Willer, F., 2010, reconstruction of a Roman helmet from Xanten-Wardt. In T. Otten; H.-G. Bright Kemper; J. Kunow; M. Rind (Hrsg.), Find history - archeology in North Rhine-Westphalia, writings to the Bodendenkmalpflege in North Rhine-Westphalia 9, Mainz, 380 - 382.

Musshoff F., Gottsmann, S., Mitschke, S. , Rosendahl, W., Madea, B., 2010, Potential Occupational Exposures at the Reiss-Engelhorn Museums Mannheim / Germany. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 10.1007 / s00128-010-0113-y, link to article

Pagacs, S. , Haustein, M., Pernicka, E. , 2010, Investigating the behavior of trace elements in the smelting of tin-stone. In: J. Cemper-Kiesslich, F. Lang, K. Schaller, C. Uhlir, M. Unterwurzacher (Hrsg.) Proceedings to the First Austrian Archaeometry Congress15. - May 17, 2009. ArchaeoPLUS - Writings on archeology and archaeometry at the Paris Lodron University Salzburg 1, 123-126.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2010, Roman clothing as a means of self-expression. The DressID research and exhibition project. Textile Forum 2, 2010, 42.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2010, Mummy Portraits and Their Cultural Frameworks - Forms of Self-Expression and the Memory of the Dead in Roman Egypt. Mannheim History Works 19, 81-98.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2010, Coptic textiles (Egypt). In: Museum Folkwang, Essen (ed.), "The most beautiful museum in the world", Museum Folkwang until 1933, exhibition Museum Folkwang March 20 - July 25, 2010, 263 - 272, 365 - 366.

Scholl , A. , Pásztókai-Szeöke, J., 2010, Számú épület falfestményén ábrázolt, nyílhegyben végzödö clavival d'szített tunica értelmezése. In: Római Kori Falfestmények Brigetióból, Acta Archaologica Brigetionensia I, 3, Komárom, 106-113.

Schiele, A. , Tellenbach, M., 2010, Three Years of DressID - Interim Report, Archaeological Textiles Newsletter, 51, 60-61.

Pernicka, E. , 2010, Archaeometallurgical Investigations at and to the Hoard of Nebra. In the grip of the stars. How Europe's elites came to power and wealth (Ed. H. Meller, F. Bertemes), International Symposium in Halle (Saale) 16.-21. February 2005, Meetings of the National Museum of Prehistory Halle Volume 05 / II, 719-734.

Pernicka, E. , Anthony, DW, 2010, The Invention of Copper Metallurgy and the Copper Age of Old Europe. In DW Anthony, JY Chi (eds.): The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC. Princeton and Oxford, 162-177.

Radivojevic, M., Rehren, Th., Pernicka, E. , Sljivar, D., Brauns, M., Boric, D., 2010, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 2775-2787.

Schlosser, S. , 2010, fingerprints in gold. Trace element analysis with laser ablation mass spectrometry.
In M. Knaut, R. Schwab (ed.), Archeology in the 21st century. Innovative methods - groundbreaking results, special volume of the journal archeology in Germany, Stuttgart, 64-73.

Schwab, R. , Ullén, I., Wunderlich, CH., 2010, A sword from Vreta Monastery, and black patinated bronze in early Bronze Age Europe. Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science 17, 27-35.

Schwab, R. , Willer, F., Meinel, D., Schmauder, M., Pernicka, E., 2010, The sword of the Niers: A note to European Bronze Age brass and fire gilding. Historical Metallurgy, 44 (1), 1-9.

Töchterle, U., Tomedi, G. Goldenberg, G., Krismer, M., Lutz, J. , Tropper, P., Vavtar, F., Pernicka, E. , Schwarz, AS, Oeggl, K., Deschler- Erb, S., Bachnetzer, T., Scheiber, E., Brandl, M., 2010, The Kiechlberg near Thaur - a Neolithic to Early Bronze Age hilltop settlement. Special Archeology in Austria 4, 25-54.

Wirth, K., Duberow, E. , 2010, A dagger from Ilvesheim, Rhein-Neckar-Kreis. Mannheim History Works 18, 132-137.

Cube, F., Röpke, A., Lutz, J. , Krause, R., 2010, Prehistoric Settlement Dynamics and Landscape in an Inner Alpine Settlement Chamber. Archaeological, geoarchaeological, archaeometallurgical and archaeobotanical investigations in the Montafon in Vorarlberg (Austria). Archaeological correspondence sheet 40 (4), 503-523.

2009

Bechter, D., Hauzenberger, C., Lutz, J. , Tropper, P., Leitner, W., Nutz, B., 2009, Geochemical Detection and Differentiation of Silex Material from Southern and Eastern Alpine. In K. Oeggl, M. Prast (ed.), The history of mining in Tyrol and its adjacent areas, Proceedings to the 3rd Milestone Meeting of the SFB HiMAT from 23.-26.10.2008 in Silbertal, Innsbruck, 269-273.

Berger, D., Pernicka, E. , 2009, Archaeometallurgical Investigations on the Metal Insertion Technique of Some Auvernier Swords, Restoration and Archeology 2, 1-17.

Bergner, M., Horejs, B., Pernicka, E. , 2009, The Origin of Obsidian Artifacts from Çukuriçi Höyük. Studia Troica 18,
249-272.

Born, H., Schlosser, S. , Schwab, R. , Paz, B., Pernicka, E. , 2009, Granulated Gold from Troia in Berlin. First technological investigations of an Anatolian or Mesopotamian craft. Restoration and Archeology 2, 19-30.

Breitenlechener, E., Hilber, M., Lutz, J. , Kathrein, Y., Unterkircher, A., Oeggl, K., 2009, mining phases of the last two millennia in the Falkenstein area, Schwaz - recorded palynologically and geochemically. In K. Oeggl, M. Prast (ed.),
The history of mining in Tyrol and its adjacent areas, Proceedings to the 3rd Milestone Meeting of the SFB HiMAT from 23.-26.10.2008 in Silbertal, Innsbruck, 127-132.

Duberow, E. , Pernicka, E. , Krenn-Leeb, A., 2009, Eastern Alps or Western Carpathians: Early Bronze Age Metal within the Wieselburg Culture. In TL Kienlin, BW Roberts (eds.), Metals and Societies. Studies in honor of Barbara S. Ottaway. University Research on Prehistoric Archeology 169. Bonn, 336-349.

Jablonka. P., Pernicka, E. , 2009, Preliminary Report on the Work in Troia 2007 and 2008. Studia Troica 18, 3-32.

Kienlin, TL, Pernicka, E. , 2009, Aspects of the Production of Copper Age Jászladány Type Axes. In TL Kienlin,
BW Roberts (eds.), Metals and Societies, Studies in honor of Barbara S. Ottaway. University Research on Prehistoric Archeology169, Bonn, 258-276.

