Formation of Indian language union (sprachbund) ca. 4th millennium BCE and Indian writing system called mlecchita vikalpa, 'Meluhha cipher'
Mirror: https://www.academia.edu/11192271/Formation_of_Indian_language_union_sprachbund_ca._4th_millennium_BCE_and_Indian_writing_system_called_mlecchita_vikalpa_Meluhha_cipher
A good example for the evolution of mleccha (meluhha) is provided by changes in phonetic forms, while retaining the essential semantic unity, between Pali and Ardhamagadhi. Modern Marathi is based on Desi and Konkani."The grammatical
structure, vocabulary, and phonetics of Marathi have features thatassociate Marathi with the Dravidian languages. A specific feature of Marathi phonetics is thepresence of two affricate variants: apicodorsal affricates (as in the Telugu language) andmediolingual dorsal affricates. Marathi morphology makes use of agglutinative, inflectional, and analytic forms. Marathi has preserved three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. A specific feature of the syntax is the widespread use of participial constructions to express subordinatingrelations (as in the Dravidian languages). The Marathi vocabulary is characterized by a considerable number of “local” everyday words (in Desi) of non-Indo-Aryan origin (Dravidian,
Munda, Mon-Khmer)." (http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Marathi+language):
https://www.scribd.com/doc/257347290/Linguistique-historique-et-histoire-de-la-langue-80-ans-apres-La-formation-de-la-langue-marathe-de-Jules-Bloch
I salute Jean Pacquement for focussing the attention of language scholars to the path-breaking work of Jules Bloch which firmly establishes the Indian sprachbund as an Indian linguistic area. The existence of this language union is now acknowledged even by scholars who attempted a separate Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Indian sprachbund negates the Aryan-Munda-Dravidian-Tibeto-Burman divide and traces the semantic unity in the languages and cultures of Indian Ocean Rim from Setu to Himalayas (aasetu himaacalam), exemplified by the expansion of Munda into Austro-asiatic or Austrronesian language speaker areas of Ancient Far East. The fundamental unity of cultures governed by the dharma-dhamma is endorsed by the famed work of another French savant, epigraphist, George Coedes who titled his work: Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie (1948). The influence of these two great works by Jules Bloch and George Coedes should be extended beyond Indo-Aryan linguistics to a study of the Indian sprachbund and the cultural space founded in dharma-dhamma from ca. 4th millennium BCE which is the current date of the discovery by HARP of a Harappa potsherd with Indus Script. As we trace the roots of Indian sprachbund, the date is likely to be pushed back in philological studies, to the 7th millennium BCE exemplified by the Rigvedic diction and prosody called chandas.
Jules Bloch (May 1, 1880 in Paris – November 29, 1953) was a French linguist who studied Indian languages, and was also interested in languages in their cultural and social contexts.
Mirror: https://www.academia.edu/11192271/Formation_of_Indian_language_union_sprachbund_ca._4th_millennium_BCE_and_Indian_writing_system_called_mlecchita_vikalpa_Meluhha_cipher
The devastating effect of Dravida māyā postulating separate ethnic identities in ancient India has to be smothered, by re-establishing, with archaeological and textual evidence, the essential semantic and cultural unity of all Bhāratam Janam as they performed their life-activities on the Tin Road from Hanoi to Haifa from ca. 4th millennium BCE. This monograph presents an approach to unravel the language structure, aggregate or sanghāta in ancient India, based on the most frequently occurring evidence of mlecchita vikalpa (Meluhha cipher) of Indus Script corpora: the pictorial motif of a one-horned young bull with pannier.
Work analogous to Jules Bloch's pathbreaking study of Formation of Marathi Language should be carried out for all languages presently categorised as: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Munda (Austro-asiatic or Austronesian), Tibeto-Burman, to arrive at a falsifiable history of formation and evolution of Indian languages starting with chandas 'prosody' of Rigveda/Samaveda.
