Catalogs of pola, kuṇṭha, goṭa, bichi native metalwork in Meluhha Indus script hieroglyphs
Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/ku6p8gh
Boris Hlebec's research article of 2014, on the origin of ‘copper’ words in some European languages provides a framework for a philological tracking of of other metalwork terms in Indus writing of Meluhha glosses.
Glosses for three mineral ores in Asuri (Meluhha) speech to distinguish among three types of ferrite (iron) ores are: pola (magnetite), gota (laterite), bichi (hematite). The three ferrous oxide minerals are represented in Meluhha hieroglyphs. Ferrous oxide metalwork is denoted by the Meluhha gloss aduru, 'native metal'. It is notable that this gloss is found to be cognate with other metal forms: ayil iron (Tamil) ayir, ayiram any ore (Malayalam); ajirda karba very hard iron (Tulu); aduru 'native metal' (Kannada)(DEDR 192). This etymon cluster gives the early semantics of 'native metal' that it may denote any stone ore (such as bica) which produced hard metal after smelting.
Lothal 51
Zebu, bos indicus. Hieroglyphs on the pictorial motif of this seal are: 1. Zebu; 2. Hump; 3. Dewlap.A type of hard native metal, ferrous oxide – kuṇṭhamunda (loha) is denoted by khũṭ 'zebu'/ mū̃ḍhā 'hump' hieroglyphs.
goṭi, ‘silver, laterite’ are denoted by goṭa, ‘seed’ hieroglyph.
bichi , ‘hematite’ is denoted by hieroglyph bicha‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica‘stone ore’ (Santali).
A Meluhha gloss for hard stone ore or iron stone is mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) which is denoted by the hieroglyph, 'markhor'. Meluhha glosses are annexed which indicate association with cire perdue (or lost wax) method of casting metals using beeswax, particularly in the glosses for miedź, med' 'copper' in Northern Slavic and Altaic languages and in Meluhha denoting both 'copper' and 'honey', beeswax'.Meluhha trade transactions along the Tin Road may explain the presence of Meluhha glosses in northern Europe.
Chanhudaro 23a miṇḍāl ‘markhor’ (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
loa ‘ficus religiosa’ Rebus: lo ‘iron, copper’ (Sanskrit) PLUS unique ligatures: लोखंड [lōkhaṇḍa ] n (लोह S) Iron. लोखंडाचे चणे खावविणें or चारणें To oppress grievously.लोखंडकाम [ lōkhaṇḍakāma ] n Iron work; that portion (of a building, machine &c.) which consists of iron. 2 The business of an ironsmith.लोखंडी [ lōkhaṇḍī ] a (लोखंड) Composed of iron; relating to iron. (Marathi)
sal ‘splinter’ Rebus: sal ‘workshop’
1. Zebu
पोळ [ pōḷa ] m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large.
aḍar ḍangra ‘zebu’ read rebus: aduru ḍhangar ‘native-unsmelted-metal blacksmith’ (Santali); aduru denotes ‘unsmelted, native metal’. ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) aduru ಗಣಿಯಿಂದ ತೆಗದು ಕರಗದೆ ಇರುವ ಅದುರು (Kannada) gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddhānti Subrahmaṇya Śastri’s new interpretation of the Amarakośa, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p.330). adar = fine sand (Tamil) aduru native metal (Kannada); ayil iron (Tamil) ayir, ayiram any ore (Malayalam); ajirda karba very hard iron (Tulu)(DEDR 192). Rebus: ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili)
khũṭ mʻ Brahmani bull ʼ (Kathiawar).(CDIAL 3899) (Kathiawar) khũṭro m. ʻ entire bull used for agriculture, not for breedingʼ(Gujarati). Rebus 1: khũṭ ‘community’ (Guild). Cf. khũṭ a community, sect, society, division, clique, schism, stock (Santali) kuṭhi, kut.i (Or.; Sad. koṭhi) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith.
kuṇṭhamunda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'
Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (कुंठ S) To be stopped, detained, obstructed, arrested in progress (Marathi)
kuṇṭhamunda (loha) 'hard iron (native metal)'
Allograph: कुंठणें [ kuṇṭhaṇēṃ ] v i (
2. Hump
H. muḍḍhā m. ʻ shoulder ʼ, mū̃ḍhā m. ʻ lump, hump, shoulder ʼ Or. muṇḍā ʻ lump ʼ.(CDIAL 10189) Rebus: muṇḍa‘iron’ (Sanskrit) mRdu, 'soft', kuṇṭha, 'hard', kadāra 'brittle' are three varieties of muṇḍaloha (Vagbhata, Rasaratnasamuccaya, 69-74). muṇḍitam, muṇḍaloham'iron'; muṇḍajam'steel' (Sanskrit) Thus, zebu reads rebus: kuṇṭhamunda (loha), a type of iron native metal. (Vagbhata, Rasaratnasamuccaya, 69-74).
