Indus Script inscriptions metalwork catalogs of Balakot & other fortified sites, Persian Gulf-Makran-Kutch Indian Ocean coast line
sãgaṛh 'fortification', koṭṭa 'fortified settlement' signified on Indus Script inscriptions by the hieroglyphs: 1. सांगड [sāṅgaḍa] m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together and 2. sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'. ‘brazier’ 3. koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ kola'tiger'
Ghanjah (غنجه) or kotiya - a large vessel, similar to the Baghlah, with a curved stem and a sloping, ornately carved transom.
Sambuk.
A model of an Indian kotia dhow made entirely in wood with metal and organic material fittings.
http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/7020.html National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London.
The shape of the dow compares with the boat shown on a Mohenjo-daro prism tablet (though without the sails) which is shown carrying 'oxhide' ingots & hard alloys (karaDa 'aquatic bird' rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'.)
Oman, Dhofar, S/Y Sanjeeda, a traditional kotiya dhow of the type that traded throughout the Indian Ocean, off Mirbat.
Hieroglyph (hypertext) koTiya 'rings on neck' of one-horned young bull: It is remarkable that the one-horned young bull is often decorated with rings on neck and inscriptions include the most freuquently-occurring hieroglyph karNaka, kanka'rim of jar' signifying karNI'Supercargo' these signify that the account of shipment/cargo recorded on the inscription related to a Supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale. in-charge of the cargo on koṭiya ʻsailing vessel'. Thus, the professional responsibility of the holder of the seal/badge with these hieroglyphs is a jangadiyo 'military guard carrying treasure into the treasury'.
Hieroglyph (hypertext) 1:
Dwaraka. Turbinella pyrum, s'ankha seal with सांगड [sāṅgaḍa] 'a body formed with combination of parts of animals'Hieroglyph (hypertext) 2:
Rebus: sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati). jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati) The mercantile agents who were jangadiyo received goods on jangad 'entrusted for approval'. An ancient Near East accounting system was jangaḍ. The system of jangaḍ simply meant 'goods on approval' with the agent -- like the Meluhhan merchant-agents or brokers living in settlements in ancient near East -- merely responsible for showing the goods to the intended buyers.
Rebus: Ancient Indian dhow was called kotiya 'cargo sailing vessel'.)
krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. Pāṇ. [√
Hieroglyph (hyertext) 3:
Leopard weight. Shahi Tump. H.16.7cm; dia.13.5cm; base dia 6cm; handle on top koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ rebus: koṭiya ʻsailing vessel' miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic). Thus, copper and lead shipments are signified by the hieroglyphs on the leopard weight which has been created using cire perdue (lost-wax) technique of metal casting..A striking feature of Sarasvati civilization sites (ca. 3500 to 1900 BCE) is that almost all of them are fortified. Such a fortified town may be signified by the hieroglyph 'lathe/brazier': sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'. ‘brazier’ (Gujarati) सांगड [sāṅgaḍa] m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi). Rebus: sangara ‘proclamation’; *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*
Dholavira. A covered drain and its mouth in front of the eastern fortification wall with its gate. This small stormwater drain let rain water into the eastern reservoir situated in front.
Dholavira. The fortification wall of the citadel on the northern side. Note how the wall slopes towards the top as in walls in other Harappan sites, to give it life and strength.
Fortification area Mohenjo Daro The State of Sind Pakistan
Fortification surrounding the Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro.
Sangar from Western Sahara, 1980's (photo from wikipedia).
There is a unique dhow which was used by seafaring merchants on Indian Ocean in ancient times. This dhow was called kotiya'cargo sailing vessel'.
This name for the sailing vessel may have been derived from kot which is a suffix of many place names along the Persian Gulf-Makran-Kutch Coastline, for examples, names of Sarasvati civilization sites such as Balakot, Surkotada, Dholavira (Kotda). Kot is a common place name for 'fortified place' in Indian sprachbund: kōṭṭa
Aś. sn. koṭa -- ʻ fort, fortified town ʼ, Pk. koṭṭa -- , kuṭ° n.; Kt. kuṭ ʻ tower (?) ʼ NTS xii 174; Dm. kōṭ ʻ tower ʼ,Kal. kōṭ; Sh. gil. kōṭ m. ʻ fort ʼ (→ Ḍ. kōṭ m.), koh. pales. kōṭ m. ʻ village ʼ; K. kūṭh, dat. kūṭas m. ʻ fort ʼ, S. koṭu m., L. koṭ m.; P. koṭ m. ʻ fort, mud bank round a village or field ʼ; A. kõṭh ʻ stockade, palisade ʼ; B. koṭ, kuṭ ʻ fort ʼ, Or. koṭa, kuṭa, H. Marw. koṭ m.; G. koṭ m. ʻ fort, rampart ʼ; M. koṭ, koṭh m. ʻ fort ʼ, Si. koṭuva(Geiger EGS 50 <
palace, fort. / Cf. Skt. koṭṭa-, koṭa- fort, stronghold. (b) Ko. go·ṛ obl. go·ṭ-) wall. Ka. gōḍe id.
