The argument posited is that the processions signified on Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Mari are Indus Script Inscriptions with hypertexts in Meluhha to signify rebus rendering of trade enterprise proclamations of metalwork competence by the merchant-artisan guilds in these three fortifications which are called S سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments. Pl. سنګرونه sangarūnah. See باره (Pashto) rebus: sangada 'joined parts of lathe PLUS portable gold furnace on the Indus Script Standard Device .
This monograph posits that the procession of standards in Mohenjo-daro, Mari and Harappa are utsavabera, trade enterprises and presents
1) decipherment of Indus Script inscription on Tablet490 Mohenjo-daro, a procession of 4 standards held on flagposts;
2) decipherment of Indus Script inscription on Tablet 491Mohenjo-daro, a procession of 4 standards held on flagposts;
3) decipherment of Indus Script inscription on Tablet 196 Harappa, a flagpost bearer carrying a standard device of Indus Script Corporaon his shoulder;
4) a survey of Mari artifacts discovered mostly from Paro's excavations and evaluates the significance of Indus Script hypertexts deployed on some artifacts, which herald a metallurgical victory in Mari procession hoisting one-horned young bull Mari standard (this one-horned young bull on Mari standard is one f the standards signified on Tablet 490 Mohenjo-daro).
The rebus readings of utsava bera are:
Hieroglyph/hypertext: uṟcava-pēram *உற்சவபேரம் uṟcava-pēram , n. < ut-sava + bēra. Idol taken out in processions; உற்சவ விக்கிரகம் . Loc.pēram பேரம்2 pēram , n. < bēra. 1. Form, shape; வடிவம் . (நன் . 273, மயிலை .) 2. Body; உடம்பு . 3. Idol; விக்கிரகம். உத்ஸவபேரம் .
Thus, the expression utsavabera signifies trade enterprise in a festive mood. The processions shown on Indus Script inscriptions including the Mariprocession, thus signify trade proclamations of metallurgical competences and of metalwork enterprise by the artisan-/merchant- guilds.
Three procession standards discussed in this monograph relate to Mohenjo-daro (m490), Harappa (h196) and Mari processions or proclamations of metalwork compettence in utsavabera 'trade enterprise proclamation'.
Mohenjo-daro procession standard
Harappa procession standard
![]()
![]()
Text 4309![]()
h196A, B
Mari procession standard (See decipherment in:http://tinyurl.com/y2uekds6 as kar̥ba 'culm of millet' rebus: karba'iron' PLUS konda'youngbull' rebus: konda'engraver, worker in fine gold'
![]()
![]()
The artisan in conversation with the priest who bears the Mari standard is an artisan. The narrative seems to be that the priest is explaining to the artisan the significance of the metallurgical competence achieved by the engraver-blacksmith-goldsmith of Sarasvati Civilization in working with karba, 'iron'. The artisan seems to be a warrior carrying -- on other occasions -- a battle-axe and adze as shown in these artifacts unearthed by Parrot's excavations in Mari. On the procession frieze, the artisan carries a spear while adze/axe-carrying persons are seen in the procession. ![]()
![]()
![]()
![]()
Eléments d'incrustation
Guerrier à l'herminette - bustes d'un homme et d'une femme
Vers 2500 - 2400 avant J.-C.
Mari, temple d'Ishtar Coquille H. : 9,30 cm. : L. : 4,40 cm. ; Pr. : 0,70 cm. Fouilles Parrot, 1934 - 1936 Vitrine 7 : Epoque des dynasties archaïques de Sumer, vers 2900 - 2340 avant J.-C. Antiquités de Mari (Moyen-Euphrate) Département des Antiquités orientales
AO 18215, AO 18237, AO 18250
Text 4309
h196A, B http://tinyurl.com/y2uekds6 as kar̥ba 'culm of millet' rebus: karba'iron' PLUS konda'youngbull' rebus: konda'engraver, worker in fine gold'
Inlay elements Warrior with an Adze - busts of a man and a woman Around 2500 - 2400 BCE MariTemple of Ishtar Shell
| Eléments d'incrustation Guerrier à l'herminette - bustes d'un homme et d'une femme Vers 2500 - 2400 avant J.-C. Mari, temple d'Ishtar Coquille H. : 9,30 cm. : L. : 4,40 cm. ; Pr. : 0,70 cm. | |||
| |||
AO 18215, AO 18237, AO 18250
Decipherment is presented in the following three sections
Section 1. Tablet 490 Mohenjo-daro
Section 2. Tablet 491 Mohenjo-daro
Section 3. H-196 tablet (Fig. 6c) showing standard device held aloft on a flagpost
These constitute addenda to the decipherment of Mari standard presented in
Identity and decipherment of 'unicorn' on Indus Script Corpora as a one-horned young bull, to signify workshop of a goldsmith, lapidary (turner, engraver). http://tinyurl.com/y2uekds6
One-horned bull is only one of the four standards heralded in Mohenjo-daro (Sarasvati Civilization) processions.