S. gūmbaṭu m. ʻ bullock's hump ʼ; L. gumbaṭ m.,gummaṭ f. ʻ bullock's hump ʼ, mult. gummaṭ m. ʻ knob on yoke ʼ(CDIAL 4217) Rebus: కుంపటి (p. 0289) [ kumpaṭi ] kumpaṭi. [Tel.] n. A chafing dish, a goldsmith's portable furnace
3. Dewlap
पोळी [ pōḷī ] dewlap. Rebus: Russian gloss, bulat is cognate pola 'magnetite' iron in Asuri (Meluhha). Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring igneous and metamorphic rocks with black or brownish-black with a metallic luster. These magnetite ore stones could have been identified as pola iron by Meluhha speakers. Kannada gloss pola meaning 'point of the compass' may link with the characteristic of magnetite iron used to create a compass. pŏlāduwu made of steel; pŏlād प्वलाद् or phōlād फोलाद् मृदुलोहविशेषः ] m. steel (Gr.M.; Rām. 431, 635, phōlād). pŏlödi pōlödi phōlödi लोहविशेषमयः adj. c.g. of steel, steel (Kashmiri) urukku what is melted, fused metal, steel.(Malayalam); ukk 'steel' (Telugu)(DEDR 661) This is cognate with famed 'wootz'steel. "Polad, Faulad" for steel in late Indian languages is traceable to Pokkhalavat, Polahvad. Pokkhalavat is the name of Pushkalavati, capital of Gandhara famed for iron and steel products.
Pictorial motif on Seal Lothal 51 is a honeycomb.
The pictorial motif shows two rows with 12 holes in each row.
Ku. nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ; N. poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or < 2); G. poṛũ n. ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant. cf. *pōppa -- ); M. poḷ, °ḷẽ n. ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or < 3: semant. cf. *pōka-- ) L. polā ʻ hollow, porous, loose (of soil) ʼ; M. see 1.4. Pk. polla -- , °aḍa -- , pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ; P. pollā ʻ hollow ʼ, pol m., pulāī f. ʻ hollowness ʼ; Or. pola ʻ hollow ʼ, sb. ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ, polā ʻ empty ʼ; G. poli f. ʻ cavity ʼ, polũ, polrũ ʻ hollow ʼ, polāṇ n. ʻ hollowness ʼ; M. pol n. ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ, polā ʻ hollow ʼ; WPah.kṭg. pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ, J. polā.(CDIAL 8398) Br. pōlō hollow, empty; Ta. poḷḷal boring a hole, chiselling, hole, rent, fissure, hollow in a tree; poḷ, poḷḷai hole; Kuwi. porongo hollow; (Isr.) poloṅgã hollow in a tree. (DEDR 4560). Rebus: pola, ‘magnetite’
baroṭi ‘twelve’ bhārata ‘a factitious alloy of copper, pewter, tin’ (Marathi) dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’. The cast metal is pewter called in Meluhha baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi).
The pictorial motif is ligatured with a currycomb.
khareḍo = a currycomb (Gujarati) खरारा [ kharārā ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati)
Rebus reading of the hieroglyph: polā ‘hollow, poli‘honeycomb’ Rebus: pola, ‘magnetite’ ore PLUS kōḍu horn Rebus: kōḍu ‘workshop’ PLUS khareḍo ‘currycomb’ Rebus: karaḍā ‘hard alloy’
Text of inscription: aya aḍaren (homonym:aduru) ‘alloy native metal’ aya kāṇḍa ‘alloy metalware’
kamaḍha‘crab’ Rebus: kammaṭa ‘mint, coiner’.ḍato = claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu ‘mineral ore’
PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ Thus, mint metalware, ore.
kolom ‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’ with circumscript:| koḍa‘one’ Rebus: koḍ‘workshop’ dula ‘pair’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’. Thus metal smithy castings workshop.
kōḍu horn (Kannada. Tulu. Tamil) Rebus: kōḍu horn Rebus: ‘workshop’. Also ligatured is a hieroglyph ligature which denotes a hard alloy (perhaps derived from adding magnetite ore):
Allograph: పొల [ pola ] or పొలసు pola. పొలుసు [ polusu ][Telugu] A scale of a fish. చేపమీది పొలుసు. Tu. poḍasů scales of fish. Te. pola, polasu, polusu id. Kui plōkosi id. (DEDR 4480). పొలుపు [ polupu ] or పొల్పు polupu. [Telugu] Firmness,స్థైర్యము. "పొలుపుమీరిన నెలవంకిబొమలు జూచి, రమణదళుకొత్తు బింబాధరంబుజూచి." Rukmang. i. 158
gota, laterite
The gloss used by Meluhha speakers for laterite iron ores is gota.
