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Painting in Steel Authority of India: Alexander gets an Indian sword from Puru. NaMo dedicates 4.5MT expansion at Rourkela. This is a tribute to Bharatam Janam of Hindu civilization from ca. 4th millennium BCE.

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King Puru and Alexander the Great. ca. 330 BCE. Painting in the guesthouse of the largest R&D steel laboratory in the world, the Steel Authority of India, 

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/02/ancient-blacksmiths.html

Three mineral ores: pola (magnetite), gota (laterite), bichi (hematite) -- all three Meluhha glosses -- are three varieties of minerals with sources for alloying metals. The importance of bichi (hematite) as a hieroglyph has been detailed. This monograph outlines the socio-cultural context in which pola and gota were recognized by early metalworkers (blacksmiths).

Ancient Blacksmiths: ukku pola (steel from magnetite)?


Close-up of an 18th-century Iranian crucible-forged Damascus steel sword. The sword was made of wootz steel, a process said to have started in 300 BCE. [K. Kris Hirst Damascus Steel. Nanotechnology and SwordMaking. Archaeology.about.com (2010-06-10)] 

Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring igneous and metamorphic rocks with black or brownish-black with a metallic luster. 

These magnetite ore stones could have been identified as pola iron by Meluhha speakers.

Laterite ores are gota

Laterites are rusty soil types with iron oxides rich in iron and aluminium. They are formed in hot and wet tropical areas.  Laterites can be easily cut with a spade into regular-sized blocks. Angadipuram Laterite is a National Geological Monument identified in Angadipuram town in Malappuram district in the southern Indian state ofKeralaIndia Laterite is linked to the Latin word "letritis" that means bricks. The economic importance of laterites is particularly related to nickel and aluminium metals. Thus, before iron smelting became the vogue, it is possible that the laterites were mined to create a varieties of alloys of like speiss or iron arsenides which could be alloyed with copper.

The gloss used by Meluhha speakers for laterites is gota.

Cutting laterite bricks in Angadipuram, India

Wootz was imported into the Middle East from Im India. (Jeffrey Wadsworth and Oleg D. Sherby (1980). "On the Bulat – Damascus Steel Revisited". Prog. Mater. Sci. 25 (1): 35–68)

"The name булат is a Russian transliteration of the Persian  word پولاد (transliterated pulad), meaning steel. 


Ancient Blacksmiths: ukku pola (steel from magnetite) ~~ wootz bulat

The word wootz (Michael Faraday, as quoted by Peter Day, The Philosopher's Tree, p. 108) may have been a mistranscription of wook, an anglicised version of urukku (உருக்கு) (ഉരുക്കു), the word for melting in Tamil  and  Malayalam  or urukke, the word for steel in Kannada (ಉರ್‍ಕು, ಉಕ್ಕು),Telugu (ఉక్కు) and many other Dravidian languages." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wootz_steel


పొల [ pola ] or పొలసు polaపొలుసు [ polusu ][Telugu] A scale of a fish. చేపమీది పొలుసుTu. poḍasů scales of fish. Te. pola, polasu, polusu id. Kui plōkosi id. (DEDR 4480). పొలుపు [ polupu ] or పొల్పు polupu. [Telugu] Firmness,స్థైర్యము. "పొలుపుమీరిన నెలవంకిబొమలు జూచి, రమణదళుకొత్తు బింబాధరంబుజూచి." Rukmang. i. 158


Ka. pola object of sight, direction, point of the compass. Te. polamu track, trace; polamari one who knows a clue; polakuva trace, track; pulugu mark or sign, trace, track, clue; ? pulapoḍucu to gaze, stare. (DEDR 4344). The Kannada gloss pola meaning 'point of the compass' may link with the characteristic of magnetite iron used to create a compass.

