This is an addendum to the decipherment of Adda, the scribe's cylinder seal which contains Indus Script hieroglyphs:
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-- Sun's passage into 6 zodiacal signs -- Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Sagittarius, Gemini and Pisces -- explains the six seaons of Ancient Hindu solar calendar; the six seasons are: वसन्त, ग्रीष्म, वर्षा, शरद्, हेमन्त and शिशिर -- rendered in English as Spring, Summer, Rainy, Autumn, Fall Winter and Winter seasons
-- षष् + ऋतुः (षड्--ृतु ) of सूर्यसिद्धान्त; which explains six seasons in Hindu calender also yields: Hitt. dšiuš `(sun)god which is cognate with Shamash 'sun divinity' in Ancient Near East in vogue since 3rd millennium BCE.
This is one conclusive evidence of Sanskrit term related to astronomical solar calendar entering into Ancient Near East and Indo-European language families, through Hittite.
शुष्णः śuṣṇḥ शुष्णः [शुष्-नः कित् Uṇ.3.12], शुष्मः śuṣmḥ शुष्मः [शुष्-मन् किच्च] 1 The sun. -2 Fire. शुष्मन् śuṣman शुष्मन् m. 1 Fire; Śi.14.22; सार्धं तेनानुजेनाप्रतिहतगतिना मारुतेनेव शुष्मा Śiva B.2.68; ऋतुशुष्ममहोष्मभिः N.17.168 -2 Light, lustre. शोषयित्नुः śōṣayitnuḥ शोषयित्नुः [शुष्-इत्नुच् Uṇ.3.29] The sun. śōṣḥ शोषः [शुष्-घञ्] Drying up, dryness; शोषिणी śōṣiṇī शोषिणी Ether.
ṣaṣ षष् num. a. (used in pl., nom. षट्; gen. षण्णाम्) Six; -अशीत (षडशीत) eighty-sixth. -अशीतिः f. (-ष़डशीतिः) 1 eighty-six. -2 N. of the four passages of the sun from one zodiacal sign to the other; -ऋतुः m. pl. the six seasons (i. e. वसन्त, ग्रीष्म, वर्षा, शरद्, हेमन्त and शिशिर).(Apte) षड्-शीति-मुख n. (or f(आ). scil
In Indian calendrical reckoning, there are six seasons which occur as the sun's passage into spcific zodial signs occur as follows:
(Mid March to Mid May) वसतं ऋतू Spring Taurus
Mid May – Mid July) ग्रीष्म ऋतू Sumer Cancer
Mid July – Mid September) वर्षा ऋतू Rainy Virgo
(Mid September – Mid November) शरद ऋतू Autumn Sagittarius
Mid November – Mid January) हेमन्त ऋतू Fall winter Gemini
(Mid January – Mid March) शिशिर ऋतू Winter Pisces
Jan 20, 2019: Sun enters sign Aquarius (300o)
Feb 18, 2019: Sun enters sign Pisces (330o)
Mar 20, 2019: Sun enters sign Aries (0o)
April 20, 2019: Sun enters sign Taurus (30o)
May 21, 2019: Sun enters sign Gemini (60o)
June 21, 2019: Sun enters sign Cancer (90o)
July 23, 2019: Sun enters sign Leo (120o)
Aug 23, 2019: Sun enters sign Virgo (150o)
Sep 23, 2019: Sun enters sign Libra (180o)
Oct 23, 2019: Sun enters sign Scorpio (210o)
Nov 22, 2019: Sun enters sign Sagittarius (240o)
Dec 22, 2019: Sun enters sign Capricorn (270o)
Alb. cognate (*tiwali) diel `sun' corresponds to Luvian: tiwali(ya)- `of the Sun-(god)' and Hitt. dšiuš `(sun)god'.
Hitt. dšiuš `(sun)god', Luvian DŠiwata- `Sun-god' Attestations: [VSg] DŠi-wa-ta: KBo XXII 137 iii 8.
Commentary: Hittitized version of Luvian DTiwat-; tiwali(ya)- `of the Sun-(god)' Attestations: [VSg] ti-wa-a-li-ya: 45 ii 18, ti-wa-li-ya: 48 ii 11; XV 35 i 21; KBo VIII 69,5.https://academiaprisca.org/indoeuropean.html
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Version of the ancient star/Sun symbol of Shamash
Hitt. dšiuš `(sun)god', Luvian DŠiwata- `Sun-god' Attestations: [VSg] DŠi-wa-ta: KBo XXII 137 iii 8.
Commentary: Hittitized version of Luvian DTiwat-; tiwali(ya)- `of the Sun-(god)' Attestations: [VSg] ti-wa-a-li-ya: 45 ii 18, ti-wa-li-ya: 48 ii 11; XV 35 i 21; KBo VIII 69,5.https://academiaprisca.org/indoeuropean.html
Version of the ancient star/Sun symbol of Shamash
God of the sun, justice, morality, and truth. Representation of Shamash from the Tablet of Shamash (c. 888 – 855 BC), showing him sitting on his throne dispensing justice while clutching a rod-and-ring symbol
Old Babylonian cylinder seal impression depicting Shamash surrounded by worshippers (c. 1850-1598 BCE)
Cylinder seal TT of a scribe named Adda, showing Šamaš cutting through mountains on the horizon so he can rise in the morning; ca. 2300-2200 BCE (BM 89115).