(After Fig. 6 in Parpola, 2018; a) A procession of four men holding up stands topped by various things including a ‘unicorn’ bull. Terracotta tablet-490 (HR 1443) from Mohenjo-daro (photograph by Jyrki Lyytikka; after Joshi and Parpola 1987: 120); b) Terracotta tablet-491 (HR 1546) fromMohenjo-daro (photograph by Jyrki Lyytikka; after Joshi and Parpola 1987:120); c) a unique tablet H-196 (2262) from Harappa (photograph by the Archaeological Survey of India; after Joshi and Parpola 1987: 212).(Joshi, JP and Parpola, A., 1987 Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions, Volume 1. Collections in India (Annaes Academiae Scientiarum Fennica3e, Ser.B239; Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 86).Helsinki, Suomalainen tiedeaatemia.)
![]()
![]()
Variant photograph for Mohenjodaro 490 tablet shown as Fig.6(a).
![]()
![]()
Glyphic element: erako nave; era = knave of wheel. Glyphic element: āra ‘spokes’. Rebus: āra ‘brass’ as in ārakūṭa (Skt.) Rebus: Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt (DEDR 866) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Kannada.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tulu)
![Image result for gold pectoral mohenjodaro]()
N. of विष्णु L. पोत्री f. N. of दुर्गा Gal. (cf. पौत्री). Associated in a fire Soma yajña, with cognate homonym pottige 'flam
![]()
![]()
![Image result for gold pectoral mohenjodaro]()
See the dotted circle hieroglyph on the bottom of the sacred device, sangaḍa. The bottom vessel is kamatamu 'portable gold furnace' (Telugu) Rebus: కమటము 'a man of the goldsmith caste'.
See: Itihāsa, Standard device on Indus Script Corpora is सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'joined lathe, portable furnace' rebus: saṁghāṭa 'catamaran' (Rāmāyaṇa), sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' jangadiyo 'military guard'
![]()
h98 decipherment of text
kanac (kana, kana kona) mũhã̄ 'corner ingot' rebus: kañcu mũhã̄ 'bell-metal ingot'.
kuṭilika 'bent,curved' dula 'pair' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin).
kaṇḍa 'arrow' rebus:khaṇḍa '
aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' aya 'iron'
baṭa 'six' rebus: bhaṭa ... furnace' baṭa 'iron'
Section 1. Tablet 490 Mohenjo-daro
Another photograph presented by JohnMarshall in 1931, is compared with the figure shown on 6(a) procession:
The Mohenjo-daro tablet inscribes three glyphs carried on shoulders in a procession. [Mohenjo-daro. Terracotta tablet. After Marshall 1931, Pl. CXVIII,9].
Variant photograph for Mohenjodaro 490 tablet shown as Fig.6(a).The carriers of the glyphs have upraised arms: eṛaka 'upraised arm' (Ta.); rebus: eraka 'metal infusion, metal casting, copper' (Kannada. Tulu.)
The flagposts are held by flag-post carriers: kárṇaka 'handle, ring on top' (Fig.1.1) rebus: कर्णिक 'steersman' karṇī 'supercargo' karṇīka 'scribe'.
The hieroglyphs/hypertexts from right to left on Mohenjo-daro 490 tablet are: 1. (Perhaps) spoked wheel; 2. Scarf; 3. One-horned young bull; and 4. Standard device (which is a hypertext composed two hieroglyphs:top register, lathe; bottom register: portable gold furnace.
These hypertexts/hieroglyphs hoisted in a procession are deciphered from r.to l.:
1. Spoked wheel: eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion, metal casting,copper'. arā 'spoke of wheel' rebus: āra 'brass'.
2. Scarf.
dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707);
Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral (Pali).
3. Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘turner, engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi); खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving; kundaṇa 'fine gold'.
4. Standard device which is a hypertext of two hieroglyphs: lathe PLUS portable gold furnace:
3a) The composition is called sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ v c (सांगड ) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals) rebus: a) sanghāta 'adamantine glue for joining metals' ; b) संघात saṅghāta m S Assembly or assemblage; multitude or heap; a collection together (of things animate or inanimate); c) sangaṟh 'fortification',; d) sangar 'trade'; e) jangada 'consignments on approval'; f) jangada Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி, i.e. double-canoe;g) jangaḍia 'military guard accompanying treasure into the treasury'; h) sangara proclamation ; h)samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager'.
