Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/oauy6xa
A turning point in the history of Bhāratam Janam is the narrative of Alexander's battle on Vitasta river (Jhelum), mutiny of Macedonian soldiers, consequent return of Alexander to Mesopotamia. This narrative is celebrated in a painting in SAIL, Ranchi showing Purushottama (Porus) presenting Indian Steel Ukku sword to Alexander. This is a celebration of Ancient India's metallurgical competence which dates back to Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization from ca. 8th millennium BCE. Rishi Viswamitra blesses in a Rigveda Rica (3.53.12) the Bhāratam Janam, the metalcaster folk of yore.
Thanks to Steel Authority of India for celebrating this heritage, this magnificent moment in Bhāratiya Itihaas with two paintings showing Alexander and Purushottama in the Ranchi office of SAIL.
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King Purushottama (Porus) presents Indian ukku (wootz) steel sword to Alexander in the battle on River Hydaspes (Jhelum, Vitasta) Painting in SAIL, Ranchi
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Saptasindhu region. Source: French Encyclopaedia (1881).
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This is a tribute to Bhāratam Janam who have excelled in metallurgical competence of unparalleled excellence from the days of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization, from ca. 8th millennium BCE.
The paintings showing Alexander and Purushottama relate to 4th cent. BCE when Alexander and Purushottama fought a fierce battle and Alexander's Macedonian troops reportedly revolted and returned to Mesopotamia.
This historic moment is captured in these two exquisite paintings.
The efforts ongoing by SAIL to take Bhāratam to great heights in steel production are laudable and fully supported by Hon'ble PM, Narendra Modi. This is a tribute to the SAIL Team who have rendered their service to our Motherland. Rishi Visvamitra celebrates the Bharatam Janam in a Rica in Rigveda (3.53.12)
भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत. (Molesworth Marathi Dictionary).This gloss, bharata is denoted by the hieroglyphs: backbone, ox. भरत bharat 'alloy' bhāraṇ = to bring out from a kiln (G.) bāraṇiyo = one whose profession it is to sift ashes or dust in a goldsmith’s workshop (G.lex.) In the Punjab, the mixed alloys were generally called, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin). In Bengal, an alloy called bharan or toul was created by adding some brass or zinc into pure bronze. bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into (G.lex.) Bengali. ভরন [ bharana ] n an inferior metal obtained from an alloy of coper, zinc and tin. baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)
RV_3,053.12a ya ime rodasī ubhe aham indram atuṣṭavam |
RV_3,053.12c viśvāmitrasya rakṣati brahmedam bhārataṃ janam ||
3.053.12 I have made Indra glorified by these two, heaven and earth, and this prayer of Vis'va_mitra protects the race of Bharata. [Made Indra glorified: indram atus.t.avam-- the verb is the third preterite of the casual, I have caused to be praised; it may mean: I praise Indra, abiding between heaven and earth, i.e. in the firmament].
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http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/bharatam-janam-of-rigveda-rv-353-mean.html
The copies of the paintings are acknowledged with gratitude. Thanks to the courtesy of Steel Authority of India Limited - Management Training Institute Shyamali Colony, Doranda, Ranchi - 834002 (Jharkhand), IN.
Metallurgical tradition of ancient India dates back to Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization.
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Lost-wax casting. Bronze statue, Mohenjo-daro. Bronze statue of a woman holding a small bowl, Mohenjo-dar
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Dance-step as hieroglyph on a potsherd, Bhirrana. Hieroglyph: meṭ sole of foot, footstep, footprint (Ko.); meṭṭu step, stair, treading, slipper (Te.)(DEDR 1557). Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’(Munda); मेढ meḍh‘merchant’s helper’(Pkt.) meḍ iron (Ho.) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda)
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Dancing girl of Sarasvati civilization. 4.3 in. h. Mohenjo-Daro. “Metallurgists smelted silver, lead, and copper and worked gold too. Coppersmiths employed tin bronze as in Sumer, but also an alloy of copper with from 3.4 to 4.4 per cent of arsenic, an alloy used also at Anau in Transcaspia. They could cast cire perdue (lost wax) and rivet, but never seem to have resorted to brazing or soldering.” (Childe, Gordon, 1952, New light on the most ancien East, New York, Frederick A. Praeger)
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The Leopards weight from Shahi Tump - Photography and 30 MeV accelerator tomodensimetry showing the copper shell and the lead filling.(Science for Cultural Heritage: Technological Innovation and Case Studies in Marine and Land Archaeology in the Adriatic Region and Inland : VII International Conference on Science, Arts and Culture : August 28-31, 2007, Veli Lošinj, Croatia, World Scientific, 2010. The aim of the conference was to discuss the contribution of physics and other sciences in archaeological research and in the preservation of cultural heritage.)
