https://tinyurl.com/y4yzxjr4

-- loh-karaṇīya'copper metal business'
-- څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ'potter's wheel' (Pashto) rebus: arka'copper, gold'
-- maĩd ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ'iron'

Appended are 26 slides courtesy: JM Kenoyer's presentation on the material foundations of the civilization together some examples of Indus Script inscriptions. These are intended to provide a background on the pragmatics which explain the inscriptions. Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.

As of now, almost all the 8000+ inscriptions are deciphered to be metalwork wealth-accounting ledgers.

Other material bases of wealth such as indigo, cotton, silk textiles, agricultural or forest products have not so far been identified in the Corpora of Indus Inscriptions accumulated so far.

A hypertext framework for reading and realizing the semantics of these inscriptions is discussed in this monograph.

Indus Script writing is called hypertext because there is extensive cross-referencing between related sections of text and associated graphic material.

Indus Script Cipher is logo-semantic and NOT syllabic. This means that hieroglyph components of a hypertext are read rebus in underlying Meluhha language.Meanings of plain text inscriptions are realised by rebus readings.

For example, Daimabad seal shows the 'rim-of-jar' hieroglyph component. This is read as two words signified by the two logographs or hieroglyph components: kanḍa 'pot' PLUS kankha 'rim of a vessel'. Rebus reading is of two similar sounding words with different meanings: kanda, 'fire altar', kaṇḍa, 'equipment', karaṇa, karṇaka, 'scribe, helmsman', karaṇī 'supercargo'. Thus, the seal hypertext signifies that the seal belongs to a scribe, supercargo, helmsman who works with metal equipment (produced from) fire-altar.

kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; Wg. kaṇə ʻ ear -- ring ʼ NTS xvii 266; S. kano m. ʻ rim, border ʼ; P. kannā m. ʻ obtuse angle of a kite ʼ (→ H. kannām. ʻ edge, rim, handle ʼ); N. kānu ʻ end of a rope for supporting a burden ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ brim of a cup ʼ, G. kānɔ m.; M. kānā m. ʻ touch -- hole of a gun ʼ.(CDIAL 2831)

kándu f. ʻ iron pot ʼ Suśr., ˚uka -- m. ʻ saucepan ʼ.Pk. kaṁdu -- , kaṁḍu -- m.f. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; K. kō̃da f. ʻ potter's kiln, lime or brick kiln ʼ; -- ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ. -- Deriv. Pk. kaṁḍua -- ʻ sweetseller ʼ (< *kānduka -- ?); H. kã̄dū m. ʻ a caste that makes sweetmeats ʼ. (CDIAL 2726)*kandukara ʻ worker with pans ʼ. [kándu -- , kará -- 1]K. kã̄dar, kã̄duru dat. ˚daris m. ʻ baker ʼ.(CDIAL 2728)

Courtesy: ASI Hieroglyph components on this seal are: 1. circle with spokes; 2. harrow; 3. face of onager ligatured to a crumpled, twisted horn and body of a bovine; 4. ficus religiosa.

Circle with spokes: Hieroglyph: څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well). 2. A grindstone. Rebus: P زرګر zar-gar, s.m. (5th) A goldsmith, a worker in gold. Pl. زرګران zargarān. P زر zar, s.m. (6th) Gold, riches, wealth, money. Sing. and Pl. سپین زر spīn zar, Silver (lit. white gold). سره زر sarah zar, Gold. زرافشان zar afs̱ẖān, adj. Strewing gold. زر خرید zar ḵẖarīd, adj. Purchased (as a slave).(Pashto), L. P. sar m. (P. sarī f. ʻ bar of iron, lash of whip ʼ); Ku. saro m., sarī f. ʻ stick, thin iron bar, penis ʼ; N. sar ʻ shaft (e.g. of a spear) ʼ; B. sar ʻ reed ʼ; Or. sara ʻ reed, handle of oar ʼ; H. sar m. ʻ S. sara ʼ, sarā m. ʻ long straight bamboo ʼ, sarī f. ʻ reed, shaft of arrow ʼ, sariyā f. ʻ piece of reed or bamboo, gold or silver wire ʼ; G. sariyɔ m. ʻ bar, rod'(CDIAL 12324) अर्क 'the sun, copper, m. ( √ अर्च्) , Ved. a ray , flash of lightning RV. &c; fire RV. ix , 50 , 4 S3Br. Br2A1rUp. (Monier-Williams) arká1 m. ʻ flash, ray, sun ʼ RV. [√arc]Pa. Pk. akka -- m. ʻ sun ʼ, Mth. āk; Si. aka ʻ lightning ʼ, inscr. vid -- äki ʻ lightning flash ʼ.(CDIAL 624) *arkavarta ʻ a sort of ornament ʼ. [Cf. arkapuṭikā -- f. ʻ a silver ornament consisting of a round disk like the sun ʼ lex.: arká -- 1, *varta -- 3]G. akɔṭī f. ʻ earring ʼ.(CDIAL 628) (Note:the Pashto word ṯs̱arḵẖmay explain the various semantic expressions listed in Annex. Cakra and examples of semantic expansions).

