Asko Parpola provides an excellent analysis of the corpus of inscriptions on copper tablets of Mohenjo-daro. The 230+ inscriptions are divided into the following 46 categories of inscriptions, many of which include vivid field symbols or pictorial motifs.

Appended is A Note on decipherment of 'fist' sign

Sign 358 which signifies a goldsmith in Meluhha Indian sprachbund. Scores of islands found as archaeological sites in Persian Gulf in contact with Meluhha affirm the meaning assigned to 'meluhha' in Indian tradition; the Meluhha (mleccha) are Bhāratam Janam, called dvīpavāsin, 'island dwellers'. द्वैपायनः dvaipāyanḥ द्वैपायनः [द्वीपः अयनं जन्मभूमिर्यस्य स द्वीपायनः, स्वार्थे-अण्] 1 'The island-born, N. of Vyāsa.

This monograph posits that the field symbols or pictorial motifs are Indus Script hypertexts to signify rebus Meluhha renderings of kunda, kachchapa nidhi-s, कुबेर's treasures and hence, the inscriptions are descriptive wealth-accounting ledgers, catalogues of metalwork. म्लेच्छ is a person who lives by agriculture or by making weapons. The decipherment of 212 copper plate inscriptions point to the work of metalsmiths, armourers reinforcing the scribes to be from mleccha, Meluhha speakers' region of Sarasvati Civilization. The word also means 'copper'; cognate milakkhu 'copper' (Pali) and Malacca (near Malay straits) with links to the Ancient Far East for sourcing tin ore from the largest tin belt of the globe in Ancient Far East, along the river basins of Himalayan rivers -- Irrawaddy, Salween, Mekong.

m1532b On this copper tablet, the emphasis is clearly on the turtle's shell like that of Meiolania's shell.

Meiolania tortoise. Megalochelys atlas is an extinct species of giant cryptodiran tortoise from the Miocene through to the Pleistocene periods. During the dry glacial periods it ranged from western India and Pakistan (possibly even as far west as southern and eastern Europe) to as far east as Sulawesi and Timor in Indonesia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalochelys_atlas

Skeleton of Megalochelys atlas at the American Museum of Natural History

Fibre Glass life size models of Megalochelys atlas an extinct Giant Turtle, which once lived in the Siwalik Hill ranges, i.e. locus of Sarasvati Civilization.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalochelys_atlas#/media/File:GiantTurtle-SiwalikHills.JPG

kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' (Oriya), kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa 'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

A synonym is kachhapa (tortoise or turtle shell) which is one of the nine treasures of Kubera.कच्छप one of the nine treasures of कुवेर.

Executive Summary

Kuwait gold disc summarizes the hypertext repertoire gleaned from these 212 Copper plate Indus Script inscriptions.' See Annex A.Kuwait Gold Disc with Indus Script Inscriptions.

A deterministic affirmation of the entire Indus Script Corpora as catalogus catalogorum of metalwork comes from data mining of a Mohenjo-daro copper tablet with hieroglyph writing. A hieroglyph 'archer' signifies 'mint, coiner'. The archer is horned. koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.Thus, the catalog entry of this side of the copper tablet signifies a coiner's workshop: kammaṭa koḍ (Prakritam aka Meluhha, mleccha, Indian sprachbund). See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/01/data-mining-explains-indus-script.html

Hieroglyph: Gujarati:kāmṭhiyɔ m. ʻ archer ʼ.

Rebus: Kannada:kammaṭa 'coinage, mint, coiner'

m1540A archer hieroglyph: kamāṭhiyo 'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'coiner, mint'.

Hieroglyph: kamāṭhiyo 'archer' rebus: kammaṭa 'coiner, mint'. The hieroglyph is evidenced by terracotta cake of Kalibangan and copper plate inscrption of Mohenjo-daro. Another hieroglyph: kola 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' is evidenced by terracotta cake of Kalibangan and copper plate inscriptions of Mohenjo-daro. Kalibangan terracotta cake also shows hieroglyph-multiplex of a 'tiger' dragged by a rope by a person to be tied to yupa 'pillar' synonym: mēḍha मेढ Stake or post rebus: मृदु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'
(Samskritam. Ho.Mu.Santali) med 'copper' (Slavic languages)

For a color image of 'archer' see m1540A image of copper tablet, Mohenjodaro. Two copper tablets. Mohenjo-daro. Showing two allographs: archer hieroglyph; ficus + crab hieroglyph. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali); dhātu = mineral (Skt.) loa ‘ficus religiosa’ (Santali) rebus: loh ‘metal’ (Skt.) kamaṛkom ‘fig’.kamaḍha ‘crab’. kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Kannada); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Tamil) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Telugu)

kamaṭha m. ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. 2. *kāmaṭha -- . 3. *kāmāṭṭha -- . 4. *kammaṭha -- . 5. *kammaṭṭha -- . 6. *kambāṭha -- . 7. *kambiṭṭha -- . [Cf. kambi-- ʻ shoot of bamboo ʼ, kārmuka -- 2 n. ʻ bow ʼ Mn., ʻ bamboo ʼ lex. which may therefore belong here rather than to kr̥múka -- . Certainly ← Austro -- as. PMWS 33 with lit. -- See kāca -- 3]1. Pk. kamaḍha -- , °aya -- m. ʻ bamboo ʼ; Bhoj. kōro ʻ bamboo poles ʼ.2. N. kāmro ʻ bamboo, lath, piece of wood ʼ, OAw. kāṁvari ʻ bamboo pole with slings at each end for carrying things ʼ, H. kã̄waṛ, °ar, kāwaṛ, °ar f., G. kāvaṛ f., M. kāvaḍf.; -- deriv. Pk. kāvaḍia -- , kavvāḍia -- m. ʻ one who carries a yoke ʼ, H. kã̄waṛī, °ṛiyā m., G. kāvaṛiyɔ m.
3. S. kāvāṭhī f. ʻ carrying pole ʼ, kāvāṭhyo m. ʻ the man who carries it ʼ.4. Or. kāmaṛā, °muṛā ʻ rafters of a thatched house ʼ;G. kāmṛũ n., °ṛī f. ʻ chip of bamboo ʼ, kāmaṛ -- koṭiyũ n. ʻ bamboo hut ʼ.5. B. kāmṭhā ʻ bow ʼ, G. kāmṭhũ n., °ṭhī f. ʻ bow ʼ; M. kamṭhā, °ṭā m. ʻ bow of bamboo or horn ʼ; -- deriv. G. kāmṭhiyɔ m. ʻ archer ʼ.6. A. kabāri ʻ flat piece of bamboo used in smoothing an earthen image ʼ.7. M. kã̄bīṭ, °baṭ, °bṭī, kāmīṭ, °maṭ, °mṭī, kāmṭhī, kāmāṭhī f. ʻ split piece of bamboo &c., lath ʼ.(CDIAL 2760)
Rebus 1: కమ్మటము (p. 0247) [ kammaṭamu ] Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. కామాటము (p. 0272) [ kāmāṭamu ] kāmāṭamu. [Tel.] n. Rough work. మోటుపని. R. viii. కామాటి kāmāṭi. n. A labourer, a pioneer. adj. Rustic. Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint.

Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner(DEDR 1236)

Rebus 2: కమటము (p. 0246) [ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి.

"చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్" హంస. ii.

Rebus 3: కమతము (p. 0246) [ kamatamu ] or కమ్మతము kamatamu. [Tel. n. Partnership. అనేకులు చేరిచేయుసేద్యము. The cultivation which an owner carries on with his own farming stock. Labour, tillage. కృషి, వ్యవసాయము. కమతకాడు or కమతీడు or కమతగాడు a labourer, or slave employed in tillage.కమ్మతము (p. 0247) [ kammatamu ] Same as కమతము. కమ్మతీడు Same as కమతకాడు.

कुन्द one of कुबेर's nine nidhi or treasures [N. of a गुह्यक (Demetrius Galanos's Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes )]

According to Amarakośa, the nine nidhis are:

Mahapadma "great lotus flower"
Padma "lotus flower"
Śankha "conch"
Makara "crocodile"
Kachchhapa "tortoise"
Kumud "a particular precious stone"
Kunda "jasmine"
Nīla "sapphire"
Kharva "dwarf"

When considered as mines, minerals, earthenware and ocean resources, the nine treasures of Kubera are interpreted as:

mahapadma (lake double the size of padma in Himalaya with minerals and jewels)
padma (lake in Himalaya with minerals and jewels)
śankha (conch shell)
makara (synonym of Padmini, black antimony)
kachhapa (tortoise or turtle shell)
kumud (cinnabar, or quicksilver)
kunda (arsenic)
nīla (antimony)
kharva (cups or vessels baked in fire); karb 'iron'.

The suprise is in the seventh nidhi which is called kunda. This is a rebus reading kõda 'young bull' rebus:kunda 'treasure, wealth'.

Thus, the field symbol with the two hypertexts (lathe + portable furnace; young bull+ one horn+ pannier) signify sangar kammaṭa kunda 'mint fortification treasure'.

The soldiers who accompany the treasure into the treasury are signified by the sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' of standard device: Such armoured guards are called jangadiyo 'military guard carrying treasure into the treasury'. jangad 'entrusted for approval'. See: sãgaṛh 'fortification', koṭṭa 'fortified settlement', koṭiya ʻsailing vessel' signified on Indus Script inscriptions http://tinyurl.com/zpojmat

Ka. kunda a pillar of bricks, etc. Tu. kunda pillar, post. Te. kunda id. Malt. kunda block, log. ? Cf. Ta. kantu pillar, post (DEDR 1723)

Pictographs of clump, cluster, husk (haystack) kuntam குந்தம்³ kuntam, n. perh. kuñja. Hay-stack; வைக்கோற்படப்பு. Loc.

kuṇḍa3 n. ʻ clump ʼ e.g. darbha -- kuṇḍa -- Pāṇ. [← Drav. (Tam. koṇṭai ʻ tuft of hair ʼ, Kan. goṇḍe ʻ cluster ʼ, &c.) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 374]Pk. kuṁḍa -- n. ʻ heap of crushed sugarcane stalks ʼ; WPah. bhal. kunnū m. ʻ large heap of a mown crop ʼ; N. kunyũ ʻ large heap of grain or straw ʼ, baṛ -- kũṛo ʻ cluster of berries ʼ.

*kuṇḍaka ʻ husks, bran ʼ.Pa. kuṇḍaka -- m. ʻ red powder of rice husks ʼ; Pk. kuṁḍaga -- m. ʻ chaff ʼ; N. kũṛo ʻ boiled grain given as fodder to buffaloes ʼ, kunāuro ʻ husk of lentils ʼ (for ending cf. kusāuro ʻ chaff of mustard ʼ); B. kũṛā ʻ rice dust ʼ; Or. kuṇḍā ʻ rice bran ʼ; M. kũḍā, kõ˚ m. ʻ bran ʼ; Si. kuḍu ʻ powder of paddy &c. ʼAddenda: kuṇḍaka -- in cmpd. kaṇa -- kuṇḍaka -- Arthaś.(CDIAL 3266, 3267)

குந்தன் kuntaṉ, n. < Kunda. 1. Viṣṇu; திருமால். வல்வினைமாய்ந்தறச்செய் குந்தன்றன்னை (திவ். திருவாய். 7, 9, 7). 2. Holy person; தூயதன்மை யுடையவன். வண்டீங் கவிசெய்குந்தன் (திவ். திரு வாய். 7, 9, 7).

