Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ'lathe'.(Gujarati) Purport of Indus Script corpora.
In the archaeometallurgical context, the cognate word sanghāṭa refers to a binding metallic glue, an alloy.
The purport of Indus Script corpora is to catalog, to engrave, to document in writing, metalwork categories, collections by metalcasters, Bhāratam Janam and seafaring Meluhha merchants on Sarasvati and Sindhu rivers and Indian Ocean.
sanghāta, (phonetic variant sanghāṭa) is a tough ancient gloss or expression to interpret. A reasoned interpretation of this expression is very important in the context of unraveling the purport of a sacred work in Bauddhm and of Indus Script corpora.
I suggest that a variant pronunciation of this word is used in the ancient writing system which I have linked with mlecchita vikalpa (mleccha/meluhha cipher). The untranslated title of the most extensively rendered Sutra in Bauddham traditions is to chant Arya Sanghāṭa Sutra for achieving Dharma paryāya. In the title of many manuscripts discovered from Gilgit and many sites of Central and South Asia, the word sanghāta with a retroflex, 't' is used and again, the word is left untranslated. Both phonemic variant forms are attested: sanghāta,sanghāṭa.
See:
In Gujarati Desi the cognate word (which I suggest is denoted as an Indus Writing hieroglyph) is: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' and in Marathi, the phonemic variant is:sãgaḍ ' part of a turner's apparatus.' In Kashmiri, Grierson's lexicon has the following entry: sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस् ), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. -- karun -- करुन् । सामग्रीसंग्रहः m.inf. to collect the ab. (L.V. 17).(Kashmiri).
Thus, the gloss sanghāta in the context of a writing system connotes: a collection of materials, just as the gloss means in Samskritam Vyākarana, a collection of sounds or words. It is notable that the earliest manuscripts of the Sutra are all in Samskritam, sometimes also referred to as Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit by language scholars.
The word " Samghata' is also used in the Samkhya Karika of Ishwarkrishnan. It stands for Prakriti. It means conglomerated. -- S.R.Bhatt
In the Sutra, the purport of Śākyamuni's and earlier Buddha's teaching is paryāya of dharma. The word paryāya is a penetrating, yet detailed inquiry to reach a core, internal understanding of the phenomena of, say, life, death and rebirth in circular causation.
Like a lathe drilling through a semi-precious stone to achieve a perforation, or like a vajra sanghāta (as explained by Varahamihira) achieving an adamantine glue in metallic mixing, the paryāya should result in a binding understanding in consciousness of the steadfast (like adamantine glue, vajra sanghāta) eternal, inexorable dharma-dhamma in life-activities. This is the central core of the Śākyamuni's teachings of paryāya of dharma comparable to the churning on a lathe and turning performed by a smith or lapidary on stone and metal.
Vajra sanghāta 'alloying, binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. The context is clearly metallic mixing practised on a fire-altar, a furnace/smelter.
Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' (Gujarati. Desi). Rebus: sanghāṭa'collection, binding together, alloying'.
The purport of Indus Script corpora is to catalog, to engrave, to document in writing, metalwork categories, collections by metalcasters, Bhāratam Janam.