In my view, Jules Bloch had, in 1914 recognized the existence of Indian sprachbund, evidenced by his study on the formation of Marathi language. Marathi language is also referred to as quintessential Prakritam, a version of Ardhamāgadhī (literally, half magadhi) speech form, one of three Dramatic Prakrits, the written languages of Ancient India following the natural evolution and differentiation of Pali and Sanskrit languages into languages of Bhāratam Janam. "Magadhi Prakrit was spoken in the eastern Indian subcontinent, in a region spanning what is now eastern India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. It is believed to be the language spoken by the important religious figures Gautama Buddha and Mahavira and was also the language of the courts of the Magadha mahajanapada and the Maurya Empire; the edicts of Ashoka were composed in it."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit#cite_note-1 loc.cit. Bashan A.L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 2004, pp.394.] (See: Oberlies, Thomas Pali: A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka, Walter de Gruyter, 2001). Marathi was the official language of the Satavahana empire around the first and second centuries. See: Indus script corpora, archaeo-metallurgy and Meluhha (Mleccha) http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1204/1204.3800.pdf
structure, vocabulary, and phonetics of Marathi have features thatassociate Marathi with the Dravidian languages. A specific feature of Marathi phonetics is thepresence of two affricate variants: apicodorsal affricates (as in the Telugu language) andmediolingual dorsal affricates. Marathi morphology makes use of agglutinative, inflectional, and analytic forms. Marathi has preserved three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. A specific feature of the syntax is the widespread use of participial constructions to express subordinatingrelations (as in the Dravidian languages). The Marathi vocabulary is characterized by a considerable number of “local” everyday words (in Desi) of non-Indo-Aryan origin (Dravidian,
Munda, Mon-Khmer)." (http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Marathi+language):
Pali: Dhammapada 103:
Ardhamagadhi: Samana sutta 125:
See: http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/befeo_0336-1519_2000_num_87_2_3499 (embedded for ready reference). In this tribute, Jean Pacquement celebrates the centenary of l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient and situates the celebration in the context of the 80th anniversary of the publication of a landmark work in linguistics by Jules Bloch published in 1919. (Jean Pacquement, 2000, Linguistique historique et histoire de la langue -- 80 ans apres La formation de la langue marathe de Jules Bloch, in: Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Vol. 87, Issue 87-2, pp. 741-763). "Abstract: On the occasion of the centenary of the EFEO, this paper deals with La formation de la langue marathe by Jules Bloch, the first historical grammar of the Marathi language, published in 1919, whose approach to the history of the Indo-Aryan languages takes its inspiration from the comparativist school of Antoine Meillet and which has been a landmark in the field of Indo-Aryan linguistics generally, much as the Linguistic Survey of India of the same period authored by George Grierson, and particularly in the field of Marathi philological studies. This contribution presents the origin of Marathi and the main stages of its "formation", includes a history of the Marathi language from 1012 to the present day and finally mentions, by way of conclusion, the influence of La formation de la langue marathe on Indo-Aryan linguistics."https://www.scribd.com/doc/257347290/Linguistique-historique-et-histoire-de-la-langue-80-ans-apres-La-formation-de-la-langue-marathe-de-Jules-Bloch
I salute Jean Pacquement for focussing the attention of language scholars to the path-breaking work of Jules Bloch which firmly establishes the Indian sprachbund as an Indian linguistic area. The existence of this language union is now acknowledged even by scholars who attempted a separate Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Indian sprachbund negates the Aryan-Munda-Dravidian-Tibeto-Burman divide and traces the semantic unity in the languages and cultures of Indian Ocean Rim from Setu to Himalayas (aasetu himaacalam), exemplified by the expansion of Munda into Austro-asiatic or Austrronesian language speaker areas of Ancient Far East. The fundamental unity of cultures governed by the dharma-dhamma is endorsed by the famed work of another French savant, epigraphist, George Coedes who titled his work: Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie (1948). The influence of these two great works by Jules Bloch and George Coedes should be extended beyond Indo-Aryan linguistics to a study of the Indian sprachbund and the cultural space founded in dharma-dhamma from ca. 4th millennium BCE which is the current date of the discovery by HARP of a Harappa potsherd with Indus Script. As we trace the roots of Indian sprachbund, the date is likely to be pushed back in philological studies, to the 7th millennium BCE exemplified by the Rigvedic diction and prosody called chandas.
Jules Bloch (May 1, 1880 in Paris – November 29, 1953) was a French linguist who studied Indian languages, and was also interested in languages in their cultural and social contexts.