3b) Two hieroglyphs in the hypertext read rebus: kunda 'lathe' kunda 'treasure (of Kubera)' kundana 'fine gold' PLUS kammatamu 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammata 'mint, coiner, coinage'. bottom bowl of rhe furnace; కమటము (p. 246) kamaṭamu kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్"హంస. ii. కమ్మటము
Thus, the field symbols signify kammaṭa mint of a goldsmith guild; మ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste.
On some inscriptions, the bottom component bowl (portable furnace) of the 'standard device' hypertext is overlayed with dotted circles while smoke emanates from the surfaceof te bowl. These orthographic indicators reinforce the semantics of smelting and crucible work: dhāv 'strand', dāya 'one in roll of dice' rebus; dhāi 'dhatu,mineral ore' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' togetherrebus: dhāvaḍ 'mineral ore smelter'; धावडी dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड . Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron.
This decipherment notes that the four hierroglyphs/hypertexts carried in a procession are proclamations of metalwork competence: 1. to create brass (copper PLUS zinc) alloys; 2. to smelt mineral ores; 3. to engrave and infifix gems after lathe-lapidary work; 4. trade on approval basis invoicing called jangad. The procession is an utsava bera, a procession intended to promote and market the products made in the mint of the artisan-smithy-smelter guilds. The metallurgical competence includes sanghāta 'adamantine glue for joining metals' in addition to creation of metal infusion for cire perdue metalcasting/sculpting work to produce artifacts like the bronze dancing-girl metal statuettes.
Section 2. Tablet 491 Mohenjo-daro
Decipherment of procession on tablet m491 [Fig. 6(b) shown above.]
There is an orthographic variant shown on the hieroglyph which is the third from r. This hieroglyph shows a two-horned (perhaps buffalo) bovine instead of a one-horned young bull. This reads rebus: rango 'water buffalo' Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali). Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2 , vaṅga -- 1 ] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567). Thus, this procession composition 6(b) seems to point to metallurgical competence in creating metal alloys -- in addition to the rebus renderings of other three hieroglyphs/hypertexts as on tablet m490.
Section 3. H-196 tablet (Fig. 6c) showing standard device held aloft on a flagpost
See: Itihāsa, Standard device on Indus Script Corpora is सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'joined lathe, portable furnace' rebus: saṁghāṭa 'catamaran' (Rāmāyaṇa), sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' jangadiyo 'military guard'
Hieroglyph: కమటము kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్"హంస. ii.
Rebus: కమ్మటము Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) కమ్మతము Same as కమతము. కమ్మతీడు Same as కమతకాడు.కమతము or కమ్మతము kamatamu. [Tel. n. Partnership. అనేకులు చేరిచేయుసేద్యము. The cultivation which an owner carries on with his own farming stock. Labour, tillage. కృషి, వ్యవసాయము. కమతకాడు or కమతీడు or కమతగాడు a labourer, or slave employed in tillage.
kanac (kana, kana kona) mũhã̄ 'corner ingot' rebus: kañcu mũhã̄ 'bell-metal ingot'.
kuṭilika 'bent,curved' dula 'pair' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin).
kaṇḍa 'arrow' rebus:khaṇḍa '
aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' aya 'iron'
baṭa 'six' rebus: bhaṭa ... furnace' baṭa 'iron'
m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession, comparable to Tablet m0491. The hieroglph multiplex: sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' PLUS a standing person with upraised arm: eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast (metal)'. er-aka 'upraised hand' (Tamil) erhali to hold out the hand;(Kui) erke, erkelů rising (Tulu)(DEDR 905) Rebus: eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion (Kannada); moltencast, cast (as metal) (Tulu)(DEDR 86) ; molten state, fusion.
saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ]Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s° ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; Ku. sĩgāṛ m. ʻ doorframe ʼ; N. saṅār, siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ; Or. saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ; Bi. sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ; H. sĩghāṛā m. ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ; G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.Md. an̆goḷi ʻ junction ʼ?(CDIAL 12859)saṁghātá m. ʻ close union, mass ʼ TS., ʻ closing (a door) ʼ VS., ʻ dashing together ʼ MBh. [Cf. saṁhata<-> with similar range of meanings. -- ghāta -- ]Pa. saṅghāta -- m. ʻ killing, knocking together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāya -- m. ʻ closeness, collection ʼ; Or. saṅghā, saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding inside triangular thatch, crossbeam of thatched house, copulation (of animals) ʼ; -- adj. ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ < *saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā -- ?(CDIAL 12862)
सं-घात a company of fellow-travellers , caravan VP.
