sãgaṛh , 'fortification' (Meluhha). Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ, 'lathe' (Meluhha)
Mirror:https://www.academia.edu/10094143/sa_ga%E1%B9%9Bh_fortification_Meluhha_._Hieroglyph_sa_ga%E1%B8%8D_lathe_Meluhha_
See: https://www.academia.edu/10083087/Meluhha_drill_used_by_Bharatiyo_Sarasvati-Sindhu_civilization._Meluhha_drill_as_a_hieroglyph Meluhha drill used by Bharatiyo, Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Meluhha drill as a hieroglyph.
This note demonstrates that the hieroglyph shown as a 'standard device' on many seals/tablets/ivory object in the round in Indus script corpora includes the component of a lathe, a drill-bit used with a bow-drill to perforate beads. It has also been shown that the gimlet was called sãgaḍ 'part of a turner's apparatus' (Marathi); sã̄gāḍī 'lathe' (Tulu); sãghāṛɔ m. ʻlatheʼ (Gujarati) -- a remarkable example of a gloss common in the Indian sprachbund (speech area) cutting across Aryan-Dravidian-Munda speech.
In rebus rendering in Meluhha, the homonym is sangar which means 'fortified position'. *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.(CDIAL 12845).
It is suggested that sãgaṛh referred to the fortified settlement of Meluhha artisans and traders and hence, the importance given to the hieroglyph of 'lathe' PLUS 'portable furnace' shown on Indus script corpora on over one thousand epigraphs. The 'dotted circles' adorning the bottom portion of the device are intended to denote 'perforated beads' -- a result of the processes of drilling by lapidaries and smiths of the civilization.
The entrenched defensive fortifications are evidenced in many sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization, often referred to as citadels or mud-brick walls in archaeological reports.
"A Sangar (or sanger) (Persian: سنگر) is a temporary fortified position with a breastworkoriginally constructed of stones. The word was adopted from Hindi and Pashto and derives originally from the Persian wordsang, "stone".Its first appearance in English (as recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary) is in the form sunga, and dates from 1841."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)
sangar n. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
Garland Hampton Cannon, Alan S. Kaye. The Persian contributions to the English language: an historical dictionary, p. 126. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001.
The term was originally used by the British Indian Army to describe small temporary fortified positions on the North West Frontier and in Afghanistan. It was widely used by the British during the Italian Campaign of World War II. (Parker, Matthew (2004). Monte Cassino: The Hardest-Fought Battle of World War II. New York: Doubleday. pp. 133, 170, 184, 201, 237, 258, 277)
Suggested Meluhha rebus readings for 'dotted circle':
Hieroglyph: 1. dula ʻ hole ʼ kanti 'bead' 2. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi)
Rebus: 1. dul 'cast metal'; tor̤u 'devotion'; toḷilů 'work, business'. 2. khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.
Suggested Meluhha rebus readings for 'drill-bit, lathe':
Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ 'lathe'
Rebus: sãgaṛh 'fortification' (settlement of the Meluhha artisans/traders).
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Sangar from the Western Sahara conflict probably dating from the 1980s.
![SSPL_10428877_preview]()
'Afridi Picket near to Jumrood', 1878.
A photograph by John Burke [1845-1900] of a group of irregular soldiers, taken in 1878 and published in the album 'The Afghan War, Attogk to Jellalabad, Gandamak and Surkhab'. Afridi was the name for a powerful independent tribe living on the Indian border around the Khyber Pass near Peshawar. These ferocious soldiers are posing in front of a sangar, a small stone fortification common in Afghanistan and Northern India. A pioneer of photography in India, John Burke began working in Peshawar, as an assistant to the commercial photographer William Baker. Baker took up photography on retiring from the British Army in 1861 and Burke himself had worked as an apothecary in the Royal Artillery. When Baker stopped working in 1873 Burke carried on, recording the evolution of the Indian Raj in the late nineteenth century. Burke accompanied the British army on its advance into Afghanistan during the Second Afghan War of 1878-1879.
http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10428877&wwwflag=2&imagepos=5
سنګ پاژه sang-pāj̱ẕaʿhسنګ پاژه sang-pāj̱ẕaʿh, s. prop. The name of a mountain in the Ḵẖaiberī country, to the south, towards Tīrāh, and separating the latter from the country of the Ismā-‘īl-zīs, a branch of the tribe of Orūkzī, one of the three divisions of the Ḵẖaiberīs. It is at present called سنګ پګه sang-pagaʿh.