B2, B3

barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi)

raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562)*raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567)

B5, B15a, B15b, B16

gaṇḍá4 m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ lex., ˚aka -- m. lex. 2. *ga- yaṇḍa -- . [Prob. of same non -- Aryan origin as khaḍgá -- 1: cf. gaṇōtsāha-- m. lex. as a Sanskritized form ← Mu. PMWS 138]1. Pa. gaṇḍaka -- m., Pk. gaṁḍaya -- m., A. gãr, Or. gaṇḍā. 2. K. gö̃ḍ m., S. geṇḍo m. (lw. with g -- ), P. gaĩḍā m., ˚ḍī f., N. gaĩṛo, H. gaĩṛā m., G. gẽḍɔ m., ˚ḍī f., M. gẽḍā m. Addenda: gaṇḍa -- 4. 2. *gayaṇḍa -- : WPah.kṭg. geṇḍɔ mirg m. ʻ rhinoceros ʼ, Md. genḍā ← H.(CDIAL 4000) rebus: kaṇḍa .'fire-altar','equpment'

kariba ‘trunk of elephant’ ibha ‘elephant’ rebus: karb ‘iron’ ib ‘iron’.

B8, B9, B11

meḍho a ram rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Mu.) mr̥du ‘iron’ (Samskritam) med 'copper' (Slavic languages)

B10

Antithetical bulls with two heads joined to a body is comparable to the antithetical turtles of B17a, B17b and B18. This hypertext field symbols is read rebus: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi). Thus, metalcaster category using cire perdue metalcasting technique of an alloy metal of copper, pewter, tin.

B12, B13

Horned tiger is the field symbol. kol ‘tiger’ (Santali); rebus: kollan ‘blacksmith’ (Ta.) kod. ‘horn’; rebus: kod. ‘artisan’s workshop’

B19

m1540a

Field symbol, hunter: कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith. कौटिलिक [p= 315,2] m. (fr. कुटिलिका Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18) " deceiving the hunter [or the deer Sch.] by particular movements " , a deer [" a hunter " Sch.] Ka1s3. f. ( Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18) कुटिलिका crouching , coming stealthily (like a hunter on his prey ; a particular movement on the stage) Vikr. कुटिलिक " using the tool called कुटिलिका " , a blacksmith ib. कुटिलक [p= 288,2] f. a tool used by a blacksmith Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18 Ka1s3.mfn. bent , curved , crisped Pan5cat. Rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984).

kamāṭhiyo=archer;kāmaṭhum =a bow; kāmaḍī ,kāmaḍum=a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo bowman; an archer(Skt.lex.) kamaṛkom= fig leaf (Santali.lex.)kamarmaṛā(Has.), kamaṛkom(Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.)kamaṭha= fig leaf, religiosa(Skt.) dula‘tw' Rebus: dul 'cast metal ’Thus, cast loh ‘copper casting’ infurnace:baṭa= wide-mouthed pot; baṭa= kiln (Te.) kammaṭa=portable furnace(Te.) kampaṭṭam 'coiner,mint' (Tamil) kammaṭa (Malayalam)

ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhātu = mineral (Skt.) kamaṭha crab (Skt.) Rebus: kammaṭa = portable furnace (Te.) kampaṭṭam coiner, mint (Ta.)

Indus Script Meluhha words for alloy, bronze, zinc (pewter): भरत bharat 'alloy'कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin), sattva 'zinc (pewter)'

Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/nmfwvnv

Now that the Indus Script Corpora has reached the size of a significant statistical data set of about 7000 inscriptions, deploying variables of over 600 hieroglyph-multiplexes (hypertexts of 500 signs with ligatures PLUS 100 multiplexed pictorial motifs), a reasonable deduction -- falsifiable by cryptography and statistical analyses -- can be made on the lexis of Meluhha (Proto-Prakritam) which was the language or vernacular of Indian sprachbund signified for cipher of the inscriptions.

Lexis, the vocabulary of Meluhha or Proto-Prakritam, is principally related to metalwork, since the Meluhha inscriptions are all catalogus catalogorum of metalwork. The metalwork catalogue lexis has over 1500 words in homophone (similar-sounding speech) sets of 750 pairs of words, since some components of hieroglyph-multiplexes are signified by allographs [i.e. hieroglyphs signified by distinct 'image' words as for e.g.: ibha 'elephant' karibha 'trunk of elephant' both read rebus: karba 'iron'(Tulu)].

From this structural evidential framework, it should be possible to reconstruct the morphology, syntax and semantics of Proto-Prakritam or Meluhha.

This note suggests three glosses for this Proto-Prakritam or Meluhha Lexis:

alloy: भरत bharat;

bronze: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl;

zinc (pewter): sattva.

The suggested entries of the Lexis are based on rebus-metonymy renderings signified by hieroglyph-multiplexes of Indus Script Corpora.

There are 200 copper plate inscriptions in Indus Script Corpora. One set (demonstrated by Asko Parpola as B19 categor illustrated below) had 'hunter' hieroglyph PLUS text with 7 hieroglyph-multiplexes (as hypertexts). Rebus-metonymy rendering of the cipher in Proto-Prakritam was shown as: कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः A hunter.-Rebus: A blacksmith.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-cipher-hypertexts.html

This expression कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ, 'blacksmith' has the root kuṭila 'bronze' and hence, the expression should more precisely be signified semantically as 'bronze worker'.

B19 copper plate epigraph: hunter-blacksmith: कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith. कौटिलिक [p= 315,2] m. (fr. कुटिलिका Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18) " deceiving the hunter [or the deer Sch.] by particular movements " , a deer [" a hunter " Sch.] Ka1s3. f. ( Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18) कुटिलिका crouching , coming stealthily (like a hunter on his prey ; a particular movement on the stage) Vikr. कुटिलिक " using the tool called कुटिलिका " , a blacksmith ib. कुटिलक [p= 288,2] f. a tool used by a blacksmith Pa1n2. 4-4 , 18 Ka1s3.mfn. bent , curved , crisped Pan5cat.

kamaṭh a crab (Skt.) kamāṭhiyo=archer;kāmaṭhum =a bow; kāmaḍī ,kāmaḍum=a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo bowman; an archer(Skt.lex.) kamaṛkom= fig leaf (Santali.lex.)kamarmaṛā(Has.), kamaṛkom(Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.)kamaṭha= fig leaf, religiosa(Skt.) dula‘tw' Rebus: dul 'cast metal ’Thus, cast loh ‘copper casting’ infurnace:baṭa= wide-mouthed pot; baṭa= kiln (Te.) kammaṭa=portable furnace(Te.) kampaṭṭam 'coiner,mint' (Tamil) kammaṭa (Malayalam)

Same inscription as on B19 sets of copper plates appears on C6 sets of copper plates but with a distinct hieroglyph-multiplex of ficus PLUS crab (pincers, tongs) on the obverse of the copper plate.

C6 copper plate epigraph: ficus PLUS pincers: metalsmith: लोह--कार [p= 908,3] m. a worker in iron , smith , blacksmith R. Hit. Hieroglyph component: loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron' Hieroglyph component: kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् । लोहकारः 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)

Since loha signifies 'copper' and kammaTa signifies 'mint' this hieroglyph multiplex on the obverse of C6 set of copper plate inscriptions (ficus PLUS crab+pincers) should more precisely signify semantically: mint-master, coppersmith.

The text of the epigraph common to both sets of copper plates (B16, hunter and C9 ficus+crab/pincers) has hieroglyph-multiplexes

Inscription message: Supercargo bronze cast metal, ingots (of different shapes), metal implements smithy/forge On C9 set of copper plates, these come from लोहकारः lohakAra kammaTa the mint-master, coppersmith's workshop. On B16 set of copper plates, these come from कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ bronze worker's (smithy/forge).

mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) PLUS (infixed) kolom 'sprout, rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Thus, ingot smithy

Notes: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Ellipse is split into two curves of parenthesis: ( ) Thus, dula 'cast metal' signified by the curves joined into an ellipse.

mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' Thus, cast metal ingot.

dhollu 'drummer' (Western Pahari) Rebus: dul 'cast metal'

kola 'tiger' Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron'

kolimi 'smithy, forge' j̈asta, dasta 'five' (Kafiri) jasta, sattva 'zinc'

dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast (metal)’ PLUS kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kañcu = bronze (Telugu) Thus, cast bronze or bronze casting.

This is a hieroglyph-multiplex: slant PLUS notch: DhAL 'slanted' Rebus: DhALako 'large ingot' PLUS खांडा (p. 202) [ khāṇḍā ] A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ (Marathi) khaṇḍa id. (Santali)

kolom 'rice-plant, sprout' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

goṭ 'seed, rounded object' Rebus: खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge (Marathi)

The 'curve' hieroglyph is a splitting of the ellipse. kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh.

Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL 2984)

kaṇḍa kanka ‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karṇīka ‘account (scribe)’karṇī‘supercargo’.
kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’.

Unicorn seal,detail of head, H95-2491, scanning electron microscope photo. (After Figure 6.2, Kenoyer J., 2013)

There is a ring on the neck of the Unicorn. The ring signifies:

The expressions are explained in the context of hypertexts on a Harappa tablet where a standing person contests with two young bulls: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS कोंद kōnda ‘young bull' Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, कोंदण kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Rebus 2: kundaṇa pure gold (Tulu) Rebus 3: kũdār, 'turner' (Bengali)

Unicorn contest with a standing person with wristlets in the middle. Harappa tablet. H97-3416/8022-50

Side A: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS कोंद kōnda ‘young bull' Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, कोंदण kōndaṇa n (कोंदणें) Setting or infixing of gems, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Rebus 2: kundaṇa pure gold (Tulu) Rebus 3: kũdār, 'turner' (Bengali) PLUS standing person in context with the two young bulls: karã̄ n. pl.wristlets, bangles Rebus: khãr 'blacksmith, iron worker' (Kashmiri) PLUS mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS karṇika 'spread legs' rebus: karṇika कर्णिक 'steersman'.

Side B: aya ḍhāḷ ‘alloy metal ingot’ (aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal'; ḍhāḷ ‘slope' rebus: ḍhāḷ ‘metal ingot')

ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'

कुटिल kuṭila, 'curve' Rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin)

Cylinder seal in black steatite. (After Fig. in: Area MR SB, period VIII...Sibri. Jarrige, C, J. F. Jarrige, R. H. Meadow, G. Quivron, eds (1995/6), Mehrgarh Field Reports 1974-85: From Neolithic times to the Indus Civilization).

पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' Rebus: पोळ [pōḷa], magnetite, ferrite ore' arya 'lion' (Akkadian) rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon).Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi). Thus, brass and magnetite ore implements, metalware.

Hieroglyph on Sibri cylinder seal (plant):

kolmo ‘rice plant’ (Munda) Rebus: kolami ‘furnace,smithy’ (Telugu)

Indus Script Inscriptions Discovery Sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization

Category A - 13 with field symbols + text messages on square copper tablets

Category B - 21 with field symbols + text messages on rectangular copper tablets

Category C - 12 with text messages + field symbols normalised as 'signs' on rectangular copper tablets

karaḍā ‘currycomb’ Rebus: Daybook, Wealth-accounting ledger

karaḍā ‘currycomb’ rebus: account, turner karaḍā ‘Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c.’ (Marathi)

khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa 'bronze' (Telugu)

karaḍāis the instrument used for forming raised lines (raised script) evidenced on inscribed copper tablets as found in Harappa.

Copper tablet (H2000-4498/9889-01) with raised script found in Trench 43. Harappa. (Source: Slide 351. harappa.com) Eight such tablets have been found (HARP 2005) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end (Santali). PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'. Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.( (CDIAL 2670) rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

करड्याचीअवटी (p. 78) karaḍyācī avaṭī ...f An implement of the goldsmith. A stamp for forming the bars or raised lines called karada. It is channeled or grooved with (or without) little cavities.

