http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/11/evolution-of-brahmi-script-syllable-ka.html Evolution of Brahmi script syllable ka- possibly from Indus Script hieroglyph kaṇḍa, 'arrow' rebus: 'implements/sword'

Tabernae montana glyph on Ancient Near East artefacts.

Tabernae montana hieroglyph on a bronze axe-head.

h182A, h182B





The drummer hieroglyph is associated with svastika glyph on this tablet (har609) and also on h182A tablet of Harappa with an identical text.





dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’. The 'drummer' hieroglyph thus announces a cast metal. The technical specifications of the cast metal are further described by other hieroglyphs on side B and on the text of inscription (the text is repeated on both sides of Harappa tablet 182).





kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'alloy of five metals, pancaloha' (Tamil). ḍhol ‘drum’ (Gujarati.Marathi)(CDIAL 5608) Rebus: large stone; dul ‘to cast in a mould’. Kanac ‘corner’ Rebus: kancu ‘bronze’. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. kanka ‘Rim of jar’ (Santali); karṇaka  rim of jar’(Skt.) Rebus:karṇaka ‘scribe’ (Telugu); gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) Thus, the tablets denote blacksmith's alloy cast metal accounting including the use of alloying mineral zinc -- satthiya 'svastika' glyph.





sattu (Tamil), satta, sattva (Kannada) jasth जसथ् ।रपु m. (sg. dat. jastas ज्तस), zinc, spelter; pewter; zasath ् ज़स््थ् ्or zasuth ज़सुथ ्। रप m. (sg. dat. zastas ु ज़्तस),् zinc, spelter, pewter (cf. Hindī jast). jastuvu; । रपू्भवः adj. (f. jastüvü), made of zinc or pewter.(Kashmiri). 





The hieroglyph: svastika repeated five times. 





Five svastika are thus read: taṭṭal sattva Rebus: zinc (for) brass (or pewter). *ṭhaṭṭha1 ʻbrassʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass?]N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ. *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 1.Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H.ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5491, 5493).

The fillet worn on the forehead and on the right-shoulder signifies one strand; while the trefoil on the shawl signifies three strands. A hieroglyph for two strands is also signified.

 Single strand (one dotted-circle)

Two strands (pair of dotted-circles)

Three strands (three dotted-circles as a trefoil)

Evolution ḍha-, dha- in Brahmi script syllables are evocative of 'string' and 'circle, dotted circle' as may be seen from the following orthographic evidence of epigraphs dated from ca. 300 BCE:

Section 5: Examples of dotted circles on Indus Script Corpora; association with 'fire-altars', 'smelting'

Dilmun seal from Barbar; six heads of  antelope radiating from a circle; similar to animal protomes in Failaka, Anatolia and Indus. Obverse of the seal shows four dotted circles. [Poul Kjaerum, The Dilmun Seals as evidence of long distance relations in the early second millennium BC, pp. 269-277.] A tree is shown on this Dilmun seal.Glyph: ‘tree’: kuṭi ‘tree’. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali).  

There is a possibility that this seal impression from Haft Tepe had some connections with Indian hieroglyphs. This requires further investigation. “From Haft Tepe (Middle Elamite period, ca. 13th century) in Ḵūzestān an unusual pyrotechnological installation was associated with a craft workroom containing such materials as mosaics of colored stones framed in bronze, a dismembered elephant skeleton used in manufacture of bone tools, and several hundred bronze arrowpoints and small tools. “Situated in a courtyard directly in front of this workroom is a most unusual kiln. This kiln is very large, about 8 m long and 2 and one half m wide, and contains two long compart­ments with chimneys at each end, separated by a fuel chamber in the middle. Although the roof of the kiln had collapsed, it is evident from the slight inturning of the walls which remain in situ that it was barrel vaulted like the roofs of the tombs. Each of the two long heating chambers is divided into eight sections by partition walls. The southern heating chamber contained metallic slag, and was apparently used for making bronze objects. The northern heating chamber contained pieces of broken pottery and other material, and thus was apparently used for baking clay objects including tablets . . .” (loc.cit. Bronze in pre-Islamic Iran, Encyclopaedia Iranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bronze-i Negahban, 1977; and forthcoming).
Dotted circles and three lines on the obverse of many Failaka/Dilmun seals are read rebus as hieroglyphs: 

 Composition of two horned animals, sitting human playing a four-string musical instrument, a star and a moon.

The rebus reading of hieroglyphs are: తంబుర [tambura] or తంబురా tambura. [Tel. తంతి+బుర్ర.] n. A kind of stringed instrument like the guitar. A tambourine. Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper' tambabica, copper-ore stones; samṛobica, stones containing gold (Mundari.lex.) tagara 'antelope'. Rebus 1: tagara 'tin' (ore) tagromi 'tin, metal alloy' (Kuwi)    Rebus 2: damgar 'merchant'. 

Thus the seal connotes a merchant of tin and copper.

Standard device. A glyph composition glyph which occurs as frequently as the one-horned heifer is the 'standard device' in front of the heifer. The standard device is also a hieroglyph, san:gad.a 'lathe'; rebus: furnace. The word san:gad.a can also be denoted by a glyph of combined animals. The bottom portion of the 'standard device' is sometimes depicted with 'dotted circles'. khangar ghongor 'full of holes'; (Santali) rebus: kangar 'portable furnace' (Kashmiri). This device also occurs by itself and as variants on 19 additional epigraphs, in one case held aloft like a banner in a procession which also includes the glyph of the one-horned heifer as one of the banners carried.

Daimabad seal with 'rim-of-jar' hieroglyph as the inscription.

The hieroglyphs represented by the Daimabad seal and Mohenjodaro pectoral have been decrypted rebus:

kan.d. kan-ka 'rim of jar'(Santali)karn.aka 'ear or rim of jar' (Sanskrit) kan.d. 'pot' (Santali)Rebus: karan.ika 'writer' (Telugu). kan.d.'fire-altar' (Santali). করণিক [karaṇika] n an office-clerk, a clerk. কারণিক [kāraṇika] a pertaining to cause, causal; ex amining, judging. n. an examiner; a judge; a clerk (Bengali). खनक [Monier-Williams lexicon, p= 336,3]m. one who digs , digger , excavator MBh. iii , 640 R.

Hieroglyph: 'dotted circle': ḍāv m. ʻdice-throwʼ rebus: dhāu 'ore', smelted in a kand'fire-altar':

Rebus reading of the kandi 'beads' (Pa.) is: kaND, kandu 'fire altar, smelting furnace of a blacksmith' (Santali.Kashmiri)Glyphs of dotted circles on the bottom portion of the 'standard device': kandi (pl. -l) beads, necklace (Pa.); kanti (pl. -l) bead, (pl.) necklace; kandit. bead (Ga.)(DEDR 1215). Rebus: लोहकारकन्दुः f. a blacksmith's smelting furnace (Grierson Kashmiri).

er-e = to pour any liquids; to pour (Ka.); ir-u (Ta.Ma.); ira- i_i (Ta.); er-e = to cast, as metal; to overflow, to cover with water, to bathe (Ka.); er-e, ele = pouring; fitness for being poured(Ka.lex.)Rebus: erako molten cast (Tu.lex.)eraka, er-aka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); urukku (Ta.); urukka melting; urukku what is melted; fused metal (Ma.); urukku (Ta.Ma.); eragu = to melt; molten state, fusion; erakaddu = any cast thing; erake hoyi = to pour meltted metal into a mould, to cast (Ka.)

