Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population
By Ann Gibbons
“It looks like males migrating in war, with horses and wagons,” says lead author and population geneticist Mattias Jakobsson of Uppsala University in Sweden.
· Archaeology
doi:10.1126/science.aal0806
Ann Gibbons Ann is a contributing correspondent for Science.
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population
The most violent group of people who ever lived: Horse-riding Yamnaya tribe who used their huge height and muscular build to brutally murder and invade their way across Europe than 4,000 years ago
- Yamnaya people dominated Europe from between 5,000 and 4,000 years ago
- They had nutritionally rich diets and were tall, muscular and skilled horse riders
- It is believed they exploited a continent recovering from disease and death
- They spread rapidly, adapting and massacring their way throughout Europe
- Slaughtered Neolithic men in prehistoric genocide to ensure their DNA survived
- They made their way to Britain and within a few generations there was no remains of the previous inhabitants who built Stonehenge in the genetic record
A brutish tribe of people who lived in the Neolithic era more than 4,000 years ago is being touted as the most violent and aggressive society to ever live.
A growing body of evidence is convincing archaeologists that the Yamnaya society ruthlessly massacred opposing societies.
It is believed the primitive society capitalised on disease, warfare and famine and unceremoniously swept through Europe, destroying entire civilisations and leaving destruction in their wake.
DNA evidence from several prehistoric burial sites has revealed hoards of these tall, muscular and violent warriors would overwhelm other societies on horseback.
They would murder men and sire their own children so that within a few generations the presence of the previous societies is all but eradicated.
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DNA evidence from several prehistoric burial sites has revealed hoards of these tall, muscular and violent warriors would overwhelm other societies on horseback. They started in the European steppe and ended up conquering most of Europe and preserving their own genetic lineage through brutal genocide of rival males
Yamnaya people interbred with the Corded Ware people, who made the pictured pottery, in central Europe, with later generations inheriting a significant amount of Yamnaya DNA
Yamnaya people arrived in Eastern Europe approximately 5,000 years ago and their culture and customs spread rapidly to both the east and the west.
They then interbred with the Corded Ware people in central Europe, with later generations inheriting a significant amount of Yamnaya DNA.
Environments in these two locations were vastly different at this time in history with the European steppe and its shrubland giving way to forests and vast areas of greenery.
Evidence of genetic remnants of these people so far away from their origin sparked confusion and outrage among many experts, who scrambled for an explanation to explain how the tribe moved so swiftly across the continent.
Not only were the people spreading, but so were their customs.
The Yamnaya buried their dead in easily identifiable ways, in 'pit graves' and not the common communal graves of the time.
Wooden beams covered the grave and a mound of Earth, known as a kurgan, was created atop the burial site.
These, and there artefacts and remains of the Yamnaya, have been found dotted around many other areas of the continent.
Some experts claim the presence of their technology and rituals is proof of them preceding their actual migration but others claim they exploited a time when the rest of Europe was weak and vulnerable.
arious pieces of evidence from the archaeological record, DNA and isotope analysis and even pollen from ancient sites has found the centuries before the dominance of the Yamnaya people to be a time of great suffering.
Vast mega-settlements of the previous era had been razed to the ground after becoming a festering pit for disease and poverty.
The earliest known relative of the black death was discovered dating back 5,700 years.
'These mega-settlements were beginning to be abandoned and burned down a little after 5700 years ago,' Professor Kristian Kristiansen at the University of Gothenburg told New Scientist.
'By 5400 years ago, they were gone.'
Such was the devastation and log-lasting impact of these disease-riddled settlements, evidence of the black death was found in Scandinavia 400 years after the last one was abandoned and destroyed.
The remaining people to survive this bleak and elongated period of history were likely small and weakened from the ordeal.
Carbon dating of a range of products, including arrowheads, bell-shaped pots (pictured) found the Iberian civilisation known as the Bell beaker people collided with the Yamnaya descendants
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT NEOLITHIC BRITAIN?