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Alloy of copper, pewter, tin: bharath, alloy, metalcasters, philosophers of fire. bharatiyo 'metal casters' (Gujarati) भरत [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. भरताचें भांडें [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal
Rebus: bhārata भारत a. (-ती f.) [भरतस्येदम्, भारतान् भरतवंश्यानधिकृत्य कृतो ग्रन्थः अण्] Belonging to or descended from Bharata. -तः 1 A descendant of Bharata; (such as विदुर; सञ्जातहर्षो मुनिमाह भारतः Mb.3.2.8; also धृतराष्ट्र, अर्जुन in Bg.). -2 An inhabitant of Bharatavarṣa or India. -3 An actor, -4 An epithet of the sun shining on the south of Meru. -5 Fire. -तम् 1 India, the country of Bharata; एतदूढगुरुभार भारतं वर्षमद्य मम वर्तते वशे Śi.14.5. -2 N. of the most celebrated epic poem in Sanskrit which gives the history of the descendants of Bharata with innumerable episodes. (It is attributed to Vyāsa or कृष्णद्वैपायन, but the work, as we have it at present, is evidently the production of many hands); श्रवणाञ्जलिपुटपेयं विरचितवान् भारताख्यममृतं यः । तमहमरागमकृष्णं कृष्णद्वैपायनं वन्दे ॥ Ve.1.4; व्यासगिरां निर्यासं सारं विश्वस्य भारतं वन्दे । भूषणतयैव संज्ञां यदङ्कितां भारती वहति ॥ Āryā. S.31. -3 The science of music and dramaturgy founded by Bharata. -ती Speech, voice, words, eloquence; भारतीनिर्घोषः U.3; तमर्थमिव भारत्या सुतया योक्तुमर्हसि Ku.6.79; नवरसरुचिरां निर्मिति- मादधती भारती कवेर्जयति K. P.1. -2 The goddess of speech, Sarasvatī; कीरानने स्फुरसि भारति का रतिस्ते Govindarāja. -3 N. of a particular kind of style; भारती संस्कृतप्रायो वाग्व्यापारो नटाश्रयः S. D.285. -4 A quail. -5 The drama- tic art in general.-6 The Sanskrit speech of an actor. -7 One of the 1 orders (दशनाम) of Gosāvins, mendi- cants (Mar. दसनाम गोसावी). -Comp. -आख्यानम्, -इतिहासः, -कथा the story of the Bhāratas (महाभारत). -मण्डलम्, -वर्षम् India. -सावित्री N. of a stotra; इमां भारतसावित्रीं प्रातरुत्थाय यः पठेत् Mb.18.5.64.(Samskritam. Apte)
भारत [p=753,1] mf(ई)n. descended from भरत or the भरतs (applied to अग्नि either " sprung from the priests called भरतs " or " bearer of the oblation ") RV. &c belonging or relating to the भरतs (with युद्ध n. संग्राम m.
समर m. समिति f. the war or battle of the भरतs ; with orscil. आख्यान n. with इतिहास m. and कथा f. the story of the भरतs , the history or narrative of their war ; with orscil. मण्डल n. or वर्ष n. " king भरतs's realm " i.e. India) MBh. Ka1v. &c inhabiting भरत-वर्ष i.e. India BhP. m. a descendant of भरत (also in pl. for भरतास्) RV. &cm. (with अश्व-मेध) , N. of the author of RV. v , 27m. (with देव-वात and देव-श्रवस्) , N. of the authors of RV. iii , 23m. fire L.m. an actor L. (cf. भरत)m. N. of the sun shining on the south of मेरु L.n. the land of भरतs i.e. India (cf. above )n. the story of the भरतs and their wars (sometimes identified with the महा-भारत , and sometimes distinguished from it) MBh. Ra1jat. IW. 371 n. 1 and 2n. (with सरस्) , N. of a lake S3atr.
भारती f. of °रतa female descendant of भरत L.N. of a deity (in RV. often invoked among the आप्री deities and esp. together with इला and सरस्वती accord. to Nir.viii , 13 a daughter of आदित्य ; later identified with सरस्वती , the goddess of speech) RV. &cspeech , voice , word , eloquence , literary composition , dramatic art or recitation MBh. Ka1v. &c(with वृत्ति) , a partic. kind of style Das3ar. Sa1h. (cf. IW. 503 n. 1)the Sanskrit speech of an actor L.N. of a river MBh. one of the 10 orders of religious mendicants traced back to pupils of शंकरा*चार्य (the members of which add the word भारती to their names) W. Cat.