Vikalpa (alternative): (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851.(B) {V} ``to be ^left over, to be ^saved''. Caus. . @B24300. #20861. Rebus: loa 'iron' (Mu.)Re(B),,(B) {N} ``^iron''. Pl. <-le>

san:ghāḍo, saghaḍī (G.) = firepan; saghaḍī, śaghaḍi = a pot for holding fire (G.)sãghāṛɔ m. ‘lathe’ (G.) Rebus: san:gatarāśū = stone cutter (S.) jangaḍ iyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; san:ghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (G.)

kod. 'one horn'; kot.iyum [kot., kot.i_ neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (G.)kamarasa_la = waist-zone, waist-band, belt (Te.)kot.iyum [kot., kot.i_ neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (G.) [cf. the orthography of rings on the neck of one-horned young bull]. ko_d.iya, ko_d.e = young bull; ko_d.elu = plump young bull; ko_d.e = a. male as in: ko_d.e du_d.a = bull calf; young, youthful (Te.lex.) ko_d.iya, ko_d.e young bull; adj. male (e.g., ko_d.e du_d.a bull calf), young, youthful; ko_d.eka~_d.u a young man (Te.); ko_d.e_ bull (Kol.); khor.e male calf (Nk.); ko_d.i cow; ko_r.e young bullock (Kond.a); ko_d.i cow (Pe.); ku_d.i id. (Mand.); ko_d.i id., ox (Kui); ko_di cow (Kuwi); kajja ko_d.i bull; ko_d.i cow (Kuwi)(DEDR 2199). kor.a a boy, a young man (Santali) go_nde bull, ox (Ka.); go_da ox (Te.); konda_ bull (Kol.); ko_nda bullock (Kol.Nk.); bison (Pa.); ko_nde cow (Ga.); ko_nde_ bullock (Ga.); ko_nda_, ko_nda bullock, ox (Go.)(DEDR 2216). Rebus: kot. 'artisan's workshop'.(Kuwi)kod. = place where artisans work (G.lex.)kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 133); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165)(Kashmiri)

ko_nda bullock (Kol.Nk.); bison (Pa.)(DEDR 2216). Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Grierson takes the word कन्दुः (Skt.) to be a cognate of kaNDa 'pot' rebus: kaNDa 'fire altar' (Santali)

Thus, the bullock or ox glyph seems to be an allograph of 'rim-of-jar' glyph in Indus Script corpora. When two bullocks are juxtaposed, the semantics of pairing point to dol 'likeness, pair'(Kashmiri); rebus: dul 'cast iron'(Santali) Thus, the pair of bullocks or oxen are read rebus: dul kō̃da 'two bullocks'; rebus: casting furnace or kiln'.

koḍiyum ‘heifer’ (G.). Rebus: koṭ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) koṭe = forge (Santali)kōḍiya, kōḍe = young bull (G.)Rebus: ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.)

Button seal. Harappa.

Fired steatite button seal with four concentric circle designs discovered at Harappa. 

Sibri cylinder seal with Indus writing hieroglyphs: notches, zebu, tiger, scorpion?. Each dot on the corner of the + glyph and the short numeral strokes on a cylinder seal of Sibri, may denote a notch: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m  A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.

 m0352 cdef

The + glyph of Sibri evidence is comparable to the large-sized 'dot', dotted circles and + glyph shown on this Mohenjo-daro seal m0352 with dotted circles repeated on 5 sides A to F. Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features.

Rebus readings of m0352 hieroglyphs:

  dhātu'layer, strand'; dhāv'strand, string' Rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore'

1. Round dot like a blob -- . Glyph: raised large-sized dot -- (gōṭī ‘round pebble);goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore)

2. Dotted circle khaṇḍa ‘A piece, bit, fragment, portion’; kandi ‘bead’;

3. A + shaped structure where the glyphs  1 and 2 are infixed.  The + shaped structure is kaṇḍ  ‘a fire-altar’ (which is associated with glyphs 1 and 2)..

Rebus readings are: 1. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼgoTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); 2. khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’; 3. kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar, consecrated fire’.

Four ‘round spot’; glyphs around the ‘dotted circle’ in the center of the composition: gōṭī  ‘round pebble; Rebus 1: goTa 'laterite (ferrite ore); Rebus 2:L. khoṭf ʻalloy, impurityʼ, °ṭā ʻalloyedʼ, awāṇ. khoṭā  ʻforgedʼ; P. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ  M.khoṭā  ʻalloyedʼ (CDIAL 3931) Rebus 3: kōṭhī ] f (कोष्ट S) A granary, garner, storehouse, warehouse, treasury, factory, bank. khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ metal is produced from kaṇḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’ yielding khaṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. This word khaṇḍā is denoted by the dotted circles.

Rebus readings of zebu and ‘tiger’? on the cylinder seal shown on 7.31d: khũṭ m. ʻ Brahmani or zebu bull ʼ (G.) Rebus: khũṭ  ‘community, guild’ (Santali) kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’; pañcaloha, alloy of five metals(Tamil).

aṭar ‘a splinter’ (Ma.) aṭaruka ‘to burst, crack, sli off,fly open; aṭarcca ’ splitting, a crack’; aṭarttuka ‘to split, tear off, open (an oyster) (Ma.); aḍaruni ‘to crack’ (Tu.) (DEDR 66) Rebus: aduru ‘native, unsmelted metal’ (Kannada)aduru ‘gaṇiyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru’, that is, ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Kannada)

The numerical strokes on the seal may denote the number of ‘ingots?’ of iron made for the guild by the artisan who owned the cylinder seal. It may also denote that he was a worker in ‘iron’ for the smithy guild. An allograph to denote a guild is: footprint shown on some seals discussed in previous section.

Source:  "Catalogue de l'exposition: LUT/xabis 'Shahdad'- Premier Symposium Annuel de la recherche Archéologique en Iran, Festival de la Culture et des arts, 1972," and published in Tehran. The text on p. 20 (French portion of the publication) identifies the bulla (No. 54 in the catalogue) as "Boule en terre cuite rouge creuse qui contient des cailloux. Décor estampé. Diam: 6 cm, Xabis "Shahdad" Kerman. 2ème moité du IV mill. av. J.-C.  No. F.258/48."

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/07/ancient-near-east-transition-fro-bullae.html

In interaction areas, tabernae montana glyph appears: 1. on an ivory comb discovered at Oman Peninsula site of Tell Abraq, 2. on a Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex stone flask and, 3. on a copper alloy shaft-hole axe-head of (unverified provenance) attributed to Southeastern Iran, ca. late 3rd or early 2nd millennium BCE 6.5 in. long, 1980.307 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

The ivory comb found at Tell Abraq measures 11 X 8.2 X .4 cm. Both sides of the comb bear identical, incised decoration in the form of two long-stemmed flowers with crenate or dentate leaves, flanking three dotted circles arranged in a triangular pattern. The occurrence of wild tulip glyph on the  ivory comb can be explained.

The spoken word tagaraka connoted a hair fragrance from the flower tagaraka  These flowers are identified as tulips, perhaps Mountain tulip or Boeotian tulip (both of which grow in Afghanistan) which have an undulate leaf. There is a possibility that the comb is an import from Bactria, perhaps transmitted through Meluhha to the Oman Peninsula site of Tell Abraq.

