https://tinyurl.com/yxogagkv
Apadana (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴) is a large hypostyle hall, best said the great audience hall and portico at Persepolis and the palace of Susa. Susa was the old metropolis of Elam. Apadana, the Palace of Darius in Susa was a palace complex in Susa, Iran, a capital of the Achaemenid Empire. The construction was conducted parallel to that of Persepolis...The palace complex was constructed by the Achaemenid king Darius I in Susa, his favorite capital. Construction works continued under Darius I's son, Xerxes, and to a lesser extent, Artaxerxes I (465–424 BCE) and Darius II (423-404 BCE).
Artaxerxes II (404–358 BCE)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa
Apadana of Elam is an artifice and the semantics are cognate with Meluhha Indian sprachbund term, Pariyāpadāna, 'artifice'.
अप-दान n. ( √ दै?) , a great or noble work R. ii , 65 , 4 S3a1k. (v.l.);( in पालि for अव-दान q.v.) a legend treating of former and future births of men and exhibiting the consequences of their good and evil actions (Monier-Williams) Apadāna (nt.) 1. [= Sk. apadāna] removing, breaking off, Diii. 88. -- 2. [= Sk. avadāna cp. ovāda] advice, admonition, instruction, morals Vin ii. 4 (an˚ not taking advice), 7 (id.) M i. 96; A v. 337 sq. (saddhā˚) Th 1, 47. -- 3. legend, life history. In the title Mahāpadāna suttanta it refers to the 7 Buddhas. In the title Apadānaŋ, that is ʻ the stories ʼ, it refers almost exclusively to Arahants. The other, (older), connotation seems to have afterwards died out. See Dialogues ii. 3. -- Pariyāpadāna (nt.) [pari+apadāna, the latter for ava˚, and metrical lengthening of a] good advice, application, trick, artfulness, artifice J v. 361, 369. (C. explns as parisuddha after v. l. pariyodāta which was prob. misread for pariyodāna), 370.
Charter foundation of the Susa apadana states: "The yaka timber was brought from Gandhara and frm Carmania. The gold was brought from Sardis and from Bactria which here was wrought. The precious stone lapis lazuli and carnelian which was wrought here, this was brought from Sogdiana. The precious stone turquoise, this was brought from Chorasmia which was wrought here. The silver and ebony were brought from Egypt. The ornamentation with which the wall was adorned, that from Ionia was brought. The ivory which was wrought here, was brought from Ethiopia and from Sind and from Arachosia. The stone columns which were here wrought, a village by name Abiradu in Elam -- from there were brought. The stone cutters who wrought the stone, those were Ionians and Sardians.The goldsmiths who wrought the gold, those were Medes and Egyptians.The men who wrought the wood, those were Sardians and Egyptians. The men who wrought the baked brick, those were Babylonians.The men who adorned the wall, those were Medes and Egyptians.The work Susa was one of excellence. Me may Ahuramazda protect me, Vistasp my father, and my country." (cf. Darius Dsf inscription http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm#dsf ; Josef Wieshofer, 2001, Ancient Persia, IB Tauris, p.26.) See: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-iii-the-achaemenid-period
The shape of he Choga Zanbil ziggurat compares with the ziggurat as a stepped pyramid shown on Sit Shamshi Bronze and the ziggurat of Mohenjo-daro (called stupa).
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Mohenjo-daro ziggurat in front of the Great bath (पुष्करिणी)
Sit-Shamshi ziggurat offering morning oblations to the sun..