Tu. gōḍè id. Te. gōḍa id. Kol. (SR.) goḍā id. Kuwi (S.) kōḍa wall, prison; (Isr.) kōḍa wall. (DEDR 2207)
Makran coast (Balakot site) is an extension of the Persian Gulf in the Indian Ocean, jutting into the Rann of Kutch, Gujarat.See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/06/sarasvati-sindhu-civilization-contacts.html.
Map of the north-west Indian subcontinent showing the main Harappan sites mentioned in the text (courtesy of Dr A. Uesugi).
A cluster of Sarasvati civilization sites are west and east of the Makran Coast (Balakot): Shahi-Tump, SatkagenDor, Sokta Koh, Kulli, Chanhu Daro, Allah Dino, Dholavira, Pabumath, Zekda, Khirsara, Desalpur, Narapa, Konda Bhadli, Bhuj, Surkotada, Kanmer, Shikarpur, Bagasra (Gola Dhoro), Nagwada, Kuntsi, Nageshwar
Kanmer
Series of excavated Meretrix shells showing successive stages of bangle manufacture (clockwise from upper left hand corner). Figure after Dales and Kenoyer, 1977http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/19-2/Shell.pdf
Kanmer sealings.Three clay sealings from Kanmer with 'one-horned young bull' (unicorn) motif. Figure 3b. Top view of the three Kanmer sealings (pictured in Figure 3a) with different motifs suggesting different uses/users? http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/08/bronze-age-kanmer-bagasra.htmlkoḍa ‘one’(Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’. kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. Hence, smith guild.
kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa 'bronze' (Te.) Also: khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.).
mēd ‘body’ (Kur.)(DEDR 5099); meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' karNadhAra 'helmsman'
The hypertext on Kanmer sealings also occurs on a Mohenjo-daro seal m1162.
That a glyph similar to the one used on Kanmer tablets occur at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa is significant to help identify the Indian sprachbund with Meluhha (Mleccha) speech area.
It would appear that the three tablets (seal impressions) originated in three distinct phases of the lapidary/smithy processes, based on the following rebus readings of three distinct sets of incised glyphs on the obverse of the tablets. The three phases are: mineral workshop, furnce workshop (smithy), metal workshop (forge).
Mineral workshop
It would appear that the three tablets (seal impressions) originated in three distinct phases of the lapidary/smithy processes, based on the following rebus readings of three distinct sets of incised glyphs on the obverse of the tablets. The three phases are: mineral workshop, furnce workshop (smithy), metal workshop (forge).
Mineral workshop
sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.) Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (H.)
kod. ‘one’ (Santali); rebus: kod. ‘workshop’ (G.)
Furnace workshop
aṭar ‘splinter’ (Ma.); aḍaruni ‘to crack’ (Tu.) aduru ‘native metal (Ka.)baṭa = a kind of iron (G .) baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada)
S. baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire’, baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; L. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; S. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656)
Metal workshop
ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.)sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.) Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (H.)
kod. ‘one’ (Santali); rebus: kod. ‘workshop’ (G.)
Decoding of the identical inscription on the three tablets of Kanmer.
Glyph: One long linear stroke. koḍa ‘one’ (Santali) Rebus: koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) Glyph: meḍ ‘body’ (Mu.) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Ligatured glyph : aḍar ‘harrow’ Rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Kannada). Thus the glyphs can be read rebus. Glyph: koḍiyum ‘heifer’ (G.) Rebus: koḍ ‘workshop (Kuwi) Glyph: sangaḍa ‘lathe’ (Marathi) Rebus 1: Rebus 2: sangaḍa ‘association’ (guild). Rebus 2: sangatarāsu ‘stone cutter’ (Telugu). The output of the lapidaries is thus described by the three tablets: aduru meḍ sangaḍa koḍ ‘iron, native metal guild workshop’.
Elephant glyph: ibha 'elephant' (Skt.) Rebus: ib 'iron' (Santali) ibbo 'merchant' (Gujarati)
Metal
ayo ‘fish’ (Mu.); kaṇḍa ‘arrow’; kaṇḍa, kāṇḍa, kāḍe = an arrow (Ka.) kāṇḍ kāṇ kōṇ, ko~_, ka~_ṛ arrow (Pas'.);ka~_ḍī arrow (G.) Cf. kaṇṭam ‘arrow’ (Ta.) Rebus: ayaskāṇḍa “a quantity of iron, excellent iron” (Pāṇ gaṇ)
Workshop
sal “stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty” (H.);
Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali); śāla id. (Skt.)
Turner
kundau, kundhi corner (Santali) kuṇḍa corner (S.): khoṇḍ square (Santali) *khuṇṭa2 ʻ corner ʼ. 2. *kuṇṭa -- 2 . [Cf. *khōñca -- ] 1. Phal. khun ʻ corner ʼ; H. khū̃ṭ m. ʻ corner, direction ʼ (→ P. khũṭ f. ʻ corner, side ʼ); G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻ angle ʼ. <-> X kōṇa -- : G. khuṇ f., khū˘ṇɔ m. ʻ corner ʼ. 2. S. kuṇḍa f. ʻ corner ʼ; P. kū̃ṭ f. ʻ corner, side ʼ (← H.).(CDIAL 3898).