करडा (p. 78) karaḍā m The arrangement of bars or embossed lines (plain or fretted with little knobs) raised upon a तार of gold by pressing and driving it upon the अवटी or grooved stamp. Such तार is used for the ornament बुगडी, for the hilt of a पट्टा or other sword &c. Applied also to any similar barform or line-form arrangement (pectination) whether embossed or indented; as the edging of a rupee &c. करडा (p. 78)

karaḍā a Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. करड्याचीअवटी (p. 78) karaḍyācī avaṭī f An implement of the goldsmith. A stamp for forming the bars or raised lines called करडा. It is channeled or grooved with (or without) little cavities.

కరడము (p. 250) karaḍamu or కరడు or కరుడు karaḍamu. [Tel.] n. A wave. అల. Parij. ii. 59. కరుళ్లు waves, billows. కరటము (p. 249) karaṭamu karaṭamu. [Skt.] n. A crow. కాకి

கரடன்karaṭaṉ , n. A kind of rat; எலி வகை. (W.)

kārdār कार््दार्् m. the Hindū overseer of a village, a government official whose duty it is to collect the Mahārāja's share of the grain (El.; K.Pr. 139; L. 42, 421; H. ix, 1). (Kashmiri)

கரடா karaṭā, n. < U. kartha. cf. கரடு¹. Coarse country paper; ஒருவகைமுருட்டுக்காகிதம். Mod.

காரடம் kāraṭam, n. [T. gāraḍamu, K. gāraḍa.] See காரடவித்தை.

காரடவித்தை kāraṭa-vittai, n. < காரடம் +. Juggling, legerdemain; சாலவித்தை.காரடன் kāraṭaṉ, n. < id. Juggler; சாலவித்தைக்காரன்.

காரடையாநோன்பு kāraṭaiyā-nōṉpu, n. < காரடை + ஆம் +. A ceremonial fast observed by women when the sun passes from Aquarius to Pisces, praying for the longevity of their husbands; மாசியும்பங்குனியும்கூடும்நாளில்தம்கணவரின்தீர்க்காயுளைக்கருதிக்காரடையைஉணவாகக்கொண்டுமகளிர்கைக்கொள்ளும்ஒருவிரதம்.

Karva Chauth (Hindi: करवाचौथ) is a one-day festival celebrated by Hindu women in many countries in which married women fast from sunrise to moonrise for the safety and longevity of their husbands. The fast is traditionally celebrated in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. The festival falls on the fourth day after the full moon in the Hindu lunisolar calendar month of Kartik. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karva_Chauth

Total number of inscriptions deciphered:

Category A 34

Category B 39

Category C 139

Total 212

Category A (13 items), 34 inscriptions

The 7 examples of inscriptions A1a and A1b with Indus Script hypertexts, signify supercargo, scribe, helmsman working on tin smelter blacksmithy, alloy metal ingots and implements, bharat mixed alloys of copper, zinc and tin.

Text message of A1a inscription: Split parenthesis (lozenge): mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'.PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.

ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'

Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.( (CDIAL 2670) rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'.

Field symbol: short-tailed markhor looks back: The short-tailed antelope or markhor is a caprid kid, comparable to the hieroglyph shown on 1) a Dholavira seal in front of 'sun' hleroglyph and 2) a Dholavira seal ion front of a horned person within a ficus glomerata arch, and monkey

करडूं karaḍū 'kid' Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'. Rebus 2: karaḍā 'daybook (accounting ledger)(Marathi); Rebus 3: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati). PLUS క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు 'look back' (Telugu). Rebus: krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) Rebus: kamar 'artisan, smith' + short-tail: xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kol 'working in iron', kolhe 'smelter'.

Thus, together, the rebus message: smelter, hard alloy of copper. Alternative to identification as 'kid' is that of an antelope: ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’.

Text message on obverse of A1b (together with hieroglyph of an antelope looking back)

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin'.

kūdī, kūṭī ‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kauśika Sūtra (Bloomsfield’s ed.n, xliv. Cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).
kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'. Thus, the text message is: tin smelter supercargo

This alternative reading is jusfied and consistent with the hieroglyph on the text of the message which signifies ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin'.

Dholavira Seal 117 antelope; sun motif (Dholavira excavation report)

Hieroglyph: arka 'sun' Rebus: arka 'copper' (Kannada) eraka 'moltencast copper'(Tulu)
அருக்கம்¹ arukkam, n. < arka. (நாநார்த்த.) 1. Copper; செம்பு.

(Tamil) అగసాలి (p. 0023) [ agasāli ] or అగసాలెవాడు agasāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు.(Telugu) Kannada (Kittel lexicon):

Hieroglyph: करडूं or करडें (p. 137) [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. कराडूं (p. 137) [ karāḍūṃ ] n (Commonly करडूं) A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) G. karãḍɔ m. ʻ wicker or metal box ʼ,(CDIAL 2792)

Allograph: Pk. karaṁḍa -- m.n. ʻ bone shaped like a bamboo ʼ, karaṁḍuya -- n. ʻ backbone ʼ.Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼS. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f.,kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼ; P. kaṇḍ f. ʻ back, pubes ʼ(CDIAL 2670)

Hieroglyph: mlekh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' mleccha 'copper'

Dholavira Seal No. 56, Acc. No. 13204 (p. 272 Excavation report). Early Stage IIIA. A horned deity standing erect, between two branches of a tree, each with 3 leaves on outer side and one at the top of a devotee kneeling with bent R leg and L being drawn at the knee and the hands touching the ground before he deity, R lower side of a goat, with outstretched wavy horns, upturned tail, standing facing the deity. Knob: wagon-vault, with a vertical perforation. Saw marks visible on the back.

कुठारु monkey; rebus: कुठारु an armourer कुठार m. an axe R. Bhartr2. &c; N. of a man g. शिवा*दि; of a नाग MBh. i , 2156

'markhor'.Hieroglyph: miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.)

Hieroglyph: Person with markhor horns: meD 'body' Rebus: meD 'iron' (Ho. Munda)

Hieroglyph: loa 'ficus religiosa' Rebus: lo, loh 'copper, metal' (Samskritam)Rebus: lo 'copper' lōhá ʻ red, copper -- coloured ʼ ŚrS., ʻ made of copper ʼ ŚBr., m.n. ʻ copper ʼ VS., ʻ iron ʼ MBh. [*rudh -- ] Pa. lōha -- m. ʻ metal, esp. copper or bronze ʼ; Pk. lōha -- m. ʻ iron ʼ, Gy. pal. li°, lihi, obl. elhás, as. loa JGLS new ser. ii 258; Wg. (Lumsden) "loa"ʻ steel ʼ; Kho. loh ʻ copper ʼ; S. lohu m. ʻ iron ʼ, L. lohā m., awāṇ. lōˋā, P. lohā m. (→ K.rām. ḍoḍ. lohā), WPah.bhad. lɔ̃un., bhal. lòtilde; n., pāḍ. jaun. lōh, paṅ. luhā, cur. cam. lohā, Ku. luwā, N. lohu, °hā, A. lo, B. lo, no, Or. lohā, luhā, Mth. loh, Bhoj. lohā, Aw.lakh. lōh, H. loh, lohā m., G. M. loh n.; Si. loho, lō ʻ metal, ore, iron ʼ; Md. ratu -- lō ʻ copper ʼ. WPah.kṭg. (kc.) lóɔ ʻ iron ʼ, J. lohā m., Garh. loho; Md. lō ʻ metal ʼ.(CDIAL 11158)

kaula 'worshipper' (Samskritam); *kōla4 ʻ curved, crooked ʼ. [Cf. kaula -- m. ʻ worshipper of Śakti according to left -- hand ritual ʼ, khōla -- 3 ʻ lame ʼ s.v. khōra -- 1. Prob. < *kaura -- (IE. *qou -- lo -- cf. WP i 371?) in Khot.kūra -- ʻ crooked ʼ BSOS ix 72 and poss. Sk. kōra -- m. ʻ movable joint ʼ Suśr.] Ash. kṓlə ʻ curved, crooked ʼ; Dm. kōla ʻ crooked ʼ, Tir. kṓolə; Paš. kōlāˊ ʻ curved, crooked ʼ, Shum. kolāˊṇṭa; Kho. koli ʻ crooked ʼ, (Lor.) also ʻ lefthand, left ʼ; Bshk. kōl ʻ crooked ʼ, Tor. kōl (Grierson Tor 161 < kuṭila -- : rejected by Morgenstierne AO xii 181), Phal. kūulo; Sh. kōlṷ ʻ curved, crooked ʼ.(CDIAL 3533) Rebus: kolhe 'kole, smelters' (Santali)

khaṇḍiyo [cf. khaṇḍaṇī a tribute] tributary; paying a tribute to a superior king (Gujarti) Rebus: khaṇḍaran, khaṇḍrun ‘pit furnace’ (Santali) kaṇḍ ‘furnace’. fire-altar (Santali)

Field symbol: markhor looks back + cobrahooded tail:

करडूं karaḍū 'kid' Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'. Rebus 2: karaḍā 'daybook (accounting ledger)(Marathi); Rebus 3: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati). PLUS క్రమ్మర krammara. adv. క్రమ్మరిల్లు or క్రమరబడు Same as క్రమ్మరు 'look back' (Telugu). Rebus: krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) Rebus: kamar 'artisan, smith' +फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild, public office'.

Split parenthesis (lozenge): mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'.PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.

ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper’ (Slavic) ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.Santali)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

In the following notes of decipherment, two alternatives should be noted and substituted:

Sign

Signs 162, 169 appear in identical text combinations. It is possible that Sign 169 signifies a unique metalwork semantic classification: kūdī, kūṭī ‘bunch of twigs’ (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kauśika Sūtra (Bloomsfield’s ed.n, xliv. Cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).

Sign

may also signify: kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace' Rebus 2:

kamsa 'bronze'.

Field symbol: endless knot: meḍhā m. ʻ curl, snarl, twist or tangle in cord or thread ʼ (Marathi) (CDIAL 10312) rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ medha ‘yajna, dhanam’

Text message A3a: aḍar 'harrow' Rebus: aduru 'native metal' (Kannada)

ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

Text message A3b: ranku ‘liquid measure’ rebus: ranku‘tin’

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.+

bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

goṭā ‘round pebble’ Rebus: goṭā 'gold-braid'khoṭa 'ingot, wedge' Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe.

aḍar 'harrow' Rebus: aduru 'native metal' (Kannada)

ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

Field symbol: Three hieroglyphs constitute the field symbol in obverse of tablets: goṭā ‘round pebble’ Rebus: goṭā 'gold-braid' khoṭa 'ingot, wedge' Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe.

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ.(CDIAL2984) कौटिलिकः kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith.

mẽḍhā ʻcrook, hook' rebus: meD ‘iron’, med ‘copper’ (Slavic)

Text message of A4: meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ

'workshop'.

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements

kolom‘three’ rebus:kolimi‘smithy, forge’

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'(Semantic determinative)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Text message of A5: kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’ rebus: kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’; Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS kanac ‘corner’ rebus: kancu ‘bell-metal’

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Text message of A6: ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'

kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore' (Rigveda).

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Inscription A7: The field symbol has a variant of Field symbol A6 prefixed with two additional hieroglyph: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhata 'furnace'.