Indian sprachbund of Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) civilization and the imperative of further Proto-IE language studies
I have suggested that chandas of Vedic Samskritam was the prosodic diction and the corresponding parole (vernacular) was mleccha (meluhha), Proto-Prakritam. It is significant that the word mleccha also has the meaning 'copper'. Equally significant is the self-designation of the people as Bharatam Janam by Viswamitra in Rigveda. The word bharatam janam means 'metalcaster folk'; the word भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metalभरत . भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत .(Marathi. Molesworth lexicon)
Bharatas is used as a collective noun referring to performers of yajna, worshippers of Agni, in the following Krishna Yajurveda texts:\
yvk.1.3 i O Agni, of the Bharatas, youngest, Bear to us excellent, glorious wealth,
yvk.1.8 d This is your king, O Bharatas; Soma is the king of us Brahmans.
yvk.1.8 h This is your king, O Bharatas; Soma is the king of us Brahmans.
yvk.4.4 g He hath been born as guardian of men, wakeful, Agni, skilful, for fresh prosperity; Ghee faced, with mighty sky reaching (blaze) He shineth gloriously, pure for the Bharatas.
The following are references to bharata in Rigveda; it is clear from the reference to 'sons of bharata' in RV 3.53 that the reference is to a group of people engaged in Soma yajna and metaphoric reference to Soma imbibed from Potr's bowl:
The title Mahabharata of the Great Epic is also of significance, narrating the participation of bharatapeople in a number of episodes; there are 2260 occurrfences of the word bharata as a noun in the Great Epic.
Source: http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/mbh:bharatas
![EpicIndia.jpg]()
Since the evolution of the Bronze Age was a defining cultural marker of the civilization contact areas, the task begins with the map showing bronze-age sites of eastern India and neighbouring areas in Southeast Asia.
George Pinault's suggested tracing of ams'u 'synonym: soma' of Rigveda in Tocharian ancu, 'iron' also suggests further language and civilization studies in Proto-Indo-European and trade contacts between Sarasvati basin people and Kyrgystan (Mustagh Ata), with particular reference to the processing of soma purchased from merchants from Mt. Mujavant recorded in Rigveda.
Based on archaeometallurgical indicators, it has been hypothesized that a Tin Road between Hanoi, Vietnam and Haifa, Israel was traversed during the Bronze Age. This is consistent with the map drawn by Pinnow for Austro-Asiatic languages which extend from Munda languages of Eastern India to Mon-Khmer of Southeast Asia which is mirrored by the presence of bronze age archaeological sites in a correlated region.
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Map of Bronze Age sites of eastern India and neighbouring areas: 1. Koldihwa; 2.Khairdih; 3. Chirand; 4. Mahisadal; 5. Pandu Rajar Dhibi; 6.Mehrgarh; 7. Harappa;8. Mohenjo-daro; 9.Ahar; 10. Kayatha; 11.Navdatoli; 12.Inamgaon; 13. Non PaWai; 14. Nong Nor;15. Ban Na Di andBan Chiang; 16. NonNok Tha; 17. Thanh Den; 18. Shizhaishan; 19. Ban Don Ta Phet [After Fig. 8.1 in: Charles Higham, 1996, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, Cambridge University Press].
Decipherment of the Indus script corpora as metalwork catalogues, points to the use of Bronze Age words related to metalwork in almost all the languages of Indian sprachbund. Further research work is needed to trace and identify the phonetic variations recorded in many language lexicons which retain the remembered memories of the Bronze Age work by bharata, 'metalcaster' artisans.
Similar tracing has to be done for the use of the gloss 'meluhha' cognate 'mleccha' in cuneiform texts of Ancient Near East -- as a reference to a language and also to seafaring merchants from Meluhha region which has been mapped by identifying archaeological sites documenting trade exchanges between Meluhha and Ancient Near East and revisiting the Mitanni treaties which seem to include Proto-Indo-Aryan words in Hurrian/Hittite/Gutian; and reference to 'indara' in Gudea inscription, see: http://www.academia.edu/
.
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Indian sprachbund
[After Franklin C. Southworth, 2005 Linguistic archaeology of South Asia, London: Routledge-Curzon (for the Table of Contents and chapter summaries, download LASAcontents.pdf). MLECCHA and VEDIC are added as overlays, on the language categories maped by Southworth.]