At Mundigak, in Afghanistan, only one out of a total of five shaft-hole axes analysed contained as much as 5% Sn. Such shaft-hole implements have also been found at Shah Tepe, Tureng Tepe, and Tepe Hissar in level IIIc (2000-1500 BCE).

Tell Abraq axe with epigraph (‘tulip’ glyph + a person raising his arm above his shoulder and wielding a tool + dotted circles on body) [After Fig. 7 Holly Pittman, 1984, Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 29-30]. 

tabar = a broad axe (Punjabi). Rebus: tam(b)ra ‘copper’ tagara ‘tabernae montana’, ‘tulip’. Rebus: tagara ‘tin’. Glyph: eṛaka ‘upraised arm’ (Tamil); rebus: eraka = copper (Kannada) 

A rebus reading of the hieroglyph is: tagaraka, tabernae montana. Rebus: tagara ‘tin’ (Kannada); tamara id. (Skt.) Allograph: ṭagara ‘ram’.  Since tagaraka is used as an aromatic unguent for the hair, fragrance, the glyph gets depicted on a stone flask, an ivory comb and axe of Tell Abraq.

 

The glyph is tabernae montana, ‘mountain tulip’. A soft-stone flask, 6 cm. tall, from Bactria (northern Afghanistan) showing a winged female deity (?) flanked by two flowers similar to those shown on the comb from Tell Abraq.(After Pottier, M.H., 1984, Materiel funeraire e la Bactriane meridionale de l'Age du Bronze, Paris, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations: plate 20.150) Two flowers are similar to those shown on the comb from Tell Abraq. Ivory comb with Mountain Tulip motif and dotted circles. TA 1649 Tell Abraq. [D.T. Potts, South and Central Asian elements at Tell Abraq (Emirate of Umm al-Qaiwain, United Arab Emirates), c. 2200 BC—AD 400, in Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio, South Asian Archaeology 1993: , pp. 615-666] Tell Abraq comb and axe with epigraph After Fig. 7 Holly Pittman, 1984, Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 29-30]

"A fine copper axe-adze from Harappa, and similar bronze examples from Chanhu-daro and, in Baluchistan, at Shahi-tump, are rare imports of the superior shaft-hole implements developed initially in Mesopotamia before 3000 BC. In northern Iran examples have been found at Shah Tepe, Tureng Tepe, and Tepe Hissar in level IIIc (2000-1500 BC)...Tin was more commonly used in eastern Iran, an area only now emerging from obscurity through the excavation of key sites such as Tepe Yahya and Shahdad. In level IVb (ca. 3000 BCE)at Tepe yahya was found a dagger of 3% tin bronze. (Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. and M., 1971, An early city in Iran, Scientific American, 1971, 224, No. 6, 102-11; Muhly, 1973, Appendix 11, 347); perhaps the result of using a tin-rich copper ore." (Penhallurick, R.D., 1986, Tin in Antiquity, London, Institute of Metals, pp. 18-32).

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/01/a-perfumed-flower-as-meluhha-hieroglyph.html 

arka 'sun' Rebus: arka, eraka 'copper' (Kannada); cf. arkasAle, agasAle 'goldsmith' (Kannada. Telugu)

'Sun' in 'four quadrants', painted on faiz Mohammad style grey ware from Mehrgarh, period VI (c. 3000-2900 BCE), Kacchi plain, Pakistan. After C. Jarrige et al., 1995, Mehrgarh Field Reports 1974-1985: From neolithic times to the Indus civilization, Karachi: Sind Culture Department: 160.

Seal from Rahman  Dheri with the motif of 'rays around concentric circles'. After Durrani, FA, et al., 1994-95, Seals and inscribed sherds in: Excavations in the Gomal valley: Rehman Dheri report No.2 ed. Taj Ali. Ancient Pakistan 10, Peshawar: Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar: Pp. 198-223.

Kot Diji type seals with concentric circles from (a,b) Taraqai Qila (Trq-2 &3, after CISI 2: 414), (c,d) Harappa(H-638 after CISI 2: 304, H-1535 after CISI 3.1:211), and (e) Mohenjo-daro (M-1259, aftr CISI 2: 158). (From Fig. 7 Parpola, 2013).

Distribution of geometrical seals in Greater Indus Valley during the early and *Mature Harappan periods (c. 3000 - 2000 BCE). After Uesugi 2011, Development of the Inter-regional interaction system in the Indus valley and beyond: a hypothetical view towards the formation of the urban society' in: Cultural relations between the Indus and the Iranian plateau during the 3rd millennium BCE, ed. Toshiki Osada & Michael Witzel. Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora 7. Pp. 359-380. Cambridge, MA: Dept of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University: fig.7.

I suggest that the 'dotted circle' signifies on Indus Script corpora: ḍāv ʻdice-throwʼ Rebus: dhāu 'ore'.

 This reconstruction by Mahadevan of the 'standard device' on this drawing, connotes 'dotted circles' read rebus as: dhāu'ore'. The process of purification (smoke emanating from the bottom crucible) is comparable to the production of crucible steel using ferrite ores and carbon. This 'device' is an orthographic collage of a lathe PLUS portable brazier. The intention of the engraver is to show the lathe used to pierce holes in beads and also to show dhātu 'strand', dhāi, 'single strand or fibre' rebus: dhāu, dhātu 'ore, element'.

 Note: ayugdhātu -- ʻhaving an uneven number of strands'

 (Samskritam)

Section 6: Lexis from Indian sprachbund (language union)

6773 dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf.tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.

6730 dhamá in cmpds. ʻ blowing ʼ Pāṇ., dhamaka -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ Uṇ.com. [√dham]Pa. dhama -- , °aka -- m. ʻ one who blows ʼ, Pk. dhamaga<-> m.; K. dam m. ʻ blast of furnace or oven, steam of stewing ʼ; -- Kho. Sh.(Lor.) dam ʻ breath, magical spell ʼ ← Pers. dam.6731 dhámati ʻ blows ʼ RV. [√dham]

Pa. dhamati ʻ blows, kindles ʼ, Pk. dhamaï, °mēi; K. damun ʻ to roar (of wind), blow up a fire ʼ; S. dhãvaṇu ʻ to blow (with bellows), beat (of pulse) ʼ; P. dhauṇā ʻ to blow (with bellows) ʼ, WPah.khaś. rudh. dhamṇū, G. dhamvũ. -- Kt. dəmō -- , Pr. -- lemo -- ʻ to winnow ʼ rather < dhmāyátē. -- Kho. (Lor.) damik ʻ to work a charm on ʼ deriv. dam ʻ charm ʼ ← Pers. rather than < *dhāmayati. -- Ext. -- kk -- or X MIA. phukk -- , phuṁk -- s.v. *phūtka -- : L. dhaũkaṇ ʻ to blow (with bellows) ʼ; P.dhauk(h)ṇā, dhaũk(h)ṇā ʻ to blow (with bellows), bellow, brawl ʼ; Ku. dhaũkṇo ʻ to blow, breathe ʼ, dhaũkalo ʻ bellows ʼ; H. dhaũknā ʻ to blow (with bellows), breathe on, pant ʼ.6732 dhamana n. ʻ blowing with bellows ʼ lex. [√dham]
K. damun m. ʻ bellows ʼ. -- Ash. domótilde; ʻ wind ʼ (→ Pr. dumūˊ), Kt. dyīmi, Wg. damútildemacr;, Bashg. damu; Paš.lauṛ. dāmāˊn, kuṛ. domón, uzb. damūn ʻ rain ʼ (< ʻ *storm ʼ → Par. dhamāˊn ʻ wind ʼ IIFL i 248): these Kaf. and Dard. forms altern. < dhmāna -- ?6734 dhamanī f. ʻ bellows ʼ KātySm., ʻ sort of perfume ʼ Bhpr. [√dham]Pk. dhamaṇĭ̄ -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ, S. dhãvaṇi f., H. dhaunī f., G. dhamaṇi f. (whence dhamaṇvũ ʻ to blow with bellows ʼ); -- K. daman, dat. °müñü f. ʻ bad smell (esp. of stale curd or other bad food) ʼ.6737 dhamyátē ʻ is blown on ʼ RV. [√dham]L. dhammaṇ ʻ (night) to turn into dawn ʼ (< ʻ *to be kindled ʼ), dhammī, °mī˜ f. ʻ dawn ʼ < MIA. pp. *dhammiā sc. *rāttī.