سنګل sangal
سنګل sangal, s.f. (1st) The arm from the elbow to the wrist, or to the end of the fingers. Pl. سنګلِ sangali. Also سنګله sangalaʿh, s.f. (3rd). Pl. يْ ey. See څنګل
سنګ لاخ sang-lāḵẖ
سنګ لاخ sang-lāḵẖ, adj. Stony, rocky. 2. Arduous, difficult; (Fem.) سنګ لاخه sang-lāḵẖaʿh.
سنګین sangīn
Pسنګین sangīn, adj. Weighty, heavy, of stone, stony, solid, thick; (Fem.) سنګینه sangīnaʿh. سنګین دل sangīn dil, adj. Hard-hearted; (Fem.) سنګین دله sangīn dilaʿh. (Pashto)
sang-dil
sang-dilसंग्-दिल् संगि-खार or -khārah -खारह् (= संगि-मर््मर् संगि-फारस् a touch-stone of gems; a philosopher's stone (converting anything it touches into gold) (Śiv. 1616, 192; K.Pr. 184). -sār -सार् । अवहारः (सामुद्रिकजन्तुविशेषः ) m. stoning (to death), lapidation (H. viii, 8); (in Ksh.) public general abuse; a shark, a water-elephant, a Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛiyāl of India). -sār gaʦhun -सार् गछ&dotbelow;ुन् । लोकगर्हापात्रीभवनम् m.inf. to be stoned, to suffer lapidation; to become the object of general public abuse. -sār karun -सार् करुन् । लोके निन्दापात्रीकरणम् m.inf. to stone to death; to make (a person) the object of general public abuse.
sanga-lāth
sanga-lāth संग-लाथ् (? cf. । शर्करावान्देशः m. (sg. dat. -lātas -लातस् ), hard gravelly, or stony, soil. मर्मर्
sȧngīसं&above;गी । सहचरः m. an associate, companion, comrade; confederate, ally, accomplice; a partner in business.sĕng स्यंग् । वाणिज्यम्, अलभ्यलाभः trading, trafficking (across the sea with foreign countries); met. the getting of something rare or unobtainable. -- zēnun ज़ेनुन् । वाणिज्यलाभः, दुर्लभेष्टाप्तिः m.inf. to conquer such trafficking, to make great profit by such trafficking; to obtain something rare and long desired.(Kashmiri)
saṅgá m. ʻ battle ʼ RV., ʻ contact with ʼ TS., ʻ addiction to ʼ Mn. [√sañj ]Pa. saṅga -- m. ʻ attachment, cleaving to ʼ, Dhp. ṣaǵa<-> (see sájati: → Khot. a -- ṣaṁga -- H. W. Bailey BSOAS xi 776), Pk. saṁga -- m.; K. sang m. ʻ union ʼ; S.saṅu m. ʻ connexion by marriage ʼ, saṅgu m. ʻ body of pilgrims ʼ; L. saṅg, (Ju.) sãg m. ʻ body of pilgrims or travellers ʼ;P. saṅg m. ʻ id., association ʼ; N. sã̄gi ʻ ritual defilement by contact ʼ (or < *sāṅgiya -- ?); OB. sāṅga ʻ union, coitus ʼ, B. sāṅāt ʻ companion ʼ; Or. sāṅga ʻ company, companion ʼ; H. sãgwānā ʻ to collect ʼ. -- In an obl. case as an adv. (LM 413 < sáṁgata -- ): Phal. saṅgīˊ ʻ with, to ʼ; P. saṅg ʻ along with ʼ, Ku.gng. śaṅ, N. saṅa; Or. sāṅge, saṅge ʻ near, with ʼ; Bhoj. saṅ ʻ with ʼ, H. saṅg, G. sãge, M. sãgẽ. -- In mng. ʻ company of travellers &c. ʼ, though there is no trace of aspirate, poss. < or at least infl. by saṁghá -- . WPah.kṭg. (kc.) sɔ́ṅg m. ʻ union, companionship ʼ, kṭg. sɔ́ṅge ʻ together (with), simultaneously, with, (CDIAL 13082)
![British troops manning a sangar in South Africa]()
![A Sangar at El Alemein - NZ Electronic Collection]()
![These sangars,on the plateau of the Jebel Akhdar, are being built using dry stone walling, and are superbly constructed by local villagers living on the Jebel Akdar.]()
![A British sangar overlooking the Kajaki dam. Helmand Province, Afghanistan, April 2007.]()
![Northern Ireland Sangar]()
![Northern Ireland Sangar]()
![RUC Station Crossmaglen]()
![RUC station, Keady, Co. Armagh, October 2001-March 2002.]()
![Super Sangar Removal Newton Hamilton Northern Ireland]()
![Hesco Sangar]()
![Hesco Sangar]()
![Hesco Sangar]()
![Sangar]()
![Sangar]()
![Guardsman Paul Jackson on duty in one of the patrol base sangars talks to The Prince of Wales about life in Patrol Base Pimon.]()
![Marshall Land Systems Safebase Armoured sangar at FOBEX]()
![Super Sangar]()
![Cuplock Sangar]()
![Royal Engineers Working at FOB Shawqat]()
![Cuplock Tower]()
![Cuplock Tower]()
![Cuplock Tower]()
![Cuplock Tower]()
![2 Section, 7 Troop of 42 Field Squadron, 28 Engineer Regiment attached to 4 Armoured Engineer Squadron were tasked at Patrol Base Wahid at the beginning of October to construct a new section of perimeter wall from Hesco, remove the existing wall, strip out the existing Sanger and construct an EES (Expeditionary Elevated Sangar) in its place. Easy!!!!. Image Credit 21 Engineer Regiment]()
http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2012/12/the-expeditionary-elevated-sangar/
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Bailey of Citadel at Dholavira
![Main entrance of the castle]()
Main entrance to the citadel, Dholavira.
