https://tinyurl.com/y93voqz8

Two examples from Indus Script Corpora demonstrate that the 'signs''ligatured signs' and pictorial motifs (field symbols) are all hieroglyphs deployed to composed Indus Script Hypertexts in Meluhha to document wealth-producing metalwork activitries.

See: Hieroglyph ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' proclamations on Indus Script  

https://tinyurl.com/ybe89ee9

m0478B tablet erga = act of clearing jungle (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees].Aḍaru twig; aḍiri small and thin branch of a tree; aḍari small branches (Ka.); aḍaru twig (Tu.)(DEDR 67). Aḍar = splinter (Santali); rebus: aduru = native metal (Ka.) Vikalpa: kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.) Rebus: kuṭhi = furnace (Santali) ḍhaṁkhara — m.n. ʻbranch without leaves or fruitʼ (Prakrit) (CDIAL 5524) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' (Maithili) •era, er-a = eraka = ?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.) •era_ = claws of an animal that can do no harm (G.) •era female, applied to women only, and generally as a mark of respect, wife; hopon era a daughter; era hopon a man’s family; manjhi era the village chief’s wife; gosae era a female Santal deity; bud.hi era an old woman; era uru wife and children; nabi era a prophetess; diku era a Hindu woman (Santali) •Rebus: er-r-a = red; eraka = copper (Ka.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) erako molten cast (Tu.lex.)  agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Te.lex.)  Hieroglyph: Looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.)

The rim of jar PLUS lid is read as hypertext rebus as: dhakka karni 'bright metal supercargo'.

 kuṭhi karṇī, 'smelter accountant (supercargo)'dhakka karṇī m. ʻferry accountant (supercargo) at quay, wharfʼ.

Variants of Sign 342

This is an addendum to: Demonstration of hypertext process on Indus Script cipher with examples of joined animals
https://tinyurl.com/y95289xmThe process deployed is सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'joined animal parts' to create a catalogue or list. Indus Script hypertext reads rebus sã̄gah, saṅgrahḥ संग्रहः 'catalogue, list' of metalwork artisan guild.
When pictorial motifs provide catalogue items of wealth-accounting ledgers, ligaturing is the process deployed to create text expressions using hieroglyph-combinations.

For example, on a unique seal the pictorial motifs (or field symbols) are fused with ligatured 'signs' to convey a unique message on an Indus inscription.

The Pali expression usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ provides the semantics of the word kāraṇika as relatable to a 'maker' of a product. usu-kāraṇika is an arrow-maker. Thus, kuTi kāraṇika can be explained as a smelter-maker. Supercargo is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale. The Marathi word for Supercargo is: kārṇī . Thus, it can be suggested that kuTi kāraṇika was an ovrseer of the cargo (from smelter) on a merchantship. In the historical periods, the Supercargo has specific duties "The duties of a supercargo are defined by admiralty law and include managing the cargo owner's trade, selling the merchandise inports to which the vessel is sailing, and buying and receiving goods to be carried on the return voyage...A new supercargo was always appointed for each journey who also had to keep books, notes and ledgers about everything that happened during the voyage and trade matters abroad. He was to present these immediately to the directors of the Company on the ship's return to its headquarters ." 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercargo While a captain was in charge of navigation, Supercargo was in charge of trade.

कारण 1[p= 274,2] a number of scribes or कायस्थs W. instrument , means;that on which an opinion or judgment is founded (a sin, mark; a proof; a legal instrument, document), Mn. MBh.

कारणिक [p= 274,3] mfn. (g. काश्य्-ादि) " investigating , ascertaining the cause " , a judge Pan5cat. a teacher MBh. ii , 167.

B. kerā ʻ clerk ʼ (kerāni ʻ id. ʼ < *kīraka -- karaṇika<-> ODBL 540): very doubtful. -- Poss. ← Ar. qāri', pl. qurrā'ʻ reader, esp. of Qur'ān ʼ.(CDIAL 3110) कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', 'rim of jar', 'pericarp of lotus' karaṇī 'scribe, supercargo', kañi-āra 'helmsman'.  kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ] Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ; M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ.(CDIAL 3058) kāraṇa n. ʻ cause ʼ KātyŚr. [√kr̥1] Pa. kāraṇa -- n. ʻ deed, cause ʼ; Aś. shah. karaṇa -- , kāl. top. kālana -- , gir. kāraṇa -- ʻ purpose ʼ; Pk. kāraṇa -- n. ʻ cause, means ʼ; Wg. (Lumsden) "kurren"ʻ retaliation ʼ, Paš. kāran IIFL iii 3, 97 with (?); S. kāraṇu m. ʻ cause ʼ; L. kārnā m. ʻ quarrel ʼ; P. kāraṇ m. ʻ cause ʼ, N. A. B. kāran, Or. kāraṇa; Mth. kāran ʻ reason ʼ, OAw. kārana, H. kāran m., G. kāraṇ n.; Si. karuṇa ʻ cause, object, thing ʼ; -- postpositions from oblique cases: inst.: S. kāraṇi, kāṇe, °ṇi ʻ on account of ʼ, L. awāṇ. kāṇ, Addenda: kāraṇa -- : Brj. kāran ʻ on account of ʼ.(CDIAL 3057) kiraka m. ʻ scribe ʼ lex.

eraka 'raised arm' Rebus: eraka 'metal infusion' (Kannada. Tulu) 

Sign 15:  kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka ‘smelting furnace account (scribe)’. 

Thus, the hieroglyph multiplex on m1405 is read rebus from r.: kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka eraka bharata pattar'goldsmith-merchant guild -- helmsman, smelting furnace account (scribe), molten cast metal. Meaning of hypertexts so derived enable reading in Meluhha expressions and understanding of the purport of Indus Script inscriptions in the context of documenttion of wealth-accounting ledgers related to metalwork.

Ashur-bel-kala, King of Assyria 1074-1056 BCE had also displayed exotic animals including crocodile, fish-man 

https://tinyurl.com/y2wsyx8z

This is an addendum to:

Indus Script evidence of maritime trade in metals of Meluhha with ANE is corroborated by cuneiform texts reviewed by AL Oppenheim (1954) https://tinyurl.com/y6eqdehv

I suggest that the animals as hieroglyphs displayed on Shalamaneser III black obelisk and earlier in 11th cent. BCE by Ashur-bel-kala are symbolic references in Meluhha Indus Script Cipher to metals and lapidary artifacts (gems, jewels) imported from Meluhha or made by Meluhha artisans settled in Ancient Near East.

The display of crocodile by Ashur-bel-kala in 11th cent. BCE is also a display of an Indus Script hieroglyph.  In Meluhha rebus rendering, crocodile signifies: kāru a wild crocodile rebus: khār'blacksmith'.

The 'river man' may signify an anthropomorph fish. ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'.ayaskara 'metalsmith' -- working in khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. కమ్మటము (p. 0247) [ kammaṭamu ] Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. He wears a bracelet with a safflower hieroglyph.  करडी [ karaḍī ] f (See करडई) Safflower  Rebus: करड [ karaḍa ] 'hard alloy'.

A fish-apkallu drawn by AH Layard from a stone relief, one of a pair flanking a doorway in the Temple of Ninurta at Kalhu. British Museum. Reproduced in Schlomo Izre'el, Adpa and the South Wind, Language has the power of life and death, Eisenbrauns, 2001.

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/11/susa-ritual-basin-decorated-

Below, a fish-man in a sea from a bas-relief in the palace of the Assyrian king Sargon II, ca. 

721-705 BCE at Dur-Sharken, modern Khorsabad. (p. 131. fig. 107. "merman and mermaid." 

Jeremy Black and Anthony Green. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, 

An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum, in association with the University of Texas Press.

 Austin. 1992. ISBn 0-292-70794-0. paperback)

"Aššūr-bēl-kala, inscribed aš-šur-EN-ka-la and meaning “Aššur is lord of all,”^[1] was the king of Assyria 1074/3–1056 BC, the 89th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist. He was the son of Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I, succeeded his brother Ašarēd-apil-Ekurwho had briefly preceded him, and he ruled for 18 years....nišē mātīšu ušebri, “he (Ashur-bel-kala) displayed (the animals) to the people of his land...(Shigeo Yamada (2000); RIMA 2, A.0.89.7, iv 29f. The passage reads: nise matisu usebri ‘He = Ashur-bel-kala) displayed (the animals) to the public of his land.). The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmanesar III Relating to His Campaigns in the West. Brill. p. 253)...These he added to his collection of rare animals which he bred and dispatched merchants to acquire more, such as “a large female ape and a crocodile (and) a ‘river man’, beasts of the Great Sea” and the dromedaries he displayed in herds.(Tomoo Ishida (1982). Studies in the period of David and Solomon and other essays. Eisenbrauns. p. 219)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala

RIMA 2, A.0.89.7, iv 29f. The passage reads: nise matisu usebri ‘He = Ashur-bel-kala) displayed (the animals) to the public of his land.

Frequently occurring pairs of 'signs' on Corpora (M77) are also linked with Field Symbols to identify lapidary clusters of metals manufactory (phaḍa, paṭṭaḍa) recorded on daybooks of metalwork catalogues. 

Source: Sundar Ganesan, Chandrasekhar Subramanian, GC Suresh Babu, and Iravatham Mahadevan, 2009, "The Indus Script: text and context, a statistical-positional analysis of significant text segments" -- (Research monograph of Indus Research Centre, Roja Muthiah Research Library, Chennai. 

(Products) Investigated daybook 179 final position; 90 on miniature tablets कारणिक investigating; khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus: kharada खरडें daybook 

(Products out of) Iron furnace 111 solus; 63 on miniature tablets kolom 'three' rebus:Ta. kol working in iron, lacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith; (Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë. blacksmith; baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron', bhaṭa 'furnace'.

(Products out of) Equipment furnace50 solus; 45 on miniature tablets gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus:kaṇḍa 'eqipment, furnace, fire-altar' (Santali); baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron', bhaṭa 'furnace'.

(Products out of) Metalcasting furnace 74 solus; 38 on miniature tablets dula 'two' rebus:dul 'metal casting'; baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron', bhaṭa 'furnace'.

