Meluhha drill used by Bharatiyo, Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Meluhha drill as a hieroglyph.

Meluhha drill used by Bharatiyo, Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Meluhha drill as a hieroglyph.

Mirror:https://www.academia.edu/10083087/Meluhha_drill_used_by_Bharatiyo_Sarasvati-Sindhu_civilization._Meluhha_drill_as_a_hieroglyph

Bharatiyo, 'metalcasters' (Gujarati) continued the lapidary traditions of processing stones to create beads.

A gimlet worked with a bow-drill was used by the lapidaries to drill holes in beadstones.

The gimlet is the principal constituent of the hieroglyph composition generally seen in front of a one-horned young bull calf (so-called unicorn).

That the bharatiyo were Meluhha artisans is validated by the rebus readings of the hieroglyph components, including the gimlet.

Thanks to Kuldeep K. Bhan's article in Puratattva (2014), and VN Prabhakar et al. article (2012), it is possible to posit the shape of the drill used by bharatiyo, 'metalcasters' (Gujarati). Various types of chert and jasper were used to drill different types of materials, including stones such as agate, or carnelian or lapis lazuli. Kenoyer and Vidale note that two categories of drills that were used in antiquity; tapered cylindrical drills and constricted cylindrical drills. See: Kenoyer, JM and M. Vidale, 1992. A new look at stone drills of the Indus tradition. In Material Issues in Art and Archaeology, III, eds., PB Vandiver, JR Durzik, GS Wheeler, and KC Freestone. Pittsburgh.

Phtanite drill-heads from the surface of MNSE area, Moenjodaro (Massimo Vidale, 1987, p. 147)

Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai. Brahma holding a spear (possibly an inscribing instrument or a gimlet) and a water-pot and artisans holding tools.

hams 1 हंस् । हंसः m. (sg. gen. hamsunu हंसुनु&below; in Śiv. 897, 1516), a swan (L.V. 86; Śiv. 351, 115); the soul (cf. haṁs 2). In Hindū mythology the swan is the vehicle of the god Brahmā (Śiv. 16, 81). See haṁs 2. hamsa-dôru हंस-दोरु&below; or (Śiv. 1177) hamsa-dwār हंस-द्वार् m. 'the soul-door', N. of a holy mountain spur, passed by Hindū pilgrims on the route up the sacred mountain of Haramŏkh in Kashmīr (Śiv. 152, 1177, 1516, 167, 1891; Rām. 249). Cf. JRAS., 191, p. 1337. (Kashmiri)

"The Indus Valley Civilization has yielded evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC. This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen. The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective. Cavities of 3.5 mm depth with concentric grooves indicate use of a drill tool. The age of the teeth has been estimated at 9000 years." https://www.tumblr.com/search/bow%20drilling

Flint drill bit attached to a bow drill is used to create the drill holes in molars shown above. The possible use of the bow drill is demonstrated by the following photograph.
[IMG]

This bowdrill is comparable to the drill shown on an Egyptian mural.

[EGYPT 29359] 'Carpenters in Rekhmire's tomb at Luxor.' A mural in the tomb of Rekhmire shows several scenes representing the types of labor carried out by craftsmen who worked for the Amon Temple in Karnak. Here we see carpenters using a bow drill to make holes along the edge of a bed through which rope will be passed to weave a mattress. Rekhmire was an 18th dynasty vizier (viceroy) of Southern Egypt, mayor of Thebes and steward of the Amon Temple at Karnak during the reigns of Thutmosis III and Amenhotep II. His tomb (TT 100) is located in the Sheikh Abd el Qurnah Necropolis on the Westbank at Luxor and is one of the socalled "Tombs of the Nobles". Photo Mick Palarczyk and Paul Smit.

'Carpenters in Rekhmire's tomb at Luxor.'

A mural in the tomb of Rekhmire shows several scenes representing the types of labor carried out by craftsmen who worked for the Amon Temple in Karnak. Here we see carpenters using a bow drill to make holes along the edge of a bed through which rope will be passed to weave a mattress.

Rekhmire was an 18th dynasty vizier (viceroy) of Southern Egypt, mayor of Thebes and steward of the Amon Temple at Karnak during the reigns of Thutmosis III and Amenhotep II. His tomb (TT 100) is located in the Sheikh Abd el Qurnah Necropolis on the Westbank at Luxor and is one of the socalled "Tombs of the Nobles". Photo Mick Palarczyk and Paul Smit.

Three drilled holes are vividly shown on a marble bull.

File:Sitting bull Louvre AO7021.jpg

Black marble (formerly inlaid), found in Warka (ancient city of Uruk), Djemdet-Nasr period (ca. 3000 BCE)

Similar sets of three holes constituting rosettes are seen on the shawl adorning a stone statue of a venerated person, with neatly trimmed beard and fillet adoring the forehead. Mohenjo-daro.

File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg

This drill is part of the 'standard device' hieroglyph shown on a very large number of Indus writing inscriptions, particularly on seals, generally in front of a one-horned young bull and sometimes as an object hieroglyph, by itself.

Ancient Indus shell and stone beads found at Harappa. http://a.harappa.com/content/contemporary-stone-beadmaking-khambhat-india-patterns-craft-specialization-and-organization

Agate, jasper, green serpentine beads made in different shapes and designs, Mohenjo-daro
http://a.harappa.com/content/bead-technologies-harappa-3300-1900-bc-comparative-summary

Faience beads of different shapes and colors were found in a bead pot at Harappa. Some of these appear to be imitations of the natural stones; deep azure blue lapis lazuli, blue-green turquoise and banded to imitate banded agate.
http://a.harappa.com/content/lapis-lazuli-beadmaking-afghanistan-and-pakistan

Bhan, Kenoyer and Vidale reconstruct the drilling processes to create exquisite beads of the civilization.

The key tool is the drill-head.

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

Massimo Vidale

Tubular drill hole in an unfinished bead found from the bead pot at Harappa. "Drilling technologies in general and, more specifically, the perforation of hard stones have been a major topic of research in South and West Asia since the discovery of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization in the 1920s and 30s. The urban phase of this culture dates from between 2600 B. C. to. 1900 B.C., and has technological roots that can be traced back to 6500 B. C. in the early Neolithic period. Because of the fact that most of the tools, raw materials and manufacturing residues of ancient bead makers are preserved archaeologically, this craft may be efficiently used by archaeologists for reconstructing important aspects of the ancient organization of production." Kenoyer1992_A new look at stone drills of the Indus Valley T.pdf

http://a.harappa.com/content/new-look-stone-drills-indus-valley-tradition

After Fig. 5. Stone beads and bead roughouts. In: http://a.harappa.com/sites/g/files/g65461/f/Excavations-at-Shikarpur-2007.pdf Kuldeep K. Bhan and P. Ajithprasad, Excavations at Shikarpur 2007-2008:A coastal port and craft production center of the Indus civilization in Kutch, India Download Excavations at Shikarpur 2007

"Now, we have relatively detailed information from four sites with intensive manufacturing vidence -- Chanhu-daro, Moneer South-east Area of Mohenjo-daro, Nagwada and Gola Dhoro in Gujarat. All the sites show efficient and very specialized technique for transformation of semiprecious stones into beads. At Chanhu-daro one witnesses the application of standarized techniques for the production of large amounts of valuable beads of rar, high quality transparent carnelian, and refined chemical treatment were applied to obtain artificial patterns on the beads' surface. The study of the silicon impression from the holes of the long beads from Chanhu-daro revealed similarity to those found in the Ur graves and suggests direct trade or the presence of in the Mesopotamia cities of craft enclaves using same techniques and materials used in the subcontinent (Kenoyer, JM, 1997, Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley: New insight from Harappa, Pakistan, World Archaeology 29/1: 262-280). In contrast at Nagwada, Gola Dhoro and in the Moneer site at Mohenjo-daro, different techniques and materials were used, on much more limited scale, for producing smaller beads with wide range of raw materials, and in some cases surface with white orange or white black contrasting patterns were sought for and obtained through a careful exploitation of the stone's natural bands...judging from the long bi-cone shaped beads and bead blanks and roughouts in bloodstone, it appears that Dholavira might also have been a centre for the production of long bi-cone beads in bloodstone that was also a luxury item for export."(Bhan, Kuldeep K., Past and present stone bead making in India,,Puratattva, Number 44, 2014, p.54)

(After Fig. 6, Coding system for recording the state and surface of drills in VN Prabhakar et al, 2012)

Examples of chert drills, Dholavira, district Kachchh, Gujarat, After Fig. 7a-7c in VN Prabhakar et al, 2012

Examples of constricted cylindrical ernestite drills, Dholavira, district Kachchh, Gujarat, After Fig. 10c-d in VN Prabhakar et al, 2012

Example of pointed ernestite drill, Dholavira, district Kachchh, Gujarat, After Fig. 12 in VN Prabhakar et al, 2012

"A single pointed drill bit, found at Dholavira is unique. While its tip portion is sharp and triangular in section, its base retains a cylindrical shape. Working marks have been observed on its surface indicating that it has been used extensively. Although its exact function is unclear, it could have been used to produce conical holes in very small beads."