Rebus: kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1 ] N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi.kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m. (CDIAL 3295). kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1 , kará -- 1 ] A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297). Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725).
Ka. kunda a pillar of bricks, etc. Tu. kunda pillar, post. Te. kunda id. Malt. kunda block, log. ? Cf. Ta. kantu pillar, post.(DEDR 1723).
m1162. Mohenjo-daro seal with the same hieroglyph which appears on Kanmer circular tablets. 
Glyph 33. Text 2068 kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa bronze'; kã̄sāri ʻpewterer’ (Bengali) Also: khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (G.).Ibha'elephant' Rebus: ibbo 'merchant'.m1162 Text 2058 Ligatured glyph of two sememes: 1. meḍ ‘body’(Mu.); rebus: ‘iron’ (Ho.) 2. karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNI 'Supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.'
"Compared to the small size of the settlement the number of copper objects recovered is very high, which includes a copper vessel, containing eight bangles and an axe perhaps stored for recycling the precious metal, besides a variety of other copper objects. One of the important discoveries from southern half of the settlement outside the fortification is the recovery of unique copper knives with bone handles or protective sheath meant to protect the sharp working edge of the tool. A unique copper battle-axe "parshu", is also a very interesting find from this area, the small size of the battle - axe perhaps suggesting some ritualistic function. These unique copper knives were recovered in association with large quantities of animal and fish bones and at present we are trying to understand if these knives had any functional relation with butchering and preparation of the fish for drying etc. It is very rare to come across such unique knives with well-preserved handles or covers, hence throw up a challenge for archaeologists to conserve them as it is. No evidence of copper smelting has been found from the site. However, recovery of a few heavily sand tampered clay crucibles with copper adhering in them, perhaps point to the fact that they were used in melting the copper. Many of these copper objects were perhaps made at the site using sand molds that would leave very little or no traces for the archaeologist."
Seals and sealings, Gola Dhoro (Bagasra)"One of the steatite seals discovered this season has decorative linear patterns incised on three sides and a deep, scooped out rectangular socket-like cavity on the fourth side and originally it perhaps had a sliding lid to cover the socket. These are in addition to the usual engraved inscription and the unicorn figure on the seal and therefore it appears to be a unique one, since such seals with socket have not been reported from any other Harappan site so far." https://www.harappa.com/goladhoro/goladhorosealfind.html Kuldeep S. Bhan, P. Ajithprasad, H. Sonawane and S. Pratap Chandran, 'Gola Dhoro (Bagasra) seals'Gola Dhoro seal (with a socket to hold a plate). gaNda 'four' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' aya khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: aya, iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage' aDaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal' bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS kamaDha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage' kanac 'corner' rebus:kancu 'bronze'. kondh 'young bull'. kũdār 'turner, brass-worker'. sangaDa 'lathe, brazier' rebus: sangAta 'collection' (of metalwork) koTiya'rings on neck' rebus: kotiya'cargo sailing vessel'.
At Shikarpur were found, in addition to an inscribed square terracotta tablet, two terracotta sealings with possible textile (?) marks or impressions of threat and knot, on the obverse. Thumb-nail impressions, like crescent marks are found all around one seealing which also shows a one-horned young bull joined with the heads of a bull and an antelope looking backwards (See d in Figure). A second sealing has impressions from three different inscribed seals.
The legible glyphs on seal (a) in the Figure are:
A warrior glyph.
Three linear strokes, followed by a horn glyph
Read rebus:
bhaṭa 'warrior'. Rebus: bhaṭa ‘furnace’
kolom ’three. Rebus: kolami ’smithy, forge’.
kõṭ ‘horn’ Rebus: khoṭa ʻingot forged, alloyʼ Vikalpa: koḍ 'horn' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop'.
The thumb-nail U shaped impressions on the Shikarpur sealings may denote:
U Glyph: baṭhu m. ‘large pot in which grain is parched.
Rebus: baṭi, bhaṭi ‘furnace’ (H.) Rebus: baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (G.) baṭa = kiln (Santali). bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace (Santali) baṭhi furnace for smelting ore (the same as kuṭhi) (Santali) bhaṭa = an oven, kiln, furnace; make an oven, a furnace; iṭa bhaṭa = a brick kiln; kun:kal bhaṭa a potter’s kiln; cun bhaṭa = a lime kiln; cun tehen dobon bhaṭaea = we shall prepare the lime kiln today (Santali); bhaṭa ‘furnace’ (G.) baṭa = kiln (Santali); bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron (Pkt.) baṭhu large cooking fire’ baṭhī f. ‘distilling furnace’; L. bhaṭṭh m. ‘grain—parcher's oven’, bhaṭṭhī f. ‘kiln, distillery’, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., ṭhī f. ‘furnace’, bhaṭṭhā m. ‘kiln’; S. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ‘distil (spirits)’. (CDIAL 9656)
Shikarpur 2009. Terracotta inscribed square tablet and terracott sealings with inscribed seal impressions.
Shikarpur 2009: Copper implements.