Kovacs, R., Schlosser, S. , Staub, SP, Schmiderer, A., Pernicka, E. , Günther, D., 2009, Characterization of calibration materials for trace element analysis and fingerprint studies of gold using LA-ICP-MS , Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry 24, 476-483.

Krismer, M., Bechter, D., Steiner, M., Lutz, J. , Tropper, P., Vavtar, F., Pernicka, E. , 2009, Pb isotopic signatures of selected Eastern Alpine copper deposits as part of the SFB HiMAT , In: K. Oeggl, M. Prast (ed.), The history of mining in Tyrol and its adjacent areas, Proceedings to the 3rd Milestone Meeting of SFB HiMAT 23.-26.10.2008 in Silbertal, Innsbruck, 183-186 ,

Krismer, M., Goldenberg, G., Töchterle, U., Lutz, J. , Tropper, P., Vavtar, F., Pernicka, E. , 2009, A mineralogical geochemical origin study of the Bronze Age slags vom Kiechelberg (Tirol) , In K. Oeggl, M. Prast (ed.),
The history of mining in Tyrol and its adjacent areas. Proceedings of the 3rd Milestone-Meeting of the SFB HiMAT from 23.-26.10.2008 in Silbertal, Innsbruck, 299-302.

Küster-Heise, K., Mitschke, S. , 2009, Terminology in museum work with special regard to the aspect of textile terminology. Information Science & Practice 60, 159-161.

Lutz, J. , Pernicka, E. , Pils, R., Steiner, M., Vavtar, F., 2009, Geochemical characterization of the ore deposits at the Mitterberg and in Kitzbühel. In: K. Oeggl, M. Prast (ed.), The history of mining in Tyrol and its adjacent areas. Proceedings of the 3rd Milestone-Meeting of the SFB HiMAT from 23.-26.10.2008 in Silbertal, Innsbruck, 175-181.

Mitschke, S. , 2009, The textile remains of the Varus battle. Archaeological Textiles Newsletter 49, 7-10

Müller, R., Pernicka, E. 2009, Chemical Analyzes in Archaeometallurgy: A view on the Iberian Peninsula. In TL Kienlin, BW Roberts (eds.), Metals and Societies, Studies in honor of Barbara S. Ottaway. University Research on Prehistoric Archeology169, Bonn, 296-306.

Mitschke, S. , Paetz gen. Schieck, A. 2009, Analyzes of textile remnants of metal objects and textile imprints in clay. In A. Hensen, The Roman arson and burial grounds of Heidelberg I, research and reports on pre- and early history in Baden-Württemberg 108, Stuttgart, 107-109.

Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E. , Momenzadeh, M., 2009, Introduction of the Deh Hosein Ancient Tin-Copper Mine, Western Iran: Evidence from Geology, Archeology, Geochemistry and Lead Isotope Data. TÜBA-AR (Turkish Acadmy of Sciences Journal of Archeology) 12, 223-236.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2009, Late Roman Cushions and the Principles of their Decoration. In A. De Moor, C. Fluck (ed.), Clothing the House. Furnishing Textiles of the 1st Millennium AD from Egypt and Neighboring Countries. Proceedings of the 5th Meeting of the Study Group, Textiles of the Nile Valley 'Antwerp, 6-7 Oct. 2007, Tielt, 115-131.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2009, Alexander the Great and the regalia of the Persian Great King - "... with arms he ruled over her body, and with the garments he won her soul". In S. Hansen, A. Wieczorek, M. Tellenbach (ed.), Alexander the Great and the opening of the world. Asia's Changing Cultures, Catalog Exhibition REM Mannheim, 3.10.2009 - 21.02.2010.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2009, Study Group 3 - Investigations on the Quality of Roman Textiles. In C. Alfaro, M. Tellenbach, R. Ferrero (ed.), Textiles y Museología. Aspectos sobre el estudio, Análysis y Exposición de los Textiles antiguos y de los instrumenta textilia. - Clothing and Identities. New Perspectives on Textiles in the Roman Empire - DressID, Actas del I Meeting General Valencia-Ontinyent, 3.-5.12.2007, Valencia 2009, 59-73.

Schlosser, S. , 2009, It depends on the right mixture. A. Reinecke, V. Laychour, S. Sonetra, The First Golden Age of Cambodia: Excavation at Prohear, Bonn, 110-111.

Schlosser, S. , Kovacs, R., Pernicka, E. , Günther, D., Tellenbach, M., 2009, fingerprints in gold. In M. Reindel, GA Wagner (eds.), New Technologies for Archeology. Multidisciplinary Investigations in Palpa and Nasca, Peru, Berlin, Heidelberg, 409-436.

Schrenk, A. , Tellenbach M., Carstens AM, Alfaro Giner C., Pásztókai-Szeöke, J., 2009, DressID and the Cooperation Strategies of an international EU -Founded research programs. In C. Alfaro, M. Tellenbach, R. Ferrero (ed.), Textiles y Museología. Aspectos sobre el estudio, Análysis y Exposición de los Textiles antiguos y de los instrumenta textilia. - Clothing and Identities. New Perspectives on Textiles in the Roman Empire - DressID, Actas del I Meeting General Valencia-Ontinyent, 3.- 5.12.2007, Valencia, 37-58.

Schwab, R. , 2009, Book Review: Paul Craddock, Scientific investigation of copies, fakes and forgeries. Restoration and Archeology 2, 137-138.

Steiner, M., Vavtar, F., Tropper, P., Lutz, J. , 2009, Mineralogy of Kelchalm near Jochberg (N-Tirol, Austria). In K. Oeggl,
M. Prast (ed.), The history of mining in Tyrol and its adjacent areas. Proceedings of the 3rd Milestone-Meeting of the SFB HiMAT from 23.-26.10.2008 in Silbertal, Innsbruck, 193-195.

Stöllner, Th., Schwab, R. , 2009, Hard or soft? What matters! Pimples from prehistoric mining in the Eastern Alps. Festschrift Fritz Eckart Barth, Communications of the Anthropological Society in Vienna 139, 149-166.

2008

Bartelheim, M., Kizilduman, B., Muller, U., Pernicka, E. , Tekel, H., 2008, The Late Bronze Age Hoard of Kaleburnu / Galinoporni on Cyprus. Památky Archeologické 99, 5-33.

Jablonka, P., Pernicka, E. , 2007, Preliminary report on the work in Troia 2006 / Preliminary report on the work at Troia 2006. Studia Troica 17, 3-24.

Keller, J., Pernicka, E. , Kasper, K., 2008, Neolithic Ashkelon: Obsidian and pumice Findings and their Provenance. In
Y. Garfinkel, D. Dag: Neolithic Ashkelon. Qedem, Monographs of the Institute of Archeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 47, 271-278.

Lutz, J. , Schwab, R. , 2008, Copper for the Celts. Archeology in Germany 2/08, 28-29.