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http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/02/maritime-meluhha-tin-road-links-far.html
Pinnow map
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Austroasiatic Languages:
Munda (Eastern India) and
Mon-Khmer (NE India, mainland SE Asia, Malaysia, Nicobars) [Site maintained by Patricia Donegan and David Stampe]
Lexicography: Etymology: http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/
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https://kampotmuseum.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/austroasiatic-languages.jpg
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austroasiatic-en.svg/300px-Austroasiatic-en.svg.png
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[Source: Vikrant Kumar, et. al., “Asian and Non-Asian Origins of Mon-Khmer- and Mundari-Speaking Austro-Asiatic Populations of India,” American Journal of Human Biology 18 (2006): 467.]
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Paul Sidwell and Roger Blench propose that the Austroasiatic phylum had dispersed via the Mekong River drainage basin.
![Indo-Aryan]()
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/dravling/hopper5.html
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S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
September 10, 2015
Did Alexander defeat Porus?
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The 'Porus Medallion', a silver decadrachm with an image of Alexander the Great
http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/numismatics/tag/undergraduate_research/
Sharada Srinivasan; Srinivasa Ranganathan (2004). India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World. National Institute of Advanced Studies. (South Indian sites producing crucible steel: Gulbarga, Mysore, South Arcot. http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOT
A turning point in the history of Bhāratam Janam is the narrative of Alexander's battle on Vitasta river (Jhelum), mutiny of Macedonian soldiers, consequent return of Alexander to Mesopotamia. This narrative is celebrated in a painting in SAIL, Ranchi showing Purushottama (Porus) presenting Indian Steel Ukku sword to Alexander. This is a celebration of Ancient India's metallurgical competence which dates back to Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization from ca. 8th millennium BCE. Rishi Viswamitra blesses in a Rigveda Rica (3.53.12) the Bhāratam Janam, the metalcaster folk of yore.
Thanks to Steel Authority of India for celebrating this heritage, this magnificent moment in Bhāratiya Itihaas with two paintings showing Alexander and Purushottama in the Ranchi office of SAIL.
Intermixed ferrite and cementite alloys in the crucible steel of South India, 6th cent BCE
Saptasindhu region. Source: French Encyclopaedia (1881).
The rollout of Shu-ilishu's Cylinder seal. Courtesy of the Department des Antiquites Orientales, Musee du Louvre, Paris.
A Mesopotamian cylinder seal referring to the personal translator of the ancient Indus or Meluhan language, Shu-ilishu, who lived around 2020 BCE during the late Akkadian period. http://a.harappa.com/content/shu-ilishus-cylinder-seal..
This is a tribute to Bhāratam Janam who have excelled in metallurgical competence of unparalleled excellence from the days of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization, from ca. 8th millennium BCE.
The paintings showing Alexander and Purushottama relate to 4th cent. BCE when Alexander and Purushottama fought a fierce battle and Alexander's Macedonian troops reportedly revolted and returned to Mesopotamia.
This historic moment is captured in these two exquisite paintings.
The efforts ongoing by SAIL to take Bhāratam to great heights in steel production are laudable and fully supported by Hon'ble PM, Narendra Modi. This is a tribute to the SAIL Team who have rendered their service to our Motherland. Rishi Visvamitra celebrates the Bharatam Janam in a Rica in Rigveda (3.53.12)
य इमे रोदसी उभे अहं इन्दं अतुष्टवं
विश्वामित्रस्य रक्षति ब्रह्मेदं भारतं जनम्
ya ime rodasī ubhe aham indram atuṣṭavam |
viśvāmitrasya rakṣati brahmedam bhārataṃ janam || (RV 3.53.12)
Translation (Sayana, Wilson): I have made Indra glorified by these two, heaven and earth, and this prayer of Viśvāmitra protects the race of Bharata. [Made Indra glorified: indram atus.t.avam-- the verb is the third preterite of the casual, I have caused to be praised; it may mean: I praise Indra, abiding between heaven and earth, i.e. in the firmament].
Translation (Sayana, Wilson): I have made Indra glorified by these two, heaven and earth, and this prayer of Viśvāmitra protects the race of Bharata. [Made Indra glorified: indram atus.t.avam-- the verb is the third preterite of the casual, I have caused to be praised; it may mean: I praise Indra, abiding between heaven and earth, i.e. in the firmament].
भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत. (Molesworth Marathi Dictionary).This gloss, bharata is denoted by the hieroglyphs: backbone, ox. भरत bharat 'alloy' bhāraṇ = to bring out from a kiln (G.) bāraṇiyo = one whose profession it is to sift ashes or dust in a goldsmith’s workshop (G.lex.) In the Punjab, the mixed alloys were generally called, bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin). In Bengal, an alloy called bharan or toul was created by adding some brass or zinc into pure bronze. bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into (G.lex.) Bengali. ভরন [ bharana ] n an inferior metal obtained from an alloy of coper, zinc and tin. baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)
RV_3,053.12c viśvāmitrasya rakṣati brahmedam bhārataṃ janam ||
3.053.12 I have made Indra glorified by these two, heaven and earth, and this prayer of Vis'va_mitra protects the race of Bharata. [Made Indra glorified: indram atus.t.avam-- the verb is the third preterite of the casual, I have caused to be praised; it may mean: I praise Indra, abiding between heaven and earth, i.e. in the firmament].
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/bharatam-janam-of-rigveda-rv-353-mean.html
The copies of the paintings are acknowledged with gratitude. Thanks to the courtesy of Steel Authority of India Limited - Management Training Institute Shyamali Colony, Doranda, Ranchi - 834002 (Jharkhand), IN.
Metallurgical tradition of ancient India dates back to Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization.
Lost-wax casting. Bronze statue, Mohenjo-daro. Bronze statue of a woman holding a small bowl, Mohenjo-dar
Dance-step as hieroglyph on a potsherd, Bhirrana. Hieroglyph: meṭ sole of foot, footstep, footprint (Ko.); meṭṭu step, stair, treading, slipper (Te.)(DEDR 1557). Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’(Munda); मेढ meḍh‘merchant’s helper’(Pkt.) meḍ iron (Ho.) meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda)
Dancing girl of Sarasvati civilization. 4.3 in. h. Mohenjo-Daro. “Metallurgists smelted silver, lead, and copper and worked gold too. Coppersmiths employed tin bronze as in Sumer, but also an alloy of copper with from 3.4 to 4.4 per cent of arsenic, an alloy used also at Anau in Transcaspia. They could cast cire perdue (lost wax) and rivet, but never seem to have resorted to brazing or soldering.” (Childe, Gordon, 1952, New light on the most ancien East, New York, Frederick A. Praeger)
The Leopards weight from Shahi Tump - Photography and 30 MeV accelerator tomodensimetry showing the copper shell and the lead filling.(Science for Cultural Heritage: Technological Innovation and Case Studies in Marine and Land Archaeology in the Adriatic Region and Inland : VII International Conference on Science, Arts and Culture : August 28-31, 2007, Veli Lošinj, Croatia, World Scientific, 2010. The aim of the conference was to discuss the contribution of physics and other sciences in archaeological research and in the preservation of cultural heritage.) The rollout of Shu-ilishu's Cylinder seal. Courtesy of the Department des Antiquites Orientales, Musee du Louvre, Paris.
A Mesopotamian cylinder seal referring to the personal translator of the ancient Indus or Meluhan language, Shu-ilishu, who lived around 2020 BCE during the late Akkadian period. http://a.harappa.com/content/shu-ilishus-cylinder-seal..
Alloy of copper, pewter, tin: bharath, alloy, metalcasters, philosophers of fire. bharatiyo 'metal casters' (Gujarati) भरत [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. भरताचें भांडें [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal
Rebus: bhārata भारत a. (-ती f.) [भरतस्येदम्, भारतान् भरतवंश्यानधिकृत्य कृतो ग्रन्थः अण्] Belonging to or descended from Bharata. -तः 1 A descendant of Bharata; (such as विदुर; सञ्जातहर्षो मुनिमाह भारतः Mb.3.2.8; also धृतराष्ट्र, अर्जुन in Bg.). -2 An inhabitant of Bharatavarṣa or India. -3 An actor, -4 An epithet of the sun shining on the south of Meru. -5 Fire. -तम् 1 India, the country of Bharata; एतदूढगुरुभार भारतं वर्षमद्य मम वर्तते वशे Śi.14.5. -2 N. of the most celebrated epic poem in Sanskrit which gives the history of the descendants of Bharata with innumerable episodes. (It is attributed to Vyāsa or कृष्णद्वैपायन, but the work, as we have it at present, is evidently the production of many hands); श्रवणाञ्जलिपुटपेयं विरचितवान् भारताख्यममृतं यः । तमहमरागमकृष्णं कृष्णद्वैपायनं वन्दे ॥ Ve.1.4; व्यासगिरां निर्यासं सारं विश्वस्य भारतं वन्दे । भूषणतयैव संज्ञां यदङ्कितां भारती वहति ॥ Āryā. S.31. -3 The science of music and dramaturgy founded by Bharata. -ती Speech, voice, words, eloquence; भारतीनिर्घोषः U.3; तमर्थमिव भारत्या सुतया योक्तुमर्हसि Ku.6.79; नवरसरुचिरां निर्मिति- मादधती भारती कवेर्जयति K. P.1. -2 The goddess of speech, Sarasvatī; कीरानने स्फुरसि भारति का रतिस्ते Govindarāja. -3 N. of a particular kind of style; भारती संस्कृतप्रायो वाग्व्यापारो नटाश्रयः S. D.285. -4 A quail. -5 The drama- tic art in general.-6 The Sanskrit speech of an actor. -7 One of the 1 orders (दशनाम) of Gosāvins, mendi- cants (Mar. दसनाम गोसावी). -Comp. -आख्यानम्, -इतिहासः, -कथा the story of the Bhāratas (महाभारत). -मण्डलम्, -वर्षम् India. -सावित्री N. of a stotra; इमां भारतसावित्रीं प्रातरुत्थाय यः पठेत् Mb.18.5.64.(Samskritam. Apte)
भारत [p=753,1] mf(ई)n. descended from भरत or the भरतs (applied to अग्नि either " sprung from the priests called भरतs " or " bearer of the oblation ") RV. &c belonging or relating to the भरतs (with युद्ध n. संग्राम m.