Prabhakar, VN, RS Bisht, RW Law & JM Kenoyer, 2012, Stone Drill Bits from Dholavira -- a multi-faceted analysis, Man and Environment XXXVII(1):8-25 https://www.academia.edu/5876453/Stone_Drills_of_Dholavira_A_Multi-Faceted_Analysis

See: http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/FOP/FOP%20pdf%20of%20ppt/Kenoyer%20Harappa%20Mangalore%201a.pdf Randall Law – Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Gazetteer

I suggest that the top register of the 'standard device' shown on hundreds of objects in Indus Script corpora is the pointed drill bit found at Dholavira:

The wavy lines shown on the drill bit are the artist-artisan's way of denoting the use of the drill using a bow-drill.

The bottom part of the hieroglyph is a portable furnace with flames emerging from the surface and the bead drilled through after heating in the furnace coals or crucible.

sãgaḍ 'part of a turner's apparatus' (Marathi); sã̄gāḍī 'lathe' (Tulu); sãghāṛɔ m. ʻlatheʼ (Gujarati) -- a remarkable example of a gloss common in the Indian sprachbund (speech area) cutting across Aryan-Dravidian speech.

Many other Meluhha glosses are evoked by the hieroglyphs of Indus Script corpora and are appended in the context of the averment that Indus writing was a composition of metalwork catalogs using rebus principle of similar-sounding glosses to denote the hieroglyph and the metalwork sought to be indicated in the catalogs.

Bhan, Pl. 7: Different stages of manufacture for producing long biconical carnelian beads, Chanhu-daro.

Bhan, P. 5: Beads and pendants, third from Left shows copper wire still intact in the bead perforation, Gola Dhoro.

Bhan, Pl.2: Constricted cylindrical drill from Dholavira.

Details of drilling apparatu presently used for Khambhat. A is a coconut shell used for holding and pressing the drill operated with a bow, B are the holes left by the upper pivot of the drill shaft, C; D is wooden stick bearing the traces E, left by the wear of the string of the bow. The extremity of the drill shaft is covered by string (F). The shape of the steel drill head G, bearing on the tip two minute diamonds (H) closely rsembles the shape of ernestite drills used by Indus bead makers (K). In the Moneer workshop(s), broken drill-heads were probably recycled as upper pivot for the shaft (I,J). The tip of the drill heds have distinct circular depression L. (After Fig. 9 Bhan, 2014) 2: the manufacturing sequence of ernestite drill heads (After Kenoyer & Vidale, 1992).

Carved ivory standard in the middle [From Richard H. Meadow and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Harappa Excavations 1993: the city wall and inscribed materials, in: South Asian Archaeology ; Fig. 40.11, p. 467. Harappa 1990 and 1993: representations of 'standard'; 40.11a: H90-1687/3103-1: faience token; 40.11bH93-2092/5029-1: carved ivory standard fragment (split in half, made on a lathe and was probably cylindrical in shape; note the incisions with a circle motif while a broken spot on the lower portion indicates where the stand shaft would have been (found in the area of the 'Mughal Sarai' located to the south of Mound E across the Old Lahore-Multan Road); 40.11c H93-2051/3808-2:faience token) standard1.jpg (16212 bytes)

Piperno, Marcello, Micro-drilling at Shahr-i Sokhta; the making and use of the lithic drill-heads, in: Hammond, Norman Ed., South Asian Archaeology, 1973, Pl. 9.2 and 9.3 "granite drill heads used to perforate beads, prepare stone seals... use of the "bow drill" or the "pump drill" which revolved the point of the drill in an alternating rotary motion...the level of technical performance reached in this micro-drilling work was peculiar to a class of highly-specialized craftsmen who must have enjoyed a considerable social and economic position in the life of Shahr-i Sokhta." (p.128) [ca. 2700-2300 B.C.]

Select Meluhha glosses

కమఠము [ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu. [Skt.] n. A tortoise. కమఠి a female tortoise, a small tortoise. కమఠేంద్రుడు kamaṭhēndruḍu. n. The father of tortoises, or king of turtles.
14361 karkaṭa -- 1: Md. kakuni ʻ crab ʼ.

3000 *kāṅkuka -- , kāṅguka -- m. ʻ a kind of corn ʼ Suśr. [kaṅku -- ]S. kã̄gaṛu m. ʻ Holcus saccharatus, stubble ʼ, kã̄giṛī f. ʻ wheat stalk, seed of Abrus precatorius ʼ.2605 kaṅku m. ʻ a panic seed ʼ VarBr̥S. 2. kaṅgu -- f. ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ VarBr̥S., °gū -- f. lex. °guka -- m., °gukā -- f., gaṅkuka -- m. Suśr. [A word of the Mlecchas for Aryan yava -- according to Gotama Nyāya -- sūtra 2, 56, quoted by Mayrhofer EWA i 138, who comparing priyáṅgu -- as a pop. etymology of a form with initial p<-> suggests Austro -- as. origin. This is further borne out by the form *ṭaṅgunī -- s.v. *kaṅkunī -- ]1. L. kaṅgṛī f. ʻ millet ʼ; Or. kaṅku ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ (← Sk.?); H. kã̄k m. ʻ P. italicum ʼ, kã̄kṛā m. ʻ cotton seed ʼ. 2. Pa. kaṅgu -- f. ʻ millet ʼ, Pk. kaṁgu -- f. n.; Or. kaṅguʻ P. italicum ʼ, kāṅgu ʻ a kind of grain or pulse ʼ = kāṅgurā, °gula; G. kã̄g m. ʻ a kind of grain ʼ, kã̄grɔ m. ʻ dish of this grain and pulse ʼ; M. kã̄g, °gū m. ʻ millet, P. italicum 2606 *kaṅkunī ʻ a panic grain ʼ. 2. kaṅgunī -- f. ʻ Celastrus paniculatus ʼ Bhpr. 3. *ṭaṅgunī -- . [kaṅku -- ]1. Paš. kaṅgunī ʻ millet ʼ, K. kangnī ʻ the millet Setaria italica ʼ, S. kaṅgiṇī f. ʻ the millet Panicum italicum ʼ, P. kaṅgaṇ m., °ṇī f., H. kākun, °kan m., kã̄kunī f.2. WPah. bhal. kōṇī f. ʻ a minute rice -- like grain eaten by birds ʼ (< *kaṅuṇī?); Ku. kauṇī ʻ millet ʼ, N. kã̄guni, kāg°, kāũni, kāgunu, kāṅni, kāmni, Bi. (SMunger) kāun, °nī, H. kã̄gan m., kã̄gnī, kãg f., M. kã̄guṇī, °goṇī, °gṇī f.3. Pa. -- ḍaṅgula -- (< *ṭaṅguna -- E. H. Johnston JRAS 1931, 585); Bi. (Gaya) ṭã̄gun ʻ Setaria italica, Panicum italicum ʼ, (SW) ṭãgunī. 4. †*kāgunī -- : WPah.kc. kauṇe f. ʻ millet ʼ, kṭg. kauṇi f., J. kauṇī f., bhal. kōṇī f., N. kāuni, Bi. kāun Him.I 14 (but rather dissim. < *kã̄gunī, *kāṅunī as in N. kāũni).

1084 Ka. kaṅki, kaṅku an ear of jōḷa or sejje, the grains of which have been removed. Te. kaṅki an ear or head of corn.

2277 Kur. caknā to sharpen an edge instrument, whet. Malt. cake to sharpen, whet
130 aṅgāri f., aṅgāritā -- f. ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex. [áṅgāra -- ]
H. ãgārī f. 130a †*aṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ. [aṅgāri -- , stha -- : cf. agniṣṭhá -- ]

WPah.kṭg. garṭhɔ m. ʻ charcoal ʼ; J. gārṭhā m. ʻ a small burning coal ʼ.

2999 kāgni m. ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop. [ka -- 3 or kā -- , agní -- ] K. kang m. ʻ brazier, fireplace ʼ? 3006 *kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ. [Cf. kāgni -- m. ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop.: ka -- 3 or kā -- , aṅgāri -- ]K. kã̄gürü, kã̄gar f. ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m. ʻ large do. ʼ (or < *kāṅgāra -- ?); H. kã̄grī f. ʻ small portable brazier ʼ.

kangar 1 कंगर् m. a large portable brazier (El.).

కమటము [ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి.kã̄gürü काँग््&above;रू&below; or kã̄gürü काँग&above;रू&below; or kã̄gar काँग््र्् । हसब्तिका f. (sg. dat. kã̄grĕ काँग्र्य or kã̄garĕ काँगर्य, abl. kã̄gri काँग्रि), the portable brazier, or kāngrī, much used in Kashmīr (K.Pr. kángár, 129, 131, 178; káṅgrí, 5, 128, 129). For particulars see El. s.v. kángri; L. 7, 25, kangar; and K.Pr. 129. The word is a fem. dim. of kang, q.v. (Gr.Gr. 37).

kã̄gri-khŏphürü काँग्रि-ख्वफ््&above;रू&below; । भग्ना काष्ठाङ्गारिका f. a worn-out brazier. -khôru -खोरु&below; । काष्ठाङ्गारिका<-> र्धभागः m. the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier, remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed; see khôru. -kŏnḍolu -क्वंड&above;लु&below; । हसन्तिकापात्रम् m. the circular earthenware bowl of a brazier, which contains the burning fuel. -köñü -का&above;ञू&below; । हसन्तिकालता f. the covering of woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier khashĕri-kã̄gürü खश&above;रि&below;-काँग्&above;रू‍&below; । काष्ठाङ्गारिकाभेदः f. a kind of portable brazier or kã̄gürü (q.v.) of which the basket work portion is made of coarse twigs marked as if pitted by scabs; met. a term of abuse used in curses or evil wishes made to another, (may you be) in the midst of scab!-phĕphur -फ्यफुर् ।

కమతము [ kamatamu ] or కమ్మతము kamatamu. [Tel. n. Partnership. అనేకులు చేరిచేయుసేద్యము. The cultivation which an owner carries on with his own farming stock. Labour, tillage. కృషి, వ్యవసాయము. కమతకాడు or కమతీడు or కమతగాడు a labourer, or slave employed in tillage.

"చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయుడొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్" హంస. ii.

సంగడము [ saṅgaḍamu ] sangaḍamu. [from Skt. సంగతమ్.] n. Dumb-bells, సాముచేయువారు తిప్పేలోడు. రాలు [ rālu ] or రాళ్లు rālu. [Tel. plu. of రాయి.] n. Stones. మగరాలు diamonds, వజ్రములు. 321 Ta. aṟai rock, ledge, grinding stone. Ko. ar flat rock. To. aṟ id. Ka. aṟe stone, rock, slab; rāyi stone (< Te.). Te. ṟāyi, rāyi (stem ṟā-, rā-) stone, rock; ṟappa a small stone. రా [ rā ] rā. [Tel.] n. and adj. Short for రాయి a stone; and also for రాచ (kindly adj.) Pertaining to a stone. రాతిసంబంధమైన. Pertaining to a king, of the king, royal, రాచ, ఆ నూతికి రాకట్టు కట్టించిరి they built the well round with stone. "పచ్చరా జగతిపై, పసిడి కంబములు మెచ్చుగానిలిపి, యామీద నీలంపుబోదెలు." రాయసము [ rāyasamu ] rāyasamu. [for Skt. రాజసము.] n. Authority. Clerkship, secretaryship. జాబులువ్రాయు ఉద్యోగము. రాయసగాడు rāyasa-gāḍu. n. A secretary.౛ాబులు వ్రాయువాడు రాయి [ rāyi ] rāyi. [Tel.] n. A stone, rock, శిల. ఇటికరాయి a brick. రాయు [ rāyu ] rāyu. [Tel.] v. n. To rub to be rubbed, roughened, or frayed, ఒరయు. 665 Ta. urai (-v-, -nt-) to be reduced into a powder or paste, wear away by attrition, be indented or effaced by rubbing; (-pp-, -tt-) to rub into a paste, wear away by rubbing, grate, test on the touchstone, smear, polish; n. rubbing, friction, attrition; fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone; urai-kal touchstone, small stone for rubbing pills into powder; uraical friction; uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr.), chafe, wear away by use; rub hard (tr.), scour, waste away by rubbing; uraiñcu (uraiñci-) to rub (tr.); uraippu rubbing, assaying; uracu (uraci-) to rub against; uriñcu (uriñci-) to rub oneself, rub against; to wear away by rubbing (tr.), grind away, scrape, smear, anoint; uriñu (uriñi-) to rub (intr.); uriñcal rubbing, chafing; urāy (-v-, -nt-), urāyñcu (urāyñci-) to rub (intr., as an animal against a tree, as two branches together); urōcu (urōci-), urōñcu (urōñci-) to rub (intr.). Ma. urasuka to rub, come into contact, contend, form into a pill; urasal friction, contest; ura rubbing, a stroke; ura-kallu, uravu-kallu touchstone; urayuka to rub, wear by friction; uravu rubbing, touch; urekka to rub, grate, polish, grind, assay metal; uriyuka to be chafed; uruṅṅuka, urammuka, urummuka, urattuka to rub against, graze, touch; urusuka to wear off, diminish. Ko. orv- (ort-) to rub into paste, rub with a stone in making pot; (ord-) to touch or stroke gently; orj- (orj-) to rub; uj- (uj-) to rub, file, sharpen. To. warf- (wart-) to rub into paste, wipe, wash; ud- (udy-) to smear on body. Ka. urdu, uddu, ujju to rub, make fine by rubbing; ujjisu to cause to rub; ujju, urdike rubbing; ore (orad-) to touch, rub, smear, apply to a touchstone, examine, grind, make thin or fine; n. rubbing, etc.; orasu, orisu, orsu to touch, rub gently, stroke, rub, scour, rub out, crush, separate by friction (as grain from the ears), smear; n. friction, rubbing, destroying; ore-gal touchstone; rubbu to grind in a mortar; n. grinding; ? ruddu to beat soundly. Koḍ. udd- (uddi-) to rub. Tu. urepuni to try metals by touchstone; uresuni id., to rub, polish; urduni to rub, file, polish; ujjuni to rub; ure-kallu, ore-kallu touchstone; orevuni to rub, wipe; oresuni to diminish (intr.), wear off; rub (tr.), wipe; orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only; (B-K.) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy; ocipuni to wipe off, rub out, clean; occuni id., to whet, sharpen. Te. ora rubbing, touch, testing on a touchstone; ora-gallu touchstone;oracu to rub, try by the touchstone; orapu rubbing, test by touchstone; orapiḍi rubbing, friction; orayu to rub, test by touchstone, touch; be slightly bruised; orayika rubbing, friction; (K.) uriyu to be rubbed; ruddu to rub, scour, clean; rudduḍu rubbing, scouring, cleaning; rubbu to grind in a mortar; rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or roller used in grinding things in a mortar; ? ruttu to strike, beat; ? rō̃kali a large wooden pestle (? or cf. 672 Ta. ulakkai). Kol. (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (< Te.); (SR.) rokāl, (Kin.) rōka pestle (< Te.). Nk. rōkal pestle (< Te.). Pa. urc- to skim off (cream), scrape; (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe, sweep. Ga. (Oll.) urs- to wipe (sweat). Go. (SR.) uriyānā to powder; (Tr.) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt, sugar, sandal-powder, etc. (Voc. 260); (A. SR. Y. S.) rōkal pestle (Voc. 3076; < Te.); (Mu.) ūc- to scrape, plane; (Ko.) us- to pare (Voc. 226); (LuS.) oochana a carpenter's plane. Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch slightly, stroke, rub against. Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth; rūsa (rūsi-) to crush, grind;n. crushing, grinding; pl. action rūska (rūski-); rūseni press for grinding sugarcane. Kuwi (F.) rūbali to smear; (S.) rub(b)inai to smear, rouge; (Su.) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil, etc.). Cf. 651 Ta. ural. / ? Cf. Skt. uñch- to glean [i.e. scrape up gleanings], proñch- (pra + uñch-) to rub, wipe, wipe out, efface (Turner, CDIAL, nos. 1680, 9011); OMar. (Master) orakalu, vorakala touchstone. 1680 úñchati or uñcháti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr̥. [√uñch: deriva- tion < ucci -- with P. Tedesco JAOS 77, 193 ff. phonet. unacceptable].Pa. uñchati ʻ gleans ʼ; Pk. uṁcha -- m. ʻ alms ʼ; L. hujjuṇ, awāṇ. hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep, clean ʼ; P. ludh. hū̃jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ; Or. uñchibā ʻ to scrape off leaves, smooth ʼ; H. ū̃chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ.

Sangata [pp. of sangacchati] 1. come together, met Sn 807, 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621); nt. sangataŋ association Dh 207. -- 2. compact, tightly fastened or closed, well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275).

Sangati (f.) [fr. sangacchati] 1. meeting, intercourse J iv.98; v.78, 483. In defn of yajati (=service?) at Dhtp 62 & Dhtm 79. -- 2. union, combination M i.111; S ii.72; iv.32 sq., 68 sq.; Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188). <-> 3. accidental occurrence D i.53; DA i.161.

संगत p. p. 1 Joined or united with, come together, associated with; तदा गन्तव्यमनिशं भवद्भिरिह संगतैः Rām. 7.36.58. -2 Assembled, collected, convened, met together. -3 Joined in wedlock, marrried. -4Sexually united. -5 Fitted together, appropriate, harmonious; शृणुतमिदानीं संगतार्था न वेति Ś.3. -6 In conjunction with (as planets). -7 Shrunk up, contracted; see गम् with सम्. -तम् Union, meeting, alliance; संगतं श्रीसरस्वत्योर्भूत- ये$स्तु सदा सताम् V.5.24; Ś.5.24; Ki.14.22. -2 Asso- ciation, company. -3 Acquaintance, friendship, inti- macy; यतः सतां संनतगात्रि संगतं मनीषिभिः साप्तपदीनमुच्यते Ku. 5.39. -4 A harmonious or consistent speech, well- reasoned remarks. -Comp. -गात्र a. having shrivelled limbs. -सन्धिः a peace concluded after friendship.
संगतिः saṅgatiḥ संगतिः f. 1 Union, meeting, conjunction; भवत्याः संगत्याः फलमिति च कल्याणि कलये Ā. L.17. -2 Company, society, association, intercourse; मनो हि जन्मान्तरसंगतिज्ञम् R.7.15; क्षणमिह सज्जनसंगतिरेका भवति भवार्णवतरणे नौका Moha M.6. -3 Sexual union. -4 Visiting, frequenting. -5 Fitness, appropriateness, applicability, consistent relation. -6 Accident, chance, accidental occurrence, -7 Knowledge. -8Questioning for further knowledge. -9 (In पूर्वमीमांसा) One of the five members of an अधिकरण.