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The ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil in Khuzestan was a magnificent structure of the Elamite Empire. Khuzestan's Elamites were "precursors of the royal Persians", and were "the founders of the first Iranian empire in the geographic sense." The name Khuzestan means "The Land of the Khuzi", and refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" or "Husa" (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources). The name of the city of Ahvaz also has the same origin as the name Khuzestan, being an Arabic broken plural from the compound name, "Suq al-Ahvaz" (Market of the Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times...Khouzhestan has been the land of Khouzhies who cultivate sugar cane even today in Haft Tepe...Archeological ruins verify the entire province of Khuzestan to be home to the Elamite civilization, a non-Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking kingdom, and "the earliest civilization of Persia"(According to: Sir Percy Sykes, A History of Persia, RoutledgeCurzon Publishers. 3rd edition. October 16, 2003, p.38)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_Province The name Khuzestan is derived from the Elamite (Ūvja)(According to The Cambridge History of Iran, 2, 259,) The Elamite word is cognate उषस् f. (nom. pl. उष्/आसस् and उष्/असस् ; instr. pl. उष्/अद्भिस् RV. i , 6 , 3 ; » Ka1s3. on Pa1n2. 7-4 , 48) morning light , dawn , morning (personified as the daughter of heaven and sister of the आदित्यs and the night); the evening light (RV. x , 127 , 7; AV. S3Br. S3ak. &c). कुश one of the great द्वीपs or divisions of the universe (surrounded by the sea of liquefied butter) BhP. v , 1 , 32 VP.;f. ( Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46) a small pin or piece of wood (used as a mark in recitation) La1t2y. ii , 6 , 1 and 4. This pin becomes a script symbol in cuneiform to signify the consonant + syllables ku-zi as in kusida'money-lender' used on an Indus Script seal with cuneiform inscription. कुसिदPa1n2. 4-1 , 37.कुसीद any loan or thing lent to be repaid with interest , lending money upon interest , usury; a money-lender , usurer TS. iii Gobh. Gaut. Pa1n2. &c
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Gadd seal 1 with bull as field symbol and cuneiform text read as: sag-ku-zi- (da) 'head, money-lender'. See:
I suggest that the name is derived from Meluhha, Indian sprachbund'language union': कुश--स्थल N. of the town कान्यकुब्ज Hcar.;N. of the town द्वारका MBh. ii , 614 Hariv. BhP. Ba1lar. This suggestion is based on the fact that the 'unicorn' is a dominant memory from the days of the Sarasvati Civilization of the Bronze Age, ca. 3rd millennium BCE since the 'spiny-horned, young bull' is the most dominant hypertext of Indus Script Corpora.
![Glazed / enamelled decorative brick frieze from the Apadana]()
Winged aurochs, 'unicorn'. Glazed / enamelled decorative brick frieze from the Apadana.Photo Credit: youngrobv at Flickr. At Pavilion Sully at the Louvre museum, Paris, France
![Frieze of griffon assembled from glazed / enamelled decorative brick from the Apadana.]()
Relief of winged lion, apadana, Susa.Frieze of griffon assembled from glazed / enamelled decorative brick from the Apadana.
![Perspolis.jpg]()
Persian column, Persepolis, Iran.
![Stone Capital that sits on top of the columns]()
Bull capital of the apidana, Susa. Now in Louvre Museum.
![map of Elam. Elam became part of Persia]()
Map of Elam. Location of Susa. Context, Persian Gulf. "Susa (also called Shushan, Greek Susiane), was one of the city-states of ancient Elam which later became the winter capital of the Persian Achaemenian kings (c. 675 - 330 BCE). There is evidence that Susa has been continuously inhabited from 4,200 BCE placing it among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. In addition, there are traces at Susa of a village inhabited around 7,000 BCE and painted pottery dating from ca. 5,000 BCE at the site...Alexander of Macedonia captured Susa in December 330 BCE and plundered the city, seizing some 40,000 talents of gold and silver from the treasury.
"http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/susa/
Apadana of Susa.
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Reconstruction of the Apadana roof
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Ruins of the Apadana
शिंशुमार m. a porpoise , Delphinus Gangeticus (= शिशु-मार q.v.) RV. TS. (= ग्राह Sa1y. )
शिशु--मार " child-killer " , the Gangetic porpoise or dolphin , Delphinus Gangeticus (वाजसनेयि-संहिता)
शैशुमार śaiśumāra शैशुमार a. Figuring like Śiśumāra (Dolphin); प्रयाति चक्रं नृप शैशुमारम् Bhāg.2.2.24.
![Image result for Delphinus Gangeticus]()
Gangetic river dolphin![Related image]()
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Platanista_gangetica_noaa.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQDNwqjEQuiJ3fuvjxn6QiIQ0wnej64vaK2ZcbptjV60FloGNQs&s
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Capital with leaning bull,Louvre Museum.
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https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/winged-bull-between-two-floral-friezes
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The Dragon of the God Marduk.
![File:Berlín Mushussu 01.JPG]()
Español: Berlín, Pergamon Museum. Puerta de Ishtar, Mushussu.
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![Elasmotherium caucasicum.JPG]()
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![Image result for sirrush]()
Mushussu
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Muhussu or Sirrush, Ishtar gateSpiny horned young bull signifies the roots of gold standard, fine gold, ornament gold https://tinyurl.com/y3cb5zfp
Apadana (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴) is a large hypostyle hall, best said the great audience hall and portico at Persepolis and the palace of Susa. Susa was the old metropolis of Elam. Apadana, the Palace of Darius in Susa was a palace complex in Susa, Iran, a capital of the Achaemenid Empire. The construction was conducted parallel to that of Persepolis...The palace complex was constructed by the Achaemenid king Darius I in Susa, his favorite capital. Construction works continued under Darius I's son, Xerxes, and to a lesser extent, Artaxerxes I (465–424 BCE) and Darius II (423-404 BCE).
Artaxerxes II (404–358 BCE)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa
Apadana of Elam is an artifice and the semantics are cognate with Meluhha Indian sprachbund term, Pariyāpadāna, 'artifice'.
अप-दान n. ( √ दै?) , a great or noble work R. ii , 65 , 4 S3a1k. (v.l.);( in पालि for अव-दान q.v.) a legend treating of former and future births of men and exhibiting the consequences of their good and evil actions (Monier-Williams) Apadāna (nt.) 1. [= Sk. apadāna] removing, breaking off, D
Charter foundation of the Susa apadana states: "The yaka timber was brought from Gandhara and frm Carmania. The gold was brought from Sardis and from Bactria which here was wrought. The precious stone lapis lazuli and carnelian which was wrought here, this was brought from Sogdiana. The precious stone turquoise, this was brought from Chorasmia which was wrought here. The silver and ebony were brought from Egypt. The ornamentation with which the wall was adorned, that from Ionia was brought. The ivory which was wrought here, was brought from Ethiopia and from Sind and from Arachosia. The stone columns which were here wrought, a village by name Abiradu in Elam -- from there were brought. The stone cutters who wrought the stone, those were Ionians and Sardians.The goldsmiths who wrought the gold, those were Medes and Egyptians.The men who wrought the wood, those were Sardians and Egyptians. The men who wrought the baked brick, those were Babylonians.The men who adorned the wall, those were Medes and Egyptians.The work Susa was one of excellence. Me may Ahuramazda protect me, Vistasp my father, and my country." (cf. Darius Dsf inscription http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm#dsf ; Josef Wieshofer, 2001, Ancient Persia, IB Tauris, p.26.) See: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-iii-the-achaemenid-period
The shape of he Choga Zanbil ziggurat compares with the ziggurat as a stepped pyramid shown on Sit Shamshi Bronze and the ziggurat of Mohenjo-daro (called stupa).
Mohenjo-daro ziggurat in front of the Great bath (पुष्करिणी)Sit-Shamshi ziggurat offering morning oblations to the sun..
The ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil in Khuzestan was a magnificent structure of the Elamite Empire. Khuzestan's Elamites were "precursors of the royal Persians", and were "the founders of the first Iranian empire in the geographic sense." The name Khuzestan means "The Land of the Khuzi", and refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" or "Husa" (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources). The name of the city of Ahvaz also has the same origin as the name Khuzestan, being an Arabic broken plural from the compound name, "Suq al-Ahvaz" (Market of the Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times...Khouzhestan has been the land of Khouzhies who cultivate sugar cane even today in Haft Tepe...Archeological ruins verify the entire province of Khuzestan to be home to the Elamite civilization, a non-Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking kingdom, and "the earliest civilization of Persia"(According to: Sir Percy Sykes, A History of Persia, RoutledgeCurzon Publishers. 3rd edition. October 16, 2003, p.38)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_Province The name Khuzestan is derived from the Elamite (Ūvja)(According to The Cambridge History of Iran, 2, 259,) The Elamite word is cognate उषस् f. (nom. pl. उष्/आसस् and उष्/असस् ; instr. pl. उष्/अद्भिस् RV. i , 6 , 3 ; » Ka1s3. on Pa1n2. 7-4 , 48) morning light , dawn , morning (personified as the daughter of heaven and sister of the आदित्यs and the night); the evening light (RV. x , 127 , 7; AV. S3Br. S3ak. &c). कुश one of the great द्वीपs or divisions of the universe (surrounded by the sea of liquefied butter) BhP. v , 1 , 32 VP.;f. ( Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46) a small pin or piece of wood (used as a mark in recitation) La1t2y. ii , 6 , 1 and 4. This pin becomes a script symbol in cuneiform to signify the consonant + syllables ku-zi as in kusida'money-lender' used on an Indus Script seal with cuneiform inscription. कुसिदPa1n2. 4-1 , 37.कुसीद any loan or thing lent to be repaid with interest , lending money upon interest , usury; a money-lender , usurer TS. iii Gobh. Gaut. Pa1n2. &c
Gadd seal 1 with bull as field symbol and cuneiform text read as: sag-ku-zi- (da) 'head, money-lender'. See: https://tinyurl.com/y9lbeenj
I suggest that the name is derived from Meluhha, Indian sprachbund'language union': कुश--स्थल N. of the town कान्यकुब्ज Hcar.;N. of the town द्वारका MBh. ii , 614 Hariv. BhP. Ba1lar. This suggestion is based on the fact that the 'unicorn' is a dominant memory from the days of the Sarasvati Civilization of the Bronze Age, ca. 3rd millennium BCE since the 'spiny-horned, young bull' is the most dominant hypertext of Indus Script Corpora.