Defining the lathe in Indus writing orthography
Harappa 006 Seal and impression.sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' (Gujarati. Desi)
Many seals depict a hieroglyphic composition: (1) one-horned heifer with pannier and neck-rings; and (2) a gimlet/lathe on portable furnace. koḍiyum ‘young bull’ (G.) koḍ ’horn’ (Kuwi) koṭiyum ‘rings on neck; a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal’ (Gujarati.) खोंडा [khōṇḍā] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood (Marathi). kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’(Bengali) খোদকার [ khōdakāra ] n an engraver; a carver (Oriya). Glyph: sangaḍa ‘lathe’ (Marathi) Rebus: जांगड [jāngaḍ] ‘a tally of products delivered into the warehouse ‘for approval’ (Marathi). Rebus: koḍ ’artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) cf. खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.(Marathi)
See: H جاکڙ जाकड़ jākaṛ [fr. S. यतं+कृ; cf. jakaṛnā], s.m. A deposit or pledge left with a vendor for goods brought away for inspection or approval; goods taken from a shop for approval, a deposit or pledge being left; a conditional purchase; articles taken on commission sale;—adv. On inspection, for approval:—jākaṛ-bahī, s.f. Account book of sales subject to approval of goods, &c.:—jākaṛ bećnā, v.t. To sell conditionally, or subject to approval:—jākaṛ le jānā, v.t. To take away goods on inspection, or for approval, leaving a deposit or pledge with the vendor. (Urdu)
Note: The meaning of ‘jangad’ is well-settled in Indian legal system. Jangad meand "Goods sent on approval or 'on sale or return'… It is well-known that the jangad transactions in this country are very common and often involve property of a considerable value." Bombay High Court
Emperor vs Phirozshah Manekji Gandhi on 13 June, 1934 Equivalent citations: (1934) 36 BOMLR 731, 152 Ind Cas 706 Source: http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/39008/ See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2012/04/heifer-lathe-hieroglyphs-on-indus-seals.html
See: H جاکڙ जाकड़ jākaṛ [fr. S. यतं+कृ; cf. jakaṛnā], s.m. A deposit or pledge left with a vendor for goods brought away for inspection or approval; goods taken from a shop for approval, a deposit or pledge being left; a conditional purchase; articles taken on commission sale;—adv. On inspection, for approval:—jākaṛ-bahī, s.f. Account book of sales subject to approval of goods, &c.:—jākaṛ bećnā, v.t. To sell conditionally, or subject to approval:—jākaṛ le jānā, v.t. To take away goods on inspection, or for approval, leaving a deposit or pledge with the vendor. (Urdu)
Note: The meaning of ‘jangad’ is well-settled in Indian legal system. Jangad meand "Goods sent on approval or 'on sale or return'… It is well-known that the jangad transactions in this country are very common and often involve property of a considerable value." Bombay High Court
Emperor vs Phirozshah Manekji Gandhi on 13 June, 1934 Equivalent citations: (1934) 36 BOMLR 731, 152 Ind Cas 706 Source: http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/39008/ See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2012/04/heifer-lathe-hieroglyphs-on-indus-seals.html
m0008 Mohenjo-daro seal. This shows the bottom bowl of the 'standard device' superimposed with dotted circles. Since the top portion of the 'device' is a drill-lathe, these dotted circles are orthographic representations of drilled beads which were the hallmark of lapidaries' work of the civilization. Rebus reading of the kandi 'beads' (Pa.) is: kaND, kandu 'fire altar, smelting furnace of a blacksmith' (Santali.Kashmiri)Glyphs of dotted circles on the bottom portion of the 'standard device': kandi (pl. -l) beads, necklace (Pa.); kanti (pl. -l) bead, (pl.) necklace; kandit. bead (Ga.)(DEDR 1215). Rebus: लोहकारकन्दुः f. a blacksmith's smelting furnace (Grierson Kashmiri)See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/09/meluhha-epigraphia-indus-language.html
https://archive.org/details/Brihatsamhita
The samasa used by Varahamihira is Vajra sanghāta, an adamantine glue. In this context, the meaning of the word is: 'alloying, mixing, binding together' (to achieve metallic cementing.
I am grateful to Prof. Subbarayappa Bidare for leading me to this citation from Varahamira and presenting the context of metallic cementing.
The inferences I have drawn are on my own and am responsible for the interpretations provided in the context of Indus writing hieroglyphs. Caveat emptor.
It is an extraordinarily perilous venture to inquire into the evolution of meanings over millennia and a tricky, precarious exercise to transport later-day 'meanings' into the mists of the past. We are dealing with two of the most important memory markers in the history of human civilization: Śākyamuni's announcement recorded as sanghāṭa and Indus script corpora attesting a lathe variously referred to as: sãgaḍ, sãghāṛɔ, sangāṭh (part of turner's apparatus, lathe, collection of materials) in languages (Marathi, Gujarati, Kashmiri) of Indian sprachbund (language union). We certainly have to contend with paryāya of dharma, collection of insights or penetrations into the primordial dharma, a gloss which is best left untranslated as was done by scholars when they had to contend with the word sanghāṭa in Śākyamuni's Sutra, a teaching of an earlier Buddha recollected and delivered in the Vulture's Peak of Rajagriha.