The Neolithic Revolution was the world's first verifiable revolution in agriculture.
It began in Britain between about 5000 BC and 4500 BC but spread across Europe from origins in Syria and Iraq between about 11000 BC and 9000 BC.
The period saw the widespread transition of many disparate human cultures from nomadic hunting and gathering practices to ones of farming and building small settlements.
Stonehenge, the most famous prehistoric structure in Europe, possibly the world, was built by Neolithic people, and later added to during the early Bronze Age
The revolution was responsible for turning small groups of travellers into settled communities who built villages and towns.
Some cultures used irrigation and made forest clearings to better their farming techniques.
Others stored food for times of hunger, and farming eventually created different roles and divisions of labour in societies as well as trading economies.
In the UK, the period was triggered by a huge migration or folk-movement from across the Channel.
The Neolithic Revolution saw humans in Britain move from groups of nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled communities. Some of the earliest monuments in Britain are Neolithic structures, including Silbury Hill in Wiltshire (pictured)
Today, prehistoric monuments in the UK span from the time of the Neolithic farmers to the invasion of the Romans in AD 43.
Many of them are looked after by English Heritage and range from standing stones to massive stone circles, and from burial mounds to hillforts.
Stonehenge, the most famous prehistoric structure in Europe, possibly the world, was built by Neolithic people, and later finished during the Bronze Age.
Neolithic structures were typically used for ceremonies, religious feasts and as centres for trade and social gatherings.
Yamnaya, untainted by the torrid events which occurred before their arrival, blossomed against the pitiful natives.
Ancient DNA reveals these migrants were well nourished, tall and muscular. Some archaeologists also argue that the warrior tribe consisted of skilled horsemen.
'It looks like they lived mostly on meat and milk products,' says Professor Kristiansen.
'They were healthier and probably physically quite strong.'
A controversial study from 2017 also claimed the burial rituals of the men and women differed in societies after the Yamnaya had invaded and succeeded.
The men maintained their burial traditions while women were buried in the traditional ways of their local civilisation.
This, some say, indicates the Yamnaya invade, massacred all the males and impregnated the women in order to rapidly further their bloodlines.
Such aggressive and murderous behaviour would have inevitably caused some consternation among Neolithic societies struggling to hold back the powerful Yamnaya.
Evidence of a fightback against the brutal folk comes from an archaeological site in Germany called Eulau.
Here, graves were found where large amounts of women and children were buried together.
Isotope analysis of the adults' teeth revealed they were in fact not local to the area and grew up elsewhere before moving to the region - likely women captured by the Yamnaya.
Of the 13 bodies at the site, five suffered injuries which were likely the cause f their death and experts claim this is evidence they were ambushed and massacred by rival tribes in a revenge attack.
The men of the tribe were likely away from the site at the time tending to the cattle when the raid was launched, leaving the women and children defenceless.
Eulau is an example of a fightback from scorned locals, but experts caution that it was likely an anomaly.
Genetic analysis found that the movement of the Yamnaya across the English Channel into England happened around 4,400 years ago and coincides with when the Britons of the time, who built Stonehenge (pictured), completely disappeared from the genetic record
Propagation of their DNA throughout the continent may have been aided by interceding with different cultures.
Around 4,700 years ago, a population in modern-day Spain and Portugal called the Bell Beaker people were thriving.
This group of people was also made of celebrated warriors who shared similar customs - such as burying their dead in single graves.
Carbon dating of a range of products, including arrowheads, bell-shaped pots and copper daggers proved their origin to be from the Iberian peninsula.
But their culture - but not the people - then migrated west towards central Europe, where it collided with the Corded Ware people of Yamnaya descent heading in the opposite direction.
There is currently no evidence of a conflict, instead the Corded Ware people appear to have embraced the notion 4,600 years ago.
