ANE is an abbreviation for Ancient Near East; AFE is an abbreviation for Ancient Far East

This monograph posits that Ancient MaritimeTin Route is suggested by Indus Script Cipher deployed on ANE cylinder seals, Mohenjodaro cylindrical ivory rods, AFE bronze drums.

The focus of attention is on the presence of cylinder seals in Sarasvati Civilization epicentre area and peripheral contact areas. The most surprising find is a cylinder seal in Rakhigarhi which should certainly been close to the riverine waterway routes to facilitate long-distance trade. It is possible that Rakhigarhi was a port town on the banks of a river tributary to Sarasvati River System.

"The yellow colored spots are the places mentioned in the Balarama’s pilgrimage along the Sarasvati River. The red spots are the excavated sites. The high density of settlements in the Kuru-region is clearly evident."

A reconstruction of the waterways hypothesised by Jijith Nadumuri Ravi.

Source: After Map 2 in: http://indiafacts.org/yamuna-study-links-sarasvati-findings/

The discovery of cylinder seals in Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan and Rakhigarhi in Sarasvati Civilization epicentre suggests that the Vedic River Sarasvati was a navigable rivering waterway in 5th to 3rd millennia BCE facilitating seafaring merchants engaged in maritime trade activities of the metalwork of Sarasvati Civilization artisans and acting as trading agents for tin sources from Ancient Far East, thus suggesting a hypothesis of an Ancient Maritime Tin Route which linked Hanoi (Vietnam) and Haifa (Israel) ca. 4th-3rd millennium BCE.

I have presented a monograph deciphering scribe Aḍḍa's cylinder seal in Indus Script Cipher (dul meḍ kuṭhi āra kammaṭa sena dhangar ‘metal casting iron smelter, brass, mint, thunderbolt blacksmith’) and declaring it as a Rosetta stone Akkadian-Indus Script bilingual seal of Aḍḍa, scribe, śyena, 'falcon', aśáni ‘thunderbolt’(R̥gveda), آهن ګر āhangar, ‘ironsmith’ https://tinyurl.com/ycc3tcf4

British Museum.Greenstone seal of Aḍḍa. Akkadian, about 2300-2200 BCE From Mesopotamia Height: 3.900 cm Diameter: 2.550 cm Acquired by E.A.W. Budge ME 89115 Room 56: Mesopotamia

http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/g/greenstone_seal_of_adda.aspx

The Indus Script hypertext of 'one-horned young bull' is signified on the cyinder seal of Aḍḍa, scribe

This is a clear demonstration that Ancient Near East (ANE) was not only a contact area for Sarasvati Civilization but Meluhha artisans/merchants had settlements in ANE and had adapted to the use of Cuneiform syllabic writing system to write name and title in Akkadian syllables.

Indus Script 'dotted circles' on ANE (Altyn Depe, Shahr-i Sokhta) artifacts)

Dilmun seal impression

About 2000 circular seals -- so-called 'Dilmun or Persian Gulf' Seals-- have been found with Indus Script inscriptions; over 1000 cylinder seals have been found in Ancient Near East deploying Indus Script Cipher mostly as pictorial motifs comparable to Indus Script hypertexts.

About 200 Dong Son/Karen Bronze Drums have been found in Ancient Far East with Indus Script hypertexts (e.g. elephant, frog, peacock).

Thus, the Indus Script Corpora has now reached over 8000 inscriptions.

The contact area is established thanks to seafaring Meluhha merchants engaged in maritime trade activities along the Indian Ocean Rim and the use of the Persian Gulf and rivers -- Sarasvati, Sindhu, Tigris-Euphrates-- as navigable waterways.

Lothal, Dholavira, Mohenjo-daro, Chanhu-daro, Kalibangan and Rakhigarhi are port towns along this Ancient Maritine Trade Route. A signifier of a port town is the 'trough' hieroglyph of Indus Script.

Feeding trough with stripes deciphered as pattar paṭra 'goldsmith guild port town (paṭṭaṇa)' See:

y6vd6bmu

Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); dia. 2.6, ht. 0.9 cm.; Gadd, PBA 18 (1932), pp. 11-12, pl. II, no. 12; Porada 1971: pl.9, fig.5; Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R.,JRAS, 1932, 476). An unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal.

Splitting the ellipse () results in the parenthesis, ( ) within which the hieroglyph multiplex (in this case of Ur Seal Impression, a water-carrier with stars flanking her head) is infixed, as noted by Hunter.

The ellipse is signified by Meluhha gloss with rebus reading indicating the artisan's competence as a professional: kōnṭa 'corner' (Nk.); kōṇṭu angle, corner (Tu.); rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) Alternative reading; kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze'.

kõdā is a metals turner, a mixer of metals to create alloys in smelters.

The signifiers are the hieroglyph components: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'; meḍha ‘polar star’ rebus: meḍ ‘iron’; kōnṭa 'corner' rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; kuṭi 'woman water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' furnace for iron/kuṭila, 'tin metal').

The entire hieroglyph multiplex stands deciphered: kõdā, 'metals turner' (with) meḍ ‘iron’ kuṭhi 'smelter', kuṭila, 'tin metal'.

2. This hieroglyph multiplex of the Ur Seal Impression confirms the rebus-metonymy-layered cipher of Meluhha glosses related to metalwork.

3. A characteristic feature of Indus writing system unravels from this example: what is orthographically constructed as a pictorial motif can also be deployed as a 'sign' on texts of inscriptions. This is achieved by a stylized reconstruction of the pictorial motif as a 'sign' which occurs with notable frequency on Indus Script Corpora -- with orthographic variants (Signs 12, 13, 14).

Signs 12 to 15. Indus script:

Identifying Meluhha gloss for parenthesis hieroglyph or ( ) split ellipse: குடிலம்¹ kuṭilam, n. < kuṭila. 1. Bend curve, flexure; வளைவு. (திவா.) (Tamil) In this reading, the Sign 12 signifies a specific smelter for tin metal: kuṭi 'woman water-carrier' rebus: rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' furnace for iron/ kuṭila, 'tin (bronze)metal; kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, ‘brass’ (Samskritam) See: http://download.docslide.us/uploads/check_up03/192015/5468918eb4af9f285a8b4c67.pdf

It will be seen from Sign 15 that the basic framework of a water-carrier hieroglyph (Sign 12) is superscripted with another hieroglyph component, Sign 342: 'Rim of jar' to result in Sign 15. Thus, Sign 15 is composed of two hieroglyph components: Sign 12 'water-carrier' hieroglyph; Sign 342: "rim-of-jar' hieroglyph (which constitutes the inscription on Daimabad Seal 1).

kaṇḍ kanka ‘rim of jar’; Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’. Thus the ligatured Glyph is decoded: kaṇḍ karṇaka ‘furnace scribe'

Daimabad Seal 1 (Sign 342: Two hieroglyph components: jar with short-neck and rim-of-jar) -- distringuished from broad-mouthed rimless pot which is another Sign hieroglyph.

Each hieroglyph component of Sign 15 is read in rebus-metonymy-layered-meluhha-cipher: Hieroglyph component 1: kuṭi 'woman water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' furnace for iron/kuṭila, 'tin metal'. Hieroglyph component 2: kanka, kārṇī-ka 'rim-of-jar' rebus: kanka, kārṇī-ka m. ʻsupercargo of a shipʼ 'scribe'.