(Products from smelter) Bharat alloy (copper, zinc, tin) investigated52 initial position, 8 solus; 43 on miniature tablets baraḍo =spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) ;कारणिक investigating Associatedwith FS 83: Dotted circledhāvaḍ 'smelter'(Products out of) Metalcasting smithy investigated 88 final position;16 miniature tabletsdula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'PLUS kolmo 'riceplant' rebus:Ta. kol working in iron, lacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith; (Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë. blacksmith; कारणिक investigating(Silver/gold braid products of furnace) Investigated daybookFSFig. 123 (FS 85) associated with  (Freq. 11) bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'कारणिक investigating; khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus: kharada खरडें daybook. M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ rebus: P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ,H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ.*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- .Addenda: *gōṭṭa -- : also Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Artisans' workshop products from smelter investigated

 

 FS Fig.75 to 77 FS Code 44 associated with(Freq. 6) kōḍi corner; kōṇṭu angle, corner, crook. Nk. kōnṭa corner (DEDR 2054b) G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻangleʼ Rebus: kõdā 'to turn in a lathe'(B.) कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi) koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.); ingot smelter; kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'; कारणिक investigating.

Alloy metal iron metalcasting ingots investigated

FS Fig. 68 FS Code 37 associated with  aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal, iron' aya 'iron' (Gujarati); dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'; mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; कारणिक investigating.

Tinsmith panja smeltering tin-bronze

FS Fig. 63 to 67FS Code 36 associated with  aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith', thus aya-kara 'metalsmith; 

Triplet 1: aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal, iron' PLUS ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS kuṭi 'curve; rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin)

Triplet 2: ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS  pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali); Rebus: pasra 'smithy, forge' (Santali) panja 'smelter' PLUS . कारणिक investigating.

Triplet 3 ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS कारणिक investigating.

Tinsmith working in smithy/forge, producing tin-bronze

FS Fig.51FS code 25 associated with सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'joined animal parts' rebus: samgaha,samgraha 'catalogue' PLUS pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.) Rebus: pasra 'smithy' (Santali) PLUS ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS कारणिक investigating.

Indus Script Cipher chooses tiria, 'Meluhha animals as hieroglyphs' to design Wealth accounting classification system to document tiṟ(u) 'trade' 

https://tinyurl.com/y5slbla9

Why are animals chosen as hieroglyphs on Indus Script Cipher? The reason is provided by the phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics of Meluhha (Indian sprachbund, 'language union') expressions which signify barter trade of metalwork products. For example, hieroglyph pasara 'animal' rebus pasra 'smithy'; tiria 'animal' rebus: tiṟ(u) 'barter, trade'.

This is an addendum to: 

Cluster analysis of Indus writing system design principle, of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts'; Field symbols for samgaha wealth categories catalogues for accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y8p7b8q2

-- pasra 'smithy' signified by Indus Script hieroglyphs pasara, paśu 'animals' rebus pasāru 'shops'.
-- trade goods bartered which relate to metalwork are: pasara, paśu 'animals' rebus:pasra 'smithy', pahārā 'goldsmith's workshop', pasāru పసారు 'shop', lōhṭiyā 'Ironmonger' = lōhahaṭṭika = loha 'metal' PLUS hàṭṭi ʻshop, workshop'.
--  deren 'horned (animals)', tiria 'animals', i.e. 'animals with horns' or 'animals which move sideways' is a hieroglyphic classifier of trade or bartered goods, to signify tiṟa 'an offering', tiṟ(u) 'to exchange, barter, pay'. There are cunieform texts which establish that during early bronze age, goods were traded across long distances. The choice of the animals is thus explained as a system of traded goods in Indus Script Cipher, a hieroglyphic representation in writing. 

-- mer̥ha deren 'animal with crumpled horn' (as a unicorn) signifies rebus med 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS deren 'horn' rebus tiṟ(u) '(for) trade, barter'; thus, a unicorn with a crumpled horn signifies an ironmonger, or shop of iron goods offered for trade.

FS 1-7                    1159 One-horned young bull (bos indicus aurochs)

FS 8-9                          5 Two-horned young bull (bos indicus aurochs)

FS 10                         54 Bos indicus, zebu

FS 11-13                    95 Short-horned bull or ox (aurochs)

FS 15-17                    14 Buffalo

FS 18-20                    55 Elephant

FS 22-23                    16 Tiger

FS 24-25                       5 Horned tiger

FS 16-28                    39 Rhinoceros

FS 29                            1 Two rhinoceroses

FS 30-38                    36 Goat-antelope, short tail

FS 39-41                    26 Ox-antelope

FS 42                         10 Hare

FS 43                           1 Hare

FS 51                         20 Fabulous animal

FS 56                           9 Fabulous animal

FS 63-67                    49 Gharial (crocodile + fish)

FS 68                         14 Fish

FS 73                           9 Entwined serpent, pillar or rings on pillar

FS 74                           4 Bird (eagle) in flight

FS 105                           3 Person grappling two tigers

FS 112 Fro m R. - a tiger; a goat: a seated personage on a pedestal; a person seated on a Iree with a tiger below.

FS 110 From R, a fabulous animal as in FS. 51; a person seated

on a tree with a tiger below; a svastika within a square border; an elephant.

FS 47

FS 48

FS 51 (Frequency in M Corpus 20) Fabulous animal with the body of a ram. horns of a

bull. trunk of an elephant. hindlegs of a tiger and an upraised serpent-like tail.

FS 52

FS 53 FS 52, FS 53 Fabulous animal with the body of a tiger. a human head and horns of an antelope.

Cluster 6 Spearing a bovine cluster, smelter work


Slide 89 Plano convex molded tablet showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three prongs or leaves emerging from the center.

On the reverse (90),a female deity is battling two tigers and standing above an elephant. A single Indus script depicting a spoked wheel is above the head of the deity.

Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width
Harappa, Lot 4651-01
Harappa Museum, H95-2486
Meadow and Kenoyer 1997 karA 'crocodile' Rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

kamaDha 'penance' (Prakritam) Rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner'

kUtI 'twigs' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'

muh 'face' Rebus: muhe 'ingot' (Santali)

One side of a molded tablet m 492 Mohenjo-daro (DK 8120, NMI 151. National Museum, Delhi. A person places his foot on the horns of a buffalo while spearing it in front of a cobra hood. FS 99 Person throwing a spear at a sho rt·ho rned bull and placing o ne foot on the head of the animal; a hooded serpe nt at L.

nAga 'snake' Rebus: nAga 'lead, tin'

Hieroglyph: kolsa = to kick the foot forward, the foot to come into contact with anything when walking or running; kolsa pasirkedan = I kicked it over (Santali.lex.)mēṛsa = v.a. toss, kick with the foot, hit with the tail (Santali) 

 kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’ (Ta.) •kolhe (iron-smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith (Ta.lex.)•kol‘to kill’ (Ta.)

(s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā id. rebus: phaḍā, paṭṭaḍa 'metals manufactory'.  Vikalpa: kulā 'hood of snake' rebus: kol 'working in iron'

Hieroglyph: rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ 

Rebus: Pk. raṅga 'tin' P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼOr. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼraṅgaada -- m. ʻ borax ʼ lex.Kho. (Lor.) ruṅ ʻ saline ground with white efflorescence, salt in earth ʼ  *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.
paTa 'hood of serpent' Rebus: padanu 'sharpness of weapon' (Telugu)

Hieroglyph: kunta1 ʻ spear ʼ. 2. *kōnta -- . [Perh. ← Gk. konto/s ʻ spear ʼ EWA i 229]1. Pk. kuṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; S. kundu m. ʻ spike of a top ʼ, °dī f. ʻ spike at the bottom of a stick ʼ, °diṛī, °dirī f. ʻ spike of a spear or stick ʼ; Si. kutu ʻ lance ʼ.2. Pa. konta -- m. ʻ standard ʼ; Pk. koṁta -- m. ʻ spear ʼ; H. kõt m. (f.?) ʻ spear, dart ʼ; -- Si. kota ʻ spear, spire, standard ʼ perh. ← Pa.(CDIAL 3289)

Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'

Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi) Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'.

Slide 90. 

m0489A One side of a prism tablet shows: crocodile + fish glyphic above: elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, tiger looking back and up.
m1431A m1431B Crocodile+ three animal glyphs: rhinoceros, elephant, tiger
It is possible that the broken portions of set 2 (h1973B and h1974B) showed three animals in procession: tiger looking back and up + rhinoceros + tiger.
Reverse side glyphs:
eraka ‘nave of wheel’. Rebus: era ‘copper’.
Animal glyph: elephant ‘ibha’. Rebus ibbo, ‘merchant’.
Composition of glyphics: Woman with six locks of hair + one eye + thwarting + two pouncing tigers + nave with six spokes. Rebus: kola ‘woman’ + kaṇga ‘eye’ (Pego.), bhaṭa ‘six’+ dul ‘casting (metal)’ + kũdā kol (tiger jumping) + era āra (nave of wheel, six spokes), ibha (elephant). Rebus: era ‘copper’; kũdār dul kol ‘turner, casting, working in iron’; kan ‘brazier, bell-metal worker’;
The glyphic composition read rebus: copper, iron merchant with taṭu kanḍ kol bhaṭa ‘iron stone (ore) mineral ‘furnace’.
Glypg: ‘woman’: kola ‘woman’ (Nahali). Rebus kol ‘working in iron’ (Tamil)
Glyph: ‘impeding, hindering’: taṭu (Ta.) Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) Ta. taṭu (-pp-, -tt) to hinder, stop, obstruct, forbid, prohibit, resist, dam, block up, partition off, curb, check, restrain, control, ward off, avert; n. hindering, checking, resisting; taṭuppu hindering, obstructing, resisting, restraint; Kur. ṭaṇḍnā to prevent, hinder, impede. Br. taḍ power to resist. (DEDR 3031)

FS 100 Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot .

FS 101 Person throwing a spear at a buffalo and placing one foot. on its head: three persons standing near a tree at the centre.

FS 105 Person grappling with two tigers standing on either side of him (her?) and rearing on their hindlegs

कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi) Rebus: kuṇṭha munda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'.