Dhamati [Ved. dhamati, dhmā, pp. dh amita & dhmāta, cp. Ohg. dampf "steam"] to blow, to sound (a drum); to kindle (by blowing), melt, smelt, singe A i.254;iv.169; J i.283, 284; vi.441; Nd1 478; Miln 262.<-> ppr. dhamāna 

S i.106; Miln 67. -- Caus. dhameti to blow (an instrument) J ii.110; Miln 31, and dhamāpeti to cause to blow or kindle DhA i.442. -- pp. dhanta & dhanita (the latter to dhvan, by which dhamati is influenced to a large extent in meaning. Cp. uddhana). (Pali)

6244 *daha ʻ burning ʼ. [√dah]Or. dahaka, ḍa° ʻ heat of fire ʼ, dahakibā, ḍa° ʻ to be full of live charcoal ʼ, dahaṛa ʻ burning, steaming ʼ. -- S. daho, dao m. ʻ strong light of fire, sun, &c. ʼ with d -- is lw.; Kho. dou ʻ torch ʼ prob. < dava -- . 6245 dáhati ʻ burns, roasts ʼ RV. [√dah]
Pa. dahati, ḍa°, Pk. dahaï, ḍa°, Ḍ. daeina tr.; S. ḍ̠ahaṇu ʻ to torment, excite ʼ; P. dahiṇā ʻ to burn, be burnt ʼ; N. ḍahanu intr. ʻ to burn (of a wound) ʼ; A. dahiba ʻ to burn, grieve, be grieved ʼ; B. dahā, ḍa° ʻ to burn, heat ʼ; Or. dahibā ʻ to burn, be burnt ʼ, Mth. dahab tr., OAw. dahaï tr.; H. dahnā ʻ to burn, be burnt, blaze ʼ, G.dahvũ tr., M. dāhṇẽ tr. (or < dāháyati); <-> NiDoc. dahita, Pk. dahia -- ; A. ḍe ʻ scorched, halfburnt ʼ (whence ḍewāiba ʻ to overcook ʼ); -- Pk. dahāvaṇa<-> ʻ burning ʼ; Gy. arm. lavav -- tr. ʻ to burn, heat ʼ (or < dāvayati). -- Ext. -- kk -- : P. ḍahakṇā ʻ to be kindled ʼ; OAw. dahakaï ʻ blazes up ʼ, H. dahaknā.Addenda: dáhati: WPah.kṭg. dɔ́̄ṇõ tr. and intr. ʻ to burn ʼ (ɔ́̄ for āˊ after 1 sg. dɔ́u, 3 sg. dɔ́a, 3 pl. dɔ́i Him.I 100).  6246 dahana m. ʻ fire ʼ, n. ʻ burning by fire ʼ Kauś. [√dah]Pa. dahana -- m. ʻ fire ʼ, n. ʻ burning ʼ, Pk. dahaṇa -- , ḍa° m.n.; B. dahan ʻ burning ʼ; Or. ḍaaṇā ʻ branding -- iron ʼ; Mth. dahan ʻ fire, anguish ʼ; OH. dahani f. ʻ burning ʼ, H. dahan m., Si. dahan. 6248 dahyátē ʻ is burnt ʼ AV., ʻ is distressed ʼ MBh. [√dah]Pa. ḍayhati ʻ is burnt ʼ, Pk. dajjhaṁta -- , ḍajjhaï; Woṭ. dazāˊ -- tr. ʻ to burn ʼ; Phal. daǰ -- ʻ to be burnt ʼ; Sh. dažóĭki̯ intr. ʻ to burn ʼ, (Lor.) ʻ to be frostbitten, rot ʼ (pp. dádŭ < dagdhá -- ), koh. gur. dăžōnṷ intr. ʻ to burn ʼ (→ Ḍ. d*lǰāna intr. ʻ to burn ʼ, pret. d*lda); K. dazun ʻ to be burnt ʼ; S. ḍ̠ajhaṇu ʻ to be afflicted, be envious ʼ (whence ḍ̠ājho m., °jhi f. ʻ burning desire ʼ); L. (Ju.) ḍ̠ajjhaṇ ʻ to be burnt ʼ; Ku. ḍājṇo ʻ to be burnt, be scorched ʼ; H. dājhnā, dājnā intr. ʻ to burn, be jealous ʼ; G.dājhvũ ʻ to be burnt, be scalded, feel pity for ʼ (whence dājhṇũ n. ʻ burning ʼ, dājhi f.); M. ḍāj̈ṇẽ ʻ to be hot or sultry ʼ.
Addenda: dahyátē: S.kcch. ḍajṇū ʻ to be scalded ʼ.6223 dava m. ʻ burning ʼ Car., ʻ fire ʼ lex., ʻ forest on fire ʼ BhP. [√du1]

Pa. dava -- m. ʻ fire ʼ, davaḍāha -- m. ʻ forest -- fire ʼ; Pk. dava -- m. ʻ forest -- fire, forest ʼ; Kho. dou ʻ torch, a kind of conifer ʼ Belvalkar Vol 89 or < dhava -- 1; S.ḍ̠au m. ʻ envy ʼ and P. ḍau m. ʻ burning, burning of jungle, indignation, thirst ʼ (ḍ -- from MIA. ḍah -- ʻ burn ʼ, cf. s.v. dāvá -- ); OAw. davā m. ʻ forest -- fire ʼ, H.dau m., G. dav m.; Si. dava ʻ fire, forest -- fire ʼ.
*davadagdha -- , davāgni -- , *vanadava -- .Addenda: dava -- : WPah.kṭg. dɔ̈̄ f. (obl. -- i) ʻ sunshine, heat of sun, noontide ʼ; kiũth. daũ ʻ sunshine ʼ (LSI ix 4, 553); OMarw. dava ʻ forest fire ʼ. 6226 davāgni m. ʻ forest -- fire ʼ MBh. [dava -- , agní -- ]