In rebus readings of some hieroglyphs, the decipherment has been suggested as:
dulo ‘hole’ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’.
An alternative reading could be that the hieroglyph denoted goda, laterite, deploying small globular shapes to denote goṭ ʻ a fruit, whole piece’. In Munda etyma, the gloss goṭ is used as a numeral intensive suffix. Rebus reading of the hieroglyph can thus refer to metal castings achieved using gota, ‘laterite’ mineral ore. This is a possible alternative technical specification reading as alloys with laterite ores -- for hieroglyphs deciphered as dul ‘cast metal’.
Thus, when three linear strokes are deployed the rebus reading could be: kolmo goṭa 'count of three' Rebus: kolami got 'furnace for laterite stone ore'. Almost all hieroglyphs with use of numeral counts can be read with this suffix: goṭa 'numerative particle'.
Laterites are rusty soil types with iron oxides rich in iron and aluminium. They are formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Laterites can be easily cut with a spade into regular-sized blocks.
P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); M. goṭ ʻ hem of a garment, metal wristlet ʼ(CDIAL 4271)
Rebus: <gota> {N} ``^stone''. @3014. #10171. Note: The stone may be gota, laterite mineral ore stone. khoṭ m. ʻbase, alloyʼ (Punjabi) Rebus: koṭe ‘forging (metal)(Mu.) Rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver' (G.) goṭi = silver (G.) koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati).
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meḍ ‘body’ Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kaṇḍa'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali) kāṭhī 'stick' Rebus: 'stature of body' (Marathi) Rebus: fireplace trench (Tamil). காடி&sup6; kāṭi, n. < U. ghāṭī. 1. Trench of a fort; அகழி. 2. A fireplace in the form of a long ditch; கோட்டையடுப்பு. (Tamil)![]()
Ligature hieroglyph: 'stick' or 'one'
Rebus: G. kāṭɔṛɔ m. ʻ dross left in the furnace after smelting iron ore ʼ.(CDIAL 2646)
Rebus: kāṭi , n. < U. ghāṭī. 1. Trench of a fort; அகழி. 2. A fireplace in the form of a long ditch; கோட்டையடுப்பு காடியடுப்பு kāṭi-y-aṭuppu , n. < காடி&sup6; +. A fireplace in the form of a long ditch used for cooking on a large scale; கோட்டையடுப்பு.
Rebus: S.kcch. kāṭhī f. ʻ wood ʼPa. Pk. kaṭṭha -- n. ʻ wood ʼ(CDIAL 3120).
meḍ ‘body’ Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) gaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: kaṇḍa'furnace, fire-altar' (Santali) kāṭhī 'stick' Rebus: 'stature of body' (Marathi) Rebus: fireplace trench (Tamil). காடி&sup6; kāṭi, n. < U. ghāṭī. 1. Trench of a fort; அகழி. 2. A fireplace in the form of a long ditch; கோட்டையடுப்பு. (Tamil)
Ligature hieroglyph: 'stick' or 'one'Sign1 Hieroglyph: काठी [ kāṭhī ] f (काष्ट S) (or शरीराची काठी) The frame or structure of the body: also (viewed by some as arising from the preceding sense, Measuring rod) stature (Marathi) B. kāṭhā ʻ measure of length ʼ(CDIAL 3120).
H. kāṭhī 'wood' f. G. kāṭh n. ʻ wood ʼ, °ṭhī f. ʻ stick, measure of 5 cubits ʼ(CDIAL 3120). + kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench.The 'stick' hieroglyph is a phonetic reinforcement of 'body stature' hieroglyph. Alternatively, koḍ 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop'+ kāṭi 'body stature; Rebus: fireplace trench.. Thus, workplace of furnace fire-trench.Rebus: G. kāṭɔṛɔ m. ʻ dross left in the furnace after smelting iron ore ʼ.(CDIAL 2646)
Rebus: kāṭi , n. < U. ghāṭī. 1. Trench of a fort; அகழி. 2. A fireplace in the form of a long ditch; கோட்டையடுப்பு காடியடுப்பு kāṭi-y-aṭuppu , n. < காடி&sup6; +. A fireplace in the form of a long ditch used for cooking on a large scale; கோட்டையடுப்பு.
