This monograph posits that five of the ten दशावतार, daśāvatāra signify metalwork, wealth-accounting which is the core objective evidenced by Indus Script Corpora. These are Itihāsa signifiers in Indus Script Corpora which explain how ancient India accounted for 33% of World GDP in 1 Common Era (CE)(pace Angus Maddison):
This is an addendum to
1. Nr̥simha emerges from a pillar, pillar of flame and godhuma 'wheat chaff' Vedic caṣāla on Skambha, Yupa. Cultural significance of Holika
2. दशावतार, daśāvatāra. Itihāsa rendered by poets (kavi) and artisans (kamar). Veda metaphors of avatāra transformation and Indus Scrip rebus cipher of metal transmutations https://tinyurl.com/y2tg5wsy
Bhāgavata Purāṇa has nine chapters to the adventures of Vāmana, a dwarf, fifth avatāra of Lord Viṣṇu; also called त्रिविक्रम Trivikrama which literally, "three steps", signifying the Svarga (heaven), the earth, and the Patala (netherworld). "Aditi took Payovrata to propitiate Lord Vishnu. As a result, Vamana was born to Aditi and Kashyapa. He is the twelfth of the Adityas. Account of the several Manus and ManwantarasVishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, 1840, Book III: Chapter I. 265:22, at the request of the deities Vishńu was born as a midget, Vámana, the son of Adití by Kaśyapa. By applying to Mahabali for alms Kaśyapa was promised by the prince whatever he might demand, notwithstanding Śukra (the preceptor of the Daityas). The dwarf demanded as much space as he could step over at three steps and upon the assent of Mahabali he enlarged himself to such dimensions as to stride over the three worlds. Being worshipped however by Mahabali and his ancestor Prahláda, he conceded to them the sovereignty of Pátála... Asura King Mahābali (or simply called Bali). Bali was the great grandson of Hiraṇyakśipu, the grand son of Prahlada and son of Virochana."
Hiraṇyakśipu, his grandson Asura King Mahābali, Hiraṇyākṣa, all three signify association with metalwork since हिरण्य n. (ifc. f(आ). ; prob. connected with हरि , हरित् , हिरि) gold (orig. " uncoined gold or other precious metal " ; in later language " coined gold " -or " money ") RV. &c; any vessel or ornament made of gold (as " a golden spoon " Mn. ii , 29) RV. AV. VS. Kaus3.;; a gold piece or coin (generally with सुव्/अर्ण as opp. to base metal) Br.; substance , imperishable matter.
Thus, all the five avatāra:
1. Fish: aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal';
2.Turtle, tortoise kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ Rebus: kāñcana काञ्चन a. (-नी f.) [काञ्च्-ल्युट्] Golden, made of gold; kamaṭha 'tortise' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa 'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.
3. Boar वराह m. (derivation doubtful) a boar , hog , pig , wild boar RV. &c (ifc. it denotes , " superiority , pre-eminence " ; » g. व्याघ्रा*दि).
| N. of विष्णु in his third or boar-incarnation (cf. वराहा*वतार) TA1r. MBh. &c; (also -क) विष्णु in his 4th अवतार (cf. नर-स्°) ib. &c |
baḍhi, vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu, baḍaga, vardhaki,'worker in metal and wood'.
4. Lion Nr̥simha नृ--सिंह m. " man-lion " , a great or illustrious man MBh. R. arye'lion' rebus: āra 'brass'
See
FS 68 Inscribed object in the shape of a fish (Frequency in M Corpus: 14) ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' अयस् n. iron , metal RV. &c; an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold (नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क);steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron ; Goth. eisarn ; Mod.Germ. Eisen.]) 
ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS Hieroglyph: ढाळ
Signs 59, 67 ayo, aya 'fish' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS kammaTa 'mint' See:
Cluster analysis of Indus writing system design principle, of 33 sāṅgāḍī 'joined parts'; Field symbols for samgaha wealth categories catalogues for accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y8p7b8q2
Cluster Tortoise, turtle clusters, bronze classifiers in Indus Script Corpora![]()
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FS 69 Inscribed object in the shape of a tortoise.![]()
FS 56 (Frequency in M Corpus: 9) dula 'duplicated, mirror image' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS![]()
A giant turtle (of what was thought to be an extinct species) has been found on Pacific island in 2010 CE !!![]()
कंस[p= 241,1] mn. ( √कम् Un2. iii , 62), a vessel made of metal , drinking vessel , cup , goblet AV. x , 10 , 5 AitBr. S3Br. &c; a metal , tutanag or white copper , brass , bell-metal![]()
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"Front view of Meiolania platyceps fossil Meiolania ("small roamer") is an extinct genus of cryptodire turtle from the Oligocene to Holocene, with the last relict populations at New Caledonia which survived until 2,000 years ago.The animal was rather large, measuring 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in length, making it the second-largest known nonmarine turtle or tortoise, surpassed only by Colossochelys atlas from Asia, which lived in the Pleistocene. It lived in Australia and New Caledonia. Remains have also been found on the island of Efate in Vanuatu, associated with settlements from the Lapitaculture...When the first fossil remains (a vertebra) were found, they were originally thought to be from a large monitor lizard, similar to, but smaller than Megalania, so the genus was named accordingly. Later, when more remains were found, it was realized that the "small roamer" was actually a turtle, and not a lizard. Synonyms include Miolania and Ceratochelys."