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith. Thus, dul kolhe,'metal casting smelter'. kola 'woman' rebus:kol 'working in iron' (Semantic determinative). baṭa 'six' (knots on hairstyle) rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'.goṭa 'pellets' rebus: gota 'laterite, ferrite ore'.

The note has recorded evidence that கண்வட்டம் kaṇ-vaṭṭam 'mint' has a synonym (demonstrably, a phonetic variant in mleccha/meluhha):  khambhaṛā 'fin' (Lahnda) rebus: kammaTa 'mint' and these two expressions are combined in the Begram ivory (Plate 389) 

FS 106 Nude female figure upside down with thighs drawn apart

and a crab (?) issuing from her womb: two tigers standing face to face rearing on the ir hindlegs at L.

FS 107 Drummer and a tiger.

FS 108 Person kneeling under a kino tree facing a tiger

FS 109 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus:5) Pcrson seated on a machan on a kino tree; a tiger below looking up at him/her.

FS 111 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 3) From R.-a woman with outstretched arms flanked by two men holding uprooted trees fn their hands: a person seated on a tree wit h a tiger below: a tall jar with a lid.

Molded terracotta tablet (H2001-5075/2922-01) with a narrative scene of a man in a tree with a tiger looking back over its shoulder. The tablet, found in the Trench 54 area on the west side of Mound E, is broken, but was made with the same mold as ones found on the eastern side of Mound E and also in other parts of the site (see slide 89 for the right hand portion of the same scene). The reverse of the same molded terra cotta tablet shows a deity grappling with two tigers and standing above an elephant (see slide 90 for a clearer example from the same mold). https://www.harappa.com/indus3/185.html heraka 'spy' rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper' kuTi 'tree' rebus:kuThi 'smelter' karA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' barad 'bull' rebus: baraDo 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin'.

Cluster 7 A metallurgical process narrative in four clusters -- four sides of a tablet: 

Side 1.Tiger looks back, person on tree.

Side 2 Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. 

Side 3. a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

Side 4. Bos indicus, zebu

FS 116 One side of 4-sided tablet Mohenjodaro m1431. From R. - A person holding a vessel; a woman with a plallet; a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a kino tree.

The following glyphics of m1431 prism tablet show the association between the tiger + person on tree glyphic set and crocile + 3 animal glyphic set.

Mohenjo-daro m1431 four-sided tablet. Row of animals in file (a one-horned bull, an elephant and a rhinoceros from right); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at right. Pict-116: From R.—a person holding a vessel; a woman with a platter (?); a kneeling person with a staff in his hands facing the woman; a goat with its forelegs on a platform under a tree. [Or, two antelopes flanking a tree on a platform, with one antelope looking backwards?]

One side (m1431B) of a four-sided tablet shows a procession of a tiger, an elephant and a rhinoceros (with fishes (or perhaps, crocodile) on top?).

kāru ‘crocodile’ (Telugu). Rebus: artisan (Marathi) Rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ (Kashmiri) 

kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’. Heraka ‘spy’ Rebus: eraka ‘copper’. khōṇḍa ‘leafless tree’ (Marathi). Rebus: kõdār’turner’ (Bengali) dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'

Looking back: krammara ‘look back’ Rebus: kamar ‘smith, artisan’.

koḍe ‘young bull’ (Telugu) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ayakāra ‘ironsmith’ (Pali)[fish = aya (G.); crocodile = kāru (Te.)] baṭṭai quail (N.Santali) Rebus: bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) bhástrā f. ʻ leathern bag ʼ ŚBr., ʻ bellows ʼ Kāv., bhastrikā -- f. ʻ little bag ʼ Daś. [Despite EWA ii 489, not from a √bhas ʻ blow ʼ (existence of which is very doubtful). -- Basic meaning is ʻ skin bag ʼ (cf. bakura<-> ʻ bellows ʼ ~ bākurá -- dŕ̊ti -- ʻ goat's skin ʼ), der. from bastá -- m. ʻ goat ʼ RV. (cf.bastājina -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ MaitrS. = bāstaṁ carma Mn.); with bh -- (and unexpl. -- st -- ) in Pa. bhasta -- m. ʻ goat ʼ, bhastacamma -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ. Phonet. Pa. and all NIA. (except S. with a) may be < *bhāsta -- , cf. bāsta -- above (J. C. W.)]With unexpl. retention of -- st -- : Pa. bhastā -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ (cf. vāta -- puṇṇa -- bhasta -- camma -- n. ʻ goat's skin full ofwind ʼ), biḷāra -- bhastā -- f. ʻ catskin bag ʼ, bhasta -- n. ʻ leather sack (for flour) ʼ; K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ; -- S. bathī f. ʻ quiver ʼ (< *bhathī); A. Or. bhāti ʻ bellows ʼ, Bi. bhāthī, (S of Ganges) bhã̄thī; OAw. bhāthā̆ ʻ quiver ʼ; H. bhāthā m. ʻ quiver ʼ, bhāthī f. ʻ bellows ʼ; G. bhāthɔ,bhātɔ, bhāthṛɔ m. ʻ quiver ʼ (whence bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ); M. bhātā m. ʻ leathern bag, bellows, quiver ʼ, bhātaḍ n. ʻ bellows, quiver ʼ; <-> (X bhráṣṭra -- ?) N. bhã̄ṭi ʻ bellows ʼ, H. bhāṭhī f.OA. bhāthi ʻ bellows ʼ AFD 206.(CDIAL 9424)

ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayas 'metal'. kaṇḍa 'arrow' Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’. ayaskāṇḍa is a compounde word attested in Panini. The compound or glyphs of fish + arrow may denote metalware tools, pots and pans.kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, alloy of 5 metals - pancaloha'. ibha 'elephant' Rebus ibbo 'merchant'; ib ‘iron'.  Alternative: కరటి [ karaṭi ] karaṭi. [Skt.] n. An elephant. ఏనుగు (Telugu) Rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) kāṇḍa  'rhimpceros'   Rebus: khāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.  The text on m0489 tablet: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: loh 'copper'. kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus the display of the metalware catalog includes the technological competence to work with minerals, metals and alloys and produce tools, pots and pans. The persons involved are krammara 'turn back' Rebus: kamar 'smiths, artisans'. kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron, working in pancaloha alloys'. పంచలోహము pancha-lōnamu. n. A mixed metal, composed of five ingredients, viz., copper, zinc, tin, lead, and iron (Telugu). Thus, when five svastika hieroglyphs are depicted, the depiction is of satthiya 'svastika' Rebus: satthiya 'zinc' and the totality of 5 alloying metals of copper, zinc, tin, lead and iron.

Glyph: Animals in procession: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A flock (of sheep or goats) (Marathi) கண்டி¹ kaṇṭi  Flock, herd (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware’.

Hieroglyph: heraka ‘spy’. Rebus: eraka, arka 'copper, gold'; eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion'; era ‘copper’. āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra  'brass'. Hieroglyph: हेर [ hēra ] m (हेरक S through or H) A spy, scout, explorator, an emissary to gather intelligence. 2 f Spying out or spying, surveying narrowly, exploring. (Marathi) *hērati ʻ looks for or at ʼ. 2. hēraka -- , °rika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ lex., hairika -- m. ʻ spy ʼ Hcar., ʻ thief ʼ lex. [J. Bloch FestschrWackernagel 149 ← Drav., Kuiēra ʻ to spy ʼ, Malt. ére ʻ to see ʼ, DED 765]

1. Pk. hēraï ʻ looks for or at ʼ (vihīraï ʻ watches for ʼ); K.ḍoḍ. hērūō ʻ was seen ʼ; WPah.bhad. bhal. he_rnū ʻ to look at ʼ (bhal. hirāṇū ʻ to show ʼ), pāḍ. hēraṇ, paṅ. hēṇā, cur. hērnā, Ku. herṇo, N. hernu, A. heriba, B. herā, Or. heribā (caus. herāibā), Mth. herab, OAw. heraï, H. hernā; G. hervũ ʻ to spy ʼ, M. herṇẽ. 2. Pk. hēria -- m. ʻ spy ʼ; Kal. (Leitner) "hériu"ʻ spy ʼ; G. herɔ m. ʻ spy ʼ, herũ n. ʻ spying ʼ. Addenda: *hērati: WPah.kṭg. (Wkc.) hèrnõ, kc. erno ʻ observe ʼ; Garh. hernu ʻ to look' (CDIAL 14165) Ko. er uk- (uky-) to play 'peeping tom'. Kui ēra (ēri-) to spy, scout; n. spying, scouting; pl action ērka (ērki-). ? Kuwi (S.) hēnai to scout; hēri kiyali to see; (Su. P.) hēnḍ- (hēṭ-) id. Kur. ērnā (īryas) to see, look, look at, look after, look for, wait for, examine, try; ērta'ānā to let see, show; ērānakhrnā to look at one another. Malt. ére to see, behold, observe; érye to peep, spy. Cf. 892 Kur. ēthrnā. / Cf. Skt. heraka- spy, Pkt. her- to look at or for, and many NIA verbs; Turner, CDIAL, no. 14165(DEDR 903)