समर m. समिति f. the war or battle of the भरतs ; with orscil. आख्यान n. with इतिहास m. and कथा f. the story of the भरतs , the history or narrative of their war ; with orscil. मण्डल n. or वर्ष n. " king भरतs's realm " i.e. India) MBh. Ka1v. &c inhabiting भरत-वर्ष i.e. India BhP. m. a descendant of भरत (also in pl. for भरतास्) RV. &cm. (with अश्व-मेध) , N. of the author of RV. v , 27m. (with देव-वात and देव-श्रवस्) , N. of the authors of RV. iii , 23m. fire L.m. an actor L. (cf. भरत)m. N. of the sun shining on the south of मेरु L.n. the land of भरतs i.e. India (cf. above )n. the story of the भरतs and their wars (sometimes identified with the महा-भारत , and sometimes distinguished from it) MBh. Ra1jat. IW. 371 n. 1 and 2n. (with सरस्) , N. of a lake S3atr.
भारती f. of °रतa female descendant of भरत L.N. of a deity (in RV. often invoked among the आप्री deities and esp. together with इला and सरस्वती accord. to Nir.viii , 13 a daughter of आदित्य ; later identified with सरस्वती , the goddess of speech) RV. &cspeech , voice , word , eloquence , literary composition , dramatic art or recitation MBh. Ka1v. &c(with वृत्ति) , a partic. kind of style Das3ar. Sa1h. (cf. IW. 503 n. 1)the Sanskrit speech of an actor L.N. of a river MBh. one of the 10 orders of religious mendicants traced back to pupils of शंकरा*चार्य (the members of which add the word भारती to their names) W. Cat.
Indian sprachbund of Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) civilization and the imperative of further Proto-IE language studies
I have suggested that chandas of Vedic Samskritam was the prosodic diction and the corresponding parole (vernacular) was mleccha (meluhha), Proto-Prakritam. It is significant that the word mleccha also has the meaning 'copper'. Equally significant is the self-designation of the people as Bharatam Janam by Viswamitra in Rigveda. The word bharatam janam means 'metalcaster folk'; the word भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c. भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal
Bharatas is used as a collective noun referring to performers of yajna, worshippers of Agni, in the following Krishna Yajurveda texts:\
yvk.1.3 i O Agni, of the Bharatas, youngest, Bear to us excellent, glorious wealth,
yvk.1.8 d This is your king, O Bharatas; Soma is the king of us Brahmans.
yvk.1.8 h This is your king, O Bharatas; Soma is the king of us Brahmans.
yvk.4.4 g He hath been born as guardian of men, wakeful, Agni, skilful, for fresh prosperity; Ghee faced, with mighty sky reaching (blaze) He shineth gloriously, pure for the Bharatas.