Sign 12 variants

Sign 12

Ligatured hieroglyph 15 using two ligaturing components: 1. water-carrier; 2. rim-of-jar. The ‘rim-of-jar’ glyph connotes: furnace account (scribe). Together with the glyph showing ‘water-carrier’, the ligatured glyphs of kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ + ‘rim-of-jar’ can thus be read as: kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka ‘smelting furnace account (scribe)’. Though this is a circular seal discovered in Ur (ANE), clear Indus Script hypertexts in Indus Script Cipher have been identified to consider this as an Indus Script inscription. A set of parentheticl marks constitute the circumscript of the pictorial motif.

mũh 'face'; rebus: metal ingot (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; kolhe tehen me~ṛhe~t mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali)

The split parentheses are a splitting of a bun-ingot oval/lozenge shape

split as: ( ) This device split parenthesis and signifiers of two stars on flanking the head of the water-carrier signify the hieroglyphic nature of the Indus Writing System. This inscription has been deciphered with following hypertexts:

mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'.PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS meḍha ‘polar star’ (Marathi). meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.Mu.) PLUS Hieroglyph: kuṭi 'woman water-carrier' (Telugu) Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' furnace for iron' (Santali) (Parentheses kuṭila is a phonetic determinan of the substantive gloss: kuṭhi 'smelter'. It could also denote a smelter for kuṭila, 'tin metal'). kuṭi కుటి : శంకరనారాయణ తెలుగు-ఇంగ్లీష్ నిఘంటువు 1953 a woman water-carrier. Thus, the inscription is read as: dul meḍ muhã kuṭila kuṭhi 'casting iron ingot, tin metal smelter'.

Rakhigarhi cylinder seal. karā 'crocodile' rebus:khār 'blacksmith'

Kalibangan cylinder seal

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kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.)The bunch of twigs = kūdī, kūṭī(Skt.lex.) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda(AV 5.19.12) and KauśikaSūtra (Bloomsfield's ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield,American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss anBohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)

Kalibangan065 Cylinder seal impression. Note the scarf of the person ligatured to a tiger.

dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707);

Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral (Pali).

kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'

kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelting furnace‘; koṭe ‘forged metal’ (Santali)(Phonetic determinant of the twig on the horns of the woman ligatured to the tiger'

koḍu 'horn' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop'

kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

tagaraka, tabernae montana 'flower', 'hair fragrance' Rebus: tagara 'tin'

karaṭi, karuṭi, keruṭi fencing, school or gymnasium where wrestling and fencing are taught (Ta.); garaḍi, garuḍi fencing school (Ka.); garaḍi, garoḍi (Tu.); gariḍi, gariḍī id., fencing (Te.)(DEDR 1262).

Rebus 1: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard fromalloy--iron, silver &c. Rebus 2: kharādī = turner (G.) Rebus 3: kharaḍa, brief memoranda of metalwork Rebus: karaṇḍi 'fire-god' (Remo)Remo <karandi>E155 {N} ``^fire-^god''.(Munda).

Hieroglyph: karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ (Gujarati) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' kola 'woman' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolimi 'smithy, forge'.kole.l 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'temple'.

Mohenj-daro cylinder seal

Hypertext: bull (zebu) + black drongo, antelope + black drongo, sprout, cobrahood

The classifier is the cobra hood hieroglyph/hypertext:

फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. Ta. patam cobra's hood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers.

Black drongo is పసులపోలిగాడు pasula-pōli-gāḍu perched on pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus, 'pōlaḍu, rebus pōlaḍ 'steel' The black drongo is perched on both zebu and antelope:

pōḷa 'zebu' rebus: pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'

ranku 'antelope' Rebus:ranku 'tin'. . Thus, the bird is a signifier of producting hard alloys out of tin ore and magnetite (ferrite) ore.

Antelope has a tail: xolā Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith,kolhe 'smelter'. Thus, the signifier of 'tail of anelope' is: tin smelting.

kūdī, kūṭī ‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kauśika Sūtra (Bloomsfield’s ed.n, xliv. Cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).

Ivory sticks as cylinder seals, Mohenjo-daro

Mesopotamian seals in Frankfort (Note: Dotted circles, safflowers, antelope Indus Script hieroglyphs)

Source: https://www.harappa.com/blog/indus-cylinder-seals

Image result for tell asmar cylinder seal

Tell Asmar Cylinder seal modern impression [elephant, rhinoceros and gharial (alligator) on the upper register] bibliography and image source: Frankfort, Henri: Stratified Cylinder Seals from the Diyala Region. Oriental Institute Publications 72. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, no. 642. Museum Number: IM14674 3.4 cm. high. Glazed steatite. ca. 2250 - 2200 BCE. Imported Indian seal from Tell Asmar. "The Indus civilization used the signet, but knew the cylinder seal. Whether the five tall ivory cylinders [4] tentatively explained as seals in Sir John Marshall's work were used for that purpose remains uncertain. They have nothing in common with the seal cylinders of the Near East. In the upper layers of Mohenjo Daro, however, three cylinder seals were found [2,3]. The published specimen shows two animals with birds upon their backs [2], a snake and a small conventional tree. It is an inferior piece of work which displays none of the characteristics of the finely engraved stamp-seals which are so distinctive a feature of early Indian remains. Another cylinder of glazed steatite was discovered at Tell Asmar in Iraq, but here the peculiarities of design, as well as the subject, show such close resemblances to seals from the Indus valley that its Indian origin is certain [3]. The elephant, rhinoceros and crocodile (gharial), foreign to Babylonia, were obviously carved by an artist to whom they were familiar, as appears from the faithful rendering of the skin of the rhinoceros (closely resembling the plate-armour) and the sloping back and bulbous forehead of the elephant. Certain other peculiarities of style connect the seal as definitely with the Indus civilisation as if it actually bore the signs of the Indus script. Such is the convention by which the feet of the elephant are rendered and the network of lines, in other Indian seals mostly confined to the ears, but extending here over the whole of his head and trunk. The setting of the ears of the rhinoceros on two little stems is also a feature connecting this cylinder with the Indus valley seals." (H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, Macmillan and Co., 1939, p. 304-305.)

https://www.harappa.com/blog/indus-cylinder-seals Indus Script hypertexts: karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus:karba, ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'; kāṇḍa 'rhinoceros' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'; karā 'crocodile' rebus:khār 'blacksmith'

Image result for bharatkalyan97 serpent tabernae montana

Cylinder seal with a zebu, scorpion, man, snake and tree. Enstatite.H. 2.6 cm (1 in.); diam. 1.55 cm (5/8 in.). Mesopotamia, Ur, U. 16220. Late 3rd millennium BCE. British Museum. BM 122947

Gadd seal 6. (cut down into Ur III mausolea from Larsa level; U. 16220), enstatite; Legrain, 1951, No. 632; Collon, 1987, Fig. 611 Cylinder seal; BM 122947;humped bull stands before a palm-tree, a thorny stone(?), tabernae montana (five-petalled fragrant flower); snake; person with long legs; behind the bull a scorpion .Deciphered Indus writing: pola 'zebu, bos indicus'; pola ‘magnetite ore’ (Munda. Asuri); bichi 'scorpion'; 'hematite ore'; tagaraka 'tabernae montana'; tagara 'tin'; ranga 'thorny'; Rebus: pewter, alloy of tin and antimony; kankar., kankur. = very tall and thin, large hands and feet; kankar dare = a high tree with few branches (Santali) Rebus: kanka, as in: karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo', karNika 'scribe, account'.

I suggest that the 'dotted circle' is of significance as a rebus representation of Meluhha metalwork with mineral ores in case the hypertext is demonstrated to have been used by Meluhha speakers or Meluhha artisans or those in Ancient Near East familiar with the Indus Script hypertext tradition.