Khirsara. During 1976-77 exploration, an Archaeological Survey of India official discovered a big cubical weight, chunks of pottery, sprinklers and spouts of red polished ware from the site. In December 2009, a team from the Vadodara division of the Archaeological Survey of India started excavation at this site after the discovery of a 300 m² fortification wall. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirasara
A bar seal with writing in Harappan script. Only one other bar seal figures in the total of 11 seals found so far in Khirsara. The entire metalware catalog of the inscription on the tablet reads:meḍ 'iron'+ tagaram'tin'+ dul aduru 'cast native metal'.+ ayah, ayas 'metal' + aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace+ dhātu 'mineral'+ kolimi kanka 'smithy/forge account (scribe)'.
Thus, the smithy forge account is for iron, tin, cast native metal, unsmelted native metal, metal (alloy), mineral.
A bar seal with writing in Harappan script. Only one other bar seal figures in the total of 11 seals found so far in Khirsara.
Rebus readings of Indus writing (from r.): मेंढरी [ mēṇḍharī ] f A piece in architecture. मेंधला [mēndhalā] m In architecture. A common term for the two upper arms of a double चौकठ (door-frame) connecting the two. Called also मेंढरी & घोडा. It answers to छिली the name of the two lower arms or connections. (Marathi) meḍhi ‘pillar’. Rebus: meḍ 'iron'.
tagaraka 'tabernae montana' Rebus: tagaram'tin' (Malayalam)
sangaḍa ‘bangles’ (Pali). Rebus: sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. saghaḍī = furnace (G.) Rebus: jaṅgaḍ ‘entrustment articles’ sangaḍa ‘association, guild’. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul ‘casting’.
Ku. koṭho ʻlarge square houseʼ Rebus: Md. kořāru ʻstorehouseʼ
aḍar ‘harrow’ Rebus: aduru = gaṇiyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul ‘casting’. Thus the composite glyph reds dul aduru 'cast native metal'.
ayo ‘fish’ (Mu.) Rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.)
aḍar ‘harrow’ Rebus: aduru = gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada)
ḍato = claws of crab (Santali); dhātu = mineral (Skt.), dhatu id. (Santali)
kanka 'rim-of-jar' Rebus: furnace account (scribe); khanaka 'miner' (Skt.). kolom 'three' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge' (Telugu) The ligature of three strokes with rim-of-jar hieroglyph thus reads: kolimi kanka 'smithy/forge account (scribe)'.
Khirsara. Beads.
Khirasra. Disc-shaped gold beads found in a pot.
Khirasra. A copper fish-hook found in a trench.
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Dholavira. A chessboard (on the stone slab at right) and an architectural member that resembles a Sivalinga.![]()
Dholavira. A grinding stone at the site museum.
Dholavira. A chessboard (on the stone slab at right) and an architectural member that resembles a Sivalinga.
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Rebus readings of Meluhha Indus writing on the exquisite socketed seal of Bagasra (Gola Dhoro)
This seal (GD1) was discovered in the gateway of the city wall at Gola Dhoro (Bagasra).
The socket might have held a lid to enclose a tablet containing some other message(s) to complete the metalware catalog created by the inscriptions on three sides of the uniquely fashioned seal.
Pictorial motif of a one-horned young bull in front of standard device is common to all the five seals of Gola Dhoro (Bagasra) and a sealing of Gola Dhoro: kod.iyum 'young bull' (Gujarati); Rebus: kot.e 'forge'; kod. 'workshop'. sangad.a 'lathe, furnace'. Rebus: jangad 'entrustment note' (Gujarati)
^ glyph as a pictorial (lid) Lexemes: aḍaren, ḍaren lid, cover (Santali) Rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.)
The word for a 'set of four' is: gaṇḍa (Santali); bar gaṇḍa poesa = two annas; pon gaṇḍa aphor menaka, there are 16 bunches of rice seedlings; gaṇḍa guṇḍa to be broken into pieces or fragments; fragments; gaṇḍa guṭi to dive, to make up an account; the system of 'gaṇḍa guṭi' is to put down a pebble, or any other small object, as the name of each person entitled to share is mentioned. Then a share is placed alongside of each pebble, or whatever else laid down. (Santali.lex.) Thus, the complex glyph is read: aduru ayo kaṇḍ 'native metal furnace'.
bhaṭa ‘warrior’; bhaṭa ‘six’ (G.) Rebus: baṭa = kiln (Santali); baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.); the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) Glyph: gan.d.a ‘male person, hero’
kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍī, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) Rebus: kampaṭṭam coinage, coin (Ta.); kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint (Ma.); kammatia coiner (Ka.)(DEDR 1236) kammaṭa = coinage, mint (Ka.M.) kampaṭṭa-k-kūṭam mint; kampaṭṭa-k-kāran- coiner; kampaṭṭa- muḷai die, coining stamp (Ta.lex.)
Explaining the pair of bows:
Glyph: dol ‘likeness, picture, form’ [e.g., two tigers, two bulls, sign-pair.]
Kashmiri. dula दुल । युग्मम् m. a pair, a couple, esp. of two similar things (Rām. 966).
ḍol ‘the shaft of an arrow, an arrow’ (Santali)
Rebus: dul meṛeḍ cast iron (Mundari. Santali) dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali)
pasra meṛed, pasāra meṛed = syn. of koṭe meṛed = forged iron, in contrast to dul meṛed, cast iron (Mundari.lex.)
pasra meṛed, pasāra meṛed = syn. of koṭe meṛed = forged iron, in contrast to dul meṛed, cast iron (Mundari.lex.)