Hieroglyph: ã̄gru sprout, rebus: aṅgar 'carbon element (to carburize  moltencast, molten metal), charcoal' --: aṅkurá 1. ʻ *hooked ʼ. 2. m. ʻ sprout ʼ Uṇ., ʻ tumour ʼ Suśr. [*aṅku -- : √añc]1. Gy. as. agura ʻ crooked ʼ JGLS new ser. ii 331; Ash. áklə ʻ top of shoulder ʼ, Kt. ákři ʻ upper part of arm ʼ, Wg. akřá ʻ peg ʼ, Pr. uku ʻ shoulder ʼ; A. ã̄korā ʻ crooked, bent ʼ.2. Pa. aṅkura -- m. ʻ sprout ʼ, Pk. aṁkura -- m., N. ã̄kuro (lw. with k), B. Mth. ã̄kur; Or. āṅkuribā ʻ to cut off ears of ripe rice ʼ; H. ãkurā m. ʻ sprout ʼ, M. ã̄kūr m., ã̄krī f. ʻ tender spike of a tree ʼ; Si. akura, akara ʻ sprout, tumour ʼ.*aṅkurayati, *upāṅkura -- .Addenda: aṅkurá -- . 2. Garh. ã̄gru ʻ sprout ʼ, ãgryɔṇu ʻ to sprout ʼ.(CDIAL 109) Rebus:  áṅgāra--: Niṅg. aṅgāˊr ʻ fire ʼ; Md. aguru ʻ charcoal ʼ. aṅgula-- [Cf. daśāṅgulá-- RV.](CDIAL14200) áṅgāra m. n. ʻ glowing charcoal ʼ RV., °aka -- lex. 2. *iṅgāra -- , iṅgāla -- m. Vāsav. com.1. Pa. aṅgāra -- m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, Pk. aṁgāra -- , °aya -- , aṁgāla -- , °aya -- m., Gy. eur. angár ʻ charcoal ʼ, wel. vaṅār m. (v -- from m. article), germ. yangar (y -- from yag, s.v. agní -- 1); Ash. aṅāˊ ʻ fire ʼ, Kt. aṅǻ, Gmb. aṅāˊ, Pr. anéye, Dm. aṅgar (a < ā NTS xii 130), Tir. Chilis Gau. K. nār (n < ṅ -- , not ← Psht. nār ← Ar. AO xii 184), Paš. aṅgāˊr, Shum. ã̄r (← Paš. NOGaw 59), Gaw. Kal. Kho. aṅgāˊr, Bshk. äṅgāˊr, Tor. aṅā, Mai. agār, Phal. aṅgṓr, Sh. agāˊr, ha° m.; S. aṅaru m. ʻ charcoal ʼ (a < ā as in Dm.), L. aṅgār m., P. aṅgyār, °rā m., EP. ãgeār (y or e from MIA. aggi < agní -- 1?), WPah. bhid. aṅgāˊrõ n., pl. -- ã, Ku. aṅār (ḍaṅār id. X ḍājṇo < dahyátē), N. aṅār, A. āṅgār, eṅgār, B. āṅgār, āṅrā, Or. aṅgāra; Bi. ãgarwāh ʻ man who cuts sugar -- cane into lengths for the mill ʼ (= pakwāh); OMth. aṁgāra, Mth. ãgor, H. ãgār, °rā m., G. ãgār, °rɔ m., M. ãgār m., Si. an̆gura. -- Wg. ãdotdot;ř, ã̄īˊ ʻ fire ʼ (as opp. to aṅarīˊk ʻ charcoal ʼ, see aṅgāryāˊ -- ) poss. < agní -- 1, Morgenstierne NTS xvii 226.

2. Pa. iṅghāḷa -- ʻ glowing embers (?) ʼ, Pk. iṁgāra -- , iṁgāla, °aya -- ; K. yĕngur m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, yĕnguru m. ʻ charcoal -- burner ʼ; M. ĩgaḷ, ĩgḷā m., Ko. ĩgḷo. -- Deriv. M. ĩgḷā m. ʻ a kind of large ant ʼ, ĩgḷī f. ʻ a large black deadly scorpion ʼ.aṅgāraka -- , aṅgāri -- , aṅgāryāˊ -- ; aṅgāradhānī -- , *aṅgāravarta -- , *aṅgārasthāna -- , *aṅgr̥ṣṭha -- .Addenda: áṅgāra -- : Md. an̆guru ʻ charcoal ʼ.aṅgāraka ʻ *red like embers ʼ, m. ʻ charcoal; name of various plants ʼ (aṅgārikā -- f. ʻ stalk of sugar -- cane, flower of Butea frondosa ʼ). 2. m. ʻ the planet Mars ʼ. [áṅgāra -- ]1. Pa. aṅgāraka -- ʻ red like charcoal ʼ; S. aṅārī f. ʻ smut in wheat ʼ; WPah. bhal. aṅāˊri f. ʻ a plant with red flowers ʼ.2. Pa. aṅgāraka -- m. ʻ Mars ʼ, Pk. aṁgāraya -- m.; S. aṅāro m. ʻ Tuesday ʼ.aṅgāradhānī -- , °ikā -- f. ʻ portable stove ʼ lex. [áṅgāra -- , dhāˊna -- ]Paš. aṅgarāˊn, aṅgaranīˊ ʻ fireplace  *aṅgāravarta m. ʻ fire stone ʼ. [áṅgāra -- , *varta -- 3]Ash. aṅalawaṭ (r -- r > l -- r). *aṅgārasthāna n. ʻ fireplace ʼ. [áṅgāra -- , sthāˊna -- ]Dm. aṅgarthäĩ (perh. a Dm. cmpd.). -- See *agnisthāna -- .aṅgāri f., aṅgāritā -- f. ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex. [áṅgāra -- ]H. ãgārī f.Addenda: aṅgāri -- : †*aṅgāriṣṭha -- .130a †*aṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ. [aṅgāri -- , stha -- : cf. agniṣṭhá -- ]WPah.kṭg. garṭhɔ m. ʻ charcoal ʼ; J. gārṭhā m. ʻ a small burning coal ʼ.131 aṅgāryāˊ -- , *aṅgāriyā -- , f. ʻ heap of embers ʼ. [Cf. aṅgā- rīya -- ʻ fit for making charcoal ʼ, aṅgārikā -- f., angāritā -- f. ʻ portable fireplace ʼ lex.: áṅgāra -- ]Wg. aṅarīˊk, aṅgríč ʻ charcoal ʼ; Paš. aṅgerík ʻ black charcoal ʼ, Shum. ãdotdot;gerík; Phal. aṅgerīˊ ʻ charcoal ʼ, aṅgerīˊṣi f. ʻ black charcoal ʼ; Ku. aṅāri ʻ sparks ʼ; G. ãgārī f. ʻ small hearth with embers in it ʼ.(CDIAL 125 to 131). This signifies the carbon dhatu or carbon element which enters through godhuma, 'wheat chaff smoke' into the molten metal to harden it.

m1429 Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script.

Material: terra cotta
Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602
Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384
Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39

The large oxhide ingots were signified by ḍhālako a large metal ingot (Hieroglyph:  dhāḷ 'a slope'; 'inclination'  ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- .1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl"ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f.Addenda: ḍhāla -- . 2. *ḍhāllā -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f.(CDIAL 5583). 

kāraṇḍava m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ MBh. [Cf. kāraṇḍa- m. ʻ id. ʼ R., karēṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ lex.: see karaṭa -- 1]
Pa. kāraṇḍava -- m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ; Pk. kāraṁḍa -- , °ḍaga -- , °ḍava -- m. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. kānero m. ʻ a partic. kind of water bird ʼ < *kāreno.(CDIAL 3059) करढोंक or की (p. 78) karaḍhōṅka or kī m करडोक m A kind of crane or heron (Marathi)  kāraṇḍava m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ MBh. [Cf. kāraṇḍa- m. ʻ id. ʼ R., karēṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ lex.: see karaṭa -- 1]
Pa. kāraṇḍava -- m. ʻ a kind of duck ʼ; Pk. kāraṁḍa -- , °ḍaga -- , °ḍava -- m. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. kānero m. ʻ a partic. kind of water bird ʼ < *kāreno.(CDIAL 3059) करढोंक or की (p. 78) karaḍhōṅka or kī m करडोक m A kind of crane or heron (Marathi) 

m1186 FS 114 From R. - a horned pe rsonage standing between the branches of a pipal trec: a low pedestal with some offerings: a horn ed personage kneeling in adoration; a ram;a row of seven robed figures in the lower register.

bahulā f. pl. ʻ the Pleiades ʼ VarBr̥S., °likā -- f. pl. lex. [bahulá -- ] Kal. bahul ʻ the Pleiades ʼ, Kho. ból, (Lor.) boul, bolh, Sh. (Lor.) b*lle.(CDIAL 9195) Rebus: baghla 'dhow, cargo boat'.

FS 95

Cluster 9 Bier cluster, wheelwright category

FS 96 Person standing at the centre between a two-tiered

structure at R. and a short·horned bull standing near a trident-headed post at L.

khaḍū1 m. ʻ bier ʼ lex. 2. khaṭṭi -- m. lex. [Cf. kháṭvā -- ] 1. B. khaṛu ʻ bier ʼ.2. B. khāṭi ʻ bier ʼ, Or. khāṭa.(CDIAL 3785) Rebus: khāti 'wheelwright'. Text of inscription: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUSarā 'spoke of wheel' rebus: arā 'brass'. Hieroglyph:buffalo: rã̄go 'buffalo' Rebus: rāṅgā 'zinc alloy, spelter, pewter'. Thus, cast spelter Hieroglyph: body: mēd 'body' (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ 'iron' (Ho.) 

Cluster 15 Tortoise, turtle clusters, bronze classifiers

FS 69 Inscribed object in the shape of a tortoise.

FS 56 (Frequency in M Corpus: 9) dula 'duplicated, mirror image' rebus: dul'metal casting' PLUS

https://frontiers-of-anthropology.blogspot.in/2011/11/giant-turtle-that-bears-world-on-its.html?m=1

A giant turtle (of what was thought to be an extinct species) has been found on Pacific island in 2010 CE !!

https://www.wired.com/2010/08/last-giant-land-turtle/

कंस[p= 241,1] mn. ( √कम् Un2. iii , 62), a vessel made of metal , drinking vessel , cup , goblet AV. x , 10 , 5 AitBr. S3Br. &c; a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal

 

"Front view of Meiolania platyceps fossil 

Meiolania ("small roamer") is an extinct genus of cryptodire  

turtle from the Oligocene to Holocene, with the last relict populations at New Caledonia which survived until 2,000 years ago.