- Jules Bloch, La formation de la langue marathe [The Formation of the Marathi Language], thesis, [1914/1920], Prix Volney.
- Jules Bloch, La Structure Grammaticale des Langues Dravidiennes, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, Adrien-Maisonneuve, Paris, 1946.
- Jules Bloch, 1954, The Grammatical Structure of Dravidian Languages, Authorised Translation from the original French by Ramkrishna Ganesh Harshé, Deccan College Hand-Book Series, Pune.
- Jules Bloch, « Application de la cartographie à l'Histoire de l'Indo-Aryen », [Application of Cartography in Indo-Aryan History], work published posthumously by C. Caillat and P. Meile, in Cahiers de la Société Asiatique, n° XIII, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1963.
- Colette Caillat, Recueil d'articles de Jules Bloch, 1906-1955, [Collection of Articles by Jules Bloch, 1906-1955], texts gathered by Colette Caillat, Collège de France, Institut de civilisation indienne; Published by E. de Boccard, Paris, 1985.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bloch
In the context of the metalwork catalogs constituting the Indus Script corpora, it is possible to delineate the broad semantic-phonetic-morphological features of Indian sprachbund of Bhāratam Janam, 'metalcaster folk'. This demonstrates the existence of the Indian sprachbund, ca. 3500 BCE, a date attributed to the Harappa potsherd discovered by HARP with Indus Script.
Some examples are recalled -- of glosses and expressions recorded by depicting a composite hieroglyph called 'one-horned young bull with a pannier' on hundreds of Indus script inscriptions.
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m0490![]()
m0491 Banners shown in procession on two Mohenjo-daro tablets. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/06/ancient-near-east-art-indus-writing.html
![Image result for tukulti ninurta altar]()
The spoked wheel hieroglyph may be read as: *ஆரம்² āram
sãghāṛɔ 'lathe', sanghāta 'caravan' sanghāṭa 'collection of words'; sangāṭh
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A glyph which occurs as frequently as the one-horned heifer is the 'standard device' in front of the heifer.
sãghāṛɔ 'lathe', sanghāta 'caravan' sanghāṭa 'collection of words'; sangāṭh
kõdā meaning 'lathe-turning' for making perforated beads or for turning/forging metalware..This may explain why in the tablets showing procession as a festival ceremony, two hieroglyphs are carried as standards: both hieroglyphs relate to the one-horned young bull and the standard device (lathe). The related words reading hieroglyphs rebus from Meluhha (Mleccha) speech are: kõdā sã̄gāḍī Rebus words denote: ‘metals turner-joiner (forge); worker on a lathe’ – associates (guild)'.
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m008 Mohenjodaro seal.
Hieroglyph composite of the animal pictorial motif: 1. bullcalf, 2. horn/branch of a tree, 3. pannier
1. खोंड [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf.
2. கோடு² kōṭu Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21). [K. kōḍu.] Branch of a tree; மரக்கொம்பு. (பிங்.) 8. Body of a lute; யாழ்த்தண்டு. மகர யாழின் வான்கோடு தழீஇ (மணி. 4, 56).
3. खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m Aकांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood.
Rebus: 1. turner 2. brass-worker 3. engraver (writer)
kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali). kũdar ‘brass-worker, turner’.
खोदकाम [ khōdakāma ] n Sculpture; carved work or work for the carver. खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work. கொத்து¹-தல் kottu-, 5 v. tr. cf. kuṭṭ. [K. M. kottu.] . To carve, engrave; எழுத்து
முதலியன செதுக்குதல்.(DEDR 2091 Ma. kottuka to dig, carve; Te. kondu to mince, cut or chop into small pieces; Malt. kothke to peck or strike with the beak, sear with a hot iron; Nk. gondip- to tattoo).
Variant phonetic forms with cognate semantic structures are seen for these 'collection of words or sounds' sanghAta, in many languages of India as shown in the Annex of glosses.
In the context of the metalwork catalogs constituting the Indus Script corpora, it is possible to delineate the broad semantic-phonetic-morphological features of Indian sprachbund of Bhāratam Janam, 'metalcaster folk'. This demonstrates the existence of the Indian sprachbund, ca. 3500 BCE, a date attributed to the Harappa potsherd discovered by HARP with Indus Script.