In Meluhha hypertext tradition smelting of minerals is signified by 'dotted circle' hypertext.

Indus Script inscriptions on ivory artifacts signify metalwork wealth accounting

John Marshall wrote about five ivory rods discovered in Mohenjodaro as seals: "Seals of this group [cylinder seals, although Mackay above is not sure they are true cylinder seals]], if indeed they are seals, are very rarely found at Mohenjo-daro, only five specimen being obtained in all. They are all made of ivory and differ from the cylinder seals of other countries in being very long and thing; nor are they perforated for suspension on a cord. It is possible that these so-called seals are not true seals at all. The incised characters upon them might conceivably be identification marks for a game or something similar. On the other hand, they are certainly suitable for use a seals and in this account they are included in this chapter For the sake of clearness the actual seal is shown side by side with each impression." (John Marshall, ed., 1931, Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization: being an official account of archaeological excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the government of India between the years 1922 and 1927, Vol. 1, London, Arthur Probsthain, p.371)

The 5 ivory rod inscriptions (529 to 533 Marshall) are flipped left horizontally and presnted with rebus readings:

No 529 (Pl. CXIV, HR 5515). Ivory. 2.7 inches long by 0.25 in. in diameter. Double groove at one end for attachment of cord. The other end is decorated with three parallel grooves. Level, 4 feet below surface. Central Courtyard (30), House LIII, Block 7, HR Area.

(529 Marshall Ivory rod inscription) kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka

'scribe, engraver, account' kaṇīka 'helmsman/steersman'; karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khāṇḍā
'notch' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron'
ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the message is: Blacksmith, Turner, Supercargo (engraver), steersman, implements workshop, mint-master/coiner, (working in) smithy/forge. (529 and 530 ivory rods have identical inscriptions. Both the rods show three linear strokes, at the bottom edge).

No 530 (Pl. CXIV, HR 4985). Ivory. 2.05 inches long by 0.25 in. in diameter. Double groove at one end for a cord; the other end is broken. Level 3 feet below surface. Central Courtyard (30), House LIII, Block 7, HR Area.

(530 Marshall Ivory rod inscription) kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, engraver, account' kaṇīka 'helmsman/steersman'; karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khāṇḍā 'notch' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the message is: Blacksmith, Turner, Supercargo (engraver), steersman, implements workshop, mint-master/coiner, (working in) smithy/forge.

No 531 (Pl. CXIV, DK 2666). Ivory. Now 2.05 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. Its polish shows that it has been much used. About one-half of the seal is covered with an inscription, deeply and roughly incised and bordered by two deep cut lines. One end of the seal is shaped into a conical head with a deep groove possibly intended for a cord. The seal is not bored; nor is it perfectly round. Level, 4 feet below surface. Street between Blocks 1 and 2, Section B, DK Area.

(531 Marshall Ivory rod inscription) dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) kamaṭha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'; dãtɔ m. a kind of rake or harrow (Gujarati) rebus: dhatu 'mineral'' khāṇḍā 'notch' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, the message is: Turner of metal castings, mint-master-coiner, metal (alloys), minerals, iron (metal) implements workshop.

No 532 (Pl. CXIV, VS 875). Ivory. Now 2 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. One end is broken and a small piece is missing. The seal tapers slightly towards its complete end. Five deeply incised characters occupy a space of about two-thirds of the circumference of the seal. Level, 12 feet below surface. Found in front of Room 70, House XXVII, VS Area.

(532 Marshall Ivory rod inscription) kuṭi 'water carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS karṇika 'spread legs' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇīka 'helmsman' meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic)

baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus the message is: Smelter, metalcaster, Supercargo/Helmsman responsible for/working with iron/copper implements and furnace.

No 533 (Pl. CXIV, VS 958). Ivory. 2.75 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. Decorated at 0-.5 in. from each end with a deeply incised cross-hatched border. Towards one end of the intervening space are two deeply incised characters This seal is not perfectly round. Level, 10 feet below surface of the ground. From Room 69, House XXVIII, VS Area.

(533 Marshall Ivory rod inscription) khaṇḍa 'divisions'; rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' dhāv 'strand' dhāv 'string' rebus: dhāvaḍ 'smelter' dhaṭo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'minerals'. Thus the message is: Smelter of minerals, (maker of metal) implements.

Fourteen Indus Script inscriptions on ivory objects (including 3 ivory plaques and ivory cube from Mohenjodaro and one ivory rod from Harappa) have been found after the report of Marshall on five ivory rods detailed above.

Thus, there are a total of nineteen inscriptions on ivory objects in Indus Script Corpora.. The details of the additional fourteen inscriptions on ivory objects are deciphered in the following sections (Ivory inscription 6 to Ivory inscription 19).

Ivory inscription 6

m1650 Ivory stick

Hypertext 3505 daṭo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze, bellmetal' gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' (Thus, metal casting smithy with furnace) karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka 'teersman'; khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati.)Thus, the message is: Supercargo, (worker in) minerals, bronze, bellmetal implements, smithy/forge, metal caster, Metals turner (alloys) using furnace (in smithy/forge).

Ivory inscription 7

Pict-141 Geometrical pattern

Hypertext 2942 karṇoka,'spread legs' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka

'steersman'; meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS khāṇḍā 'notch' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'. kanac 'corner' rebus:kancu 'bronze,bellmetal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khaṇḍa 'divisions' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' Thus, the message is: Supercargo (working in), Steersman of (cargo) iron/bronze, bellmetal implements workshop.

Ivory inscription 8

Pict 142 geometrical pattern

Hypertext 2941 Ivory or bone rod geometrical pattern --X hieroglyph on either end of the text: dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'minerals' PLUS followed by inscription koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka 'Steersman'; khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus: kharādī 'turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Turner, Supercargo-Steersman in metal casting workshop and smithy, forge (working with) furnace.

Ivory inscription 9

Hypertext 2943 Hypertext 2943 is a duplication of the Hypertext 2941: Ivory or bone rod geometrical pattern --PLUS followed by inscription koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka 'Steersman'; khareḍo 'a currycomb' (G.) Rebus: kharādī 'turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Turner, Supercargo-Steersman in metal casting workshop and smithy, forge (working with) furnace.

Ivory inscription 10

Pict 143 Geometrical pattern X hieroglyph: dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'minerals'

Hypertext 2948 gaṇḍa 'four' (circumscript) rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' (Thus, tin implements) kuṭi 'water carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka 'Steersman'(Thus,smelter accounting in-charge); khareḍo 'a currycomb'

(G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Steersman-Supercargo (working with smelter,minerals) Tin implements and Turner (of metal alloys) working with furnace and engraving.

Ivory inscription 11

Hypertext 2944 Ivory or bone rod Phal. tērc̣hi ʻadzeʼ (with "intrusive" r).Rebus: takṣa in cmpd. ʻ cutting ʼ, m. ʻ carpenter ʼ VarBr̥S PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Thus, carpenter working with smithy/forge). mũh 'ingot' (circumscript) PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Thus smithy/forge ingots) kuṭi 'water carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS kuṭi 'water carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka 'Steersman'

(Thus,smelter accounting in-charge). Thus the message is: Carpenter working with smithy/forge with ingots furnace and Supercargo Smelter accounting in-charge, working with engraving.

Ivory inscription 12

Hypertext 2945 Ivory or bone rod gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Alternative: panja 'palm or paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace') Thus, the message is: (Maker of) implements in smithy/forge (furnace).

Ivory inscription 13

Ivory rod, ivory plaques with dotted circles. Mohenjo-daro (Musee National De Arts Asiatiques, Guimet, 1988-1989, , Les cites oubliees de l’Indus Archeologie du Pakistan.]