சங்கதம்¹ caṅkatam, n. < saṃskṛta. Sanskrit; வடமொழி. சங்கத பங்கமாப் பாகதத்தொடிரைத் துரைத்த (தேவா. 858, 2).

சங்கதி caṅkati, n. < saṅgati. 1. Affair, news; சமாசாரம். 2. Matter, fact; விஷயம். 3. (Mus.) Short flourishes introduced in a melody; இசைவிகற்பம். 4. Connection, relation; சம்பந்தம். கீழ் ஒருபடி சங்கதி சொல்லிக் கொண்டு போந்தோம் (ஈடு, 4, 6, ப்ர.).

sāga-lar साग-लर् । कण्ठभूषाविशेषः f. a necklace composed of beads and pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El.; cf. sŏni-sāga-lar, s.v. sŏn 1). sang 2 संग् m. a stone (Rām. 199, 143, 1412; YZ. 557).
L. 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments, and other purposes. These are (in his spelling) bilor, a white crystal; sang-i-baswatri, a yellow stone used in medicine; sang-i-dálam,used by goldsmiths; sang-i-farash (p. 64), a kind of slate; sang-i-Nadid, of a dark coffee colour; sang-i-Nalchan, a kind of soap-stone, from which cups and plates are made; sang-i-Musá, of a black colour;sang-i-Ratel, of a chocolate colour; sang-i-Shalamar, of a green colour; sang-i-sumák, coloured blue or purple, with green spots; Takht-i-Sulimán, coloured black, with white streaks.sang-dil
sang-dil संग्-दिल् adj. c.g. stony hearted, hard hearted, obdurate (Śiv. 487; cf. Rām. 143). sang-i-khāra संगि-खार or -khārah -खारह् (= ) m. a hard stone, flint (Rām. 1548, 1624). sang-i-marmar संगि-मर््मर् m. marble (Gr.M.). sang-i-phāras संगि-फारस् a touch-stone of gems; a philosopher's stone (converting anything it touches into gold) (Śiv. 1616, 192; K.Pr. 184). -sār -सार् । अवहारः(सामुद्रिकजन्तुविशेषः) m. stoning (to death), lapidation (H. viii, 8); (in Ksh.) public general abuse; a shark, a water-elephant, a Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛiyāl of India). -sār gaʦhun -सार् गछ&dotbelow;ुन् । लोकगर्हापात्रीभवनम् m.inf. to be stoned, to suffer lapidation; to become the object of general public abuse. -sār karun -सार् करुन् । लोके निन्दापात्रीकरणम् m.inf. to stone to death; to make (a person) the object of general public abuse.
راقي rā-ḳī, s.f. (3rd) Cornelian, a red gem. Pl. ئِي aʿī. (Pashto)
P لال lāl, s.m. (2nd) (corrup. of لعل) A ruby. Pl. لالونه lālūnah. (Pashto)

P لاجورد lāja-ward, s.m. (6th) Lapis-lazuli. Sing. and Pl. lāj-bar, s.m. (6th) Azure, lapis-lazuli. (corrup. of P لاجورد) Sing. and Pl.(Pashto)

మణి [ maṇi ] maṇi. [Skt.] n. A gem, a precious stone. పచ్చరాయిలోనగునది. A pearl, ముత్తెములోనగునది. In compounds this denotes Unrivalled excellence, as నాయికామణి a woman who is a gem of her sex. వప్రమణి the noblest of Brahmins. సుందరీమణి the loveliest of women. అంగనామణులు lovely women. దినమణి the gem of day, i.e., the sun.నవమణులు nine precious stones, viz. గోమేధికము Onyx, నీలము Sapphire, పగడము Coral, పుర్యరాగము Topaz, మరకతము Emerald, మాణిక్యము Ruby, Carbuncle; ముత్యముPearl, వైడూర్యము Cat's eye. lapis lazuli; వజ్రము Diamond.

మణిగ [ maṇiga ] or మళిగ maṇiga. [Tel.] n. A wholesale shop. మండి. A shop, దుకాణము.
మణియగాడు [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or మణెగాడు maṇiya-gāḍu. [Tel.] n. The Superintendent of a village or temple. పారుపత్తి.మణీవము [ maṇīvamu ] or మణిగము maṇi-vamu. [Tel.] n. Authority.
అధికారము. మణివకాడు maṇiva-kāḍu. n. One who is in authority or power, a superior officer, అధికారి.

mŏhar म्वहर् । मुद्रा f. a seal, a seal-ring (El. muhr, Gr.M., K.Pr. 17); the impression of a seal, a stamp (Śiv. 414; H. x, 3, 1); a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s., in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees), a gold mohur (El. mŏhur; Gr.M.; W. 21; K.Pr. 36, 78, 181, 243; Śiv. 179, 192, 1285; K. 953; H. i, 9; v. 1, 12). -- karüñü --कर&above;ञू&below‍;। मुद्राङ्कनम् f.inf. to put a seal (on), to seal, to stamp (H. x, 3, 1). -- trāvüñü -- त्राव&above;ञू&below; । मुद्रया अङ्कनम् f.inf. to seal a document (with one's own seal to authenticate the signature). -zihar -ज़िहर् । स्वर्णभूषणसमुदायः f. a collective term for gold and silver ornaments. mŏhara-khonu

mŏhara-khonu म्वहर-ख&above;नु&below; or (Gr.M.) mŏhar-kan । मुद्राखननकारुः m. a seal-engraver, a lapidary (El. mohar-kand). -wöjü -वा&above;जू&below; । अङ्गुलिमुद्रा f. a signet-ring.

mŏhara म्वहर । धर्षणमणिशिला m. a shell, a cowrie; a bead (of glass or coral); the bezoar stone; a rubber, shell, pebble, or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper, cloth, etc., a polishing instrument. Cf. lāran-mŏhara, p. 531b, l. 42.

lāl 1 लाल् । जलजरत्नविशेषः, कनीनिका m. a ruby (K.Pr. 123; YZ. 75, 213; Rām. 217, 569, 643, 744, 1116, etc.; Śiv. 2, 163, 194, 428, 713, 793, 818, etc.; H. i, 9; viii, 3, 11; x, 2, 5, 12; xii, 2, 3, 4, etc.); the pupil of the eye (Rām. 1139, 1194, 1293, 1614; Śiv. 77, 121, 125, 1259); cf. ȧchi-lāl, p. 8a, l. 43. lāl-ĕ-könī m. a ruby of the mine, a ruby of great price (Rām. 1141); met. a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām. 155). lālpharōsh = m. a ruby-seller, a jeweller (H. xii, 3). -shĕnākh -शनाख् = , properly f., 'understanding of rubies,' but in H. xii, 4, 5, etc., used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-shinās, bel. (sg. dat. -shĕnākas -शनाकस्, H. xii, 4, 5, 6, etc.). -shinās -शिनास् m. one who understands rubies, an expert in jewels, a lapidary; a ruby-seller (K.Pr. 123). lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu लाल-फ&above;लु&below; । अतिस्निग्धबालकः m. a single ruby; the pupil of the eye (Rām. 115); met. a darling son, a perfect darling of a son. Cf. lāl 2.

lāl 2

lāl 2 लाल् or (L.V. 15, K.Pr. 64) lāla लाल m. a darling, a beloved (usually referring to a child or the like, but in L.V. 15, referring to the Deity) (Rām. 177, Śiv. 138); a beloved person generally (Śiv. 1691); 'the baby,' a name by which a woman refers to her child (K.Pr. 64). Cf. lāl 1, with which it is often confused.

மணியாடி maṇi-y-āṭi, n. < மணி + ஆடி-. Family priest; குலகுரு. (G. Tp. D. I, 91.)

மணியச்சட்டம் maṇiya-c-caṭṭam, n. < மணியம் +. Official power; அதிகாரம். அவர் மணியச் சட்டமெல்லா முன்னுடைய சட்டமே (பண விடு. 175).
மணியம் maṇiyam
, n. perh. mānya.

மணியக்காரன் maṇiya-k-kāraṉ, n. < மணி யம் +. [T. maṇiyagāḍu, K. maṇiyagāra, M. maṇiyakāran.] Headman of a village; superintendent of a temple, etc. (R. F.); கிராமம், கோயில் முதலியவற்றில் மேல்விசாரணைசெய்வோன். துடிமணியக்காரர் (விறலிவிடு. 1055).

மணியகாரன் maṇiya-kāraṉ, n. See மணி யக்காரன். (தொல். எழுத். 323, உரை.)