![Eastern Entrance of the castle]()
Eastern entrance, citadel, Dholavira.
![Lower town and Citadel]()
Lower town, citadel, Dholavira.
![Lower Town]()
![Excavated structure inside castle]()
Structure inside citadel, Dholavira.
![Findings of Dholavira Excavation]()
![Fine Stone object extracted during excavations]()
![Findings of Dholavira]()
Stone finds, Dholavira.
![Southern reservoir of Dholavira excavation]()
Southern resrvoir, Dholavira.
Source for photographs: Vishnu Kumar. http://thinkingparticle.com/articles/dholavira-kutch-tourism-history-photos-map
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Dholavira, citadel.
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Rakhigarhi, mounds encircled with stone walls. Photo Credit: Sourav De, courtesy Global Heritage Fund
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"Site at the village of Nagtar in Kutch Gujarat state, India, dated to 4000 to 1700 BCE.
Built with megalithic fortifications out of local sandstone slabs.
It has been excavated by the ASI (Archeological Survey of India). The site belongs to the Harapa culture in the HINDUS Valey or, its one of the leading civilisations togeter with NILE and MESOPOTAMIA . The first HARAPA culture site was discovered in today's Pakistan, so that it is caled the HINDUS valley and HARAPA culture."
http://www.megalithic.co.uk/modules.php?op=modload&name=a312&file=index&do=showpic&pid=20879
![rock cut reservoir of Dholavira]()
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Ruins of the mysterious structure known as 'granaries' in http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/indus_valley/discovery/
![great historical site harappa pakistan]()
Harappa.
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Mud brick house, mud bricks platform, mud brick fortification, Lothal.http://www.mapsnworld.com/india/harappan-civilisation.html
Meluhha hierroglyphs on standard device: lathe, portable furnace, dotted circles (perforated beads)
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Dotted circles on ivory objects.Finds at Atlyn-depe: ivory sticks and gaming pieces (?) obtained from Sarasvati Sindhu civilization; similar objects with dotted circles found in Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.
See: https://www.academia.edu/8349230/Indus_writing_mlecchita_vikalpa_Meluhha_cipher_6._Meluhha_metallurgy_Tin_Road_trade_and_interaction_narratives
kandhi= a lump, a piece (Santali.lex.) [The dotted circle thus connotes an ingot taken out of akaṇḍ, furnace]. k āndavika= a baker; kandu= an iron plate or pan for baking cakes etc. (Ka.lex.)kaṇḍ= altar, furnace (Santali)kandi or on ivory (khaṇḍ):kandi(pl. -l) beads, necklace (Pa.); kanti(pl. -l) bead, (pl.) necklace; kandit. bead (Ga.)(DEDR 1215). The three stringed beads depicted on the pictograph may perhaps be treated as a phonetic determinant of the substantive, the rimmed jar, the khaṇḍakanka. khaṇḍa, xanro, sword or large sacrificial knife.kandil, kandi_l= a globe of glass, a lantern (Ka.lex.)jaṇḍkhaṇḍ= ivory (Jat.ki)khaṇḍi_= ivory in rough (Jat.ki_);gaṭī = piece of elephant's tusk (S.) [This semant. may explain why the dotted circle --i.e., kandi, 'beads' --is often depicted on ivory objects, such as ivory combs]. See also: khaṇḍiyo[cf.khaṇḍaṇī a tribute] tributary; paying a tribute to a superior king (G.lex.) [Note glyph of a kneeling adorant]
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Dotted circles. Persian Gulf seal.
