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- India, that is Bharat. Tracing republic roots in Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization and Indus Script
- India or Bhārata? India, that is Bhārat, says the Preamble of the Indian Constitution of Republic of India which came into force in 1951. The Hindi version calls it Bhārat GanarājyaThe words, 'India' and 'Hindu' as attested by historical texts outside India (as those of Arrian, Herodotus, Megasthenes), are derived from the word, 'Sindhu' which means a river. (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_India )What are the roots of the word, Bhārata?The evidence of the Indus Script points to Bharat as the self-designation of the people of the country and India as a reference to the country by people in regions west of the Sindhu river.Given the evidence of about 2,600 archaeological settlements along the River Sarasvati, it has been suggested the civilization of the Bronze Age should be called Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) civilization.I suggest that the priests called Bharat were the casters of metals engaged in the processing of minerals and metals in yajna using a fire-altar. I suggested that the word bharat refers to casters of metal of the Bronze Age and hence a an earlier occurrence in texts, than the word, India.References from Marathi lexicon and Indus Script:भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत. (Molesworth Marathi Dictionary).This gloss, bharata is denoted by the hieroglyphs: backbone, ox.
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Seal published by Omananda Saraswati. In Pl. 275: Omananda Saraswati 1975. Ancient Seals of Haryana (in Hindi). Rohtak.![]()
This pictorial motif gets normalized in Indus writing system as a hieroglyph sign: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus:baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) The hieroglyph ligature to convey the semantics of ‘bone’ and rebus reading is: ‘four short numeral strokes ligature’ |||| Numeral 4: gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kaṇḍa'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali)This is one possible explanation for the ancient name of the Hindu nation: Bhāratam, mentioned in R̥gveda – the Bhāratam janam were metalworkers producing bharat mixed alloy of copper, zinc and tin.bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharataḷ = moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into (Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead;bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit.)![]()
m1225a Side b: ‘svastika’ hieroglyph: Rebus: jasta, sattva , satthiya, zasath ‘zinc’PLUS ‘four’ strokes:|||| Numeral 4: gaṇḍa 'four'
Rebus: kaṇḍa 'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali) PLUS | koḍa‘one’ Rebus: koḍ ‘workshop’ Thus, zinc fire-altar, workshopSide a: balad m. ʻox ʼ, gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (Nepali. Tarai) Rebus: bharat (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin (Punjabi) pattar‘trough’ Rebus: pattar ‘guild, goldsmith’. Thus, copper-zinc-tin alloy (worker) guild.
kanac ‘corner’ Rebus: kañcu ‘bronze’ (Telugu) dula ‘two’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ kolom ‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’ Numeral || dula ‘two’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ Numeral III kolom ‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus:kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex.H. kathīr m. ʻtin, pewterʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984)![]()
kaṇḍa kanka ‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karṇīka ‘account (scribe)’ karṇī‘supercargo’.
kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'.The repeated reference to 'guilds' in Indus Script inscriptions with the deployment of 'trough' hieroglyph even in front of wild animals to signify pattar 'guild' is instructive and points to the republic nature of the janapadas of ancient times formed by guilds of artisans and hence, the appropriateness of the use of the phrase Bhārat Ganarājya in common parlance and in ancient texts.The explanation provided for the occurrence of the word भारत in Rigveda is consistent with the Meluhha (mleccha) word bharat which signifies 'caster of metals' and with the use of the word in the famous rica of Visvamitra: विश्वामित्रस्य रक्षति ब्रह्मेदं भारताम् जनं "visvamitrasya rakshati brahmedam bharatam janam." This mantra of Visvamitra will protect the nation of the people of Bharatam.(RV 3.53.12)भारत Bhārata 'name applied to Agni either sprung from the priests called Bharata or bearer of the oblation' (explanation for the word in Rigveda) (Monier-Williams).Bhārata Gaṇarājya, in ancient Indian texts, refers to the state of Bhārata varṣam, 'country of Bhārat' which distinguishes it from other varṣas or regions of the globe. Nine divisions of the globe recognized are: 1 कुरु; 2 हिर- ण्मय; 3 रम्यक; 4 इलावृत; 5 हरि; 6 केतुमाला; 7 भद्राश्व; 8 किंनर; and 9 भारत); यस्मिन् नव वर्षाणि (Bhāg.5.16.6.)Bhārata 'A descendant of Bharata' (such as विदुर; सञ्जातहर्षो मुनिमाह भारतः Mb.3.2.8); An inhabitant of Bharatavarṣa or India; N. of the most celebrated epic poem in Sanskrit which gives the history of the descendants of Bharata with innumerable episodes. (Apte lexicon)भारती Speech, voice, words, eloquence; भारतीनिर्घोषः U.3; The goddess of speech, Sarasvatī. (Apte lexicon)गणराज्य is the name of an empire in the Deccan. भारत 'name applied to Agni either sprung from the priests called Bharata or bearer of the oblation' (RV); 'the story of the भरतs and their wars (sometimes identified with the महा-भारत , and sometimes distinguished from it.' (Monier-Williams' Dictionary, pp. 343, 753).He who conquers the whole of Bharata-varsa is celebrated as a samrāt (Vayu Purana 45, 86, loc. cit.Pargiter, F. F., 1922, Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 131).பாரதம்¹ pāratam, n. < Bhārata. 1. India; இந்தியா தேசம். இமயகிரிக்குந் தென்கடற்கு மிடைப் பாகம் பாரதமே (சிவதரு. கோபுர. 51). 2. The great war of Kurukṣētra;பாரதப்போர். நீயன்றி மாபாரதமகற்ற மற்றார்கொல் வல்லாரே (பாரத. கிருட் டிண. 34). 3. The Mahābhārata; மகாபாரதம்.(Tamil)ततश्च भारतं वर्षमेतल्लोकेषुगीयतेभरताय यत: पित्रा दत्तं प्रतिष्ठिता वनम (विष्णु पुराण, २,१,३२)This country is known as Bharatavarsha since the times the father entrusted the kingdom to the son Bharata and he himself went to the forest for ascetic practices [Rishabha/ Rishabdev is First Trithankar (Teacher) of Jainism. He had two sons Bharat and Bahubali' ]—Vishnu Purana (2,1,32)uttaraṃ yatsamudrasya himādreścaiva dakṣiṇam
varṣaṃ tadbhārataṃ nāma bhāratī yatra santatiḥउत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् ।वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र संततिः ।।"The country (varṣam) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bhāratam; there dwell the descendants of Bharata."Vishnu Purana (2.3.1)ऋषभो मरुदेव्याश्च ऋषभात भरतो भवेत्भरताद भारतं वर्षं, भरतात सुमतिस्त्वभूत्Rishabha was born to Marudevi, Bharata was born to Rishabha, Bharatavarsha (India) arose from Bharata, and Sumati arose from Bharata—Vishnu Purana (2,1,31)S. KalyanaramanSarasvati Research CenterSeptember 28, 2014
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India, that is Bharat. Tracing republic roots in Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization and Indus Script
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