Some examples are recalled -- of glosses and expressions recorded by depicting a composite hieroglyph called 'one-horned young bull with a pannier' on hundreds of Indus script inscriptions.
m0490
m0491 Banners shown in procession on two Mohenjo-daro tablets. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/06/ancient-near-east-art-indus-writing.htmlThis can be viewed as the standard of the Indus-Sarasvati civilization. This tablet Mohenjo-daro m0491 shows a person of three persons (There is another standard-bearer in front of the scarf-standard bearer; maybe, he is carrying a banner of a stone-bead) R. to L: one carries a post with a scarf hanging like a flag; the second carries a pedestal on which one-horned young bull calf is shown; the third carries a 'standard device' (lathe + furnace). On m0490 a fourth banner is hazily visible and may be reconstructed as 'spoked wheel', comparable to the banner shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar.
, n. < āra. 1. Spoke of a wheel. See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ் சூழ்ந்த வயில்வாய் நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: āram Brass; பித்தளை. (அக. நி.). Thus the procession banner list may be read in sequence as four categories offered as utsavabera, procession icons: brass, mineral, turner/engraver, collection of metalwork:
āra, 'spoked wheel' rebus: 'brass'
dhātu, 'scarf' rebus: 'mineral'
kõdā , 'young bull' rebus: 'turner-engraver, brassworker'
sangāṭh, 'lathe' rebus: 'metalwork consignment'
Read rebus:
1. kandi (pl. –l) necklace, beads (Pa.) Ga. (P.) kandi (pl. –l) bead, (pl.) necklace; (S.2) kandiṭ bead (DEDR 1215). kandil, kandīl = a globe of glass, a lantern (Ka.lex.) Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar'.
2. dhàṭṭu m. ʻwoman's headgear, kerchiefʼ; dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.); rebus: dhātu‘mineral’ (Skt.), dhatu id. (Santali).
3. kōḍu horn (Kannada. Tulu. Tamil) खोंड [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: कोंड [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal (Marathi).
4. सांगड [sāṅgaḍa] That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied (Marathi) sanghāḍo (G.) cutting stone, gilding (G.) Rebus: जांगड [jāṅgaḍa] f ( Hindi) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned as may suit: also articles of apparel taken from a tailor or clothier to sell for him. 2 or जांगड वही The account or account-book of goods so taken.(Marathi)
sãghāṛɔ 'lathe', sanghāta 'caravan' sanghāṭa 'collection of words'; sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस् ), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage
A glyph which occurs as frequently as the one-horned heifer is the 'standard device' in front of the heifer. saṅgaḍa 'gimlet, portable furnace'. Rebus: jāṅgaḍa जांगड 'goods on approval basis'.
sãghāṛɔ 'lathe', sanghāta 'caravan' sanghāṭa 'collection of words'; sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस् ), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. -- karun -- करुन् । सामग्रीसंग्रहः m.inf. to collect the ab. Semant. in Samskritam for a phonetic variant attested in Ramayana: संघट् 1 Ā. To meet, assemble together. -Caus. 1 To join or fasten together, bring together. संघाटः Fitting and joining of timbers, joinery, carpentry; तौ काष्ठसंघाटमथो चक्रतुः सुमह्लाप्लवम् Rām.2. 55.14. This is an emphatic explanation of the semantics of the word as related to work of a turner working with a lathe on alloyed metals and stones.
m008 Mohenjodaro seal.Hieroglyph composite of the animal pictorial motif: 1. bullcalf, 2. horn/branch of a tree, 3. pannier
1. खोंड [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf.
2. கோடு² kōṭu Horn; விலங்கின் கொம்பு. கோட்டிடை யாடினை கூத்து (திவ். இயற். திருவிருத். 21). [K. kōḍu.] Branch of a tree; மரக்கொம்பு. (பிங்.) 8. Body of a lute; யாழ்த்தண்டு. மகர யாழின் வான்கோடு தழீஇ (மணி. 4, 56).
3. खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A
Rebus: 1. turner 2. brass-worker 3. engraver (writer)
kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali). kũdar ‘brass-worker, turner’.
खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal (Marathi).
முதலியன செதுக்குதல்.(DEDR 2091 Ma. kottuka to dig, carve; Te. kondu to mince, cut or chop into small pieces; Malt. kothke to peck or strike with the beak, sear with a hot iron; Nk. gondip- to tattoo).
Variant phonetic forms with cognate semantic structures are seen for these 'collection of words or sounds' sanghAta, in many languages of India as shown in the Annex of glosses.
Annex: Glosses of Indian sprachbund
कोंदण [ kōndaṇa ] n (
कोदा [ kōdā ] m Low and dirty work, or work involving toil and fag; mean jobs or drudgery. v
खोंड [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf. 2 A variety of
खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.
खोड [ khōḍa ]A tree of which the head and branches are broken off, a stock or stump: also the lower portion of the trunk--that below the branches.
खुंटा [ khuṇṭā ] m A stake or peg. खुंटण [ khuṇṭaṇa ] n (
खुद [ khuda ] a (
कोंडळी [ kōṇḍaḷī ] f A pole with a crook or curved member at the extremity. Used to regather into the thrashing pit the ears which fly out during the thrashing.
कोंडा [ kōṇḍā ] m Bran, husk of corn gen. 2 fig. Miliary scab, scurf. 3 fig. Rash, any efflorescence on the body. 4 A small kind of bamboo. 5 Commonly
कोंडाभोंडा [ kōṇḍābhōṇḍā ] m Bran, husks &c. Applied revilingly to dry unsavory food.
कोतवाल [ kōtavāla ] m (
कोंत [ kōnta ] n C The extremity of the
कोडें [ kōḍēṃ ] n An earthen saucer-form receptacle for the oil and wicks of a lamp.कोंड्या or कोंढ्या [ kōṇḍyā or kōṇḍhyā ] m The gourd-vessel used to receive the exudation from palm-trees.
कोड [ kōḍa ] f C (Usually
कोंड [ kōṇḍa ] m C A circular hedge or field-fence. 2 A circle described around a person under adjuration. 3 The circle at marbles. 4 A circular hamlet; a division of a
कोठील [ kōṭhīla ] a (
कोठी [ kōṭhī ] f (
[Poss. conn. with khudáti ʻ thrusts (penis) into ʼ RV., prákhudati ʻ futuit ʼ AV.; cf. also *
கொட்டுக்கன்னார் koṭṭu-k-kaṉṉār, n. < கொட்டு² +. Braziers who work by beating plates into shape and not by casting; செம் படிக்குங் கன்னார். (W .)
खोडणें [ khōḍaṇēṃ ] v c To cancel (by erasing, expunging, scoring, or drawing a line through &c.) खोडाखोड or डी [ khōḍākhōḍa or ḍī ] f (खोडणें ) Erasing, altering, interlining &c. in numerous places: also the scratched, scrawled, and disfigured state of the paper so operated upon.खोडींव [ khōḍīṃva ] p of खोडणें v c Erased or crossed out. खोदकाम [ khōdakāma ] n Sculpture; carved work or work for the carver. खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work. खोदणावळ [ khōdaṇāvaḷa ] f (खोदणें ) The price or cost of sculpture or carving. खोदणी [ khōdaṇī ] f (Verbal of खोदणें ) Digging, engraving &c. 2 fig. An exacting of money by importunity. v लाव, मांड . 3 An instrument to scoop out and cut flowers and figures from paper. 4 A goldsmith's die. खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i (खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe. खोंदळणें [ khōndaḷaṇēṃ ] v c & i See खंवदळणें . खोदाई [ khōdāī ] f (खोदणें Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured.
ক্ষোদক (p. 0269) [ kṣōdaka ] a one who or that which pulver izes or engraves or carves. ☐ n. a pul verizer; an engraver, a carver.ক্ষোদিত (p. 0269) [ kṣōdita ] a pulverized; engraved, carved.খুদা2 (p. 0280) [ khudā2 ] v to engrave; to carve.