The fillet worn on the forehead and on the right-shoulder signifies one strand; while the trefoil on the shawl signifies three strands. A hieroglyph for two strands is also signified.
Semantics of single strand of rope and three strands of rope are: 1. Sindhi dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, Lahnda dhāī˜ id.; 2. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ (RigVeda).

Single strand (one dotted-circle)

Two strands (pair of dotted-circles)

Three strands (three dotted-circles as a trefoil)

There are orthographic variants with one, two or three dotted circles with X hieroglyph as circumscript. Semantic elucidations for a single dotted circle as a cross-section view of a strand (for e.g. of rope or twisted rope with three strands): dhātu, dhāū, dhāv 'red stone mineral' or two minerals: dul PLUS dhātu, dhāū, dhāv 'cast minerals' or tri- dhātu, -dhāū, -dhāv 'three minerals' to create metal alloys'. The artisans producing alloys are dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa caste of iron -- smeltersʼ, dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ)(CDIAL 6773). dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773)

dāu m. ʻ opportunity, throw in dice ʼ (Old Awadhi); akṣa -- dāya -- m. ʻ playing of dice ʼ Naiṣ. (CDIAL 6258)தாயம் tāyam, n. < dāya Number one in the game of dice; கவறுருட்ட விழும்ஒன்று என்னும் எண்.
Colloq. dāˊtu n. ʻ share ʼ RV. [Cf. śatádātu -- , sahásradātu -- ʻ hundredfold, thousandfold ʼ: Pers. dāv ʻ stroke, move in a game ʼ prob. ← IA. -- √dō] K. dāv m. ʻ turn, opportunity, throw in dice ʼ; S. ḍ̠ã̄u m. ʻ mode ʼ; L. dā m. ʻ direction ʼ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ā, ḍ̠ã̄ m. ʻ way, manner ʼ; P. dāu m. ʻ ambush ʼ; Ku. dã̄w ʻ turn, opportunity, bet, throw in dice ʼ, N. dāu; B. dāu, dã̄u ʻ turn, opportunity ʼ; Or. dāu, dāũ ʻ opportunity, revenge ʼ; Mth. dāu ʻ trick (in wrestling, &c.) ʼ; OAw. dāu m. ʻ opportunity, throw in dice ʼ; H. dāū, dã̄w m. ʻ turn ʼ; G. dāv m. ʻ turn, throw ʼ, ḍāv m. ʻ throw ʼ; M. dāvā m. ʻ revenge ʼ. -- NIA. forms with nasalization (or all NIA. forms) poss. < dāmán -- 2m. ʻ gift ʼ RV., cf. dāya -- m. ʻ gift ʼ MBh., akṣa -- dāya -- m. ʻ playing of dice ʼ Naiṣ.(CDIAL 6258)

X hieroglyph on ivory plaques or as circumscript of dotted circles signifies: dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'minerals'
Hieroglyph, orthographed dotted circle: dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'. dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'. Thus, the message signified by dotted circles and X hieroglyph refers to dhā̆vaḍ priest of 'iron-smelters'. The aquatic duck shown atop an ivory rod is: karaṇḍa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaṛa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) Thus, the metalworker (smelter) works with hard alloys (using carburization process). Three dotted circles: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus working with minerals and hard alloys for smithy, forge.

Ivory inscription 14

m1652 Ivory stick sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS daṭo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus the message is: workshop for minerals, metals and metalcaster.

Ivory inscription 15

m1651 Ivory stick A, D, F

Hypertext 2947 Dotted circle hieroglyphs at the ends of the rod: dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'. dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' (Two long linear strokes are drawn on either end of the rod-- as semantic determinatives). Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. mũh 'ingot' PLUS khāṇḍā 'notch' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' (Thus, ingot implements) koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop (Kuwi) Alternative: Rebus: खोट khōṭa 'A mass of metal (unwrought karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka 'Steersman' (Thus,smelter accounting in-charge); khareḍo 'a currycomb'

(G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Steersman-Supercargo (working with smelter,minerals, scribe, account), mint (coiner), ingot implements, Caster of metal alloys.

Ivory inscription 16

Hypertext 2940 Ivory or bone rod dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' arā 'spokes' rebus: āra 'brass' eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, copper'. kamaṭha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'Supercargo' karṇaka 'scribe, account' karṇīka 'Steersman' (Thus,smelter accounting in-charge); khareḍo 'a currycomb'(G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Supercargo (scribe, account), Turner (of alloys, molten copper), mint-master, working with metal casting.

Ivory inscription 17

m1653 ivory plaque

Hypertext 1905 bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' kuṭila 'bent' CDIAL 3230) Rebus:kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin). Thus, a bronze furnace worker.

Ivory inscription 18.

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter). Thus, dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa guild of iron -- smelters'

Ivory inscription 19

Ivory is also used to record an inscription in Harappa:

h101 Ivory stick Hypertext 4561 dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter) koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' khāṇḍā 'notch' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa guild of iron -- smelters'(ores) and implements workshop.

The use of dotted circles as an Indus Script hypertext has been demonstrated in the context of inscritions on ivory objects. These hypertexts were used on other media of Indus Script Corpora.

m0352 cdef

The + glyph of Sibri evidence is comparable to the large-sized 'dot', dotted circles and + glyph shown on this Mohenjo-daro seal m0352 with dotted circles repeated on 5 sides A to F. Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features.

Rebus readings of m0352 hieroglyphs:

dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'

1. Round dot like a blob -- . Glyph: raised large-sized dot -- (gōṭī ‘round pebble);goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore)

2. Dotted circle khaṇḍa ‘A piece, bit, fragment, portion’; kandi ‘bead’;

3. A + shaped structure where the glyphs 1 and 2 are infixed. The + shaped structure is kaṇḍ ‘a fire-altar’ (which is associated with glyphs 1 and 2)..

Rebus readings are: 1. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼgoTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); 2. khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; 3. kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.

Four ‘round spot’; glyphs around the ‘dotted circle’ in the center of the composition: gōṭī ‘round pebble; Rebus 1: goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); Rebus 2:L. khoṭf ʻalloy, impurityʼ, °ṭā ʻalloyedʼ, awāṇ. khoṭā ʻforgedʼ; P. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ M.khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ (CDIAL 3931) Rebus 3: kōṭhī ] f (कोष्ट S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse, treasury, factory, bank. khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ metal is produced from kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’ yielding khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. This word khaṇḍā is denoted by the dotted circles.

Kot Diji type seals with concentric circles from (a,b) Taraqai Qila (Trq-2 &3, after CISI 2: 414), (c,d) Harappa(H-638 after CISI 2: 304, H-1535 after CISI 3.1:211), and (e) Mohenjo-daro (M-1259, aftr CISI 2: 158). (From Fig. 7 Parpola, 2013).

Distribution of geometrical seals in Greater Indus Valley during the early and *Mature Harappan periods (c. 3000 - 2000 BCE). After Uesugi 2011, Development of the Inter-regional interaction system in the Indus valley and beyond: a hypothetical view towards the formation of the urban society' in: Cultural relagions betwen the Indus and the Iranian plateau during the 3rd millennium BCE, ed. Toshiki Osada & Michael Witzel. Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora 7. Pp. 359-380. Cambridge, MA: Dept of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University: fig.7

Dotted circles and three lines on the obverse of many Failaka/Dilmun seals are read rebus as hieroglyphs:

Hieroglyph: ḍāv m. ʻdice-throwʼ rebus: dhāu 'ore'; dã̄u ʻtyingʼ, ḍāv m. ʻdice-throwʼ read rebus: dhāu 'ore' in the context of glosses: dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa caste of iron -smelters', dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ. Thus, three dotted circles signify: tri-dhāu, tri-dhātu 'three ores' (copper, tin, iron).