மணி maṇi, n. < maṇi. 1. Gem, precious stone, of which nine are specified, viz., kōmēta- kam, nīlam, pavaḷam, puṭparākam, marakatam, māṇikkam, muttu, vaiṭūriyam, vayiram; கோமேதகம், நீளம், பவளம், புட்பராகம், மரகதம், மாணிக்கம், முத்து, வைடூரியம், வயிரம் என்ற நவ ரத்தினங்கள். (பிங்.) 2. Sapphire; நீலமணி. (திவா.) முண்டகங் கதிர்மணி கழாஅலவும் (சிறுபாண். 148). 3. Ruby; மாணிக்கம். மணிவாய்க் கிள்ளை (கல்லா. 50, 23). 4. Pearl; முத்து. (பிங்.) 5. A supernatural gem. See சிந்தாமணி. உம்பர்தரு தேனுமணிக் கசிவாகி (திருப்பு. விநாயகர்துதி, 2). 6. Crystal; பளிங்கு. மணியுட் டிகழ்தரு நூல் போல் (குறள், 1273)

மணிகாரகன் maṇi-kārakaṉ, n. < maṇi- kāraka. Worker in precious stones; இரத்தின வேலை செய்வோன். (சங். அக.)

manar मन््र् or manürü मन््&above;रू&below; । शाङ्खिकः, मणिकारः m. (his wife is manar-bāy मन््र््-बाय्) (see below), but a female lapidary is manarĕñ मर्न््यञ्, q.v. (Gr.Gr. 39), a lapidary, a man who works on precious stones or on shells, a shell-worker (Gr.Gr. 148). -bāy -बाय् । शाङ्खिकस्त्री f. a lapidary's wife. -koṭu -क&above;टु&below; m. the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of praise), a true son of a lapidary (Gr.Gr. 132); hence, a good, or skilled, lapidary (Gr.Gr. 132). -thöjü -था&above;जू&below;,also written manạr-thöjü मन&above;र्-था&above;जू&below; । मणिकारचक्रम् m. a lapidary's polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a bow). -wān -वान् । शाङ्खिकसमाश्रयः m. a lapidary's shop or workshop. (Kashmiri) 9731 maṇí1 m. ʻ jewel, ornament ʼ RV.Pa. maṇi -- m. ʻ jewel ʼ, NiDoc. mani, maṁni, Pk. maṇi<-> m.f.; Gy. pal. máni ʻ button ʼ; K. man m. ʻ precious stone ʼ, muñu m., müñü f. ʻ pupil of eye ʼ; S. maṇi f. ʻ jewel ʼ,maṇyo m. ʻ jewels ʼ; P. maṇī f. ʻ jewel ʼ, N. mani, Or. maṇī, Mth. manī, H. man m., manī f., maniyã̄ m.; M. maṇī m. ʻ pearl, jewel ʼ; Si. miṇa, pl. miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ; -- ext. -- kk -- : Gy. gr. minrikló m. ʻ ornament ʼ, rum. mərənkló, hung. miriklo ʻ pearl, coral ʼ, boh. miliklo, germ. merikle ʻ agate ʼ, eng. mérikli ʻ bead ʼ; Kal.rumb. mŕãdotdot;ŕik ʻ bead necklace ʼ; K. manka m. ʻ snake -- stone ʼ; L. maṇkā m. ʻ bead ʼ, awāṇ. miṇkā; P. maṇkā m. ʻ bead, jewel ʼ; G. maṇkɔ m. ʻ gem, bead ʼ; M. maṇkā m. ʻ large gem or bead ʼ.9733 maṇikārá m. ʻ jeweller ʼ VS. [maṇí -- 1, kāra -- 1] Pa. maṇikāra -- m. ʻ jeweller ʼ, Pk. maṇiāra -- m., K. manar, manürü m.; P. maniār, °rā, maneārā m. ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ; Or. maṇihārī ʻ jeweller ʼ; Bi.manihār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ; H. maniyār, °rā, manihār, manhiyār m. ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ; G. maṇīyār, °īhār m. ʻ seller of bangles ʼ; M. maṇyar, °ṇer, °ṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ, Si. miṇiyara, miṇīr; -- forms with -- h -- influenced by -- hār from cmpds. in -- dhāra -- 1.

1. Ku. nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ; N. poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or < 2); G. poṛũ n. ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant. cf. *pōppa -- ); M. poḷ, °ḷẽ n. ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or < 3: semant. cf. *pōka -- ).2. S. poru m. ʻ cavity ʼ, poro m. ʻ hollow ʼ (or < 3); P. por f. ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or < *pōra -- 2); N. see 1.3. S. see 2; L. polā ʻ hollow, porous, loose (of soil) ʼ; M. see 1.4. Pk. polla -- , °aḍa -- , pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ; P. pollā ʻ hollow ʼ, pol m., pulāī f. ʻ hollowness ʼ; Or. pola ʻ hollow ʼ, sb. ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ, polā ʻ empty ʼ; G. poli f. ʻ cavity ʼ, polũ, polrũ ʻ hollow ʼ, polāṇ n. ʻ hollowness ʼ; M. pol n. ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ, polā ʻ hollow ʼ; -- altern. < 3: Woṭ. pōl, f. pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ; Gaw. pōlá, f. pōlī ʻ small ʼ; K. pọ̆lu ʻ weak ʼ, pŏluru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ; Ku. polo ʻ hollow, weak ʼ, m. ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ?); N. pol, pwāl ʻ hole ʼ, polo, pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ; A. pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ; B. polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ; H. pol f. ʻ hollowness ʼ, polā ʻ hollow, empty, flabby ʼ.5. B. Or. phorā ʻ hollow ʼ.6. P. pholuṛ m. ʻ chaff ʼ; H. pholā m. ʻ blister ʼ; G. pholvũ ʻ to husk ʼ; M. phol n. ʻ hollow grain ʼ.4. *pōlla -- : WPah.kṭg. pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ, J. polā. (CDIAL 8398). Ta. poḷi (-v-, -nt-) to chisel, split (as a stone), dig, make holes, open (as a blister); be perforated, punctured, become dented; (-pp-, -tt-) to bore, perforate, tear into strips (as fibre); n. holes made with a chisel, depression made by digging; poḷivu chiselling, hewing, picking (as a millstone); poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore, make a hole, hew, chisel; be rent or torn; poḷḷal boring a hole, chiselling, hole, rent, fissure, hollow in a tree; poḷ, poḷḷai hole. Ma. poḷi split, chip, what is torn (as a palm-leaf); poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break, skin to be peeled off; poḷikka to break open, unroof, undo; poḷḷa tube, pipe, perforated, empty, bamboo; puḷakka to be split, open the mouth; puḷappu piece, split;puḷaruka to split. Ka. poḷḷu hole in a tree, hollow in the soil. Koḍ. poḷi- (poḷiv-, poḷiñj-) to break (of a stick-like thing, tree; intr.); (poḷip-, poḷic-) id. (tr.); poḷa- (poḷap-, poḷand-) to open the mouth. Tu. poliyuni to be broken; polipuni to break; (B-K.) pori, poḷi id. Te. poḍucu to pierce, prick, stab, thrust, gore, bore, perforate; poḍupupiercing, thrusting; pōṭu a thrust, stab, pain, ache. Pe. polka hole in tree. Kui blongu inba to be pitted, holey. Kuwi (Su.) polŋga hole in tree; (F.) porongo hollow; (Isr.)poloṅgã hollow in a tree. Br. pōlō hollow, empty (or < IA; Turner, CDIAL, no. 8398).(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta. pollu empty glume or husk of grain. Ma. poḷḷu empty, hollow; poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain; poḷḷu a lie; poḷḷan liar; (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood, lie. To. wïḷ husk (< Badaga). Ka. poḷḷu, hoḷḷu hollowness, emptiness, unsubstantialness, trash; poḷḷu- mātu an empty, vain word. Koḍ. poḷḷenellï paddy ear with no grain inside; poḷḷï empty (of a seed-pod), light in weight (of bad money). Tu. poḷḷu, pollu, poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit), empty, timid, spiritless. Te. pollu, polla empty ears of corn, chaff, trash, useless thing or word; useless, fruitless, good-for-nothing; bollu to lie, tell lies; n. lie; adj. false; bolli a lie; false. Nk. (Chanda; LSI 4. 572) pollē husk. Pa. pol chaff; polka hollow; hollowness, unsubstantiality. Ga. (S.3) pollu husk. Go. (LSI, Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc. 2151); (G. Ma. S. Ko.) polle chaff (Voc. 2424); (Ko.) bol- to lie, speak falsehood (Voc. 2643). Konḍa polu, (BB) poṛu chaff. Pe. pol chaff, empty grain, husk. Kui polgu (pl. polka) husk, chaff, bran. Kuwi (F.) porū husk, chaff; (Su. P.) poṛu chaff; (Isr.) pōṛu husks, chaff. Cf. 4491 Ta. poṭṭu. /Cf. Skt. pulāka-shrivelled grain, Pali pulaka- id., Pkt. pulāga-, pulāya- id. (Turner, CDIAL, no. 8350); ? Skt. phalgu- weak, pithless (ibid., no. 9064); Pkt. polla- hollow (ibid., no. 8398,*pōlla-, *phōlla-, e.g. Mar. phol hollow grain, Panj. pholuṛ chaff, Guj. pholvũ to husk). Cf. DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA.

M. poḷ m. ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ; Si. pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ.