খোদকার (p. 0288) [ khōdakāra ] n an engraver; a carver. খোদকারি n. engraving; carving; interference in other's work.খোদাই (p. 0288) [ khōdāi ] n engraving; carving. খোদাই করা v. to engrave; to carve. খোদানো v. & n. en graving; carving.
খোদিত (p. 0288) [ khōdita ] a engraved. (Sailendra Biswas, Samsad Bengali-English dictionary)
खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form ofखोंडा in the sense of कांबळा -cowl.खोड [ khōḍa ] n The frame of a saddle or the saddle-bow: also the case or mere cylinder without the heads (of a tamborine, tabor, drum).खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. 2 fig. A hollow amidst hills; a deep or a dark and retiring spot; a dell. 3 (also खोंडी & खोंडें ) A variety of जोंधळा . खोंडी [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा , to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) See under खुंडी . 2 A species or variety ofजोंधळा . कोथळें [ kōthaḷēṃ ] n (Dim. of कोथळा ) A bag or sack (to hold grain &c.) It will be heard in all the senses of कोथळा . *kōtthala ʻ bag ʼ. [Cf. *kōttha -- ]Pa. kotthalī -- f. ʻ sack (?) ʼ; Pk. kotthala -- m. ʻ bag, grainstore ʼ (kōha -- m. ʻ bag ʼ < *kōtha?); K. kŏthul, °lu m. ʻ large bag or parcel ʼ, kothü jü f. ʻ small do. ʼ; S. kothirīf. ʻ bag ʼ; Ku. kuthlo ʻ large bag, sack ʼ; B. kūthlī ʻ satchel, wallet ʼ; Or. kuthaḷi, °thuḷi, kothaḷi, °thiḷi ʻ wallet, pouch ʼ; H. kothlā m. ʻ bag, sack, stomach (see *kōttha -- ) ʼ, °lī f. ʻ purse ʼ; G. kothḷɔ m. ʻ large bag ʼ, °ḷī f. ʻ purse, scrotum ʼ; M. kothḷā m. ʻ large sack, chamber of stomach (= peṭā ċā k°) ʼ, °ḷẽ n. ʻ sack ʼ, °ḷī f. ʻ small sack ʼ; -- Xgōṇīˊ -- : S. g̠othirī f. ʻ bag ʼ, L. gutthlā m.(CDIAL 3511).
खोडसाळ [ khōḍasāḷa ] a Properlyखोटसाळ .
खोडवा [ khōḍavā ] m sometimesखोडांवा m The second crop of sugarcane; canes sprouting from the left stock: also the stock left to reshoot. Also खोडव्याचा ऊस After-canes. खोडवा taken up by some designating word (as मिरच्याचा-वांग्याचा-शाळूचा-तमाखूचा ) expresses After-shoots, or the remaining roots and stock (the मूळखंडें ) after the first gathering. Hence, metaphorically, खोडवा comes to be applied (as in N. D.) to the Plantation or field (wherein the roots and stock are left). Also खोडव्याचा-शाळू- तमाखू-वांगीं-ताग-अंबाडी &c.
खोडा [ khōḍā ] m Stocks (for criminals). Pr.चालला तर गाडा नाहीं तर खोडा . 2 A frame to encumber an animal whilst grazing; a pasture-clog. 3 fig. An encumbering or embarrassing (appendage, business &c.)
खोंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road).
खोत [ khōta ] m A renter of a village; a farmer of land or revenue; a farmer of the customs: also a contractor or monopolist gen. 2 In some provinces. An hereditary officer whose duty it is to collect for Government the revenue of the village: also an officer appointed for this office. 3 A tribe, or an individual of it, of Bráhmans in the Southern Konkan̤: otherwise calledजवळ .
खोतकरी [ khōtakarī ] m A contractor or farmer (of lands or land-produce).
खोतकी [ khōtakī ] f sometimesखोतगी f The office or business of खोत .
खोतखराबा [ khōtakharābā ] m Waste lands lying about a village farmed off at a fixed sum.
खोतधारा [ khōtadhārā ] m The land-dues of the landholder.
खोतपट्टी [ khōtapaṭṭī ] f An exaction or an impost for the benefit of theखोत .
खोतबाकी [ khōtabākī ] f Balance of the landholder's dues.
