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Most frequently occurring hieroglyph-multiplex of Indus Script Copora, young bull कोंद kōnda ‘engraver kõdār ’turner’

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Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/o3u9bdf

Indus Script Corpora of about 7000 inscriptions is dominated by one hieroglyph-multiplex set of a young bull in front of a 'standard device'. The decipherment of this hieroglyph-multiplex as hypertext signifying engraving, turning in metalwork and treasure deposited into the fortified treasury is a celebration of the excellence achieved by Meluhha artisans during the Bronze Age contributing to the tin-bronze revolution and cire perdue artefact splendour along the Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi to Haifa.


Out of 2906 texts of Mahadevan concordance, 1159 are signified by 'one-horned bull PLUS standard' hieroglyph-multiplex, making this the most frequently deployed cipher of Indus Script Corpora.

This hypertext has been deciphered in the context of the Bronzed Age revolution.

See: 
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/bronze-age-lokhanda-metal-tools-pots.htmlBronze Age lokhāṇḍā 'metal tools, pots and pans of copper' documented in Indus Script Corpora http://tinyurl.com/p3pmk28
The hieroglyph-multiplex of a young bull was deciphered as turner, engraver (in metalwork).

The hieroglyph components of this multiplex are identified: one horn (koD), young bull (kondh), pannier (khond), rings on neck (koTiyum). Often shown in front of a standard device, additional hieroglyph components associated are: lathe-gimlet, portable furnace, dotted circles.
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/02/4000-year-old-seal-and-weight-unearthed.html
The site of Karanpura where the 'young bull' seal was found is between Kalibangan and Ganweriwala on the border of Haryana-Rajasthan, in Hanumangarh district.

Saravati-Sindhu civilization sites on Rivers Sarasvati and Sindhu in ancient Bharatam -- referred to as Meluhha in cuneiform texts of Mesopotamia across the Persian Gulf.Seal found in Karanpura, Hanumangarh dist., Rajasthan (2013). kondh, 'young bull' khōṇḍī 'pannier sack' Rebus: kōnda 'engraver, lapidary koḍa  ‘one’ (Santali) kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn (Tamil); kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (Pargi) 
 (DEDR 2200)goṭa ‘numerative particle’ (Mth.Hindi)(CDIAL 4271)  koṭu curved, bent, crooked (DEDR Rebus: P. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ   M.khoṭā   ʻalloyedʼ (CDIAL 3931) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ  = place where artisans work (Gujarati) Sad. kohi) 'the smelting furnace of the blacksmith'. koṭe ‘forged (metal) (Santali) koṭe meṛed = forged iron (Munda) खोट khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge (Marathi) ācāri koṭṭya = forge,
kammārasāle (Tulu) 
Kuwi (Isr.)  koṭoli mallet. koṭṭu-k-kaṉṉār , n. < கொட்டு² +. Braziers who work by beating plates into shape and not by casting'Hieroglyph: loa = a species of fig treeficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali) Rebus: lo‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy). rebus: loh ‘metal’ (Sanskrit) Rebus: lo ‘copper’. Alternative reading: kamaha = ficus religiosa (Skt.); kamakom ‘ficus’ (Santali) rebuskamaṭa = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Telugu); kampaṭṭam = mint (Tamil) H. dãtāwlī f. ʻ rake, harrow ʼ. (CDIAL 6162). Ku. danīṛo m. ʻ harrow ʼ; N. dãde ʻ toothed ʼ sb. ʻ harrow ʼ; A. dãtīyā ʻ having new teeth in place of the first ʼ, dãtinī ʻ woman with projecting teeth ʼ; Or. dāntiā ʻ toothed ʼ; H. dãtī f. ʻ harrow ʼ; G. dã̄tiyɔ m. ʻ semicircular comb ʼ, dãtiyɔ m. ʻ harrow ʼ. (CDIAL 6163). G. dã̄tɔ m. ʻ a kind of rake or harrow ʼ(CDIAL 6153). Pk. daṁtāla -- m., °lī -- f. ʻ grass -- cutting instrument ʼ; S. ḍ̠andārī f. ʻ rake ʼ, L. (Ju.) ḍ̠ãdāl m., °lī f.; Ku. danyālo m. ʻharrowʼ danyāw   (y from danīṛo < dantín  -- ); N.dãtār ʻ tusked ʼ (← a Bi. form); A. dãtāl adj. ʻ tusked ʼ, sb. ʻ spade ʼ; B. dãtāl ʻ toothed ʼ; G. dãtāḷ n., °ḷī f. ʻ harrow ʼ; M. dã̄tāḷ ʻ having projecting teeth ʼ, dã̄tāḷ, °ḷē, dãtāḷ n. ʻ harrow, rake ʼ.Garh. dãdāḷu ʻ forked implement ʼ, Brj. dãtāl, dãtāro ʻ toothed ʼ, m. ʻ elephant ʼ. (CDIAL 6160).Rebus: dhatu 'mineral (ore)(Samskritam) Alternative rebus rendering: danīṛo 'harrow' Rebus: ḍhangar 'blacksmithAlternative reading 1: arā ‘spokes’ Rebus: arā ‘brass’. Alternative reading 2: eraka = ?nave of wheel Rebus: eraka 'molten cast copper'. Read together, the message refers to a metalsmith, metals turner lapidary, working with native metal ore, and competence in molten cast copper and brass alloy.  It also indicates that the artisan has a workshop and a mint.

