Bharat, name of a nation. Root: bharatiyo 'caster of metals', bharat 'metal alloy' in Indus Script
Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/k58uysu
The trade in metals during the Bronze Age was transacted on the Tin Road from Meluhha, India to Haifa, Israel.
Casting metals was by using cire perdue (lost-wax) casting method -- dhokra, a gloss which is recorded in seals from Dholavira and Mohenjo-daro. Invention of alloys revolutionised Bronze Age thanks to the artisans of the Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) civilization. A significant contribution was the invention of a writing system necessitated by the Bronze Age inventions and trade, using Meluhha hieroglyphs which provide clues to the invention of bharat, an alloy of copper, tin and zinc.
भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत. (Molesworth Marathi Dictionary).This gloss, bharata is denoted by the hieroglyphs: backbone, ox.
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Seal published by Omananda Saraswati. In Pl. 275: Omananda Saraswati 1975. Ancient Seals of Haryana (in Hindi). Rohtak.
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This pictorial motif gets normalized in Indus writing system as a hieroglyph sign: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) The hieroglyph ligature to convey the semantics of ‘bone’ and rebus reading is: ‘four short numeral strokes ligature’ |||| Numeral 4: gaṇḍa'four' Rebus: kaṇḍa'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali)
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kanac‘corner’ Rebus: kañcu ‘bronze’ (Telugu) dula‘two’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ kolom ‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’ Numeral || dula ‘two’ Rebus: dul‘cast metal’ Numeral III kolom‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’
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kaṇḍa kanka‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karṇīka‘account (scribe)’ karṇī‘supercargo’.
S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
September 26, 2014
Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/k58uysu
The trade in metals during the Bronze Age was transacted on the Tin Road from Meluhha, India to Haifa, Israel.
Casting metals was by using cire perdue (lost-wax) casting method -- dhokra, a gloss which is recorded in seals from Dholavira and Mohenjo-daro. Invention of alloys revolutionised Bronze Age thanks to the artisans of the Sarasvati-Sindhu (Hindu) civilization. A significant contribution was the invention of a writing system necessitated by the Bronze Age inventions and trade, using Meluhha hieroglyphs which provide clues to the invention of bharat, an alloy of copper, tin and zinc.
भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.भरताचें भांडें (p. 603) [ bharatācē mbhāṇḍēṃ ] n A vessel made of the metal भरत. 2 See भरिताचें भांडें.भरती (p. 603) [ bharatī ] a Composed of the metal भरत. (Molesworth Marathi Dictionary).This gloss, bharata is denoted by the hieroglyphs: backbone, ox.
Seal published by Omananda Saraswati. In Pl. 275: Omananda Saraswati 1975. Ancient Seals of Haryana (in Hindi). Rohtak.
This pictorial motif gets normalized in Indus writing system as a hieroglyph sign: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) The hieroglyph ligature to convey the semantics of ‘bone’ and rebus reading is: ‘four short numeral strokes ligature’ |||| Numeral 4: gaṇḍa'four' Rebus: kaṇḍa'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali)This is one possible explanation for the ancient name of the Hindu nation: Bhāratam, mentioned in R̥gveda – the Bhāratam janam were metalworkers producing bharatmixed alloy of copper, zinc and tin.
bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharataḷ = moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum= to fill in; to put in; to pour into (Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit.)
m1225a Side b: ‘svastika’ hieroglyph: Rebus: jasta, sattva , satthiya,zasath ‘zinc’PLUS ‘four’ strokes:
|||| Numeral 4: gaṇḍa'four'
Rebus: kaṇḍa'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali) PLUS | koḍa‘one’ Rebus: koḍ‘workshop’ Thus, zinc fire-altar, workshop
Rebus: kaṇḍa'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali) PLUS | koḍa‘one’ Rebus: koḍ‘workshop’ Thus, zinc fire-altar, workshop
Side a: balad m. ʻox ʼ, gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (Nepali. Tarai) Rebus: bharat(5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Punjabi) pattar ‘trough’ Rebus: pattar‘guild, goldsmith’. Thus, copper-zinc-tin alloy (worker) guild.
kanac‘corner’ Rebus: kañcu ‘bronze’ (Telugu) dula‘two’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ kolom ‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’ Numeral || dula ‘two’ Rebus: dul‘cast metal’ Numeral III kolom‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’
kuṭila‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) kastīra n. ʻ tin ʼ lex.H. kathīr m. ʻtin, pewterʼ; G. kathīr n. ʻ pewter ʼ.2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; M. kathīl n. ʻ tin ʼ, kathlẽ n. ʻ large tin vessel ʼ(CDIAL 2984)
kaṇḍa kanka‘rim of jar’ Rebus: karṇīka‘account (scribe)’ karṇī‘supercargo’. S. Kalyanaraman
Sarasvati Research Center
September 26, 2014