https://tinyurl.com/ybvog2h6
This monograph posits a Metals Age Region of Eurasia from ca.5th millennium BCE, of which Sarasvati Civilization with over 2000 archaeological sites (80% of the civilization sites) on the Sarasvati River basin was the central link providing maritime trade through a riverine waterway of Sarasvati River.
Sarasvati civilization is viewed as a set of five regions of Vedic Sarasvati River basin with the capitals of Dholavira, Mohenjo-daro, Ganweriwala, Harappa and Rakhigarhi.
Rakhigarhi was the capital of both 1. the Drishadvati Sarasvati tributary region and 2. the Yamuna-Ganga-Brahmaputra metals age cultures.
I suggest that Rakhigarhi was not only a capital city of the Drishadvati Sarasvati tributary region, but also 1. the Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) and Copperhoard culture region of the upper reaches of Yamuna river, 2. the iron ore culture of Ganga Basin, and 3. Tin-bronze copper age cultures of Brahmaputra Basin. The table of dates for early iron use in Ganga basin and other parts of India has been provided (Table 1 and Table 2); these are coterminus with the dates of Sarasvati Civilization in all the phases transiting from the Copper age into the Age of metals alloys.
Since the Himalayan rivers constituted riverine waterways, there was a seamless extention into the maritime trade regions of the Indian Ocean Rim, Persian Gulf, Tigris-Euphrates doab and Mediterrarean ocean, creating an interlinked Metals Age region of Eurasia extending from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel).
Seafaring merchants and artisans of Meluhha have provided the evidence of over 8000 Indus Script Inscriptions which constitute wealth accounting ledgers and metalwork catalogues as documentary evidence for this Metals Age of Eurasia.
The Himalayan riverine waterways united the OCP and Copper hoard region, iron ore region of Ganga basin (cf. iron smelters) and bronze age cultures of Brahmaputra basin (cf. Karatoya river on map) with the Sarasvati Civilization.
The following maps and tables are presented to posit the Metals Age region of Eurasia:
Fig. 1. Iron working sites of Ancient India
Fig. 2. Table 1. Dates* for early iron-use from Indian sites
Fig. 3. Table 2. 14C dates for early iron-use from the Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas
Fig. 4. Sites of Ochre coloured pottery and copper hoard tools
Fig. 5. Bronze Age sites, North East India and Ancient Far East: Bronze Age sites of eastern Bha_rata and neighbouring areas: 1. Koldihwa; 2. Khairdih; 3. Chirand; 4. Mahisadal; 5. Pandu Rajar Dhibi; 6. Mehrgarh; 7. Harappa; 8. Mohenjo-daro; 9. Ahar; 10.Kayatha; 11. Navdatoli; 12. Inamgaon; 13. Non Pa Wai; 14. Nong Nor; 15. Ban Na Di and Ban Chiang; 16. Non Nok Tha; 17. Thanh Den; 18. Shizhaishan; 19. Ban Don Ta Phet [After Fig. 8.1 in: Charles Higham, 1996, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, Cambridge University Press].
Fig. 6. Austro-asiatic speakers, Pinnow map
Fig. 7. Karatoya river, Brahmaputra-Ganga Basins
Fig. 8. Largest tin belt of the globe, Ancient Far East
Fig. 9 National Waterways of India which facilitated the trade interactions during the Metals Age
Fig. 10 Himalayan river waterways of Ancient Far East
Fig. 1 Iron working sites of Ancient India
Fig. 2 Table 1. Dates* for early iron-use from Indian sites
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36863/5/chapter%204.pdf
Fig. 4 Sites of Ochre coloured pottery and copper hoard tools
This monograph posits a Metals Age Region of Eurasia from ca.5th millennium BCE, of which Sarasvati Civilization with over 2000 archaeological sites (80% of the civilization sites) on the Sarasvati River basin was the central link providing maritime trade through a riverine waterway of Sarasvati River.
I submit that the strong evidence for this role of Rakhigarhi are the scores of professional calling cards of metalworkers and seafaring merchants which are the Bronze Anthropomorphs.
Rakhigarhi was the capital of both 1. the Drishadvati Sarasvati tributary region and 2. the Yamuna-Ganga-Brahmaputra metals age cultures.
I suggest that Rakhigarhi was not only a capital city of the Drishadvati Sarasvati tributary region, but also 1. the Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) and Copperhoard culture region of the upper reaches of Yamuna river, 2. the iron ore culture of Ganga Basin, and 3. Tin-bronze copper age cultures of Brahmaputra Basin. The table of dates for early iron use in Ganga basin and other parts of India has been provided (Table 1 and Table 2); these are coterminus with the dates of Sarasvati Civilization in all the phases transiting from the Copper age into the Age of metals alloys.
Since the Himalayan rivers constituted riverine waterways, there was a seamless extention into the maritime trade regions of the Indian Ocean Rim, Persian Gulf, Tigris-Euphrates doab and Mediterrarean ocean, creating an interlinked Metals Age region of Eurasia extending from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel).