Mohenjo-daro. m1656. Pectoral. Together with the hieroglyphs of a young bull, one-horned with pannier in front of a standard device, the expression signified is a pot overflowing with water. 

kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools,  pots and pans’ (Marathi)
<lo->(B)  {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''.  See <lo-> `to be leftover'.  @B24310.  #20851. Re<lo->(B)  {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''.   See <lo-> `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) 

The hieroglyph-multiplex clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper: lokhāṇḍā 

Decipherment of young bull hieroglyph-multiplex

khoṇḍ 'young bull-calf' (Marathi) Rebus: kõdār ’turner’ (Bengali); kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe (Bengali).

कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi)  khū̃ṭ ‘community, guild’ (Mu.); kunḍa ‘consecrated fire-pit’.

खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. खोंडरूं (p. 216) [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl.खोंडा (p. 216) [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. 2 fig. A hollow amidst hills; a deep or a dark and retiring spot; a dell.खोंडी (p. 216) [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा, to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) Rebus: खोडींव [ khōḍīṃva ] p of खोडणें v c Erased or crossed out. खोदगिरी (p. 216) [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work.खोदणी (p. 216) [ khōdaṇī ] f (Verbal of खोदणें) Digging, engraving &c. 2 fig. An exacting of money by importunity. v लाव, मांड. 3 An instrument to scoop out and cut flowers and figures from paper. 4 A goldsmith's die.खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave.खोदाई [ khōdāī ] f ( H) Price or cost of digging or of sculpture or carving.खोदींव [ khōdīṃva ] p of खोदणें Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured.

kod. 'one horn'; kot.iyum [kot., kot.i_ neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (G.)kamarasa_la = waist-zone, waist-band, belt (Te.) kot.iyum [kot., kot.i_ neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (G.) [cf. the orthography of rings on the neck of one-horned young bull]. ko_d.iya, ko_d.e = young bull; ko_d.elu = plump young bull; ko_d.e = a. male as in: ko_d.e du_d.a = bull calf; young, youthful (Te.lex.) ko_d.iya, ko_d.e young bull; adj. male (e.g., ko_d.e du_d.a bull calf), young, youthful; ko_d.eka~_d.u a young man (Te.); ko_d.e_ bull (Kol.); khor.e male calf (Nk.); ko_d.i cow; ko_r.e young bullock (Kond.a); ko_d.i cow (Pe.); ku_d.i id. (Mand.); ko_d.i id., ox (Kui); ko_di cow (Kuwi); kajja ko_d.i bull; ko_d.i cow (Kuwi)(DEDR 2199). kor.a a boy, a young man (Santali) go_nde bull, ox (Ka.); go_da ox (Te.); konda_ bull (Kol.); ko_nda bullock (Kol.Nk.); bison (Pa.); ko_nde cow (Ga.); ko_nde_ bullock (Ga.); ko_nda_, ko_nda bullock, ox (Go.)(DEDR 2216). Rebus: kot. 'artisan's workshop'.(Kuwi)kod. = place where artisans work (G.lex.)kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 133); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165)(Kashmiri)

kammarsāla 'pannier' (Telugu)Rebus: karmāraśāla = workshop of blacksmith (Skt.) Synonym: kammāra [Vedic karmāra] a smith, a worker in metals generally D ii.126, A v.263; a silversmith Sn 962= Dh 239; Ji.223; a goldsmith J iii.281; v.282. The smiths in old India do not seem to be divided into black -- , gold -- and silver -- smiths, but seem to have been able to work equally well in iron, gold, and silver, as can be seen e. g. from Jiii.282 and VvA 250, where the smith is the maker of a needle. They were constituted into a guild, and some of them were well -- to -- do as appears from what is said of Cunda at D ii.126; owing to their usefulness they were held in great esteem by the people and king alike J iii.281. (Pali.lex.) 

