This monograph provides archaeological, epigraphical evidence to validate the decipherment of Dholavira Signboard proclamation and is an addendum to
1. Unfolding of the discovery of Dholavira sign board. Proclamation of Bronze, alloy metalwork competence.
2. Proving the Indus Script Cipher to be logo-semantic
Dholavira signboard inscription is a proclamation and is in three parts: Part 1 steersman metal infusion workshop, Part 2 mineral ore metal casting metal infusion, Part 3 workshop bright metalware bronze metal infusion
Part 1: eraka'nave of spoked wheels' + khuṇṭa'peg', rebus eraka'metal infusion'kūṭa‘workshop’ , कर्णिक 'having ears' rebus कर्णिक 'steersman'.
Part 2 dhatu dul eraka'mineral ore metal casting metal infusion'
Part 3 eraka, kod dhakka kancu 'workshop bright metalware bronze metal infusion'
Part 1 of Dholavira signboard Indus Script inscription
Part 2 of Dholavira signboard Indus Script inscription
Part 3 of Dholavira signboard Indus Scipt inscriptionVariants of Sign 53 ![]()
ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (
ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS axle or nave of spoked wheel: eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus:eraka 'metal infusion'.
Thus, togetherPart 2 of Dholavira signboard Indus Scipt inscription reads rebus: dhatu dul eraka 'mineral ore metal casting metal infusion'
Hieroglyph: khuṇṭa ’peg'; rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’ khũṭi = pin (M.) kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali) Rebus: khoṭa 'ingot, wedge'. [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi).
*khuṇṭha ʻ defective ʼ. [See list s.v. kuṇṭha -- ]P. khuṇḍh m. ʻ stump, old man ʼ, khuṇḍhā ʻ blunt ʼ; Or. khuṇṭa, ˚ṭā ʻ withered branch ʼ; OG. khuṁṭa ʻ impotent, eunuch ʼ, G. khũṭṛɔ m. ʻ entire bull used for agriculture but not for breeding ʼ, (Kathiawar) khũṭ m. ʻ Brahmani bull ʼ.*khuṇṭhahala -- .Addenda: *khuṇṭha -- : S.kcch. khūṇḍh ʻ slow -- witted ʼ; WPah.kṭg. khv́ṇḍh m. ʻ any object broken into pieces, stump ʼ; khv́ṇḍhṇõ ʻ to break, pinch ʼ (see also *khuṇṭati s.v.
Ta. kūṭu (kūṭi-) to come together, join, meet, assemble, combine, become conciliated, be stored up, happen, associate, cohabit, arrive at, be possible, be fit, proper, be achieved; kūṭa together with, in addition to; kūṭal joining, sexual union; kūṭutal, kūṭutalai success; kūṭṭu (kūṭṭi-) to unite (tr.), join, combine, mingle, add, convoke (an assembly); n. fellowship, assistance, relationship, throng, illicit intercourse, mixture; kūṭṭam union, meeting, crowd, group, association, kindred, companions, battle, sexual intercourse; kūṭṭar companions, members of same clan or tribe; kūṭṭal uniting, seeking the alliance of powerful kings; kūṭṭāḷāṉ, kūṭṭāḷi associate, partner in trade. Ma. kūṭuka to come together, meet, join, befall, be added, be possible; kūṭa, kūṭi along with; kūṭṭuka to bring together, join, heap up, add, acknowledge as belonging to the caste or family, make to pass; kūṭṭu joining, fellowship, mixture, agreement; kūṭṭam assembly, flock, heap, caste, assembly, court, quarrel; kūṭṭar companions, of the same class; kūṭṭāḷan, kūṭṭāḷi associate, one of a crowd. Ko. ku·ṛ- (ku·c-) to join (intr.), gather, meet, assemble, (cows) enter shed, (day) comes close at hand, (wound) heals; ku·ṭ- (ku·c-) to make to join, summon (a meeting), gather (tr.), shut in (cattle); ku·ṭm (obl.ku·ṭt-) meeting, conversation; ko·ṭ a·ḷ intimate male friend, woman's lover, man who has a mistress; ko·ṭa·cintimate female friend, man's mistress. To. ku·ṛ- (ku·ṛy-) to join (intr.), have intercourse with, finish (doing so-and-so); ku·ṭ- (ku·ṭy-) to join (tr.), close (eye); ku·ḍ- (ku·ḍy-) (others than