The proportions of metals mentioned makes the use of the word sanghAta a rebus reading of the hieroglyph: sanghADo 'lathe' (Gujarati). Given the emphatic evidence of almost ALL pictorial motifs and signs of the Indus Script are related to metalwork, it is apposite to treat the gloss sanghAta as related to a metal alloy -- a process of 'binding together'.
In the context of SanghATa Sutra dharma paryAya, the narration by Śākyamuni (Gautama) is related to the combinations constituting the cumulative, knowledge of dharma (arrived by churning in thought). So, sangADo 'lathe' is evocative of circular churning motion to drill or perforate; while the homonym, sanghAta as indicated by Varahamiri may connote a 'mixing or combination (of metals)', as a second meaning. First meaning is: sanghAta 'collection of words (reading hieroglyphs as words)'; the second meaning is: 'collection, binding together of materials (indicated by hieroglyphs read as words)'.
The associated hieroglyphic composition is one-horned young bull.
The hieroglyphs: kondh'young bull'; koD'horn'koD'workshop'.
Decryption/Meaning by rebus reading: kundAr 'workshop of metals turner (mixer of metals to create alloys) or artisan working in a smithy/forge' -- 'a brass-worker, engraver, turner'.
So, pitr-s of present-day Indians were Bharatam Janam'metalcaster folk'-- derived from: bharatiyo'metal casters' (Gujarati); bharat'alloy of pewter, tin, copper' (Marathi)
Meaning of Arya Sanghāta Sutra Dharma Paryaya
1. Thanks for making me think on a focused word in Sanskrit from Buddhist tradition, a complex and involved issue. This is a quick response. I will send more details, following this mail.
A) The correct word in Sanskrit would be : < ( आर्य ) सङ्घात ( सूत्र) > . The full name of the sutra, ( as indicated in the url: http://www.lamayeshe.com/
Dharma-paryaya = Alteranate way of stating the essence of ‘Dharma’. It does not mean a rejection or replacement. It is contextualization of Dharma. This in yoga terminology is called ‘Anu-shaasanam’. Vedic word would be ‘ Upadesha –Aadesha’.
Varna has Multiple meanings : Color, Sounds of Alphabet, set of Sanskrit sounds, Descriptor modality (Varnyate )
Paryaya = Going around to arrive at the core. A circuitous route.
The notes below would point that the word maps to the totality of the ‘ Language –Discourse tradition followed by the Aryas (Brahmanas and other noble persons / Where ever exactitude of business in ethical ways need to be deliberated.
The IVC sites were primarily commercial trade centers and place where ethical ‘Aryan’ - business was a contextual necessity as a part of ‘Arya-Dharma’. It is well known that Buddhists developed unique terminologies to denote the Vedic concepts and Sanskrit language technicality. The reverse part of ‘ back-flow of technical terminology from Buddhism to Vedic schools’ is a technical study pending for a long time.
B) The given word is made up of three technical separate words and a compounding (Samasa )process. Different ways of grouping and meaning construction yields different understanding. It may be noted that the word ( आर्य ) सङ्घात ( सूत्र) > has no special reference to < ( सङ्घ > as an exclusive Buddhist assembly ! >.
B-1) Splitting as < ( आर्य ) सङ्घात ------- ( सूत्र) > it would mean The threads and rules used for the conglomeration (Group, Community) of ‘Aryas’.
B-2) Splitting as < ( आर्य )----- सङ्घात ( सूत्र) > it would mean Rules used at the assembly of the learned refined and cultured peoples gathering.
B-3) < ( आर्य ) सङ्घात ( सूत्र) > -- Making the double split of the words, which is totally grammatical and rule based, ( आर्य ) ( सूत्र) > = Rules followed by Noble persons and ( सङ्घात-( सूत्र) > Rules of Assemblage followed at the Arya assembly transactions. This is based on the Samasa construction rules provided in Panini and commonly used all over in the literature.
C) Meaning of the word ‘Arya’: The word ‘Arya’ is not denoting any race or caste. Invariably in early Sanskrit literature, the word ‘Arya’ would point to a ‘High position, Highly cultured, Vedic Practitioner’ and invariably ends in meaning a ‘ Brahmana’. Even in Buddhist usage ( at least up to 6th century), the word ‘Arya’ invariably ends up to mean ‘Brahmana’.