There are examples of copper plates with the pictorial motifs of large turtles combined back to back, as a pair to signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.![]()
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FS 69 Inscribed object in the shape of a tortoise.
FS 56 (Frequency in M Corpus: 9) dula 'duplicated, mirror image' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS
"Front view of Meiolania platyceps fossil 
See: The world's earliest coin, Lydia electrum coin with खोंड khōṇḍa 'unicorn, young bull' rebus kundaṇa 'pure gold' (Tulu) is an invention by an Indus Script smith, kundār, खोदण 'engraver, turner, scribe'
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Frieze on staircase wall, Persepolis.
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Procession of lions, unicorns (auroch or urus) at Persepolis.
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The juxtaposition signifier on Lydian electrum (gold-silver compound) coins between a young bull's profile and a lion's profile signies a metallurgical challenge between 1.kundaṇa 'fine gold',+ goṭī 'silver', i.e., electrum gold and 2. āra 'brass' + arka 'gold', i.e.golden brass. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace; juxtaposeskoḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' kunda 'young bull' rebus: yajñakuṇḍa 'fire altar, furnace'; kũdār 'turner' The joined animal parts constituting hypertext on Kyzikos electrum coins is signify a unified guild formation, a phaḍa फड ‘
1. One-horned bull kunda 'young bull' rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold' kũdār 'turner (artisan)' ![]()
Gold stater Period: Archaic Date: ca. 560–546 B.C.E Lydia Medium: Gold Dimensions: Overall: 3/8 x 9/16 x 1/16 in. (1 x 1.4 x 0.2 cm) Credit Line: Gift of The American Society for the Excavation of Sardis, 1926 Accession Number: 26.59.2 https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/26.59.2/
R̥gveda (1.22, 1.154, 1.154, 6.49, 7.100 and 8.29) describes Viṣṇu as that benevolent god who in three steps defined all there is in the universe. About thirty different versions of his mythology are found in these texts.(Deborah A. Soifer (1991). The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. State University of New York Press. pp. 18–19, 22–25; pp. xiii, 113–116, 123–138).
Walters Arts Museum. "Standing tall despite his diminutive proportions, this dwarf, Vamana, is an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. He holds Vishnu’s attributes—the club and discus in his upper hands and the conch shell in his lower left hand—and makes the gesture of giving. As preserver of cosmic order, Vishnu descends to earth to restore balance whenever the world is threatened by evil. When the king Bali was becoming too powerful, Vishnu came to earth as a dwarf and, dressed as a pious student of Hindu knowledge, asked the king for the amount of land he could cover in three steps. Thinking he had nothing to lose, the king granted the dwarf’s request, whereupon Vishnu transformed himself into the giant Trivikrama, covering the entire earth with his first step, the heavens with his second step, and with his third step pushing Bali into the netherworld." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana#/media/File:Indian_-_Dwarf_Form_of_Vishnu_-_Walters_25260.jpgDictionary definition of a dwarf: (in folklore or fantasy literature) a member of a mythical race of short, stocky human like creatures who are generally skilled in mining and metalworking.
| synonyms: | gnome, goblin, hobgoblin, troll, imp, elf, brownie, kelpie, leprechaun, fairy, pixie, sprite "the wizard captured the dwarf" |
"The noun dwarf stems from Old English dweorg, originally referring to a being from Germanic mythology—a dwarf—that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting.... Indo-European root *dheur- (meaning 'damage'), the Indo-European root *dhreugh (whence modern German Traum 'dream' and Trug 'deception'), and comparisons have been made with the Old Indian dhvaras (a type of demonic being). The being may not have gained associations with small stature until a later period." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism
Dwarfs are also वालखिल्याः - who are referred to in तैत्तिरीयब्राह्मणम् (1-92) --
ततो’रुणाः केतवो वातरशना ऋषय उदतिष्ठन् ।(91)
ये नखाः। ते वैखानसाः। ये वालाः। ते वालखिल्याः । यो रसः। सो’पाम्।
Worship of linga by Gandharva, Shunga period (ca. 2nd cent. BCE), ACCN 3625, Mathura Museum. Worship signified by dwarfs, Gaṇa (hence Gaṇeśa = Gaṇa + īśa).