san:ghāḍo, saghaḍī (G.) = firepan; saghaḍī, śaghaḍi = a pot for holding fire (G.)sãghāṛɔ m. ‘lathe’ (G.) Rebus: san:gatarāśū = stone cutter (S.) jangaḍ iyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; san:ghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (G.)

ko_nda bullock (Kol.Nk.); bison (Pa.)(DEDR 2216). Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Grierson takes the word कन्दुः (Skt.) to be a cognate of kaNDa 'pot' rebus: kaNDa 'fire altar' (Santali)

Thus, the bullock or ox glyph seems to be an allograph of 'rim-of-jar' glyph in Indus Script corpora. When two bullocks are juxtaposed, the semantics of pairing point to dol 'likeness, pair'(Kashmiri); rebus: dul 'cast iron'(Santali) Thus, the pair of bullocks or oxen are read rebus: dul kō̃da 'two bullocks'; rebus: casting furnace or kiln'.

koḍiyum ‘heifer’ (G.). Rebus: koṭ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) koṭe = forge (Santali)kōḍiya, kōḍe = young bull (G.)Rebus: ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.)

Decipherment of standard device Indus Script Corpora


sangaDa 'lathe' Rebus: sanghAta 'adamantine glue' (Varahamihira). The samAsa used by Varahamihira is vajrasanghAta, an adamantine glue. In archaeometallurgical terms, this is defined as a mixture consisting of eight parts of lead, two of bell-metal and one of iron dust.

sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' (Gujarati. Desi). sangada 'lathe', 'portable furnace' Gujarati.
sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ(CDIAL 12859) Rebus:
sangataras. संगतराश lit. ‘to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason.’ संगतराश संज्ञा पुं० [फ़ा०] पत्थर काटने या गढ़नेवाला मजदूर । पत्थरकट । २. एक औजार जो पत्थर काटने के काम में आता है । (Dasa, Syamasundara. Hindi sabdasagara. Navina samskarana. 2nd ed. Kasi : Nagari Pracarini Sabha, 1965-1975.) पत्थर या लकडी पर नकाशी करनेवाला, संगतराश, ‘mason’.
sangatarāśū = stone cutter (Telugu) sangado cutting stone, gilding (Gujarati) sangsāru kara= to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati)

 jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati) 


m006

There are two components in the standard device: 1. lathe-gimlet 2. portable furnace (with smoke emanating from the surface) ligatured with dotted circles as shown on m0008 Mohenjo-daro seal.
Thanks to I Mahadevan for the drawing highlighting the hieroglyph-components of the multiplex.Image result for standard lathe indus scriptImage result for indus hieroglyphs lathe portable furnace

A vivid imagery of two Mohenjo-daro tablets is that of a standard device carried in a procession, evoking clear, unambiguous orthographic components: gimlet (drill-lathe), smoke emanating from furnace, (dotted circles) drilled beads: 1. sã̄go ʻcaravanʼ of sang 'stone' workers and brazier-lapidaries engaged in sĕng 'trading, trafficking (across the sea with foreign countries)' (Kashmiri); 2. kanga 'large portable furnace'.The holes (dotted circles) as hieroglyph components: ghangar ghongor 'full of holes' (Santali) Rebus: kanga(r) 'large portable furnace' (Kashmiri)


சங்கதம்¹ caṅkatamn. < saṃskṛta. Sanskrit; வடமொழி. சங்கத பங்கமாப் பாகதத்தொடிரைத் துரைத்த (தேவா. 858, 2).


The wavy lines shown on the drill bit are the artist-artisan's way of denoting the use of the drill using a bow-drill. The bottom part of the hieroglyph is a portable furnace with flames emerging from the surface and the bead drilled through after heating in the furnace coals or crucible.
Image result for standard device meluhhaImage result for standard device meluhha
Carved ivory standard in the middle [From Richard H. Meadow and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Harappa Excavations 1993: the city wall and inscribed materials, in: South Asian Archaeology ; Fig. 40.11, p. 467. Harappa 1990 and 1993: representations of 'standard'; 40.11a: H90-1687/3103-1: faience token; 40.11bH93-2092/5029-1: carved ivory standard fragment (split in half, made on a lathe and was probably cylindrical in shape; note the incisions with a circle motif while a broken spot on the lower portion indicates where the stand shaft would have been (found in the area of the 'Mughal Sarai' located to the south of Mound E across the Old Lahore-Multan Road); 40.11c H93-2051/3808-2:faience token)

S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
September 22, 2015


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