'They simply take on part of the Bell Beaker package and become Beaker people,' says Professor Kristiansen.
This ability to adapt allowed Yamnaya DNA to survive from the original society, into the Corded Ware people and then manifest again as the Beaker people.
A genetic fork was forged by this mixing of the groups and created true Beaker people, who remained in Iberia, and the new branch in modern-day Netherlands with Yamnaya blood.
This mixing was integral to the next step in the journey of these people as they used the sea-faring knowledge obtained from the Beaker people to cross the English Channel.
Once on English turf, the people went about their usual business and eradicated almost all the local inhabitants of the island.
Genetic analysis found that this movement of the Yamnaya descendants happened around 4,400 years ago and coincides with when the Britons of the time, who built Stonehenge, completely disappeared.
There is no remnants of their DNA in the genome of modern people, but more significantly, there is no proof of the original Brits even a handful or generations later.
Evidence of a fightback against the brutal folk comes from an archaeological site in Germany called Eulau. Here, graves were found where large amounts of women and children were buried together after being massacred in retaliation. Pictured are the bodies of mothers embracing their children in a grave at the site in modern-day Germany
The Yumnaya took over and erased all genetic evidence of the land's previous stewards.
This theory is backed up by David Reich at Harvard Medical School who is due to release a piece of research stating the Yumnaya orchestrated a systematic genocide of Neolithic men.
Original Bell Beaker people collided with the Yumnaya people 4,50 years ago and this provides some of the strongest evidence yet of their brutality.
Forty per cent of all males had a Y chromosome linked to Yumnaya, indicating after the cultures met, only Yumnaya men were procreating.
'The collision of these two populations was not a friendly one, not an equal one, but one where the males from outside were displacing local males and did so almost completely,' Reich told New Scientist Live in September.
'It's the only way to explain that no male Neolithic lines survived.'
Story of most murderous people of all time revealed in ancient DNA
Starting 5000 years ago, the Yamnaya embarked on a violent conquest of Europe. Now genetic analysis tells their tale for the first time
27 March 2019
Simon Pemberton
THE iconic sarsen stones at Stonehenge were erected some 4500 years ago. Although the monument’s original purpose is still disputed, we now know that within a few centuries it became a memorial to a vanished people. By then, almost every Briton, from the south coast of England to the north-east tip of Scotland, had been wiped out by incomers. It isn’t clear exactly why they disappeared so rapidly. But a picture of the people who replaced them is emerging.
The migrants’ ultimate source was a group of livestock herders called the Yamnaya who occupied the Eurasian steppe north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus mountains. Britain wasn’t their only destination. Between 5000 and 4000 years ago, the Yamnaya and their descendants colonised swathes of Europe, leaving a genetic legacy that persists to this day. Their arrival coincided with profound social and cultural changes. Burial practices shifted dramatically, a warrior class appeared, and there seems to have been a sharp upsurge in lethal violence. “I’ve become increasingly convinced there must have been a kind of genocide,” says Kristian Kristiansen at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. As he and others piece together the story, one question resounds: were the Yamnaya the most murderous people in history?
Before about 5000 years ago, Neolithic Europe was inhabited by people much like those who raised Stonehenge. They were farmers with an urge to work together and build large stone structures. “It looks like these people were quite communal,” says Kristiansen. And that community spirit continued into the afterlife: many of …
Ancient migration transformed Spain's DNA
A migration from Central Europe transformed the genetic make-up of people in Spain during the Bronze Age, a study reveals.
DNA evidence shows the migrants streamed over the Pyrenees, replacing existing male lineages across the region within a space of 400 years.
It remains unclear whether violence played a role or whether a male-centric social structure was more important.
The result comes from the most extensive study of its kind.
Researchers reconstructed the population history of Iberia (modern Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra) over 8,000 years - the biggest slice of time tackled by a single ancient DNA study. The region has been a crossroads for different cultures over time.
Their study is published in Science journal.