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Mohenjo-daro seal M006 with the pictorial motif combination: First image: 'one-horned young bull calf' + pannier + rings on neck + Second image: 'gimlet' + 'portable furnace' combined into a 'standard device' in front of the first image. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/05/did-indus-writing-deal-with-numeration.html
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*dula ʻ hole ʼ. [√dal 1 ?] Ku. dulo m., °li f., dulno m. ʻ hole, cavity, animal's den ʼ; N. dulo ʻ hole, animal's hole (e.g. of a mouse) ʼ, nāka ko dulo ʻ nostril ʼ, dulko ʻ little hole ʼ; -- M. ḍuḷū̃ n. ʻ little hole ʼ, ḍolā m.; -- poss. Ash. dūra ʻ hole ʼ (kāsāradūˊra ʻ nostril ʼ, dum -- durḗk ʻ smoke -- hole ʼ); Wg. dúri, dorīˊg ʻ smoke -- hole ʼ: but these poss. < dúr -- (CDIAL 6452) Ka. toṟalu, toṟaḷe hole; toṟe, ḍoṟe hollow, hole. Te. toṟa, toṟaṭa, toṟṟa hole, cavity in a tree. Go. (Ko.) dora hole in tree (Voc. 1894).(DEDR 3533) Ta. toḷ (toṭp-, toṭṭ-) to perforate, bore with an instrument; toḷkal perforating; toḷku excavation, pit; toḷḷal hole; toḷḷai hole, perforation, pit, anything tubular, fault, defect; toḷai (-pp-, -tt-) to perforate, bore; n. hole; tuḷai (-pp-, -tt-) to make a hole, bore, drill, punch, pierce as with an arrow; n. hole, orifice, aperture, perforation, hollow as of a tube, bamboo, gateway, passage, flaw in a diamond; tuḷavai hole; tōḷ (tōṭp-, tōṭṭ-) to perforate, bore through, dig out, scoop; n. hole;toṇṭi hole. Ma. toḷḷa hole, cavity; tuḷa hole, bored hole; tuḷayuka to be perforated; tuḷekka to perforate, pierce, bore. Ko. toyḷ- (toḷc-) to pierce; toyḷ hole in pen-post; toḷ hole, vagina; teḷi·(g) hole in wall between two houses (for handing through fire, etc.). To. tüḷy gate-post of pen with holes for bars; tüḷy- (tüḷc-) to make hole in stone or tree. Ka. toḷe hole, bored hole; toḷḷe hollow, hole, cavity, deficit, debt; ṭoḷḷe hollow, cavity; ṭoḷḷu, toḷḷu state of being hollow, void, or empty within;toli hole, socket. Tu. toluvè hole; tolpuni, doḷpuni to prick; toḷu hole; empty; ḍoḷḷu, ṭoḷḷu, toḷḷè void, hollow. Te. toli, tolika hole; tol(u)cu to bore, perforate, hollow, dig, scoop, carve; doṇḍi hole; (K.) dol(u)cu to make a hole; ḍolla hollow, concave. Go. (Tr.) tullānā to be bored, pierced; caus. tulhuttānā; (Mu.) tullih-to scrape out or bore out the pulp of a gourd (Voc. 1762); (A. Y.) ḍoḍḍo pit (ASu. ḍhoḍḍō); (Tr.) ḍhōḍhur hole in a tree (Voc. 1611); (Tr.) ṭōṭī the hole-entrance to the nest of the bee called mas-phukī (Voc. 1536). Kui doḍa a pitted surface, pitted sore. ? (DEDR 3528).
3531 Ta. toḷku net for trapping. Ma. toḷḷa snare, trap.
3525 Ta. tor̤u (-v-, -t-) to worship, adore, pay homage to; tor̤ukai worshipping, adoration, prayer; tor̤uvu worshipping, adoration.Ma. tor̤uka to salute by joining the hands, acknowledge superiority. Ka. tur̤il salutation, obeisance, bow. Koḍ. to- (topp-, tott-) to salute. Tu. turli obeisance;solma, solmè salutation. Go. (Mu.) doṛī- to bow (Voc. 1902). Pe. ṭoḍ- (ṭoṭt-) id. Manḍ. ṭuḍ- to bow head. ? Konḍa tuRpa- to invoke gods, fulfil a religious vow, adore, worship,
3524 Ta. tor̤il act, action, deed, work, office, calling, profession, order, command, workmanship, verb; tor̤īi working woman, maidservant, female slave; tor̤ukkaṉslave; tor̤uttai slave-woman, immoral woman, maidservant; tor̤umpaṉ slave, base person; tor̤umpi slave-woman; tor̤umpu slavery, servitude, servile work, drudgery, devotion to the service of god; tor̤uvar servants, agriculturalists, ploughmen; tor̤uṉi servant woman; toṇṭu slavery, devoted service, slave, devoted servant; tottaṉ slave; tottu slave, dependent, menial, concubine. Ma. tor̤il business, occupation. Ka. tur̤il work, servitude, slavery; tor̤tu, tottu (a male, but esp. also a female) servant, a strumpet. Tu. toḷilů trade, business; tonduni, dunduni to work hard; tottu maid servant; sonduni to exert, labour, work hard; sonduexertion, effort. Te. tottu female servant or slave, wench, prostitute, mistress or concubine.