Rebus: S.kcch. kāṭhī f. ʻ wood ʼPa. Pk. kaṭṭha -- n. ʻ wood ʼ(CDIAL 3120).
muka ‘ladle’ (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h ‘ingot’ (Santali) baṭa = rimless pot (Kannada) Rebus: ) baṭa = a kind of iron (G.) ) bhaṭa furnace (Gujarati) Thus, iron ingot.kolom ‘three’ Rebus: kolami ‘smithy, forge’
ABSTRACT of Boris Hlebec’s article: The present research has been stimulated by the recent discovery of the earliest copper treatment in the regions of Bulgaria and eastern Serbia, and its aim is to establish the origin of some copper terms, the relative or approximate dates of their emergence, and at least some directions of their spread. In this article we have focused on three terms, represented by Latin cuprum, Balkan bakar and the root Ö*bar ~ var. [Boris Hlebec, Faculty of Philology, Belgrade University, Beograd, Serbia has presented a fascinating account tracing the roots of copper words in some European languages. Turkish is part of the Ural-Altaic linguistic group.] http://www.science.org.ge/moambe/8-1/Hlebec.pdf(Hlebec, Boris, 2014, The origin of cuprum, bakar and var, in: Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2014).
[quote] In his biography of the charismatic teacher and miracle worker Apollonius of Tyana (first century AD), the Greek biographer Lucius Flavius Philostratus of Lemnos (c. 170-c. 245) gives a detail account of Apollonius's journey to India. In the town of Taxila, the capital of the kingdom Hinduš (or Indus-country) he mentions a shrine, in which were hung pictures on Copper tablets representing the feats of Alexander and Porus. In his own words, "The various figures were portrayed in a mosaic of Orichalcum, Silver, Gold, and oxidised Copper, but the weapons in Iron. The metals were so ingeniously worked into one another that the pictures which they formed were comparable to the productions of the most famous Greek artists…The former name of the Turkish town Diyarbakir (‘land of copper’, as Kemal Attaturk interpreted it) was Amid (from Assyrian times), so that a semantic equivalence between (a-) mid (cf. Slavic med ‘copper’) and (diyur-) bakir can be established...The classical term for copper before cuprum was introduced, was aes, genitive aeris. It may be so that the Latin aes for some reason (perhaps owing to the near-homonymy with aer, genitive aeris ‘air, mist’) became inadequate and had to be replaced by cuprum (<cuprium<Cupra)… Sumerian kubabar (blended with Kubaba) ‘silver’, Sanskrit kapila ’kind of brass’ and Bengali kapa~ra ‘copper’ also indicate that metal terms connected with the name Kubela had been in use long before the Latin cuprum…Another Sumerian word for ‘copper’ beside urudu was sibar, with initial si- instead of ku-…In Sanskrit, one of the words for copper was audumbara, and early Persian piring ‘copper’, birinj ‘brass’ gave rise to Armenian plinj ‘copper’, Georgian brinjao and Medieval Latin brundium ‘bronze’. Akkadian abaru, Arameic ‘abara, Arabic ‘abarun and Hebrew ‘oparet were names for lead. The same root can be recognized in cinnabar ‘red form of mercuric sulphide’, originally ‘the most important ore of mercury’ <L cinnabaris, Greek kinnabaris, tinnabaris <pre-Greek *tindabaris. [unquote] ((Hlebec, Boris, 2014, The origin of cuprum, bakarand var, in: Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2014, pp. 133-134).
I suggest an alternative possibility that the gloss 'med' is an adaptation of the Meluhhan gloss vividly identified in Munda languages. meḍ ‘body’ Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.)
Santali glosses:
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Wilhelm von Hevesy wrote about the Finno-Ugric-Munda kinship, like "Munda-Magyar-Maori, an Indian link between the antipodes new tracks of Hungarian origins" and "Finnisch-Ugrisches aus Indien". (DRIEM, George van: Languages of the Himalayas: an ethnolinguistic handbook. 1997. p.161-162.) Sumerian-Ural-Altaic language affinities have been noted. Given the presence of Meluhha settlements in Sumer, some Meluhha glosses might have been adapted in these languages. One etyma cluster refers to 'iron' exemplified by meD (Ho.). The alternative suggestion for the origin of the gloss med'copper' in Uralic languages may be explained by the word meD (Ho.) of Munda family of Meluhha language stream:
Sa. <i>mE~R~hE~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mE~RhE~d</i>(M).