Todas) marry; ku·ṭm (obl. ku·ḍt-)meeting of assembly, dispute; mu·ku·ṛ- (mu·ku·ṛy-) to meet (of persons, rivers); mu·ku·ṭ- (mu·ku·ṭy-) to cause to meet (see 5031). Ka. kūḍu to join (intr.), unite, come together, be endowed with, be possible, be fit, take place, have sexual intercourse, add; n. joining, association, company; kūḍa along with; kūḍal state of being joined with or endowed with, junction; kūḍike, kūḍuvike joining, meeting, junction; kūḍuha meeting, union; kūḍudale success, prosperity; kūḍisu, kūḍasu to join (tr.), mix, amass; kūṭa joining, connexion, assembly, crowd, heap, fellowship, sexual intercourse; kūrisu to join (tr., as two pieces of wood); kūru a tenon. Koḍ.ku·ḍ- (ku·ḍi-) to join with others, gather, be inserted; ku·ṭ- (ku·ṭi-) to join (others) with oneself, insert; ku·ṭaquarrel, dispute, panchayat; ku·ṭï gathering, assembly. Tu. kūḍuni to join (tr.), unite, copulate, embrace, adopt; meet (intr.), assemble, gather, be mingled, be possible; kūḍisuni to add; kūḍāvuni, kūḍisāvuni to join, connect, collect, amass, mix; kūṭuni, kūṇṭuni to mix, mingle (tr.); kūḍa along with; kūḍigè joining, union, collection, assemblage, storing, mixing; kūṭa assembly, meeting, mixture. Te. kūḍu to meet (tr.), join, associate with, copulate with, add together; meet (intr.), join, agree, gather, collect, be proper; kūḍali, kūḍika joining, meeting, junction; kūḍa along with; kūḍani wrong, improper; kūḍami impropriety; kūṭamu heap, assembly, conspiracy; kūṭuva, kūṭuvu heap, collection, army; kūṭami meeting, union, copulation; kūṭakamu addition, mixture; kūr(u)cu to join, unite, bring together, amass, collect; caus. kūrpincu; kūrpu joining, uniting. Kol. (Kin.) kūṛ pāv meeting of ways (pāv way, path). Pa. kūṛ er- to assemble. Go. (S.) kūṛ- to join; (Mu.) gūḍ- to assemble (Voc. 833); (M.) guṛnā to swarm (Voc. 1160). Konḍa kūṛ- (-it-) to join, meet, assemble, come together; kūṛp- to mix (cereals, etc.), join or put together, collect; kūṛaŋa together. Pe. kūṛā- (kūṛa ā-) to assemble. Kuwi (Su.) kūṛ- id.; (Isr.) kūṛa ā- to gather together (intr.); kūṛi ki- to collect (tr.); (S.) kūḍi kīnai to gather; kūṛcinai to collect. Kur. xōṇḍnā to bring together, collect into one place, gather, wrinkle (e.g. the nose), multiply in imagination; xōṇḍrnā to meet or come together, be brought into the company of. (DEDR 1882) gōṣṭhī f. ʻ assembly, meeting place ʼ MBh. [gōṣṭhá -- ]Pk. goṭṭhī -- , guṭ˚ f. ʻ assembly ʼ; P. goṭh f. ʻ a partic. position in sitting ʼ; Or. goṭhi ʻ assembly ʼ; Mth. goṭh ʻ squatting on the hams ʼ; H. goṭ f. ʻ assembly ʼ; G. goṭh f. ʻ secret and confidential talk ʼ (whence goṭhiyɔ m. ʻ friend ʼ); M. goṭh f. ʻ conversation, tale ʼ.(CDIAL 4339).
Rebus: खोंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road). Rebus: kō̃da -कोँद । इष्टिकाभ्राष्ट्रः f. a brick-kiln. (Kashmiri) kõdār 'turner' (Bengali). Rebus: खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe.
Ligatured glyph. ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka = ?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.
of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka = copper (Ka.)eruvai = copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a = syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spoke of wheel ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spoke of a wheel. See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்
சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய்நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம் brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.)kundopening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kō̃da -कोँद । इष्टिकाभ्राष्ट्रः f. a brick-kiln. (Kashmiri) kõdār 'turner' (Bengali).