Forge -- Metal Turner Workshop
sal “stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty” (H.);
Rebus: sal ‘workshop’ (Santali); s’a_la id. (Skt.)
Turner
kundau, kundhi corner (Santali) kuṇḍa corner (S.): khoṇḍ square (Santali) *khuṇṭa2 ʻ corner ʼ. 2. *kuṇṭa -- 2 . [Cf. *khōñca -- ] 1. Phal. khun ʻ corner ʼ; H. khū̃ṭ m. ʻ corner, direction ʼ (→ P. khũṭ f. ʻ corner, side ʼ); G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻ angle ʼ. <-> X kōṇa -- : G. khuṇ f., khū˘ṇɔ m. ʻ corner ʼ. 2. S. kuṇḍa f. ʻ corner ʼ; P. kū̃ṭ f. ʻ corner, side ʼ (← H.).(CDIAL 3898).
Rebus: kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1 ] N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻ smoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi.kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m. (CDIAL 3295). kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1 , kará -- 1 ] A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297). Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725).
Ka. kunda a pillar of bricks, etc. Tu. kunda pillar, post. Te. kunda id. Malt. kunda block, log. ? Cf. Ta. kantu pillar, post.(DEDR 1723).
kolom 'sprout' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolami 'smithy, forge'. An alternative reading could be: tagaraka 'tabernae montana' Rebus: tagaram 'tin'. Thus, the inscription may read: tagaram kolami 'tin smithy/forge'.
Gola Dhoro (Bagasra) GD5 seal. Rebus readings of inscription:
^ glyph as a pictorial (lid) Lexemes: aḍaren, ḍaren lid, cover (Santali) Rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.)
The word for a 'set of four' is: gan.d.a (Santali); bar gan.d.a poesa = two annas; pon gan.d.a aphor menaka, there are 16 bunches of rice seedlings; gan.d.a gun.d.a to be broken into pieces or fragments; fragments; gan.d.a gut.i to dive, to make up an account; the system of 'gan.d.a gut.i' is to put down a pebble, or any other small object, as the name of each person entitled to share is mentioned. Then a share is placed alongside of each pebble, or whatever else laid down. (Santali.lex.)
ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.)
Kashmiri. dula दुल । युग्मम् m. a pair, a couple, esp. of two similar things (Rām. 966). Rebus: dul meṛeḍ cast iron (Mundari. Santali) dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali)
kundau, kundhi corner (Santali) kun.d.a corner (S.); ku~_t. corner, side (P.)(CDIAL 3898).
khon.d. square (Santali)Rebus: kund lathe (A.); kundiba to turn and smooth in a lathe (A.); ku~d lathe (B.); ku~da_, ko~da_ to turn in a lathe (B.); ku~_nda lathe (Or.); ku~diba_, ku~_diba_ to turn (Or. > ku~_d lathe (Kur.); kund brassfounder's lathe (Bi.); kunna_ to shape on a lathe (H.); kuniya_ turner (H.); kunwa_ turner (H.)(CDIAL 3295).
1. Pk. kaṁkaya -- m. ʻ comb ʼ, kaṁkaya -- , °kaï -- m. ʻ name of a tree ʼ; Gy. eur. kangli f.; Wg. kuṇi -- přũ ʻ man's comb ʼ (for kuṇi -- cf. kuṇälík beside kuṅälík s.v. kr̥muka -- ; -- přũ see prapavaṇa -- ); Bshk. kēṅg ʻ comb ʼ, Gaw. khēṅgīˊ, Sv. khḗṅgiā, Phal. khyḗṅgia, kēṅgī f., kāṅga ʻ combing ʼ in ṣiṣ k° dūm ʻ I comb my hair ʼ; Tor. kyäṅg ʻ comb ʼ (Dard. forms, esp. Gaw., Sv., Phal. but not Sh., prob. ← L. P. type < *kaṅgahiā -- , see 3 below); Sh. kōṅyi̯ f. (→ Ḍ. k*lṅi f.), gil. (Lor.) kōĩ f. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kōũ m. ʻ woman's comb ʼ, pales. kōgōm. ʻ comb ʼ; K. kanguwu m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, kangañ f. ʻ woman's ʼ; WPah. bhad. kãˊkei ʻ a comb -- like fern ʼ, bhal. kãkei f. ʻ comb, plant with comb -- like leaves ʼ; N. kāṅiyo, kāĩyo ʻ comb ʼ, A. kã̄kai, . kã̄kui; Or. kaṅkāi, kaṅkuā ʻ comb ʼ, kakuā ʻ ladder -- like bier for carrying corpse to the burning -- ghat ʼ; Bi. kakwā ʻ comb ʼ, kakahā, °hī, Mth. kakwā, Aw. lakh. kakawā, Bhoj. kakahī f.; H. kakaiyā ʻ shaped like a comb (of a brick) ʼ; G. (non -- Aryan tribes of Dharampur) kākhāī f. ʻ comb ʼ; M. kaṅkvā m. ʻ comb ʼ, kã̄kaī f. ʻ a partic. shell fish and its shell ʼ; -- S. kaṅgu m. ʻ a partic. kind of small fish ʼ < *kaṅkuta -- ? -- Ext. with -- l -- in Ku. kã̄gilo, kāĩlo ʻ comb ʼ.2. G. (Soraṭh) kã̄gaṛ m. ʻ a weaver's instrument ʼ?3. L. kaṅghī f. ʻ comb, a fish of the perch family ʼ, awāṇ. kaghī ʻ comb ʼ; P. kaṅghā m. ʻ large comb ʼ, °ghī f. ʻ small comb for men, large one for women ʼ (→ H.kaṅghā m. ʻ man's comb ʼ, °gahī, °ghī f. ʻ woman's ʼ, kaṅghuā m. ʻ rake or harrow ʼ; Bi. kãgahī ʻ comb ʼ, Or. kaṅgei, M. kaṅgvā); -- G. kã̄gsī f. ʻ comb ʼ, with metath. kã̄sko m., °kī f.; WPah. khaś. kāgśī, śeu. kāśkī ʻ a comblike fern ʼ or < *kaṅkataśikha -- .