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Suggested Meluhha rebus readings for 'dotted circle':
Hieroglyph: 1. dula ʻ hole ʼ kanti'bead' 2. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi)
Rebus: 1. dul'cast metal'; tor̤u'devotion'; toḷilů'work, business'. 2. khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.
Suggested Meluhha rebus readings for 'drill-bit, lathe':
Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ'lathe'
Rebus: sãgaṛh 'fortification' (settlement of the Meluhha artisans/traders).
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/08/decoding-standard-device-heifer-and.html Decoding standard device, heifer and scarf hieroglyphs of Indus script
S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
January 10, 2015
It is revealing that many place names in Eurasia include the Meluhha gloss: sangar.
Sangar (fortification), a term for a small temporary fortified position originally made up of stone, now built of sandbags and similar materials
Sangar, New South Wales, a locality in Australia
Sangar, Afghanistan, a town in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan
Sangar, Arsanjan, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar, Darab, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar, Firuzabad, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar, Sepidan, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar-e Olya, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar-e Sofla, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar, Iran, a city in Gilan Province, Iran
Sangar, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Sangar, Lorestan, a village in Lorestan Province, Iran
Sangar, Markazi, a village in Markazi Province, Iran
Sangar, Amol, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Sangar, Neka, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Sangar, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
Sangar, Maku, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Sangar, Oshnavieh, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Sangar-e Mir Abdollah, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Sangar-e Olya, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Sangar District, an administrative subdivision of Gilan Province, Iran
Sangar Rural District (disambiguation), administrative subdivisions of Iran
Sangar, Russia, name of several inhabited localities in Russia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar
Mirror:https://www.academia.edu/10094143/sa_ga%E1%B9%9Bh_fortification_Meluhha_._Hieroglyph_sa_ga%E1%B8%8D_lathe_Meluhha_
See: https://www.academia.edu/10083087/Meluhha_drill_used_by_Bharatiyo_Sarasvati-Sindhu_civilization._Meluhha_drill_as_a_hieroglyph Meluhha drill used by Bharatiyo, Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Meluhha drill as a hieroglyph.
This note demonstrates that the hieroglyph shown as a 'standard device' on many seals/tablets/ivory object in the round in Indus script corpora includes the component of a lathe, a drill-bit used with a bow-drill to perforate beads. It has also been shown that the gimlet was called sãgaḍ 'part of a turner's apparatus' (Marathi); sã̄gāḍī 'lathe' (Tulu); sãghāṛɔ m. ʻlatheʼ (Gujarati) -- a remarkable example of a gloss common in the Indian sprachbund (speech area) cutting across Aryan-Dravidian-Munda speech.
In rebus rendering in Meluhha, the homonym is sangar which means 'fortified position'. *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*
It is suggested that sãgaṛh referred to the fortified settlement of Meluhha artisans and traders and hence, the importance given to the hieroglyph of 'lathe' PLUS 'portable furnace' shown on Indus script corpora on over one thousand epigraphs. The 'dotted circles' adorning the bottom portion of the device are intended to denote 'perforated beads' -- a result of the processes of drilling by lapidaries and smiths of the civilization.
The entrenched defensive fortifications are evidenced in many sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization, often referred to as citadels or mud-brick walls in archaeological reports.
"A Sangar (or sanger) (Persian: سنگر) is a temporary fortified position with a breastworkoriginally constructed of stones. The word was adopted from Hindi and Pashto and derives originally from the Persian wordsang, "stone".Its first appearance in English (as recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary) is in the form sunga, and dates from 1841."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)
sangar n. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
Garland Hampton Cannon, Alan S. Kaye. The Persian contributions to the English language: an historical dictionary, p. 126. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001.