खोतवेठ [ khōtavēṭha ] f Service or articles exacted without payment by theखोत or land-contractor. Some of the items are वरंडीगवत, पानपेंढा, शाकारणीमाणूस, रवळी, पाटी, सूप, शिंपली, हवसा, बाढवण, हातरी, तट्या, हातर, नागरजोत, भाऱ्यालांकडें, मानसंबंधें नारळ- सुपारी, बाबभाडें, अर्धेलीतिर्धेली . These differ from the items of कारसाई q. v. And both the lists are drawn up from the usage in the Southern Konkan̤.
खोतसज्जा [ khōtasajjā ] m Lands tenanted from the Khot or landholder: in contrad. fromरकमीजमीन Land of which the rate is fixed and the tenure granted by Government.
खोती [ khōtī ] f (खोत ) The practice, business, or office of a Khot; farming, contracting, monopolizing. 2 Contracting for a standing crop; for the wood of a रान or jungle; for the produce of a plantation or garden. 3 The business of advancing grain to the sower upon वाढीदिढी q. v.
கொண்டுகட்டுவியாபாரம்koṇṭu-kaṭṭu- viyāpāram , n. < id. +. Trading in articles bought cheap in retail and stored up awaiting a favourable market; பண்டங்களை மலிந்தபோது சில்லறையாக வாங்கிக்கட்டி விலை யேறினகாலத்தில் விற்கை. Loc.
கொண்டுகூட்டு koṇṭu-kūṭṭu , n. < id. +. (Gram.) Mode of construing a stanza in which words are appropriately transposed to arrive at the proper meaning, one of eight poruḷ-kōḷ, q.v.; எண்வகைப் பொருள்கோளுள் செய்யுளின் அடி கள் பலவற்றிலும் உள்ள சொற்களைப் பொருளுக்கு ஏற்ற விடத்தில் எடுத்துக்கூட்டிப் பொருள்கொள்ளுமுறை. கோப்புடைமொழிகளை ஏற்புழியிசைப்பது கொண்டு கூட்டே (நன். 418).
கொண்டுகூற்று koṇṭu-kūṟṟu , n. < id. +. (Gram.) Direct speech; அயலார் நேரிற்சொல்வ தாகக் கூறும் மொழி. கொண்டுகூற்றாகக் கூறப்படு வனவும் (தொல். பொ. 115, உரை).
கொண்டுமுதல் koṇṭu-mutal , n. < id. +. Business-capital; வியாபார மூலதனம். Loc.
கொண்டுமொழி-தல் koṇṭu-moḻi- , v. tr. < id. +. To report a person's speech in the direct form; அயலார்சொல்லை அவர் சொல்வதாகவே எடுத்துக்கூறுதல்.
கொண்டுவில்-தல் [கொண்டுவிற்றல்]koṇṭu-vil- , v. intr. < id. +. 1. To carry on a petty trade by buying and selling things every now and then; அப்போதைக்கப்போது வியாபாரத் துக்காகப் பண்டங்களை வாங்கிவிற்றல். கொண்டுவிற் றல் கூலித்தொழில் (தணிகைப்பு. அகத். 197). 2. To carry on money-lending business, trade, etc., especially in foreign countries; லேவாதேவி வியாபாரம் முதலியவை செய்தல். Nat. Chetti.
கொண்டுவிலை koṇṭu-vilai , n. < id. +. Money-lending business, trade, etc.; லேவாதேவி வியாபாரம் முதலியன. Nat. Chetti.
கொந்தக்குலம் konta-k-kulam , n. < கொந் தகை +. The family of Vēḷāḷas in Kontakai near Madura, formerly commanders under the Pāṇḍyas; மதுரைக்கு அருகிலுள்ள கொந்தகையூரி னரும் பாண்டியர்படைத்தலைவருமான பழையவேளாள மரபினர். உயர் கொந்தக்குலத்துட் டோன்றி (திரு வாலவா. 39, 1).
கொந்தகன் kontakaṉ , n. < id. Commander of an army; படைத்தலைவன். கொந்தகன் வாக்கிது (திருவாலவா. 30, 45).
Addendum (March 2, 2015): संघात, 'alloyed, fitted' (Samskritam) ~~ sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' (Gujarati Desi)
Is it reasonable to infer that the language of the inscriptions was Samskritam (in Mleccha speech forms)?
खोडणें [ khōḍaṇēṃ ] v c To cancel (by erasing, expunging, scoring, or drawing a line through &c.) खोडाखोड or डी [ khōḍākhōḍa or ḍī ] f (
ক্ষোদক (p. 0269) [ kṣōdaka ] a one who or that which pulver izes or engraves or carves. ☐ n. a pul verizer; an engraver, a carver.ক্ষোদিত (p. 0269) [ kṣōdita ] a pulverized; engraved, carved.খুদা2 (p. 0280) [ khudā2 ] v to engrave; to carve.
খোদকার (p. 0288) [ khōdakāra ] n an engraver; a carver. খোদকারি n. engraving; carving; interference in other's work.খোদাই (p. 0288) [ khōdāi ] n engraving; carving. খোদাই করা v. to engrave; to carve. খোদানো v. & n. en graving; carving.
খোদিত (p. 0288) [ khōdita ] a engraved. (Sailendra Biswas, Samsad Bengali-English dictionary)
खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of
खोडसाळ [ khōḍasāḷa ] a Properly
खोडवा [ khōḍavā ] m sometimes
खोडा [ khōḍā ] m Stocks (for criminals). Pr.
खोंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road).
खोत [ khōta ] m A renter of a village; a farmer of land or revenue; a farmer of the customs: also a contractor or monopolist gen. 2 In some provinces. An hereditary officer whose duty it is to collect for Government the revenue of the village: also an officer appointed for this office. 3 A tribe, or an individual of it, of Bráhmans in the Southern Konkan̤: otherwise called
खोतकरी [ khōtakarī ] m A contractor or farmer (of lands or land-produce).
खोतकी [ khōtakī ] f sometimes
खोतखराबा [ khōtakharābā ] m Waste lands lying about a village farmed off at a fixed sum.
खोतधारा [ khōtadhārā ] m The land-dues of the landholder.
खोतपट्टी [ khōtapaṭṭī ] f An exaction or an impost for the benefit of the
खोतबाकी [ khōtabākī ] f Balance of the landholder's dues.
खोतवेठ [ khōtavēṭha ] f Service or articles exacted without payment by the
खोतसज्जा [ khōtasajjā ] m Lands tenanted from the Khot or landholder: in contrad. from
खोती [ khōtī ] f (
கொண்டுகட்டுவியாபாரம்
கொண்டுவில்-தல் [கொண்டுவிற்றல்]
Addendum (March 2, 2015): संघात, 'alloyed, fitted' (Samskritam) ~~ sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' (Gujarati Desi)
रत्न--संघात [p= 865,1]m. a number or collection of jewels
रत्न--संघात---मय [p= 865,1]mf(ई)n. made or consisting of a number of jewels MBh. (Monier-Williams)
From Apte:
संघाटः Fitting and joining of timbers, joinery, carpentry; तौ काष्ठसंघाटमथो चक्रतुः सुमह्लाप्लवम् Rām.2. 55.14.
संघातः 1 Union, combination, an association; त्वक् च मांसं तथा$स्थीनि मज्जा स्नायुश्च पञ्चमम् । इत्येतदिह संघातम् Mb.12.184.2. -2 A multitude, an assemblage, a collection;उपायसंघात इव प्रवृद्धः R.14.11; जलसंघात इवासि विद्रुतः Ku.4.6; Bg.13.6. Formation of compounds.
Would it be reasonable to infer that a Samskritam homonym of a sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'(Gujarati. Desi) could have been: संघातः 'coalesced, aggregated (= alloyed), collected, fitted (as goldsmithy or metalwork, or joinery, say, in-fixing stones in metal)'? If so, the entire Indus Script corpora is a metalwork, lapidary catalogue.
कोंदण [ kōndaṇa ] n (कोंदणें ) Setting or infixing of gems (Marathi) is indicated by खोंड [ khōṇḍa ]'one-horned young bull' shown facing the lathe on hundreds of objects of Indus Script corpora.
Is it reasonable to infer that the language of the inscriptions was Samskritam (in Mleccha speech forms)?
S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
March 2, 2015