V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) 
V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lo_haka_ra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali); lo_ha_ra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); lo_ha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper(VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali).
Anthropomorphs on the copper-lined coffin box of Sanauli. The horns hold ficus glomjerata leaf. mēḍi glomerous fig tree rebus: mēṭi 'chief', meũ, muhāṇo 'boatman' koḍ 'horns' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.Thus, the anthropomorphs signify chiefs, guild-masters of metal workshops. (Note: It is also possible to interpret the ficus leaf as loa'ficus religiosa' rebus: loh 'copper'). See decipherment of seal m0296 (embedded).మేటి or మేటరి mēṭi [Tel.] n. A chief, leader, head man, lord, శ్రేష్ఠుడు, అధిపుడు. adj. Chief, excellent, noble. శ్రేష్ఠమైన. మేటిదొర a noble man, lord. Bilh. ii. 50. మెరయుచునుండెడి మేటీరంబులు మేటీరంబులు, అనగా మేటి, గొప్పలైన, ఈరంబులు, పొదలు large bushes. "తేటైనపన్నీట తీర్థంబులాడి, మేటికస్తూరిమేనెల్లబూసి." Misc. iii. 322. మేటిగా = మెండుగా. మేటిల్లు mētillu. v. n. To excel. అతిశయించు. Ta. mēṭṭi haughtiness, excellence, chief, head, land granted free of tax to the headman of a village; mēṭṭimai haughtiness; leadership, excellence. Ka. mēṭi loftiness, greatness, excellence, a big man, a chief, a head, head servant. Te.mēṭari, mēṭi chief, head, leader, lord; (prob. mēṭi < *mēl-ti [cf. 5086]; Ka. Ta. < Te.; Burrow 1969, p. 277).(DEDR 5091)
మేదర mēdara. [Tel.] n. The basket maker caste. గంపలల్లే ఒక జాతి. మేదరది or మేదరసాని a woman of that caste. మేదరకులము the basket weaver's caste. మేదరపెట్టె a bamboo box. మేదరి or మేదరవాడు a basket maker. మేదరచాప a bamboo mat. Ta. mētaravar, mētavar a class of people who do bamboo work. Ka. mēda, mēdā̆ra, mādara man who plaits baskets, mats, etc. of bamboo splits, man of the basket-maker caste. Koḍ. me·dë man of caste who make baskets and leaf-umbrellas and play drums at ceremonies; fem. me·di. Te. mēdara, mēdari the basket-maker caste, a basket-maker; of or pertaining to the basket-maker caste. Kuwi (S.) mētri, (Isr.) mētreˀ esi matmaker. / Cf. Skt. meda- a particular mixed caste; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10320. (DEDR 5092) mēda m. ʻ a mixed caste, any one living by a degrading occupation ʼ Mn. [→ Bal. mē
loa 'ficus glomerata' (Santali); Phonetic determinative: lo 'nine' (Santali.Bengali) rebus: lo 'iron' (Assamese)
Kalibangan seal. Ficus leaf atop the summit of a mountain range.Ficus glomerata: loa, kamat.ha = ficus glomerata (Santali); rebus: loha = iron, metal (Skt.) kamat.amu, kammat.amu = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Te.) kammat.i_d.u = a goldsmith, a silversmith (Te.) kampat.t.tam coinage coin (Ta.);kammat.t.am kammit.t.am coinage, mint (Ma.); kammat.a id.; kammat.i a coiner (Ka.)(DEDR 1236) ḍāṅgā 'mountain' rebus: ṭhākur, dhangar 'blacksmith'. Nepali. ḍāṅro ʻterm of contempt for a blacksmithʼ(CDIAL 5524)
Sumerian cylinder seal showing flanking goats with hooves on tree and/or mountain. Uruk period. (After Joyce Burstein in: Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown, 2002, The roots of tantra, SUNY Press, p.100)Hence, two goats + mountain glyph reads rebus: meḍ kundār 'iron turner'. Leaf on mountain: kamaṛkom 'petiole of leaf'; rebus: kampaṭṭam 'mint'. loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy). The glyphic composition is read rebus: meḍ loa kundār 'iron turner mint'. kundavum = manger, a hayrick (G.) Rebus: kundār turner (A.); kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) This rebus reading may explain the hayrick glyph shown on the sodagor 'merchant, trader' seal surrounded by four animals.Two antelopes are put next to the hayrick on the platform of the seal on which the horned person is seated. mlekh 'goat' (Br.); rebus: milakku 'copper' (Pali); mleccha 'copper' (Skt.) Thus, the composition of glyphs on the platform: pair of antelopes + pair of hayricks read rebus: milakku kundār 'copper turner'. Thus the seal is a framework of glyphic compositions to describe the repertoire of a brazier-mint, 'one who works in brass or makes brass articles' and 'a mint'. Markhor:mēṇḍha2 m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- , mēṇḍa -- 4 , miṇḍha -- 2 , °aka -- , mēṭha -- 2 , mēṇḍhra -- , mēḍhra -- 2 , °aka -- m. lex. 2. *mēṇṭha- (mēṭha -- m. lex.). 