सं-घात (in gram.) a compound as a compact whole (opp. to its single parts) Ka1s3. on Pa1n2. 2-3 , 56; a vowel with its consonant (opp. to वर्ण , " a letter ") , Ka1ty.
सं-घात (in dram.) a partic. gait or mode of walking W.
सं-घात a [p= 1122,3] any aggregate of matter , body Bhag. Pur.; intensity R. Sus3r.; compressing , condensation , compactness , hardening Ya1jn5. Hariv. Sus3r. VarBr2S. close union or combination , collection , cluster , heap , mass , multitude TS. MBh. &c m. (rarely n. ; ifc. f(आ).) striking or dashing together , killing , crushing MBh. Sus3r. combat , war , battle VS. Ka1t2h. MBh. N. of a division of the infernal regions
संहति [p= 1122,3] (cf. संहात) Ya1jn5. Buddh. f. striking together , closure Ka1v. S3a1rn3gS.compactness , solidity MBh. VarBr2S.thickening , swelling S3a1rn3gS.keeping together , saving , economy Ka1v.firm union or alliance , junction , joint effort , close contact or connection with (instr.) Ka1v. Pur. Ra1jat.a compact mass , bulk , heap , collection , multitude Ka1v. Katha1s. and C. सं-हत [p= 1122,3] mfn. struck together , closely joined or united with (instr.) , keeping together , contiguous , coherent , combined , compacted , forming one mass or body A1s3vS3r. Mn. MBh. &c accompanied or attended by (instr.) Mn. vii , 165become solid , compact , firm , hard MBh. Ka1v. &cstrong-limbed , athletic MBh.strong , intensive VarBr2S. (prob.) complex , composite , compound (said of a partic. tone and odour) MBh.n. a partic. position in dancing , Sam2gi1t.
When Gotama the Buddha spoke of the SanghAta Sutra, he was indeed referring to the standard device of lahe PLUS portable furnace, a frequent hieroglyphic multiplex on Indus Script Corpora: sangaDa.This is the same sanghAta mentioned by Varahamihira as an adamantine glue, describing th metallic form as vajra sanghAta, 'adamantine glue' -- a recognition in archaeometallurgy of nanotubes which constitute cementite bonding carbides to iron to create steel in a crucible. Now that it is evident that iron forging is dated to the 3rd millennium BCE, the use of hardened or carbide ferrous metal weapons cannot be ruled out. The ancient word which denoted such a metallic weapon is vajra in Rigveda, specifically described as Ayasam vajram, metallic weapon or metallic thunderbolt.
I suggest that the association of the gloss vajra with lightning becomes a metaphor to further define vajrasangAta 'adamantine glue' which creates a steel metallic form with nanotubes or cementite.
சங்குவடம் caṅkuvaṭam , n. < Port. jan- gada. [M. caṅṅāṭam.] Ferry-boat; தோணி வகை. Loc.
![]()
சங்குவடம் caṅkuvaṭam , n. < Port. jan- gada. [M. caṅṅāṭam.] Ferry-boat; தோணி வகை. Loc.
Marathi: सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.
सांगडणी [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of सांगडणें) Linking or joining
together.
सांगडणें [ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals). 2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto.
m0491kõdā‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)
sãgaḍ ' part of a turner's apparatus.' (Gujarati) In Kashmiri, Grierson's lexicon has the following entry: sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस् ), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. -- karun -- करुन् । सामग्रीसंग्रहः m.inf. to collect the ab. (L.V. 17).(Kashmiri).
śagaḍī = lathe (Gujarati) Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue (mentioned by Varāhamihira in Br̥hatsamhitā)
sãgaḍ ' part of a turner's apparatus.' (Gujarati) In Kashmiri, Grierson's lexicon has the following entry: sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस् ), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. -- karun -- करुन् । सामग्रीसंग्रहः m.inf. to collect the ab. (L.V. 17).(Kashmiri).
śagaḍī = lathe (Gujarati) Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue (mentioned by Varāhamihira in Br̥hatsamhitā)
Tablets in bas-relief![]()
![]()
Text 4309![]()
h196A, B Inscribed Tablets. h196B is Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession, comparable to Tablet m0491. The hieroglph multiplex: sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: samgraha, samgaha'arranger, manager' PLUS a standing person with upraised arm: eraka 'upraised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast (metal)'.