The term was originally used by the British Indian Army to describe small temporary fortified positions on the North West Frontier and in Afghanistan. It was widely used by the British during the Italian Campaign of World War II. (Parker, Matthew (2004). Monte Cassino: The Hardest-Fought Battle of World War II. New York: Doubleday. pp. 133, 170, 184, 201, 237, 258, 277)
Suggested Meluhha rebus readings for 'dotted circle':
Hieroglyph: 1. dula ʻ hole ʼ kanti 'bead' 2. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi)
Rebus: 1. dul 'cast metal'; tor̤u 'devotion'; toḷilů 'work, business'. 2. khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.
Suggested Meluhha rebus readings for 'drill-bit, lathe':
Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ 'lathe'
Rebus: sãgaṛh 'fortification' (settlement of the Meluhha artisans/traders).
Sangar from the Western Sahara conflict probably dating from the 1980s.
'Afridi Picket near to Jumrood', 1878.
A photograph by John Burke [1845-1900] of a group of irregular soldiers, taken in 1878 and published in the album 'The Afghan War, Attogk to Jellalabad, Gandamak and Surkhab'. Afridi was the name for a powerful independent tribe living on the Indian border around the Khyber Pass near Peshawar. These ferocious soldiers are posing in front of a sangar, a small stone fortification common in Afghanistan and Northern India. A pioneer of photography in India, John Burke began working in Peshawar, as an assistant to the commercial photographer William Baker. Baker took up photography on retiring from the British Army in 1861 and Burke himself had worked as an apothecary in the Royal Artillery. When Baker stopped working in 1873 Burke carried on, recording the evolution of the Indian Raj in the late nineteenth century. Burke accompanied the British army on its advance into Afghanistan during the Second Afghan War of 1878-1879.
http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10428877&wwwflag=2&imagepos=5
sangar also san·ger, sungar : 1.a small breastwork or rifle pit to hold a few men often constructed of boulders around a natural hollow2: a primitive wooden bridge with stone piers (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
sangar (Fortifications) military a breastwork of stone or sods (from Pashto](Free Dictionary)
سنګر sangar
S سنګر sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or road; lines, entrenchments. Pl. سنګرونه sangarūnah. See باره
P
sang 2 संग्
L. 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments, and other purposes. These are (in his spelling) bilor, a white crystal; sang-i-baswatri, a yellow stone used in medicine; sang-i-dálam, used by goldsmiths; sang-i-farash (p. 64), a kind of slate; sang-i-Nadid, of a dark coffee colour; sang-i-Nalchan, a kind of soap-stone, from which cups and plates are made; sang-i-Musá, of a black colour; sang-i-Ratel, of a chocolate colour; sang-i-Shalamar, of a green colour;sang-i-sumák, coloured blue or purple, with green spots; Takht-i-Sulimán, coloured black, with white streaks.
sang-dil
sȧngī
saṅgá m. ʻ battle ʼ RV., ʻ contact with ʼ TS., ʻ addiction to ʼ Mn. [√
The Expeditionary Elevated Sangar
Like many words that have found their way into the British Army’s common vocabulary Sangar has its origins in India. According to uncle Wikipedia it comes from the Persian for stone (san) and built (gar) although a more learned source describes a more complex origin;
The etymology of this word will be traced in Pushto and other languages of Indian sprachbund (Indian language union or linguistic area). Lahnda: sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defense ʼ.(CDIAL 12845) گ • (sang) m, Hindi spelling: संग stone, weight; association, union (Persian. Hindi)
Whatever the origin it was commonly used by the British Indian Army to describe a small temporary fortified position used on the North West Frontier where it was impossible to dig trenches.
The official description is;
A sangar is a protected sentry post, normally located around the perimeter of a base. Its main function is to provide early warning of enemy/terrorist activity/attack in order to protect forces both within the base and those deployed within sight of the sangar
Originally using stones and rocks the Sangar developed to include sand bags, construction materials and in some cases, concrete culvert pipes.
Wherever the British and Commonwealth Armies fought they would make use of sangars.
British troops manning a sangar in South Africa
A Sangar at El Alemein – NZ Electronic Collection
These sangars,on the plateau of the Jebel Akhdar, are being built using dry stone walling, and are superbly constructed by local villagers living on the Jebel Akdar. (Image Credit – Flickr Brian Harrington)
A British sangar overlooking the Kajaki dam. Helmand Province, Afghanistan, April 2007. (Image Credit – Flickr James Birt)
The Britain’s Small Wars web site has good photographs of Argentine sangars around Stanley, click here
In Northern Ireland the sangar was developed even further to include RPG screens, bulletproof glass observation panels and sophisticated surveillance equipment.