Seafaring merchants and artisans of Meluhha have provided the evidence of over 8000 Indus Script Inscriptions which constitute wealth accounting ledgers and metalwork catalogues as documentary evidence for this Metals Age of Eurasia.
The Himalayan riverine waterways united the OCP and Copper hoard region, iron ore region of Ganga basin (cf. iron smelters) and bronze age cultures of Brahmaputra basin (cf. Karatoya river on map) with the Sarasvati Civilization.
The following maps and tables are presented to posit the Metals Age region of Eurasia:
Fig. 1. Iron working sites of Ancient India
Fig. 2. Table 1. Dates* for early iron-use from Indian sites
Fig. 3. Table 2. 14C dates for early iron-use from the Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas
Fig. 4. Sites of Ochre coloured pottery and copper hoard tools
Fig. 5. Bronze Age sites, North East India and Ancient Far East: Bronze Age sites of eastern Bha_rata and neighbouring areas: 1. Koldihwa; 2. Khairdih; 3. Chirand; 4. Mahisadal; 5. Pandu Rajar Dhibi; 6. Mehrgarh; 7. Harappa; 8. Mohenjo-daro; 9. Ahar; 10.Kayatha; 11. Navdatoli; 12. Inamgaon; 13. Non Pa Wai; 14. Nong Nor; 15. Ban Na Di and Ban Chiang; 16. Non Nok Tha; 17. Thanh Den; 18. Shizhaishan; 19. Ban Don Ta Phet [After Fig. 8.1 in: Charles Higham, 1996, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, Cambridge University Press].
Fig. 6. Austro-asiatic speakers, Pinnow map
Fig. 7. Karatoya river, Brahmaputra-Ganga Basins
Fig. 8. Largest tin belt of the globe, Ancient Far East
Fig. 9 National Waterways of India which facilitated the trade interactions during the Metals Age
Fig. 10 Himalayan river waterways of Ancient Far East
Fig. 1 Iron working sites of Ancient India
Fig. 2 Table 1. Dates* for early iron-use from Indian sites
Fig. 3 Table 2. 14C dates for early iron-use from the Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36863/5/chapter%204.pdf
Fig. 4 Sites of Ochre coloured pottery and copper hoard tools
Fig. 4 Sites of Ochre coloured pottery and copper hoard tools
Fig. 5 Bronze Age sites, North East India and Ancient Far East: Bronze Age sites of eastern Bha_rata and neighbouring areas: 1. Koldihwa; 2. Khairdih; 3. Chirand; 4. Mahisadal; 5. Pandu Rajar Dhibi; 6. Mehrgarh; 7. Harappa; 8. Mohenjo-daro; 9. Ahar; 10.Kayatha; 11. Navdatoli; 12. Inamgaon; 13. Non Pa Wai; 14. Nong Nor; 15. Ban Na Di and Ban Chiang; 16. Non Nok Tha; 17. Thanh Den; 18. Shizhaishan; 19. Ban Don Ta Phet [After Fig. 8.1 in: Charles Higham, 1996, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, Cambridge University Press].
Fig. 6 Austro-asiatic speakers, Pinnow map
Fig. 7 Karatoya river, Brahmaputra-Ganga Basins
Fig. 8 Largest tin belt of the globe, Ancient Far East
Fig. 9 National Waterways of India which facilitated the trade interactions during the Metals Age
Fig. 10 Himalayan river waterways of Ancient Far East
Note on OCP theories
“B.B.Lal (1969:7) states, ‘Then there is the problem of Ochre Coloured Ware, is it late Harappan? Or, is it an altogether different industry dominating the Ganga Valley, there being, however, interactions between these wares and the Harappan? There is another and I dare say, a no less important aspect of the problem of the Ochre Colour Ware. At a number of placessuch asBahadrabad, Nasirpur, Jhinjhana, Hastinapur, Noh, Ahichchhatra, Atranjikhera, etc., these wares have been noticed to occur sporadically. Otherwiseclean plain, which imperceptivity merge into natural soil. Indications are that these deposits may be water-laid. Are we then faced here with a huge deluge covering hundreds of miles of the Ganga-Yamuna basin? Chronologically, this deluge may have to be placed some time about the middle of the second millennium B.C. Again, though there is a strong circumstantial evidence that this ware may have associated with the Copper-Hoards.”
may have associated with the Copper-Hoards.” The evidences indicate that the Upper Ganga plains were no doubt originally inhabited by the Late Harappansand Ochre Coloured Pottery using people immediately before the beginning of the 1st millennium B.C. The excavations at Saipai (Lal and Wahal,1971) and at many other sites by other scholars demonstrate that this culture was associated with Copper-Hoards. About the cultural association of the Hoards with O.C.P., however, three major theories are common among the scholars, which are: (i) They represent the traces of Vedic Aryans (ii) Theywere Harappan refugees on the move to the Upper Ganga Valley (iii) They are the original inhabitants of the Upper Ganga Valley.”(opcit.,pp 67-67)