A (गोटा) gōṭā Spherical or spheroidal, pebble-form. (Marathi) Rebus: khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ (metal) (Marathi) खोट [khōṭa] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge (Marathi). P. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼ (CDIAL 3931) goṭa 'laterite ferrite ore'. goṭo m. ʻgold or silver lace' (Sindhi); goṭa m. ʻedging of gold braidʼ(Kashmiri)(CDIAL 4271)

*gōṭṭa ʻ something round ʼ. [Cf. guḍá -- 1. -- In sense ʻ fruit, kernel ʼ cert. ← Drav., cf. Tam. koṭṭai ʻ nut, kernel ʼ, Kan. goṟaṭe &c. listed DED 1722] K. goṭh f., dat. °ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H. goṭ f. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, °ṭɔ m. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, °ṭilɔ m. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si. guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ.*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- .Addenda: *gōṭṭa -- : also Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271) Ta. koṭṭai seed of any kind not enclosed in chaff or husk, nut, stone, kernel; testicles; (RS, p. 142, items 200, 201) koṭṭāṅkacci, koṭṭācci coconut shell. Ma. koṭṭa kernel of fruit, particularly of coconut, castor-oil seed; kuṟaṭṭa, kuraṭṭa kernel; kuraṇṭi stone of palmfruit. Ko. keṭ testes; scrotum. Ka. koṭṭe, goṟaṭe stone or kernel of fruit, esp. of mangoes; goṭṭa mango stone. Koḍ. koraṇḍi id. Tu. koṭṭè kernel of a nut, testicles; koṭṭañji a fruit without flesh; koṭṭayi a dried areca-nut; koraṇtu kernel or stone of fruit, cashew-nut; goṭṭu kernel of a nut as coconut, almond, castor-oil seed. Te. kuriḍī dried whole kernel of coconut. Kol. (Kin.) goṛva stone of fruit. Nk. goṛage stone of fruit. Kur. goṭā any seed which forms inside a fruit or shell. Malt. goṭa a seed or berry. / Cf. words meaning 'fruit, kernel, seed' in Turner, CDIAL, no. 4271 (so noted by Turner). (DEDR 2069)

Rebus: खोट khōṭa 'A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.'

Ivory Indus Script metalwork catalogues on cylinder seals (18) from HR, DK and VS Areas, Mohenjo-daro and one ivory stick from Harappa

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/hym7qo2

Area excavated by Hargreaves is called HR Area; area excavated by K. N. Dikshit is called DK Area; area excavated by Madhu Swarup Vats is called VS Area.

See:

Definition of kole.l 'smithy, forge, temple' from 12 Indus Script inscriptions found in and layout of House 1 (with several rooms) HR Area, Mohenjo-daro http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/06/definition-of-kolel-smithy-forge-temple.html for a report on kole.l'smithy' found in HR Area House 1. This house had several rooms on the upper storey with two clear entry and exit stairways.

In the same temple (kole.l) area, Ivory Indus Script cylinder seals were found.

The 19 Indus Script inscriptions on ivory rods, plaques and cubes of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are presented in this monographs with their decipherment as metalwork catalogues.

530 and 531 ivory rods are shaped like a meDga 'stake' rebus: medha 'yajna' (yupa) with caSAla (as described in Satapatha Brahmana and Taittiriya Samhita) for a Soma yaga.

John Marshall wrote: "Seals of this group [cylinder seals, although Mackay above is not sure they are true cylinder seals]], if indeed they are seals, are very rarely found at Mohenjo-daro, only five specimen being obtained in all. They are all made of ivory and differ from the cylinder seals of other countries in being very long and thing; nor are they perforated for suspension on a cord. It is possible that these so-called seals are not true seals at all. They incised characters upon them might conceivably be identification marks for a game or something similar. On the other hand, they are certainly suitable for use a seals and in this account they are included in this chapter For the sake of clearness the actual seal is shown side by side with each impression.

No 529 (Pl. CXIV, HR 5515). Ivory. 2.7 inches long by 0.25 in. in diameter. Double groove at one end for attachment of cord. The other end is decorated with three parallel grooves. Level, 4 feet below surface. Central Courtyard (30), House LIII, Block 7, HR Area.
No 530 (Pl. CXIV, HR 4985). Ivory. 2.05 inches long by 0.25 in. in diameter. Double groove at one end for a cord; the other end is broken. Level 3 feet below surface. Central Courtyard (30), House LIII, Block 7, HR Area.
No 531 (Pl. CXIV, DK 2666). Ivory. Now 2.05 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. Its polish shows that it has been much used. About one-half of the seal is covered with an inscription, deeply and roughly incised and bordered by two deep cut lines. One end of the seal is shaped into a conical head with a deep groove possibly intended for a cord. The seal is not bored; nor is it perfectly round. Level, 4 feet below surface. Street between Blocks 1 and 2, Section B, DK Area.
No 532 (Pl. CXIV, VS 875). Ivory. Now 2 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. One end is broken and a small piece is missing. The seal tapers slightly towards its complete end. Five deeply incised characters occupy a space of about two-thirds of the circumference of the seal. Level, 12 feet below surface. Found in front of Room 70, House XXVII, VS Area.
No 533 (Pl. CXIV, VS 958). Ivory. 2.75 inches long by 0.3 in. in diameter. Decorated at 0-.5 in. from each end with a deeply incised cross-hatched border. Towards one end of the intervening space are two deeply incised characters This seal is not perfectly round. Level, 10 feet below surface of the ground. From Room 69, House XXVIII, VS Area. (John Marshall, Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization, p. 371

The 5 ivory rod inscriptions (529 to 533 Marshall) are flipped left horizontally and presnted with rebus readings:

Ivory inscription 1

kuTi 'water carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS karNika 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' gaNDa 'four' rebus: kaNDa 'implements'. Thus the message is: Smelter, metalcater, Supercargo working with iron/copper implements and furnace.

Ivory inscription 2

khaNDa 'divisions'; rebus: kaNDa 'implements' dhAv 'strand' dhAv 'string' rebus: dhAvaD 'smelter' dhaTo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'minerals'. Thus the message is: Smelter of minerals, (maker of metal) implements.'

Ivory inscription 3

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) kamaTha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage' ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' PLUS khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) muh 'ingot'.Thus, the message is: Turner of metal castings, mins-master-coiner, iron (metal) implements, ingots and metal (alloys) turner.

Ivory inscription 4

(529 Marshall Ivory rod) khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the message is: Blacksmith, Turner, Supercargo implements workshop, mint-master/coiner. (529 and 530 ivory rods have identical inscriptions; 530 has an additional hieroglyph: three linear strokes)

Ivory inscription 5

(530 Marshall Ivory rod) khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, engraver, account' karã̄ 'wristlets, bangles' rebus: khAr 'blacksmith' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, the message is: Blacksmith, Turner, Supercargo (engraver) implements workshop, mint-master/coiner, (working in) smithy/forge..

Ivory inscription 6

m1650 Ivory stick

Hypertext 3505 daTo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' gaNDA 'four' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.)Thus, the message is: Supercargo, (worker in) minerals, bronze implements, smithy/forge, metal caster, Metals turner (alloys) using furnace

Ivory inscription 7

Pict-141 Geometrical pattern

Hypertext 2942 karNika 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' khaNDa 'divisions'; rebus: kaNDa 'implements'. Tus, the message is: Supercargo (working in) iron/copper implements workshop.