Text message of A7: koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop'

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol: dotted circle? dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, haetite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'; dhāvḍā 'smelter'
Text message of A8: kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol: Two hieroglyphs constitute the field symbol in obverse of tablets:taṭṭal 'five' rebus: ṭhaṭṭha brass (i.e. alloy of copper + zinc) *ṭhaṭṭha1 ʻbrassʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass?]N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ. *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 1.Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5491, 5493) PLUS Svastika shape: sattva 'svastika' glyph Rebus: sattu, satavu, satuvu 'pewter' (Kannada) సత్తుతపెల a vessel made of pewter त्रपुधातुविशेषनिर्मितम् jasth जस्थ । त्रपु m. (sg. dat. jastas जस्तस्), zinc, spelter; pewter

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?).

Text messageA9: ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'

koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

Field symbol: Five slanted strokes constitute the field symbol in obverse of tablets:taṭṭal 'five' rebus: ṭhaṭṭha brass (i.e. alloy of copper + zinc) *ṭhaṭṭha1 ʻbrassʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass?]N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ. *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 1.Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5491, 5493) PLUS Svastika shape: sattva 'svastika' glyph Rebus: sattu, satavu, satuvu 'pewter' (Kannada) సత్తుతపెల a vessel made of pewter त्रपुधातुविशेषनिर्मितम् jasth जस्थ ।त्रपु m. (sg. dat. jastas जस्तस्), zinc, spelter; pewter

Text message A10:aḍar ‘harrow’ Rebus: aduru = gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul ‘casting’.

PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol: short-tailed caprid kid: ranku‘antelope’ rebus: ranku‘tin’ + xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter',

kol 'working in iron'

Text A11: Glyph ‘mountain’: మెట్ట [ meṭṭa ] or మిట్ట meṭṭa. [Tel.] n. Rising ground, high lying land, uplands. A hill, a rock. ఉన్నతభూమి, మెరక, పర్వతము, దిబ్బ. மேடு mēṭu , n. [T. meṭṭa, M. K. mēḍu.] 1. Height; உயரம். (பிங்.) 2. Eminence, little hill, hillock, ridge, rising ground; சிறுதிடர். (பிங்.) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Category B (21 items), 139 inscriptions

Field symbol: feeding trough + one-horned young bull: kondh ‘young bull’. kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’.kōḍu horn (Kannada. Tulu. Tamil) खोंड [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: कोंड [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal (Marathi).

PLUS

pattar ‘trough’ rebus: pattar‘goldsmiths’ guild’

Text B1:loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron' PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’ PLUS kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'.

khura ‘hoof’ rebus: ċhúrɔ ‘dagger’ (WPah.) 3727 kṣurá m. ʻ razor ʼ RV., ʻ sharp barb of arrow ʼ R., ˚rī -- f. ʻ knife, dagger ʼ lex., ˚rikā -- f. Rājat. [√kṣur]
ch -- forms, esp. in sense ʻ knife ʼ, are wide -- spread outside dial. bounds: -- Sk. chū˘rī -- f. ʻ knife, dagger ʼ lex., churikā -- f. Kathās., chūr˚ lex., Pa. churikā -- f., NiDoc. kṣura; Pk. chura -- m. ʻ knife, razor, arrow ʼ, ˚rī -- , ˚riā -- f. ʻ knife ʼ; Gy. pal. číri ʻ knife, razor ʼ, arm. čhuri ʻ knife ʼ, eur. čuri f., SEeur. čhurí, Ḍ. čuri f., Kt. c̣urīˊ, c̣uī; Dm. c̣húri ʻ dagger ʼ; Kal. c̣hūˊŕi ʻ knife ʼ; Bshk. c̣hur ʻ dagger, knife ʼ, Tor. c̣hū, Phal. c̣hūr f.; Sh. (Lor.) c̣ūr ʻ small knife ʼ; S. churī f. ʻ knife with a hooked blade ʼ; L. churī f. ʻ knife ʼ, awān. churā m.; P. churā m. ʻ large knife ʼ, ˚rī f. ʻ small do. ʼ, Ku. churo, ˚rī; N. churā ʻ razor ʼ, ˚ri ʻ knife ʼ; A. suri ʻ knife ʼ, B. churi; Or. churā ʻ dagger ʼ, ˚rī ʻ knife ʼ; Bi. chūrā ʻ razor ʼ; Mth. chūr, ˚rā ʻ dagger, razor ʼ, ˚rī ʻ small knife ʼ; Bhoj. Aw. lakh. chūrā ʻ razor ʼ; H. churā m. ʻ dagger, razor ʼ, ˚rī f. ʻ knife ʼ; G. charo m. ʻ large knife ʼ, ˚rī f. ʻ small do. ʼ (Bloch LM 415 wrongly < tsáru -- : churī ← H. or M.), M. surā m., ˚rī f.; Si. siriya ʻ dagger ʼ; -- Woṭ. čir ʻ dagger ʼ ← Psht. ← IA. Buddruss Woṭ 96.
kh -- forms: Pa. khura -- m. ʻ razor ʼ; Pk. khura -- m. ʻ knife, razor ʼ; K. khūru m. ʻ razor ʼ; S. khuryo m. ʻ grass -- scraper, tip of silver at the bottom of a scabbard ʼ; WPah. bhal. khuro m. ʻ razor ʼ; Ku. khuro -- muṇḍo ʻ the shaving of heads ʼ; N. khuro ʻ head of a spear, ferrule of a stick, pin at the top or bottom of a door; A. B. khurʻ razor ʼ (whence A. khurāiba ʻ to shave ʼ), Or. khura; Bi. khūr ʻ razor ʼ, khurā, ˚rī ʻ spiked part of the blade of a chopper which fits into the handle ʼ; H. khurā m. ʻ iron nail to fix ploughshare ʼ; Si. karaya ʻ razor ʼ.
kṣaura -- ; kṣurapra -- , kṣurabhāṇḍa -- ; *prakṣurikā -- ; gōkṣura -- , trikṣura -- .
Addenda: kṣurá -- : WPah.kṭg. ċhúrɔ m. ʻ dagger ʼ, Garh. khur, churī ʻ knife ʼ, A. spel. churī AFD 216.

3728 *kṣuraṇa ʻ scraping ʼ. [√kṣur]
Bi. mag. khurnī ʻ a kind of spade ʼ.

3729 kṣuráti ʻ cuts, scratches, digs ʼ, churáti ʻ cuts off, incises ʼ Dhātup. [√kṣur]
Pa. khurati ʻ scrapes ʼ, Pk. churaï ʻ breaks ʼ; G. chɔrvũ ʻ to dig up with a sharp spade ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍ -- : S. khurṛaṇu ʻ to scrape ʼ, khurṛi f. ʻ scrapings ʼ; -- with -- kk -- : S. khurka f. ʻ itching ʼ; L. khurkaṇ ʻ to scratch ʼ, P. khurkṇā; N. khurkanu ʻ to scrape ʼ; -- with -- cc -- : P. khurcṇā ʻ to scrape (a pot) ʼ; G. khurcā m. pl. ʻ scrapings ʼ. -- X trōṭayati: M. khurtuḍṇẽ ʻ to nip off ʼ.

3730 kṣurapra ʻ sharp -- edged like a razor ʼ BhP., m. ʻ sharp- edged arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ sharp -- edged knife ʼ Pañcat., ʻ a sort of hoe ʼ lex. [Cf. *prakṣurikā -- . -- kṣurá+?]
Pa. khurappa -- m. ʻ arrow with a horseshoe head ʼ; Pk. khurappa -- , ˚ruppa -- m. ʻ a kind of arrow, knife for cutting grass ʼ; S. khurpo m. ʻ a pot -- scraper ʼ; P. khurpā m., ˚pī f. ʻ pot -- scraper, grubber for grass ʼ; N. khurpo ʻ sickle ʼ, ˚pi ʻ weeding knife ʼ; B. khurpā ʻ spud for grubbing up grass ʼ (X khanítra -- q.v.), Or. khurapa, ˚pā, ˚pi, ˚rupā, ˚pi;; Bi. khurpā ʻ blade of hoe ʼ, ˚pī ʻ small hoe for weeding ʼ; Mth. khurpā, ˚pī ʻ scraper ʼ; H. khurpā m. ʻ weeding knife ʼ, ˚pī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; G. kharpɔ m. ʻ scraper ʼ, ˚pī f. ʻ grubber ʼ (X kāpvũ in karpī f. ʻ weeding tool ʼ); M. khurpẽ n. ʻ curved grubbing hoe ʼ, ˚pī f. ʻ grub -- axe ʼ. -- Deriv. H. khurapnā, ˚rupnā ʻ to scrape up grass ʼ; G. kharapvũ ʻ to cut, dig, remove with a scraper ʼ; M. khurapṇẽ ʻ to grub up ʼ.

3731 kṣurabhāṇḍa n. ʻ razor -- case ʼ Pañcat. [Cf. kṣura- dhāná -- n. ŚBr. -- kṣurá -- , bhāṇḍa -- ]
H. churã̄ṛī f. ʻ razor -- case ʼ.

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

ranku ‘liquid measure’rebus:ranku ‘tin’

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Field symbol: feeding trough + shor-horned bull: pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS barad, balad 'ox'

rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

Text B2:khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

ranku‘antelope’ rebus: ranku‘tin’ + xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter',

kol 'working in iron'

ranku‘liquid’ rebus: ranku‘tin’

Text message B3:dula‘two’rebus: dul ‘metal casting’

aḍaren,'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native unsmelted metal' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, unsmelted native metal workshop.

kolmo‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’

Field symbol: duplicated feeding trough + duplicated (antithetical bulls) PLU short-horned bulls: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Duplication is an orthographic style to signify cire perdue (lost-wax) casting.PLUS pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS barad, balad 'ox'

rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

Text B10: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol: feeding trough + buffalo: pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS rango 'buffalo' Rebus: rango 'pewter' raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562)

Text B4:bicha 'scorpion' Rebus: bica 'haetite, sandstone ferrite ore' PLUS मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Semantic determinative)

dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā 'to send out, pour out, cast (metal)' (CDIAL 6771) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. PLUS kolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’. Thus, implements forge..

Field symbol: feeding trough + rhinoceros:pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS : kāṇṭā'rhinoceros. Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Gujarati)

Text B5: మెట్ట [ meṭṭa ] or మిట్ట meṭṭa. [Tel.] n. Rising ground, high lying land, uplands. A hill, a rock. ఉన్నతభూమి, మెరక, పర్వతము, దిబ్బ. மேடு mēṭu , n. [T. meṭṭa, M. K. mēḍu.] 1. Height; உயரம். (பிங்.) 2. Eminence, little hill, hillock, ridge, rising ground; சிறுதிடர்.

(பிங்.) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic)

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī

'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol B6: feeding trough: elephant: pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths, guild' PLUS karibha, ibha‘elephant’ rebus: karba, ib‘iron’ ibbo mjerchant’

Text B6:baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?).

kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forgek

kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’ rebus: kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’; Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.

Field symbol B14: horned elephant + cobrahood tail + ligatured to thigh and hind legs of bovine: feeding trough: elephant: pattar 'feeding trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths, guild' PLUS karibha, ibha ‘elephant’ rebus: karba, ib ‘iron’ ibbo mjerchant’ PLUS

फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild, public office' PLUS Hieroglyph: Buttock, back, thigh: (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428)

Hieroglyph: ḍāg, 'waist': *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ. Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal. rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāgʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582)

Rebus: mint, pure gold: Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) टङ्क m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषs S3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L.

ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434) ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex.1. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (ṭ? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgif.; K.ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg, °gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā, °gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ. (CDIAL 5427) ṭaṅka1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ ŚārṅgS., ʻ a stamped coin ʼ Hit., °aka -- m. ʻ a silver coin ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ lex. 3. *ṭakka -- 1. [Bloch IA 59 ← Tatar tanka (Khot. tanka = kārṣāpaṇa S. Konow Saka Studies 184)]1. Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ a stamped coin ʼ; N. ṭã̄k ʻ button ʼ (lw. with k); Or. ṭaṅkā ʻ rupee ʼ; H. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ a partic. weight equivalent to 1/72 ser ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ.2. H. ṭaṅgā m. ʻ a coin worth 2 paisā ʼ.3. Sh. ṭăk m. ʻ button ʼ; S. ṭako m. ʻ two paisā ʼ, pl. ʻ money in general ʼ, ṭrakaku ʻ worth two paisā ʼ, m. ʻ coin of that value ʼ; P. ṭakā m. ʻ a copper coin ʼ; Ku. ṭākā ʻ two paisā ʼ; N. ṭako ʻ money ʼ; A. ṭakā ʻ rupee ʼ, B. ṭākā; Mth. ṭakā, ṭakkā, ṭakwā ʻ money ʼ, Bhoj. ṭākā; H. ṭakā m. ʻ two paisā coin ʼ, G. ṭakɔ m., M. ṭakā m.*uṭṭaṅka -- , *ṣaṭṭaṅka -- , ṭaṅkaśālā -- .Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 1 [H. W. Bailey in letter of 6.11.66: Khot. tanka is not = kārṣāpaṇa -- but is older Khot. ttandäka ʻ so much ʼ < *tantika -- ](CDIAL 5426) *ṭaṅkati2 ʻ chisels ʼ. [ṭaṅka -- 2] Pa. ṭaṅkita -- mañca -- ʻ a stone (i.e. chiselled) platform ʼ; G. ṭã̄kvũ ʻ to chisel ʼ, M. ṭã̄kṇẽ.(CDIAL 5433)

Text B14: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'

aḍar ‘harrow’ Rebus: aduru = gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul ‘casting’.

PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol: hare + three thorns (bush):Hare in front of the bush: Hieroglyph kharā 'hare' (Oriya) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) PLUS kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn'; kaṇṭa1 m. ʻ thorn ʼ BhP. 2. káṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ ŚBr., ʻ anything pointed ʼ R. 1. Pa. kaṇṭa -- m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. pal. ḳand, Sh. koh. gur. kōṇ m., Ku. gng. kã̄ṇ, A. kāĩṭ (< nom. *kaṇṭē?), Mth. Bhoj. kã̄ṭ, OH. kã̄ṭa. 2. Pa. kaṇṭaka -- m. ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; Pk. kaṁṭaya<-> m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Gy. eur. kanro m., SEeur. kai̦o, Dm. kãṭa, Phal. kāṇḍu, kã̄ṛo, Sh. gil. kóṇŭ m., K. konḍu m., S. kaṇḍo m., L. P. kaṇḍā m., WPah. khaś. kaṇṭā m., bhal. kaṇṭo m., jaun. kã̄ḍā, Ku. kāno; N. kã̄ṛo ʻ thorn, afterbirth ʼ (semant. cf.śalyá -- ); B. kã̄ṭā ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ, Or. kaṇṭā; Aw. lakh. H. kã̄ṭā m.; G. kã̄ṭɔ ʻ thorn, fishbone ʼ; M. kã̄ṭā, kāṭā m. ʻ thorn ʼ, Ko. kāṇṭo, Si. kaṭuva. kaṇṭala -- Addenda: kaṇṭa -- 1. 1. A. also kã̄iṭ; Md. kaři ʻ thorn, bone ʼ.2. káṇṭaka -- : S.kcch. kaṇḍho m. ʻ thorn ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) kaṇḍɔ m. ʻ thorn, mountain peak ʼ, J. kã̄ḍā m.; Garh. kã̄ḍu ʻ thorn ʼ. (CDIAL 2668) Rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, hare in front of thorn/bush signifies: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kaṇḍa 'implements', i.e. implements from smithy/forge.

Text B7:aya, ayo'fish' rebus: aya'iron'ayas'metal' PLUS adaren'lid' rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal' PLUS gaNDA 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus metal implements of unsmelted metal.

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?).

dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles

Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' kolmo 'riceplant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

kolmo‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’.

ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’ PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'

kolmo‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’

Field symbol: feeding trough + short-tailed markhor :pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS Wkh. merg f. 'ibex' (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet'iron' (Munda.Ho.). Alternative rebus: करडूं karaḍū 'kid' Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'. Rebus 2: karaḍā 'daybook (accounting ledger)(Marathi); Rebus 3: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS qola 'tail' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'.

Text B8: kolom‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy,forge’ PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. PLUS kolmo‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’. Thus, implements forge.

baraḍo 'spine, backbone' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī

'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

An example of a copper plate inscribed on two sides m2045 which records a descriptive catalogue of work of a goldsmith (guild).

Field symbol: feeding trough + markhor ligatured to body of a bull: pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS Wkh. merg f. 'ibex' (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) PLUS barad, balad 'ox'

rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

Text B11: మెట్ట [ meṭṭa ] or మిట్ట meṭṭa. [Tel.] n. Rising ground, high lying land, uplands. A hill, a rock. ఉన్నతభూమి, మెరక, పర్వతము, దిబ్బ. மேடு mēṭu , n. [T. meṭṭa, M. K. mēḍu.] 1. Height; உயரம். (பிங்.) 2. Eminence, little hill, hillock, ridge, rising ground; சிறுதிடர். (பிங்.) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'

muṣṭi 'fist' rebus: muṣṭika 'goldsmith'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī

'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol: horned tiger: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pancaloha’; kolhe (iron-smelter; kolhuyo, jackal) kol, kollan-, kollar = blacksmith; kol‘to kill’ (Tamil) PLUS koḍu 'horn' rebus: kod 'artisan's workplace'.

Text B12:kolom‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy,forge’ PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. PLUS kolmo‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’. Thus, implements forge. Text on obverse of B12 together with field symbol: baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?).

kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forgek

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Text B13:kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'.

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.

khaṇḍa 'implements'. karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khārखार्'blacksmith' kanka

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements.

kolmo‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’

Field symbol: feeding trough + rhinoceros: pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS : kāṇṭā'rhinoceros. Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Gujarati)

Text B15a:aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'metal (alloy)' PLUS aḍaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal'

aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' . Alternative to the rebus reading of 'lid' hieroglyph in hypertext: ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' Thus, to signify, excellent, bright, blazing alloy metal article.

dāntā 'tooth, tusk' rebus: dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (ferrite ores, copper ores. PLUS circumscript (lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting Split parenthesis (lozenge): mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'.PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.furnace.' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Text B15b:kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus bronze/bell-metal workshop.

ḍhāla f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain rebus: ḍhālako 'ingot'

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe

'smelter', kol 'working in iron'

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'metal (alloy)' PLUS aḍaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal'

aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' Alternative to the rebus reading of 'lid' hieroglyph in hypertext: ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' Thus, to signify, excellent, bright, blazing alloy metal article.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Text B16:Split parenthesis (lozenge): mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'.PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.

aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'metal (alloy)' PLUS aḍaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal'

aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?).

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke'rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’

koḍa ‘sluice’; Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop (Kuwi)

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

Field symbol: Antithetical turtles: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' (Cire perdue or lost-wax casting) signified by antithesis in orthography.

On this copper tablet, the correct identification of the animal heads will be turtle species comparable toMeiolania, a horned large turtle of New Guinea.See: http://tinyurl.com/jfwgzyo dula'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul'cast metal' PLUS kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' kamaṭha'turtle' rebus: kãsā kammaṭa'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace'.

Text B17a: dāntā 'tooth, tusk' rebus: dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (ferrite ores, copper ores) PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)

khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa 'bronze' (Telugu)

ranku ‘liquid measure’rebus:ranku ‘tin’ PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med

'copper' (Slavic). PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Text B17b:dāntā 'tooth, tusk' rebus: dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (ferrite ores, copper ores) kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

ḍhāla f (S through H) The grand flag of an army directing its march and encampments: also the standard or banner of a chieftain rebus: ḍhālako 'ingot'

sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’

kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’

kolmo ‘rice plant’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’ (Semantic determinative).

dāntā 'tooth, tusk' rebus: dhāˊtu 'ore of red colour' (ferrite ores, copper ores) PLUS kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin)

khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) PLUS kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa 'bronze' (Telugu)

ranku ‘liquid measure’rebus:ranku ‘tin’ PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med

'copper' (Slavic). PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'

Text B18:gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kolom 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge’

koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ'artisan's workshop

loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron'. PLUS karNI ‘ears’ rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe,helmsman'.

Field symbol: horned archer:kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner

Text B 19: (lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smkankelting furnace.' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant'rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khārखार्‘blacksmith’dula'two' rebus: dul'metalcasting'

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा (p. 116) khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'.

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Category C (12 items), 39 inscriptions

Field symbol: double-axe:kuṭhāra m. ʻ axe ʼ R., °raka -- m. VarBr̥S., °rī -- f. lex., °rikā -- f. Suśr. [kuṭhātaṅka -- m., °kā -- f. lex. Prob. ← Drav. and conn. with √kuṭṭ EWA i 223 with lit.]Pa. kuṭhārī -- f., Pk. kuḍhāra -- m., kuhāḍa -- m., °ḍī -- f. (for ṭh -- r ~ h -- ḍ see piṭhara -- ), S. kuhāṛo m., L. P. kuhāṛā m., °ṛī f., P. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f., WPah. bhal. kurhāṛi f., Ku. kulyāṛo, gng. kulyāṛ, B. kuṛā̆l, °li, kuṛul, Or. kuṛāla, kurāṛha, °ṛhi, kurhāṛi, kuṛāri; Bi. kulhārī ʻ large axe for squaring logs ʼ; H. kulhāṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ axe ʼ, G. kuhāṛɔ m., °ṛī f., kuvāṛī f., M. kurhāḍ, °ḍī f., Si. keṇeri Hettiaratchi Indeclinables 6 (connexion, if any, with keṭeri,°ṭēriya ʻ long -- handled axe ʼ is obscure).Addenda: kuṭhāra --: WPah.kṭg. khəṛari, kəṛari f. ʻ axe ʼ.(CDIAL 3244) Rebus: kuThAru 'armourer' कुठारु [p= 289,1] an armourer L.

Text C1 is the same as Text B1:loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper, iron' PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’ PLUS kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'.

3728 *kṣuraṇa ʻ scraping ʼ. [√kṣur]
Bi. mag. khurnī ʻ a kind of spade ʼ.

3731 kṣurabhāṇḍa n. ʻ razor -- case ʼ Pañcat. [Cf. kṣura- dhāná -- n. ŚBr. -- kṣurá -- , bhāṇḍa -- ]
H. churã̄ṛī f. ʻ razor -- case ʼ.

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

ranku ‘liquid measure’rebus:ranku ‘tin’

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.

Field symbol: spoked wheel within a fisted hand:arā 'spokes' Rebus: āra 'brass' eraka 'knave of wheel' Rebus: eraka 'moltencast' PLUS muṣṭi 'fist' rebus: muṣṭika 'goldsmith'. Thus, goldsmith working with moltencast brass.

Text C2:ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) aya aDaren,'fish+superscript lid' Rebus: aya aduru 'iron/metal native unsmelted metal'

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?).

dula‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार्'blacksmith' PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'. Thus, ingots (worked on by) blacksmiths.

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, blacksmiths working in forge.

ranku‘antelope’ rebus: ranku‘tin’ + xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter',

kol 'working in iron'

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, smelters working in smithy.