Possible 'feather' hieroglyph, būla small feathers4358 Ma. pūṭa down of birds, wool, fine hair. Ko. kambu· eyebrow (kam- < kaṇ eye). Tu. (B-K.) puḷḷe plume, feather. Kol. bu·r (pl. bu·ḍl) eyelash, eyebrow; (Pat., p. 35) būr fur. Nk. būr (pl. būḍḷ) down, fine feather. Pa.   būḍul (pl.) hair, fine feathers, down. Ga. (P.)burgul eyebrows. Go. (A.) būrā, (Y. S.)  bura  down; (L.) burā feather (Voc. 2589); (L.) puḷā feather; (G.) bulo id., down; (Ma.)  bubla, būla small feathers, down (Voc. 2316); (W.) būīyā down; (Ph.) buiyā hair, feathers; (Tr.) buiyā down, small feathers (Voc. 2584). Konḍabulus (pl. -ku) pubic hair, feathers, hair (on legs and chest); (BB)  buṛus  feathers, down. Pe. būra (pl. -ŋ) small feathers, down, wool, pubic hair.  Manḍ.  būriŋ pubic hair. Kui būri, būru hair, fur, feather, wool; (K.) pṛuma  feather. Kuwi (Ḍ.) kanu būru eyebrow; būrka (pl.) down. Malt. (BB) purgu hair on the body. Br. puṭ hair (> Bal. puṭ a hair; Elfenbein, p. 65); puṭ kanning to pluck (of a fowl, the tobacco crop); purruk long hair of males cut at the shoulders. (DEDR 4358).


What could be the source of the word bulat (Russian)? If the sword was forged from wootz (ukku -- Kannada, Telugu), is it possible that the word bulat was adapted from pola 'magnetite' iron in Asuri (Meluhha) language? 


Sherby, O.D. & J. Wadsworth, 2000,Ancient blacksmiths, the Iron Age, Damascus Steels and Modern Metallurgy, in: International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials, Las Vegas, NV, December 4-8, 2000

Two Damascus swords and surface


King Puru and Alexander the Great. ca. 330 BCE. Painting in the guesthouse of the largest R&D steel laboratory in the world, the Steel Authority of India, Ranchi. "After King Puru was defeated by Alexander the Great in battle, the King gave, as a token of respect, his sword to Alexander, and behind the King his aide is carrying an additional gift, a gold container within which is a cake of Indian wootz. At the time, this steel was more prized than gold. In a more recent period, the Russian poet, Alexander Pushkin immortalized 'bulat' with a similar comparison when he wrote in 1830 the following poem: All is mine, said gold;all is mine said bulat; all I can buy said gold, all I will take, said bulat. The exact procedures used by the ancient blacksmiths in making the surface markings on genuine Damascus steel swords (it is termed 'genuine' because it is made from a single ultrahigh carbon composition casting) have been the source of much speculation."




Meluhha glosses -- goṭa 'numerative particle'

Kur. goṭā any seed which forms inside a fruit or shell. Malt. goṭa a seed or berry.Ta. koṭṭai seed of any kind not enclosed in chaff or husk, nut, stone, kernel; testicles; (RS, p. 142, items 200, 201) koṭṭāṅkacci, koṭṭācci coconut shell. Ma. koṭṭa kernel of fruit, particularly of coconut, castor-oil seed; kuṟaṭṭa, kuraṭṭa kernel; kuraṇṭi stone of palmfruit. Ko. keṭ testes; scrotum. Ka.koṭṭe, goṟaṭe stone or kernel of fruit, esp. of mangoes;  goṭṭa mango stone. Koḍ. koraṇḍi id. Tu. koṭṭè kernel of a nut, testicles; koṭṭañji a fruit without flesh; koṭṭayi a dried areca-nut; koraṇtu kernel or stone of fruit, cashew-nut; goṭṭu kernel of a nut as coconut, almond, castor-oil seed. Te. kuriḍī dried whole kernel of coconut.  Kol. (Kin.) goṛva stone of fruit. Nk. goṛage stone of fruit coconut. Kol. (Kin.)  goṛva stone of fruit.  Nk. goṛage stone of fruit.  / Cf. words meaning 'fruit, kernel (DEDR 2069)  4271 *gōṭṭa ʻ something round ʼ. [Cf. guḍá -- 1. -- In sense ʻ fruit, kernel ʼ cert. ← Drav., cf. Tam. koṭṭai ʻ nut, kernel ʼ, Kan. goṟaṭe &c. listed DED 1722] K. goṭh f., dat. °ṭi f. ʻ chequer or chess or dice board ʼ; S. g̠oṭu m. ʻ large ball of tobacco ready for hookah ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ small do. ʼ; P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; N. goṭo ʻ piece ʼ, goṭi ʻ chess piece ʼ; A. goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece ʼ, °ṭā ʻ globular, solid ʼ, guṭi ʻ small ball, seed, kernel ʼ; B. goṭā ʻ seed, bean, whole ʼ; Or. goṭā ʻ whole, undivided ʼ, goṭi ʻ small ball, cocoon ʼ, goṭāli ʻ small round piece of chalk ʼ; Bi. goṭā ʻ seed ʼ; Mth. goṭa ʻ numerative particle ʼ; H. goṭ f. ʻ piece (at chess &c.) ʼ; G. goṭ m. ʻ cloud of smoke ʼ, °ṭɔ m. ʻ kernel of coconut, nosegay ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ lump of silver, clot of blood ʼ, °ṭilɔ m. ʻ hard ball of cloth ʼ; M. goṭā m. ʻ roundish stone ʼ, °ṭī f. ʻ a marble ʼ, goṭuḷā ʻ spherical ʼ; Si.guṭiya ʻ lump, ball ʼ; -- prob. also P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ.*gōḍḍ -- ʻ dig ʼ see *khōdd -- . Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ.(CDIAL 4271).