Decipherment of inscriptions on h 196A and h196B
Text 4309h196A, B eraka 'upraised hand' rebus: erako 'molten cast' eraka, arka 'copper, gold' PLUS *skāndhika ʻ bearing on the shoulder ʼ. [In form cf. skāndhin -- ʻ descendant of Skandha ʼ Pāṇ.gaṇa. <-> skandhá -- ] S. kã̄dhī m. ʻ one who gives a shoulder to carry a corpse ʼ; G. khã̄dhiyɔ m. ʻ one who carries a bier ʼ; M. khã̄dyā m. ʻ fellow -- bearer (esp. of a bier or corpse) ʼ.Addenda: *skāndhika -- : S.kcch. kã̄dhyo m. ʻ one who carries corpse or bier to burning ground ʼ.(CDIAL 13648) rebus: khāṇḍā 'metal tools,implements, pots & pans'.
aḍaren, ḍaren 'lid, cover' rebus: aduru 'native, unsmelted metal' PLUS koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop'. Thus, workshop for unsmelted metal. Vikalpa: ḍhaṁkaṇa'lid' rebus dhakka'excellent, bright, blazing metal
kanka, karNaka, 'rim of jar' rebus: kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karṇīka, 'account, scribe', karṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'
ranku ‘liquid measure’ (Santali) Rebus: ranku ‘tin’ (Santali)
kuṭi 'curve; rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin), thus, bronze PLUS खााडा [ kāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or ʻswordʼ (Prakritam) rebus: khāṇḍa, khaṇḍa 'implements, pots & pans, weapons'.dhAu 'strand' rebus: dhAu 'red mineral' PLUS chain, link: śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah.) śr̥ṅkhala m.n. ʻ chain ʼ MārkP., °lā -- f. VarBr̥S., śr̥ṅkhalaka -- m. ʻ chain ʼ MW., ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ. [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]Pa. saṅkhalā -- , °likā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ; Pk. saṁkala -- m.n., °lā -- , °lī -- , °liā -- , saṁkhalā -- , siṁkh°, siṁkalā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. (Allograph) Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.
मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) mẽḍhā ʻcrook, hook', rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Santali.Mu.Ho.)
baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced from a furnace (Santali)
dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'Crossing dATu 'cross' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal castings'. Thus, mineral ore metal castings.dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal castings' PLUS baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) bhaTa 'furnace'. Thus, metal casting furnace.
![]()
![]()
h197 Text 5333 kolmo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge' Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ 'lathe, portable furnace' rebus: samgraha, samgaha'arranger, manager' PLUS कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', 'rim of jar', '
h197 Text 5333 kolmo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge' ![Image result for standard device meluhha]()
![Image result for standard device meluhha]()
![]()
Carved ivory standard in the middle [From Richard H. Meadow and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Harappa Excavations 1993: the city wall and inscribed materials, in: South Asian Archaeology ; Fig. 40.11, p. 467. Harappa 1990 and 1993: representations of 'standard'; 40.11a: H90-1687/3103-1: faience token; 40.11bH93-2092/5029-1: carved ivory standard fragment (split in half, made on a lathe and was probably cylindrical in shape; note the incisions with a circle motif while a broken spot on the lower portion indicates where the stand shaft would have been (found in the area of the 'Mughal Sarai' located to the south of Mound E across the Old Lahore-Multan Road); 40.11c H93-2051/3808-2:faience token).
Carved ivory standard in the middle [From Richard H. Meadow and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Harappa Excavations 1993: the city wall and inscribed materials, in: South Asian Archaeology ; Fig. 40.11, p. 467. Harappa 1990 and 1993: representations of 'standard'; 40.11a: H90-1687/3103-1: faience token; 40.11bH93-2092/5029-1: carved ivory standard fragment (split in half, made on a lathe and was probably cylindrical in shape; note the incisions with a circle motif while a broken spot on the lower portion indicates where the stand shaft would have been (found in the area of the 'Mughal Sarai' located to the south of Mound E across the Old Lahore-Multan Road); 40.11c H93-2051/3808-2:faience token).This monographs surveys the results of Parrot's excavations at Mari evidenced by the collection of artifacts in the Louvre Museum and posits that people with competence in Indus Script Cipher were involved in the use of Indus Script Hypertexts on many Mari Palaceand Ishtar Temple artifacts, including the renowned Mari Priest holding a Mari standard and celebrating in a 'victory procession'.
This victory is a metallurgical breakthrough when a goldsmith-coppersmith guild of artisans of Sarasvati Civilization, graduates into iron smelting ad iron casting metalwork..
This is an addendum to the monograph at: "Positing an Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Ancient Far East to Ancient Near East, based on Archaeometallurgical provenance study of tin-bronze artifacts of Mesopotamia" https://tinyurl.com/yyeyfkxu
This victory is a metallurgical breakthrough when a goldsmith-coppersmith guild of artisans of Sarasvati Civilization, graduates into iron smelting ad iron casting metalwork..