Lutz, J. , Schwab, R. , 2008, The scientific investigations of the Kathreinfundes. In W. Stefan (ed.),
The Hallstatt treasure of flow (municipality of Fließ, North Tyrol), writings Museum Flow 2, flow, 54-61.

Mitschke, S. , 2008, Review of E. Völling, Textile Technology in the Ancient Near East, Würzburg, 2008. Archaeological Textiles Newsletter 47, 30-31.

Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E. , Malek Shamirzadi, S., 2008, Evidence on the Ancient Mining and Metallurgy at Tappeh Sialk (Central Iran). In Ü. Yalçin, H. Özbal, AG Pasamehmetoglu (eds.), Ancient Mining in Turkey and the Eastern Mediterranean. International Conference AMITEM 2008, Ankara, 329-349.

Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E. , Momenzadeh, M., 2008, Iranian Ore Deposits and Their Role in the Development of the Ancient Cultures. In Ü. Yalçin (ed.), Anatolian Metal IV. The Bleed 21, Bochum, 77-90.

Paetz gen. Schiek , A., Tellenbach, M., 2008, DressID - an EU project to explore clothing as a principal in the Roman Empire. Mannheim History Works 15, 150-153.

Pernicka, E. , 2008, Beginnings of Copper Metallurgy. Archeology in Germany 4/08, 30-31.

Pernicka, E. , Jablonka, P., Aslan, R., 2008, 2007 yili Troia kazi sonuçlari. 30. Kazi sonuçlari toplantisi, 2nd cilt, 249-266.

Pernicka, E. , Schwab, R. , 2008, Archaeometry in Germany. Archeology in Germany 2/08, 18-19.

Pernicka, E. , Schwab, R. , Lockhoff, N. , Haustein, M., 2008, Scientific Investigations of West African Metal Castings from a Collection in Bochum. in E. Pernicka, S. von Berswordt-Wallrabe and H. Wagner (eds.), ORIGINAL-COPY-FAKE? Examining the Authenticity of Ancient Works of Art - Focusing on African and Asian Bronzes and Terracottas, Proceedings of the International Symposium, Mainz, 80-98.

Pernicka, E. , Wunderlich, C.-H., Reichenberger, A., Meller, H., Borg, G., 2008, On the authenticity of the Nebra Sky Disk - a brief summary of the investigations carried out. Archaeological correspondence sheet 38, 331-352.

Rehren, Th., Pernicka, E. , 2008, Coins, Artefacts and Isotopes - Archaeometallurgy and Archaeometry. Archaeometry 50 (2), 232-248.

Schubert, C. , Lockhoff, N. , 2008, Searching Clues . Archeology in Germany 2/08, 26-27.

Schwab, R. , Senn, M., 2008, Recycling of scrap iron. Berlin contributions to the archaeometry 21, 207-226.

Willer, F., Meijers, R., Mitschke, S. , 2008, Behind the Silver Mask - A Dutch-German research project on questions of ancient manufacturing techniques on Roman equestrian helmets of the 1st century AD from Nijmegen and Xanten. Restoration and Archeology 1, 19-41.

2007

Bietak, M., Mehofer, M., Bühler, B., Kucera, M., Leusch, V. , Kastowsky, K., Pernicka, E. , Salaberger, D., 2007, Archaeometallurgical Researches at the VIAS. Archeology of Austria 18/1, 4-20.

Kuleff, I., Stoyanov, T., Pernicka, E. , 2007, On the origin of stamped amphorae from Thrace (Bulgaria). Oxford Journal of Archeology 26, 53-78.

Hoss, S., Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2007, EU-Project no. 10. Initiation of a scientific catalog of archaeological objects stored in the National Museum of Damascus. In J. Abdul Massih (ed.), Résultats du Program de Formation à la Sauve Garde du Patrimoine Culturel de Syrie 2002-2004. Cultural Training Program, Documents d'Archeology Syrienne 11, Damascus, 97-104.

Jarecki, H., Döhle, H.-J., Hellmund, M., Hertel, F., Pernicka, E. , Wunderlich, C.-H., 2007, The Early Bronze Age Hortfund of Zehmitz, Ldkr. Köthen. Archeology in Saxony-Anhalt 2, 305-330.

Meliksetian, Kh., Pernicka, E. , 2007, Les débuts de la metallurgy en Arménie. Les Dossiers d'Archéologie 321, 36-37.

Mitschke, S. , 2007, The Organic Mountings on the Helmets of Nijmegen and Xanten-Wardt. In R. Meijers, F. Willer (Red.), Eighth het zilveren masker / Behind the silver mask, exhibition catalog Museum Het Valkof Nijmegen / Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn, Nijmegen / Bonn, 81-100.

Müller, R., Goldenberg, G., Bartelheim, M., Art, M. and Pernicka, E. , 2007, Zambujal and the beginning of metallurgy in southern Portugal. In S. La Niece, D. Hook, P. Craddock (eds.), Metals and Mines - Studies in Archaeometallurgy. Metallurgy: A Touchstone for Cross-cultural Interaction held at the British Museum 28-30 April 2005 Paul Craddock during his career at the British Museum, London, 15-26.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2007, Radiocarbon dating of nine Late Antique and Early Islamic tapestry weavings of Dionysian, Joseph and David Cycle. In A. De Moor, C. Fluck (ed.), Methods of Dating Ancient Textiles from the 1st Millennium from Egypt and Neighboring Countries, Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the Study Group, Textiles of the Nile Valley 'Antwerp, Tielt, 167 -177.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2007, Textile Picture Worlds. Interactions between Egypt and Rome. Investigations on 'Coptic' textiles with special consideration of unprocessed collections in North Rhine-Westphalia. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=985767405

Pernicka, E. , Schwab, R. , Willer, F., 2007, Analysis of a Silver
Sheet Fragment on Helmet Cat. No. 1. In R. Meijers, F. Willer (ed.), Eighth het zilveren masker / behind the silver Mask, exhibition catalog Museum Het Valkhof Nijmegen / Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn, Nijmegen / Bonn, 51-56.

Rosendahl, W., Alt, KW, Meier, S., Rihli, F., Michler, E., Mitschke, S. , Tellenbach, M. 2007, South American Mummies from the Collections of the Reiss-Engelhorn Museums. In: Wieczorek, A., Tellenbach, M. Rosendahl, W. (ed.), Mummies the dream of eternal life, Mannheim / Mainz, 358-366.

Schreiner, M., Heyd, V., Pernicka, E. , 2007, Archaeometallurgy in Slovakia - ores and metal. In Silver Town Jihlava 2007, Studies on the History of Mining and Mines, Pavel Rous 60th Anniversary Festschrift, Moravský zemský archiv ve Brne, SOKA Jihlava and Havlickuv Brod, Jihlava-Brno, 172-187.