The following are references to bharata in Rigveda; it is clear from the reference to 'sons of bharata' in RV 3.53 that the reference is to a group of people engaged in Soma yajna and metaphoric reference to Soma imbibed from Potr's bowl:
| rvs.2.7 | 1. VASU, thou most youthful God, Bharata, Agni, bring us wealth, |
| rvs.2.7 | 5 Ours art thou, Agni, Bharata, honoured by us with barren cows, |
| rvs.2.36 | Sitting on sacred grass, ye Sons of Bharata, drink Soma from the Potars' bowl, O Men of heaven. |
| rvs.3.53 | 24 These men, the sons of Bharata, O Indra, regard not severance or close connexion. |
| rvs.4.25 | 4 To him shall Agni Bharata give shelter: long shall he look upon the Sun uprising-, |
| rvs.5.54 | Ye give the Bharata as his strength, a charger, and ye bestow a king who quickly listens. |
| rvs.6.16 | 4 Thee, too, hath Bharata of old, with mighty men, implored for bliss. |
| rvs.6.16 | 19 Agni, the Bharata, hath been sought, the Vrtraslayer-, marked of all, |
The title Mahabharata of the Great Epic is also of significance, narrating the participation of bharatapeople in a number of episodes; there are 2260 occurrfences of the word bharata as a noun in the Great Epic.
| Mbh.1.94.5188 | There the Bharatas lived for a full thousand years, within their fort. |
A map of Bharatavarsha based on Mahabharata references [After Jijith Nadumuri ,2010 http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/bharatavarsha]
Since the evolution of the Bronze Age was a defining cultural marker of the civilization contact areas, the task begins with the map showing bronze-age sites of eastern India and neighbouring areas in Southeast Asia.
George Pinault's suggested tracing of ams'u 'synonym: soma' of Rigveda in Tocharian ancu, 'iron' also suggests further language and civilization studies in Proto-Indo-European and trade contacts between Sarasvati basin people and Kyrgystan (Mustagh Ata), with particular reference to the processing of soma purchased from merchants from Mt. Mujavant recorded in Rigveda.
Based on archaeometallurgical indicators, it has been hypothesized that a Tin Road between Hanoi, Vietnam and Haifa, Israel was traversed during the Bronze Age. This is consistent with the map drawn by Pinnow for Austro-Asiatic languages which extend from Munda languages of Eastern India to Mon-Khmer of Southeast Asia which is mirrored by the presence of bronze age archaeological sites in a correlated region.
Map of Bronze Age sites of eastern India and neighbouring areas: 1. Koldihwa; 2.Khairdih; 3. Chirand; 4. Mahisadal; 5. Pandu Rajar Dhibi; 6.Mehrgarh; 7. Harappa;8. Mohenjo-daro; 9.Ahar; 10. Kayatha; 11.Navdatoli; 12.Inamgaon; 13. Non PaWai; 14. Nong Nor;15. Ban Na Di andBan Chiang; 16. NonNok Tha; 17. Thanh Den; 18. Shizhaishan; 19. Ban Don Ta Phet [After Fig. 8.1 in: Charles Higham, 1996, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, Cambridge University Press].
Decipherment of the Indus script corpora as metalwork catalogues, points to the use of Bronze Age words related to metalwork in almost all the languages of Indian sprachbund. Further research work is needed to trace and identify the phonetic variations recorded in many language lexicons which retain the remembered memories of the Bronze Age work by bharata, 'metalcaster' artisans.
Similar tracing has to be done for the use of the gloss 'meluhha' cognate 'mleccha' in cuneiform texts of Ancient Near East -- as a reference to a language and also to seafaring merchants from Meluhha region which has been mapped by identifying archaeological sites documenting trade exchanges between Meluhha and Ancient Near East and revisiting the Mitanni treaties which seem to include Proto-Indo-Aryan words in Hurrian/Hittite/Gutian; and reference to 'indara' in Gudea inscription, see: http://www.academia.edu/
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Indian sprachbund
[After Franklin C. Southworth, 2005 Linguistic archaeology of South Asia, London: Routledge-Curzon (for the Table of Contents and chapter summaries, download LASAcontents.pdf). MLECCHA and VEDIC are added as overlays, on the language categories maped by Southworth.]
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/02/maritime-meluhha-tin-road-links-far.html
Pinnow map
Austroasiatic Languages:
Munda (Eastern India) and
Mon-Khmer (NE India, mainland SE Asia, Malaysia, Nicobars) [Site maintained by Patricia Donegan and David Stampe]
- Munda Lexical Archive, an ongoing copylefted archive of most of the lexical materials available from the non-Kherwarian Munda languages, assembled, analyzed, and arranged by Patricia J. Donegan & David Stampe. A detailed description with credits is forthcoming. For now see 00README. (A current snapshot of the whole is available for download as a zip archive: munda-archive.zip)
- Sora (Saora, Savara), data of G. V. Ramamurti, Verrier Elwin, H. S. Biligiri, David Stampe, Stanley Starosta, Bijoy P. Mahapatra, Ranganayaki Mahapatra, Arlene R. K. Zide, Khageswar Mahapatra, Piers Vitebsky, Patricia J. Donegan, et al.