Ivory inscription 8

Pict 142 geometrical pattern

Hypertext 2941 Ivory or bone rod geometrical pattern followed by inscription koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Turner, Supercargo in metal casting workshop and (working with) furnace

Ivory inscription 9

Hypertext 2943 Hypertext 2943 is a duplication of the Hypertext 2941: koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Turner, Superargo in metal casting workshop and (working with) furnace.

Ivory inscription 10

Pict 143 Geometrical pattern

Hypertext 2948 gaNDa 'four' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' (thus, tin implements) kuTi 'water carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' PLUS karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). (thus, Supercargo, engraver working with smelter) khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.) Thus, the message is: Supercargo (working with smelter) Tin work and Turner (of metal alloys) working with furnace and engraving.

Ivory inscription 11

Hypertext 2944 Ivory or bone rod Phal. tērc̣hi ʻ adze ʼ (with "intrusive" r).Rebus: takṣa in cmpd. ʻ cutting ʼ, m. ʻ carpenter ʼ VarBr̥S PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Thus, carpenter working with smithy/forge). muH 'ingot' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' (Thus smithy/forge ingots) kuTi 'water carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' PLUS karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' Thus the message is: Carpenter working with smithy/forge, ingots for smithy and Supercargo working with smelter and engraving.

Ivory inscription 12

Hypertext 2945 Ivory or bone rod gaNDa 'four' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Thus, the message is: (Maker of) implements in smithy/forge.

Ivory inscription 13

Ivory rod, ivory plaques with dotted circles. Mohenjo-daro (Musee National De Arts Asiatiques, Guimet, 1988-1989, , Les cites oubliees de l’Indus Archeologie du Pakistan.] dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'. dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'. Thus, the message signified by dotted circles and X hieroglyph refers to dhā̆vaḍ priest of 'iron-smelters'. The aquatic duck shown atop an ivory rod is: karaṇḍa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaṛa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) Thus, the metalworker (smelter) works with hard alloys (using carburization process). Three dotted circles: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus working with minerals and hard alloys for smithy, forge.

Ivory inscription 14

m1652 Ivory stick sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' PLUS daTo 'claws of crab' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus the message is: workshop for minerals, metals and metalcaster.

Ivory inscription 15

m1651 Ivory stick A, D, F

Hypertext 2947 Dotted circle hieroglyphs at the ends of the rod: dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter) dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral'. Fish-fin: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.muh 'ingot' PLUS khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Thus, ingot implements) koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop (Kuwi) karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). thus the message is: Working with dhatu (minerals), mint (coiner), ingot implements workshop, Supercargo (scribe, account), Turner (alloys) of metal, Smelter

Ivory inscription 16

Hypertext 2940 Ivory or bone rod dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' arA 'spokes' rebus: Ara 'brass' eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, copper'.kamaTha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage' karNaka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo' karNaka 'scribe, account' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.). Thus, the message is: Supercargo (scribe, account), Turner (of alloys) of metal, mint-master, working with metal casting.

Ivory inscription 17

m1653 ivory plaque

Hypertext 1905 bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' kuṭila 'bent' CDIAL 3230) Rebus:kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin).Thus, a bronze furnace worker.

Ivory inscription 18.

m1654 Ivory cube with dotted circles Dotted circle hieroglyphs on each side of the cube (one dotted circle surrounded by 7 dotted circles): dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter).

Ivory inscription 19

Ivory is also used to record an inscription in Harappa:

h101 Ivory stick Hypertext 4561 dhātu 'layer, strand'; dhāv 'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'.(smelter) koDa 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' khANDA 'notch' rebus: kaNDa 'implements'. Thus, Smelter (ores) and implements workshop.

Indus Script Hypertexts on chariot lynchpins: मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith, ram animal heads, rams signify metalwork

https://tinyurl.com/ya22wmd2

Pins in the shape of clenched fist signify Indus Script Hypertexts. Such pins may have been used as alloy metal lynch-pins on chariot axles.

A remarkable terracotta object was found in Lothal and reported by SR Rao. This shows a person with clenched fists which is an Indus Script Hieroglyph Sign 358

raised, closed fists. 20 out of 32 occurrences of Sign 358 are on Mohenjodaro copper tablets. Indus Script Hypertext and rebus reading: मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith.

Detachable perforatedarms of an alabaster statue. Source: Lothal, Vol. II: Plate CCLXIIB. Image inverted to show fisted hands. "The object is interpreted by us as the physical basis of the Indus Ideogram, depicting a pair of raised hands with folded fingers, conveying the intended meanings 'dexterity, skill, competence'. "
http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/userfiles/files/Evidence_for_the_Artisan_in_the_Indus_Script.pdf

mẽḍha 'ram' Indus Script hypertext rebus mẽḍh 'iron', meḍho 'helper of merchant' signified on (chariot?) lynch-pins

Fig.2 (Mackay 1937: pl. C3)

Bactria; metal pins; fig 2.10 is a pin with a head in the shape of two sitting rams; this resembles a pin was found in Mohenjodaro with a head in the form of seated goats with helically bent horns (Mackay 1937: pl. C3). Pins with zoomorphic heads is typically noticed in southwest Iran and the Near East. Fig. 2.11-12 show pins with heads in the shape of clenched fist with parallels of similar pins in Mesopotamian royal tombs of Ur (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: 13, fig.11). Good examples of Iranian-Afghan-Indian ties.

A bronze hairpin with "cartwheel" design as the head from Tepe Yahya, Iran

(note the incised circled cross or "X" in the center) (Potts 2001: 64). (Image after Diwiyana)

Bronze. Chariot axle cap linchpin (xia) with kneeling human figure.Source: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. H x W x D (overall): 11.5 x 4.9 x 4 cm (4 1/2 x 1 15/16 x 1 9/16 in) Accession Number S2012.9.617

https://www.freersackler.si.edu/object/S2012.9.617/ China. late Anyang period, Late Shang dynasty, ca. 1100-1050 BCE Mirror: https://learninglab.si.edu/resources/view/236341#more-info

Antique Chinese bronze axle cap with a lynchpin decorated as a tiger attacking a buffalo. Bronze axle cap which dates from the ‘Spring & Autumn’ period (770 – 476BC). The axle cap is obviously corroded and has some tiny holes in line with its stay underground for a few thousand years but the linchpin is in perfect condition. This particular linchpin is exceptional because it depicts a small tiger sitting on top of a buffalo head. This is quite rare and we have not seen a similar subject on a linchpin before. Axle cap length 13.5 cm. Linchpin length 10 cm. For an almost identical set see the January – February 2011 edition of ‘Arts of Asia’ (page 85). Last mentioned set is in the Long County Museum in Shanxi. Acryllic glass
http://vanderwerf-collection.nl/product_info.php?products_id=2473&osCsid=61f45bc7961b3e3ad493d0a3a185808e
Image result for chariot axle linchpin

Bronze. Pair of chariot wheel linchpins. Early Western Zhou dynasty (about 1050-771 BCE) H: 12.7 cm. https://www.comptonverney.org.uk/cv_collections/pair-chariot-wheel-linchpins/

Ekron example is the first wheeled cult stand found in Israel. It is also the closest in time (11th century B.C.E.) to Solomon’s Temple (mid-tenth century B.C.E.).