*kaṅkatakara -- , *kaṅkataśikha -- .Addenda: káṅkata -- : WPah.kṭg. kaṅgi f. ʻ comb ʼ; J. kāṅgṛu m. ʻ small comb .kaṅkatakara CDIAL 2599 *kaṅkatakara ʻ comb -- maker ʼ. [káṅkata -- , kará -- 1]H. kãgherā m. ʻ caste of comb -- makers ʼ, °rī f. ʻ a woman of this caste ʼ.
kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa= bronze (Te.) kã̄sāri ʻpewterer’ (Bengali) kãsārī; H. kasārī m. ʻ maker of brass pots’ (Or.) Rebus: kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso(= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109. 2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ,kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻopen bellmetal panʼ kāˊṁsya -- ; -- *kaṁsāvatī -- ? Addenda: kaṁsá -- 1: A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya – (CDIAL 2576). kāṁsya ʻ made of bell -- metal ʼ KātyŚr., n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Yājñ., ʻ cup of bell -- metal ʼ MBh., aka -- n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ. 2. *kāṁsiya -- .[kaṁsá -- 1] 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. (?) ʻ bronze ʼ, Pk. kaṁsa -- , kāsa -- n. ʻ bell -- metal, drinking vessel, cymbal ʼ; L. (Jukes) kã̄jā adj. ʻ of metal ʼ, awāṇ. kāsā ʻ jar ʼ (← E with -- s-- , not ñj); N. kã̄so ʻ bronze, pewter, white metal ʼ, kas -- kuṭ ʻ metal alloy ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, B. kã̄sā, Or. kãsā, Bi. kã̄sā; Bhoj. kã̄s ʻ bell -- metal ʼ,kã̄sā ʻ base metal ʼ; H. kās, kã̄sā m. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, G. kã̄sũ n., M. kã̄sẽ n.; Ko. kã̄śẽ n. ʻ bronze ʼ; Si. kasa ʻ bell -- metal ʼ. 2. L. kã̄ihã̄ m. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, P. kã̄ssī, kã̄sī f., H.kã̄sī f.*kāṁsyakara -- , kāṁsyakāra -- , *kāṁsyakuṇḍikā -- , kāṁsyatāla -- , *kāṁsyabhāṇḍa -- .Addenda: kāṁsya -- : A. kã̄halso ʻ gong ʼ, or < kaṁsá -- . (CDIAL 2987).*kāṁsyakara ʻ worker in bell -- metal ʼ. [See next: kāṁsya -- , kará -- 1] L. awāṇ.kasērā ʻ metal worker ʼ, P. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ (both ← E with -- s -- ); N. kasero ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; Bi. H. kaserām. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ. (CDIAL 2988). kāṁsyakāra m. ʻ worker in bell -- metal or brass ʼ Yājñ. com., kaṁsakāra -- m. BrahmavP. [kāˊṁsya -- , kāra -- 1] N. kasār ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; A. kãhār ʻ worker in bell -- metal ʼ; B. kã̄sāri ʻ pewterer, brazier, coppersmith ʼ, Or. kãsārī; H. kasārī m. ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; G.kãsārɔ, kas m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ; M. kã̄sār, kās m. ʻ worker in white metal ʼ, kāsārḍā m. ʻ contemptuous term for the same ʼ. (CDIAL 2989).
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Surkotada 4 Surkotada 7.Inscribed on pottery.
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Text 9091 Surkotda 1. Seal
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Text 9091 reads:
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Surkotada 2,3,6 Indus Writing Meluhha inscriptions
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Glhyph 391 Glyph: nave of wheel; Rebus: Molten cast copper
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Glyph: rhombus. khoṇḍ square (Santali) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali)
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Text 9092 on Surkotada2 Seal. Glyphs read rebus:
ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhātu = mineral (Skt.)
ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (G.) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast (metal)' Thus the composite glyph of claws of crab + pair of ingots read: dul ḍhālako 'cast mineral ingot'.
Glyph composition: rim of jar + notch, jag खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.