The animal was rather large, measuring 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in length, making it the second-largest known nonmarine turtle or tortoise, surpassed only by Colossochelys atlas from Asia, which lived in the Pleistocene. It lived in Australia and New Caledonia. Remains have also been found on the island of Efate in Vanuatu, associated with settlements from the Lapitaculture...When the first fossil remains (a vertebra) were found, they were originally thought to be from a large monitor lizard, similar to, but smaller than Megalania, so the genus was named accordingly. Later, when more remains were found, it was realized that the "small roamer" was actually a turtle, and not a lizard. Synonyms include Miolania and Ceratochelys."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiolania

There are examples of copper plates with the pictorial motifs of large turtles combined back to back, as a pair to signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

m1528Act

m1529Act2920

m1529Bct

m1532Act

m1532Bct

m1534Act

m1534Bct

1703 Composition: 

Two horned heads one at either end of the body. Note the dottings on the thighs which is a unique artistic feature of depicting a turtles (the legs are like those of an elephant?). The body apparently is a combination of two turtles with heads of  turtles emerging out of the shell and attached on either end of the composite body.

Copper tablet type B18, B17b. Tortoise with mirror duplicaes.

B17a, B17b, B18

Hieroglyph: two large turtles joined back to back. Thus, signifying meta casting using cire perdue (lost-wax) technique of creating mirror image metal castings from wax casts.

The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS  kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

kamaṭha crab, tortoise (Gujarati); ‘frog’ (Skt.); rebus:  kammaṭa ‘mint’ (Kannada)kampaṭṭam ‘coiner, mint’ (Tamil).கமடம், [ *kamaṭam, ] s. A turtle, a tortoise, ஆமை (Winslow Tamil lexicon) కమఠము [ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu. [Skt.] n. A tortoise.

Rebus: కమటము [ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. Allograph: कमटा or ठा [ kamaṭā or ṭhā ] m (कमठ S) A bow (esp. of bamboo or horn) (Marathi). Allograph 2: kamaḍha ‘penance’ (Pkt.)  Rebus:  Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236)

m1532b On another copper tablet, the emphasis is clearly on the turtle's shell like that of Meiolania's shell.

On copper tablet m1543, the correct identification of the animal heads will be turtle species comparable to Meiolania, a horned large turtle of New Guinea.

Hieroglyph: kassa ‘turtle’: kacchapa m. ʻ turtle, tortoise ʼ MBh. 2. *kacchabha -- . [By pop. etym. through kaccha -- for kaśyápa -- VS. J. Charpentier MO xxvi 110 suggested equivalence in MIA. of kassa -- = kaccha -- to explain creation of kacchapa -- ~ kassapa -- . But K. kochuwu, unless a loan from Ind., points to *kakṣapa -- , which would make the formation earlier.] 1. Pa. kacchapa -- m. ʻ tortoise, turtle, °pinī -- f., Pk. kacchava -- m., °vī -- f., K. kochuwu m. (see above), S. kachãũ, °chū̃ m., L. kachū̃ m., P. kacchū, kacchūkummã̄ m. (< kūrmá -- 1), N. kachuwā, A. kācha, B. kāchim, Or. kechu, °cho, kẽchu, kaï˜cha, °ca, kachima, °cima, Mth. kāchu, Bhoj. Aw. lakh. kachuā; H. kachuā, °chwā m., °uī, °wī f. ʻ tortoise, turtle ʼ, kach -- mach m. ʻ dwellers in the water ʼ (< mátsya -- ) whence kacch, kach m. ʻ turtle, tortoise ʼ, M. kāsav, kã̄s° m., Ko. kāsavu. 2. Pk. amg. kacchabha -- , °aha -- m., °bhī -- f.; Si. käsum̆bu, °ubu H. Smith JA 1950, 188; -- G. kācbɔ m., °bī f. with unexpl. retention of -- b -- and loss of aspiration in c. Addenda: kacchapa -- . 1. A. kācha (phonet. -- s -- ) ʻ tortoise ʼ AFD 217. 2. *kacchabha -- (with -- pa -- replaced by animal suffix -- bha -- ): Md. kahan̆bu ʻ tortoise -- shell ʼ.(CDIAL 2619)

Rebus: OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food.

kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- . 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109. 2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; K. kanzü f. ʻ clay or copper pot ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. kāˊṁsya -- ; -- *kaṁsāvatī -- ? Addenda: kaṁsá -- 1: A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya -- . (CDIAL 2576) It is possible that the word in Tamil for ‘gold, money’ is cognate with these etyma of Indian sprachbund: காசு³ kācu , n. prob. kāš. cf. kāca. [M. kāšu.] 1. Gold; பொன். (ஆ. நி.) 2. Necklace of gold coins; அச்சுத்தாலி. காசும் பிறப்புங் கலகலப்ப (திவ். திருப்பா. 7). 3. An ancient gold coin = 28 gr. troy; ஒரு பழைய பொன்னாணயம். (Insc.) 4. A small copper coin;சிறுசெப்புக்காசு. நெஞ்சே யுனையோர் காசா மதியேன் (தாயு. உடல்பொய். 72). 5. Coin, cash, money; ரொக்கம். எப்பேர்ப்பட்ட பல காசா யங்களும் (S.I.I. i, 89). 6. Gem, crystal bead; மணி.நாண்வழிக் காசுபோலவும் (இறை. 2, உரை, பக். 29). 7. Girdle strung with gems; மேகலாபர ணம்.பட்டுடை சூழ்ந்த காசு (சீவக. 468). 8. (Pros.) A formula of a foot of two nēr acaiveṇpā; வெண்பாவின்இறுதிச்சீர்வாய்பாட்டுள் ஒன்று. (காரிகை, செய். 7.) 9. The hollow in the centre of each row of pallāṅkuḻi; பல்லாங்குழி யாட்டத்திற் காய்கள் சேர்தற்குரிய நடுக்குழிகள்.

1)      కంచరవాడు (p. 224) kañcaravāḍu kanṭsu. n. Bell metal. కంచుకుండ a bowl or vessel or bell metal.కంచువాద్యము a cymbal made of bell metal. కంచుతీసినట్లు as... 
2) కంచము (p. 223) kañcamu kanṭsamu. [Tel.] n. A metal plate or dish. కంచుకంచము a dish made of bell metal. మా కంచములో రాయి వేసినాడు he threw a stone into our place, i.e., took away our bread, he disturbed us. మందకంచము a dish which as a rim. ఆకుకంచము a dish which has none. 

2)      ) కంసర (p. 227) kaṃsara or కంసలల kamsara. [Tel.] n. Smithery; working in gold: adj. Of the goldsmith caste. కంసలది a woman of that caste. కంసలపని the business of a gold-smith. 

3)      కంసము (p. 227) kaṃsamu kamsamu. [Skt.] n. Bell metal.కంచు. 
4) కాంస్యము (p. 265) kāṃsyamu kāmsyamu. [Skt.] n. Bell metal. కంచు. 

4)      కంసాలి (p. 227) kaṃsāli or కంసాలవాడు kamsāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith or silversmith. 

5)       కంచరవాడు (p. 224) kañcaravāḍu or కంచరి kanṭsara-vaḍu. [Tel.] n. A brazier, a coppersmith. కంచుపనిచేయువాడు. కంచరది a woman of that caste. కంచరిపురుగు kanṭsari-purugu. n. A kind of beetle called the death watch. కంచు kanṭsu. n. Bell metal. కంచుకుండ a bowl or vessel or bell metal. కంచువాద్యము a cymbal made of bell metal. కంచుతీసినట్లు as bright or dazzling as the glitter of polished metal. Sunbright.ఆమె కంచుగీచినట్లు పలికె she spoke shrilly or with a voice as clear as a bell. 

 కాంచనము (p. 265) kāñcanamu kānchanamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. కాంచనవల్లి a piece of gold wire.కాంచనాంబరము tissue, gold cloth. 

Kāñcana काञ्चन a. (-नी f.) [काञ्च्-ल्युट्] Golden, made of gold; तन्मध्ये च स्फटिकफलका काञ्चनी वासयष्टिः Me.81; काञ्चनंवलयम् Ś.6.8; Ms.5.112. -नम् 1 Gold; समलोष्टाश्मकाञ्चनः Bg. 14.24. (ग्राह्यम्) अमेध्यादपि काञ्चनम् Ms.2.239. -2 Lustre, brilliancy. -3 Property, wealth, money. (Apte).  kāñcaná ʻ golden ʼ MBh., n. ʻ gold ʼ Mn.Pa. kañcana -- n. ʻ gold ʼ, °aka -- ʻ golden ʼ; Pk. kaṁcaṇa<-> n. ʻ gold ʼ; Si. kasuna ʻ gold ʼ, kasun -- ʻ golden ʼ. (CDIAL 3013)காஞ்சனம்¹ kāñcaṉam , n. < kāñcana. Gold; பொன். (திவா.)  కాంచనము (p. 265) kāñcanamu kānchanamu. [Skt.] n. Gold. కాంచనవల్లి a piece of gold wire. కాంచనాంబరము tissue, gold cloth. 

The hieroglyph multiplex on m1534b is now read rebus as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa 

'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

Cluster 16 Seated person in penance, mint classifier

FS 80 (Frequency in M Corpus:3) Horned personage seated on a pedestal.

FS 81

FS 82 kamaḍha 'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'; kaṇḍo 'stool, seat' Rebus: kāṇḍa 'metalware'

Cluster 17 Archer cluster,mint classifier

FS 89 (Frequency in M Corpus: 6) Standing personage with ho rns and bovine features holding a bow in one hand and an arrow or an uncertain object in the other.

kamaṭha 'penance' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner'; 

Cluster 18 ayakara 'metalsmith' cluster, alloy metal smithy, forge classifier

FS 63

FS 64

FS 65

FS 66

FS 67 FS 63 to FS 67 Gharia1. sometimes with a fish held in its jaw and/ or surrounded by school of fish. (Frequency in M Corpus: 49) 

FS 68 Inscribed object in the shape of a fish (Frequency in M Corpus: 14) ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क);steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod.Germ. Eisen.]) 

Cluster 19 Smelter cluster, wealth-category of smelted mineral ores

  

FS 75

FS 76

FS 77 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 34) Kino tree generally within a railing or on a platform. kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' 

Cluster 20 Magnetite, ferrite ore cluster wealth-category or wealth-classification

FS 10 (Frequency in M Corpus 54) Bos indicus, zebu. Humped bull.