Schwab, R. , Wunderlich, HC., Peisker, K., 2007, Fine Lines in Bronze - A Contribution to the Metal Working Technique of the Bronze Age. Annual for Central German Prehistory 91, 243-259.

Schwab, R. , Haustein, M., Lockhoff, N. , Pernicka, E. , 2007, The Art of Benin: authentic or faked? C. Degrigny, R. van Langh, I. Joosten, B. Ankersmit (eds.), METAL 07, Volume 1, Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of ICOM-CC Metal WG Amsterdam 17-21 September 2007, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 91-95.

2006

Kuleff, I., Iliev, I., Pernicka, E. , Gergova D., 2006, Chemical and lead isotope compositions of lead artefacts from ancient Thracia (Bulgaria). Journal of Cultural Heritage 7, 244-256.

Pernicka, E. , Reiblich, L., 2006, Archaeometry - an extension of the senses. Ancient World 37 (3), 81-85.

Schwab, R. , 2006, Observations on liturgical items found in a latrine in Trier. In K. Anheuser, C. Werner (eds.), Medieval reliquary shrines and precious metal objects / Chsses-reliquaires et orfèvrerie médiévales, Proceedings of the international conference at the Musée d'art et d'histoire, Geneva, London, 83- 86th

Schwab, R. , Heger, D., Höppner, B. , Pernicka, E. , 2006, The Provenance of Iron Artefacts from Manching: A Multitechnique Approach. Archaeometry 48 (3), 431-450.

Schwab, R. , Höppner, B. , Pernicka, E., 2006, Provenance of Iron Artefacts from the Celtic Oppidum of Manching (Bavaria). Proceedings 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry 3-7 May 2004 Zaragoza, Spain, Zaragoza, 223-229.

Schwab, R. , Sievers, S., 2006, Dual System at the End of the Iron Age. Archeology in Germany 2/06, 6-11.

2005

Heyd, V., Winterholler, B., Böhm, K., Pernicka, E. , 2005, Mobility, Strontium Isotopia and Subsistence in the South German Bell Beaker Culture. Report of the Bavarian Bodendenkmalpflege 43/44, 109-135.

Höppner, B. , Bartelheim, M., Huijsmans, M., Krauss, R., Martinek, K.-P., Pernicka, E. , Schwab, R. , 2005, Prehistoric Copper Production in the Inn Valley, Austria, and the earliest Copper in Central Europe. Archaeometry 47 (2), 293-315.

Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E. , 2005, The smelters of Sialk, outcome of the first stage of archaeometallurgical researches at Tappeh Sialk. In S. Malek Shamirzadeh (ed.), The Fishermen of Sialk, Sialk Reconsideration Project, Rep. 4, 79-103.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2005, The Coptic Textiles. Fabrics and robes of the first millennium from Egypt. Catalog to the collection Kolumba Cologne, Essen.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2005, Oriental Christians exemplified by the Copts. In A. Wieczorek, M. Fansa, H. Meller (ed.), Saladin and the Crusaders, catalog to the exhibition in Halle, Oldenburg and Mannheim, Mainz, 313-318, No. A.22-A.31.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2005, catalog contributions. In K. Sporn (ed.), Europe's mirror. The collection of antiques in the Suermondt Ludwig Museum Aachen. Stock catalog, Wiesbaden 2005, 246-248 No. 371, No. 372-373; 253 No. 381 color chart. P. 296.

Scharf, A., Kretschmer, W., Uhl, T., Kritzler, K., Hunger, K., Pernicka, E. , 2005, Radiocarbon dating of iron artifacts at the Erlangen AMS facility. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 240, 478-482.

Schifer, Th. , 2005, Archaeometric investigations on Waldenburg stoneware - determination of origin and investigations on technology. In D. Scheidemantel, Th., Schifer, Waldenburg stoneware, archeology and natural sciences. Publications of the State Office of Archeology with Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte 44, 287-258.

Schreiner, M., Pike, AWG, Foster, GL, Pernicka, E. , 2005, Provenance of metal artefacts in archeology. In J. Labuda (ed.), Montánna archeológia na Slovensku. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Mining Archeology in 25 years of excavating on Glanzenberg hill in Banská Štiavnica. Bánska Štiavnica, 7-9. September 2005. Slovenské banské museum Bánska Štiavnica, 33-40.

Schwab, R. , 2005, Investigation of a late Celtic ceremonial sword by Büchel, Cochem-Zell. Reports on archeology at the Middle Rhine and Moselle 10, Trier magazine booklet 29, 327-336.

2004

Affonso, MTC, Pernicka, E. , 2004, Mineralogical analysis of early Neolithic stone rings from Basta, Jordan. In
HJ Nissen, M. Muheisen, HGK Gebel (eds.), Basta I - the Human Ecology. Yarmouk University Publications, Institute of Archeology and Anthropology Monograph Series 4, Berlin, 155-167.

Krause, R., Oeggl, K., Pernicka, E. , 2004, A fortified castle settlement of the Bronze Age in the Montafon, Vorarlberg. Interdisciplinary settlement research and mining archeology in Bartholomäberg and in Silbertal. Archeology in Austria 15/1, 4-21.

Kronz, A., Pernicka, E. , Simon, K., 2004, Scientific investigations on the Late Neolithic copper ax of Reiffenhausen. Archaeological correspondence sheet 34, 35-56.

Lutz, J. , 2004, X-ray fluorescence analyzes. In H. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka (ed.), The Metal Industry of Mesopotamia from the Beginning to the 2nd Millennium BC BC, Orient Archeology 3, Rahden / Westf., 109-149.

Lutz, J. , Pernicka, E., 2004, Neutron Activation Analyzes. In H. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka (ed.), The Metal Industry of Mesopotamia from the Beginning to the 2nd Millennium BC BC, Orient Archeology 3, Rahden / Westf., 104-107.

Pernicka, E. , 2004, The Beginnings of Metallurgy in Central Europe. In H. Meller (ed.), The Forged Heaven: the vast world in the heart of Europe 3600 years ago. Accompanying volume to the special exhibition, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle (Saale) Stuttgart, 134-135.

Pernicka, E. , 2004, Archaeometallurgy: Examples of the application of scientific methods to the provenance of archaeological metal objects. M. Martini, M. Milazzo, M. Piacentini (eds.), Physics Methods in Archaeometry, Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi" Course CLIV, 309-329.

Pernicka; E. , 2004, copper and silver in Arisman and Tappeh Sialk and the early metallurgy in Iran. In Th. Stöllner,
R. Slotta, A. Vatandoust (ed.), Persia's Ancient Splendor - Mining, Crafts, Archeology. Publications from the German Mining Museum 128, Bochum, 232-239.

Pernicka; E. , Radtke, M., Riesemeier, H., Wunderlich, C.-H., 2004, European Competence Competence at 1600 BC. BESSY Highlights 2003, 8-9.