Thus, when a pinecone is depicted as in Vatican or a pinecone is held in the hand of an Assur, the hieroglyph intended is  goṭā ʻ seed ʼ (Bihari) The same meaning is conveyed by linear strokes in writing to use a suffix: goṭa 'numerative particle'. Thus, when three linear strokes are deployed the rebus reading could be: kolmo goṭa 'count of three' Rebus: kolami got 'furnace for laterite stone ore'. Almost all hieroglyphs with use of numeral counts can be read with this suffix: goṭa  'numerative particle'.


``^scrape, ^scratch'':
Sa. gOta? `to scrape, scratch'. Mu. gOta? `to scrape, scratch'.KW gOta? @(M087)
<gOTaG>(KMP)  {N} ``^road, ^way, ^path''.  

<gOtaGa>(P)  {N} ``^quail''.  *So.<gudi-tid-An>, Sa.<guNDri>, Sad.<gUndur>.  %11841.  #11751.


<gOtO>(P)  {N} ``^hillock''.  *Mu.<guTu> `a small jungle, a small hillock', Ho<guTu> `hillock', Sad.<gUTU>.  %11861. #11771. Ju<gOtO>(P)  {N} ``^hillock''.  *Mu.<guTu> `a small jungle, a small hillock', Ho<guTu> `hillock', Sad.<gUTU>.


<gOTa>(P)  {ADJ} ``^whole''.  {SX} ``^numeral ^intensive suffix''.  *Kh., Sa., Mu., Ho<goTA>,B.<goTa> `undivided'; Kh.<goThaG>(P), Sa.<goTAG>,~<gOTe'j>, Mu.<goTo>; Sad.<goT>, O., Bh.<goTa>; cf.Ju.<goTo> `piece', O.<goTa> `one'. %11811.  #11721. <goTa>(BD)  {NI} ``the ^whole''.  *@. #10971.


<gota'>  {N} ``^thorn_^bush''.  @3015. #10181.


<gota>  {N} ``^stone''.  @3014. #10171.


<aTe gOTa>(K),,<aThO-goTa>(P)  {NUM}``^eight''.  |<goTa> `whole,numeral intensive suffix. *$H.<aThA>, O.<aThO>. %2022.  #2002. <chO-gOTa>(KP)  {NUM} ``^six''.  |<goTa> `whole, numeral intensive suffix'.  %6840.  #6780.<dOsO-gOTa>(MK)  {NUM} ``^ten''.  |<gOTa> `whole, numeral intensive suffix'.  %9290.  #9210. <e-gOTa>(KMP),,<ei-gOTa>(K)  {NUM} ``^three''.  |<goTa> `whole, numeral intensive suffix'.  %9820.  #9740.),,<ei-gOTa>(K)  {NUM} ``^three''.  |<e> via *<he> from *<pe>`three'; <goTa> `whole, numeral intensive suffix'.  *Kh.<u'phe>(D), Sa.<pe>,Mu.<api>, Ho<api-a>, ~<ape>, So.<ya-gi>.  %9822. #9742.<nO-gOTa>(K),,<nOu-goTa>(P)  {NUM} ``^nine''.  |<gOTa> `whole, numeral intensive suffix'.  %23590.  #23420.
<paJca-goTa>(P),,<paJcO-gOTa>(M)  {NUM} ``^five''.  |<goTa> `whole, numeral intensive suffix'.  %25382.  #25202. <satO-goTa>(P)  {NUM} ``^seven''.  |<goTa> `whole, numeral intensive suffix'.  *$H.<satA>,O.<satO>, Sk.<sAptAn>. %28772.  #28572.