H. poet. davāgi ʻ forest -- fire ʼ.

6225 davara m. ʻ string ʼ Kalpas., °aka -- Jain., dōraka -- m. ʻ leather strap ʼ KātyŚr.com., ḍōra -- , °aka -- m.n. BhavP.
Pk. davara -- m., °riyā -- , dōra -- m., °rī -- f., ḍōra -- m. ʻ thread, string, mat fibre ʼ; Gy. eur. dori f. ʻ string, rope, girdle ʼ; K. ḍora m. ʻ cord ʼ, ḍūrü f. ʻ string ʼ; S.ḍ̠oro m. ʻ kite string ʼ, ḍ̠ori f. ʻ twine ʼ, ḍ̠orī f. ʻ string for drawing water ʼ; L. ḍor f. ʻ cotton rope ʼ, ḍorā m. ʻ string ʼ, P. ḍor f., ḍorā m., °rī f.; WPah.cur. ḍorā ʻ rope ʼ, bhal. ḍoro m. ʻ black woollen girdle ʼ, ḍori f. ʻ fillet in a woman's hair ʼ; Ku. ḍor, °ro, °rī ʻ string ʼ; N. ḍoro ʻ thread, line, path ʼ, ḍori ʻ rope, tether ʼ (whenceḍoryāunu ʻ to lead ʼ); A. ḍol, ḍor ʻ string ʼ, ḍorā ʻ strip of cloth ʼ, ḍuri ʻ cord on a seam ʼ; B. ḍor, ḍuri ʻ string, thread ʼ, Or. ḍora, °ri; Bi. ḍor, °rī ʻ rope ʼ; Mth. ḍor,°rī ʻ string, lace ʼ; Bhoj. ḍorā ʻ thread ʼ, ḍori ʻ rope ʼ; Aw.lakh. ḍorā ʻ threads ʼ; H. dor, daur m. ʻ strings for slinging irrigation -- basket ʼ, dorī, daurī ʻ rope to which a string of cattle are fastened (as bullocks when threshing) ʼ, ḍor, °rī f., °rā m. ʻ thread, string ʼ (whence ḍuriyānā ʻ to lead with a rope ʼ); G. dor m., °rɔ m., °rī f. ʻ string, rope ʼ, M. dor m., °rā m., °rī f., Ko. dorī, ḍo°.Addenda: davara -- [da -- reduced grade of √dā2 ʻ bind ʼ Burrow Shwa 42]S.kcch. ḍorī f. ʻ string ʼ; WPah.kṭg. ḍōr m. ʻ rope ʼ, ḍoru m. ʻ string ʼ, A. ḍol (phonet. d -- ) also ʻ rope ʼ AFD 207. -- Deriv. S.kcch. ḍorṇū ʻ to draw a line, mark ʼ; G.dorvũ AKŚ 42.

6227 dáśa ʻ ten ʼ RV.Pa. dasa, Aś.shah. man. daśa, kāl. dh. jau. gir. dasa, KharI. daśa, Pk. dasa, daha, Gy. eur. deš, arm. las, pal. das, Ash. dus, Kt. duċ, Wg. dōš, Pr. lez, Dm. daš, Tir. dā, Paš. dāya, Shum. däs, Niṅg. das, Woṭ. daš, Gaw. dɔš, Kal. daš, Kho. ǰoš (ǰoh -- in cmpds.: ǰohǰu, &c.), Bshk. daš, Tor. d*lš, Kand. Mai. Sv. daš, Phal. dā̆š, Sh. dái(→ Ḍ. daei), K. dah, rām. das, pog. dāh, kash. dah, ḍoḍ. dāś, S. ḍ̠aha, L. dāh, (Ju.) ḍ̠ā̆h, khet. dā, awāṇ. dā, P. das (← H.), WPah. all dial. daś, Ku. N. das, A. dah, B.das, Or. dasa, Bi. das, Mth. das, dah, Bhoj. Aw.lakh. H. Marw. G. das, M. das, dahā, Ko. dhā, Si. dasaya, dahaya, Md. diha. -- X sahásra -- q.v.daśaka -- , daśamá -- ; daśaguṇa -- , daśabandha -- , daśaśatá -- , daśāhá -- , daśōttara -- , *daśōt -- sthāna -- ; aṣṭādaśa, ḗkādaśa, cáturdaśa, *trayēdaśa, tráyōdaśa, dvāˊdaśa, páñcadaśa, *ṣēḍaśa, ṣṓḍaśa, sáptadaśa.
Addenda: dáśa: S.kcch. ḍau ʻ 10 ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) dɔ́ś, Garh. das, Md. diha.

6236 daśā f. ʻ fringe of a garment ʼ ŚBr., ʻ wick ʼ Gobh.Pa. dasā -- f. ʻ unwoven thread of the web, fringe ʼ, dasika -- in cmpd. ʻ of a fringe ʼ; Sh. (Lor.) daiĩ ʻ edge ʼ; S. ḍ̠ahī f. ʻ an untwisted thread, thrum ʼ; N. dasi ʻ fibres of hemp &c. from which rope is twisted ʼ; A. dai ʻ fringe of a woven cloth ʼ; B. dasī ʻ loose warp thread at end of a piece of cloth, wick ʼ; Or. dasi ʻ loose threads of woof, skin round the nails, flange or corner of a door ʼ, dasī ʻ having loose threads hanging down, having wicks ʼ (whence dasiā ʻ a kind of coarse cloth ʼ); H. dasī f. ʻ thread, unwoven threads, fringe ʼ (→ P. dassī f. ʻ ends of warp left unwoven ʼ, L. ḍ̠assī f.), G. dasī f.; M. daśī f. ʻ unwoven thread, fringe ʼ, dasḍī f. (contemptuous) ʻ id. ʼ, dasāḍẽ n.; Si. daha ʻ seam ʼ. -- Paš. dāsṓ ʻ thread ʼ, Shum. dásə, Gaw. dahū, Bshk. dā: ← Pers. dasa, Yid.loso (cf. IIFL iii 3, 60)?

6770 *dhāgga ʻ thread ʼ. 2. *dharāgga -- . [Poss. X dhara- m. ʻ flock of cotton ʼ, Pk. dhara -- n. ʻ raw cotton ʼ: but cf. *trāgga -- ]1. S. dhāg̠o m. ʻ thread, twine ʼ; L. dhāggā m. ʻ small string by which thong attaching yoke to plough -- shaft is itself fastened to peg in shaft ʼ, awāṇ. dhāgā ʻ thread ʼ, P. dhāggā m., Ku. N. dhāgo; Or. dhāgā, ḍhāgā ʻ single stitch ʼ; H. dhāgā m. ʻ thread ʼ; G. dhāgɔ m. ʻ thread, piece of cloth ʼ, dhāgī f. ʻ patchwork quilt ʼ; M. dhāgām. ʻ thread ʼ; -- ext. -- l -- : Ku. dhāgulo ʻ bracelet ʼ, H. dhagulā m. -- X dāˊman -- 1: Gy. eur. thav m. ʻ thread ʼ, pal. dăf, as. def?2. Pk. dharagga -- m. ʻ cotton ʼ.*DHĀṬ ʻ drive out, attack ʼ: *dhāṭayati, dhāṭī -- ; nirdhāṭayati.Addenda: *dhāgga -- [Rather †*dhārga -- ~ †*dharga -- with dial. a ~ ā < IE. o (*dhorgo -- in NPers. darz ʻ suture ʼ, darzmān ʻ thread ʼ); Pk. dharagga -- < *dhargga -- < *dharga -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 73]WPah.J. dhāgā m. ʻ thread ʼ, kṭg. dhàggɔ m., poet. dhaguḷo, °gḷo, °gḷu m. ʻ bracelet ʼ (Him.I 105).