3. *mējjha -- . [r -- forms (which are not attested in NIA.) are due to further sanskritization of a loan -- word prob. of Austro -- as. origin (EWA ii 682 with lit.) and perh. related to the group s.v. bhēḍra -- ]
1. Pa. meṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- ʻ made of a ram's horn (e.g. a bow) ʼ; Pk. meḍḍha -- , meṁḍha -- (°ḍhī -- f.), °ṁḍa -- , miṁḍha -- (°dhiā -- f.), °aga -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, Dm. Gaw. miṇ Kal.rumb. am2. Pk. meṁṭhī -- f. ʻ sheep ʼ; H. meṭhā m. ʻ ram ʼ.3. H. mejhukā m. ʻ ram ʼ.*
kamaḍha = ficus religiosa (Skt.); kamar.kom ‘ficus’ (Santali) rebus: kamaṭa = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Te.); kampaṭṭam = mint (Ta.) Vikalpa: Fig leaf ‘loa’; rebus: loh ‘(copper) metal’. loha-kāra ‘metalsmith’ (Sanskrit). loa ’fig leaf; Rebus: loh ‘(copper) metal’ The unique ligatures on the 'leaf' hieroglyph may be explained as a professional designation: loha-kāra 'metalsmith'; kāruvu [Skt.] n. 'An artist, artificer. An agent'.(Telugu). Rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार ; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन् , which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta खार -बस््त । चर्मप्रसेविका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहकारभित्तिः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy-बाय् । लोहकारपत्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -dŏkuru । लोहकारायोघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer.; । लोहकारचुल्लिः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -हाल् । लोहकारकन्दुः f. , a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter. । लोहकारपुत्रः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. । लोहकारकन्या f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 -म्य&above;च&dotbelow;ू&below; । लोहकारमृत्तिका f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore.; । लोहकारात्मजः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहकारनालिका f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañĕ -च्&dotbelow;ञ । लोहकारशान्ताङ्गाराः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān वान् । लोहकारापणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -वठ् । आघाताधारशिला m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -वटि ), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil. (Kashmiri)Rebus: khara 'sharp-edged' Kannada); pure, unalloyed (Kashmiri).
Two unique Indus Script hypertexts signify kāraṇī, ‘supercargo-s’ kol ‘smelters’ of two ores bica 'haematite', loh 'copper' https://tinyurl.com/y9fwkcmy
In Indus Script Corpora, there are two hypertexts 'having (two) ears' as superscripts on Sign 51, Signs 325, 326 and 327. The two 'ears' superscripted have unique and distinctive orthography. One ear is shaped like an arrow or ear of a mammal. The other ear is shaped with three short linear strokes in a cartouche.
The arrow superscript signifies कारणी or कारणीक kāraṇī, kāraṇīka 'supercargo'. The three linear strokes signify kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi, 'smithy, forge'.
Sign 51
Signs325, 326, 327 and variants
The superscript hieroglyph shaped like an arrow or ear is hieroglyph: कर्णि, 'a kind of arrow'.
The superscript hieroglyph shaped with three short linear strokes in a cartouche is like a fish til or an antelope's short tail: xolā 'fish-tail' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter'. Hieroglyph 'three short liner strokes' (as shown on the tail of antelope on Kalibangan Seal K-34A): kolom'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the two superscript hieroglyphs signify 1. kol, 'smith, forge-blower and smelter'; and 2.