Northern Ireland Sangar
Northern Ireland Sangar
RUC Station Crossmaglen
RUC station, Keady, Co. Armagh, October 2001-March 2002
Super Sangar Removal Newton Hamilton Northern Ireland
In Afghanistan the Sangar has been transformed by Hesco although wriggly tin, timber and sandbags are still in widespread use.
Hesco Sangar
Hesco Sangar
Hesco Sangar
Sangar
Sangar
Stones and rocks are so last century and with the advent of Hesco andDefencell gabions the build times and resources used have greatly reduced.
They even get the occasional VIP visitor
Guardsman Paul Jackson on duty in one of the patrol base sangars talks to The Prince of Wales about life in Patrol Base Pimon.
The website of the Coldstream Guards has a good article on the Royal Engineers production of a Hesco Sangar, click here for some great before and after images.
In my post on Generic Base Architecture (GBA) and FOBEX I had a look at deployable Super Sangars and the Marshall Safebase system
Marshall Land Systems Safebase Armoured sangar at FOBEX
A complete range of Improved Army Operational equipment as used in Afghanistan and Iraq was demonstrated and displayed at Salisbury plain Wiltshire. Particular emphasis is placed protection as industry and the military work constantly together to update and counter evolving threats faced by the modern day Soldier. Pictured here is the Armoured Super Sanger with the Enforcer Remote Weapons System
Although not as sexy as the exotica on display at FOBEX the latest evolution of the humble sangar is the EES, the Expeditionary Elevated Sangar.
Cuplock Sangar
The EES is a prefabricated kit of parts with the elevation being taken care of by a Cuplock scaffold tower. Cuplock scaffolding has been used for many years in the Army but mainly for elevating water tanks, see the details on my post on water supply.
Royal Engineers Working at FOB Shawqat
The Cuplock scaffolding and DuAl beam system (data sheets here andhere)is made by Harsco Infrastructure (formerly SGB), a British company, although it is widely copied.
It uses an innovative node point that allows up to 4 components to be connected at the same point.
Cuplock and DuAL Decking
Cuplock Scaffold Node Point
Cuplock Scaffold Node Point
Cuplock Tower stairs
The loading jib on new Iveco Tracker Self Loading Dump Truck (Protected) is long enough to fill the Hesco bastion containers but where this or other long reach plant is not available they have to be filled by hand, lifting 16 tonnes of aggregate in bergens, nice!
2 Section, 7 Troop of 42 Field Squadron, 28 Engineer Regiment attached to 4 Armoured Engineer Squadron were tasked at Patrol Base Wahid at the beginning of October to construct a new section of perimeter wall from Hesco, remove the existing wall, strip out the existing Sanger and construct an EES (Expeditionary Elevated Sangar) in its place. Easy!!!!. Image Credit 21 Engineer Regiment
The EES is a clever design because it minimises the use of labour and it is labour that is expensive. It also means that a finite number of always in short supply combat engineers can ‘do more’
So how much is one of these marvels of British military engineering?
We can get a few clues by looking at the military aid budget and export control publications. One source lists the cost of an EES at £25,942 and another describes how five of them cost £120,921.
All of them were gifted to Afghanistan.
http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2012/12/the-expeditionary-elevated-sangar/
Bailey of Citadel at Dholavira
Main entrance to the citadel, Dholavira.
Eastern entrance, citadel, Dholavira.
Lower town, citadel, Dholavira.
Structure inside citadel, Dholavira.
Stone finds, Dholavira.
Southern resrvoir, Dholavira.
Source for photographs: Vishnu Kumar. http://thinkingparticle.com/articles/dholavira-kutch-tourism-history-photos-map
Dholavira, citadel.
Rakhigarhi, mounds encircled with stone walls. Photo Credit: Sourav De, courtesy Global Heritage Fund
"Site at the village of Nagtar in Kutch Gujarat state, India, dated to 4000 to 1700 BCE.
Built with megalithic fortifications out of local sandstone slabs.
It has been excavated by the ASI (Archeological Survey of India). The site belongs to the Harapa culture in the HINDUS Valey or, its one of the leading civilisations togeter with NILE and MESOPOTAMIA . The first HARAPA culture site was discovered in today's Pakistan, so that it is caled the HINDUS valley and HARAPA culture."
http://www.megalithic.co.uk/modules.php?op=modload&name=a312&file=index&do=showpic&pid=20879
Ruins of the mysterious structure known as 'granaries' in http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/indus_valley/discovery/
Harappa.