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khaḍā ‘circumscribe’ (M.); Rebs: khaḍā ‘nodule (ore), stone’ (M.) kolmo ‘paddy plant’ (Santali); Rebus:kolimi ‘smithy, forge’ (Te.) kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolma hoṛo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) Thus the glyph comosition reads: khaḍā kolimi 'ore (mineral) smithy/forge'.
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Metal blade/ploughshare smithy/forge
kolmo 'paddy plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.
Pa. phāla -- m. (?) ʻ board, slab ʼ, phālaka -- ʻ splitting ʼ; Gy. eur. phal ʻ board ʼ, wel. phal f. ʻ pailing, rail, stake ʼ; K. phal f. ʻ strip of wood ʼ (or <phala --3 ?); S. phāra f. ʻ slice ʼ; P. phāl f. ʻ wedge ʼ; Ku. phālo ʻ piece of wood or metal, iron bar ʼ; N. phāli ʻ thin strip of metal ʼ; A. phāli ʻ strip ʼ; B. phālā ʻ chip ʼ, °li ʻ strip ʼ; Or. phāḷiā ʻ chip ʼ; Bi. phārī ʻ half a hide ʼ; H. phāl m. ʻ lump of areca -- nut ʼ, (poet.) phār m. ʻ piece ʼ; G. phāḷɔ m. ʻ share ʼ; M. phāḷ ʻ slip of wood ʼ.(CDIAL 9073).
Rebus: phāˊla ʻ ploughshare ʼ RV., ʻ mattock ʼ R. Pa. Pk. K. phāl m. ʻ ploughshare, metal blade of mattock &c. ʼ S.phāru m. ʻ ploughshare, steel edge of a tool ʼ; L. phālā m. ʻ ploughshare ʼKu. phālo, gng. phāw, N. phāli, A. B. phāl, Or. phāḷa, (Bastar) phāra, Bi. phār, Mth. phār, °rā, phālā, Bhoj. phār, H. phāl, °lā m., °lī f.,phār, °rā m., M. phāḷ m.(CDIAL 9072). *lōhaphāla -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [lōhá -- , phāˊla -- 1 ] WPah.kṭg. lhwāˋḷ m. ʻ ploughshare ʼ, J. lohāl m. ʻ an agricultural implement ʼ Him.I 197(CDIAL 11160).
Thus the pair of glyphs read: phāl kolimi 'metal blade/ploughshare smithy/forge'.
kaṇḍa kanka ‘rim of jar’ (Santali) kaṇḍa ‘furnace, fire-altar’ (Santali); khanaka ‘miner’ karNaka ‘scribe’ (Skt.)
sangāṭh
kot.iyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (G.lex.) [cf. the orthography of rings on the neck of one-horned young bull].खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ]A variety of
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Kotiya dhow of Oman
kod. = place where artisans work (G.lex.) kod. = a cow-pen; a cattlepen; a byre (G.lex.) gor.a = a cow-shed; a cattleshed; gor.a orak = byre (Santali.lex.) कोंड (p. 180) [ kōṇḍa ] A circular hedge or field-fence. 2 A circle described around a person under adjuration. 3 The circle at marbles. 4 A circular hamlet; a division of a
Text 9091 Surkotda 1. SealText 9091 reads:era, er-a = eraka = ?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.) [Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel, nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke] eraka, era, er-a = syn. erka, copper, weapons. Rebus: er-r-a = red; eraka = copper (Ka.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Te.lex.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.)
Glyph: ‘archer’: kamāṭhiyo = archer; kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (G.) kāmaṭhiyo a bowman; an archer (Skt.lex.) Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.)
kolmo ‘paddy plant’ (Santali); Rebus: kolimi ‘smithy, forge’ (Te.) kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolma hoṛo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) + 'splinter' glyph: sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, the pair of glyphs read: kolimi sal 'smithy/forge workshop'.
gaṇḍa ‘four’ (Santali); rebus: kaṇḍ fire-altar, furnace’ (Santali) +
The entire inscription Text 9091 on Surkotada1 Seal thus reads: eraka 'copper molten cast' + kammaṭa 'mint' + kolimi sal 'smithy/forge workshop' + kaṇḍ kolimi smithy/forge (with) fire-altar.
Glhyph 391 Glyph: nave of wheel; Rebus: Molten cast copperera, er-a = eraka = ?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.) [Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel, nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke] eraka, era, er-a = syn. erka, copper, weapons. Rebus: er-r-a = red; eraka = copper (Ka.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Te.lex.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.)
Glyph composition: rim of jar + notch, jag खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. kaṇḍa kanka ‘rim of jar’ (Santali)kaṇḍa ‘furnace, fire-altar’ (Santali);
Glyph: rhombus. khoṇḍ square (Santali) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali)Turner
kundau, kundhi corner (Santali) kuṇḍa corner (S.): khoṇḍ square (Santali) *khuṇṭa2 ʻ corner ʼ. 2. *kuṇṭa -- 2 . [Cf. *khōñca -- ] 1. Phal. khun ʻ corner ʼ; H. khū̃ṭ m. ʻ corner, direction ʼ (→ P. khũṭ f. ʻ corner, side ʼ); G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻ angle ʼ. <-> X kōṇa -- : G. khuṇ f., khū˘ṇɔ m. ʻ corner ʼ. 2. S. kuṇḍa f. ʻ corner ʼ; P. kū̃ṭ f. ʻ corner, side ʼ (← H.).(CDIAL 3898).