They extracted and analysed DNA from 403 Iberians who lived between 6,000 BC and AD 1,600.
The Bronze Age migrants traced some of their ancestry to Neolithic (Stone Age) farmers found throughout Europe - including Spain - while the rest of their genetic make-up was like that of people living at the time on the Russian steppe.
This steppe ancestry was introduced to Europe by nomadic herders who migrated west from Asia and the eastern fringes of Europe.
Stone Age crisis
One of the triggers may have been a crisis that caused population numbers to plunge in Europe towards the end of the Neolithic period (which preceded the Bronze Age). Recent studies suggest plague might have played a role.
As the steppe people moved west, they picked up elements of culture from people they mixed with along the way. In Central Europe, one such mixed culture known as the Bell Beaker tradition formed. The Beakers and their descendants may have established highly stratified (unequal) societies in Europe, including Iberia - where they start turning up from 2,500BC.
MAN / MARIO TORQUEMADAThe researchers looked at the Y chromosome - a package of DNA passed down more or less unchanged from father to son. It can be used to track male-line inheritance. By about 2,000BC, local Y chromosome lineages had been eliminated from the Iberian gene pool, in favour of those carried by the newcomers.
When the team analysed DNA from across the genome - the full complement of genetic material found in the nuclei of cells - they found that later Iberians traced 40% of their ancestry to the new population.
The newcomers - of Bell Beaker origin - brought innovations such as bronze-working (including the manufacture of bronze weapons) and were probably riding horses. These may have given them a military advantage over Stone Age farming societies, but also probably conferred higher social status on males carrying these traditions.
Patterns of inheritance
Co-author Iñigo Olalde, from Harvard Medical School, US, said: "It would be a mistake to jump to the conclusion that Iberian men were killed or forcibly displaced." He added: "The archaeological record gives no clear evidence of a burst of violence in this period."
Instead, the high social status of male newcomers may have been linked to greater reproductive success. "Their male descendants would have inherited the wealth and social status, and themselves also had much higher reproductive success," Dr Olalde told BBC News.
A system that emphasised male power and inheritance could have been key: "A patrilineal and possibly patriarchal social structure would further amplify the observed patterns, as possibly only the first-born son would inherit the clan's properties, whereas the other sons would move out and try to established their own clans, further spreading their Y lineages over new territories," he said.
An even more extreme pattern of replacement occurred at much the same time in Britain, where Beakers replaced 90% of the overall ancestry that was there before they arrived.
Fortified settlements
"At least in the east and the south-east, we see a change in the settlement patterns... which lasts until the arrival of the Romans," said co-author Dr Carles Lalueza-Fox, from the University of Barcelona.
In this region, the Iron Age Iberian culture established fortified settlements on high ground.
"The Iberians lived in hill settlements and were a violent society, structured along tribal lines. Something clearly changes the social structure that existed in the late Neolithic."
JEFF GREENBERGLooking at human remains from an earlier period, the study found that Stone Age hunter-gatherers who traced a significant percentage of their ancestry to some of Europe's earliest settlers, survived in southern Spain until the spread of farming 6,000 years ago.
The team also studied genome data from Moorish Spain (AD 711-1492), when parts of the peninsula were under the control of Muslim emirs of North African origin.
GETTY IMAGESNorth African influence was present in Iberia from at least the Bronze Age. But the researchers found a dramatic shift in the genetic make-up of people from Moorish-controlled regions after the medieval "Reconquista", when Christian armies seized back control of the peninsula. The conquerors expelled many Muslims, although some were allowed to stay if they converted to Christianity.
While many Moorish individuals analysed in the study seem to have been a 50:50 mix of North African and Iberian ancestry, North African ancestry in the peninsula today averages just 5%.
Modern Iberians derive about 50% of their ancestry from Neolithic farmers, 25% from ancient hunter-gatherers, and 20% from the steppe people.