This is an addendum to the monograph at: "Positing an Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Ancient Far East to Ancient Near East, based on Archaeometallurgical provenance study of tin-bronze artifacts of Mesopotamia" https://tinyurl.com/yyeyfkxu
![]()
کرئِي kar-aʿī, s.f. (6th) A ring, an ox muzzle, or halter for a horse. Sing. and Pl. (Pashto) S. karāī f. 'wrist'; karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(Gujarati) (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् '
Such a ring constitutes the base for the one-horned youngbull standard hoisted by Mari priest in a procession. This rebus reading is an addendum to the decipherment presented in
1. Indus Script and Mesopotamia got copper and metallurgy from India. Give up AIT into India. Need for a New Aryan Invasion Theory into Europe, to explain formation of Indian languages
http://tinyurl.com/y5euao2s
2. Identity and decipherment of 'unicorn' on Indus Script Corpora as a one-horned young bull, to signify workshop of a goldsmith, lapidary (turner, engraver). http://tinyurl.com/y2uekds6
I submit that the use of culm of millet as a flagstaff is a clear hypertext in the tradition of Indus Script cipher. karba'culm of millet' rebus: karba 'iron'. Thus, karba + kundana = iron and gold. A goldsmith has graduated into an ironsmith.The procession is indeed a victory celebration in an archaeometallurgical time scale and methods of creating wealth of a nation through production technologies and metallurgical revolution signified by alloying and cire perdue techniques of metal castings of sculptures. Yes, Asko Parpola is right; it is a victory parade at Mari; a victory celebration of a metalwork breakthrough by
کرئِي kar-aʿī, s.f. (6th) 'ring' rebus; khār 'blacksmith'.
कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner' kundana 'fine gold' PLUS kōḍu'horn' rebus koḍ 'workplace' PLUS
· koḍiyum 'ring on neck' rebus: koḍ 'workplace' PLUS khōṇḍī खोंडी 'pannier sack' rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, turner, fine gold'. Thus, the hypertext composition signifies workshop of a goldsmith, lapidary (turner, engraver). A remarkable cognate etymon signifying a young bull is seen in Telugu (Indian sprahbund, 'speech union'): kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. కాడిమరపదగినదూడ. Plumpness, prime. తరుణము. జోడుకోడయలు a pair of bullocks. కోడె adj. Young. కోడెత్రాచు a young snake, one in its prime. "కోడెనాగముం బలుగుల రేడుతన్ని కొని పోవుతెరంగు" రామా. vi. కోడెకాడు kōḍe-kāḍu. n. A young man. పడుచువాడు. A lover విటుడు.
![]()
Bull's head Around 2500 - 2400 BCE Mari, Temple of Ishtar Pierre H. 2.50 cm. ; L.: 2.20 cm. ; Pr .: 1.40 cm. AO 18230
![]()
![]()
Heads of women wearing polos Around 2500 - 2400 BCE Mari, Temple of Ishtar Alabaster, eyes inlaid with shell H. 14.80 cm. ; L. 12.60 cm. ; Pr .: 8.80 cm.AO 18212, AO 17564
![]()
Female statuette head Early 2nd millennium BC Mari AlabasterH. 8.4 cm. AO 19521
Heads of women wearing polos Around 2500 - 2400 BCE Mari, Temple of Ishtar Alabaster, eyes inlaid with shell H. 14.80 cm. ; L. 12.60 cm. ; Pr .: 8.80 cm.AO 18212, AO 17564
Mari woman with a turban
Magical female statuette E 13495
6th - 7th century CE
tamarisk wood
H. 19.40 cm. ; l. : 5.80 cm. ; Pr .: 3.25 cm.
The series of dotted circles engraved on the body shows the points of magical spell.
Note the dotted circles which are Indus Script hypertexts shown on the two shoulders, on the legs below the knees and on thebuttocks of the magical female statuette of Mari. kuṭhi 'vagina'; rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace'. PLUS ṭaṅka 'leg' rebus: ṭaṅka 'mint'. These dotted circles are thus semantic determinatives of the metalwork signified by the hypertexts.