Ma. <i>mErhE'd</i> `iron'.
Mu. <i>mERE'd</i> `iron'.
~ <i>mE~R~E~'d</i> `iron'. ! <i>mENhEd</i>(M).
Ho <i>meD</i> `iron'.
Bj. <i>merhd</i>(Hunter) `iron'.
KW <i>mENhEd</i>
@(V168,M080)
— Slavic glosses for 'copper'
Мед [Med]Bulgarian
Bakar Bosnian
Медзь [medz']Belarusian
Měď Czech
Bakar Croatian
KòperKashubian
Бакар [Bakar]Macedonian
Miedź Polish
Медь [Med']Russian
Meď Slovak
BakerSlovenian
Бакар [Bakar]Serbian
Мідь [mid'] Ukrainian[unquote]
Miedź, med' (Northern Slavic, Altaic) 'copper'.
One suggestion is that corruptions from the German "Schmied", "Geschmeide" = jewelry. Schmied, a smith (of tin, gold, silver, or other metal)(German) result in med‘copper’.
Hieroglyph of a worshipper kneeling: Konḍa (BB) meḍa, meṇḍa id. Pe. menḍa id.
Manḍ. menḍe id. Kui menḍa id. Kuwi (F.) menda, (S. Su. P.) menḍa, (Isr.) meṇḍa id.
Ta. maṇṭi kneeling, kneeling on one knee as an archer. Ma.maṇṭuka to be seated on the heels. Ka. maṇḍi what is bent, the knee. Tu. maṇḍi knee. Te. maṇḍĭ̄ kneeling on one knee. Pa.maḍtel knee; maḍi kuḍtel kneeling position. Go. (L.) meṇḍā, (G. Mu. Ma.) Cf. 4645 Ta.maṭaṅku (maṇi-forms). / ? Cf. Skt. maṇḍūkī- (DEDR 4677)
Hieroglyph: Pa. vēdha -- m. ʻ prick, wound ʼ; Pk. vēha -- m. ʻ boring, hole ʼ, P. veh, beh m., H. beh m., G.veh m.(CDIAL 12108) vēdha m. ʻ hitting the mark ʼ MBh., ʻ penetration, hole ʼ VarBr̥S. [√vyadh]
Hieroglyph: Ta. vēr̤am bamboo; European bamboo reed; kaus; sugar-cane; vēy bamboo; vēyal short-sized bamboo. Ma. vēr̤am a reed, esp. Arundo tibialis and Bambusa baccifera.(DEDR 5541) vētasá m. ʻ ratan, reed ʼ RV. [See vēta -- , vētrá -- . - Paš. Gmb. indicate *vētaśa -- Pa. vētasa -- m. ʻ Calamus rotang ʼ, Pk. vēdasa -- , vēasa -- m.; Ash. wiẽs ʻ willow ʼ, Paš.shut. wēš, Gmb. wyãdotdot;š; K. bisa m. ʻ Salix babylonica ʼ, L.haz. bīs, N. baĩs ʻ Salix tetrasperma ʼ. -- Dm. bigyē˜ˊs ʻ willow ʼ (big<-> scarcely < vr̥kṣá -- , but cf. Ḍ. bīk s.v. vēta-- ). -- Pk. vēḍasa -- , °ḍisa -- m. ʻ ratan cane ʼ (CDIAL 12099)
Hieroglyph: mēthí m. ʻ pillar in threshing floor to which oxen are fastened, prop for supporting carriage shafts ʼ AV., °thī -- f. KātyŚr.com., mēdhī -- f. Divyāv. 2. mēṭhī -- f. PañcavBr.com., mēḍhī -- , mēṭī -- f. BhP.1. Pa. mēdhi -- f. ʻ post to tie cattle to, pillar, part of a stūpa ʼ; Pk. mēhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, N. meh(e), miho, miyo, B. mei, Or. maï -- dāṇḍi, Bi. mẽh, mẽhā ʻ the post ʼ, (SMunger) mehā ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. meh, mehā ʻ the post ʼ, (SBhagalpur)mīhã̄ ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, (SETirhut) mẽhi bāṭi ʻ vessel with a projecting base ʼ.2. Pk. mēḍhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, mēḍhaka<-> ʻ small stick ʼ; K. mīr, mīrü f. ʻ larger hole in ground which serves as a mark in pitching walnuts ʼ (for semantic relation of ʻ post -- hole ʼ see kūpa -- 2); L. meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ; P. mehṛ f., mehaṛ m. ʻ oxen on threshing floor, crowd ʼ; OA meṛha, mehra ʻ a circular construction, mound ʼ; Or. meṛhī, meri ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ; Bi. mẽṛ ʻ raised bank between irrigated beds ʼ, (Camparam) mẽṛhā ʻ bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. (SETirhut)mẽṛhā ʻ id. ʼ; M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ.(CDIAL 10317)