Field symbol: rim-of-jar with inlaid 3+3 short strokes + pair of 'short tails':ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) aya aDaren,'fish+superscript lid' Rebus: aya aduru 'iron/metal native unsmelted metal' PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ Alternative rebus reading: ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' Thus, to signify, excellent, bright, blazing alloy metal article. PLUS dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, cast metal blazing articles.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'.

PLUS sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop, school’ PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ PLUS xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron'

Text C3:ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

bicha 'scorpion' Rebus: bica 'haetite, sandstone ferrite ore' PLUS मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Semantic determinative)

dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā 'to send out, pour out, cast (metal)' (CDIAL 6771)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'.

Text C4a, C4b (like a sealing, a mirror image of C4a reversed):Split parenthesis (lozenge): mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'.PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.

ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' Thus, native metal ingot.

loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper’ (Slavic) ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.Santali)

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

Field symbol: pair of ficus glomerata leaves ligatured to a rimless pot with inlaid claws of crab: loa 'ficus glomerata' Rebus: loha 'copper’ (Slavic) ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.Santali) PLUS dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul‘metal casting’

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kamaḍha 'crab' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'. Thus, mint with metal casting and copper, iron, mineral ores ingots furnace.

Text C5a, C5b (mirror image):kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. dula ‘duplicated’ rebus: dul‘metal casting’. Thus, metal casting smithy/forge.

Oriya. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrowʼ (CDIAL 3023) rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'.

meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic). PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'

koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop'

ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

Text C6:Split parenthesis (lozenge): mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'.PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge.

karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार्'blacksmith' PLUS dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'. Thus, ingots (worked on by) blacksmiths.

dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot' PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, ingots and implements.

Text C9: Text C9: baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?).

kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’

bicha 'scorpion' Rebus: bica 'haetite, sandstone ferrite ore'

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman'

khareḍo = a currycomb rebus: खरडें 'a daybook' (Accountig ledger of wealth produced)

A hypertext is the hieroglyph which signifies ‘an account, a day-book, a rough ledger entry’. Rebus readings are: khareḍo = a currycomb (Gujarati) खरारा [ kharārā ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: 1. करडा [karaḍā]Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) 2. kharādī ‘turner’ (Gujarati) This is a remarkable idiom to signify: खरड (p. 113) kharaḍa f (खरडणें) A hurriedly written or drawn piece; a scrawl; a mere tracing or rude sketch. खरडघाशा (p. 113) kharaḍaghāśā m (खरड& घासणें) A term of abuse for a bad writer, barber, carpenter &c.; quill-driver, scraper, chips. खरडणें (p. 113) kharaḍaṇēṃ v c To scrape or rub off roughly: also to abrade or graze. 2 To rub up; to grub up; to root out (grass, weeds &c.) by pushing the instrument along. 3 To shave roughly, to scrape: also to write roughly, to scrawl: also to jot or note down; to make brief memoranda: also to draw roughly; to plough roughly; to grind roughly &c. &c. 4 To break by rubbing between stones; to bruise (peppers &c.) 5 (More frequently खरडकाढणें) To abuse or revile vehemently and coarsely. खरडनिशी (p. 113) kharaḍaniśī f Scrawling, scribbling, bad writing. खरडनीस (p. 113) kharaḍanīsa c खरडनिशा a (खरड& P) A scrawler or bad writer. खरडपट्टी (p. 113) kharaḍapaṭṭī f (See under पट्टी) Vehement reviling, abusing, scolding, rating, vociferous vituperation. v काढ, निघ, g. of o. or s. 2 Inflicting a loss or damage upon. v काढ, निघ g. of o. or s. खरडा (p. 113) kharaḍā m (खरडणें) Scrapings (as from a culinary utensil). 2 Bruised or coarsely broken peppercorns &c.: a mass of bruised मेथ्या&c. 3 also खरडें n A scrawl; a memorandum-scrap; a foul, blotted, interlined piece of writing. 4 also खरडें n A rude sketch; a rough draught; a foul copy; a waste-book; a day-book; a note-book. 5 A spotted and rough and ill-shaped pearl: also the roughness or knobbiness of such pearls. 6 A variety of musk-melon. 7 Heat in stomach and bowels during small-pox, measles &c.

Field symbol: A hypertext of a pair of bangles PLUS short-tail constitute the field on obverse of copper plates:karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार्'blacksmith' PLUS xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter',

kol 'working in iron'. Thus, blacksmith working with smelter.

Text C7:kolom ‘three’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’

ranku ‘liquid measure’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’

kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī

'supercargo, scribe'karṇika 'helmsman'

Field symbol: scorpion stinger: bicha 'scorpion' Rebus: bica'haetite, sandstone ferrite ore' PLUS karṇi ‘ears’ rebus: karṇi ‘supercargo’. Thus, supercargo responsible for haetite sandstone, ferrite ore.

Text C6: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'

ayo ‘fish’ rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda)

baṭa 'rimless, wide-mouthed pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS ḍabu 'an iron spoon' (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo 'lump (ingot?).

kolom‘three’ rebus: kolimi‘smithy, forge’

bhaṭā 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'.

Field symbol C10: dotted circle? dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'. त्रिधातुः (magnetite, haetite, laterite) -- ferrite ores PLUS copper ore dhāi 'strand' (Rigveda) tri- dhāu 'three strands' rebus: dhāu 'red ore'; dhāvḍā 'smelter'

Text C10:kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’ rebus: kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’; Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) kauṭilikḥ कौटिलिकः 1 A hunter.-2 A blacksmith PLUS dula‘duplicated’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’

dula‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ (Semantic determinative)

A Note on decipherment of 'fist' sign

Sign 358

B11: ranku 'antelope' rebus:ranku 'tin'. raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gām. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) PLUS pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'guild of goldsmiths'. (Note on alternative reading: The curved horns of the antelope indicate a possible semantics of 'markhor': miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus:mr̥du, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Skt. Santali.Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) Rebus: meḍho'merchant'(Hemacandra,

deśīnāmamālā).

The inscriptions on B11 category copper tablets signify: supercargo equipment, goldsmith metalcasting furnace.

1. dhangar 'smith'

2. kaṇḍa .'fire-altar','equpment'

3. muṣṭíka dul bhaṭa 'goldsmith metalcasting furnace'

4. karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'

The inscriptions on B5 category copper tablets are a subset of B11 category (excluding the signifier of pair of fists, i.e. muṣṭíka dul bhaṭa 'goldsmith metalcasting furnace':

Bt category copper tablets sigify signify: supercargo equipment, smith.

1. dhangar 'smith'

2. kaṇḍa .'fire-altar','equpment'

3. karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'

The inscription on the m557 copper plate is deciphered:

ḍāṅgā 'mountain' rebus: dhangar 'smith'. N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5324)

khaṇḍa 'division' rebus: kaṇḍa .'fire-altar','equpment'

Sign 458 is a ligature of fists ligatured to the jar with a rim. Thus there are two hieroglyphs which compose a composite sign, a hypertext: 1. closed fists 2. jar with a rim.

Jar is read as: baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. Ligatured to a pair of fists, the composite hypertext Sign 458 is read as: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. Thus, the reading is:muṣṭíka dul bhaṭa 'goldsmith metalcasting furnace.'

This Sign 358 shown on Indus Script inscriptions signifies मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi)(CDIAL 10150). Rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali).

Derivation of orthography of Sign 458:

Sign 358 variants (ASI concordance)

Detachable perforatedarms of an alabaster statue. Source: Lothal, Vol. II: Plate CCLXIIB. Image inverted to show fisted hands. "The object is interpreted by us as the physical basis of the Indus Ideogram, depicting a pair of raised hands with folded fingers, conveying the intended meanings 'dexterity, skill, competence'. "

http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/userfiles/files/Evidence_for_the_Artisan_in_the_Indus_Script.pdf

This insightful presentation by Iravatham Mahadevan & MV Bhaskar, 'Evidence for the Artisanin Indus Script' identifies the closed fist orthography on Sign 358 which occurs on Mohenjodaro copper tablets.

I agree with the interpretation that the raised pai of hands as shown on the Lothal alabaster statue (image compared with Sign 358), signifies an artisan.

kanda kanka 'rim of jar' Rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams) karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi).

Thus, together, the rebus Meluhha reading is: dhangar mũhe kanda kanka 'blacksmith furnace ingot (from) goldsmith (for) supercargo/steersman'. Thus, the catalogue (samgaha) entry of wealth accounting ledger related to metalwork is documented on the inscription. Meaning of 'goldsmith' is validated by the etyma which are semantic expansions of the Bhāratīya sprachbund word: muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali): मुष्टिक a partic. position of the hands rebus: मुष्टिक a goldsmith L.; (pl.) of a despised race (= डोम्बास्) R.;N. of an असुर Hariv. अ-क्षर--मुष्टिका f. the art of communicating syllables or ideas by the fingers (one of the 64 कलाs) वात्स्यायन

The etyma Kur. muṭkā ʻfistʼ Prj. muṭka ʻblow with fistʼ are cognate with phonetic forms: Ku. muṭhagī, muṭhkī f. ʻblow with fistʼ, N. muṭki, muṛki, M. muṭkā (CDIAL 10221). This suggests the basis for a hypothesis that an early spoken form in Bhāratīya sprachbund is: muka 'blow with fist' (Sindhi)(CDIAL 10150). This is read rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali).

*mukka1 ʻ blow with fist ʼ. [Prob. ← Drav., Prj. muṭka ʻ blow with fist ʼ, Kur. muṭkā ʻ fist ʼ, DED. 4041]K. muköli f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, (El.) mukāl m. ʻ fist ʼ; S. muka f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, L. mukk, °kī f.; P. mukk m. ʻ fist ʼ, °kī f.; WPah.bhal. mukki f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ; N. mukkā, °ki ʻ fist ʼ, H. mūkā, mukkā m., °kī f., mukkhī f. (X muṭṭhī < muṣṭí -- ); G. mukkɔ m., °kī f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ.(CDIAL 10150).