Hieroglyph: पोळ pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large.  पोळी (p. 305) pōḷī fig. A dewlap. पोळी पिकणें g. of s. To begin to fare sumptuously; to get into good living.  पोळा (p. 305) pōḷā m (पोळ) A festive day for cattle,--the day of new moon of श्रावण or of भाद्रपद. Bullocks are exempted from labor; variously daubed and decorated; and paraded about in worship. 

Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. To burn: पोळभाज pōḷabhāja f (पोळणें & भाजणें To burn &c.) In agriculture. A comprehensive term for the operations connected with the burning of the ground. 

Metal casting clusters (cire perdue, 'lost wax method')

FS 14

FS 127 A large device in the upper register s howing a number of

small circles in three rows with ano the r row of short vertical lines below (identified as a 'seed-drill "!). I suggest that this is an orthographic representation of a bee-hive with horns and 'notches'. पोळ  pōḷa n C (Or पोळें) A honeycomb PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' PLUS 'notches' hieroglyph:  'notch' hieroglyph:  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, pōḷa koḍ khāṇḍā 'haematite, ferrite ore workshop, metalware smelter.' (Alternative explanation of the field symbol: A large device in the upper register showing a number of small circles in three rows with another row of short vertical lines below (identified as a 'seed-drill "!)

 Sign 222 isSign 216 + notch (slanted stroke) Hieroglyph: katī 'blacksmith's goldsmith's scissors' rebus:  khātī m. ʻ 'member of a caste of wheelwrights' PLUS 'notch' hieroglyph:  खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. (Marathi). Thus, khātī khāṇḍā 'wheelwright, equipment' of Ka. kāru pincers, tongs. Te. kāru id. Ga. (S.3) kāru id. (< Te.).(DEDR 1473) Ka. paṭakāru tongs, pincers. Te. paṭakāru, paṭukāṟu pair of tongs, large pincers. (DEDR 3864) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'.(Kashmiri)

Sign 254 if duplicatedSign 86 (long linear stroke) koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'  dula 'two, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'  PLUS 'three horizontal strokes' kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus hypertext of Sign 254 reads: dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'

  The cluster of hypertexts in Text message of FS 127 reads: 

ayo dhakka, ayo ḍhāḷako khātī khāṇḍā 'bright metal alloy, alloymetal large ingot, wheelwright, equipment' dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'.

Modifier on Sign 72: sloping stroke: ḍhāḷiyum = adj. sloping, inclining (G.) The ligatured glyph is read rebus as: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati).

The inscription hypertext of FS 127 reads: pōḷa koḍ khāṇḍā 'haematite, ferrite ore workshop, metalware smelter.' PLUS ayo dhakka, ayo ḍhāḷa khātī khāṇḍā 'bright metal alloy, alloymetal ingot, wheelwright, equipment' dul koḍ kolimi 'metal casting smithy, forge'.

It is an orthographic variant of a bee-hive. Hieroglyph: पोळ  pōḷa n C (Or पोळें) A honeycomb. पोळें pōḷēṃ n C A cake-form or flat honeycomb. पोळा  pōḷā m (पोळ) The cake-form portion of a honeycomb. 3 A kindled portion flying up from a burning mass, a flake. 4 C A nest of bees or of उंबील or हुरण (species of ant) formed on trees by doubling over and gluing together leaves. 5 C A portion of the दाढ (loppings and straw strewed over ground to be turned) remaining unburned. 6 C पोकळा or the flowers of शेगवा rolled up in a plantain-leaf and broiled over the fire. An eatable amongst children. 

Cluster 21 Dhokra 'cire perdue' metal cassting artisans classifier

FS 103 Horned (female) personage with a tail and bovine legs

standing near a kino tree attacking a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs.

Dhokra kamar as a Meluhha hieroglyph: Dholavira, Mohenjo-daro seals Rebus: lost-wax casting

On both the seals (Mohenjodaro and Dholavira), a decrept woman is signified with breasts hanging down to convey the semantics 'decrepit'. The decrepit woman on both seals is ligatured to the back of a bovine (buttock). On both the seals the woman is shown with her arm upraised signifying semantics of 'striking':P. ṭhokṇā ʻ to strike ʼ; Ku. ṭhokṇo ʻ to wield ʼ; N. ṭhoknu ʻ to knock ʼ; A. ṭhūkiba ʻ to strike ʼ, B. ṭhokā, ṭhukā, Or. ṭhukibā; H. ṭhoknā ʻ to knock, make firm ʼ; G. ṭhokvũ ʻ to strike ʼ, M. ṭhokṇẽ (CDIAL 5513) The rebus rendering is a phonetic determinant: dhokra/dokra 'cire perdue, lost-wax metalcaster'.

Plate II. Chlorite artifacts referred to as 'handbags' f-g (w 24 cm, thks 4.8 cm.); h (w 19.5 cm, h 19.4 cm, thks 4 cm); j (2 28 cm; h 24 cm, thks 3 cm); k (w 18.5, h 18.3, thks 3.2) Jiroft IV. Iconography of chlorite artifacts. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jiroft-iv-iconography-of-chlorite-artifacts

An allograph to signify dhokra/dokra is a dhokra 'basket or wallet.' This hieroglyph is shown on a number of 'basket-shaped or wallet-shaped' stone sculptures from Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex. Hieroglyph: N. dhokro ʻ large jute bag ʼ, B. dhokaṛ; Or. dhokaṛa ʻ cloth bag ʼ; Bi. dhŏkrā ʻ jute bag ʼ; Mth. dhokṛā ʻ bag, vessel, receptacle ʼ; H. dhukṛīf. ʻ small bag ʼ; G. dhokṛũ n. ʻ bale of cotton ʼ; -- with -- ṭṭ -- : M. dhokṭī f. ʻ wallet ʼ; -- with -- n -- : G. dhokṇũ n. ʻ bale of cotton ʼ; -- with -- s -- : N. (Tarai) dhokse ʻ place covered with a mat to store rice in ʼ.2. L. dhohẽ (pl. dhūhī˜) m. ʻ large thatched shed ʼ.3. M. dhõgḍā m. ʻ coarse cloth ʼ, dhõgṭī f. ʻ wallet ʼ.4. L. ḍhok f. ʻ hut in the fields ʼ; Ku. ḍhwākā m. pl. ʻ gates of a city or market ʼ; N. ḍhokā (pl. of *ḍhoko) ʻ door ʼ; -- OMarw. ḍhokaro m. ʻ basket ʼ; -- N.ḍhokse ʻ place covered with a mat to store rice in, large basket ʼ.(CDIAL 6880) Rebus: dhokra ‘cire perdue’ casting metalsmith. 

The hieroglyph of dhokaṛa 'an old female with breasts hanging down' and ligatured to the ḍhōṅgā 'buttock' of a bovine is also deployed on a Mohenjo-daro seal; rebus: dhokra.dokra 'cire-perdue lost-wax metal casting artifice' PLUS dhangar'bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'; thus, the hypertext signifies: cire-perdue metalcaster smith. On a Mohenjo0daro seal this is reinforced by two hieroglyphs: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'. kuṭhi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi'smelter'. On a Dholavira seal, the reinforcing hieroglyphs are a pair of crocodiles: karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting' Thus, together, metalcaster blacksmith.

Mohenodaro seal. Pict-103 Horned (female with breasts hanging down?) person with a tail and bovine legs standing near a tree fisting a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs.

Dholavira molded terracotta tablet with Meluhha hieroglyphs written on two sides. Hieroglyphs: dhokaṛa ʻdecrepit, hanging down (of breasts)' (Oriya)(CDIAL 5567). 

M. ḍhẽg n. ʻ groin ʼ, ḍhẽgā m. ʻ buttock ʼ. M. dhõgā m. ʻ buttock ʼ. (CDIAL 5585). Glyph: Br. kōnḍō on all fours, bent double. (DEDR 204a) Rebus: kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner’s lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Tiger has head turned backwards. క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు (Telugu). Rebus: krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) karmāra ‘smith, artisan’ (Skt.) kamar ‘smith’ (Santali) 

Cluster 22 dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ, dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters' cluster, Iron, steel product cluster m0304 Seal impression and other field symbol components

FS 50 Fabulous animal with features of an ox and a rhinoceros

facing the special c ult object. 

baḍhia 'a castrated boar, a hog' (Santali) বরাহ barāha 'boar' Rebus:baḍhi 'worker in wood and iron' (Santali) bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali) ...gaṇḍa 'rhinoceros'; rebus: khaṇḍ 'tools' barad, balad, ''ox' rebus: bharat 'alloy metal (copper, zinc, tin)

FS 19

FS 20 (Frequency in M Corpus: 55) Elephant. sometimes with a tTOugh in front.

FS 21

FS 27

Cluster 23 Endless knot cluster, yajña dhanam, iron category, ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ category

FS 124 (Frequency in M Corpus: 4) The 'endless knot' motif.

मेध = yajña

मेधा = धन (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क ii , 10.)

Variant of endless knot motif is twisted, plaited threads or strands of rope. FS 102 Group of persons vaulting over an uncertain bovine animal.

मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ' iron' (Munda). Rebus: medha 'yajna'., medhā'dhanam'.

FS 98 Short-ho rned bull trampling a prostrate person underneath.

meṭṭu to tread, trample, crush under foot, tread or place the foot upon (Te.); meṭṭu step (Ga.); mettunga steps (Ga.). maḍye to trample, tread (Malt.)(DEDR 5057) మెట్టు [ meṭṭu ] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అడుగుపెట్టు, నడుచు, త్రొక్కు. "మెల్ల మెల్లన మెట్టుచుదొలగి అల్లనల్లనతలుపులండకు జేరి." BD iv. 1523. To tread on, to trample on. To kick, to thrust with the foot.మెట్టిక meṭṭika. n. A step , మెట్టు, సోపానము (Telugu)

Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.)

ḍhanga = tall, long shanked; maran: ḍhangi aimai kanae = she is a big tall woman (Santali.lex.)

Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (WPah.): ḍānro = a term of contempt for a blacksmith (N.)(CDIAL 5524) ṭhākur = blacksmith (Mth.); ṭhākar = landholder (P.); ṭhakkura – Rajput, chief man of a village (Pkt.); ṭhakuri = a clan of Chetris (N.); ṭhākura – term of address to a Brahman, god, idol (Or.)(CDIAL 5488). dha~_gar., dhã̄gar = a non-Aryan tribe in the Vindhyas, digger of wells and tanks (H.); dhāngar = young servant, herdsman, name of a Santal tribe (Or.); dhangar = herdsman (H.)(CDIAL 5524).   

Cluster 24 Dance-step cluster, iron smithy/forge

FS 93 (Frequency in M Corpus:2) Three dancing figures in a row 

kolom 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'

meḍ 'to dance' (F.)[reduplicated from me-]; me id. (M.) in Remo (Munda)(Source: D. Stampe's Munda etyma) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.)

Clusterr 25 Minerals Smelter, metals furnace, clusters

FS 4

FS 25 (Frequency in M Corpus: 5) Horned tiger.

FS 54 

See: Octopus veṛhā, unicorn (young aurochs kondh), Indus Script hypertexts are professional calling cards of jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guards in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ https://tinyurl.com/y9

Cluster 26 Armoury clusters

FS 5  कुठारु kuṭhāru 'a monkey' Rebus:  कुठारु  kuṭhāru 'an armourer' (Monier-Williams) , 

FS 23 (Frequency in M Corpus 16) Tiger. generally with a trough in front.

kūṭāgāra n.m. ʻ apartment on the roof of a house ʼ R. [kūˊṭa -- 4, agāra -- ]

Pa. kūṭāgāra -- n. ʻ building with an upper storey ʼ; Pk. kūḍāgāra -- n. ʻ house shaped like a crest ʼ; Si. kuḷāra ʻ balcony, gabled house ʼ.(CDIAL 3398) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'

Cluster 27 Double-axe cluster, armourer category

FS 129 (Frequency in M Corpus: 17) Inscribed object in the shape of a double·shield or double-axe.

FS 133 Double-axe without shaft

kuṭhāra m. ʻ axe ʼ R., °raka -- m. VarBr̥S., °rī -- f. lex., °rikā -- f. Suśr. [kuṭhātaṅka -- m., °kā -- f. lex. Prob. ← Drav. and conn. with √kuṭṭ EWA i 223 with lit.]Pa. kuṭhārī -- f., Pk. kuḍhāra -- m., kuhāḍa -- m., °ḍī -- f. (for ṭh -- r ~ h -- ḍ see piṭhara -- ), S. kuhāṛo m., L. P. kuhāṛā m., °ṛī f., P. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f., WPah. bhal. kurhāṛi f., Ku. kulyāṛo, gng. kulyāṛ, B. kuṛā̆l, °li, kuṛul, Or. kuṛāla, kurāṛha, °ṛhi, kurhāṛi, kuṛāri; Bi. kulhārī ʻ large axe for squaring logs ʼ; H. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ axe ʼ, G. kuhāṛɔ m., °ṛī f., kuvāṛī f., M. kurhāḍ, °ḍī f., Si. keṇeri Hettiaratchi Indeclinables 6 (connexion, if any, with keṭeri,°ṭēriya ʻ long -- handled axe ʼ is obscure).Addenda: kuṭhāra --: WPah.kṭg. khəṛari, kəṛari f. ʻ axe ʼ.(CDIAL 3244) Rebus: kuThAru 'armourer' कुठारु [p= 289,1] an armourer L.

Cluster 28 Seafaring merchant clusters

FS 6

Cluster 29 Smithy, forge clusters

FS 7 (Frequency of occurrence in M Corpus: 1159) Unicorn, generally facing a standard device.

FS 44 Row of animals in file (a unicorn, an elephant and a

rhinoceros from R.); a gharial with a fish held in its jaw above the animals; a bird (?) at R.

Cluster30 Equipment making black-smithy/-forge

FS 42 (Frequency in M Copus:10 ) Hare facing a bush.

FS 43 (Frequency in M Copus:5) Inscribed object in the shape of a hare.

Examples of incised copper tablets (Hieroglyph-multiplex (FS 42 field symbol): hare PLUS thorn/bush):

m1491Act

m1491Bct

m1492Act

m1492Bct

m1493Bct

1706 Hare

m1494 

Pict-42

m1497Act

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/01/data-mining-techniques-decipherment-of.html

Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka ʻ hare ʼ. [ʻ longeared like a donkey ʼ: khara -- 1?]N. kharāyo ʻ hare ʼ, Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) ``^rabbit'' Sa. kulai `rabbit'.Mu. kulai`rabbit'.KW kulai @(M063)  खरगोस (p. 113) kharagōsa m ( P) A hare.  (Marathi)

Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ(CDIAL 9424)  khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार-बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru  । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. -gȧji -; or । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. (sg. dat. -höjü , a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü ; । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu -। लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü - । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -nĕcyuwu -न्यचिवु&below; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.

Hare in front of the bush: Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) PLUS kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn'; kaṇṭa1 m. ʻ thorn ʼ BhP. 2. káṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ ŚBr., ʻ anything pointed ʼ R. 1. Pa. kaṇṭa -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. pal. ḳand, Sh. koh. gur. kōṇ m., Ku. gng. kã̄ṇ, A. kāĩṭ (< nom. *kaṇṭē?), Mth. Bhoj. kã̄ṭ, OH. kã̄ṭa. 2. Pa. kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; Pk. kaṁṭaya<-> m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. eur. kanro m., SEeur. kai̦o, Dm. kãṭa, Phal. kāṇḍu, kã̄ṛo, Sh. gil. kóṇŭ m., K. konḍu m., S. kaṇḍo m., L. P. kaṇḍā m., WPah. khaś. kaṇṭā m., bhal. kaṇṭo m., jaun. kã̄ḍā, Ku. kāno; N. kã̄ṛo ʻ thorn, afterbirth ʼ (semant. cf.śalyá -- ); B. kã̄ṭā ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ, Or. kaṇṭā; Aw. lakh. H. kã̄ṭā m.; G. kã̄ṭɔ ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; M. kã̄ṭā, kāṭā m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Ko. kāṇṭo, Si. kaṭuva. kaṇṭala -- Addenda: kaṇṭa -- 1. 1. A. also kã̄iṭ; Md. kaři ʻ thorn, bone ʼ.2. káṇṭaka -- : S.kcch. kaṇḍho m. ʻ thorn ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn, mountain peak ʼ, J. kã̄ḍā m.; Garh. kã̄ḍu ʻ thorn ʼ. (CDIAL 2668) Rebus: kaNDa 'implements'. Thus, hare in front of thorn/bush signifies: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kaNDa 'implements', i.e. implements from smithy/forge.

Cluster 31 Tin smithy, forge clusters

FS 33 -FS 38 Goat-antelope with a short tail (and different types of

boms), sometimes with a trough in front. ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’ krammara ‘turn back’ rebus:kamar ‘blacksmith’.

FS 34

FS 36

FS 32

FS 37

FS 38 (Frequency in M Corpus: 36) Goat-antelope with a short tail (and different types of boms), sometimes with a trough in front.

FS 41 (Frequency in M Corpus: 26) Ox-antelope with a long tail, generally with a trough

in front .

Cluster32 Alloy metal clusters

 FS 9 (Frequency in M Corpus: 5) Bull with two long horns (otherwise resembling the
'unicorn' ), generally facing the special standard device.

FS 16

FS 17 (Frequency in M Corpus 14) Buffalo. generally with a trough in front.

FS 13 (Frequency in M Corpus: 95) Short-horned bull, generally with head lowered over a trough.

FS 29 Fabulous animal of uncertain desc ription with two heads. one at either end of the hody. (Ref. 1703)

Cluster 33 Metal equipment, product clusters

--Metalwork samgaha, 'catalogues' cluster सं-ग्रह complete enumeration or collection , sum , amount , totality (एण , " completely " , " entirely ") (याज्ञवल्क्य), catalogue, list

FS 28 (Frequency in M Corpus: 39) Rhinoceros. generally with a trough in front.

FS 31

Cluster 34 śreṇi Goldsmith Guild clusters 

FS 46

FS 57

FS 58

FS 59 

FS 60

Cluster 34a Three tigers joined, smithy village,smithy shop category

FS 61  Composite motif, three tigers joined together

.kol 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'  cāli 'interlocked' rebus śālikā 'village of artisans,shop'. Thus kolimi śālikā 'smithy village,smithy shop' 

FS 62 Composite mo tif consist ing of six heads of animals viz.thnse of unicorn . short-horned bull. antelope. tiger and of two ulher uncertain animals radiating oulwarth. from a ring. (Frequency: 62 M Corpus) Seal of a Metal guild-master. Hieroglyph: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace) are: blacksmith, turner, smelter, coppersmith, ironsmith (magnetite ore), Supercargo who is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.

m417 Glyph: ‘ladder’: H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ Rebus: Pa. sēṇi -- f. ʻ guild, division of army ʼ; Pk. sēṇi -- f. ʻ row, collection ʼ; śrḗṇi (metr. often śrayaṇi -- ) f. ʻ line, row, troop ʼ RV. The lexeme in Tamil means: Limit, boundary; எல்லை. நளியிரு முந்நீரேணி யாக (புறநா. 35, 1). Country, territory.

The glyphics are:
Semantics: ‘group of animals/quadrupeds’: paśu ‘animal’ (RV), pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Te.) Rebus: pasra ‘smithy’ (Santali)

This guild, community of smiths and masons evolves into Harosheth Hagoyim, ‘a smithy of nations’.
It appears that the Meluhhans were in contact with many interaction areas, Dilmun and Susa (elam) in particular. There is evidence for Meluhhan settlements outside of Meluhha. It is a reasonable inference that the Meluhhans with bronze-age expertise of creating arsenical and bronze alloys and working with other metals constituted the ‘smithy of nations’, Harosheth Hagoyim.

sãgaḍ f. ʻa body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together' (Marathi). This gloss sãgaḍ as a body of written or pictorial material of hieroglyphs (voiced in Meluhha speech) can be used to create a ciphertext with elements of enhanced cyber-security encryptions. This ciphertext can be called: Hieroglyphmultiplextext. Rebus 1: sãgaḍ māṇi 'alloying adamantine glue, सं-घात caravan standard' -- vajra saṁghāṭa in archaeometallurgy, deciphered in Indus Script Corpora. Enhanced encryption cyber-security. Rebus 2: जांगड [jāṅgaḍa] ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop. जांगड [ jāṅgaḍa ] f ( H) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken.Rebud 3: sangaDa 'a cargo boat'. Rebus 4: sangaRh 'proclamation'.