6800 *dhāva ʻ act of running ʼ. [√dhāv1]Pa. dhāva -- m. ʻ running ʼ; Pk. dhavva -- m. ʻ speed ʼ; P. dhāvā m., dhāī f. ʻ running, assault, invasion ʼ; Ku. dhã̄ī˜ ʻ attack ʼ; N. dhāwā ʻ speed, attack ʼ; A. dhāwā,dhewā ʻ war ʼ; B. dhāoyā ʻ running ʼ; Or. dhāã̄, dhã̄ ʻ haste ʼ, dhāĩ ʻ walking fast ʼ; H. dhāwā m. ʻ speed, attack ʼ; M. dhāv f. ʻ running ʼ. -- Ext. with -- ḍa -- : WPah.khaś. dhauṛ ʻ race ʼ; Or. dhāuṛa ʻ race ʼ, dhāuṛi ʻ attack ʼ.

6778 dhānyà ʻ pertaining to grain ʼ RV., n. ʻ grain, corn ʼ RV., ʻ rice ʼ Suśr. [dhānāˊ -- 1]Pa. dhañña -- n. ʻ grain, corn ʼ; Pk. dhaṇṇa -- n. ʻ corn, growing rice ʼ, dhaṇṇā -- f. ʻ corn ʼ; Gy. pal. dăn ʻ crops ʼ, pers. dāhān ʻ wheat ʼ; K. dāñĕ m. ʻ growing or unhuskedrice ʼ; S. dhāñu m. ʻ grain ʼ; L. dhāñj m. ʻ rice ʼ, (Ju.) dhã̄j m. ʻ seedling rice before transplanting ʼ, khet. dhān ʻ rice ʼ, P.ludh. dhān m. (but cf. P. dhāṇ s.v. dhānāˊ --1); Ku. N. A. B. dhān ʻ growing or unhusked rice ʼ, Or. dhāna, Bi. Mth. Bhoj. Aw.lakh. H. dhān m.; G. dhān n. ʻ grain, corn ʼ; M. dhān n. ʻ growing rice ʼ, Si. dan.*dhānyakīṭaka -- , dhānyakṣētra -- , *dhānyabhara -- , *dhānyaśālā -- ; *kāladhānya -- , *jāḍyadhānya -- , *bījadhānya -- .Addenda: dhānyà -- : S.kcch. dhã̄ī˜ m. ʻ food, corn ʼ; WPah.kṭg. (kc.) dhāˋn m. ʻ rice plant ʼ, J. dhā'n m.pl.; kṭg. dhənsóɔ m. ʻ grains of anise ʼ (soɔ ← H. soā, P. soe< *śatatama -- 2 Him.I 108); Garh. dhān ʻ paddy ʼ; Md. dan in godan (see gōdhūˊma -- ).

6786 dhāyá n. ʻ layer, stratum ʼ Kauś. [√dhā]Kho. (Lor.) dai ʻ heap of corn or straw (on threshing floor) ʼ. -- Sh. dai ʻ fat on the top of soup ʼ (but cf. dau ʻ fat meat ʼ and Bur. daỵ ʻ fat, stout ʼ).

6903 dhvāˊṅkṣa m. ʻ crow, the white crane Ardea nivea ʼ lex., dhūˊṅkṣṇā -- f. ʻ white crane ʼ TS., dhúṅkṣā -- f. VS.2. ḍhēṅka -- 3 (*ḍhēkka -- 3, *ḍhiṅka -- 3, *ḍhikka -- 3) m. ʻ a kind of bird ʼ Vasantar.1. Pa. dhaṅka -- m. ʻ crow ʼ, Pk. dhaṁkha -- , ḍha, ḍhaṁka -- m.2. Pk. ḍheṁka -- m. ʻ a kind of bird ʼ, °kī -- f. ʻ crane ʼ; L. ḍhīṅg f. ʻ Ardea nivea ʼ, (Ju.) baḍhī˜g m. (ba -- ?), P. ḍhī˜g m.; H. ḍhẽkā, ḍhek m. ʻ Ardea sibirica, a longlegged person ʼ; -- Pk. ḍhiṁka -- , ḍhiṁga -- m. ʻ a kind of bird ʼ; N. ḍkikicyāu ʻ a kind of bird, longlegged spider ʼ; -- L.khet. (LSI) dhīṅg ʻ crane ʼ.Addenda: dhvāˊṅkṣa -- [< IE. *dhwoṅkso -- ~ *dhuṅksā -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 64]

6184 damya ʻ tameable ʼ, m. ʻ young bullock to be tamed ʼ Mn. [~ *dāmiya -- . -- √dam]Pa. damma -- ʻ to be tamed (esp. of a young bullock) ʼ; Pk. damma -- ʻ to be tamed ʼ; S. ḍ̠amu ʻ tamed ʼ; -- ext. -- ḍa -- : A. damrā ʻ young bull ʼ, dāmuri ʻ calf ʼ; B.dāmṛā ʻ castrated bullock ʼ; Or. dāmaṛī ʻ heifer ʼ, dāmaṛiā ʻ bullcalf, young castrated bullock ʼ, dāmuṛ, °ṛi ʻ young bullock ʼ.
Addenda: damya -- : WPah.kṭg. dām m. ʻ young ungelt ox ʼ.

6283 dāˊman1 ʻ rope ʼ RV. 2. *dāmana -- , dāmanī -- f. ʻ long rope to which calves are tethered ʼ Hariv. 3. *dāmara -- . [*dāmara -- is der. fr. n/r n. stem. -- √dā2]1. Pa. dāma -- , inst. °mēna n. ʻ rope, fetter, garland ʼ, Pk. dāma -- n.; Wg. dām ʻ rope, thread, bandage ʼ; Tir. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Paš.lauṛ. dām ʻ thick thread ʼ, gul. dūm ʻ net snare ʼ (IIFL iii 3, 54 ← Ind. or Pers.); Shum. dām ʻ rope ʼ; Sh.gil. (Lor.) dōmo ʻ twine, short bit of goat's hair cord ʼ, gur. dōm m. ʻ thread ʼ (→ Ḍ. dōṅ ʻ thread ʼ); K. gu -- dômu m. ʻ cow's tethering rope ʼ; P. dã̄u, dāvã̄ m. ʻ hobble for a horse ʼ; WPah.bhad. daũ n. ʻ rope to tie cattle ʼ, bhal. daõ m., jaun. dã̄w; A. dāmā ʻ peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ʼ; B. dām, dāmā ʻ cord ʼ; Or. duã̄ ʻ tether ʼ, dāĩ ʻ long tether to which many beasts are tied ʼ; H. dām m.f. ʻ rope, string, fetter ʼ, dāmā m. ʻ id., garland ʼ; G. dām n. ʻ tether ʼ, M. dāvẽ n.; Si. dama ʻ chain, rope ʼ, (SigGr) dam ʻ garland ʼ. -- Ext. in Paš.dar. damaṭāˊ, °ṭīˊ, nir. weg. damaṭék ʻ rope ʼ, Shum.ḍamaṭik, Woṭ. damṓṛ m., Sv. dåmoṛīˊ; -- with -- ll -- : N. dāmlo ʻ tether for cow ʼ, dã̄wali, dāũli, dāmli ʻ bird -- trap of string ʼ, dã̄wal, dāmal ʻ coeval ʼ (< ʻ tied together ʼ?); M. dã̄vlī f. ʻ small tie -- rope ʼ.
2. Pk. dāvaṇa -- n., dāmaṇī -- f. ʻ tethering rope ʼ; S. ḍ̠āvaṇu, ḍ̠āṇu m. ʻ forefeet shackles ʼ, ḍ̠āviṇī, ḍ̠āṇī f. ʻ guard to support nose -- ring ʼ; L. ḍã̄vaṇ m., ḍã̄vaṇī, 