Mud brick house, mud bricks platform, mud brick fortification, Lothal.http://www.mapsnworld.com/india/harappan-civilisation.html
Meluhha hierroglyphs on standard device: lathe, portable furnace, dotted circles (perforated beads)
Dotted circles on ivory objects.Finds at Atlyn-depe: ivory sticks and gaming pieces (?) obtained from Sarasvati Sindhu civilization; similar objects with dotted circles found in Mohenjodaro and Harappa. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.
See: https://www.academia.edu/8349230/Indus_writing_mlecchita_vikalpa_Meluhha_cipher_6._Meluhha_metallurgy_Tin_Road_trade_and_interaction_narratives
kandhi= a lump, a piece (Santali.lex.) [The dotted circle thus connotes an ingot taken out of akaṇḍ, furnace]. k āndavika= a baker; kandu= an iron plate or pan for baking cakes etc. (Ka.lex.)kaṇḍ= altar, furnace (Santali)kandi or on ivory (khaṇḍ):kandi(pl. -l) beads, necklace (Pa.); kanti(pl. -l) bead, (pl.) necklace; kandit. bead (Ga.)(DEDR 1215). The three stringed beads depicted on the pictograph may perhaps be treated as a phonetic determinant of the substantive, the rimmed jar, the khaṇḍakanka. khaṇḍa, xanro, sword or large sacrificial knife.kandil, kandi_l= a globe of glass, a lantern (Ka.lex.)jaṇḍkhaṇḍ= ivory (Jat.ki)khaṇḍi_= ivory in rough (Jat.ki_);gaṭī = piece of elephant's tusk (S.) [This semant. may explain why the dotted circle --i.e., kandi, 'beads' --is often depicted on ivory objects, such as ivory combs]. See also: khaṇḍiyo[cf.khaṇḍaṇī a tribute] tributary; paying a tribute to a superior king (G.lex.) [Note glyph of a kneeling adorant]
Dotted circles. Persian Gulf seal.Indus writing in ancient Near East (Failaka seal readings)
A (गोटा) gōṭā Spherical or spheroidal, pebble-form. (Marathi) Rebus: khoṭā ʻalloyedʼ (metal) (Marathi) खोट [khōṭa] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge (Marathi). P. khoṭ m. ʻalloyʼ (CDIAL 3931) गोदा [ gōdā ] m A circular brand or mark made by actual cautery (Marathi) गोटा [ gōṭā ] m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone. Used in trials of strength among the Athletæ. 4 A stone in temples described at length underउचला 5 fig. A term for a round, fleshy, well-filled body. 6 A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. गोटुळा or गोटोळा [ gōṭuḷā or gōṭōḷā ] a (गोटा) Spherical or spheroidal, pebble-form. (Marathi) Allographs: Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn, tusk, branch of tree, cluster, bunch, coil of hair, line, diagram, bank of stream or pool (DEDR 2200)
Mohenjo-daro seal M006 with the pictorial motif combination: First image: 'one-horned young bull calf' + pannier + rings on neck + Second image: 'gimlet' + 'portable furnace' combined into a 'standard device' in front of the first image. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/05/did-indus-writing-deal-with-numeration.html
*dula ʻ hole ʼ. [√
Suggested Meluhha rebus readings for 'dotted circle':
Hieroglyph: 1. dula ʻ hole ʼ kanti'bead' 2. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi)
Rebus: 1. dul'cast metal'; tor̤u'devotion'; toḷilů'work, business'. 2. khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’.
Suggested Meluhha rebus readings for 'drill-bit, lathe':
Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ'lathe'
Rebus: sãgaṛh 'fortification' (settlement of the Meluhha artisans/traders).
See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2011/08/decoding-standard-device-heifer-and.html Decoding standard device, heifer and scarf hieroglyphs of Indus script
S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
January 10, 2015
It is revealing that many place names in Eurasia include the Meluhha gloss: sangar.
Sangar (fortification), a term for a small temporary fortified position originally made up of stone, now built of sandbags and similar materials
Sangar, New South Wales, a locality in Australia
Sangar, Afghanistan, a town in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan
Sangar, Arsanjan, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar, Darab, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar, Firuzabad, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar, Sepidan, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar-e Olya, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar-e Sofla, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Sangar, Iran, a city in Gilan Province, Iran
Sangar, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Sangar, Lorestan, a village in Lorestan Province, Iran
Sangar, Markazi, a village in Markazi Province, Iran
Sangar, Amol, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Sangar, Neka, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Sangar, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
Sangar, Maku, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Sangar, Oshnavieh, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Sangar-e Mir Abdollah, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Sangar-e Olya, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Sangar District, an administrative subdivision of Gilan Province, Iran
Sangar Rural District (disambiguation), administrative subdivisions of Iran
Sangar, Russia, name of several inhabited localities in Russia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar