Fertile Crescent Sumerian Akkadian Babylonian Copper Age 5000 BCE - 3000 BCE Bronze Age 3000 BCE - 1400 BCEIron Age 1400 BCE - 1 CE
I suggest that the hierogly-multiplex is rendered in Prakritam speech as: 
Sanchi north toraNa with hieroglyph components: mollusc, spathe, safflower, reed
Depiction of torana, or gateway, of stupa, a fragment of a Jaina stupa railing, Kankali Tila, near Mathura (Government Museum, Lucknow). In ancient times, the symbols and motifs of the art of all faiths in India were the same. This depiction is identical to the toranas of Buddhist stupas of early times. Photo: http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2420/stories/20071019505206400.htm
Hackin 1954, p.169, figs.18 Ivory? Size: 10.6 x 15.8 x 0.4 cm Rectangular plaque depicting three palmettos with curled-up ends, held together by rings made up of lotus petals. Between the palmettos elongated fruit is shown . This scene is bordered by a band depicting a series of four-leaved flowers set in a square frame.
garbhārā sangha Rebus: temple, innermost apartment of a temple of sangha, community. saṁghá m. ʻ association, a community ʼ Mn. [√
Molluscs on Susa ritual basin compared with Molluscs on Sanchi Monument Stupa II Huntington Scan Number 0010873 (See more examples in: http://www.scribd.com/doc/13267649/Resources-Hieroglyphs-Ancient-Indian-Tradition)
Detail of the Susa ritual basin http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/spr03/422/January-March/86.JPG
- Bassin cultuel orné de poissons-chèvresEpoque médio-élamiteSuse. H. 62.8 cm; W. 92 cm
- Fouilles J. de Morgan 1904 - 1905Sb 19
- Louvre.
The hieroglyph components of this hieroglyph-multiplex, the centre-piece (together with goat-fish hieroglyph-multiplex) of Susa ritual basin are: mollusc, goat (kid), reed, spathe (palm, sprout)
Mollusc
śāṅkhika ʻ relating to a shell ʼ W. 2. *śāṅkhinī -- (śaṅkhinī -- f. ʻ mother -- of -- pearl ʼ Bālar.). [
Goat, kid
करडूं or करडें [ karaḍū or ṅkaraḍēṃ ] n A kid. (Marathi) Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy'. aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) Thus the hieroglyph-multiplex of goat-kid-fish reads: aya करडें 'fish kid' Rebus: ayaskaraḍā 'metal alloy' (comparable to ayaskANda mentioned by Panini for excellent metal implements. khaNDa 'implements' (Santali)
Reed
Reeds on Susa ritual basin. Compare with the reed posts PLUS scarves of Warka vase eruvai 'reed' + dhatu 'scarf' + dula 'pair' Rebus: eruvai 'copper' + dhatu 'mineral' + dul 'cast metal'.Rebus: eruva 'copper' எருவை eruvai Copper; செம்பு. எருவை யுருக்கினா லன்ன குருதி (கம்பரா. கும்பக. 248).
Dagoba is the Sinhalese name for the Buddhist Stupa, a mound-like structure with relics, used by Buddhist monks to meditate. This is a compound comprising: dhatu + garbha 'mineral core''containing dhatu, mineral'. dhAtugarbha m. (with Buddh.) receptacle for ashes or relics , a Dagaba or Dagoba (Sinhalese corruption of Pali Dhatu-gabbha) MWB. xxxv {-kumbha} m. a relic-urn Hcar. http://www.sumscorp.com/new_models_of_culture/terms/?object_id=150959
2. Or. āra ʻ spoke ʼ; Bi. ārā ʻ first pair of spokes in a cartwheel ʼ; H. ārā m. ʻ spoke ʼ, G. ārɔ m.(CDIAL 594)
Hieroglyph (allograph): எருவை eruvai
A kind of kite, a kite whose head is white
and whose
body
is brown; தலைவெளுத்து உடல்சிவந்திருக்கும் பருந்து. விசும்பா டெருவை பசுந்தடி தடுப்ப (புறநா. 64, 4). 4. Eagle; கழுகு. எருவை குருதி பிணங்க வருந் தோற்றம் (களவழி. 20). 5.
The following hieroglyph-multiplexes on ceremonial axes including hieroglyph components: tiger, rhinoceros, eagle, kid (goat), monkey, ox. All are metalwork cipher texts.
kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, temple' kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'pancaloha alloy'
eruvai 'a kite, eagle' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'
kANDa 'rhinoceros' Rebus: kANDa 'metal implements'
karaDU 'kid (goat)' Rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'
dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'
kuThAru 'monkey' Rebus: kuThAru 'armourer'
barad 'ox' Rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin'
![]()
![08-02-14/21 Lessing, Erich, photographer. Ceremonial axe of ki...]()
Ceremonial axe (inscribed with name) of king Untash-Napirisha, from his capital Tchoga Zambil. Back of the axe adorned with an electrum boar; the blade issues from a lion's mouth. Silver and electrum, H: 5,9 cm Sb 3973 Louvre, Departement des Antiquites Orientales, Paris, France
![Shaft-hole axe head with bird-headed demon, boar, and dragon.Bronze Age, ca. late 3rd–early 2nd millennium B.C.,Bactria-Margiana]()
Shaft-hole axe head with bird-headed demon, boar, and dragon.Bronze Age, ca. late 3rd–early 2nd millennium B.C.,Bactria-Margiana metmuseum.org
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/09/central-asian-seals-seal-impressions.html
The pattern of double-heading in artistic representation and duplication of signs or glyphs (e.g. two bulls facing each other) in an inscription have been explained in decoded Indus script as connoting dula 'pair'; rebus: dul 'casting (metal)'. If the eagle is read rebus using a lexems of Indian linguistic area to connote pajhar 'eagle' (rebus: pasra 'smithy'), the double-headed eagle can be read as: dul pajhar = metal casting smithy. The body of a person ligatured to the double-headed eagle can denote the smith whose metalworking trade is related to casting of metals.
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/09/central-asian-seals-seal-impressions.html
![]()
![File:Bactrian axe BM 123628.jpg]()
Cast axe-head; tin bronze inlaid with silver; shows a boar attacking a tiger which is attacking an ibex.ca. 2500 -2000 BCE Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex. Length: 17.8 cm (7 in). Weight: 675.5 g (23.82 oz). British Museum.ME 123268 (1913,0314.11913,0314.1) R. Maxwell-Hyslop, 'British Museum “axe” no. 123628: a Bactrian bronze', Bulletin of the Asia Institute, NS I (1987), pp. 17-26
Curator's comments: See RL file 6616 (29/6/1995); also Research Lab file 4992 of 12/09/1983 where XRF analysis of surface indicates composition as tin bronze with approx 10% tin and traces of arsenic, nickel, silver and lead. Dalton's inclusion in the 'Catalogue of the Oxus Treasure' among a small group of comparative items has unfortunately led to recurrent confusion over the date and provenance of this piece. It was first believed to be Achaemenid in date (Dalton, 'Catalogue of the Oxus Treasure', p. 48), labelled as such in 1975 in the former Iranian Room and thus suggested to be an Achaemenid scabbard chape (P R S Moorey CORRES 1975, based on an example said to have been excavated by P. Bernard at Ai Khanoum or seen by him in Kabul Bazaar, cf. P. Bernard CORRES 1976). It has also been assigned a 4th-5th century AD Sasanian date (P. Amiet, 1967, in 'Revue du Louvre' 17, pp. 281-82). However, its considerably earlier - late 3rd mill. BC Bronze Age - date has now been clearly demonstrated following the discovery of large numbers of objects of related form in south-east Iran and Bactria, and it has since been recognised and/or cited as such, for instance by H. Pittmann (hence archaeometallurgical analysis in 1983; R. Maxwell-Hyslop, 1988a, "British Museum axe no. 123628: a Bactrian bronze", 'Bulletin of the Asia Institute' 1 (NS), pp. 17-26; F. Hiebert & C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky 1992a, "Central Asia and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands",' Iran' 30, p. 5; B. Brentjes, 1991a, "Ein tierkampfszene in bronze", 'Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran' 24 (NS), p. 1, taf. 1).
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367862&partId=1
![]()
Eagle incised on a ceremonial axe made of chlorite. Tepe Yahya. (After Fig. 9.6 in Philip H. Kohl, 2001, opcit.)
![Bactrian bronze axe head]()
BACTRIAN BRONZE AXE HEAD
The narrow blade decorated with incised chevrons, cut-away socket with banded edges, the shaft decorated with two squatting figures each wearing short tunic, one wrestling a seated feline the other with arms around the feline and a standing quadruped.
2nd Millennium BC
L. 6 3/4 in. (17.2 cm.)
Ex London art market, late 1990s.
Published: J. Eisenberg, Art of the Ancient World, 2012, no. 251.
CLT168
$27,500 http://www.royalathena.com/PAGES/NearEasternCatalog/Bronze/CLT168.html
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/tvastr-is-metaphor-for-veneration-of.html
Gold sheet and silver, Late 3rd/early 2nd millennium B.C.E.