Faces from Iberia's past
Severed heads
ARCHIVO MUSEU D'ARQUOLOGIA DE CATALUNYAPeople from the Iron Age Iberian civilization of Spain's east coast generally cremated their dead. The cremation process prevented scientists from extracting DNA from these remains. While the culture was responsible for great works of art, such as the Dama de Elche sculpture, the Iberians also had a violent side. They hammered large nails through the severed heads of enemies killed in combat and exhibited them in public spaces as war trophies. Some 40 such heads were found in the Iberian settlement of Ullastret, allowing scientists to analyse DNA from them.
African ancestors
Two burials in the study were revealed to have high levels of black African ancestry. Both of the individuals were from Granada in southwest Spain, where the last Muslim emirate held out until it was conquered by Christians in 1492. One of the people came from a 10th Century cemetery where bodies were buried in the Islamic tradition - oriented in the direction of Mecca. The other individual is from the 16th Century, after the Christian conquest of Granada. This woman is thought to be from the Morisco community - former Muslims who converted to Christianity (only to be expelled from Spain later on).
Germanic migrants
After the fall of the Roman Empire, wandering tribes from northern and eastern Europe streamed into Iberia. The Visigoths, who spoke a language related to Swedish, German and English, assumed control of the region. They founded the Spanish monarchy that continues today and introduced laws that formed the basis of those used by later Christian kingdoms. Burials from Pla de l'Horta in northeastern Spain include a mother and daughter of Visigothic origin. Their genomes suggest they had recent ancestry from Eastern Europe, while DNA from the cell's batteries, or mitochondria - which is passed more or less unchanged from mother to children - is of a type associated with East Asian populations. It's a sign of the genetic complexity of the Eastern steppe region where their roots lay.
Are the horse-riding Yamnaya tribe who brutally murdered their way across Europe the most violent people in history?
The powerfully built tribe swept into Europe between 4000 and 5000 years ago and their DNA lives on in us today
A TRIBE who swept into Europe thousands of years ago and whose descendants wiped out ancient Britons could be the most violent and aggressive society ever, it was claimed.
The Yamnaya were a group of livestock herders who lived north of the Black Sea and in the Caucasus mountains in modern day Russia and Ukraine.
The group and their descendants arrived in Europe between 4000 and 5000 years ago, New Scientist reports.
At the time Europe had been ravaged by disease, eroding the population’s ability to resist the powerfully built and aggressive Yamnaya horseback warriors.
They overwhelmed smaller Europeans and the Yamnaya culture as well as their DNA soon spread throughout the continent.
According archaeologist Kristian Kristiansen, after they brought with their brutal practices there appears to have been a sharp upsurge in lethal violence.
Such was the extent of their brutality that he began to consider whether they were the most murderous people in history.
“I’ve become increasingly convinced there must have been a kind of genocide,” said Professor Kristiansen.
He said the Yamnaya lived mostly on meat and milk products which made them “healthier and probably physically quite strong”.
It has been claimed that when the Yamnaya invaded they massacred all the males and impregnated the women in order to rapidly further their bloodlines.
This would have caused panic and resistance in Neolithic societies struggling to hold back the Yamnaya.
Graves show the remains of the Eulau who were captured and massacred in retaliation.
It has been claimed that the Yamnaya are the missing third genetic component in Europeans.
A team led by Professor David Reich and his colleagues extracted DNA from remains found at archaeological sites around the continent, the BBC reported.
Their research showed that 7,000-8,000 years ago, a closely related group of early farmers moved into Europe from the Near East.
This group interbred with indigenous hunter-gatherers that they encountered as they spread around the continent and eventually the two groups melded.
But previous studies have found that this mixture of hunters and farmers wasn’t enough to explain the complexity of modern European and third group must have been present.
Professor Reich’s team said the Bronze Age Yamnaya were a good fit for the missing third genetic component in Europeans.
The Yamnaya’s DNA lived on the ancient Corded Ware and Beaker people - named for the pottery their produced.