Hieroglyph: *mēṇḍhī ʻ lock of hair, curl ʼ. [Cf. *mēṇḍha -- 1 s.v. *miḍḍa -- ]S. mī˜ḍhī f., °ḍho m. ʻ braid in a woman's hair ʼ, L. mē̃ḍhī f.; G. mĩḍlɔ, miḍ° m. ʻ braid of hair on a girl's forehead ʼ; M. meḍhā m. ʻ curl, snarl, twist or tangle in cord or thread ʼ.(CDIAL 10312)
Hieroglyph: Ka. mēḍi glomerous fig tree, Ficus racemosa; opposite-leaved fig tree, F. oppositifolia. Te. mēḍi F. glomerata. Kol. (Kin.) mēṛi id. [F. glomerata Roxb. = F. racemosa Wall.](DEDR 5090)udumbára -- , udú° m. ʻ the tree Ficus glomerata ʼ TS., n. ʻ its fruit ʼ ŚBr. 2.uḍumbára -- m. AV. 3. *dumbara. 4. *ḍumbara -- . [Prob. ← Austro -- as. EWA i 104 with lit.]1. Pa. udumbara -- m. ʻ Ficus glomerata ʼ, Dhp. udumara, Pk. uduṁbara -- , uuṁ°, uṁ° m.; Ku. umar ʻ a partic. kind of tree used for burnt offerings ʼ; H. ūmar m., °rī f. ʻ F. glomerata ʼ; OG. ūṁbara m., G. umrɔ, ū̃brɔ, umarṛɔ m. ʻ wild fig tree ʼ, umarṛũ n. ʻ its fruit ʼ; M. ũbar m. ʻ F. glomerata ʼ, n. ʻ its fruit ʼ, Ko. umbar.2. Or. uṛumara ʻ F. glomerata ʼ.3. H. dũbur m., Si. dim̆bul, dum̆°.4. N. ḍumri, A. ḍimaru, B. ḍumur, Or. ḍumara, ḍambura, ḍimbiri, Mth. ḍūmri, Bhoj. ḍūmari, H.ḍūmar m.(CDIAL 1942)
Hieroglyph: Bi. mẽṛhwā ʻ a bullock with curved horns like a ram's ʼ; M. mẽḍhrū̃ n. ʻ sheep ʼ.(CDIAL 10311) mēṇḍha2 m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- , mēṇḍa -- 4, miṇḍha -- 2, °aka -- , mēṭha -- 2,mēṇḍhra -- , mēḍhra -- 2, °aka -- m. lex. 2. *mēṇṭha- (mēṭha -- m. lex.). 3. *mējjha -- . [r-- forms (which are not attested in NIA.) are due to further sanskritization of a loan -- word prob. of Austro -- as. origin (EWA ii 682 with lit.) and perh. related to the group s.v. bhēḍra -- ] Pa. meṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- ʻ made of a ram's horn (e.g. a bow) ʼ; Pk. meḍḍha -- ,meṁḍha -- (°ḍhī -- f.), °ṁḍa -- , miṁḍha -- (°dhiā -- f.), °aga -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, Dm. Gaw. miṇKal.rumb. amŕn/aŕə ʻ sheep ʼ (a -- ?); Bshk. mināˊl ʻ ram ʼ; Tor. miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ; Chil. mindh*ll ʻ ram ʼ AO xviii 244 (dh!), Sv. yēṛo -- miṇ; Phal. miṇḍ, miṇ ʻ ram ʼ,miṇḍṓl m. ʻ yearling lamb, gimmer ʼ; P. mẽḍhā m., °ḍhī f., ludh. mīḍḍhā, mī˜ḍhā m.; N. meṛho,meṛo ʻ ram for sacrifice ʼ; A. mersāg ʻ ram ʼ ( -- sāg < *chāgya -- ?), B. meṛā m., °ṛi f., Or.meṇḍhā, °ḍā m., °ḍhi f.,H. meṛh, meṛhā, mẽḍhā m., G. mẽḍhɔ, M. mẽḍhā m., Si. mäḍayā.2. Pk. meṁṭhī -- f. ʻ sheep ʼ; H. meṭhā m. ʻ ram ʼ.3. H. mejhukā m. ʻ ram ʼ.(CDIAL 10310) <menDa>(A) {N} ``^sheep''. *Des.<meNDa>(GM) `sheep'. #21810<meD>(:) <arij=meD>(Z),,<ari?=me?n>(A) {N} ``^female ^kid''. ^goat. #3022.<kin=meD>(Z) {N} ``^male ^goat, billy goat''. |<kin> `prefix used in names of male animals'. #17072. <auG kinme?n>(A) {N} ``^nanny ^goat''. |<auG> `mother'. #3729.(Gorum)