śrēṇikā -- f. ʻ tent ʼ lex. and mngs. ʻ house ~ ladder ʼ in *śriṣṭa -- 2, *śrīḍhi -- . -- Words for ʻ ladder ʼ see śrití -- . -- √śri]H. sainī, senī f. ʻ ladder ʼ; Si. hiṇi, hiṇa, iṇi ʻ ladder, stairs ʼ (GS 84 < śrēṇi -- ).(CDIAL 12685). Woṭ. Šen ʻ roof ʼ, Bshk. Šan, Phal. Šān(AO xviii 251) Rebus: seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. Śreṇi in meaning “guild”; Vedic= row] 1. A guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314; iv.43; Dāvs ii.124; their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427; VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni -- ). — 2. A division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49; seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. Senā and seniya). (Pali)

*śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ. [Cf. śrētr̥ -- ʻ one who has recourse to ʼ MBh. -- See śrití -- . -- √śri]Ash. ċeitr ʻ ladder ʼ (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720) *śrēṣṭrī2 ʻ line, ladder ʼ. [For mng. ʻ line ʼ conn. with √śriṣ2 cf. śrḗṇi -- ~ √śri. -- See śrití -- . -- √śriṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ̄ -- f. ʻ line, row ʼ (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. ʻ id. ʼ. -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -- , śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. ʻ a partic. progression of arithmetical figures ʼ); K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ʻ ladder ʼ.(CDIAL 12724) Rebus:  śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild ʼ, °nī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a guild, banker ʼ, seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ; N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ; Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ; M.śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi° ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12726)

This denotes a mason (artisan) guild -- seni -- of 1. brass-workers; 2. blacksmiths; 3. iron-workers; 4. copper-workers; 5. native metal workers; 6. workers in alloys.

The core is a glyphic ‘chain’ or ‘ladder’. Glyph: kaḍī a chain; a hook; a link (G.); kaḍum a bracelet, a ring (G.) Rebus: kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; kaḍiyaṇa, kaḍiyeṇa a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (G.)

The glyphics are:

1.     Glyph: ‘one-horned young bull’: kondh ‘heifer’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’.

2.     Glyph: ‘bull’: ḍhangra ‘bull’. Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’. koD 'horns' rebus: koD 'workshop'

3.     Glyph: ‘ram’: meḍh ‘ram’. Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’

^4.         Glyph: ‘antelope’: mr̤eka ‘goat’. Rebus: milakkhu ‘copper’. Vikalpa 1: meluhha ‘mleccha’ ‘copper worker’. Vikalpa 2: meṛh ‘helper of merchant’. 

Indus Script Corpora evidence points to the early working with magnetite, ferrite ore as seen by the signifier hieroglyph पोळ pōḷa, 'bos indicus, zebu'. The prologue dedication is first to this bos indicussignified by the synonym: Nanda, nandi. The word नांदी nāndī signifies prologue dedication.

पोळ (p. 305) pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. As eulogium or praise of the divine, the synonym used is: नंदी (p. 256) nandī m (S) The bull on which Mahádeva rides. A stone-bull is fixed in front of all temples to Mahádeva. The word nanda has specific meanings in the context of trade transactions. नंद (p. 256) nanda m नंदकी f (नंद was a proper name.) A clandestine or covert term, amongst dealers and brokers, for दल्लाली or the fees of brokerage. De- vised to keep the secrets of trade from the employer of the broker and the mere customer. Its vocabulary is भुरका One rupee, ढोकळा One pysa, केवली One, अवारू Two, उधानू Three, पोकू Four, मुळू Five, शेली Six, पवित्रू Seven, भंगी Eight, तेवसू or लेवनू Nine, अंगुळू Ten, एकडू Eleven, रेघी Twelve, ठेपरू Thirteen, चोपडू Fourteen, तळी Fifteen. To this last term the first four numerals successively added (the sense of addition being expressed by तान) form successively 16, 17, 18, 19, as भुरका तान तळी अवारू तान तळी, उधानू तान तळी, पोकू तान तळी. काटी stands for 20; then भुरका तान काटी, अवारू तान काटी &c. express 21, 22 &c. बिटी is 100, ढकार 1000, फाटा is An̤á, अवारू फाटे Two án̤ás, मंगी फाटे Eight án̤ás, तळी फाटे Fifteen án̤ás, दुकार One án̤á, चकार Two án̤ás, पकार Four án̤ás, टाली Half a rupee. The नंद vocabulary however has variations. Expressive of the above account the following अभंग has been composed, मुळू 5 वदनाचा उधानु 3 नेत्राचा ॥ अंगूळू 10 हातांचा स्वामी माझा ॥1॥ मुगुट जयाचा केव- ळ्या 1 आगळी कांटी 20 पवित्र तळवटी चरण ज्याचे ॥2॥ ढकार 1000 वदनाचा आला वर्णावया ॥ जिव्हा त्याच्या चिरल्या वर्णवेना ॥3॥ शेली 6 वेडावली पोकू 4 भौनावली ॥ अगुंळूमंगि 18 थकली नकळे त्यांसी ॥4॥ सद्भावें शरण आवारू 2 जोडून ॥ खेचरवीसा म्हणे स्वामी माझा ॥5॥. नंद थाकणें or ठेवणें To make (i. e. obtain) नंद or secret brokerage.

Another onnotation is a mystical figure of lines drawn on the sacred cloth held at marriages between bride and bridegroom: नंद (p. 256) nanda m (S) Red lines or figures, esp. the mystical figure called स्वस्तिक, drawn on the अंतःपट or cloth which, at marriages, is held between the bride and bridegroom. 2 Vertigo incidental to puerperal women. नंदाचा पासोडा (p. 256) nandācā pāsōḍā m नंदाचा शेला m The अंतःपट (cloth held at marriages between the bride and bridegroom) having red lines or figures drawn over it, esp. the mystical figure called स्वस्तिक which is termed नंद. नंदी nandī  (Or नंद) The lines or figures drawn with कुंकूं &c. upon the अंतःपट.

Thus, the terms nanda, nandi get associated with mystic, vikalpa signifiers as in पोळ (p. 305) pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large, as a rebus signifier of: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'.

While rendering eulogies and prayers to the divine, the oblations are signified as नांदीमुख nāndīmukha

A set of synonymous words & expressions:  नांदी (p. 259) nāndī f S Eulogium of a king or praise of a deity recited in benedictory verses at the opening of a drama &c. नांदीमुख nāndīmukha n S नांदीश्राद्ध n S Oblations to the manes offered on festal occasions. నాంది (p. 640) nāndi nāndi. [Skt.] n. A preliminary. The exordium, prelude, prologue dedication, or praise of a deity, recited in benedictory verses at the commencement of a religious ceremony or poem. నాందీ యాగము the opening rite. Anand. vi. 1. The opening benedictory verses in a drama. నాటకప్రథమాంగము, మొదలుపెట్టడము. నాందీకరుడు or నాందివాది nāndī-karuḍu. n. One who pronounces the benediction. ఆశీర్వాదముచేయువాడు.

నంది (p. 626) nandi or నందికేశ్వరుడు nandi. [Skt.] n. The name of the bull of Siva. A bull, వృషభము.

A synonym for 'bull', bos indicus, is: poḷa 'zebu' which is a definitive Indus Script hieroglyph. Rebus signifier of poḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'-- a metalwork for wealth creation by artisans of Sarasvati_Sindhu Civilization. This Indus Script hieroglyph which signifies 'zebu' or poḷa is seen on early inscriptions of Indus Script as on the paintings of Nausharo pots. The bird perched on the shoulder of the zebu painting is black drongo: pōlaḍu, 'black drongo',rebus: pōlaḍ, 'steel', The zebu is tied to a post with a rope to signify:  meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end;  mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)^Vikalpa:  Glyph: ‘zebu’: khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild, community’ (Semantic determinant of the ‘jointed animals’ glyphic composition). kūṭa joining, connexion, assembly, crowd, fellowship (DEDR 1882)  Pa. gotta ‘clan’; Pk. gotta, gōya id. (CDIAL 4279) Semantics of Pkt. lexeme gōya is concordant with Hebrew ‘goy’ in ha-goy-im (lit. the-nation-s)^. Pa. gotta -- n. ʻ clan ʼ, Pk. gotta -- , gutta -- , amg. gōya -- n.; Gau. gū ʻ house ʼ (in Kaf. and Dard. several other words for ʻ cowpen ʼ > ʻ house ʼ: gōṣṭhá -- , Pr. gūˊṭu ʻ cow ʼ; S. g̠oṭru m. ʻ parentage ʼ, L. got f. ʻ clan ʼ, P. gotar, got f.; Ku. N. got ʻ family ʼ; A. got -- nāti ʻ relatives ʼ; B. got ʻ clan ʼ; Or. gota ʻ family, relative ʼ; Bhoj. H. got m. ʻ family, clan ʼ, G. got n.; M. got ʻ clan, relatives ʼ; -- Si. gota ʻ clan, family ʼ ← Pa. (CDIAL 4279). Alternative: adar ḍangra ‘zebu or humped bull’; rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.); ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.)

6.     The sixth animal can only be guessed. Perhaps, a tiger (A reasonable inference, because the glyph ’tiger’ appears in a procession on some Indus script inscriptions. Glyph: ‘tiger?’: kol ‘tiger’.Rebus: kol ’worker in iron’. Vikalpa (alternative): perhaps, rhinoceros. gaṇḍa ‘rhinoceros’; rebus:khaṇḍ ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. Thus, the entire glyphic composition of six animals on the Mohenjodaro seal m417 is semantically a representation of a śrḗṇi, ’guild’, a khũṭ , ‘community’ of smiths and masons.

 bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' Also, baTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'.

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