Detail of a cylinder seal from Sippar (2300 BC) depicting Shamash with rays rising from his shoulders and holding a saw-toothed knife with which he cuts his way through the mountains of the east at dawn (British Museum)
British Museum. 89115 Adda seal."Impression of greenstone cylinder seal; hunting god (full-face) with a bow and an arrow (?) over his shoulder; a quiver with tassel attched hands on his back. On the left hand mountain stands a small tree and Ishtar (full-face), armed with weapons including an axe and a mace rising from her shoulders, winged and holding a bush-like object probably a bunch of dates above the sun-god's head. The sun-god Shamash with rays, holding a serrated blade, is just begining to emerge from between two square topped moutains. The water god Ea stands to the right with one foot placed on the right hand mountain; he stretches out his right hand towards an eagle, probably the Zu bird who stole the tablets of destiny, a couchant bull lies between his legs and streams of water and fish flow from his shoulders. Behind him stands his two-faced attendant god Usimu with his right hand raised. All wear multiple-horned head-dresses. The male figures are bearded and Usimu has a double beard. He wears a flouched skirt, Ea and Ishtar both wear flouched robes and the fourth complete figure wears a striped skirt which either has a cod-piece or is hitched up in front. This god wears his hair in a long curl down the left side, reminiscent of those worn by bull-men and Ishtar has two similar curls hanging down, one on either side, while Ea and Shamash wear their hair in a triple bun. The scales of the moutain are continued in a horizontal band all round the lower part of the seal and it is on this band that the figures are standing. Terminal, a two line inscription in a frame; a lion pacing towards the right and roaring; slightly concave."
2300 BCE. Found/Acquired: Sippar (?)(Asia,Middle East,Iraq,South Iraq,Sippar
- Height: 3.9 centimetres Diameter: 2.55 centimetres Height: .5 centimetres Diameter: 1 inches
"Greenstone cylinder seal. A hunting god (full-face) has a bow and an arrow (?) over his shoulder; a quiver with tassel attached hangs on his back. On the left hand mountain stands a small tree and Ishtar (full-face) who is winged and armed with weapons including an axe and a mace rising from her shoulders. She is holding a bush-like object, probably a bunch of dates, above the sun-god's head. The sun-god Shamash with rays, holding a serrated blade, is just begining to emerge from between two square topped moutains. The water god Ea stands to the right with one foot placed on the right hand mountain. He stretches out his right hand towards an eagle, probably the Zu bird who stole the tablets of destiny. A couchant bull lies between his legs and streams of water and fish flow from his shoulders. Behind him stands his two-faced attendant god Usimu with his right hand raised. All wear the multiple-horned head-dresses of deities. The male figures are bearded and Usimu has a double beard and wears a flounced skirt. Ea and Ishtar both wear flounced robes and the fourth complete figure wears a striped skirt which either has a cod-piece or is hitched up in front. This god wears his hair in a long curl down the left side, reminiscent of those worn by bull-men and Ishtar has two similar curls hanging down, one on either side, while Ea and Shamash wear their hair in a triple bun. The scales of the mountain are continued in a horizontal band all round the lower part of the seal and it is on this band that the figures are standing. There is a two line inscription in a frame and below it a lion is pacing towards the right and roaring. The cylinder is slightly concave in shape."
Decipherment of seal of Adda, the scribe
On the cylinder seal of Adda, scribe, the eagle flying down towards the water overflowing from the horned person's shoulders compose the key Indus Script hypertexts in Meluhha, which link to Sarasvati Civilization and to R̥gveda ākhyāna 'historical narrative' of श्येन m. a hawk , falcon , eagle , any bird of prey (esp. the eagle that brings down सोम to man) RV. &c. The word also signifies: firewood laid in the shape of an eagle (शुल्ब-सूत्र). Etyma link श्येन with آهن āhan P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهن ګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهن ګران āhan-garān. آهن ربا āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing.(Pashto) ahan-gār अहन्-गार् (= अहन्-गार्, 'blacksmith' is the vajra, 'thunderbolt' eulogised as the powerful weapon of Indra in R̥gveda. This is iron metalwork, weapon in armoury par excellence of अहन्-गार् 'blacksmiths' of Sarasvati Civilization. Overflowing pot signifies: lōkhaṇḍa लोहोलोखंड 'copper tools, pots and pans' (Marathi) emanating from khamba 'shoulder' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint' and the eagle signifies: sena, heṇa ʻ thunderboltʼ PLUS khamba 'wings' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint', i.e. metallic weapon, vajra, from the mint. A leafless tree is signified on the mountain of Adda, scribe seal: khōṇḍa'leafless tree' (Marathi). Rebus: kõdā
Goddess Ishtar stands on a lion and holds a bow, god Shamash symbol at the upper right corner, from Southern Mesopotamia, IraqAkkadian šamaš "Sun" is cognate to Phoenician: 𐤔𐤌𐤔 šmš,Classical Syriac: ܫܡܫܐ šemša, Hebrew: שֶׁמֶשׁ šemeš and Arabic: شمس šams.
Akkadian rendition[1][2] of Sumerian dUD 𒀭𒌓 "Sun", ( Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul (2001). Mare Kõiva; Andres Kuperjanov (eds.). "Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF)")
"Utu, later worshipped by East Semitic peoples as Shamash, is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the sun, justice, morality, and truth, and the twin brother of the goddess Inanna, the Queen of Heaven. His main temples were in the cities of Sippar and Larsa. He was believed to ride through the heavens in his sun chariot and see all things that happened in the day. He was the enforcer of divine justice and was thought to aid those in distress." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utu)