āre potter's wheel (Gondi) ārū आ॑रू॒ 'circle' (Kashmiri) ār̤i 'circle' (Tamil.Kannada) eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: arka, aka 'gold, copper'; eraka 'metal infusion' arka, aka, aga ‘copper, gold’ as in akasāla ‘goldsmith’s shop’(Kannada); అగసాలి or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు (Telugu); arukkam அருக்கம்¹ arukkam, n. < arka. (நாநார்த்த.) 1. Copper; செம்பு (Tamil); eraka 'metal infusion': Ta. eṟṟu (eṟṟi-) to throw out (as water from a vessel); iṟai (-v-, -nt-) to scatter (intr.), disperse; (-pp-, -tt-) to splash (tr.), spatter, scatter, strew, draw and pour out water, irrigate, bale out, squander; iṟaivai receptacle for drawing water for irrigation; iṟaṭṭu (iṟaṭṭi-) to sprinkle, splash. Ma. iṟekka to bale out; iṟayuka id., scatter, disperse; iṟava basket for drawing water; eṟiccil rainwater blown in by the wind. To. eṟ- (eṟQ-) to scoop up (water with vessel). Ka. eṟe to pour any liquids, cast (as metal); n. pouring; eṟacu, ercu to scoop, sprinkle, scatter, strew, sow; eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. Kur. ecchnā to dash a liquid out or over (by scooping, splashing, besprinkling). Cf. 840 Kur. elkhnā (Pfeiffer). (DEDR 866)

2.maĩd m. ʻrude harrow or clod breakerʼ (Marathi) rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) 'med 'copper' (Slavic): matyà n. ʻ club with iron points ʼ AV., ʻ a kind of harrow ʼ TS. 2. *matíya -- . 3. *madya -- 2. [Cf. matīkarōti ʻ harrows ʼ AitBr., Pa. su -- mati -- kata -- ʻ well harrowed ʼ; -- explanation of madi -- , madikā -- f. ʻ a kind of harrow or roller ʼ Kr̥ṣis., madī -- f. ʻ any agricultural implement (e.g. a plough) ʼ lex. as MIA. forms (EWA ii 566) does not account for *madya -- in NIA.]1. WPah.bhal. maċċ n. ʻ implement for levelling a rice -- field ʼ (whence maċċṇū ʻ to level ploughed ground ʼ).2. Pk. maïya -- n. ʻ harrow ʼ; L.awāṇ. may ʻ implement for levelling ʼ; WPah. (Joshi) moī f. ʻ implement for smoothing land after sowing ʼ; Ku. mayo ʻ harrow con<-> sisting of a plank for breaking up clods after ploughing ʼ, gng. me ʻ harrow ʼ; A. mai ʻ harrow ʼ (whence mayāiba ʻ to harrow ʼ), maiṭā ʻ single bamboo with its knot on used as a ladder ʼ; B. maï, moi ʻ harrow, ladder, ladder used as harrow ʼ; Or. maï ʻ ladderlike harrow ʼ; H. maī f. ʻ harrow ʼ; M. maĩd m. ʻ rude harrow or clod breaker ʼ (+ ?).3. K. maj (gender and spelling? for *maz?) ʻ harrow consisting of a log ʼ; P.ḍog. mãj̈ f. ʻ ladder ʼ.*vaṁśamatiya -- .Addenda: matyà -- . 2. *matíya -- : WPah.kṭg. mε̄͂ f. (obl. -- i) ʻ a kind of harrow ʼ; J. moī f. ʻ a kind of plough to smoothe land after sowing ʼ.(CDIAL 9755)

3. See hypertext of 'unicorn' discussed in relation to another seal presented below

4. loa 'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh 'copper, iron,metal'.