Though Panini’s rule provides a vedic formation ‘ Arya-Brahmana /Arya Kumara’ in the Chandas frame work, with meaning variations due to accent, ( usage reference untraced so far in relation to Sutra – 6-2-58 ) , the classical language usage generally meant Arya = Brahmana ; Arya –Vak = Samskrutham.
This also explains why early Buddhist translators retained the Sanskrit original word for a long time without making any regional language translation.
D) Now let us read carefully what the url http://www.sanghatasutra.net/
After a detailed discussion of alternatives, the plain meaning of the word that emerges for marking in Sanskrit would be < sanghata = Samooha (group), Sandhi (Togetherness, proximity, Assembly, meeting point and interaction opportunity), Yoga ( = yoking, pairing, joining together) >.
From this perspective, it would be logical and fair to surmise that Buddhists coined a unique term to ‘brand their model of ancient Sanskrit teaching’, distinct from regional language models and popular discourses for the laity. And ancient Sanskrit teaching that maps to this model of < ( आर्य ) सङ्घात > = Assembly and collection of noble persons is vedic model of < Rishi –Kula /Gana >= discussions and discourses in the Community of Rishi’s and Yogi’s. This is the nature and structure of the work Arya-Sanghata Sutra.
The other flavors of meaning for sanghata as seen in the url, points to the activities of carpenters joining wood pieces. The lead needs to be further explored.
In Amara-kosha, the word ‘Sanghata’ would mean ‘Assembly, pooled together’.
One of the best and precise uses of the word ‘Sanghata’ is seen in Ramacharitamanasa of Tulsi Ramayana. The idea of ‘Artha-Sanghata’ is also connected to the previous word ‘Varna.
![Displaying Varna-sanghata -Tulsi Ramayan.JPG]()
The opening verse gives the word ‘Varna-Artha-Sanghata’ : http://www.gitapress.org/
This holds the key to read the Sanskrit as ‘Sequential arrangement of VARNA ( = Samskrutha Varna-Maaalaa) as a properly grouped unit , especially respecting the ‘Chandas’ (metrical rules and Gramamr rules) to get the right meaning (Rasa –artha). The use of the word ‘Vaanee’ = sarasvati is also of significance.
This resonates with the Bhagavad-Gita Vishwa-Roopa –Darshana ( = Visioning the Universal Form of the Divine in the form of Language Letter and colors and shapes) chapter sloka 11-5:
śrī-bhagavān uvāca - paśya me pārtha rūpāṇi, śataśo ’tha sahasraśaḥ , nānā-vidhāni divyāni, nānā-varṇākṛtīni ca . Keeping apart the faith and vedantic interpretations, what this sloka means to Grammar schools of Philosophy ( = Vak-Artha /Shabda Brahma Schools) is explaining the Visual form of Divine in the shapes and colors of the Language- Sounds and Script included. The word ‘Brahmi’- for Sanskrit script is significant from this perspective.
The word ‘Naanaa –Varna-Aakrutini’ = a variety and diversity, plurality of the shapes and colors of the Sounds of the Language ( which in this case is Vedic language Sanskrit). The description of the shapes and colors of sounds is available in pre-Bhagavad-Gita literature in Vedic resources. Example : Taittiriya Upanishad says :Varnah svarah = The Varna is ‘Self- luminous and Self-explanatory’ ; the philosophy of ‘Naama –Roopa –Vyakarana’ from Bruhadaranyaka Upanishad , which provides : The Voiced and Visual steaks of working with the Vedic language. The path way to realize Veda as Vision of Flowig Glowing Voice =Sarasvati – Chandas - Shruti.
This is the ancient tradition of working with the ‘(Vedic – Aryan ) Language Sounds and their related assemblage. It points to the plurality of meanings - yoking, interaction and communication derivation from these assemblies ( = Sanghata / Kosha / Sandhi / Varna-aanuporvi in Sanskrit ; Skandha in Buddhist technicality). This seems to be the foundation of < ( आर्य )सङ्घात ( सूत्र) > tradition.
Just because Buddhist work uses a different technical term, it does not take away the gratitude, legacy heritage of Vedic Sanskrit flowing in to the Buddhist thought.
This is clearly acknowledged in the notes at the URL quoting the Chinese and other Buddhist sources.
BVK Sastry (Communication of February 28, 2015).
https://www.scribd.com/doc/257260786/Arya-Sanghata-sutra-dharma-paryaya