Winged aurochs, 'unicorn'. Glazed / enamelled decorative brick frieze from the Apadana.Photo Credit: youngrobv at Flickr. At Pavilion Sully at the Louvre museum, Paris, France
Relief of winged lion, apadana, Susa.Frieze of griffon assembled from glazed / enamelled decorative brick from the Apadana.Photo Credit: Glyn Nelson at Flickr. At Pavilion Sully at the Louvre museum, Paris, France
Persian column, Persepolis, Iran.
Bull capital of the apidana, Susa. Now in Louvre Museum.
Map of Elam. Location of Susa. Context, Persian Gulf. "Susa (also called Shushan, Greek Susiane), was one of the city-states of ancient Elam which later became the winter capital of the Persian Achaemenian kings (c. 675 - 330 BCE). There is evidence that Susa has been continuously inhabited from 4,200 BCE placing it among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. In addition, there are traces at Susa of a village inhabited around 7,000 BCE and painted pottery dating from ca. 5,000 BCE at the site...Alexander of Macedonia captured Susa in December 330 BCE and plundered the city, seizing some 40,000 talents of gold and silver from the treasury."http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/susa/
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| Reconstruction of Darius' palace & administrative complex at Susa Source: Ridpath's History of the World by John Ridpath. 1901 |
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| Reconstruction of the Apadana (Audience Hall) at Susa Note stone capitals at the top of the wooden columns. |
Reconstruction of the Apadana roof
Ruins of the Apadanaशिंशुमार m. a porpoise , Delphinus Gangeticus (= शिशु-मार q.v.) RV. TS. (= ग्राह Sa1y. )
शिशु--मार " child-killer " , the Gangetic porpoise or dolphin , Delphinus Gangeticus (वाजसनेयि-संहिता)
शैशुमार śaiśumāra शैशुमार a. Figuring like Śiśumāra (Dolphin); प्रयाति चक्रं नृप शैशुमारम् Bhāg.2.2.24.
Gangetic river dolphinhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Platanista_gangetica_noaa.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQDNwqjEQuiJ3fuvjxn6QiIQ0wnej64vaK2ZcbptjV60FloGNQs&s
Capital with leaning bull,Louvre Museum.
- Taureau ailé entre deux frises à décor floral, Louvre MuseumEpoque achéménideRègne de Darius Ier, vers 510 avant J.-C.Suse, Palais de Darius Ier Briques siliceuses à glaçure W. 1.83 m; H. 1.40 m Winged bull between two floral friezes Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Iran
https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/winged-bull-between-two-floral-friezes
The Dragon of the God Marduk.Nebuchadnezzar II (who reigned c.604-562 BCE), the king of Babylon, started a series of ambitious building projects including the richly decorated Ishtar Gate (575 BCE).https://camfoc.tumblr.com/post/94756979168/the-dragon-of-the-god-marduk-nebuchadnezzar-ii
Español: Berlín, Pergamon Museum. Puerta de Ishtar, Mushussu.
Restoration of E. sibiricum
Reconstructed E. caucasicum skeleton, Azov History, Archaeology and Paleontology Museum-Reserve
Mushussu
See:
Spiny horned young bull signifies the roots of gold standard, fine gold, ornament gold https://tinyurl.com/y3cb5zfpThe roots of gold standard are also seen in the first Lydian electrum coin (c. 6th cent. BCE), juxtaposing a खोंड khōṇḍa singi, 'horned young bull' to arye,'lion' Rebus: kunda 'fine gold' vs. ara 'brass' singi 'horned' singi 'ornament gold' PLUS panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln' PLUS ṭanka 'leg' rebus: ṭanka 'mint'.
kundan कुंदन् । निर्मलं हेम m. pure gold, the finest gold (Śiv. 531, 1293). --char hyuhu --छर् हिहु॒ । अतिनिर्मलम् भूषणम् adj. (f. --hishü --हिशू॒ ), like a drop of pure gold; hence, very flawless and brilliant.(Kashmiri) ![]()
This opposition between the horned young bull and the feline paw of the lion continues into the dramatic portrayal, together with mušḫuššu composite animal (another characteristic legacy of Indus Script cipher) on processions of Ishtar gate (6th cent.BCE).