Thus, together with the superscript hieroglyphs, the hypertext of the hieroglyph-compositions read: 1. copper smelter, copper supercargo; 2. haematite smelter, haematite supercargo.
Hieroglyph: कर्णि [p= 257,2] m. a kind of arrow (the top being shaped like an ear) L. (cf. कर्णिक n.); the act of splitting , breaking through T.
Hieroglyph: कर्णिक [p= 257,2] mfn. having ears , having large or long ears W.
Rebus: कर्णिक having a helm W.; m. a steersman W. karṇadhāra m. ʻ helmsman ʼ Suśr. [
The Meluhha word for the expression, 'having ears' is: कर्णिक. Thus, I suggest that Signs 51 and 327 (Mahadevan Sign List with comparable Sign Lists of Parpola) have to be read rebus with this suffix treating the 'ears' as superscript, as कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'. Precise responsibilities are that of supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.:
The basic signs 'having ears' are: hieroglyph 'scorpion' and hieroglyph 'ficus (leaf)'. The Meluhha words which signify these hieroglyphs are: bicha 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore' loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper ore'. That bica signifies a ferrite ore is signified by the expression: mer̥ed bica ‘iron stone ore’, wherein the word mer̥ed signifies 'ferrite ore'. bica 'stone ore' (Mu.); hematite ore.meṛed-
The two hypertexts indicate that there are two distinct supercargo's: one responsible for the 'scorpion' cargo and the other responsible for the 'ficus' cargo -- that is, haematite ore cargo and copper ore cargo, respectively.
Orthographically, Sign 51 glyph is a ‘scorpion’; Sign 327 glyph is a ‘ficus glomerata leaf’. The glosses for the ‘sound values’ are, respectively: bica ‘scorpion’ (Santali), lo ‘ficus’ (Santali). V326 (Mahadevan Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327)
Parpola Sign variants
Sign 51 Variants.
Parpola Sign variants.karṇín ʻ having ears ʼ AV., karṇika -- W. [
m0370 
2138(lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.
kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'.
ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' (Rigveda) PLUS Hieroglyph: ढाळ (p. 204) ḍhāḷa Slope, inclination of a plane. Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot . Thus, large metal or metal alloy ingot.
loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron'. PLUS karNI ‘ears’ rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'
मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'
kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ
कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’. Thus, bronze castings.
mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'.
Two T symbols shown below the hieroglyphs of markhor and tiger on Warka vase. Ingot type 1: miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) Ingot type 2: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'. Thus, 'cast iron ingots'
The T symbol on the vase also shows possibly fire on the altars superimposed by bun-ingots. I suggest that the T hieroglyph reads: kand ‘fire-altar’ (Santali)
This narrative on the vase shows: 1..ram; 2. two storage vessels with ingots; 3. face of one-horned bull. The readings are: 1. meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.); 2. dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kuṇḍa'pot' rebus: kuṇḍa 'fire-altar' 3. mũh 'face' rebus: mũh 'ingot' 
Rahman-dheri seal. Obverse: Two scorpions. Two holes. One T glyph. One frog in the middle. Reverse: two rams.
1. mūxā ‘frog’. Rebus: mũh ‘(copper) ingot’ (Santali)
2. bicha ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica ‘stone ore’ (Mu.)
3. miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) Vikalpa:
4. T-glyph may denote a fire altar like the two fire-altars shown on Warrka vase below two animals: antelope and tiger.
5. Two holes may denote ingots. dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast’ (Santali)
Sumerian Cylinder Seal Depicting Sacrificial Offerings from about 3000 BCE.
https://www.theoriesensorielle.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/002.jpg
Warka (Uruk) Vase, Uruk, Late Uruk period, c. 3500-3000 B.C.E., 105 cm high (National Museum of Iraq) By Dr. Senta German Faculty of Classics Andrew W Mellon Foundation Teaching Curator, Ashmolean Museum University of Oxford Picturing the ruler https://www.pinterest.com/pin/566749934348945882/
Hieroglyph: meḍho 'ram' rebus: meḍh 'helper of merchant'. मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'metal' (Skt.Santali.Mu.Ho.) meď 'copper' (Slovak)
Hieroglyph: Stalk of culm of millet: kaḍambá, kalamba --
Vikalpa 1: kã̄ḍ काँड् । काण्डः m. ‘the stalk or stem of a reed, grass, or the like, straw’