ḍāuṇī(Ju. ḍ̠ -- ) f. ʻ hobble ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ strip at foot of bed, triple cord of silk worn by women on head ʼ, awāṇ. dāvuṇ ʻ picket rope ʼ; P. dāuṇ, dauṇ, ludh. daun f. m. ʻ string for bedstead, hobble for horse ʼ, dāuṇī f. ʻ gold ornament worn on woman's forehead ʼ; Ku. dauṇo m., °ṇī f. ʻ peg for tying cattle to ʼ, gng. dɔ̃ṛ ʻ place for keeping cattle, bedding for cattle ʼ; A. dan ʻ long cord on which a net or screen is stretched, thong ʼ, danā ʻ bridle ʼ; B. dāmni ʻ rope ʼ; Or. daaṇa ʻ string at the fringe of a casting net on which pebbles are strung ʼ, dāuṇi ʻ rope for tying bullocks together when threshing ʼ; H. dāwan m. ʻ girdle ʼ, dāwanī f. ʻ rope ʼ, dã̄wanī f. ʻ a woman's orna<-> ment ʼ; G. dāmaṇ, ḍā° n. ʻ tether, hobble ʼ, dāmṇũ n. ʻ thin rope, string ʼ, dāmṇī f. ʻ rope, woman's head -- ornament ʼ; M. dāvaṇ f. ʻ picket -- rope ʼ. -- Words denoting the act of driving animals to tread out corn are poss. nomina actionis from *dāmayati2.3. L. ḍãvarāvaṇ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ã̄v° ʻ to hobble ʼ; A. dāmri ʻ long rope for tying several buffalo -- calves together ʼ, Or. daũ̈rā, daürā ʻ rope ʼ; Bi. daũrī ʻ rope to which threshing bullocks are tied, the act of treading out the grain ʼ, Mth. dã̄mar, daũraṛ ʻ rope to which the bullocks are tied ʼ; H. dã̄wrī f. ʻ id., rope, string ʼ, dãwrī f. ʻ the act of driving bullocks round to tread out the corn ʼ. -- X *dhāgga<-> q.v.*dāmayati2; *dāmakara -- , *dāmadhāra -- ; uddāma -- , prōddāma -- ; *antadāmanī -- , *galadāman -- , *galadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāman -- , *gōḍḍadāmana -- , *gōḍḍadāmara -- .dāmán -- 2 m. (f.?) ʻ gift ʼ RV. [√dā1]. See dāˊtu -- .*dāmana -- ʻ rope ʼ see dāˊman -- 1.Addenda: dāˊman -- 1. 1. Brj. dã̄u m. ʻ tying ʼ.3. *dāmara -- : Brj. dã̄wrī f. ʻ rope ʼ. 6285 *dāmayati2 ʻ ties with a rope ʼ. [dāˊman -- 1]Bi. dã̄wab ʻ to drive bullocks trading out grain ʼ, H. dāwnā, dã̄nā; G. dāmvũ ʻ to tie with a cord ʼ. -- Nomina actionis from this verb rather than derived directly fromdāˊman -- 1, dāmanī -- (but cf. Bi. daũrī < *dāmara<-> denoting both ʻ rope ʼ and nomen actionis): N. (Tarai) dāuni ʻ threshing ʼ, Bi. daunī ʻ treading out corn ʼ, Mth.dāuni; -- Ku. daĩ f. ʻ driving oxen or buffaloes to tread out grain ʼ, N. dāĩ, dã̄i, Bi. dawã̄hī, Mth. damāhī; H. dāẽ f. ʻ tying a number of bullocks together for treading corn, the treading out, the unthreshed corn. ʼ -- S. ḍ̠āiṇu ʻ to shackle the forelegs ʼ and P. dāuṇā ʻ to hobble horse oṛ ass ʼ rather < *dāyayati.*dāmara -- ʻ rope ʼ see dāˊman -- 1. 6289 *dāyayati ʻ causes to be tied ʼ. [√dā2]S. ḍ̠āiṇu ʻ to shackle (the forelegs of an animal) ʼ; P. dāuṇā ʻ to hobble horse or ass ʼ: rather than < *dāmayati2.

6258 dāˊtu n. ʻ share ʼ RV. [Cf. śatádātu -- , sahásradātu -- ʻ hun- dredfold, thousandfold ʼ: Pers. dāv ʻ stroke, move in a game ʼ prob. ← IA. -- √dō]
K. dāv m. ʻ turn, opportunity, throw in dice ʼ; S. ḍ̠ã̄u m. ʻ mode ʼ; L. dā m. ʻ direction ʼ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ā, ḍ̠ã̄ m. ʻ way, manner ʼ; P. dāu m. ʻ ambush ʼ; Ku. dã̄w ʻ turn, opportunity, bet, throw in dice ʼ, N. dāu; B. dāu, dã̄u ʻ turn, opportunity ʼ; Or. dāu, dāũ ʻ opportunity, revenge ʼ; Mth. dāu ʻ trick (in wrestling, &c.) ʼ; OAw. dāu m. ʻ opportunity, throw in dice ʼ; H. dāū, dã̄w m. ʻ turn ʼ; G. dāv m. ʻ turn, throw ʼ, ḍāv m. ʻ throw ʼ; M. dāvā m. ʻ revenge ʼ. -- NIA. forms with nasalization (or all NIA. forms) poss. < dāmán -- 2 m. ʻ gift ʼ RV., cf. dāya -- m. ʻ gift ʼ MBh., akṣa -- dāya -- m. ʻ playing of dice ʼ Naiṣ.

Brj. dã̄u m. ʻ tying ʼ(CDIAL 6283)

Ku. dã̄w ʻ turn, opportunity, bet, throw in dice ʼ, N. dāu; B. dāu, dã̄u ʻ turn, opportunity ʼ; Or. dāu, dāũ ʻ opportunity, revenge ʼ; Mth. dāu ʻ trick (in wrestling, &c.) ʼ; OAw. dāu m. ʻ opportunity, throw in dice ʼ; H. dāū, dã̄w m. ʻ turn ʼ; G. dāv m. ʻ turn, throw ʼ, ḍāv m. ʻ throw ʼ(CDIAL 6258)