Kalibangan026 8071

Hieroglyph components on this seal are: 1. rim-of-jar; 2. face of onager ligatured to a crumpled, twisted horn and body of a bovine; 3. ficus religiosa.

karṇaka, kanka'rim of jar' rebus: karṇI'Supercargo' karṇika 'scribe, account'

Single serrated, mēḍhā 'twisted', mer̥ha 'crumpled' horn of the young bull is rebus medhā मेधा = धन, treasure https://tinyurl.com/y2zjbmwy

There are many unique iconographic features on a 'one-horned young bull' hieroglyph of Indus Script Corpora. Each feature is explained in Meluhha rebus readings of Indus Script Cipher.

An intriguing feature relates to the 'unique' feature of the 'one-horn' ligatured to the young bull. The horn is not of a curved style like parethetical marks: () but is a zig-zag 'S' or twisted-shape pattern and sometimes serrated. I suggested that this crumpled, zig-zag or twisted pattern of the horn has to be expressed by a Meluhha word. The word has been found. The word is mer̥ha, 'crumpled'. Cognate: मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi)..The rebus rendering of this word is of great significance in the metalwork wealth-accounting ledgers of Indus Script Corpora.The rebus readings of the word are:meḍ,med 'iron, copper'(Mu.Ho.Slavic languages); medhā मेधा = धन (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क. ii , 10); मेध medha 'yajna, oblation, oblation, the juice of meat , broth , nourishing or strengthening drink RV. शतपथ-ब्राह्मण. कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र.) Thus, clearly, the twisted one-horn signifies metalwork of the artisan signified by the young bull. khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. rebus:kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures'. Thus, the young bull PLUS serrated, crumpled horn together signify a tresure of metalwork wealth.

Thus, I submit that mer̥ha 'crumpled horn' is a semantic determinative, read rebus as medhā मेधा = धन,treasure.

khara 'onager (face)' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' PLUS खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace for smelting'. Thus,together the expression is کار کنده kār-kunda ' 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto)

Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)
खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving. Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725).

PLUS kōḍu'horn' rebus koḍ 'workplace' PLUS koḍiyum 'ring on neck' rebus:  koḍ 'workplace' PLUS  khōṇḍī खोंडी 'pannier sack' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, fine gold'. Thus, the hypertext composition signifies workshop of a goldsmith, lapidary (turner, engraver). A remarkable cognate etymon signifying a young bull is seen in Telugu (Indian sprahbund, 'speech union'): kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ. Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముం బలుగుల రేడుతన్ని కొని పోవుతెరంగు" రామా. vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు. A lover విటుడు. Rebus: kõdār 'turner' (Bengali). konda 'furnace, fire-altar'  kō̃da कोँद 'furnace for smelting':  payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü -; । परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषाf. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ -। परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -वोलु&below; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace.

loa 'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh 'copper, iron,metal'.

Uniquely ligatured ficus hieroglyph signifies lohakāra 'coppersmith, ironsmith' (Pali) lohakaraṇika 'metal engraver' https://tinyurl.com/y3sdsz7g

Sign 327

V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326)

V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata

(Santali) Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lohakāra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali); lohāra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); loha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha luṭi = iron utensils and implements (Santali)

Two unique modifiers occur as superscripts on two composite signs: Sign 51 and Sign327. The modifiers to the basic signs of 'scorpion'; and 'ficus leaf' respectively, may be called attachments which are like ears as superscripts. Read as -karaṇīya 'duty, business' related to bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'. and loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper'. Thus, the two signs are read as hypertexts:bica -karaṇīya and loh-karaṇīya meaning: 'haematite ore business and copper ore business'.