A tree associated with smelter and linga from Bhuteshwar, Mathura Museum.
Architectural fragment with relief showing winged dwarfs (or gaNa) worshipping with flower garlands, Siva Linga. Bhuteshwar, ca. 2nd cent BCE. Lingam is on a platform with wall under a pipal tree encircled by railing. (Srivastava, AK, 1999, Catalogue of Saiva sculptures in Government Museum, Mathura: 47, GMM 52.3625) The tree is a phonetic determinant of the smelter indicated by the railing around the linga: kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ lex., °ṭaka -- m. ʻ a kind of tree ʼ Kauś.Pk. kuḍa -- m. ʻ tree ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. kuṛāˊ ʻ tree ʼ, dar. kaṛék ʻ tree, oak ʼ ~ Par. kōṛ ʻ stick ʼ IIFL iii 3, 98. (CDIAL 3228).
Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE (Fig. 6.2).This is the most emphatic representation of linga as a pillar of fire. The pillar is embedded within a brick-kiln with an angular roof and is ligatured to a tree. Hieroglyph: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In this composition, the artists is depicting the smelter used for smelting to create mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) of mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). मेड (p. 662) [ mēḍa ] f (Usually 
Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE shows a gaNa, dwarf with tuft of hair in front, a unique tradition followed by Dikshitar in Chidambaram. The gaNa is next to the smelter kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' which is identified by the ekamukha sivalinga. mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). kharva is a dwarf; kharva is a nidhi of Kubera. karba 'iron' (Tulu) http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/indus-script-corpora-muha-metal-from.html खर्व(र्ब) पु० खर्व--गर्वे अच् । १ कुवेरनिविशेषि शब्दरत्ना० ।२ कुब्जक वृक्षे अन्त्यस्थमध्यः राजनि० तस्य गन्धस्योत-कटतया गर्वहेतुत्वात् तथात्वम् । खर्ब--गतौ अच् । वर्ग्य-मध्यः ३ ह्रस्वे ४ वामने त्रि० अमरः “खर्बे! गर्वसमूह-पूरिततनो!” तारास्तोत्रम् । ५ संख्याभेदे (सहस्रकोटौ)“अर्बुदमब्जं खर्बनिखर्ब” मिति लीलावती । ६ तत्संख्याते च https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम् खर्ब्बः, पुं, (खर्ब्ब + अच् ।) कुवेरस्य निधि-विशेषः । इति शब्दरत्नावली ॥ दशवृन्दसंख्या । इति स्मृतिः ॥ कुब्जकवृक्षः । इति राजनिर्घण्टः ।(वामनः । इत्यमरः । २ । ६ । ४६ ॥ स्त्री ।गायत्त्रीस्वरूपा भगवती । यथा, देवीभाग-वते । १२ । ६ । ३८ ।“खड् गखेटकरा खर्ब्बा खेचरी खगवाहना”) https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः खर्व [p= 338,1] mfn. (cf. /अ- , त्रि-) mutilated , crippled , injured , imperfect TS. ii , 5 , 1 , 7; low , dwarfish L.; mn. a large number (either 10 , 000 , 000 , 000 [ L. ],or 37 cyphers preceded by 1 R. vi , 4 , 59); m. N. of one of the nine निधिs or treasures of कुबेर L. (वालखिल्या are also dwarfs; (°ल्य्/अ) pl. N. of a class of ऋषिs of the size of a thumb (sixty thousand were produced from ब्रह्मा's body and surround the chariot of the sun) TA1r. MBh. Ka1v. &c. They are comparable to गण [p= 343,1] certain troops of demi-gods considered as शिव's attendants and under the special superintendence of the god गणे*श ; cf. -देवता) Mn. Ya1jn5. Lalit. &c; m. a flock , troop , multitude , number , tribe , series , class (of animate or inanimate beings) , body of followers or attendants RV. AV. &c. गणः gaṇḥ [गण् कर्मणि कर्तरि वा अच्] 1 A flock, multitude, group, troop, collection; गुणिगणगणना, भगणः -2 A series, a class. -3 A body of followers or attendants. -4 Particularly, a troop of demigods considered as Śiva's attendants and under the special superintendence of Gaṇeśa, a demigod of this troop; गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनाम् &c.; गणानमेरुप्रसवावतंसाः Ku.1.55,7.4,71; Me.35.57; Ki.5.13. -5 Any assemblage or society of men formed for the attainment of the same objects. -6 A company, association. -7 A tribe, class. In Atharva Veda stambha is a celestial scaffold, supporting the cosmos and material creation.