5423 *ṭakka3 ʻ hill ʼ. 2. *ṭaṅga -- 4. 3. *ṭikka -- 2. 4. *ṭiṅga -- . 5. *ṭēkka -- . 6. *ṭēṅga -- . 7. *ṭuṅka -- . 8. *ṭuṅga -- 1. 9. *ḍakka -- 3. 10. *ḍagga -- 1. 11. *ḍaṅga -- 3. 12. *ḍuṅga -- . 13. *ḍōṅga -- 2. 14. tuṅga -- . 15. *thuṅga -- . 16. *daṅga -- . [Cf. ṭaṅka -- 4 m. ʻ peak, crag ʼ MBh., tuṅga -- (see below) ʻ lofty ʼ, m. ʻ mountain ʼ MBh., and *ṭappa -- 3 with further list. Variety of form indicates non -- Aryan and perh. (with PMWS 149) Mu. origin. <-> Further poss. connexion with *ḍhōkka -- 2 ʻ rock ʼ and large group of words for ʻ lump ʼ s.v. *ḍhikka -- 1]
1. Ext. -- r -- : S. ṭakuru m. ʻ mountain ʼ, ṭakirī f. ʻ hillock ʼ, ṭākara f. ʻ low hill ʼ, ṭākirū m. ʻ mountaineer ʼ; N. ṭākuro, °ri ʻ hill top ʼ.
2. Or. ṭāṅgī ʻ hill, stony country ʼ. -- Ext. -- r -- : Or. ṭāṅgara ʻ rocky hilly land ʼ.
3. Ext. -- r -- : Or. ṭikara ʻ high land, sandbank ʼ, ṭikarā, ṭīkirā ʻ anthill ʼ.
4. A. ṭiṅ ʻ mountain peak ʼ, ṭiṅnā ʻ elevated piece of land ʼ, ṭiṅāli ʻ very high ʼ. -- Ext. -- l -- in *uṭṭiṅgala -- .
5. M. ṭek m.n., ṭekā̆ḍ n., ṭekḍī, ṭẽk° f. ʻ hillock ʼ. -- Ext. -- r -- : P. ṭekrā m., °rī f. ʻ rock, hill ʼ; H. ṭekar, °krā m. ʻ heap, hillock ʼ; G. ṭekrɔ m., °rīf. ʻ mountain, hillock ʼ.
6. K. ṭē̃g m. ʻ hillock, mound ʼ.
7. G. ṭũk ʻ peak ʼ.
8. M. ṭũg n. ʻ mound, lump ʼ. -- Ext. -- r -- : Or. ṭuṅguri ʻ hillock ʼ; M. ṭũgar n. ʻ bump, mound ʼ (see *uṭṭungara -- ); -- -- l -- : M. ṭũgaḷ, °gūḷ n.
9. K. ḍȧki f. ʻ hill, rising ground ʼ. -- Ext. -- r -- : K. ḍakürü f. ʻ hill on a road ʼ.
10. Ext. -- r -- : Pk. ḍaggara -- m. ʻ upper terrace of a house ʼ; M. ḍagar f. ʻ little hill, slope ʼ.11. Ku. ḍã̄g, ḍã̄k ʻ stony land ʼ; B. ḍāṅ ʻ heap ʼ, ḍāṅgā ʻ hill, dry upland ʼ; H. ḍã̄g f. ʻ mountain -- ridge ʼ; M. ḍã̄g m.n., ḍã̄gaṇ, °gāṇ, ḍãgāṇ n. ʻ hill -- tract ʼ. -- Ext. -- r -- : N. ḍaṅgur ʻ heap ʼ.12. M. ḍũg m. ʻ hill, pile ʼ, °gā m. ʻ eminence ʼ, °gī f. ʻ heap ʼ. -- Ext. -- r -- : Pk. ḍuṁgara -- m. ʻ mountain ʼ; Ku. ḍũgar, ḍũgrī; N. ḍuṅgar ʻ heap ʼ; Or. ḍuṅguri ʻ hillock ʼ, H. ḍū̃gar m., G. ḍũgar m., ḍũgrī f.
13. S. ḍ̠ū̃garu m. ʻ hill ʼ, H. M. ḍõgar m.14. Pa. tuṅga -- ʻ high ʼ; Pk. tuṁga -- ʻ high ʼ, tuṁgĭ̄ya -- m. ʻ mountain ʼ; K. tŏng, tọ̆ngu m. ʻ peak ʼ, P. tuṅg f.; A. tuṅg ʻ importance ʼ; Si. tun̆guʻ lofty, mountain ʼ. -- Cf. uttuṅga -- ʻ lofty ʼ MBh.15. K. thọ̆ngu m. ʻ peak ʼ.16. H. dã̄g f. ʻ hill, precipice ʼ, dã̄gī ʻ belonging to hill country ʼ.Addenda: *ṭakka -- 3. 12. *ḍuṅga -- : S.kcch. ḍūṅghar m. ʻ hillock ʼ.ṭaṅka3 (a) ʻ *rod, spike ʼ, (b) m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 3 m. ʻ leg ʼ lex. [Orig. ʻ stick ʼ? Cf. list s.v. *ḍakka -- 2.1. (a) K. ṭang m. ʻ projecting spike which acts as a bolt at one corner of a door ʼ; N. ṭāṅo ʻ rod, fishing rod ʼ, °ṅi ʻ measuring rod ʼ; H. ṭã̄k f. ʻ iron pin, rivet ʼ (→ Ku. ṭã̄ki ʻ thin iron bar ʼ).(b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.

2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M.ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.
*uṭṭaṅka -- 2, *uṭṭaṅga -- .ṭaṅka -- 4 ʻ peak, crag ʼ see *ṭakka -- 3.
Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 3. 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.2. ṭaṅga -- 3: A. ṭāṅī ʻ wedge ʼ AFD 201.ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ]

N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.

ṭaṅga -- 3 ʻ leg ʼ  ṭaṅka1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ ŚārṅgS., ʻ a stamped coin ʼ Hit., °aka -- m. ʻ a silver coin ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ lex. 3. *ṭakka -- 1. [Bloch IA 59 ← Tatar tanka (Khot. tanka = kārṣāpaṇa S. Konow Saka Studies 184)]1. Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ a stamped coin ʼ; N. ṭã̄k ʻ button ʼ (lw. with k); Or. ṭaṅkā ʻ rupee ʼ; H. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ a partic. weight equivalent to 1/72 ser ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ.2. H. ṭaṅgā m. ʻ a coin worth 2 paisā ʼ.3. Sh. ṭăk m. ʻ button ʼ; S. ṭako m. ʻ two paisā ʼ, pl. ʻ money in general ʼ, ṭrakaku ʻ worth two paisā ʼ, m. ʻ coin of that value ʼ; P. ṭakā m. ʻ a copper coin ʼ; Ku. ṭākā ʻ two paisā ʼ; N. ṭako ʻ money ʼ; A. ṭakā ʻ rupee ʼ, B. ṭākā; Mth. ṭakā, ṭakkā, ṭakwā ʻ money ʼ, Bhoj. ṭākā; H. ṭakā m. ʻ two paisā coin ʼ, G. ṭakɔ m., M. ṭakā m.*uṭṭaṅka -- , *ṣaṭṭaṅka -- , ṭaṅkaśālā -- .Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 1 [H. W. Bailey in letter of 6.11.66: Khot. tanka is not = kārṣāpaṇa -- but is older Khot. ttandäka ʻ so much ʼ < *tantika -- ](CDIAL 5426, 5428, 5434) Rebus 2: dhamaga 'blacksmith, smelter of ores' (Prakritam); dhamaka 'blacksmith' (Samskritam) dhamá in cmpds. ʻ blowing ʼ Pāṇ., dhamaka -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ Uṇ.com. [√dham]Pa. dhama -- , °aka -- m. ʻ one who blows ʼ, Pk. dhamaga<-> m.; K. dam m. ʻ blast of furnace or oven, steam of stewing ʼ; -- Kho. Sh.(Lor.) dam ʻ breath, magical spell ʼ ← Pers. dam. (CDIAL 6730) (CDIAL 5434) 

5491 *ṭhaṭṭha1 ʻ brass ʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass? -- *ṭhaṭṭh -- ]
N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻan alloy of copper and bell metalʼ. 5493 *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 2. *ṭhaṭṭhakara -- . [*ṭhaṭṭha -- 1, kāra -- 1]1. Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m.