4. Pk. pōāla -- m. ʻ child, bull ʼ; A. powāli ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ.(CDIAL 8399)

https://www.academia.edu/1546614/The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr. saŋ+gṛ1 to sing, proclaim, cp. gāyati & gīta] 1. a promise, agreement J iv.105, 111, 473; v.25, 479; sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i.247; J iv.105;v.479. -- 2. (also nt.) a fight M iii.187=Nett 149; S v.109. (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m. ʻ collection ʼ Mn., ʻ holding together ʼ MBh. [√grah]
Pa. saṅgaha -- m. ʻ collection ʼ, Pk. saṁgaha -- m.; Bi. sã̄gah ʻ building materials ʼ; Mth. sã̄gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ, Bhoj. har -- sã̄ga; H. sãgahā ʻ collection of materials (e.g. for building) ʼ; <-> Si. san̆gaha ʻ compilation ʼ ← Pa.

*saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.(CDIAL 12845).*saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ. [Cf. ságr̥ha<-> ĀpŚr. -- ghara -- ]Pa. saṅghara -- ʻ with one's own family (?) ʼ; L. sagghrā ʻ accompanied by one's own family ʼ; H. sã̄ghar m. ʻ wife's son by former husband ʼ.(CDIAL 12858).

12829 *saṁkr̥ta2 ʻ collected ʼ. [~ saṁkīrṇa -- . -- √k&rcirclemacr;1]
M. sã̄kā, sākā m. ʻ straw &c. collected and blocking a stream, dregs, a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ.

sangaRhe'to support, aid, assist by taking hold of'; sangaRhekate ruakko dakko anuakoa'they support sick people when they give them water to drink' (Santali)

Sanghaṭṭa2 (?) bangle Sn 48 (˚yanta): thus Nd2 reading for ˚māna (ppr. med. of sanghaṭṭeti).

śákaṭa n. (m. R.) ʻ cart ʼ ŚāṅkhŚr., śakaṭīˊ -- f. RV., śakaṭiká -- adj. Pāṇ.gaṇa, °kā -- f. ʻ small cart ʼ Mr̥cch. 2. *śaggaṭa -- . 3. *śakkaṭa -- or *chakkaṭa -- .[√śak2?] 1. Pa. sakaṭa -- m.n. ʻ cart, waggon, cartload ʼ, Pk. sagaḍa -- , sayaḍa -- n., saaḍha -- m.n., sagaḍī -- , °ḍiyā -- f.; OSi. (Brāhmī) hakaṭa, hakaḍa, yahaḍa ʻ a measure of capacity ʼ, Si. yāḷa ʻ cart ʼ.2. K. hagoru m. ʻ cart ʼ; B. sagṛā ʻ bullock -- cart ʼ, Or. sagaṛa (sagaṛiā ʻ driver of a cart ʼ); Bi. sāgaṛ, saggaṛā ʻ smaller cart ʼ, Mth. sagaṛ; H. saggaṛ, sagaṛ m. ʻ cart ʼ,sagṛī f. ʻ small cart ʼ.3. S. chakiṛo m. ʻ cart ʼ; P. chakṛā, chikṛā m. ʻ large two -- wheeled bullock -- cart ʼ; B. chakṛā, śakṛā ʻ cart ʼ; Or. chakaṛa ʻ hackney carriage ʼ; Bi. chakaṛā ʻ large cart ʼ, Mth. chakkaṛ, chakṛī; H. chakṛā m. ʻ two-wheeled bullock -- cart ʼ; G. chakṛũ n., °ṛɔ m. ʻ cart ʼ; M. sākḍā m. ʻ the box of a load -- cart ʼ.(CDIAL 12236)Sakaṭa1 (m. & nt.) [cp. Sk. śakaṭa; Vedic śakaṭī] a cart, waggon; a cartload D ii.110; Vin iii.114; J i.191; Miln 238; PvA 102; VbhA 435 (simile of two carts); SnA 58 (udaka -- bharita˚), 137 (bīja˚). sakaṭāni pajāpeti to cause the carts to go on J ii.296. -- gopaka the guardian of the waggon DhA iv.60. -- bhāra a cart -- load VvA 79. -- mukha the front or opening of the waggon, used as adj. "facing the waggon or the cart" (?) at D ii.234, of the earth -- that is, India as then known -- and at D ii.235 (comp. Mahāvastu iii.208), of six kingdoms in Northern India. At the second passage B. explains that the six kingdoms all debouched alike on the central kingdom, which was hexagonal in shape. This explanation does not fit the other passage. Could sakaṭathere be used of the constellation Rohinī, which in mediaeval times was called the Cart? Cp. Dial. ii.269. -- vāha a cart -- load Pv ii.75. -- vyūha "the waggon array," a wedge -- shaped phalanx J ii.404; iv.343; Vism 384.

G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m. (CDIAL 12859). saṁghāṭayati ʻ joins together ʼ Sarvad., ʻ causes to collect ʼ Kathās. [√ghaṭ]Or. saṅghāṛibā ʻ to mix up many materials, stir boiling curry, tie two cattle together and leave to graze ʼ. (CDIAL 12860).

Sanghaṭita [saŋ+ghaṭita, for ˚ghaṭṭita, pp. of ghaṭṭeti] 1. struck, sounded, resounding with ( -- ˚) J v.9 (v. l. ṭṭ); Miln 2. -- 2. pierced together, pegged together, constructed Miln 161 (nāvā nānā -- dāru˚).

Sanghaṭṭa1 (adj.) [fr. saŋ+ghaṭṭ] knocking against, offending, provoking, making angry J vi.295.

saṁkaṭá ʻ contracted, narrow, dangerous ʼ, n. ʻ defile, difficulty, danger ʼ MBh. [Prob. < *saṁkr̥ta -- 1, cf. sáṁkr̥ti -- ; connexion, if any, with *sakuṭa --not clear. -- √kr̥1]
Pk. saṁkaḍa -- , °ḍia -- ʻ narrow ʼ; K. sangur m. ʻ steep hill ʼ; WPah.jaun. sã̄gaṛō ʻ narrow ʼ, Ku. sã̄guṛo, N. sã̄guro, Or. (Sambhalpur) sã̄kur (or < saṁkula -- ); H. sã̄kar ʻ narrow ʼ, m. ʻ narrow lane ʼ, sakrā ʻ tight, narrow ʼ; OG. sāṁkaḍaü ʻ narrow ʼ, G. sã̄kṛũ; M. sã̄kaḍ, sã̄kḍā ʻ tight, narrow ʼ, sã̄kaḍ, sã̄kḍẽ n. ʻ a difficulty ʼ; Si. sakuḷu ʻ hard, fast, massive ʼ.WPah.kṭg. sáṅgṛɔ ʻ narrow ʼ, jaun. sã̄gaṛo. (CDIAL 12817).

saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s° ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; Ku. sĩgāṛ m. ʻ doorframe ʼ; N. saṅār, siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ; Or. saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ; Bi. sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ; H.sĩghāṛā m. ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ; G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.Md. an̆goḷi ʻ junction ʼ? (CDIAL 12859).

saṁghāṭī 12861 saṁghāṭī f. ʻ a kind of garment ʼ Suśr., ʻ monk's waistcloth ʼ BHS ii 549. [√ghaṭ]Pa. saṅghāṭī -- f. ʻ one of the three garments of a monk ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍī -- f. ʻ outer garment ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa, ha° ʻ double cloth of monks ʼ.

saṁghātá 12862 saṁghātá m. ʻ close union, mass ʼ TS., ʻ closing (a door) ʼ VS., ʻ dashing together ʼ MBh. [Cf. saṁhata<-> with similar range of meanings. -- ghāta -- ]
Pa. saṅghāta -- m. ʻ killing, knocking together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāya -- m. ʻ closeness, collection ʼ; Or. saṅghā, saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding inside triangular thatch, crossbeam of thatched house, copulation (of animals) ʼ; -- adj. ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ < *saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā -- ?

saṁghātayati ʻ strikes together, kills ʼ MW. [ghāta -- ]Pa. saṅghātanika -- in cmpd. ʻ binding together ʼ; Pk. saṁghāyaï ʻ strikes together, joins ʼ; S. saṅghāhaṇu ʻ to kill ʼ; Or. saṅghāibā ʻ to cause to meet or be joined, put a cow to bull ʼ (whence ʻ (of a bull) to copulate ʼ). 12855 saṁghaṭayati ʻ strikes (a musical instrument) ʼ R., ʻ joins together ʼ Kathās. [√ghaṭ]
Pa. saṅghaṭita -- ʻ pegged together ʼ; Pk. saṁghaḍia<-> ʻ joined ʼ, caus. saṁghaḍāvēi; M. sã̄gaḍṇẽ ʻ to link together ʼ.A. sāṅoriba (phonet. x -- ) ʻ to yoke together ʼ AFD 333, sāṅor (phonet. x -- ) ʻ yoking together ʼ (CDIAL 12863).
sáṁgata 12844 sáṁgata ʻ united ʼ AV., n. ʻ union ʼ MBh. [Cf. sáṁgati -- f. ʻ meeting ʼ RV. -- √gam]Pa. saṅgata -- ʻ met ʼ; Pk. saṁgaya -- ʻ met ʼ, n. ʻ union ʼ; A. xāṅgī, x° bhār ʻ burden suspended from one pole and carried by two or more persons ʼ; Si. än̆gaya ʻ three oxen yoked together ʼ. -- LM 413 derives NIA. ʻ with ʼ words listed s.v. saṅga -- from sáṁgata -- .
सगडी [ sagaḍī ] f (Commonly शेगडी) A pan of live coals or embers. शेगडी [ śēgaḍī ] f A pan of live-coals or embers, a chafing dish.

சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam

, n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.)

सांगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (संघट्ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. 3 That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.सांगडणी [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of सांगडणें) Linking or joining together.
सांगडणें [ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals). 2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto.

पोतृ [p= 650,1][L=129300]" Purifier " , N. of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice (the assistant of the Brahman ; = यज्ञस्य शोधयिट्रि Sa1y. ) RV. Br. S3rS. Hariv.

8404 pōtrá1 ʻ *cleaning instrument ʼ (ʻ the Potr̥'s soma vessel ʼ RV.). [√pū] Bi. pot ʻ jeweller's polishing stone ʼ? 8403 *pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼ.Pk. pottī -- f. ʻ glass ʼ; S. pūti f. ʻ glass bead ʼ, P. pot f.; N. pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ; B. pot ʻ glass bead ʼ, puti, pũti ʻ small bead ʼ; Or. puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ; H. pot m. ʻ glass bead ʼ, G. M. pot f.; -- Bi. pot ʻ jeweller's polishing stone ʼ rather than < pōtrá -- 1.

4604 (a) Ta. pōṟai hole, hollow in tree, cavern; pōr hollow of a tree. Ko. bo·r vagina.
To. o·ṟ (obl. o·ṯ-) hole, wound.Ka. pōr hole. Te. boṟiya, boṟṟe hole, burrow, hollow, pit; boṟṟa hole, hollow, cavity in a tree. Ga. (S.2) borra hole in tree. Konḍa boṟo hole of a crab, etc. Kuwi (P.) borra hole in tree. DED(S) 3765.
(b) Ta. pōl hollow object, (Koll.) hollowness in a tree. Te. bōlu hollow.

4605 Ta. pōṟṟu (pōṟṟi-) to praise, applaud, worship, protect, cherish, nourish, entertain; n. protection, praise; pōṟṟi praise, applause; pōṟṟimai honour, reverence. Ma.pōṟṟuka to preserve, protect, adore; pōṟṟi nourisher, protector.

purkha 'an ancestor, elder, patriarch'; bapa purkha 'ancestors' (Santali)

pitŕ̊ (nom. sg. pitāˊ, acc. pitáram, gen. pitúḥ, nom. pl. pitáraḥ) m. ʻ father ʼ RV., pitárā du. ʻ father and mother ʼ RV.Pa. pitā nom., pitaraṁ, pituṁ acc. ʻ father ʼ, Aś. pitā nom., man. shah. pituna inst., Dhp. pidara acc., KharI. pitaraṁ, pidara acc., pidu gen., NiDoc. pita nom.; Pk. piu -- ,piua -- ʻ father ʼ, piarā ʻ father and mother ʼ; Gy. as. (Baluči: orig. a S. or L. dialect?) piu ʻ father ʼ JGLS new ser. ii 259; Ḍ. piāra (pl. of baba ʻ father ʼ) ← Sh. *piare, Pr.yā, yā̤, S. piu m. (pl. piura with u from sg.), L. peo m., khet. piūˊ, awāṇ. pio, mā -- pe ʻ mother and father ʼ < *piā, pērē ʻ parents ʼ (< piarā with dir. pl. ending -- ē of m. nouns); P. piu, peo m., mā -- pe ʻ mother and father ʼ; Or. piara ʻ father ʼ, H. piu m., OG. pīya, OSi. pita (gen. °taha), Si. piyā. (CDIAL 8179).*pitr̥ghara ʻ father's house ʼ. [pitŕ̊ -- , ghara -- ]Pk. piuhara -- n. ʻ father's house ʼ (pēīhara -- n. < *paitr̥kaghara -- ?), L.awāṇ. pērē loc. sg.; H. piuhar, pīh° m. ʻ wife's father's house ʼ, Marw. pīhar, OG. pīhara n., G.piyar, °yer n. (CDIAL 8180).

5530 Pa. vē̃did, (NE.) vē̃diḍ god. Ga. (Oll.) vēndiṭ id.; (S.) vēndiṭ devil(s), spirit(s). ? Go. (Mu.) vanḍin, in: pēnḍra vanḍin the highest god of the Murias (Voc. 2363). 4438 Ta. pēy devil, goblin, fiend; madness (as of a dog), frenzy; wildness (as of vegetation); pēyaṉ demoniac, madman; pēytti, pēycci, pēcci demoness, woman under possession of a demon. Ma. pē, pēyi demon (fem. pēcci); rage, madness, viciousness; pēna ghost, spirit; pē-nāyi mad dog. Ko. pe·n, pe·nm possession of woman by spirit of dead; pe·y demon. Ka. pē, hē madness, rage, viciousness; growing wild (as plants), worthlessness; pētu, hēde demon; pēṅkuṇi, pēṅkuḷi, hēkuḷi demon; madness, fury (for -kuḷi, cf. 1918 Ta. kūḷi); hēga a mad, foolish man. Tu. pēyi demon. Go. (Tr.) pēn (pl. -k), (Y. D. Mu. S.) pēn, (Ph.) pen, ven, (Ma.) pēnu god; (L.) peṇ (pl. peṇḍku) idol, god; (G.) pēnvor priest (Voc. 2364). Pe. pen (pl. -ku) god. Kui pēnu (pl. pēnga), vēnu (pl. vēnga) a god, a spirit. Kuwi (F.)pēnū, (Su.) pēnu (pl. pṇēka), (Isr.) pēnu (pl. pēṇka/pṇēka) god; (S.) pēnu (pl. pēnka) devil; (S.) pēne'esi, (Isr.) pēneˀesi deceased person. ? Malt. peypeyre to feel fervent or animated. 5529 Ta. vēntaṉ king, Indra, sun, moon, Bṛhaspati; vēntu kingly position, kingdom, royalty, king, Indra; vēttiyal kingly nature. Ma. vēntan, vēntu king.

*vindhati ʻ pierces ʼ. [√vyadh] Pk. viṁdhaï ʻ pierces ʼ; S. vindhaṇu ʻ to bore pearls ʼ; P. vinnhṇā, ludh. binnhanā ʻ to pierce ʼ, WPah.cam. binnhṇā, jaun. bindhṇō̃ ʻ to drill holes ʼ; A. bindhiba ʻ to pierce ʼ, B. bĩdhā; Or. bindhibā ʻ to pierce, gore, shoot an arrow ʼ, intr. ʻ to ache ʼ; Mth. bindhab ʻ to pierce ʼ, H. bī˜dhnā (whence intr. bĩdhnā ʻ to be pierced ʼ and a new tr., with substitution of e, bẽdhnā), G. vĩdhvũ, M. vĩdhṇẽ, Ko. vindtā. -- Pk. viṁdhaṇa -- n. ʻ piercing ʼ, Or. bindhaṇa ʻ mutual drawing together during coition ʼ, °ṇā ʻ given to goring ʼ, sb. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. vĩdhṇũ n. ʻ chisel ʼ; M. hĩdaṇ n. ʻ butt for shooting at ʼ (< *ĩdhaṇ), vĩdhṇẽ n. ʻ chisel ʼ; -- Or. bindha ʻ hole ʼ, bindhā ʻ goring, ache of boils ʼ; G. vĩdhũ n. ʻ hole ʼ, vĩdhārɔ m. ʻ borer ʼ; M. vĩdh n. ʻ perforation, bore ʼ, vĩdhī f. ʻ small do. ʼ, vĩdhrū m.(CDIAL 11784).वेधणें [ vēdhaṇēṃ ] v c (वेध) To perforate or pierce. To fix closely and piercingly (the mind). 3 To affect deeply, to pierce.वेधन [ vēdhana ] n S Perforating, boring, piercing, puncturing, pricking. 2 An augre, a gimlet, a borer generally. (Marathi)

barma बर्म । आस्फोटनी m. (H. vii, 24, baram), an auger, drill, a kind of gimlet or borer worked with a string. -- karun -- करुन् m.inf. to bore holes (H. vii, 24). -tuji -तुजि&below; or -tujü तुजू&below; । आस्फोटनीतूलिका f. the metal point of an auger, a drill-point. -- tārun -- तारुन् । आस्फोटन्या वेधनम् m.inf. to bore with an auger. -trọ̆pu-त्र्व&above;पु&below; । आस्फोटनीवेधद्वारा संयोजना m. joining together by auger-holes, as when two pieces of metal or leather have holes drilled along the edges, through which string or wire is passed to fasten them together. -trŏpal -त्र्वपल् । आस्फोटनीवेधयोजितः c.g. sewed through drill holes (of shoes or the like, in which holes for the thread are first drilled with an auger).