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Te. kōḍiya, kōḍe young bull; adj. male (e.g. kōḍe dūḍa bull calf), young, youthful; kōḍekã̄ḍu a young man. Kol. (Haig) kōḍē bull. Nk. khoṛe malecalf. Konḍa kōḍi cow; kōṛe youngbullock. Pe. kōḍi cow. Manḍ.kūḍi id. Kui kōḍi id., ox. Kuwi (F.) kōdi cow; (S.) kajja kōḍi bull; (Su. P.) kōḍi cow. (DEDR 2199) కోడె kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ. Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముం బలుగుల రేడుతన్ని కొని పోవుతెరంగు" రామా. vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు. A lover విటుడు. కోడియ kōḍiya Same as కోడె .. కారుకోడె kāru-kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bull in its prime. கொற்றி² koṟṟi கொற்றி koṟṟi , n. Young calf; பசுவின் இளங்கன்று. (பிங்.). கோடிப்பாம்பு kōṭi-p-pāmpu கோடிப்பாம்பு kōṭi-p-pāmpu , n. < id. +. [T. kōḍepāmu.] Wild or untamed young cobra; பழக்கப்படாத நாகம். வெட்டவெளியிலே கோடிப்பாம் பாடுமோ (குற்றா . குற. 124, 31). *kuḍa1 ʻ boy, son ʼ, ˚ḍī ʻ girl, daughter ʼ. [Prob. ← Mu. (Sant. Muṇḍari koṛa ʻ boy ʼ, kuṛi ʻ girl ʼ, Ho koa, kui, Kūrkū kōn, kōnjē); or ← Drav. (Tam. kur̤a ʻ young ʼ, Kan. koḍa ʻ youth ʼ) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 373. Prob. separate from RV. kŕ̊tā -- ʻ girl ʼ H. W. Bailey TPS 1955, 65. -- Cf. kuḍáti ʻ acts like a child ʼ Dhātup.]
NiDoc. ǵ ʻ boy ʼ, kuḍ'i ʻ girl ʼ; Ash. kūˊṛə ʻ child, foetus ʼ, istrimalī -- kuṛäˊ ʻ girl ʼ; Kt. kŕū, kuŕuk ʻ young of animals ʼ; Pr. kyǘru ʻ young of animals, child ʼ, kyurú ʻ boy ʼ, kurīˊ ʻ colt, calf ʼ; Dm. kúŕa ʻ child ʼ, Shum. kuṛ; Kal. kūŕ*l k ʻ young of animals ʼ (CDIAL 3245) खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf (Marathi)कांबळा , to hold or fend off grain, chaff &38;c.) See under खुंडी . 2 A species or variety of जोंधळा . खुंडी khuṇḍī f A cloth doubled over and sewn at one end, forming a घोंगता, खोपा, or खोळ (an open or outspread shovel-form sack). Used in exposing grain in the market. 2 A species or variety of जोंधळा.खोंडें khōṇḍēṃ n A description of जोंधळा . It is grown in the hot weather on garden-land. जोंधळा jōndhaḷā m A cereal plant or its grain, Holcus sorghum. Eight varieties are reckoned, viz. उता- वळी, निळवा, शाळू, रातडी, पिवळा जोंधळा, खुंडी, काळबोंडी जोंधळा, दूध मोगरा. There are however many others as केळी, अरगडी, डुकरी, बेंदरी, मडगूप &c.
Rebus: konda 'furnace,kiln' (Kashmiri) खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (
Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725)
This opposition between the horned young bull and the feline paw of the lion continues into the dramatic portrayal, together with mušḫuššu composite animal (another characteristic legacy of Indus Script cipher) on processions of Ishtar gate (6th cent.BCE).
NiDoc. ǵ ʻ boy ʼ, kuḍ'i ʻ girl ʼ; Ash. kūˊṛə ʻ child, foetus ʼ, istrimalī -- kuṛäˊ ʻ girl ʼ; Kt. kŕū, kuŕuk ʻ young of animals ʼ; Pr. kyǘru ʻ young of animals, child ʼ, kyurú ʻ boy ʼ, kurīˊ ʻ colt, calf ʼ; Dm. kúŕa ʻ child ʼ, Shum. kuṛ; Kal. kūŕ