Text 9092 on Surkotada2 Seal. Glyphs read rebus:ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) Rebus: dhātu = mineral (Skt.)
ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (G.) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast (metal)' Thus the composite glyph of claws of crab + pair of ingots read: dul ḍhālako 'cast mineral ingot'.
kolmo 'paddy plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.
Pa. phāla -- m. (?) ʻ board, slab ʼ, phālaka -- ʻ splitting ʼ; Gy. eur. phal ʻ board ʼ, wel. phal f. ʻ pailing, rail, stake ʼ; K. phal f. ʻ strip of wood ʼ (or <
Rebus: phāˊla ʻ ploughshare ʼ RV., ʻ mattock ʼ R. Pa. Pk. K. phāl m. ʻ ploughshare, metal blade of mattock &c. ʼ S.phāru m. ʻ ploughshare, steel edge of a tool ʼ; L. phālā m. ʻ ploughshare ʼKu. phālo, gng. phāw, N. phāli, A. B. phāl, Or. phāḷa, (Bastar) phāra, Bi. phār, Mth. phār, °rā, phālā, Bhoj. phār, H. phāl, °lā m., °lī f.,phār, °rā m., M. phāḷ m.(CDIAL 9072). *lōhaphāla -- ʻ ploughshare ʼ. [
Thus the pair of glyphs read: phāl kolimi 'metal blade/ploughshare smithy/forge'.
kaṇḍa kanka ‘rim of jar’ (Santali) kaṇḍa ‘furnace, fire-altar’ (Santali); khanaka ‘miner’ karNaka ‘scribe’ (Skt.)
TThe entire text 9092 inscription on Surkotada2 seal reads: dhātu 'mineral' + dul ḍhālako 'cast mineral ingot'+ kanka khāṇḍā scribe -- ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’+ khaḍā kolimi 'ore (mineral) smithy/forge'+ phāl kolimi 'metal blade/ploughshare smithy/forge'+ kaṇḍa kanka ‘furnace, fire-altar’ ; khanaka ‘miner’ karNaka ‘scribe’.
gaNDa 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements' aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' aDaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native metal'
kōḍu horn (Kannada. Tulu. Tamil) खोंड [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: कोंड [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal (Marathi).
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Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ, 'lathe' (Meluhha) Rebus 1: sãgaṛh , 'fortification' (Meluhha). Rebus 2:sanghAta 'adamantine glue'. Rebus 3:
Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ, 'lathe' (Meluhha) Rebus 1: sãgaṛh , 'fortification' (Meluhha). Rebus 2:sanghAta 'adamantine glue'. Rebus 3: sangāṭh संगाठ् 'assembly, collection'. Rebus 4: sãgaḍa 'double-canoe, catamaran'.
Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)
Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)
Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf.
Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving.
ko_d.iya, ko_d.e = young bull; ko_d.elu = plump young bull; ko_d.e = a. male as in: ko_d.e du_d.a = bull calf; young, youthful (Te.lex.)
ko_d.iya, ko_d.e = young bull; ko_d.elu = plump young bull; ko_d.e = a. male as in: ko_d.e du_d.a = bull calf; young, youthful (Te.lex.)
Hieroglyph: ko_t.u = horns (Ta.) ko_r (obl. ko_t-, pl. ko_hk) horn of cattle or wild animals (Go.); ko_r (pl. ko_hk), ko_r.u (pl. ko_hku) horn (Go.); kogoo a horn (Go.); ko_ju (pl. ko_ska) horn, antler (Kui)(DEDR 2200). Homonyms: kohk (Go.), gopka_ = branches (Kui), kob = branch (Ko.) gorka, gohka spear (Go.) gorka (Go)(DEDR 2126).
kot.iyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (G.lex.) [cf. the orthography of rings on the neck of one-horned young bull].खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ]A variety of जोंधळा .खोंडरूं (p. 216) [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा -cowl.खोंडा (p. 216) [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. 2 fig. A hollow amidst hills; a deep or a dark and retiring spot; a dell. 3 (also खोंडी & खोंडें ) A variety of जोंधळा .खोंडी (p. 216) [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा , to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.)
Rebus signifier of the rings on neck: A ghanjah or ganja (Arabic: غنجه ), also known as kotiya in India, is a large wooden trading dhow, a traditional Arabic sailing vessel. Thus, the rebus reading could be: kotiya 'a ghanjah dhow seafaring vessel'.
"The western-Indian-Ocean ship-types known as baghlas, ghanjas and kotias, and previously thought to have been differentiated only by detail of decoration, are shown to have significant morphological and structural differences. Some of those differences are attributed to the different technologies or traditions of shipbuilding found in Arabia, Persia and India...Baghlas and ghanjas were Arabian vessels while kotias were Indian vessels, principally from the Gulf of Kutch, Gujerat…”
Volume 36, Issue 1, pages 91–111, March 2007
Fishing vessel. Jangada.
Outrigger, Oru.