Pernicka; E. , Stöllner, Th., 2004, Medieval Islamic ceramics and a recipe book from Kashan. In Th. Stöllner,
R. Slotta, A. Vatandoust (ed.), Persia's Ancient Splendor - Mining, Crafts, Archeology. Publications from the German Mining Museum 128, Bochum, 510-517.

Ruttkay, E., Cichocki, O., Pernicka, E. , Pucher, E., 2004, Prehistoric Lacustrine Villages on the Austrian Lakes: Past and Recent Research Developments. In F. Menotti (ed.), Living on the lake in prehistoric Europe. London, New York, 50-68.

Scharf, A., Kretschmer, W., Morgenroth, G., Uhl, T., Kritzler, K., Hunger, K., Pernicka, E. , 2004, Radiocarbon dating of iron artifacts at the Erlangen AMS facility. Radiocarbon 46 (1), 175-180.

Stöllner, Th., Weisgerber, G., Momenzadeh, M., Pernicka, E. , Shirazi, S., 2004, The lead / silver mines of Nakhlak and their significance in antiquity. The bleed 56, 76-97.

2003

Bartelheim, M., Eckstein, K., Pernicka, E. , Huijsmans, M., Krauss, R., 2003, Chalcolithic metal extraction in Brixlegg, Austria. In Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia (ed.), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, International Conference 24.-26. September 2003 Milan, Italy, Proceedings Vol. 1, Milan, 441-448.

Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Pernicka, E. , 2003, On the Composition and Provenance of Metal Finds from Besiktepe (Troia). In GA Wagner, E. Pernicka, H.-P. Uerpmann (eds.), Troy and the Troad: Scientific Approaches. Berlin et al., 173-201.

Gillis, C., Clayton, R., Pernicka, E. , Gale, NH, 2003, Tin in the Aegean Bronze Age. In K. Polinger Foster, R. Laffineur (ed.), METRON. Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 9th International Aegean Conference, New Haven, Yale University, 18-21 April 2002, Aegaeum 24, 103-110.

Guzowska, M., Kuleff, I., Pernicka, E. , Satir, M., 2003, On the Origin of Coarse Wares of Troy VII. In GA Wagner,
E. Pernicka, H.-P. Uerpmann (eds.), Troy and the Troad: Scientific Approaches. Berlin et al., 233-249.

Haustein, M., Krbetschek, MR, Pernicka, E. , 2003, Influence of radiation at the TL signal of quartz. Ancient TL 21, 7-10.

Haustein, M., Roewer, G., Krbetschek, MR, Pernicka, E. , 2003, Dating archaeometallurgical slags using thermoluminescence. Archaeometry 45, 519-530.

Iliev, I., Kuleff, I., Adam, J., Pernicka, E. , 2003, Electrochemical lead separation from copper, copper alloy, silver and silver alloy for isotope ratio determination in archaeometric investigations. Analytica Chimica Acta 497, 227-233.

Junk, SA, Pernicka, E. , 2003, An assessment of osmium isotope ratios as a new tool to determine the provenance of gold with platinum group metal inclusions. Archaeometry 45, 313-331.

Kuleff, I., Pernicka, E. , Gergova, D., Iliev, I., 2003, Chemical and lead isotope composition of ancient artefacts from Thracia. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Modern Trends and Applications, 23-27 September 2003, Thessaloniki, 15-18.

Liversage, D., Pernicka, E. , 2002, An Industry in Crisis? Copper Alloy Impurity Patterns near the End of the Hungarian Bronze Age. In E. Jerem, KT Biró (eds.), Archaeometry 98: Proceedings of the 31st Symposium, Budapest, April 26 - May 3 1998. Volume II, Archaeolingua Central European Series 1, BAR International Series 1043 (II), 417-431 ,

Meliksetian, Kh., Badalyan, R., Avetissyan, P., Pernicka, E. , 2003, Geochemical characterization of Armenian Early Bronze Age metal artifacts and their relation to copper ores. Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia (ed.), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, International Conference 24.-26. September 2003 Milan, Italy, Proceedings Vol. 1, Milan, 597-606.

Meliksetian, Kh., Avetissyan, P., Pernicka, E. , Simonyan, H., 2003, Chemical and lead isotope characterization of Middle Bronze Age bronzes and some Iron Age antimony objects (Armenia). Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia (ed.), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, International Conference 24.-26. September 2003 Milan, Italy, Proceedings Vol. 2, Milan, 311-318.

Niederschlag, E., Pernicka, E. , Seifert, Th., Bartelheim, M., 2003, Determination of Lead Isotope Ratios by Multiple Collector ICP-MS: A case study of early Bronze Age artifacts and their possible relation with ore deposits of the Ore Mountains. Archaeometry 45, 61-100.

Paetz gen. Schieck, A. , 2003, Salvaged from graves. Coptic textiles from own collection. Catalog for the exhibition at the German Textile Museum Krefeld, Kleve.

Pernicka, E. , Adam, J., 2003, Analysis d'isotopes du plomb on objets métalliques: essai de détermination des origines. In C. Rolley (ed.), La Tombe Princière de Vix. Paris, 278-285.

Pernicka, E. , Eibner, C., Öztunal ?, Ö., Wagner, GA, 2003, Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Northeast Aegean. In GA Wagner, E. Pernicka, H.-P. Uerpmann (eds.), Troy and the Troad: Scientific Approaches. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 143-172.

Schreiner, M., Heimann, RB, Pernicka, E. , 2003, Mineralogical and Geochemical Investigations into Prehistoric Smelting Slags from Tepe Sialk / Central Iran. Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia (ed.), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, International Conference 24.-26. September 2003 Milan, Italy, Proceedings Vol. 1, Milan, 487-496.

Schreiner, M., Heimann, RB, Pernicka, E. , 2003, Mineralogical and Geochemical Investigations into Prehistoric Smelting Slags from Tepe Sialk / Central Iran. In S. Malek Shamirzadeh (ed.), The Silversmiths of Sialk. Sialk Reconsideration Project, Rep. 2, 13-24.

Schwab, R. , 2003, From the Restoration of Archaeological Heritage to Archaeometallurgy. In M. Knaut, M. Koerber (Red.), Exposed. Ten years studying restoration / excavation technology in Berlin. Berlin Contributions to the Conservation of Cultural Property and Excavation Technique 1, Berlin, 36-37.

Schwab, R. , Höppner, B. , Pernicka, E. , 2003, Studies in Technology and Provenance of Iron Artefacts from the Celtic Oppidum of Manching (Bavaria). Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia (ed.), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, International Conference 24.-26. September 2003 Milan, Italy, Proceedings Vol. 1, Milan, 11-16.