muṣṭí m.f. ʻ clenched hand, fist ʼ RV., ʻ handful ʼ ŚBr. Pa. Pk. muṭṭhi -- f. ʻ fist, handful, handle of an instrument ʼ; Ash. mušt ʻ fist ʼ NTS ii 267, mūst NTS vii 99, Wg. müṣṭ, Kt. muṣṭ, miṣṭ; Bashg. "misht"ʻ hilt of sword ʼ; Pr. müšt ʻ fist ʼ, muṣ (?) ʻ hilt of knife ʼ; Dm. muṣṭ ʻ fist ʼ, muṣṭi ʻ handle ʼ; Paš. uzb. muṣṭī ʻ fist ʼ, lauṛ. muṭhīˊ; Gaw. muṣṭ ʻ handle (of plough) ʼ, muṣṭāˊk, muṣṭīke ʻ fist ʼ, muṣ -- kaṭāˊrī ʻ dagger ʼ; Kal.rumb. muṣṭí ʻ fist ʼ; Kho. muṣṭi ʻ fist, grip ʼ; Phal. muṣṭ ʻ a measure of length (elbow to end of fist) ʼ, múṣṭi f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭi f. ʻ arm below elbow ʼ (← Ind.?) → Bshk. mut (= *muṭh?) ʻ fist ʼ AO xviii 245; Sh.gil. muṭ(h), pl. muṭí m. ʻ fist ʼ, muṣṭí ʻ handle of plough ʼ, jij. mv́ṣṭi ʻ fist ʼ, koh. gur. mŭṣṭăkf., pales. muṭh ʻ arm, upper arm ʼ; K. mŏṭh, m&obrevdotdot;ṭhü f. ʻ fist ʼ; S. muṭhi f. ʻ fist, fistful, handle ʼ; L. muṭṭh ʻ fist, handle ʼ, muṭṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ, awāṇ. muṭh; P. muṭṭh, muṭṭhī f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭhā m. ʻ handle, bundle ʼ; Ku. muṭhī f. ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭho ʻ handle ʼ; N. muṭh ʻ handle ʼ, muṭhi ʻ fist ʼ, muṭho ʻ handful ʼ; A. muṭhi ʻ fist, handful, handle ʼ, muṭhan ʻ measure of length (elbow to middle joint of little finger) ʼ; B. muṭh, muṭi ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭ(h)ā ʻ handful ʼ; Or. muṭhi ʻ fist ʼ, muṭha ʻ hilt of sword ʼ, muṭhā ʻ clenched hand ʼ; Bi. mūṭh, muṭhiyā ʻ knob on body of plough near handle ʼ, mūṭhā, muṭṭhā ʻ the smallest sheaf (about a handful) ʼ; Mth. muṭhā ʻ handle of mattock ʼ; Bhoj. mūṭhi ʻ fist ʼ; OAw. mūṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ; H. mūṭh f., mūṭhā m. ʻ fist, blow with fist ʼ, mūṭhī, muṭṭhī f. ʻ fist, handful ʼ, muṭṭhā m. ʻ handful, handle (of plough), bundle ʼ; G. mūṭh f. ʻ fist ʼ, muṭṭhī f. ʻ handful ʼ; M. mūṭh f. ʻ fist ʼ, Ko. mūṭ; Si. miṭa, pl. miṭi ʻ fist, handful ʼ, miṭiya ʻ hammer, bundle ʼ; Md. muři ʻ hammer ʼ: the forms of P. H. Si. meaning ʻ bundle ʼ perh. rather < *muṭṭha -- 2 s.v. mūta -- ; -- in Gy. wel. mušī, gr. musī ʻ arm ʼ loss of ṭ is unexpl. unless -- ī is secondary. -- Poss. ← or infl. by Drav. (Prj. muṭka ʻ blow with fist ʼ &c., DED 4041: see *mukka -- 1): Ku. muṭhagī, muṭhkī f. ʻ blow with fist ʼ, N. muṭki, muṛki, M. muṭkā m.

nimuṣṭi -- .Addenda: muṣṭí -- : WPah.kṭg. mvṭ -- (in cmpd.), múṭṭhi f. ʻ clenched hand, handful ʼ; J. muṭhā m. ʻ handful ʼ, Garh. muṭṭhi; A. muṭh (phonet. muth) ʻ abridgement ʼ AFD 94; Md. muř ʻ fist, handle ʼ, muři ʻ hammer ʼ.(CDIAL 10221). Pa. muṭṭ-

to hammer; muṭkablow with fist. Ga. (P.) muṭa fist. Go. (Mu.) muṭ (Ko.) muṭiya

hammer (Mu.) muṭka a blow (Voc. 2874). Pe. muṭla hammer. Manḍ.

muṭla id. Kuwi (Su.) muṭla id. Kur. muṭga'ānā to deal a heavy blow with the fist; muṭgā, muṭkā clenched hand or fist, hammering with the fist; muṭka'ānā to hit or hammer at with the fist. / Cf. Skt. muṭ- to crush, grind, break; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10186: root, muṭáti ʻ *twists ʼ (ʻ kills, grinds ʼ Dhātup.) . (DEDR 4932) Muṭṭhi (f.) [Vedic muṣṭi, m. f. Does defn "muṭ=mad- dane" at Dhtm 125 refer to muṭṭhi?] the fist VvA 206.; Muṭṭhika [fr. muṭṭhi] 1. a fist -- fighter, wrestler, boxer Vin ii.105 (malla˚); J iv.81 (Np.); vi.277; Vism 31 (+malla). -- 2. a sort of hammer J v.45.(Pali) मुष्टि the clenched hand , fist (perhaps orig. " the hand closed to grasp anything stolen ") RV. &c; a compendium , abridgment सर्वदर्शन-संग्रह (Monier-Williams).

Since, the fists are ligatured to the rim of jar, the rebus reading includes the two rebus expressions:1. kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: कर्णिक m. a steersman (Monier-Williams) karaṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi). 2. dula 'two' rebus: dul'metal casting' PLUS muka 'fist' rebus: mũhe 'ingot'. Thus, together dul mũhe 'ingot, metalcasting'.

Copper plates,Mohenjo-daro conveying Sign 358 (pair of closedfists ligatured to rim of jar) on identical inscriptions:

Figure 1. Examples of Copper plate inscriptions including Sign 358 (two upraised, closed fists)

(Kalyanaraman,S., 2017, Epigraphia Indus Script, Hypetexts and meanings, Vol. 2, Amazon, USA,pp.757, 758)

ḍāṅgā 'mountain' rebus: dhangar 'smith'. N. ḍāṅro ʻ term of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ (CDIAL 5324) gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge'PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS मुष्टिक 'fist' rebus: मुष्टिक goldsmith. Thus, the reading is:muṣṭíka dul bhaṭa 'goldsmith metalcasting furnace. Thus, smith equipment, goldsmith furnace.

Annex A Kuwait Gold Disc with Indus Script Inscriptions.

Indus Script Hieroglyph-multiplex hypertext on al-Sabah Kuwait gold disc Meluhha brassworker's artisanal repertoire
Thanks to Benoy Behl for disseminating the photograph of an exquisite gold disc now in al-Sabah collection of Kuwait National Museum. This gold disc is a veritable metalwork catalogue, consistent with the entire Indus Script Corpora as catalogus catalogorum of metalwork. The uniqueness of the collection of hieroglyph-multiplexs on this gold disc is that a large number of metalwork catalogue items (more than 12) have been presented on a circular space with 9.6 cm diameter validating the Maritime Tin Route which linked Hanoi to Haifa through the Persian Gulf.

"Gold disc. al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait National Museum. 9.6 cm diameter, which was obviously from the Indus Valley period in India. Typical of that period, it depicts zebu, bulls, human attendants, ibex, fish, partridges, bees, pipal free an animal-headed standard." Benoy K. Behl https://www.facebook.com/BenoyKBehlArtCulture

Source: http://tinyurl.com/nom5kkv
In the context of the bronze-age, the hieroglyphs are read rebus in Meluhha (mleccha) speech as metalware catalogs.
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/05/indus-writing-as-metalware-catalogs-and_21.html
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/05/tokens-and-bullae-evolve-into-indus.html

See examples of Dilmun seal readings at http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/05/see-httpbharatkalyan97.html
See examples of Sumer Samarra bowls: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/04/bronze-age-writing-in-ancient-near-east.html

In this perspective, the hieroglyphs on the Kuwait Museum gold disc can be read rebus:

1. A pair of tabernae montana flowers tagara 'tabernae montana' flower; rebus: tagara 'tin'

2. A pair of rams tagara 'ram'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Next to one ram: kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' Alternative: kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

3. Ficus religiosa leaves on a tree branch (5) loa 'ficus leaf'; rebus: loh 'metal'. kol in Tamil means pancaloha'alloy of five metals'. PLUS flanking pair of lotus flowers: tAmarasa 'lotus' Rebus: tAmra 'copper' dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' thus, denoting copper castings.

4. A pair of bulls tethered to the tree branch: barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' (Marathi) PLUS kola 'man' Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kur.i 'woman' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' Alternative: ḍhangar 'bull'; rebus ḍhangar 'blacksmith' poLa 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite'.

Two persons touch the two bulls: meḍ ‘body’ (Mu.) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Thus, the hieroglyph composition denotes ironsmiths.

5. A pair of antelopes looking back: krammara 'look back'; rebus: kamar 'smith' (Santali); tagara 'antelope'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Alternative: melh, mr..eka 'goat' (Brahui. Telugu) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali), mleccha-mukha 'copper' (Samskritam)

6. A pair of antelopes mē̃ḍh 'antelope, ram'; rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.)

7. A pair of combs kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace'

Phal. kāṅga ʻ combing ʼ in ṣiṣ k° dūm ʻI comb my hairʼ khyḗṅgia, kēṅgī f.;
kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb (Punjabi) káṅkata m. ʻ comb ʼ AV., n. lex., °tī -- , °tikã -- f. lex. 2. kaṅkaṭa -- 2. 3. kaṅkaśa -- . [Of doubtful IE. origin WP i 335, EWA i 137: aberrant -- uta -- as well as -- aśa -- replacing -- ata -- in MIA. and NIA.]1. Pk. kaṁkaya -- m. ʻ comb ʼ, kaṁkaya -- , °kaï -- m. ʻ name of a tree ʼ; Gy. eur. kangli f.; Wg. kuṇi -- přũ ʻ man's comb ʼ (for kuṇi -- cf. kuṇälík beside kuṅälíks.v. kr̥muka -- ; -- přũ see prapavaṇa -- ); Bshk. kēṅg ʻ comb ʼ, Gaw. khēṅgīˊ, Sv. khḗṅgiā, Tor. kyäṅg ʻ comb ʼ (Dard. forms, esp. Gaw., Sv., Phal. but not Sh., prob. ← L. P. type < **kaṅgahiā* -- , see 3 below); Sh. kōṅyi̯ f. (→ Ḍ. klṅi f.), gil. (Lor.) kōĩ* f. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kōũ m. ʻ woman's comb ʼ, pales. kōgō m. ʻ comb ʼ; K. kanguwu m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kangañ f. ʻ woman's ʼ; WPah. bhad. kãˊkei ʻ a comb -- like fern ʼ, bhal. kãkei f. ʻ comb, plant with comb -- like leaves ʼ; N. kāṅiyo, kāĩyo ʻ comb ʼ, A. kã̄kai, B. kã̄kui; Or. kaṅkāi, kaṅkuā ʻ comb ʼ, kakuā ʻ ladder -- like bier for carrying corpse to the burning -- ghat ʼ; Bi. kakwā ʻ comb ʼ, kakahā, °hī, Mth. kakwā, Aw. lakh. kakawā, Bhoj. kakahī f.; H. kakaiyā ʻ shaped like a comb (of a brick) ʼ; G. (non -- Aryan tribes of Dharampur)kākhāī f. ʻ comb ʼ; M. kaṅkvā m. ʻ comb ʼ, kã̄kaī f. ʻ a partic. shell fish and its shell ʼ; -- S. kaṅgu m. ʻ a partic. kind of small fish ʼ < **kaṅkuta* -- ? -- Ext. with --l -- in Ku. kã̄gilo, kāĩlo ʻ comb ʼ.2. G. (Soraṭh) kã̄gaṛ m. ʻ a weaver's instrument ʼ?3. L. kaṅghī f. ʻ comb, a fish of the perch family ʼ, awāṇ. kaghī ʻ comb ʼ; P. kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb ʼ, °ghī f. ʻ small comb for men, large one for women ʼ (→ H. kaṅghā m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, °gahī, °ghī f. ʻ woman's ʼ, kaṅghuā m. ʻ rake or harrow ʼ; Bi. kãgahī ʻ comb ʼ, Or. kaṅgei, M. kaṅgvā); -- G. kã̄gsī f. ʻ comb ʼ, with metath. kã̄sko m., °kī f.; WPah. khaś. kāgśī, śeu. kāśkī ʻ a comblike fern ʼ or < **kaṅkataśikha* -- .WPah.kṭg. kaṅgi f. ʻ comb ʼ; J. kāṅgṛu m. ʻ small comb ʼ.(CDIAL 2598)

Rebus: large furnace, fireplace: kang कंग् । आवसथ्यो &1;ग्निः m. the fire-receptacle or fire-place, kept burning in former times in the courtyard of a Kāshmīrī house for the benefit of guests, etc., and distinct from the three religious domestic fires of a Hindū; (at the present day) a fire-place or brazier lit in the open air on mountain sides, etc., for the sake of warmth or for keeping off wild beasts. nāra-kang, a fire-receptacle; hence, met. a shower of sparks (falling on a person) (Rām. 182). kan:gar `portable furnace' (Kashmiri)Cf. kã̄gürü, which is the fem. of this word in a dim. sense (Gr.Gr. 33, 7). kã̄gürü काँग्् or
kã̄gürü काँग or kã̄gar काँग््र्् । हसब्तिका f. (sg. dat. kã̄grĕ काँग्र्य or kã̄garĕ काँगर्य, abl. kã̄gri काँग्रि), the portable brazier, or kāngrī, much used in Kashmīr (K.Pr. kángár, 129, 131, 178; káṅgrí, 5, 128, 129). For particulars see El. s.v. kángri; L. 7, 25, kangar;and K.Pr. 129. The word is a fem. dim. of kang, q.v. (Gr.Gr. 37). kã̄gri-khŏphürükã̄gri-khŏphürü काँग्रि-ख्वफ््&above;रू&below; । भग्ना काष्ठाङ्गारिका f. a worn-out brazier. -khôru -खोरु&below; । काष्ठाङ्गारिका<-> र्धभागः m. the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier, remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed; see khôru. -kŏnḍolu -क्वंड । हसन्तिकापात्रम् m. the circular earthenware bowl of a brazier, which contains the burning fuel. -köñü -का&above;ञू&below; । हसन्तिकालता f. the covering of woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier.