Lynch-pin? "And this inventory raises anew the question of the Philistines’ role in the introduction of ironworking technology." https://members.bib-arch.org/biblical-archaeology-review/16/1/2

Face on a lynch-pin is an Indus Script Hypertext: mũh 'a face' in Indus Script Cipher signifies mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'https://members.bib-arch.org/biblical-archaeology-review/16/1/2

Top register shows a chariot. A hypertext on the field is cobra hood with multiple hoods.

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Nāgaraja, Erapattra worshipping at the smelter and tree. kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter. Bharhut, 100 BCE. The cobra hood is an Indus Script hypertext:

Wagon wheel, with forged linchpin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linchpin

A 3,200-year-old round bronze tablet with a carved face of a woman, found at the El-ahwat excavation site near Katzir in central Israel, is part of a linchpin that held the wheel of a battle chariot in place. This was revealed by scientist Oren Cohen of the Zinman Institute of Archaeology at the University of Haifa. “Such an identification reinforces the claim that a high-ranking Egyptian or local ruler was based at this location, and is likely to support the theory that the site is Harosheth Haggoyim, the home town of Sisera, as mentioned in Judges 4-5,” says Prof. Zertal.

The El-ahwat site, near Nahal ‘Iron, was exposed by a cooperative delegation excavating there during 1993-2000 from the Universities of Haifa and Cagliari (Sardinia), headed by Prof. Zertal. The excavated city has been dated back to the end of the Bronze Age and early Iron Age (13th-12th centuries B.C.E.). The city’s uniqueness - its fortifications, passageways in the walls, and rounded huts - made it foreign amidst the Canaanite landscape. Prof. Zertal has proposed that based on these unusual features, the site may have been home to the Shardana tribe of the Sea-Peoples, who, according to some researchers, lived in Harosheth Haggoyim, Sisera’s capital city. The city is mentioned in the Bible’s narratives as Sisera’s capital, and it was from there that the army of chariots set out to fight the Israelites, who were being led by Deborah the prophetess and Barak, son of Avinoam. The full excavation and its conclusions have been summarized in Prof. Zertal’s book “Sisera’s Secret, A Journey following the Sea-Peoples and the Song of Deborah” (Dvir, Tel Aviv, 2010 [Hebrew]).

One of the objects uncovered at the site remained masked in mystery. The round, bronze tablet, about 2 cm. in diameter and 5 mm. thick, was found in a structure identified as the “Governor’s House”. The object features a carved face of a woman wearing a cap and earrings shaped as chariot wheels. When uncovered in 1997, it was already clear that the tablet was the broken end of an elongated object, but Mr. Cohen, who included the tablet in the final report of the excavations, did not manage to find its parallel in any other archaeological discoveries.

Now, 13 years later, the mystery has been solved. When carrying out a scrutinizing study of ancient Egyptian reliefs depicting chariot battles, Mr. Cohen discerned a unique decoration: the bronze linchpins fastening the chariot wheels were decorated with people’s faces - of captives, foreigners and enemies of Egypt. He also noticed that these decorations characterized those chariots that were used by royalty and distinguished people.

“This identification enhances the historical and archaeological value of the site and proves that chariots belonging to high-ranking individuals were found there. It provides support for the possibility, which has not yet been definitively established, that this was Sisera’s city of residence and that it was from there that the chariots set out on their way to the battle against the Israelite tribes, located between the ancient sites of Taanach and Megiddo,” Prof. Zertal concludes.

Photos:

Chariot linchpin (Moshe Einav)
See:

Archaeological mystery solved: Site of Harosheth Haggoyim. Mystery of Sea-Peoples identity yet to be solved.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2011/11/archaeological-mystery-solved-site-of.html

The inscription on the m557 copper plate is deciphered:) ḍāṅgā 'mountain' rebus: dhangar 'smith'. N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5324); khaṇḍa 'division' rebus: kaṇḍa .'fire-altar','equpment';

dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi)(CDIAL 10150). Rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) kanda kanka 'rim of jar' Rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams)karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi).

Thus, together, the rebus Meluhha reading is: dhangar mũhe kanda kanka 'blacksmith furnace ingot (from) goldsmith (for) supercargo/steersman'. Thus, the catalogue (samgaha) entry of wealth accounting ledger related to metalwork is documented on the inscription. Meaning of 'goldsmith' is validated by the etyma which are semantic expansions of the Bhāratīya sprachbund word: muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali): मुष्टिक a partic. position of the hands rebus: मुष्टिक a goldsmith L.; (pl.) of a despised race (= डोम्बास्) R.;N. of an असुर Hariv. अ-क्षर--मुष्टिका f. the art of communicating syllables or ideas by the fingers (one of the 64 कलाs) वात्स्यायन

The etyma Kur. muṭkā ʻfistʼ Prj. muṭka ʻblow with fistʼ are cognate with phonetic forms: Ku. muṭhagī,
muṭhkī f. ʻblow with fistʼ, N. muṭki, muṛki, M. muṭkā (CDIAL 10221). This suggests the basis for a hypothesis that an early spoken form in Bhāratīya sprachbund is: muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi)(CDIAL 10150). This is read rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali).

*mukka1 ʻ blow with fist ʼ. [Prob. ← Drav., Prj. muṭka ʻ blow with fist ʼ, Kur. muṭkā ʻ fist ʼ, DED. 4041]
K. muköli f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, (El.) mukāl m. ʻ fist ʼ; S. muka f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, L. mukk, °kī f.; P. mukk m. ʻ fist ʼ, °kī f.; WPah.bhal. mukki f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ; N. mukkā, °ki ʻ fist ʼ, H. mūkā, mukkā m., °kī f., mukkhī f. (X muṭṭhī < muṣṭí -- ); G. mukkɔ m., °kī f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ.(CDIAL 10150).