maṇḍa2 m. ʻ ornament ʼ lex. [√maṇḍ](CDIAL 9736) Pk. maṁḍaya -- ʻ adorning ʼ; Ash. mōṇḍa, mōnda, mūnda NTS ii 266, mōṇə NTS vii 99 ʻ clothes ʼ; G. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ arrangement, disposition, vessels or pots for decoration ʼ, māṇ f. ʻ beautiful array of household vessels ʼ; M. mã̄ḍ m. ʻ array of instruments &c. ʼ; Si. maḍa -- ya ʻ adornment, ornament ʼ.
maṇḍa -- 5 m. ʻ frog ʼ .<menDaka>(A) {N} ``^frog''. *Hi.<mE~dhak>, Skt.<maNDu:kam>. #21820. <poto menDka>(Z) {N} ``^toad''. |<poto> `?'. ^frog (which lives out of water). *Loan?. #27302. <o~ia mendka>(Z),,<oJa mendka>(Z) {N} ``^bullfrog''. |<o~ia> `id.'. ??RECTE D? #24562 (Gorum)
maṇḍa6 ʻ some sort of framework (?) ʼ. [In nau -- maṇḍḗ n. du. ʻ the two sets of poles rising from the thwarts or the two bamboo covers of a boat (?) ʼ ŚBr. (as illustrated in BPL p. 42); and in BHSk. and Pa. bōdhi -- maṇḍa -- n. perh. ʻ thatched cover ʼ rather than ʻ raised platform ʼ (BHS ii 402). If so, it may belong to maṇḍapá -- and maṭha -- ]Ku. mã̄ṛā m. pl. ʻ shed, resthouse ʼ (CDIAL 9737)
Rebus: mḗdha m. ʻ sacrificial oblation ʼ RV.Pa. mēdha -- m. ʻ sacrifice ʼ(CDIAL 10327)
Ta. mētaravar, mētavar a class of people who do bamboo work. Ka. mēda, mēdā̆ra, mādara man who plaits baskets, mats, etc. of bamboo splits, man of the basket-maker caste. Koḍ. me·dë man of caste who make baskets and leaf-umbrellas and play drums at ceremonies; fem. me·di. Te. mēdara, mēdari the basket-maker caste, a basket-maker; of or pertaining to the basket-maker caste. Kuwi (S.) mētri (Isr.) mētreˀesi matmaker. / Cf. Skt. meda- a particular mixed caste; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10320.(DEDR 5092)mēda m. ʻ a mixed caste, any one living by a degrading occupation ʼ Mn. [→ Bal. mēd ʻ boatman, fisher- man ʼ. -- Cf. Tam. metavar ʻ basket -- maker ʼ &c. DED 4178]Pk. mēa -- m., mēī -- f. ʻ member of a non -- Aryan tribe ʼ; S. meu m. ʻ fisherman ʼ (whencemiāṇī f. ʻ a fishery ʼ), L. mē m.; P. meũ m., f. meuṇī ʻ boatman ʼ. -- Prob. separate from S. muhāṇo m. ʻ member of a class of Moslem boatmen ʼ, L. mohāṇā m., °ṇī f.(CDIAL 10320)
Ta. mēṭṭi haughtiness, excellence, chief, head, land granted free of tax to the headman of a village; mēṭṭimai haughtiness;leadership, excellence. Ka. mēṭi loftiness, greatness, excellence, a big man, a chief, a head, head servant. Te. mēṭari, mēṭi chief, head, leader, lord(DEDR 5091)
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Hieroglyph: அதர்¹ atar, n. 1. Way, path, public road; வழி. ஆக்க மதர்வினாய்ச் செல்லும் (குறள், 594). Lengthened excavation for a hedge or foundation; நீளக் கிடங்கு. (Tamil)
Hieroglyph: aṭar a splinter (Malayalam) Tu. aḍaruni to crack(DEDR 66) Vikalpa: sal 'splinter' Rebus: 'workshop'.