ṭaṅka3 (a) ʻ *rod, spike ʼ, (b) m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 3 m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. [Orig. ʻ stick ʼ? Cf. list s.v. *ḍakka -- 2 ] 1. (a) K. ṭang m. ʻ projecting spike which acts as a bolt at one corner of a door ʼ; N. ṭāṅo ʻ rod, fishing rod ʼ, °ṅi ʻ measuring rod ʼ; H. ṭã̄k f. ʻ iron pin, rivet ʼ (→ Ku. ṭã̄ki ʻ thin iron bar ʼ).(b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ. *uṭṭaṅka -- 2 , *uṭṭaṅga -- . Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 3 . 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ. 2. ṭaṅga -- 3 : A. ṭāṅī ʻ wedge ʼ(CDIAL 5428) Rebus: ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1 , śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434)
I submit that the dotted circle is an Indus Script hypertext to be read with the X hieroglyph on the base of the statue made of wood. Decipherment of hypetexts on the Mari Magical female statuette: kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS dotted circles
Abiding Indus Script hypertext dotted circle is dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter' https://tinyurl.com/y8fed8xd
Meluhha artisans, Indus script writers draw circles with small radii to signify dhātu, dhāv 'mineral' hypertexts
X hieroglyph signifies 'cross': dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhātu 'mineral'.Thus,the X hieroglyph hsown on the base of the wooden statue of a woman signifies a semantic determinative of themineral ore signified by 'dotted circles' on the woman's chest.
See the decipherment of the two hieroglyphs on ivory rods in Mohenjo-daro.
Ivory rod, ivory plaques with dotted circles. Mohenjo-daro (Musee National De Arts Asiatiques, Guimet, 1988-1989, , Les cites oubliees de l’Indus Archeologie du Pakistan.] dhātu 'See also dotted circles on a Mohenjo-daro ivory cube seal m1654
m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu '
Dotted circle as Indus Script hypertext धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter'kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, three dotted circles (trefoil) signify
dhāvaḍa kolimi 'smelter smithy, forge'.
वृत्त [p= 1009,2] mfn. turned , set in motion (as a wheel) RV.; a circle; vr̥ttá ʻ turned ʼ RV., ʻ rounded ʼ ŚBr. 2. ʻ completed ʼ MaitrUp., ʻ passed, elapsed (of time) ʼ KauṣUp. 3. n. ʻ conduct, matter ʼ ŚBr., ʻ livelihood ʼ Hariv. [√vr̥t1] 1. Pa. vaṭṭa -- ʻ round ʼ, n. ʻ circle ʼ; Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -- , vitta -- , vutta -- ʻ round ʼ; L. (Ju.) vaṭ m. ʻ anything twisted ʼ; Si. vaṭa ʻ round ʼ, vaṭa -- ya ʻ circle, girth (esp. of trees) ʼ; Md. va'ʻ round ʼ GS 58; -- Paš.ar. waṭṭəwīˊk, waḍḍawik ʻ kidney ʼ ( -- wĭ̄k vr̥kká -- ) IIFL iii 3, 192?(CDIAL 12069) வட்டம்போர் vaṭṭam-pōr, n. < வட்டு +. Dice-play; சூதுபோர். (தொல். எழுத். 418, இளம்பூ.)வட்டச்சொச்சவியாபாரம் vaṭṭa-c-cocca-viyāpāram, n. < id. + சொச்சம் +. Money-changer's trade; நாணயமாற்று முதலிய தொழில். Pond. வட்டமணியம் vaṭṭa-maṇiyam, n. < வட் டம் +. The office of revenue collection in a division; வட்டத்து ஊர்களில் வரிவசூலிக்கும் வேலை. (R. T.) వట్ట (p. 1123) vaṭṭa vaṭṭa. [Tel.] n. The bar that turns the centre post of a sugar mill. చెరుకుగానుగ రోటినడిమిరోకలికివేయు అడ్డమాను. వట్టకాయలు or వట్టలు vaṭṭa-kāyalu. n. plu. The testicles. వృషణములు, బీజములు. వట్టలుకొట్టు to castrate. lit: to strike the (bullock's) stones, (which are crushed with a mallet, not cut out.) వట్ర (p. 1123) vaṭra or వట్రన vaṭra. [from Skt. వర్తులము.] n. Roundness. నర్తులము, గుండ్రన. వట్ర. వట్రని or వట్రముగానుండే adj. Round. గుండ్రని.
धाव (p. 250) dhāva m f A certain soft, red stone. Baboons are said to draw it from the bottom of brooks, and to besmear their faces with it. धवड (p. 249) dhavaḍa m (Or धावड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावड (p. 250) dhāvaḍa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावडी (p. 250) dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron.
 Statuette of orante with clasped hands, wearing polos and wearing a dress and a cloak of kaunakès AO 17561 Around 2500 - 2400 BC Mari, Temple of Ishtar Alabaster H. 16.50 cm. ; L. 5.40 cm. ; Pr .: 3.50 cm.   Statuette of orante sitting wearing polos and holding a branch in the left hand Around 2500 - 2400 BC Mari, Temple of Ishtar Alabaster H. 19.30 cm. ; L. 10.40 cm. ; Pr .: 10,20 cm.AO 18213  Statuette of praying with clasped hands wearing kaunakès skirt AO 17569 Around 2500 - 2400 BCE Mari, Temple of Ishtar Alabaster 38.8 H; 14.7 LA; 12.3 EP Mission Archéologique de Mari. Volume III (only): Les Temples D'Ishtarat et de Ninni-Zaza. PARROT André. AO 19486 Statue of Iddin-El, Shakkanakku of Mari Shakkanakku period, circa 2090 BC Mari, palace of Zimrî-Lîm Steatite 41.5 H Iddin-El (Idi-Ilum), prince-governor of Mari, dedicated this statue to the goddess Ishtar. One of the oldest testimonies of the goddess Ishtar unveiling. The goddess Maat lapis lazuli H. 5.90 cm. ; L. 2.85 cm. ; Pr .: 4 cm. The lapis lazuli comes from Afghanistan, after a long road lined with shopping cities (Mari, Ebla in Syria).
M4039c.jpg    See details at pdf Maquette des ruines du palais de Mari d’après les fouilles d’A. Parrot (1935 - 1938) et J. Margueron (depuis 1979)   AO 29918Model of the ruins of the palace of Mari after the excavations of A. Parrot (1935 - 1938) and J. Margueron (since 1979) The model gives an image of the palace in its final state. The construction of this vast complex is spread over several centuries, from the founding at the time of Shakkanakku, or "governors" of Mari (end of the third millennium - beginning of the second millennium), the short period of Yahdun-Lim ( circa 1810 - circa 1794), the period of the Assyrian dynasty in the time of Shamshi-Adad (1792 - 1775) and the final destruction by Hammurabi of Babylon in the time of the last ruler, Zimri-Lim (1775 - 1762). The absolute chronology is being revised, these dates are given for information only. Model made 1 / 100th by F. Vuillet workshop Execution plans: M. Renisio (Pylone agency) Department of Oriental Antiquities  The painting of the InvestitureSecond half of the nineteenth century BC Mari royal palace Tempera paint over lime earth This large panel, older than the entire south wall decor, was located to the right of the door opening on the antechamber of the throne room. It is framed by a festoon that evokes the edge of a carpet. In the center, the goddess Ishtar, standing on her lion, hands the ring and the stick, insignia of power, to the king; deities of lower rank attend the meeting. Below, two goddesses, similar to the statue found in the vestibule of the throne room, hold a vase from which flow streams of living water, symbols of fertility; on either side are guardian monsters, two tall palm trees laden with dates and two large Lama goddesses framing the scene. This original composition, which stands out from the traditional friezes, wants to offer a synthetic vision of the three spaces of the official sector: Cour du Palmier, vestibule and throne room in the center. It is a figurative evocation of the divine foundation of the royal power guaranteeing the prosperity of the country. The painting suffered a lot from the fire of the palace, but we guess a varied palette and bright colors: turquoise blue, green, red. The contours of the figures are engraved at the point and then underlined with black. (Translation from Frenc http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=24657&langue=fr )
Around 1800 BCTerracotta This disc is actually the head of a large "nail" clay intended to be embedded in a masonry. It was found in the palace of Zimrî-Lîm."Yahdun-liim, son of Yaggid-liim, king of Mari, Tuttul, and the land of Hana, a strong king who controls the banks of the Euphrates. [The god] Dagan proclaimed my kingship. The powerful weapon that kills my enemies, he gave it to me. In consequence of which, seven kings, in truth, who had fought against me, I made prisoners. Their country I annexed. The damage of the banks of the Euphrates I erased and my country in peace I made remain. Channels I opened. I made my country lose the habit of fetching water. I built Mari's wall and dug her ditch. Moreover, in burnt land, in a place of thirst, to which never a king had given name, where no king had built a city, I a desire I conceived; I built a city, I dug the ditch ... I expanded my country, the foundations of Mari and my country I affirm. So I seared my name." Translation fromFrench http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=24685&langue=frContract for donating a field by Ishih-Dagan, King of Hana
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
La déesse Maât
AO 19520 Lion statue
Brique de fondation de la construction du temple de Shamash, dieu-Soleil et de la justice, par Yahdun-Lîm, roi de Mari
Buste de femme
Rectangular mold decorated with a frieze of goats and a lion attacking a bovine Moule rectangulaire décoré d'une frise de capridés et d'un lion attaquant un bovidé
Fish-shaped mould