muṣṭí m.f. ʻ clenched hand, fist ʼ RV., ʻ handful ʼ ŚBr. Pa. Pk. muṭṭhi -- f. ʻ fist, handful, handle of an instrument ʼ; Ash. mušt ʻ fist ʼ NTS ii 267, mūst NTS vii 99, Wg. müṣṭ, Kt. muṣṭ, miṣṭ; Bashg. "misht"ʻ hilt of sword ʼ; Pr. müšt ʻ fist ʼ, muṣ (?) ʻ hilt of knife ʼ; Dm. muṣṭ ʻ fist ʼ, muṣṭi ʻ handle ʼ; Paš. uzb. muṣṭī ʻ fist ʼ, lauṛ. muṭhīˊ; Gaw. muṣṭ ʻ handle (of plough) ʼ, muṣṭāˊk, muṣṭīke ʻ fist ʼ, muṣ -- kaṭāˊrī ʻ dagger ʼ; Kal.rumb. muṣṭí ʻ fist ʼ; Kho. muṣṭi ʻ fist, grip ʼ; Phal. muṣṭ ʻ a measure of length (elbow to end of fist) ʼ, múṣṭi f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭi f. ʻ arm below elbow ʼ (← Ind.?) → Bshk. mut (= *muṭh?) ʻ fist ʼ AO xviii 245; Sh.gil. muṭ(h), pl. muṭí m. ʻ fist ʼ, muṣṭí ʻ handle of plough ʼ, jij. mv́ṣṭi ʻ fist ʼ, koh. gur. mŭṣṭăkf., pales. muṭh ʻ arm, upper arm ʼ; K. mŏṭh, m&obrevdotdot;ṭhü f. ʻ fist ʼ; S. muṭhi f. ʻ fist, fistful, handle ʼ; L. muṭṭh ʻ fist, handle ʼ, muṭṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ, awāṇ. muṭh; P. muṭṭh, muṭṭhī f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭhā m. ʻ handle, bundle ʼ; Ku. muṭhī f. ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭho ʻ handle ʼ; N. muṭh ʻ handle ʼ, muṭhi ʻ fist ʼ, muṭho ʻ handful ʼ; A. muṭhi ʻ fist, handful, handle ʼ, muṭhan ʻ measure of length (elbow to middle joint of little finger) ʼ; B. muṭh, muṭi ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭ(h)ā ʻ handful ʼ; Or. muṭhi ʻ fist ʼ, muṭha ʻ hilt of sword ʼ, muṭhā ʻ clenched hand ʼ; Bi. mūṭh, muṭhiyā ʻ knob on body of plough near handle ʼ, mūṭhā, muṭṭhā ʻ the smallest sheaf (about a handful) ʼ; Mth. muṭhā ʻ handle of mattock ʼ; Bhoj. mūṭhi ʻ fist ʼ; OAw. mūṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ; H. mūṭh f., mūṭhā m. ʻ fist, blow with fist ʼ, mūṭhī, muṭṭhī f. ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭṭhā m. ʻ handful, handle (of plough), bundle ʼ; G. mūṭh f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ; M. mūṭh f. ʻ fist ʼ, Ko. mūṭ; Si. miṭa, pl. miṭi ʻ fist, handful ʼ, miṭiya ʻ hammer, bundle ʼ; Md. muři ʻ hammer ʼ: the forms of P. H. Si. meaning ʻ bundle ʼ perh. rather < *muṭṭha -- 2 s.v. mūta -- ; -- in Gy. wel. mušī, gr. musī ʻ arm ʼ loss of ṭ is unexpl. unless -- ī is secondary. -- Poss. ← or infl. by Drav. (Prj. muṭka ʻ blow with fist ʼ &c., DED 4041: see *mukka -- 1): Ku. muṭhagī, muṭhkī f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, N. muṭki, muṛki, M. muṭkā m. nimuṣṭi -- .Addenda: muṣṭí -- : WPah.kṭg. mvṭ -- (in cmpd.), múṭṭhi f. ʻ clenched hand, handful ʼ; J. muṭhā m. ʻ handful ʼ, Garh. muṭṭhi; A. muṭh (phonet. muth) ʻ abridgement ʼ AFD 94; Md. muř ʻ fist, handle ʼ, muři ʻ hammer ʼ.(CDIAL 10221). Pa. muṭṭ- to hammer; muṭkablow with fist. Ga. (P.) muṭa fist. Go. (Mu.) muṭ, (Ko.) muṭiya hammer; (Mu.) muṭka a blow (Voc. 2874). Pe. muṭla hammer. Manḍ. muṭla id.

Kuwi (Su.) muṭla id. Kur. muṭga'ānā to deal a heavy blow with the fist; muṭgā, muṭkā clenched hand or fist, hammering with the fist; muṭka'ānā to hit or hammer at with the fist. / Cf. Skt. muṭ- to crush, grind, break; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10186: root, muṭáti ʻ *twists ʼ (ʻ kills, grinds ʼ Dhātup.) . (DEDR 4932) Muṭṭhi (f.) [Vedic muṣṭi, m. f. Does defn "muṭ=mad- dane" at Dhtm 125 refer to muṭṭhi?] the fist VvA 206.; Muṭṭhika [fr. muṭṭhi] 1. a fist -- fighter, wrestler, boxer Vin ii.105 (malla˚); J iv.81 (Np.); vi.277; Vism 31 (+malla). -- 2. a sort of hammer J v.45.(Pali) मुष्टि the clenched hand , fist (perhaps orig. " the hand closed to grasp anything stolen ") RV. &c; a compendium , abridgment सर्वदर्शन-संग्रह (Monier-Williams).

See:

Indus Script decipherment validated by Catalogue of मुष्टिक goldsmith signified on Mohenjodaro copper tablet m557. dula muka 'two fists' rebus dul mũhe 'ingot metalcasting'

https://tinyurl.com/y7qx5jr3

Clenched fist as an Indus Script Hypertext which signifies

मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: goldsmith

Evidence from Anatolia.

Drinking vessel in the shape of a fist

Near Eastern, Anatolian, Hittite
Hittite New Kingdom, reign of Tudhaliya III
14th century B.C.

Place of Manufacture: central Anatolia

This ceremonial drinking vessel is shaped in the form of a human fist with a procession of musicians in relief along the cuff.

https://www.mfa.org/collections/ancient-world/tour/ancient-near-eastern-a rt

Mohenjo-daro inscribed ivoery stick m1650. Daybook of Supercargo, (worker in) minerals, bronze, bellmetal implements, smithy/forge, metal caster, (Alternative: मुष्टिक goldsmith)

Indus Script Cipher of ANE cylinder seals, Mohenjodaro cylinder ivory rods, AFE bronze drums suggest an Ancient Maritime Tin Route

Indus Script hieroglyph pāṭroṛo, pattar 'feeding trough' rebus paṭṭī 'inventory'; పట్ర paṭra, patta 'village, hamlet, maritime town' pāṭan 'market'https://tinyurl.com/y6vd6bmu

Ivory Indus Script metalwork catalogues on cylinder seals (18) from HR, DK and VS Areas, Mohenjo-daro and one ivory stick from Harappa

In the same temple (kole.l) area, Ivory Indus Script cylinder seals were found.

The 19 Indus Script inscriptions on ivory rods, plaques and cubes of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are presented in this monographs with their decipherment as metalwork catalogues.

Indus Script Hypertexts on chariot lynchpins: मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith, ram animal heads, rams signify metalwork

Bronze. Chariot axle cap linchpin (xia) with kneeling human figure.Source: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. H x W x D (overall): 11.5 x 4.9 x 4 cm (4 1/2 x 1 15/16 x 1 9/16 in) Accession Number S2012.9.617

Bronze. Pair of chariot wheel linchpins. Early Western Zhou dynasty (about 1050-771 BCE) H: 12.7 cm. https://www.comptonverney.org.uk/cv_collections/pair-chariot-wheel-linchpins/

फड, phaḍa 'hood of cobra' rebus: फड, phaḍa 'metalwork artisan guild in charge of manufactory'

Archaeological mystery solved: Site of Harosheth Haggoyim. Mystery of Sea-Peoples identity yet to be solved.

Indus Script decipherment validated by Catalogue of मुष्टिक goldsmith signified on Mohenjodaro copper tablet m557. dula muka 'two fists' rebus dul mũhe 'ingot metalcasting'

मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: goldsmith

Drinking vessel in the shape of a fist

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Indus Script hieroglyph pāṭroṛo, pattar 'feeding trough' rebus paṭṭī 'inventory'; పట్ర paṭra, patta 'village, hamlet, maritime town' pāṭan 'market'https://tinyurl.com/y6vd6bmu

In the same temple (kole.l) area, Ivory Indus Script cylinder seals were found.The 19 Indus Script inscriptions on ivory rods, plaques and cubes of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are presented in this monographs with their decipherment as metalwork catalogues.

Bronze. Chariot axle cap linchpin (xia) with kneeling human figure.Source: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. H x W x D (overall): 11.5 x 4.9 x 4 cm (4 1/2 x 1 15/16 x 1 9/16 in) Accession Number S2012.9.617

Bronze. Pair of chariot wheel linchpins. Early Western Zhou dynasty (about 1050-771 BCE) H: 12.7 cm. https://www.comptonverney.org.uk/cv_collections/pair-chariot-wheel-linchpins/

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In the same temple (kole.l) area, Ivory Indus Script cylinder seals were found.

The 19 Indus Script inscriptions on ivory rods, plaques and cubes of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are presented in this monographs with their decipherment as metalwork catalogues.