The Beakers invaded Britain about 4500 years ago and wiped out the local population, studies have shown.
It is believed that Stonehenge may have been a memorial to the vanished people who perished after the brutal Yamnaya's descendants arrive on these shores.
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Germany’s Stonehenge reveals chilling secrets of human sacrifices in pits around the Pömmelte henge in Saxony
See the video at:
The Arrival of the Yamnaya
Luke Gomez
Indo-Germanics, the most violent people who ever lived
Our distant ancestors were Indo-Europeans,
members of the horse-riding Yamnaya tribe used their huge height and muscular build to brutally murder and invade their way across Europe than 4,000 years ago
A growing body of evidence is convincing archaeologists that the Yamnaya society ruthlessly massacred opposing societies.
A growing body of evidence is convincing archaeologists that the Yamnaya society ruthlessly massacred opposing societies.
They would murder men and sire their own children so that within a few generations the presence of the previous societies is all but eradicated.
They had nutritionally rich diets and were tall, muscular and skilled horse riders;
They made their way to Britain and within a few generations there was no remains of the previous inhabitants who built Stonehenge in the genetic record
They had nutritionally rich diets and were tall, muscular and skilled horse riders;
They made their way to Britain and within a few generations there was no remains of the previous inhabitants who built Stonehenge in the genetic record
This, some say, indicates the Yamnaya invade, massacred all the males and impregnated the women in order to rapidly further their bloodlines.
'The collision of these two populations was not a friendly one, not an equal one, but one where the males from outside were displacing local males and did so almost completely,' Reich told New Scientist Live in September.
'It's the only way to explain that no male Neolithic lines survived.'
'The collision of these two populations was not a friendly one, not an equal one, but one where the males from outside were displacing local males and did so almost completely,' Reich told New Scientist Live in September.
'It's the only way to explain that no male Neolithic lines survived.'
Ha-ha-ha! That's *us*. I'm so proud of our ancestors. They took Europe, and later they also took North America. Of course, the media will twist our glorious history to brand us as Nazis. Again. Also note (((they))) are now using our success as a blueprint to erase us (make our boys gay, let the Apes rape our women). We MUST fight back.
BONUS
"'It looks like they [Nordic-Germanic people] lived mostly on meat and milk products,' says Professor Kristiansen. "
Mixtures of milk and meat are prohibited according to Jewish law.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law
"'It looks like they [Nordic-Germanic people] lived mostly on meat and milk products,' says Professor Kristiansen. "
Mixtures of milk and meat are prohibited according to Jewish law.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law
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Mystery of ‘most murderous people of all time’ who wiped out builders of Stonehenge
Rob Waugh
Monday 1 Apr 2019 8:48 am
New DNA research is helping to unlock a dark chapter in Europe’s prehistory – when a murderous tribe swept across the continent, replacing the civilisations that existed before. Researchers are now convinced there was a ‘kind of genocide’, as the Yamnaya people swept across the continent, and into every part of Britain.
The ancient people who built Stonehenge were among the victims, replaced by a different culture which prized war and violence – with its own warrior caste and different burial practices. DNA research is helping to unvravel the mystery of the Yamnaya (Getty) ‘I’ve become increasingly convinced there must have been a kind of genocide,’ says Kristian Kristiansen at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Kristiansen said that the Yamnaya people lived on milk and meat products and were probably physically strong, in a New Scientist interview which describes the Yamnaya as ‘the most murderous people of all time.’ Dad throws coins at plane's engine for 'good luck' before flight The herders came from the Black Sea, and their DNA is still present in Europeans today.
Researchers believe that the horse-riding Yamnaya may have massacred Neolithic populations as they spread across the continent. Within a few hundred years, the builders of Stonehenge were no more (Getty) In Britain, migrants almost completely supplanted the island’s existing inhabitants – the mysterious people who had built Stonehenge – within a few hundred years.