L. 12.68 cm. Ceremonial Axe Baktria,Northern Afghanistan http://www.lessingimages.com/search.asp?a=L&lc=202020207EE6&ln=Collection+George+Ortiz%2C+Geneva%2C+Switzerland&p=1 "The whole cast by the lost wax process. The boar covered with a sheet of gold annealed and hammered on, some 3/10-6/10 mm in thickness, almost all the joins covered up with silver. At the base of the mane between the shoulders an oval motif with irregular indents. The lion and the boar hammered, elaborately chased and polished. A shaft opening - 22 holes around its edge laced with gold wire some 7/10-8/10 mm in diameter - centred under the lion's shoulder; between these a hole (diam: some 6.5 mm) front and back for insertion of a dowel to hold the shaft in place, both now missing.
Ceremonial axe (inscribed with name) of king Untash-Napirisha, from his capital Tchoga Zambil. Back of the axe adorned with an electrum boar; the blade issues from a lion's mouth. Silver and electrum, H: 5,9 cm Sb 3973 Louvre, Departement des Antiquites Orientales, Paris, France
Shaft-hole axe head with bird-headed demon, boar, and dragon.Bronze Age, ca. late 3rd–early 2nd millennium B.C.,Bactria-Margiana metmuseum.orgSee: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/09/central-asian-seals-seal-impressions.html
The pattern of double-heading in artistic representation and duplication of signs or glyphs (e.g. two bulls facing each other) in an inscription have been explained in decoded Indus script as connoting dula 'pair'; rebus: dul 'casting (metal)'. If the eagle is read rebus using a lexems of Indian linguistic area to connote pajhar 'eagle' (rebus: pasra 'smithy'), the double-headed eagle can be read as: dul pajhar = metal casting smithy. The body of a person ligatured to the double-headed eagle can denote the smith whose metalworking trade is related to casting of metals.
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/09/central-asian-seals-seal-impressions.html
Cast axe-head; tin bronze inlaid with silver; shows a boar attacking a tiger which is attacking an ibex.ca. 2500 -2000 BCE Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex. Length: 17.8 cm (7 in). Weight: 675.5 g (23.82 oz). British Museum.ME 123268 (1913,0314.11913,0314.1) R. Maxwell-Hyslop, 'British Museum “axe” no. 123628: a Bactrian bronze', Bulletin of the Asia Institute, NS I (1987), pp. 17-26
Curator's comments: See RL file 6616 (29/6/1995); also Research Lab file 4992 of 12/09/1983 where XRF analysis of surface indicates composition as tin bronze with approx 10% tin and traces of arsenic, nickel, silver and lead. Dalton's inclusion in the 'Catalogue of the Oxus Treasure' among a small group of comparative items has unfortunately led to recurrent confusion over the date and provenance of this piece. It was first believed to be Achaemenid in date (Dalton, 'Catalogue of the Oxus Treasure', p. 48), labelled as such in 1975 in the former Iranian Room and thus suggested to be an Achaemenid scabbard chape (P R S Moorey CORRES 1975, based on an example said to have been excavated by P. Bernard at Ai Khanoum or seen by him in Kabul Bazaar, cf. P. Bernard CORRES 1976). It has also been assigned a 4th-5th century AD Sasanian date (P. Amiet, 1967, in 'Revue du Louvre' 17, pp. 281-82). However, its considerably earlier - late 3rd mill. BC Bronze Age - date has now been clearly demonstrated following the discovery of large numbers of objects of related form in south-east Iran and Bactria, and it has since been recognised and/or cited as such, for instance by H. Pittmann (hence archaeometallurgical analysis in 1983; R. Maxwell-Hyslop, 1988a, "British Museum axe no. 123628: a Bactrian bronze", 'Bulletin of the Asia Institute' 1 (NS), pp. 17-26; F. Hiebert & C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky 1992a, "Central Asia and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands",' Iran' 30, p. 5; B. Brentjes, 1991a, "Ein tierkampfszene in bronze", 'Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran' 24 (NS), p. 1, taf. 1).
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367862&partId=1
BACTRIAN BRONZE AXE HEADThe narrow blade decorated with incised chevrons, cut-away socket with banded edges, the shaft decorated with two squatting figures each wearing short tunic, one wrestling a seated feline the other with arms around the feline and a standing quadruped.
2nd Millennium BC
L. 6 3/4 in. (17.2 cm.)
Ex London art market, late 1990s.
Published: J. Eisenberg, Art of the Ancient World, 2012, no. 251.
CLT168
$27,500 http://www.royalathena.com/PAGES/NearEasternCatalog/Bronze/CLT168.html
http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/tvastr-is-metaphor-for-veneration-of.html
S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
August 18, 2015