Did Indus writing deal with numeration? See: 1)discussion on 
BV Subbarayappa's notes on numeration and 2) Indus writing and numeration - Dr. BV Subbarayappa. Indus writing and Brāhmī - Dr. Subhash Kak 

It is posited that the writing dealt with metalware accounting as technical spec. in bills-of-lading. But the use of apparent numeric glyphs is vivid and emphatic as may be seen from the following examples. The linear strokes denoting 
'counting' can be interpreted in the context of the gloss: gota which is a regular numerative suffix denotating the count. 

Thus, when linear strokes such as three or four or six are presented 
on epigraphs, the associated word should be read rebus: Hieroglyph 
gota'numerative particle' Rebus gota'laterite minerals'.
Thus, the pine cone as a hieroglyph denotes kandə gota'pine cone whole' 
Rebus: kaṇḍa ‘fire-altar’. goṭa 'laterite ore'. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ (Punjabi) Rebus: koṭe ‘forging (metal)(Mu.) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (G.) goṭi = silver (G.) koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati).


S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
February 10, 2014
See: https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/238547.pdf


PM’s remarks at public meeting after dedication to the nation of 4.5 MT expansion of Rourkela Steel Plant



April 1, 2015 Author: admin
























The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, today called upon states to work together with the Centre, with a long-term vision, to develop the country, and pave the way for the prosperity of future generations. He was addressing a large public meeting at Rourkela, after dedicating to the nation, the 4.5 MT expansion of Rourkela Steel Plant.


2 PM Modi addresses public meeting at Rourkela (16)
He said he has come to Rourkela today to deliver ‘vikas’ (development). He described Rourkela as the town which has given India the strength of steel. He said Rourkela Steel Plant plays a key role in the nation’s defence as well. The Prime Minister said India had surpassed America in steel production, but was still far behind China, and therefore, a lot more still needed to be done. He said value addition was necessary in India’s mineral wealth, in order to build a strong economy.


2 PM Modi addresses public meeting at Rourkela (25)
1 PM Modi visits Rourkela Steel Plant, Odisha (6)
The Prime Minister said the world was looking at India again with optimism. He invited investors from across the world to invest in India. He emphasized in particular, the need to develop the eastern part of India, including the states of Assam, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, and Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


2 PM Modi addresses public meeting at Rourkela (28)
1 PM Modi visits Rourkela Steel Plant, Odisha (1)
The Prime Minister said the Centre and States were equal stakeholders in the Nation’s development. He highlighted steps taken by the Centre to strengthen states, including enhancing mineral royalty and greater devolution of financial resources to states. He said it was now upto the states to work with a long-term vision for development. The Prime Minister described the process of auctioning of coal blocks, and said the revenues from this would contribute greatly to the development of states.


1 PM Modi visits Rourkela Steel Plant, Odisha (3)
The Prime Minister paid tribute to the Visionary and Founding Leaders of New Odisha, on the occasion of Utkal Diwas. The Prime Minister presented the Trophy for Excellence in Performance of Integrated Steel Plants to Tata Steel Ltd (TISCO), Bhilai Steel Plant, SAIL, and JSW Steel Ltd, for the years 2010-11, 2011-12, and 2012-13 respectively.


2 PM Modi addresses public meeting at Rourkela (18)
The Governor of Odisha Dr. SC Jamir, The Chief Minister of Odisha Shri Naveen Patnaik, Union Ministers Shri Jual Oram, Shri Narendra Singh Tomar, and Shri Dharmendra Pradhan, and Union MoS Shri Vishnu Deo Sai, were present on the occasion.


http://www.narendramodi.in/pms-remarks-at-public-meeting-after-dedication-to-the-nation-of-4-5-mt-expansion-of-rourkela-steel-plant/

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