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/12/skambha-sukta-atharva-veda-x-7-pair-of.html Full text of Atharva Veda ( X - 7,8) --- Stambha Suktam with translation (with variant pronunciation as skambha). See Annex A List of occurrences of gloss in Atharva Veda.
| avs.8.6 | [0800605] The black and hairy Asura, and Stambaja and Tundika, Arayas from this girl we drive, from bosom, waist, and parts below. |
Archaeological finds: cylindrical stele in Kalibangan, a pair of polished stone pillars in Dholavira, s'ivalinga in Harappa, Kalibangan
यष्टि 1 [p=840,3] f. (for 2. » [p= 848,3]) sacrificing Pa1n2. 3-3 , 110 Sch. (prob. w.r. for इष्टि).यष्टि 2 [p=848,3]n. (only L. )or f. (also यष्टी cf. g. बह्व्-ादि ; prob. fr. √ यछ् = यम् ; for 1. यष्टि » [p=840,3]) " any support " , a staff , stick , wand , rod , mace , club , cudgel; pole , pillar , perch S3Br. &c; a flag-staff (» ध्वज-य्°; a stalk , stem , branch , twig Hariv. Ka1v.
ஈட்டி īṭṭi, n. cf. yaṣṭi. [T. īṭe, K. īṭi, M. īṭṭi.] 1. Lance, spear, pike; குந்தம். செறியிலை யீட்டியும் (பரிபா. 5, 66). 2. Black wood. See தோதகத்தி. (
इष्टि 1 [p=169,1] f. impulse , acceleration , hurry; despatch RV.f. seeking , going after RV.f. sacrificing , sacrifice.
ఇటిక (p. 0134) [ iṭika ] or ఇటికె or ఇటుక iṭika. [Tel.] n. Brick.
*
M. iṭāḷẽ n. (CDIAL 1600, 1601)
shrI-sUktam of Rigveda explains the purport of the yaSTi to signify a baton of divine authority:
ArdrAm yaHkariNIm yaShTim suvarNAm padmamAlinIm |
sUryAm hiraNmayIm lakSmIm jAtavedo ma Avaha || 14
Trans. Oh, Ritual-fire, I pray you to invite shrI-devi to me, an alter-ego of everyone, who makes the environ holy let alone worship-environ, wielder of a baton symbolizing divine authority, brilliant in her hue, adorned with golden garlands, motivator of everybody to their respective duties like dawning sun, and who is manifestly self-resplendent in her mien.
Indus Script Corpora and archaeological excavations of 'fir-altars' provide evidence for continuity of Vedic religion of fire-worship in many sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization.
The metalwork catalogues of deciphered Indus Script Corpora are consistent with the fire-altars found in almost every single site of the civilization consistent with the documentation of yajna, fire-worship, in ancient texts of the Veda. The continuity of Vedic religion, veneration of Ruda-Siva among Bronze Age Bhāratam Janam, 'metalcaster folk' is firmly anchored.
kole.l signified 'smithy'. The same word kole.l also signified ' temple' (Kota)
In Hindu civilization tradition, yupa associated with smelter/furnace operations in fire-altars as evidenced in Bijnor, Kalibangan, Lothal and in many yupa pillars of Rajasthan of the historical periods, assume the aniconic form of linga venerated as Jyotirlinga, fierly pillars of light.
A 10th-century four-headed stone lingam (Mukhalinga) from Nepal. The 'mukha' or face on the linga is a hieroglyph read rebus muh 'ingot'. Hieroglyph: mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali) muhA 'the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace' (Santali. Campbell)
"The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the Atharva-Veda Samhitâ sung in praise of the Yupa-Skambha, the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless Stambha or Skambha, and it is shown that the said Skambha is put in place of the eternal Brahman. Just as the Yajna (sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the Soma , and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the Vedic sacrifice gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the Yupa-Skambha gave place in time to the Shiva-Linga. In the text Linga Purana, the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva. Jyotirlinga means "The Radiant sign of The Almighty". The Jyotirlingas are mentioned in the Shiva Purana." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShivaSources: Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father". Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157
Vivekananda, Swami. "The Paris Congress of the History of Religions" The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda 4.
Kubera. Northern India. 10th century. Sandstone. San Antonio Museum of Art[quote] Kubera, in Hindu mythology, the king of the yakshas (nature spirits) and the god of wealth. He is associated with the earth, mountains, all treasures such as minerals and jewels that lie underground, and riches in general. According to most accounts, he first lived in Lanka (Sri Lanka), but his palace was taken away from him by his half brother, Ravana, and he now resides in a beautiful mountain residence near the god Shiva’s home on Mount Kailasa, where he is attended by all manner of demigods.Kubera is the guardian of the north and is usually depicted as a dwarfish figure with a large paunch, holding a money bag or a pomegranate, sometimes riding on a man. Also known as Vaishravana and Jambhala, he is a popular figure in Buddhist and Jain mythology as well. In Buddhist sculptures he is often shown accompanied by a mongoose. [unquote]