It is an archaeometallurgical challenge to trace the Maritime Tin Route from the tin belt of the world on Mekong River delta in the Far East and trace the contributions made by seafaring merchants of Meluhha in reaching the tin mineral resource to sustain the Tin-Bronze Age which was a revolution unleashed ca. 5th millennium BCE. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-corpora-as-catalogus.html

8. A pair of fishes ayo 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: ayo 'metal, iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Sanskrit)

9.A pair of buffaloes tethered to a post-standard kāṛā ‘buffalo’ கண்டி kaṇṭi buffalo bull (Tamil); rebus: kaṇḍ 'stone ore'; kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.

10. A pair of birds Rebus 1: kōḍi. [Tel.] n. A fowl, a bird. (Telugu) Rebus: khōṭ ‘alloyed ingots’. Rebus 2: kol ‘the name of a bird, the Indian cuckoo’ (Santali) kol 'iron, smithy, forge'. Rebus 3: baṭa = quail (Santali) Rebus: baṭa = furnace, kiln (Santali) bhrāṣṭra = furnace (Skt.) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (Gujarati)

11. The buffaloes, birds flank a post-standard with curved horns on top of a stylized 'eye' PLUS 'eyebrows' with one-horn on either side of two faces

mũh ‘face’; rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ (Mu.)

ṭhaṭera ‘buffalo horns’. ṭhaṭerā ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi)

Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye. Rebus: kanga ' large portable brazier, fire-place' (Kashmiri).
Thus the stylized standard is read rebus: Hieroglyph components:kanga + ṭhaṭerā 'one eye + buffalo horn' Rebus: kanga 'large portable barzier' (Kashmiri) + ṭhaṭerā ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi)

Ta. kaṇ eye, aperture, orifice, star of a peacock's tail. Ma. kaṇ, kaṇṇu eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud. Ko. kaṇ eye. To. koṇ eye, loop in string.Ka. kaṇ eye, small hole, orifice. Koḍ. kaṇṇï id. Tu. kaṇṇů eye, nipple, star in peacock's feather, rent, tear. Te. kanu, kannu eye, small hole, orifice, mesh of net, eye in peacock's feather. Kol. kan (pl. kanḍl) eye, small hole in ground, cave. Nk. kan (pl. kanḍḷ) eye, spot in peacock's tail. Nk. (Ch.) kan (pl. -l) eye. Pa.(S. only) kan (pl. kanul) eye. Ga. (Oll.) kaṇ (pl. kaṇkul) id.; kaṇul maṭṭa eyebrow; kaṇa (pl. kaṇul) hole; (S.) kanu (pl. kankul) eye. Go. (Tr.) kan (pl.kank) id.; (A.) kaṛ (pl. kaṛk) id. Konḍa kaṇ id. Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) id. Manḍ. kan (pl. -ke) id. Kui kanu (pl. kan-ga), (K.) kanu (pl. kaṛka) id. Kuwi(F.) kannū (pl. kar&nangle;ka), (S.) kannu (pl. kanka), (Su. P. Isr.) kanu (pl. kaṇka) id. Kur. xann eye, eye of tuber; xannērnā (of newly born babies or animals) to begin to see, have the use of one's eyesight (for ērnā, see 903). Malt. qanu eye. Br. xan id., bud. (DEDR 1159) kāṇá ʻ one -- eyed ʼ RV. Pa. Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ blind of one eye, blind ʼ; Ash. kã̄ṛa, °ṛī f. ʻ blind ʼ, Kt. kãŕ, Wg. kŕãmacrdotdot;, Pr. k&schwatildemacr;, Tir. kāˊna, Kho. kāṇu NTS ii 260,kánu BelvalkarVol 91; K. kônu ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, S. kāṇo, L. P. kāṇã̄; WPah. rudh. śeu. kāṇā ʻ blind ʼ; Ku. kāṇo, gng. kã̄&rtodtilde; ʻ blind of one eye ʼ, N. kānu;A. kanā ʻ blind ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ; Or. kaṇā, f. kāṇī ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, Mth. kān, °nā, kanahā, Bhoj. kān, f. °ni, kanwā m. ʻ one -- eyed man ʼ, H. kān,°nā, G. kāṇũ; M. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, squint -- eyed ʼ; Si. kaṇa ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ. -- Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ full of holes ʼ, G. kāṇũ ʻ full of holes ʼ, n. ʻ hole ʼ (< ʻ empty eyehole ʼ? Cf. ã̄dhḷũ n. ʻ hole ʼ < andhala -- ).S.kcch. kāṇī f.adj. ʻ one -- eyed ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kaṇɔ ʻ blind in one eye ʼ, J. kāṇā; Md. kanu ʻ blind ʼ.(CDIAL 3019) Ko. kāṇso ʻ squint -- eyed ʼ.(Konkani)

Paš. ainċ -- gánik ʻ eyelid ʼ(CDIAL 3999) Phonetic reinforcement of the gloss: Pe. kaṇga (pl. -ŋ, kaṇku) eye.

See also: nimišta kanag 'to write' (SBal): nipēśayati ʻ writes ʼ. [√piś] Very doubtful: Kal.rumb. Kho. nivḗš -- ʻ to write ʼ more prob. ← EPers. Morgenstierne BSOS viii 659. <-> Ir. pres. st. nipaiš -- (for nipais -- after past nipišta -- ) in Yid. nuviš -- , Mj. nuvuš -- , Sang. Wkh. nəviš -- ; -- Aś. nipista<-> ← Ir. nipista -- (for nipišta -- after pres. *nipais -- ) in SBal. novīsta or nimišta kanag ʻ to write ʼ.(CDIAL 7220)

Alternative: dol ‘eye’; Rebus: dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali)Alternative: kandi ‘hole, opening’ (Ka.)[Note the eye shown as a dotted circle on many Dilmun seals.]; kan ‘eye’ (Ka.); rebus: kandi (pl. –l) necklace, beads (Pa.);kaṇḍ 'stone ore' Alternative: kã̄gsī f. ʻcombʼ (Gujarati); rebus 1: kangar ‘portable furnace’ (Kashmiri); rebus 2: kamsa 'bronze'.

khuṇḍ ʻtethering peg or post' (Western Pahari) Rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’; kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali); Rebus 2: kuṇḍ 'fire-altar'

Why are animals shown in pairs?

dula ‘pair’ (Kashmiri); rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Mu.)

Thus, all the hieroglyphs on the gold disc can be read as Indus writing related to one bronze-age artifact category: metalware catalog entries.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/01/data-mining-of-indus-script-corpora.html?view=flipcard

Asko Parpola, 2008, Copper tablets from Mohenjo-daro and the study of the Indus Script, in: Eric Olijdam, Richard . Spoor, Intercultural relations between South and Southwest Asia: Studies in commemoration of ECL During Caspers (1934-1996), Archaeopress.

B.M.Pande, 1979, Inscribed copper tablets from Mohenjo-daro: a preliminary analysis, in Gregory L. Possehl (ed.), Ancient cities of the Indus, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., pp. 268 to 283

Thus, together, the rebus message: smelter, hard alloy of copper. Alternative to identification as 'kid' is that of an antelope: ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’.

Text message on obverse of A1b (together with hieroglyph of an antelope looking back)

ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin'.

This alternative reading is jusfied and consistent with the hieroglyph on the text of the message which signifies ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin'.

Dholavira Seal 117 antelope; sun motif (Dholavira excavation report)

kamsa 'bronze'.

In this perspective, the hieroglyphs on the Kuwait Museum gold disc can be read rebus:

1. A pair of tabernae montana flowers tagara 'tabernae montana' flower; rebus: tagara 'tin'

2. A pair of rams tagara 'ram'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Next to one ram: kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' Alternative: kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

3. Ficus religiosa leaves on a tree branch (5) loa 'ficus leaf'; rebus: loh 'metal'. kol in Tamil means pancaloha'alloy of five metals'. PLUS flanking pair of lotus flowers: tAmarasa 'lotus' Rebus: tAmra 'copper' dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal' thus, denoting copper castings.

Two persons touch the two bulls: meḍ ‘body’ (Mu.) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Thus, the hieroglyph composition denotes ironsmiths.

5. A pair of antelopes looking back: krammara 'look back'; rebus: kamar 'smith' (Santali); tagara 'antelope'; rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) Alternative: melh, mr..eka 'goat' (Brahui. Telugu) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' (Pali), mleccha-mukha 'copper' (Samskritam)

6. A pair of antelopes mē̃ḍh 'antelope, ram'; rebus: mē̃ḍ 'iron' (Mu.)

7. A pair of combs kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace'

8. A pair of fishes ayo 'fish' (Mu.); rebus: ayo 'metal, iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'metal' (Sanskrit)

9.A pair of buffaloes tethered to a post-standard kāṛā ‘buffalo’ கண்டி kaṇṭi buffalo bull (Tamil); rebus: kaṇḍ 'stone ore'; kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.

11. The buffaloes, birds flank a post-standard with curved horns on top of a stylized 'eye' PLUS 'eyebrows' with one-horn on either side of two faces

mũh ‘face’; rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ (Mu.)

ṭhaṭera ‘buffalo horns’. ṭhaṭerā ‘brass worker’ (Punjabi)

khuṇḍ ʻtethering peg or post' (Western Pahari) Rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’; kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali); Rebus 2: kuṇḍ 'fire-altar'Why are animals shown in pairs?dula ‘pair’ (Kashmiri); rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Mu.)

Thus, all the hieroglyphs on the gold disc can be read as Indus writing related to one bronze-age artifact category: metalware catalog entries.

B.M.Pande, 1979, Inscribed copper tablets from Mohenjo-daro: a preliminary analysis, in Gregory L. Possehl (ed.), Ancient cities of the Indus, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., pp. 268 to 283

Trending Articles

khuṇḍ ʻtethering peg or post' (Western Pahari) Rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’; kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali); Rebus 2: kuṇḍ 'fire-altar'

Why are animals shown in pairs?

dula ‘pair’ (Kashmiri); rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Mu.)