2002

Bartelheim, M., Eckstein, K., Huijsmans, M., Krauss, R., Pernicka, E. , 2002, Copper-Age Metallurgy in Brixlegg, Austria. In M. Bartelheim, E. Pernicka, R. Krause (ed.), The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World / The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World, Research on Archaeometry and Classical Studies 1, Rahden, 33-82.

Bartelheim, M., Pernicka, E. , 2002, The Institute for Archaeometry at the TU Bergakademie Freiberg (Saxony). Archaeological Bulletin 7, 229-239.

Boroffka, N., Cierny, J., Lutz, J. , Parzinger, H., Pernicka, E. , Weisgerber, G., 2002, Bronze Age Tin from Central Asia: Preliminary Notes. In K. Boyle, C. Renfrew, M. Levine (eds.), Ancient interactions: east and west in Eurasia. Cambridge, 135-159.

Niederschlag, E., Pernicka, E. , 2002, The provenance of Early Bronze Age Copper from Northern Bohemia and Central Germany - First Results by Physico-Chemical Investigations. In BS Ottaway, EC Wager (eds.), Metals and Society. BAR International Series 1061, 51-59.

Pernicka, E. , 2002, The Institute of Archaeometry in Freiberg. In M. Bartelheim, E. Pernicka, R. Krause (ed.), The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World / The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World, Research on Archaeometry and Classical Studies 1, Rahden, 15-24.

Pernicka, E. , Schmidt, K., Schmitt-Strecker, S., 2002, The Metal Craft. In K. Schmidt, Norsuntepe, Kleinfunde II. Artifacts of rock, bones and antlers, clay, metal and glass. Archaeologica Euphratica 2, 115-135.

Pernicka, E. , Wunderlich, C.-H., 2002, Scientific Investigations on the Findings of Nebra. Archeology in Saxony-Anhalt 1, 17-22.

Schwab, R. , 2002, Evidence for carburized steel and quench-hardening in the 'Celtic' oppidum of Manching. Historical Metallurgy, 36 (1), 6-16.

Schwab, R. , 2002, The Oppidum of Manching and Celtic Iron in Southern Germany. In V. Pschebezin, L. Savov, S. Ovtchinnikov, ME Vogel, C. Thomser (ed.), From the origin of metallurgy to future applications, Freiberg, 8-12.

2001

Affonso, MTC, Pernicka, E. 2001, Neolithic Lime Plasters and Pozzolanic Reactions. Are they Occasional Occurrences? In RM Boehmer, J. Maran (ed.), Lux Orientis, Archeology between Asia and Europe, Festschrift for Harald Hauptmann, International Archeology Studia honoraria 12, Rahden / Westf., 9-13.

Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Pernicka, E. , Lo Schiavo, F., 2001, Chemical Composition and Lead Isotopy of Copper and Bronze from Nuragic Sardinia. European Journal of Archeology, 4 (1), 43-85.

Junk, M., Krause, R., Pernicka, E. , 2001, Eyelet Bar and the Classical Eyelet Ring Copper. WH Metz, BL van Beek, H. Steegstra (eds.), PATINA. Essays presented to Jay Jordan Butler on the occasion of his 80th birthday, Groningen / Amsterdam, 353-366.

Pernicka, E. , 2001, metals make epoch. Bronze, iron and silver. In accompanying volume to the exhibition "Troia - Dream and Reality", Stuttgart, 369-372.

Pernicka, E. , 2001, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Merovingian Denarius and Sceattas from the Findings of Goting-Kliff / Föhr. In G. Hatz, The Coin Fund of Goting-Kliff / Föhr, Numismatic Studies 14, Museum of Hamburg History, Dept. Münzkabinett, Regenstauf.

Rassmann, K., Lutz, J. , Pernicka, E. , 2001, Early Bronze Age full-grip dagger of Malchiner type - "imports" or first evidence of Nordic bronze craft. In M. Meyer (ed.), "... TRANS ALBIM FLUVIUM", Festschrift for Achim Leube, International Archeology Studia honoraria 10, Rahden / Westf., 89-100.

Schifer, Th. , Kuleff, I., Mishev, P., Pernicka, E. , 2001, Determination of Zinc in Clay and Pottery Materials by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 251, 319-322.

Schwab, R. , 2001, Ironworking at the Oppidum of Manching, Bavaria. R. Pleiner (ed.), Comité pour la Sidérurgie Ancienne de l'Union Internationale des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, Archeology rozhledy, 53 (3), Prague, 631-632.

2000

Bàtora, J., Pernicka, E. , 2000, Chemical Composition of Copper Artifacts from the Early Bronze Age Cemetery of Jelšovce. In J. Bàtora, the burial ground of Jelšovce / Slovakia. A contribution to the Early Bronze Age in the northwestern Carpathian Basin, Prehistoric Archeology in Southeastern Europe 16, Kiel, 579-592.

Chegini, NN, Momenzadeh, M., Parzinger, H., Pernicka, E. , Stollner, T., Vatandoust, R., Weisgerber, G., 2000, Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman near Kashan, western central Iran. Archaeological communications from Iran and Turan, 32, 281-318.

Pernicka, E. , 2000, Composition of the Early and Middle Bronze Age metal finds from the necropolis of Demircihüyük-Sariket. In J. Seeher, The Bronze Age Necropolis of Demircihüyük-Sariket, Istanbul Research 44, Tübingen, 232-237.

Pernicka, E. , 2000, Isotope Archeology. D. Rammlmair, J. Mederer, Th. Oberthür, RB Heimann, H. Pentinghaus (eds.), Applied Mineralogy in Research, Economy, Technology, Ecology and Culture Vol. 2, Proc. of the Sixth Intern. Congress on Applied Mineralogy ICAM 2000, Göttingen, 17-19 July 2000, Rotterdam / Brookfield, 1025-1028.

Pernicka, E. , 2000, Review by V. McGeehan Liritzis: The Role and Development of Metallurgy in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Greece. Studies in Mediterranean Archeology and Literature, Pocket Book 122, Paul Åströms Förlag, Jonsered 1996. Prehistoric Journal, 75, 235-239.

Pernicka, E. , 2000, The Riddle of Pewter. Spectrum of Science, 11/2000, 88-89.

Pernicka, E. , 2000, review by M.-C. Cauvin et al .: L'obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient, Du volcan à l'outil. BAR International Series 738, Oxford, 1998. Paléorient 26/1, 160-162.

Crepaldi Affonso MTC, Pernicka, E. , 2000, Pre-Pottery Neolithic Clay Figurines from Nevali Cori, Turkey. Internet Archeology 9, ( http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue9/bourriau_index.html ).

Schifer, Th. , 2000, Le minerais de cuivre de Cabriéres (Hérault, France). Archéologie en Languedoc 24, 173-182.

Schwab, R. , 2000, Observations on Liturgical Equipment from a Trier Latrine, Trierer Zeitschrift, 63, Trier, 387-396.