IE med(h)- (Skt. madhu, Engl. mead, etc.) :: western IE **melit, Gr. melit-, Hitt. milit, Lat. mel, mell-, Gothic mili",. **med(h)-/ melit- from Finno-Ugrian and PIE to Chinese and Japanese, Hittite and Latin. Spread of the word for bees and honey and beeswax may have been related to the early copper cire perdue (lost-wax) technique of casting.<mOdu>(K) {N} ``^honey''<mOONO>(M) `beeswax'. madana m. ʻ beeswax ʼ lex., °aka -- n. Bhpr. Pk. mayaṇa -- n. ʻ beeswax ʼ, S. meṇu m., L. meṇ f., WPah.jaun. maiṇ, Ku. maiṇo, N. mayan, main, Or. maaṇa, Ta. maṭṭu honey, toddy, fermented liquor, sweet juice, drink taken at the time of sexual union, liquor jar, fragrant smell; maṭṭam toddy.
Ma. maṭu sweetness, honey; maṭṭu nectar. Tu.miṭṭi sweetness (or < IA; cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 10299); miṭṭè pollen (DEDR 4662) mahaṇa ( -- h -- from mahu ʻ honey ʼ < mádhu -- ?), H. mainm., G. mīṇ n. (whence mīṇiyũ ʻ oily ʼ, n. ʻ waxcloth ʼ), M. meṇ n., Ko. meṇa.(CDIAL 9778) Pk. madhu -- , mahu -- n. ʻ honey ʼ; mádhu n. ʻ honey, mead ʼ RV.Pa. madhu -- n. ʻ honey, wine made from blossoms of Bassia latifoliaʼ(CDIAL 9784)
Ma. maṭu sweetness, honey; maṭṭu nectar. Tu.miṭṭi sweetness (or < IA; cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 10299); miṭṭè pollen (DEDR 4662) mahaṇa ( -- h -- from mahu ʻ honey ʼ < mádhu -- ?), H. mainm., G. mīṇ n. (whence mīṇiyũ ʻ oily ʼ, n. ʻ waxcloth ʼ), M. meṇ n., Ko. meṇa.(CDIAL 9778) Pk. madhu -- , mahu -- n. ʻ honey ʼ; mádhu n. ʻ honey, mead ʼ RV.Pa. madhu -- n. ʻ honey, wine made from blossoms of Bassia latifoliaʼ(CDIAL 9784)
moh, moho n.m. ʻ honeycomb, hive ʼ(Marathi)
Magnetite and pyrite from, Piedmont, Italy.पोळ [ pōḷa ] m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. पोळी [ pōḷī ] dewlap. Rebus: पोळें [ pōḷēṃ ], पोळी [ pōḷī ] The cake-form portion of a honeycomb.(Marath
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Laterite, Angadipuram, India.
Ku. nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ; N. poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or < 2); G. poṛũ n. ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant. cf. *pōppa -- ); M. poḷ, °ḷẽ n. ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or < 3: semant. cf. *pōka-- ) L. polā ʻ hollow, porous, loose (of soil) ʼ; M. see 1.4. Pk. polla -- , °aḍa -- , pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ; P. pollā ʻ hollow ʼ, pol m., pulāī f. ʻ hollowness ʼ; Or. pola ʻ hollow ʼ, sb. ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ, polā ʻ empty ʼ; G. poli f. ʻ cavity ʼ, polũ, polrũ ʻ hollow ʼ, polāṇ n. ʻ hollowness ʼ; M. pol n. ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ, polā ʻ hollow ʼ; WPah.kṭg. pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ, J. polā.(CDIAL 8398) Br. pōlō hollow, empty; Ta. poḷḷal boring a hole, chiselling, hole, rent, fissure, hollow in a tree; poḷ, poḷḷai hole; Kuwi. porongo hollow; (Isr.) poloṅgã hollow in a tree. (DEDR 4560)http://www.scribd.com/doc/240843096/Minerals-and-their-exploitation-in-Ancient-and-Pre-modern-India-by-AK-Biswas-2001