برمه barmah, s.f. (3rd) A kind of gimlet or borer worked with a string, an auger or centre-bit. Pl. يْ ey. (HI برما) (Pashto)

बरमा or म्हा [ baramā or mhā ] m ( H) A kind of auger, gimlet, or drill worked with a string. 2 The hole or eye of a rocket. (Marathi) 9650 bhramara1 ʻ *moving unsteadily, revolving ʼ (m. ʻ potter's wheel ʼ lex.), bhramaraka -- m. ʻ spinning top ʼ Bālar., ʻ whirlpool, lock of hair ʼ lex. [Cf.bhramá -- m. ʻ flame ʼ RV. -- √bhram]Pa. bhamarikā -- f. ʻ humming top ʼ; Pk. bhamarī -- , bhamalī -- , °liyā -- f. ʻ dizziness ʼ; K. bambur m. ʻ flurry ʼ; S. bhaũrī f. ʻ curl ʼ; L. bhãvar m. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, bhãvarī f. ʻ whirl of date -- palm leaves ʼ; P. bhãvar f. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, bhaũrī, bhaurī f. ʻ curl of hair ʼ; Ku. bhaũr, bhaũro m., bhaũrī f. ʻ whirlpool, whirlwind, tempest ʼ; N. bhũwari,bhumari, bhaũri ʻ whirlwind, whirl, whorl of hair, crown of head ʼ; Or. bhaũra ʻ turning lathe ʼ, bhaãra ʻ auger, gimlet ʼ, bhaũrā, bhaï˜rā ʻ spinning top ʼ, pāṇibhaũ̈ri ʻ whirlpool ʼ; Bi. bhaũr -- kalī ʻ iron link fastened to rope close to oilmill bullock's neck ʼ, bhaũriyā ʻ ploughing a field round and round ʼ; OAw. bhaṁvara m. ʻ whirlpool ʼ; H. bhãwar, bhaũr, bhaur m. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, bhaũrī f. ʻ revolution, lock of hair ʼ; G. bhamar f. ʻ whirlpool ʼ, bhamrɔ m. ʻ large do. ʼ, bhamrī f. ʻ giddiness ʼ, bhamarṛɔ m. ʻ spinning top ʼ; M. bhõvrā m. ʻ whorl of hair ʼ, bhõvrī f. ʻ whirling round ʼ; Ko. bhõvro ʻ spinning top ʼ; Si. bamaraya, bamarē, bam̆baraya ʻ humming top ʼ, bam̆buru ʻ curled ʼ, bam̆buru -- kes ʻ curl ʼ; -- prob. Paš.ar. blämúr, kuṛ. lāmbəl -- bṛak ʻ lightning ʼ, Gaw. Sv. lāmaċúlik (IIFL iii 3, 110 < *bhramala -- ).Md. bumaru ʻ spinning top ʼ.

څورليَ ṯs̱wurlaey, s.m. (1st) A gimlet, an auger. Pl. يِ ī. (Pashto) Ta. tura (-pp-, -nt-) to tunnel, bore; turappu tunnel; turappaṇam auger, drill, tool for boring holes; turuvu (turuvi-) to bore, drill, perforate, scrape out as the pulp of a coconut; n. hole, scraping, scooping; turuval scrapings as of coconut pulp, boring, drilling. Ma. turakka to bury, undermine; turappaṇam carpenter's drill, gimlet; turappan a bandicoot rat; turavu burrowing, mine, hole; tura hole, burrow. Ka. turi, turuvu to hollow, bore, drill, make a hole, grate, scrape as fruits, scrape out as a kernel out of its shell; n. grating, scraping out, etc. Tu. turipini, turipuni, turupuni to bore, perforate, string as beads; turiyuni, turuvuni to be bored, perforated, be strung. Te. tuṟumu to scrape with a toothed instrument as the kernel of a coconut; ? truṅgu to break, fall in pieces, perish, die; ? t(r)uncu to cut to pieces, tear, break, kill (or truṅgu, truncu with 3305 Ta. tuṇi). Pa. turu soil dug out in a heap by rats. Konḍa (BB, 1972) tṟuk- (-t-) (pig) to root up earth with snout. Kui trupka (< truk-p-; trukt-) to bore, pierce; truspa (trust-), tuspa (tust-), to pierce a hole, breach; trūva (trūt-) to be pierced, holed; trunga (trungi-) to become a hole, be pierced. Kur. tūrnā to pierce through, perforate. Malt. túre to scratch out; turge to bury the ashes of the dead; ?tuṉga, tuṉgṛa hollow of a bamboo or bridge, tube, tunnel.(DEDR 3339).

Ta. tamar hole in a plank, commonly bored or cut; gimlet, spring awl, boring instrument; tavar (-v-,-nt-) to bore a hole; n. hole in a board. Ma. tamar hole made by a gimlet; a borer, gimlet, drill.? Ko. tav- (tavd-) to butt with both horns, gore. Tu. tamirů gimlet. Te. tamire, (VPK) tagire the pin in the middle of a yoke. turup ʻ hem ʼ; B. turpā ʻ to pierce, sew ʼ; Or. turpibā ʻ to make simple long stitches ʼ; H. turupnā ʻ to hem ʼ); G. ṭupvũ ʻ to pierce, prick ʼ; M. ṭupṇẽ ʻ to pierce, enter, thrust (e.g. a needle) into ʼ.(DEDR 3078). *trupyati or *trupnāti ʻ pierces ʼ. [√trup]
Paš.kuṛ. lupiyém ʻ I sew ʼ, Woṭ. tuph -- Buddruss Woṭ 129 < *thup -- ← Gaw. lüpe -- , Sv. lup -- ; K. tr&otodhacek;pu m. ʻ stitching ʼ; WPah.bhal. ṭḷupp f. ʻ sewing ʼ; P.tuppṇā ʻ to sew ʼ, tarupṇā, turpṇā, turupṇā, ḍog. truppanī f. ʻ needle ʼ (→ Ku. turpaṇo ʻ to sew a cloth double ʼ; A. TRUPH ʻ miscarry ʼ: *truphati; -- √trup.WPah.kṭg. chúpṇõ (cú -- ?) ʻ to pierce, prick ʼ, chópṇõ (có -- ?) id.(CDIAL 6068).

Stone-smithy guild on a Meluhha standard

Harappa Tablet. Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession, comparable to Tablet m0491.

‘Raised hand’ hieroglyph on Pict-91 Harappa tablet: er-aka ‘upraised hand’ (Tamil) Rebus: eraka ‘copper’.

m0491 Tablet. Line drawing (right). This tablet showing three hieroglyphs may be called the Meluhha standard.Combined reading for the joined or ligatured glyphs

Rebus reading is: dhatu kõdā sangaḍa ‘mineral, turner, stone-smithy guild’.

Dawn of the bronze age is best exemplified by this Mohenjo-daro tablet which shows a procession of three hieroglyphs carried on the shoulders of three persons. The hieroglyphs are: 1. Scarf carried on a pole (dhatu Rebus: mineral ore); 2. A young bull carried on a stand kõdā Rebus: turner; 3. Portable standard device (Top part: lathe-gimlet; Bottom part: portable furnace sã̄gāḍ Rebus: stone-cutter sangatarāśū ). sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone, gilding (Gujarati); sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo, a worker on a lathe (Gujarati) sangataras. संगतराश lit. ‘to collect stones, stone-cutter, mason.’ संगतराश संज्ञा पुं० [फ़ा०] पत्थर काटने या गढ़नेवाला मजदूर । पत्थरकट । २. एक औजार जो पत्थर काटने के काम में आता है । (Dasa, Syamasundara. Hindi sabdasagara. Navina samskarana. 2nd ed. Kasi : Nagari Pracarini Sabha, 1965-1975.) पत्थर या लकडी पर नकाशी करनेवाला, संगतराश, ‘mason’.

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithy/forge. A sangatarāśū ‘stone-cutter’ or lapidary of neolithic/chalolithic age had graduated into a metal turner’s workshop (koḍ), working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of the bronze age.

Three professions are described by four standards; three of these standards are three hieroglyphs: scarf, young bull, standard device dhatu kõdāsã̄gāḍī Rebus words denote: ‘ mineral worker; metals turner-joiner (forge); worker on a lathe’ – associates (guild).

On this tablet, the standard which is also a hieroglyph on the very front is not clear. It is surmised that this standard, the first hieroglyph of four hieroglyphs carried on the procession may be comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple.

This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar:

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearer's head. This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus: eraka'knave of wheel' Rebus: 'moltencast copper'; āra 'spokes' Rebus: āra 'brass'.

Thus, the fourth profession is depicted as the smith working with metal alloys.

Thus, together the four professions depicted on the Mohenjodaro-standard showing four hieroglyphs in procession are read rebus:

Hieroglyph: dhatu 'scarf' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral'

Hieroglyph: kõdā 'young bull calf' Rebus: kõdā 'turner-joiner' (forge), worker on a lathe

Hieroglyph: sã̄gāḍī 'lathe (gimlet), portable furnace' Rebus: sã̄gāḍī 'metalsmith associates (guild)'

Hieroglyph eraka āra 'knave of wheel', 'spokes of wheel' Rebus: eraka āra 'copper alloy brass'

Thus Rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs denote: ‘ mineral worker; metals turner-joiner (forge); worker on a lathe’ – associates (guild), copper alloy brass.

dhatu kõdā sã̄gāḍī eraka āra

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I altar: करडी [ karaḍī ] f (See करडई) Safflower: also its seed. Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' of arka 'copper'. Rebus: fire-god: @B27990. #16671. Remo <karandi>E155 {N} ``^fire-^god''.(Munda).

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity.

A bracelet with the face of a bull. ḍangar 'bull' Rebus: ḍangar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi)

https://www.academia.edu/7783507/Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9, 2015

Meluhha drill used by Bharatiyo, Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Meluhha drill as a hieroglyph.

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