Schwab, R. , 2000, Reflections on iron supply of the oppidum of Manching based on metallurgical investigations on weapons and equipment, Berlin contributions to the archaeometry, 17, Berlin, 5-44.

Sievers, S., Gebhard, R., Leicht, M., Schwab, R. , Völkel, J., Weber, B., Ziegaus, B., 2000, Preliminary report on the excavations 1998-1999 in the oppidum of Manching, Germania , 78 (2), Mainz, 355-394.

http://www.cez-archaeometrie.de/?page_id=39

↧

Call for participation Vedic River Sarasvati, Intl. Conf. 19, 20 Jan. 2018: International Sarasvati Mahotsava-2018, Heritage development

December 26, 2017, 4:07 am

≫ Next: Hinduism taught in Indonesia schools

≪ Previous: kaṁsá, pittala, jasta, tuttha, ranga, loha Indus Script hypertexts signify bell-metal, pewter, brass, zinc, copper

https://www.scribd.com/document/367889936/Call-for-participation-Vedic-River-Sarasvati-Intl-Conf-19-20-Jan-2018

You would be delighted to know that Haryana Government Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board (HSHDB)) to an initiative to rejuvenate Sarasvati River and prepared a comprehensive project plan to develop its heritages & Sarasvati Tirha's along the course of mighty River Sarasvati.

During upcoming 18-22nd January we are organising five day International Sarasvati Mahotsava-2018. On the eve of this event we are organising many actvities which start from Adi Badri with the comensment of Sarasvati Yatra, Mobile Exhibition, School Programmes, School Copetition (Essay, Quiz, Painiting, Peoptry, Syposium etc), International conference on Sarasvati (Kurukshetra Unviersity), and Maha Jal Abhisheka at Pehowa (Kurukshetra) on 22nd from the water collected from 494 Rivers of India and Neighboring Countries.

I am appending the conference details below

Your are also requested to prepare a monograph on Sarasvati River and/or participate in the International Conference.

With Best Regards

Prashant Bhardwaj

Deputy Chairman

Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board

SCO-217, Sector-14,

Panchkula-134113

0172-2585551

Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board (HSHDB) andThe Centre of Excellence for Research on the Saraswati River, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra (Haryana) are organizing an International Conference on Sarasvati River at Kurukshetra University from 19th January to 20th January, 2018.

The HSHDB requests you confirmation of your visit to attend the ICSR 2018 along with your itinerary before December 30th, 2017 so that necessary arrangements will be made accordingly.

Please find the attachment for call for papers and participation.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SARASVATI RIVER TEAM*

Conveners

Dr A. K. Gupta

Former Scientist ISRO (Rtd.) and Member, HSHDB

Mob. +91 9620140140

Email: anil_akg@rediffmail.com

Prof. Dr. A. R. Chaudhri

Director, Centre of Excellence for Research on the Saraswati River

Dept. of Geology Building

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India

Tel. +91 -1744-239653

Conference Email: icsr2018kuk@gmail.com

Co-Conveners

Dr. Mukta Sharma, Assistant Prof., Punjab Technical University 9478098123

Sh. Arvind Kaushik, Superintending Engin eer, HSHDB 9416262436

Organising Secretaries

Dr. Naresh Kumar Sagwal, Assistant Prof., Geology Dept., KU 9896955377

Dr. O. P. Thakur, Assistant Prof., Geology Dept., KU 7056274288

Call for participation: Vedic River Sarasvati Intl. Conf. 19, 20 Jan. 2018 by Srini Kalyanaraman on Scribd

↧

Hinduism taught in Indonesia schools

December 26, 2017, 5:13 pm

≫ Next: Ananta Śeṣasāyī mandiram in Bandhavgarh world heritage National Park

≪ Previous: Call for participation Vedic River Sarasvati, Intl. Conf. 19, 20 Jan. 2018: International Sarasvati Mahotsava-2018, Heritage development

Subhash Kak‏ @subhashkak1 9 hours ago
Supreme divinity of Hinduism in Indonesia is Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa = acintya Brahman अचिन्त्य ब्रह्मन् = Shiva. Shown by empty chair top of padmasana पद्मासन shrine. In expansion as Tri Purusa: Siva, SadaSiva and ParamaSiva, or as Trimurti: Brahma, Visnu, and Siva. + Devi Sri.
2 replies49 retweets103 likes
Subhash Kak‏ @subhashkak1 1 hour ago
Unlike India, Indonesia has a sophisticated public school curriculum for teaching Hinduism. Religion is a compulsory subject. Agama Hindu Dharma is understood to be revelation based, a “religion of heaven,” as opposed to the ethnic “religions of the earth” which are human-made.
1 reply15 retweets18 likes
Subhash Kak‏ @subhashkak1 27 minutes ago
Here're some details of the Indonesian school curriculum on Hinduism: it covers broad ground. In comparison, most Indians -- even journalists and TV folks -- are ill-informed on these topics, picking up this stuff only if lucky to be formally taught by a teacher or by self-study.

↧

Ananta Śeṣasāyī mandiram in Bandhavgarh world heritage National Park

December 27, 2017, 7:31 am

≫ Next: Language and Testimony in Classical Indian Philosophy -- Madhav Deshpande

≪ Previous: Hinduism taught in Indonesia schools

https://tinyurl.com/yah8geeo

How to reach Bandhavgarh world heritage monument

By Air: Nearest airport is Jabalpur, which is about 200 km away from Bandhavgarh.Jabalpur airport is connected to Delhi and Bhopal.

By Rail: Nearest railhead is Umaria, which is about 32 km away from the heart of the city. Umaria is in the broad gauge link and connected to all major railway junctions including Delhi (Durg Jat Sf Exp), Bhopal (Bsp Bpl Pas), Vishakhapatnam (Hirakund Exp (Hirakund Exp) and Agra (Utkal Express).

शेष m. N. of a celebrated mythological thousand-headed serpent regarded as the emblem of eternity (whence he is also called अन्-न्त, " the infinite " ; in the विष्णु-पुराण he and the serpents वासुकि and तक्षक are described as sons of कद्रु , but in one place शेष alone is called king of the नागs or snakes inhabiting पाताल , while elsewhere वासुकि also is described as king of the नगs and तक्षक of the serpents ; the thousand headed शेष is sometimes represented as forming the couch and canopy of विष्णु whilst sleeping during the intervals of creation , sometimes as supporting the seven पातालs with the seven regions above them and therefore the entire world ; he is said to have taught astronomy to गर्ग ; according to some legends he became incarnate in बल-राम q.v.) MBh. Hariv.Pur. &c ( RTL. 105 ; 112 ; 232 n. 1); m. N. of one of the प्रजा-पतिs R. VP.

Ananta Śeṣasāyī pratimā is 30 ft. long.

See: Snakes, cobra-hoods on Indus Script hypertexts and ancient Bhāratīya sculpture signify phaḍa फड wealth accounting ledgers of guilds

https://tinyurl.com/y93o3s9r

Seshasayi in Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh
Image result for bandhavgarh caves

Closeby is a cluster of man-made caves, some of prehistoric times.

Bandhavgarh National Park has a high density of tigers, and travellers have the opportunity to see them at fairly close quarters. Photo: Dhritiman Mukherjee

Bandhavgarh or Bandavgarh is a region located in Umaria district, towards the north-eastern border of Madhya Pradesh. Situated amidst the Satpura and Vindhya ranges, Bandhavgarh is famous for its wildlife resources and eco-tourism initiatives. Bandhavgarh is a historic place with mythological significance. It is mentioned in ancient texts such as the Narada Pancha Ratra and the Shiv Purana. As per the epic Ramayana, Lord Rama stayed in Bandhavgarh for a brief period while he was on his way back home, after defeating Ravana.A fort was constructed here by two monkey architects for Lord Rama, which was later gifted to Lakshmana. The fort was called as Bandhavgarh (Brother’s Fort) and Lakshmana was Bandhavadhish (Lord of Bandhavgarh Fort). Bandhavgarh region got its name from this fort.Later, Bandhavgarh Fort, situated at a height of 800 m above sea level, became the private property of the Maharajas of Rewas. Inscriptions that date back to 300 AD are still found on the walls of the Bandhavgarh Fort.The region of Bandhavgarh was an important territory under many rulers, among which the most prominent ones were the Chandelas of Bundelkhand, the Mughals and the Lodis. It lost its political importance during the 17th century.The region surrounding Bandhavgarh was covered by dense forests, which became a royal hunting reserve or ‘Shikargarh’ of the Rajas of Rewas. These forests were designated as a National Park in the year 1968 and Bandhavgarh National Park was relocated.

Bandhavgarh National Park provides abode to many endangered wildlife species like tigers, Indian bison, chital and langurs. Besides these, nilgais, chausingha, chinkara, wild boars and jackals can also be found in the park. It is known for the highest density of tigers in the world. From 105 sq km, area of the park was increased to 448.84 sq. km in 1982. Proposal to designate a part of the area of Rewa to tiger conservation was presented by Maharaja Martand Singh of Rewa. Apart from the wild animals, this national park is also home to about 250 species of birds like browed fantails, green pigeons, gray Malabar hornbills and green bee eaters. Furthermore, steppe eagles, black and white Malabar hornbills, parakeets, white bellied drongos and gold fronted leaf birds can also be spotted in the park. The park also has many ancient caves having various inscriptions written in Sanskrit language. Located between the Vindhyan Hill Range and the eastern flank of Satpura Hill Range, the sanctuary can be explored by elephant jeep safaris.In 1993, the park was included in the Project Tiger Network, in consideration of its importance and potentiality. Isolated patches of Tala ranges of the reserve contain few rare species like insectivorous plants drocera peltata and medicinal plant like buch (Acorus calamus). From the eastern end of the park, Rivers Johilla and Son flow. The western fringes of the park are served by Umrar River.

Bandhavgarh Fort, believed to be around 2,000 years old, is located atop the Bandhavgarh Hill, in the centre of the national park. Books like ‘Narad-Panch Ratra’ and the ‘Shiva Purana’ contain references to this fort. Surrounded by a large number of smaller hills separated by gently sloping valleys, the fort is home to many endangered species of vultures.The fort was the seat of rulers of Rewa State, until they shifted to Rewa town in 1617 AD. Folklore legend states that Lord Rama built this fort when he was returning from Lanka after conquering Ravana. To keep an eye on the happenings of Lanka, Lord Rama gave the charge of the fort to his brother Lakshmana. In the fort are present statues of various incarnations of Lord Vishnu, which were carved out of single rocks. Dating back to 10th or 11 century AD, the statues allure numerous tourists to the site. Out of all the statues, the biggest is called Shesh Shaiya, which depicts Lord Vishnu in reclining pose.It is believed that this fort remained under the reign of many rulers like the Maghas, the Vakatakas, the Sengars, the Kalchuris and the Baghels. Near the fort lies a temple dedicated to Lakshmana (Bandhavdish).

http://ddlogo.blogspot.in/2013/01/day-91-bandhavgarh.html

↧

Shakti Tirth : Mata Temple Tirth

Wednesday, December 13, 2017

Science Channel on Ram Setu as man-made structure concurs with Historical Rama.

Gandhi family took all decisions, reduced Manmohan Singh to titular head: BJP

Are the Ancient Hindu myths of a land bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka true?

Are the Ancient Hindu myths of a land bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka true?

Time to declare Ram Setu as national monument: Kalyanaraman

ANDREW OLLETT works on the literary and intellectual traditions of premodern India.

Language of the Snakes

Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India

SC ORDER ‘SHATTERS’ TN CHILDREN'S JNV DREAMS

Why Anthropology is too Narrow an Intellectual Context for Archaeology*

This is an addendum to the mongraph:Bronze Age kuṭhāru 'armourer, फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons' signified as Indus Script hypertexts

-https://tinyurl.com/yda2b9qo

In a breath-taking splendour of a sculptural relief of Bharhut, Nāgaraja, Erapattra worships in front of the

paṭa which is topped by a tree: kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter.

The tree is atop a पट n. a thatch or roof (= पटल) L.

The Indus Script hypertexts are: paṭa ‘roof’ rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metals manufactory, accounting ledger, Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons'.

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'throne, hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'throne' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'throne, hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'throne' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Four cobra-hoods PLUS pudendum muliebre as Indus Script hypertext on Daimabad charioteer

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

ASPECTS OF EARLY NĀGA CULT IN INDIA

http://ratnagiri.nic.in/gazetter/gom/his_satavahanas.htmlhttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=057The sculptural friezes of Amaravati are replete with a recurrent theme of adoration of Nāga-s.

Nāga-s worship the Atharva Veda fiery pillar of light (AV X.7), worshipped in kole.l 'smithy,forge' calling it kole.l 'temple. Nāga-s venerated Dhamma as exemplified by Indus Script hypertexts.

Indus Script hypertexts ayo kammaṭa dvāra, 'entrance mint workshop' (Mahāvamsa); paṭṭaḍi 'metal anvil workshop'

https://tinyurl.com/y94jt7ah

Figures, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 57, No. 3/4 (1997), pp. 189-241.]

Amaravati Drum Slabs: Nagas

Arun Upadhyay

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

See: Snakes, cobra-hoods on Indus Script hypertexts and ancient Bhāratīya sculpture signify phaḍa फड wealth accounting ledgers of guilds

http://ratnagiri.nic.in/gazetter/gom/his_satavahanas.html

http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=057

The sculptural friezes of Amaravati are replete with a recurrent theme of adoration of
Nāga-s.