- Gorum (Parengi), data of Arlene R. K. Zide et al.
- Gutob (Gadaba), data of Norman H. Zide, Bimal Prasad Das, Patricia J. Donegan, et al.
- Remo (Bonda), data of Verrier Elwin, Frank Fernandez, S. Bhattacharya, Patricia J. Donegan, et al.
- Gta' (Didayi), data of Suhas Chatterji, P. N. Chakravarti, Norman H. Zide, Khageswar Mahapatra, Patricia J. Donegan, et al.
- Kharia, data of H. Floor, H. Geysens, H. S. Biligiri, Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, et al.
- Juang, data of Verrier Elwin, Dan M. Matson, Bijoy P. Mahapatra, Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, et al.
- Korku, data of Norman H. Zide, Beryl A. Girard, Patricia J. Donegan, et al.
- Santali, a growing selection of Paul Otto Bodding's 5-volume A Santal Dictionary (Oslo, Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, 1929-1936), input by Makoto Minegishi and associates, ILCAA, Tokyo, but so far of limited value since it is accessible only by searching for an exactly spelled Santali headword! .
- Munda:
- Comparative Munda (mostly North), rough draft ed. Stampe, based on Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow's Versuch einer historischen Lautlehre der Kharia-Sprache(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1959) and Ram Dayal Munda's Proto-Kherwarian Phonology, unpublished MA thesis, University of Chicago, 1968.
- Working files of South Munda lexical data by gloss assembled from collections of David Stampe, Patricia Donegan, H.-J. Pinnow, Sudhibhushan Bhattacharya, and Norman and Arlene Zide for a seminar by Stampe on Austroasiatic languages.
- Indian Substratum: South Asia Residual Vocabulary Assemblage (SARVA), a compilation of ancient Indian words lacking apparent Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, or Austroasiatic origins, in progress by Franklin Southworth and Michael Witzel, with David Stampe.
- Dravidian: Thomas Burrow and Murray B. Emeneau's A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed. 1984. Accessible by search on headwords or strings, through the Digital Dictionaries of South Asia project, U. Chicago.
- Indo-Aryan: Sir Ralph Turner's A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, 1962-66, with 3 supplements 1969-85. Accessible by search on headwords or strings, through the Digital Dictionaries of South Asia project, U. Chicago.
- Sino-Tibetan: James A. Matisoff's STEDT (Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus) Project, at Berkeley. The first fruit of the project, Matisoff'sHandbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction (University of California Publications in Linguistics 135), 2003, can be downloaded from California's eScholarship Repository as a searchable pdf file. On the STEDT site is an index of reconstructions and a first set ofaddenda and corrigenda for HPTB. Electronic publication of STEDT is planned in 8 semantically arranged fascicles.
https://kampotmuseum.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/austroasiatic-languages.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austroasiatic-en.svg/300px-Austroasiatic-en.svg.png
[Source: Vikrant Kumar, et. al., “Asian and Non-Asian Origins of Mon-Khmer- and Mundari-Speaking Austro-Asiatic Populations of India,” American Journal of Human Biology 18 (2006): 467.]
Paul Sidwell and Roger Blench propose that the Austroasiatic phylum had dispersed via the Mekong River drainage basin.
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/dravling/hopper5.html
Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent
The languages of the Indian Subcontinent are divided into various language families, of which the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated language families such asTibeto-Burman, spoken by smaller groups. Linguistic records begin with the appearance of the Brāhmī script from about the 3rd century BCE.
S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
September 10, 2015
Did Alexander defeat Porus?
“Daunted by the skill and number of the native people and terrified by their elephants, the Macedonians mutinied and demanded to return westwards, to which Alexander eventually agreed. After many trials and tribulations the Macedonian army ultimately returned to Babylon where Alexander would live out the last few months of his life before dying suddenly and mysteriously on the 10th June 323 BC.” Was Alexander injured by Indian steel ukku sword?
The 'Porus Medallion', a silver decadrachm with an image of Alexander the GreatThis silver Dekadrachm featuring the figure of Alexander the Great was part of the Prospero Collection was struck during Alexander’s campaigns in India. http://www.davecullen.com/forum/index.php?topic=26820.3870
(Coin image above reproduced courtesy of Baldwin's Auctions Ltd, New York Sale XXVII, 304).
Sharada Srinivasan; Srinivasa Ranganathan (2004). India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World. National Institute of Advanced Studies. (South Indian sites producing crucible steel: Gulbarga, Mysore, South Arcot. http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOT